Energy and Architecture by Adan Jose Ramos

VISITOR CENTER

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

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RADIATION (WH/SF)

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RADIATION (WH/SF)

ART HOUSE DISPLAY SPACE

VISITOR CENTER

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

ARCH419| SPRING 2015| ADAN RAMOS

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE ARCH419| SPRING 2015| ADAN RAMOS

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ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

For his mentorship and conversation over the past three semesters. Powell Draper

For their support in this research. Ashley Grzywa Ralph Bennett

For Providing me with this tremendous opportunity. The University of Maryland Architecture Program Curriculum Committee Michael A. Ambrose Brian Kelly

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

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SUSTAINABLE CITIES

CONTENTS

ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE INTRODUCTION

08 -09

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY

10-15

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUILT ENVIRONMENT

ADAPTATION VS. MITIGATION THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE - NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY - RENEWABLE ENERGY - THE TRIPLE BOTTOM LINE

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

16-21

HOW ARE PROBLEMS ADDRESSED

- CONSUMPTION CATEGORIES - GOALS - METRICS - STRATEGIES

ENERGY AND STUDIO

22-35

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DESIGN CONCEPTS - ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DESIGN CONCEPTS - INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE - TOOLS FOR LEARNING

30-35

- CONVERGENCE OF TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL

CONTENTS

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INTRODUCTION

QUESTIONS BEING ADDRESSED Energy in Architecture is a comprehensive outline on both the impacts of energy consumption on the environment, and how to mitigate these impacts in the realm of the built environment. This research is meant to be a resource to future students to apply their passion for sustainability into their studio projects and ultimately their profession. Finally this research will aid in the creation of a tradition of shared research and innovation at the University of Maryland School of Architecture . The built environment accounts for 40% of energy consumption in the United States, making it the largest consumption category (Cottrell). Energy is produced from coal, petroleum, and natural gas, among other resources. All non-renewable sources of energy are associated with environmental degradation through resource use as well as the pollution of air and water. These impacts can have tremendous impacts on human health as well as the economy, as the economy is dependent on ecosystem services. As the population and economy continue to grow so does demand for energy. Energy is needed for lighting, heating, cooling, ventilation, hot water, appliances, and even for the production of materials used in buildings. The world is not going to stop using energy any time soon. What we can control is the amount of energy we consume (mitigation) and how it is produced (adaptation). In the long run we may need to find a new outlet for our energy, and as technology in renewable energy continues to advance this may become possible. In the short term, the industry can turn its focus to what Facilities Management at the University of Maryland terms “low hanging fruit.” The concept is simple; optimize a building’s performance to consume energy as efficiently as possible. (Mitigation can be done today.) While the concept is simple its implementation is circuitous. In other words it is more easily said than done. This daunting task falls into the laps of the rising architects, engineers, and contractors. Change must start at the source, in Universities. This research will address mitigation strategies with in the preview of studio design projects. “The U.S. Department of Energy Solar Decathlon challenges collegiate teams to design, build, and operate solar-powered houses that are cost-effective, energy-efficient, and attractive.” The University of Maryland took home the first place trophy at the 2011 Solar Decathlon (Terps Win)! The class of 2015 will be the last group of Terrapins to have shared in this victory, and the research done in 2011 is slowly becoming a legend rather than a resource. But the interest in sustainability is stronger then ever. In 2012 a Sustainability minor was offered for the first time at the University of Maryland. Today the School of Architecture is the most represented school in the minor, despite its classes of fifty-two students or less. The School of Architecture has already proven its passion for sustainability and its capability to innovate in the discipline. With access to resources and past research, students today may utilize this history to springboard their own explorations and brand the school as a forward thinking sustainable design community. Energy in Architecture hopes to play its part in forming this culture.

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ENERGY IN ARCHITECTURE

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INTRODUCTION

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ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY MITIGATION VS. ADAPTATION

Energy is at the very heart of the sustainable challenges facing the earth today. The term sustainable development appeared for the first time in the 1972 book Limits to Growth, but the concept was not widely applied by urban planning and architecture until the early 1990’s. In 1987, the World Commission on Environment and Development brought together a group of twenty-one nations to hold public hearings on five continents. The resulting report, commonly known as the Brundland Commission, defined “sustainable development” (for the first time) as: “development that meets the needs of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to meet their own needs” (Wheeler 53). In 2005 this definition was expanded upon at the World Summit on Social Development, to include the three pillars or categories of sustainability: the Environment, the Economy, and Social Equity. How does this tie into energy? While the three categories of sustainability are in actuality equally balanced, the economic category often overshadows the others as the global economy determines how the earth functions. Economic growth is determined by per capita GDP (gross domestic product). GDP in short is the monetary value of all goods and services produced by a country. Quantifying standard of living though the production of goods is problematic because increased production increases energy demand (Brown). In order to produce anything energy is needed. Energy demand for goods and utilities continues to grow per capita along with the population. 88% of U.S. energy is produced by non-renewable fossil fuels. Depending on a finite resource for economic growth foreshadows an economic collapse (Info Please).

Increasing energy consumption also spells trouble environmentally as well as socially. Environmental sustainability can be summed up into two issues, consumption and pollution. The over-consumption of resources disrupts natural ecosystems, damaging, if not eliminating, habitats of plants and animals. Pollution cases smog, climate change, and ultimately extreme weather events. Energy production and consumption utilize vast amounts of resources, and pollute the environment at every stage. Lastly, environmental and economic collapse caused by increased energy consumption can cause social turmoil, leading to food scarcity, poverty, unemployment, and a higher risk of being affected by disease and extreme weather events (Short). It is clear to see the three categories of sustainability are all extensively interconnected. Damage to one category can damage others. Simultaneously, improvements to one category can improve others or in some cases damage others. Balancing these categories is the key to sustainability (Sustainability Studies). The environmental, economic, and socially detrimental effects of energy consumption may be minimized Adan Jose Ram through the mitigation of energy consumption and adapting how energy is produced. The remainder of this section will seek to determine the future of non-renewable energy and as well as the potential of renewable energy. Through this exercise it will become abundantly apparent that adaptation is not enough. The following sections of this document will thus explore methods to mitigate energy consumption in architecture. A II N N A A BB LL EE __ CC II TT II EE SS S U S T A

SUSTAINABILITY IN THE BUIL

RESEARCH_EXPERIENCE RESEARCH_EXPERIENCE In the fall of of 2013 2013 II proposed proposedaamajor majorin inEnvironmenEnvironmental Design though though the the University Universityof ofMaryland’s Maryland’sIndiIndividual Studies StudiesProgram. Program.The Theculmination culminationof ofthis thismajor major is a capstone capstone research research project projecton onthe thedesign designprocess process of sustainable sustainable cities. cities. Understanding Understandingthe theintricate intricatererelationship of of the thetriple triplebottom bottomline lineand andhow howcities citiesdedesign strategic strategic plans plans for for improvement improvementisisthe theprimary primary focus of this this research. research.The Theproject projectwill willconclude concludewith with an analysis analysis and and proposal proposal for for Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland. Maryland.

AND ARCHITECTURE PAGE 10 | ENERGY Baltimore Median Median House House Hold HoldIncome Income

Environmental Sustainability RESEARCH_EXPERIENCE S U S Consumption T A I N A B L Pollution E _ C I T I E S

In the fall of 2013 I proposed a major in Environmental Design though the University of Maryland’s Individual Studies Program. The culmination of this major is a capstone research project on the design process of sustainableExternalities cities. Understanding Equitythe intricate relationship of the triple bottom line and how cities design strategic plans for improvement is the primary focus of this research. The project will conclude with an analysis and proposal for Baltimore, Maryland.

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NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY Coal-

Coal is a fossil fuel from deceased plants buried millions of years ago. Containing energy captured from photosynthesis during the life of the plant, the remains are subject to high temperature and pressure underground physically and chemically transforming the matter into coal. Coal is sourced though mining processes and is ground up into fine pieces and burned in boiler with water, producing steam. The steam produces electricity though a steam turbine. Coal accounts for 40% of electricity production and 20% of total energy production in the U.S. (What Is Coal?). The burning of coal emits green house gases. The carbon footprint of a coal fire power plant results in 870 grams of carbon dioxide for each kilowatt-hour of electricity it generates. Mountaintop removal causes increased flooding, land slides, water pollution, and deplete biodiversity. The system has also been known to raise risk of cancer and cardiovascular complications in surrounding neighborhoods (What Is Coal?). Coal is abundant but finite. The U.S. is expected to contain 235 year supply of coal, if current rates of consumption do not increase. For this reason coal is a cheap source of energy, but the monetary cost externalizes the environmental and social costs of its production and consumption (Coal Past).

Now - 40%

SUPPLY-235YR

Natural Gas-

Gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon found under ground. This hydrocarbon, typically methane, is considered a fossil fuel because it is formed over hundreds of millions of years from organic matter. It is extracted though two methods of drilling, depending on where the reserve is found. Conventional gas is found beneath permeable sandstone and is easy to extract. Unconventional gas is found either with coal deposits or in shale rock deposits. Natural gas produces energy in generators and is the second strongest contributor to American energy production at 25% in 2012 (Natural Gas – Origin). Natural gas in a non-renewable energy as it takes millions of years to replenish. While it burns fairly cleanly, gas is acquired though a drilling method known as hydraulic franking. Franking injects dangerous chemicals mixed with large quantities of water in wells at very high temperatures posing threats to water, air, land, and health of communities. Smog in rural areas, increased risk of cancer, and birth defects have been linked to franking. Lastly methane leaks have also been associated with the practice (Unchecked Fracking). The future of natural gas is limited. If current consumption rate continues the world’s known gas reserves will be completely depleted in 55 years. Consumption rate is expected to increase cutting the life span of natural gas even shorter (What Is Natural Gas?).

Nuclear Energy-

Nuclear power utilizes energy stored in an atom though fission. “This energy can be released as heat from a chain reaction in a radioactive element such as uranium.” Like many other energy sources this heat is used to turn a turbines and produce electricity though a generator (What is Nuclear). As of June 2014 nuclear energy accounted for 19% of total electricity and 8% of total energy of the United Sates. Nuclear power facilities can produce energy at 91% efficiency, but uranium is a nonrenewable resource (11 Facts). While the power plants do not emit carbon dioxide,

Now - 25%

SUPPLY-55YR

Now - 8%

SUPPLY-50YR

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY

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sulfur dioxide, or nitrogen oxides, the mining, enrichment, and shipment of uranium do. A resource that the power pants do use and pollute is large quantities of water in near by streams. But the greatest issue for nuclear power plants is the safe disposal of radioactive waste. Power plants produce 2,000 metric tons of radioactive waste each year (11 Facts) (tritium, cesium, krypton, neptunium and forms of iodine). The life span of these power plants is 30-40 years, and then these now toxic areas are left abandoned (3) If the world switched to nuclear energy today the supply would be depleted in four years. (Kunsler) A forecast by the Energy Information Administration predicts only a 3% growth in the capacity for electricity generation though 2040 (Nuclear Energy).

Oil-

Oil is also a fossil fuel created by heat and pressure underground for millions of years. What separates oil from the other fossil fuel and even the sources of renewable energy is that it is primarily used to fuel modes of transportation. Oil is responsible for 35% of U.S. energy production (What Is Oil). Of course burning gasoline emits green house gases but drilling for oil (on and off shore) also has tremendous environmental impacts. Piping used for transporting the extracted oil is made of metal with the potential to corrode and leak. Leaks, spills, and illegal dumping cause impacts that last for decades. Water produced by oil drilling, or “produced water”, contains arsenic, cadmium, mercury, lead, zinc, and copper. Some of these chemicals have proven deadly to some fish. Other fish bring these toxic substances into our food chain damaging entire ecosystems. Humans have been known to suffer from fainting spells, vomiting, chronic diarrhea, headaches and unknown skin infections (The Effects). Like all finite fossil fuels oil will reach a peak and then decline. Oil scarcity has already begun and society as we know it heavily depends on oil for transportation, manufacturing and shipping of goods, and food production. Oil reserves are expected to run dry within the next hundred years (Peak Oil Primer).

Now - 35%

SUPPLY-100YR

RENEWABLE ENERGY Hydroelectric power-

Hydroelectric power uses moving water from rivers to move a collection of turbines and create electricity. Dams raining between 100 and 600 feet tall are constructed to contain the river flow and the force of the water being released turns the blades of the turbines. Today only 7% of American electricity is generated by hydropower. Hydraulic Energy is a renewable source of energy because the water cycle continues to renew itself. But these man made dams prevent fish from migrating upstream and have been known to raise the risk of flooding in surrounding areas effecting human populations as well as destroying wetland habitats (Hydroelectric Energy). Evaporation utilizes 23% of earth’s solar budget. How much of this energy can be captured though man made dams? An optimistic outlook on the potential of hydraulic energy in the United States suggests that 12% of energy could be produced if all appropriate sites were utilized. This estimation takes into account the rainfall that does not reach streams but does not consider economic and environmental barriers to increasing the hydroelectric infrastructure (Do the Math).

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

Now - 7.0%

Potential-23%

Biomass-

Biomass is biological material from living or previously living plants and animals. Plants are almost exclusively used for the production of energy though biomass. Using energy form the sun plant life absorbs carbon in the form of CO2. If this material is burned energy is release in the form of heat. Some common forms of biomass include high yielding crops, agricultural residues, food waste, and industrial waste. Biomass accounts for 1.8% of U.S. electricity (What Is BIOMASS). If these plants are grown and harvested sustainably biomass can be a renewable energy form. The CO2 released though the burning of biomass is proportional to the CO2 absorbed by the plant forms creating a net zero CO2 cycle (Biomass Resources). It is important to consider environmental impacts of industrial agriculture such as fertilizer runoff. Concerns of land use diverted from food production are also an issue to consider. (Biomess Energy) Combining the potential of energy crops, agricultural residues, waste materials, and forests US biomass resources could reach 680 million dry tons by 2030. This is enough biomass to produce 732 billon kilowatt-hours of electricity or 19% of total U.S. power.

Now - 1.8%

Potential-19%

Wind-

Wind power captures wind currents and converts them into mechanical energy and ultimately electricity though generators. The three primary types of wind power include utility-scale wind (250 ft), distributed or â&#x20AC;&#x153;smallâ&#x20AC;? wind (80 ft), and offshore wind (Wind 101). Wind contributes 4.13% of U.S. electricity. Wind Energy is a clean renewable energy that uses very little water and pumps. Because their locations are typically remote large amounts of infrastructure are required to connect them to the power grid on top of the resources utilized to construct the turbine themselves. (Wind 101) These materials require non-renewable energy to manufacture. Lastly wind consistency varies and could be cause for concern. (Climate Science Glossary) The United State has a strong wind resource across the country. (Wind 101) It is estimated that 13% of the earths land area has the appropriate wind speed (6.9m/s) for wind turbines and could produce 40 times the world electricity production. Economic, physical, and aesthetic barriers prevent the industry from expanding to its full potential (Climate Science Glossary). For the sake of this study we assume these barriers are overcome enough to double current wind power production.

Now - 4.13%

Potential-8.2%

Solar-

Solar panels convert sunlight into energy usable in the built environment. Thermal panels can be used to heat water and air. Photovoltaic (PV) cells can produce electricity from sunlight. Solar panels are most effective in intense direct sunlight, thus energy production will vary with the seasons. Panels are typically expensive but savings on utilities can produce a return on investment. 0.23% of U.S. electricity is produced though solar methods (What Is Solar Power). Similar to wind turbines, solar energy is a renewable energy source and has no emissions, but the infrastructure and maintenance need carry environmental implications. Solar batteries must be replaced every ten years. (Kunsler) More recent panels are being constructed with recycled materials to mitigate environmental degradation associated with solar energy. Solar panel must be proven to provide a return on investment in order to be

Now - .23%

Potential-20%

ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY | PAGE 13

successful. PV cell also must battle opposition to their aesthetic qualities. Aside from politics and economics the technical potential for PV cells is tremendous. Rooftop installation could produce 818 TWh (terawatt hours) of electricity each year, accounting for 20% of current demand. Again in order to achieve this potential the environmental, and economic barriers to PV cell installation must be overcome (US Could Install).

Geothermal Energy-

Geothermal Energy utilizes the heat found beneath the earthâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s surface. The depth needed to reach desired temperature ranges from area to area and on the method of geothermal energy. Geothermal springs is the most common method, involving a hydrothermal convection system, where cooler water is sent deep into the earth heated and returned to surface in the form of steam. The steam is used in a generator to create electricity geothermal energy accounts for 0.41% of U.S electricity (How Geothermal Energy Works). While renewable, there are five primary environmental effects of geothermal energy. Heat from natural reservoirs is removed at over 10 time its rate of replenishment, geysers and hot springs can be irreparably damaged, and under ground pressure can decrease causing subsidence. Geothermal fluids contain arsenic, mercury, lithium and boron from underground contact with rocks and can contaminate water if enters streams. Lastly fluids also contain gases that can pollute the air (Te Ara). Similar to other renewable energies implementing geothermal infrastructure is risky and costly. But if it pays of the technical potential for the industry can expand to 100,000 megawatts per year in the next 50years. A significant investment in the technology is needed to reach the potential of 10-15% of national power (U.S. Geothermal Energy).

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sourcing PAGE 15_RESEARCH sourcing manufacturing HVAC manufacturing transportation Building Orientation transportation maintenance maintenance ruse/recycle/dispo Sourcing/Manufacturing ruse/recycle/dispo Form ENERGY AND SUSTAINABILITY | PAGE 15 Embodied energy Building HYDROELECTRIC

MATERIALS

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE GOALS METRICS AND STRATEGIES

Non-renewable energy sources are associated with destructive extraction processes, uncertain supplies, increasing market prices, and emit large quantities of green house gasses. Buildings utilize 40% of the total energy, not including the embodied energy in materials. (LEED ref guide pg319) In 2009 building construction and materials accounted for 6% of US energy use. (1) In terms of electricity alone, buildings consume 72% and are responsible for 38% of carbon emissions (LEED S.G. pg 131). Buildings use energy in three categories. Regulated energy, process energy, and materials. Regulated energy includes lighting, HVAC, heating for water. Process energy includes plug load and larger appliances. The amount of energy each category utilizes varies depending on location, climate, program, and occupancy, but there are some generalizations that can be made to help determine the importance of each category. In this section each energy contributing category will be briefly examined. Understanding these categories is an imperative first step for outlining goals, metrics for quantifying improvement, and strategies for implementation.

CONSUMPTION CATEGORIESRegulated energy Lighting: Lighting in buildings involves the use of electricity, typically from coal or nuclear energy. Lighting is the second largest consumer of energy in the built environment. HVAC: Space heating and cooling typically consumes the most energy in buildings. Ventilation strategies vary. Hot water: Water heating in buildings consumes between 15%-20% of energy. Types of heaters include; storage water heaters, combination space and water heaters, and demand water heaters

Process energy Plug load: Plugs include energy consumed by ac plugs. also refereed to receptacle loads and miscellaneous loads. some examples include computers, office equipment, kitchen refrigeration and cooking, wash ing and drying machines for laundry, and elevators.(LEED S.G. pg135) Plug load is the fastest growing category at 2.2% per year.

Materials: (Embodied energy) Sourcing The embodied energy of the materials that go into buildings is made up of the energy needed to har vest raw materials... Manufacturing ...and the energy needed to manufacture and ship the materials to the construction site (Embodied Energy).

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE | PAGE 17

GOALS Goals maybe outlined in two ways first, by overall building performance in existing buildings, second by energy use categories: Lighting, HVAC, Hot Water, Plug Load, and Embodied Energy. In existing buildings goals may be outline in one of three ways: ENERGY STAR rating, benchmarking against typical buildings and benchmarking against historical data. ENERGY STAR is a voluntary U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) program designed to provide environmental and financial benefits through the rating of buildingâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s energy efficiency (About ENERGY STAR). LEED certification for existing buildings utilizes an ENERGY STAR rating goal of 75 as a minimum energy performance prerequisite, any score exceeding 75 receives points towards certification. Benchmarking against typical buildings utilizes national average data for similar buildings as the expected standard performance. The LEED minimum energy performance prerequisite in this case is a 25% reduction from this benchmark. Benchmarking against historic data utilizes the existing buildings past performance data of at least 12 mouths as the performance benchmark. Again the minimum energy performance prerequisite is a 25% reduction from this standard. For new construction baseline building performance can be calculated according to ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.0-2010. This is an energy standard for minimum requirements for energy-efficient design for most building types (STANDARD 90.1). LEED Building Design and Construction version 4 utilizes a 5% improvement upon this standard as their benchmark for minimum energy performance. In order to create goals by energy use category more specific metrics must be utilized, as outlined below. The same benchmarking systems can be used at this smaller scale.

METRICS How do we begin to address over consumption of energy? The prerequisite to this question is how does one quantify goals for improvement? The ability to analyze whether or not a strategy is making progress is vital. This analysis will allow decisions to be made about whether or not to continue, terminate, or adjust strategies for improvement. Through this iterative process of analysis and synthesis improvement will be met. It is all depends on the ability to quantify goals.

Regulated energy

Lighting: Units: kW/Hr (Kilo Watts/Hour), Dollars, Co2 (lbs) Watts - Joules per second HVAC Units: EUI (Energy Use Intensity), kBTU/yr, kBTU/sqft, Dollars, CO2 (lbs) The British Thermal Unit (BTU or Btu)-1055 Joules.

Materials (Embodied Energy)

Sourcing: Unit: lighting (kW/Hr), energy (kBTU/yr), fuel (Gal, Ton), CO2 (lbs), Manufacturing: Unit: lighting (kW/Hr), energy (kBTU/yr), fuel (Gal, Ton), CO2 (lbs), Water (Gal)

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

STRATEGIESA strategy is a carefully constructed course of action with the purpose of achieving a goal. Lighting Minimizing electric lighting involves two types of strategies: lighting fixture efficiency and day lighting capture (Daylighting Optimization Program). Specifying LED or fluorescent lights is practical because they use less energy and last longer than conventional, incandescent light bulbs. Optimizing daylight can greatly minimize electric lighting demand. Strategies must attempt to bounce light deep into a space and prevent glare. Light intensity can be quantified though lux, foot-candle or Daylight Factor. Lux is a measure of illumination equal to one lumen per square meter. Foot-candle is the empirical measure, defined as one lumen per square foot. Daylight Factor can be defined as: DF = Iin/Iout x 100% Where: DF = daylight factor Iin = illumiance due to daylight on the indoor working plane Iout = illumiance outdoors on a unobstructed horizontal plane (Daylighting). The desired daylight factor varies depending on building type but a typical DF is 2%, and a DF of 4% is considered to be a bright daylit space. Less then 500 lux or 46.5 foot-candles is a typical lumen level for workspaces. Some strategies for daylight control include luvers, light shelves, and fenestrations. Luvers diffuse light, light shelves bounce light deep into a space, and fenestrations are openings that allow light into the building (Index of Buildings). Daylight Factor Examples Residential Living Room – 1 Residential Kitchen – 2 Office - detail work – 4 Office - drafting – 6 Office - corridors – 0.5 Schools - classrooms – 2 Schools - art rooms – 4 Hospitals - wards – 1 Hospitals - waiting rooms – 2 Sports facilities – 2 Warehouse - bulk storage – 0.5 Warehouse - medium size storage – 1 Warehouse - small item storage – 2

HVAC Minimizing HVAC energy demand involves two types of strategies: system efficiency and heat transfer design. System efficiency can be improved by installing HVAC systems, which comply with efficiency requirements. LEED v4 BD+C utilizes New Buildings Institute, Inc.’s publication “Advanced Buildings: Energy Benchmark for High Performance Buildings (E-Benchmark)” as its benchmark. Heat gain is the capture of heat from the sun in an occupied space. The times of day and year determine whether heat gain is desired. ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE | PAGE 19

Heat transfer can be controlled though SRI design, insulation materials, and placement of glazing. SRI or Solar Reflective Index measures the amount of sunlight absorbed by a material. 0 is the least reflective color (Black) and 100 is the most reflective (White). Cool roofs have an SRI value greater than 78. Cool roofs are typically more a more effective strategy than increasing the amount of insulation on a roof. The ability of insulation materials to resist heat flow varies and is quantified by R-value. The higher the R-value, the better the insulation (Great Day Improvements). Lastly, the design of apertures is a factor of glass type, smart orientation, placement, sizing, and shading. Like insulation materials, different glass types contain different R-values (Direct Solar Gain). On the northern hemisphere, glazing should be oriented at least 30 degrees from due south (Passive Solar Home Design). Placement, sizing, and shading can be designed based on sun angles allowing direct gain during heating months and preventing it during cooling months. When solar radiation is allowed into a building, it is equivalent to heat. Incident solar radiation is the combination of direct radiation from the sun and diffuse radiation that is reflected off the ground or surrounding buildings. The units for radiation are W/m2 or BTU/hr/ft2 (Solar Radiation Metrics). The balance between daylight design and heating and cooling design is the real design challenge. While outside of the preview of this research, it is interesting to note that there is an even greater paradox between HVAC efficiency and ventilation allowing the outside air into the building. R-value Examples

Solar Reflectance Index Examples

Fiberglass – 3.14 Fiberglass Blown (attic) – 2.20 Fiberglass Blown (wall) – 3.20 Mineral Wool – 3.14 Mineral Wool blown (attic) – 3.10 Mineral Wool blown (wall) – 3.03 Cellulose blown (attic) – 3.21 Cellulose blown (wall) – 3.70 Polystrene Board – 4.00 Polyurethane Board – 5.00 Polyisocyanurate (foil-faced) – 7.20 Open Cell Spray Foam – 3.60 Closed Cell Spray Foam – 6.50

Black acrylic paint – Typical asphalt – “White” asphalt shingle – Light Gravel-surfaced roof – Typical Concrete – White Acrylic Paint – Reflective Roof Membrane –

0 6 21 37 19-52 100 80-100

Materials (Embodied Energy) Materials embodied energy is dependent on, how raw materials are extracted, how far materials have to travel, the number of raw materials used, the energy needed to manufacture, the amount of the material that is used, and the amount of wasted that occurs during construction. Thus, strategies should include sourcing local materials with low energy use during manufacturing and construction. Additionally, an inefficient use of material quantity must be avoided and materials should be gathered from renewable resources (About HiPages).

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ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

GOALSPERCENTAGE IMPROVEMENT FROM BENCHMARK

- ASHRAE - NATIONAL AVERAGE DATA - HISTORIC DATA

- ENERGY STAR

METRICSPERCENTAGE IMPROVEMENT FROM BENCHMARK

- LIGHTING - KW/HR - HVAC - KBTU/SQFT - MATERIALS - KW/HR, KBTU/SQFT, AND MATERIAL QUANTITY

STRATEGIESLIGHTING

- DAYLIGHT FACTOR BY BUILDING TYPE - BOUNCE LIGHT DEEP

- PREVENT GLARE

HVAC -

- ENVELOPE DESIGN - INSULATION - R VALUE - REFLECTIVITY - SRI

- GLAZING DESIGN- RADIATION

EMBODIED ENERGY -

- LIFE CYCLE ANALYSIS RAW MATERIAL EXTRACTION TRANSPORT MANUFACTURE

- MATERIAL USE EFFICIENCY ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 21

ENERGY AND STUDIO

ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DESIGN CONCEPTS ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND DESIGN CONCEPTS Energy molding utilizes a wide range of software available for addressing energy design concepts. “Modeling programs let experts adjust parts of the building’s design to increase energy efficiency and see the trade-offs of their decisions.” Energy molding inherently expedites the iterative process and has the potential to provide economic, social, and environmental benefits to the design. The capabilities of these pieces of software greatly vary. The goal of this document is to provide a wide range of options for solving energy use issues in design studio resulting several workflow options (Henderson pg 257-262). This will allow future students to model their deign in the software they are most confortable in and dedicate their time to learning the basics of the energy modeling software. The image below begins to show examples of energy modeling application and the design software they are compatible with. Most importantly the diagram expresses which design concepts connect to major energy modeling strategies.

APPLYING ENERGY USE MITIGATION TO STUDIO ENERGY CONSUMPTION CATEGORIES

MITIGATION STRATEGIES

EMBODIED ENERGY

Life Cycle Analysis

- Materials

REGULATED ENERGY - hvac - Lighting

STUDIO DESIGN CONCEPT

ENERGY SOFTWARE

MODELING SOFTWARE

TECTONICS

Envelope Design - reflectivity - insulation

Shading Analysis - bounce light - prevent glare

Glazing Design - building orientation and form - placement and sizing

MASSING

FACADE INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE The information outlined below provides the basic capabilities, learning curve and effectiveness, and assumability for each energy modeling software. The sores given to each software are subjective but reflect my experience with the software thus far. PAGE 22 |ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

CAPABILITY

7/10

Vasari- 27/40

7/10 - Vasari is very strong for early massing and conceptual design. Energy Analysis, Solar Radiation, Sun Studies, and Wind Tunnel are the primary functions of the software (Autodesk Vasari).

INTERFACE 7/10 - The interface is very user friendly with large icons. Things are fairly easy to learn simply 7/10 by exploring the available tabs. EFFECTIVE 7/10 - The software is nearly exclusively for early conceptual studies and provides generaliza7/10 tions to guide design. A C C E S S 6/10 - Vasari is a beta software and is available for free download, it is also installed in the labs 6/10 at the University of Maryland as it is an Autodesk product. It is not compatible with Revit 2015 and Revit does not allow for files to back saved. There are a few Vasari tool built into Revit itself.

CAPABILITY

7/10

Green Building Studio- 27/40

7/10- GBS is a cloud based software. Capabilities include whole building energy analysis, carbon emission reporting, and daylighting. This software can be used in early design stages but performs better with a full building model. Lastly changes made in GBS are not linked to the digital model in Revit and thus changes must be made manually (Cloud-based).

INTERFACE 8/10 -While the interface of GBS is very cluttered with many small tabs it is very simple to ma8/10 neuver and run alternatives at a good speed. EFFECTIVE 6/10 - The software performs better the more detailed a model is. The amount of output sta6/10 tistics it provides is by far the best,. This is very useful for comparing alternatives. A C C E S S 6/10 - This software is not installed in the labs, but a 30 day free trial can be obtained online. 6/10 Because the software is cloud based it is never installed on a machine, such as a loptop, and thus multiple free trials can be obtained using different e-mail addresses.

Ecotect- 31/40

CAPABILITY

8/10 - Ecotect is a very versatile software providing capabilities in shadow studies, thermal analysis, and solar radiation among others. The tool can be used for both early design concepts as well as more developed schemes (Ecotect Fundamentals).

INTERFACE

6/10 - The interface can be confusing at times. Video tutorials are more useful then exploring the available tabs. Overall the software is not difficult to learn.

8/10 6/10

EFFECTIVE 7/10 - This software does not provide feed back on energy use and carbon emission but 7/10 its abilities to map daylight and radiation exposure onto a building surfaces or floor plates provides incredibly valuable information. This knowledge can then be used to edit a Rhino or ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 23

Revit mode and receive feedback data from Vasari or GBS EFFECTIVE 10/10 or 0/10 - The software is installed in the labs at the University of Maryland but as of 10/10 March 2015 license are no longer sold. Instead the capabilities are being integrated into Revit.

CAPABILITY

8/10

Ladybug- 29/40

8/10 -Ladybug is an open source plugin for Grasshopper which utilized .EPW weather files to create 3D visualizations to support decision making. Working in Grasshopper a definition or script is written in order to use tools. Capabilities include but are not limited to radiation, and daylight studies (Ladybug and Honeybee).

INTERFACE 5/10 - While the interface is very straight forward, containing only one tab with a variety of 5/10 tools, it is difficult to learn what each individual tools does and how to get the definition to work correctly. EFFECTIVE 8/10 - Ladybug is most likely the software with the greatest accuracy and specificity. Similar to 8/10 Ecotect it does not output energy consumption and carbon emissions data but this information can be obtained using a second grasshopper plug-in call honeybee. A C C E S S 8/10 This software can be downloaded for free. Rhino and grasshopper must be installed on 8/10 the machine first and the process for download can be difficult. While grasshopper is also a free plug-in Rhino must be purchased.

CAPABILITY

6/10

Tally- 26/40

6 - Tally focuses only on embodied energy, a consumption category that is overlooked by the other softwares. “The Tally application allows architects and engineers working in Revit® software to quantify the environmental impact of building materials for whole building analysis as well as comparative analyses of design options (Tally | About).”

INTERFACE 7 - This interface is attractive and well organized. The great inventory of materials and opera7/10 tions makes learning the software slightly difficult. EFFECTIVE 7 - The softwares unique capabilities alone make it very valuable. It does provide output data 7/10 in order to compare different schemes, but changes are not parametric and must be made back in Revit. A C C E S S 6- Tally is available for purchase and 30 day free trial.

6/10

PAGE 24 |

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

VASARI -

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rn-ESf3uvBs

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=30UyslAPjsc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMi7KYZ_bsk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JfKrxkbZk3k

GREEN BUILDING STUDIO -

tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_JFa2Skx7s8 ENERGY AND STUDIO

| PAGE 25

ECOTECT

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vD0m2oYXh_M

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NpiLw5hck8o

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OpnjfWLWJdE

tps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fEJgG4mqXmA

LADYBUG

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8UFkJL-aZy8

PAGE 26 |

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AZL2lJroaNE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sRfd4K3b9ew

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fwe9ZJnTSH0

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_u0dnyq2QI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=id5Ll1p2NYM

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gqcOmWLUDYw

ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 27

TALLY

http://www.choosetally.com/tutorials/

PAGE 28 |

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

ENERGY AND STUDIO

| PAGE 29

ADAN RAMOS

ART HOUSE

ENERGY AND STUDIO

CONVERGENCE OF TECHNICAL AND CONCEPTUAL

ARCH403 2015

ADAN RAMOS

PRING

“WHEN I AM WORKING ON A PROBLEM I NEVER THINK ABOUT BEAUTY. I ONLY THINK ABOUT HOW TO SOLVE (IT). BUT WHEN I HAVE FINISHED, IF THE SOLUTION IS NOT BEAUTIFUL, I KNOW IT IS WRONG “ - BUCKMINSTER FULLER (architect and inventor) ORIGINAL

SET BACK_ PUBLIC SPACE

This experiment aimed to uncover the inherent relationship between functionality and beauty. The intersectionOBSERVATION between the conceptual and the technical in architecture or the convergence of the aesthetic DECK (WH/SF) (LUX) and the functional is undeniable. Yet ideas of structure andRADIATION performance rarely find theirDAY wayLIGHT into architecture studio. While these concepts are taught in architecture school their integration with design can, at times, be neglected. More specifically this research asked the question, how could energy modeling and SPRING the performance of a building influence the concept and physical aspects of design? I sought to answer this question in my final project of ARCH403, my fourth design studio at the University of Maryland. SET BACK_ RETAIL

SITE GEOMETRY

Many studio critics oppose or neglect the discovery of this relationship. They either overlook or dismiss the influence of environmental conditions on the concept or “big idea” of the studio project. This may be in part due to the lack of clear connection between the technical and conceptual during the early stages of the design process. I found that as the project went on, the gap narrowed, but a larger question RADIATION (WH/SF) DAY LIGHT (LUX) RADIATION (WH/SF) DAY LIGHT (LUX) arose. Does performance merely support the overarching concept in architecture after the fact or does it aid the creation of the concept from the start? In the case of a retrofit any energy saving implementation would clearly support an existing concept but in a new construction project it has the opportunity to advise both sides of the spectrum simultaneously. TWO ENTITIES

CAFE

CREATE CONTRAST IN HIGHT AND FACADE

COLLEGE PARK CITY HAL

The project in question contains a dynamic program including the 20,000 square foot City Hall for CITY OFFICE College Park as well as 35,000 to 45,000 square feet of University Office Space and at least 10,000 square feet SPRING of retail. The site of the project is located on the corner of Lehigh Road and Baltimore Ave. The site also inCAFE cludes the block to the south where a public space is to be designed. The concept for this project was about the relationship between the University and City. While separate MASSING entities they share many goals, thus this design was intended to highlight the differences between University and city while also facilitating commuLINK UNIVERSITY AND CITY nication between them. UNIVERSITY OFFICE

CREATE POINTS OF CONVERGENCE

CENTRAL CONNECTION ELEMENT

Throughout this semester, five strategies were studied, but only four were implemented into this project, massing studies, window to wall ratio, shading design, and insulation. Of those four, three greatly influenced the aesthetic articulation of the design. The next five paragraphs will outline the analyses conducted in order to implementLIBRARY each strategy, the software utilized, its effectiveness, how the energy perforSPRING

MASSING COUNCIL CHAMBER

WINDOW WALL PAGE 30 |RATIO ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

WINDOW WALL RATIO CREATE SPACE OF CONVERGENCE

RESULTANT FORM

LUVER SYSTEM

GESTURE TOWARDS CAMPUS FROM CITY

2015

mance improved and most importantly how the strategy impacted conceptual design.

PRING

CONCEPT DIAGRAM RESULTANT FORM

(WH/SF)

COLLEGE PARK CITY HALL

(WH/SF)studies onDAY LIGHT (LUX) studio were RADIATION (WH/SF) DAY LIGHT (LUX) RADIATION Orientation green building conducted during the very early stages of the project. GBS allows incremental rotations to be made to the massing of a project and analyses to be run for each alternative. Using ART HOUSE DISPLAY SPACE a basic cube massing on the site I produced several alternatives, but the differences in each output were so incremental that no one orientation was optimal. As a result, I utilized both Ecotect and Ladybug to produce iterations SPRING VISITOR CENTER between of massing and compare light and heat intensity them. Through this process I was able to increase the areas MASSING with desirable light and radiation intensity. The learning curve for these processes was rather intensive and thus the number of iterations was not ideal, but once the method is learned grasshopper allows for rapid iteration production. The massing deign derived from this method provided Energy Use Intensity, Electricity, and fuel statistics on Vesari that were utilized as baseline statistics (Rhino massing can be brought into Revit as a mass if the file is saved as a sat. Once in Revit Vesari studies can be made. Rhino can also be brought directly into Vasari. Tutorial videos below). This baseline is useful for SPRING understanding effectiveness of future strategies. This study was useful for design when locating program. The areas with most potential for glazing and views out were assigned the hierarchical programs, in this case MASSING WINDOW WALL RATIO the council chamber. Most importantly, the influence on designing the form of the building was a balance between the technical and conceptual. The form of the building from a conceptual standpoint was about creating two separate volumes joined by a third that also makes a strong gesture towards campus. Maximizing area with appropriate lighting and radiation exposure aided this process because the areas where both goals overlapped made decision making in design simple. DAY LIGHT (LUX) study I performed RADIATION (WH/SF) DAYtoLIGHT RADIATION (WH/SF) LIGHTable (LUX) The next was on window wall(LUX) ratio. Using Revit energy simulationDAY I was

ADAN RAMOS

to run several alternatives with varying window to wall ratios. Out of the alternatives 30 percent was the WINDOW WALL RATIO LUVER SYSTEM optimal ratio. Revit does not allow studies to be done on individual walls, but GBS contains this capability. Exporting the Revit massing model to GBS permitted a more accurate ratio per, but only for walls facing the cardinal directions. A positive of this process was its small learning curve. The study resulted in minimized EUI by 4 Kwh/sf/yr electricity use by .14 million Kw/hr and fuel by 5.6 thousand therms. This method is somewhat convoluted and could be more accurate, but it provides the basic information needed to design a faรงade, both for performance and aesthetics. A major concept in the studio design was the separation of city office space and university office space. The variation of the amount of glazing in different areas of the building supported this concept by beginning to delineate the different occupants of the building. The fuLUVER SYSTEM

ARCH40

ADAN RAMOS INSULATION

INSULATION

ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 31

ture outlook of this process is to discover ways that window to wall ratio can be designed though ladybug or Ecotect and compare the different processes. A shading system for the design was implemented using information from Vesari, Ladybug and Ecotect. Light intensity and heat intensity studies used in massing design were also utilized to discover the location for a louver system. Ladybug and Ecotect both use local weather files to determine this information, but ladybug, while more complex of a process, seems to be more specific. Vesari has a very simple function to test different depths for shading systems. This strategy minimized EUI by 4 Kwh/sf/yr electricity use by HOUSE by 2.4 thousand therms. Allowing the areas of the building with a shading system .15 million kw/hr andARTfuel to contain the university office space and the areas without to contain the city office space supported the concept of the design. What unified these separate areas of the building was a large library space where city and university representatives could converge. This space is the only space where both faรงade conditions exist and thus highlights the idea of convergence between university and city. Similar to the window to wall ratio study I would like to discover how ladybug can design the depth of the shading system and compare processes. Lastly in the future I would like to study light shelf design.

ADAN RAMOS

Insulation studies were conducted using GBS where a variety of insulation systems can be tested. The same way orientation studies were taken the alternatives could be compared and the best option could be selected. This strategy minimized EUI by 8 Kwh/sf/yr electricity use by .03 million kw/hr and fuel by 6.6

CITY

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

PRING

SPRING

PAGE MASSING 32 |

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

ART HOUSE DISPLAY SPACE

thousand therms . This strategy had very little impact on conceptual design. It can be said that the program had an impact on specification of insulation. Originally, structural insulated panels (SIP) were selected but this type of insulation is primarily used for residential projects and raises questions about safety in a civic building. From this standpoint, choosing cellulose insulation rather than SIP was a factor of both building performance and program. While this process was simple and easy, the strategy raises questions about the economic viability ofVISITOR theCENTER best possible insulation methods. Another future outlook for this method is to study the paradox between insulation and ventilation and attempt to find a balance. The fifth strategy studied this semester was embodied energy. Using tally to design wall section and structural material on the basis of embodied energy had a huge potential to minimize life cycle energy use as well as influence tectonic decisions of the building. Unfortunately, time constraints limited the implementation of this strategy, but this may also be used as an experiment. Posing the question, what happens when decisions are made without a technical influence and only the conceptual. I chose wood for the faรงade, to contrast with typical College Park construction, and light colored concrete for the structure to create balance with the darker wood. While I cannot compare these decision to the material I would have chosen if the studies in Tally were done, I can compare the decision making process. I found the design of the buildings tectonics to be much more difficult and time consuming without the influence of performance. This suggests that better design comes from technical consideration, but also implies that design for function without aesthetic would face similar difficulties.

UNIVERSITY

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 33

EDACAF DNA THGIH NI TSARTNOC ETAERC

LLAH

SEITITNE OWT

EFAC

SOMAR NADA

Does functionality create beauty or simply support it? While wrestling with these ideas midway though this project, in April, the trees in College Park began to regain their leaves. This inspired a thought DAY LIGHT (LUX) RADIATION (WH/SF) DAY LIGHT (LUX) RADIATION (WH/SF) DAY LIGHT (LUX) thatRADIATION a tree(WH/SF) is perfectly beautiful because the way a tree grows is optimized for capture of solar energy yet we never perceive these ideas of functionality when we look at a tree. This final project was structured as a design competition. Unfortunately my design did not make it to the top nine. I do not believe this is a function of my design but rather how it was represented. My boards focused heavily on the details, the parts of the whole and did not make the statement about the essence of the work. I learned from this experience that it is important to take a step back and show the tree before you show the leaves. Ideas of energy performance are parts of the whole and just as we do not immediately see the functionality in trees energy strategies play function as an undertone to the buildings overall beauty. Does functionality create beauty or simply support it? After this experiment I still do not know the answer to this question but I do know for certain that function is necessary for beauty. ECIFFO YTISREVINU

ECIFFO YTIC

Y TIC DNA Y TISREVINU KNIL

TNEMELE NOITCENNOC LARTNEC

ECNEGREVNOC FO STNIOP ETAERC

YRARBIL

ECNEGREVNOC FO ECAPS ETAERC

REBMAHC LICNUOC

ECAPS CILBUP

GNIRPS

LLAH YTIC KRAP EGELLOC

YTIC MORF SUPMAC SDRAWOT ERUTSEG

5102 304HCRA

EFAC

MROF TNATLUSER

ESUOH TRA ECAPS YALPSID

RETNEC ROTISIV

WATER TREATMENT

CONVERGENCE OF TWO SYSTEMS - CONVERGENCE OF UMD AND CP )XUL( THGIL YAD

)FS/HW( NOITAIDAR

)XUUSE L( WATER THGINILBUILDING YAD

)FS/HW( NOITAIDAR

)XUL( THGIL YAD

)FS/HW( NOITAIDAR

)XUL( THGIL YAD

)FS/HW( NOITAIDAR

5102 304HCRA

SOMAR NADA

ESUOH TRA

GNIRPS

(TREATMENT SYSTEMS USED TO DISPLAY ART)

OVERFLOW TO WETLAND

CAPTURE ROOF WATER

CAPTURE BLACK WATER

GNIRPS GNISSAM

TECHNICAL

BEAUTY

CONCEPTUAL

OITAR LLAW WODNIW

PAGE 34 | ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE

H YTIC KRAP EGELLOC

)

TISNART CILBUP

OBSERVATION DECK

ORIGINAL

SET BACK_ PUBLIC SPACE

SET BACK_ RETAIL

SITE GEOMETRY

VISITOR CENTER

ART HOUSE

ADAN RAMOS

PARK CITY COLLEGE PARK CITY HALL 2015 2015 COLLEGE COLLEGE PARK CITY HALL ARCH403 ARCH403 COLLEGE PARKHALL CITY HALL

R CENTER

RESULTANT FORM

PUBLIC TRANSIT

ADAN RAMOS

TWO ENTITIES

CAFE

CREATE CONTRAST IN HIGHT AND FACADE

UNIVERSITY OFFICE

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

CITY OFFICE

DAY LIGHT (LUX) CAFE

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

LINK UNIVERSITY AND CITY

SPRING

CREATE POINTS OF CONVERGENCE

CENTRAL CONNECTION ELEMENT

CREATE SPACE OF CONVERGENCE

GESTURE TOWARDS CAMPUS FROM CITY

LIBRARY

SPRING

COUNCIL CHAMBER

PUBLIC SPACE

SPRING MASSING

RESULTANT FORM

WINDOW WALL RATIO

ART HOUSE DISPLAY SPACE

VISITOR CENTER

LUVER SYSTEM

ART HOUSE

ADAN RAMOS

INSULATION

ARCH403 2015 2015 ARCH403

ADAN RAMOS

WATER TREATMENT

USE WATER IN BUILDING

(TREATMENT SYSTEMS USED TO DISPLAY ART)

OVERFLOW TO WETLAND

CAPTURE ROOF WATER

CAPTURE BLACK WATER

SPRING

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

RADIATION (WH/SF)

DAY LIGHT (LUX)

SPRING

ENERGY AND STUDIO | PAGE 35

WORKS CITED

ENERGY AND ARCHITECTURE “11 Facts About Nuclear Energy.” 11 Facts About Nuclear Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015 “About ENERGY STAR for Commercial and Industrial Buildings.” About ENERGY STAR for Commercial and Industrial Buildings. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “About HiPages.” Home Improvement Pages. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “Autodesk Vasari - For Building Performance Analysis.” ‘Building Performance Analysis’ N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. Benton-Short, Lisa, and John R. Short. Cities and Nature. London: Routledge, 2008. Print. “Biomess Energy.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Biomass Resources in the United States (2012).” Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. Brown, Lester R. Eco-economy: Building an Economy for the Earth. New York: W.W. Norton, 2001. Print. “Climate Science Glossary.” Skeptical Science. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Coal’s Past, Present, and Future » American Coal Foundation.” American Coal Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Copenhagen Harbour Bath / PLOT.” ArchDaily. N.p., 05 Jan. 2009. Web. 19 May 2015. Cottrell, Michelle. Guide to the LEED Green Associate Exam. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2010. Print. “Cloud-based Energy-analysis Software.” Energy Analysis Software. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. “Daylighting Optimization Program.” Daylighting Optimization Program. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “Daylighting.” FHPSB. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “Direct Solar Gain | Sustainability Workshop.” Direct Solar Gain | Sustainability Workshop. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “Do the Math.” Do the Math. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Ecotect Fundamentals Videos | Sustainability Workshop.” Ecotect Fundamentals Videos | Sustainability Work shop. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. “Embodied Energy.” Admin_666. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Great Day Improvements General Home Improvement Contractors & Builders In Chicago IL, Cleveland OH, PAGE 36 |

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“Index of Buildings.” Guide to London’s Contemporary Architecture (1993): 125-26. Web. Atlanta GA, New York NY, & More.” Insulation R Value Chart -. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “How Is Crude Oil Converted to Gasoline?” WiseGEEK. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “How Geothermal Energy Works.” Union of Concerned Scientists. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Hydroelectric Energy.” - National Geographic Education. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. Infoplease. Infoplease, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research.” Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. “Ladybug and Honeybee.” Grasshopper3D. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. “Natural Gas - Origin Energy.” Natural Gas - Origin Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Nuclear Energy.” EPA. Environmental Protection Agency, n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Peak Oil Primer.” Peak Oil Primer. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “STANDARD 90.1.” ASHRAE. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 May 2015. “Sustainability Studies Minor.” Sustainability Studies Minor. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Terps Win: Secretary Chu Awards Top Honors to UMd at Solar Decathlon.” WJLA. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Tally | About | Overview.” Tally | About | Overview. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 May 2015. “Te Ara Encyclopedia of New Zealand.” 5. – Geothermal Energy –. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “The Effects of Oil Drilling.” The Effects of Oil Drilling. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “The Largest Database of Free Vector Icons.” Free Vector Icons. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. (<div>Icons made by <a href=”http://www.flaticon.com/authors/freepik” title=”Freepik”>Freepik</a> from <a href=”http://www.flaticon.com” title=”Flaticon”>www.flaticon.com</a> is licensed by <a href=”http:// creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/” title=”Creative Commons BY 3.0”>CC BY 3.0</a></div>) “Unchecked Fracking Threatens Health, Water Supplies.” Natural Gas Drilling: Impacts of Fracking on Health, Water. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “University of Maryland’s WaterShed Solar Decathlon House Takes First Place In Architecture!” Inhabitat Sus tainable Design Innovation N.p., n.d. Web. 20 May 2015. “US Could Install 200,000 GW of Solar Power, New Study Says.” TreeHugger. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “U.S. Energy Information Administration - EIA - Independent Statistics and Analysis.” What Is U.S. Electricity Generation by Energy Source? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. WORK CITED | PAGE 37

“U.S. Geothermal Energy Potential Is Heating Up.” - Renewable Energy World. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “Wind 101: The Basics of Wind Energy.” Wind 101: The Basics of Wind Energy. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “What Is BIOMASS?” What Is BIOMASS? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “What Is Natural Gas?” What Is Natural Gas? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “What Is Nuclear Power?” What Is Nuclear Power? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “What Is Oil?” What Is Oil? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015. “What Is Solar Power?” What Is Solar Power? N.p., n.d. Web. 17 May 2015.

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WORK CITED

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ART HOUSE DISPLAY SPACE

ART HOUSE DISPLAY VISITOR CENTER SPACE

VISITOR CENTER

UX) RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (LUX)RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (L

UX) RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (LUX)RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (LU

VISITOR CENTER

X) RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (LUX)RADIATION (WH/SF)RADIATIONDAY (WH/SF) LIGHT (LUX) DAY LIGHT (LU

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