Genderview Newsletter �� ខ ០៦ ��ំ ២០១៣
ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ ��នឌ័រ និង�រ����ល��ស�តុ ៖ �រ�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់ និង�រព��ង ឹ �ពធន់នង ឹ �រ���ល � ��ស�តុ
�រ�រ��ប� ់ ប � ន ័ ��ើម។
វ�សម�ព����ព��
សម��ត�ិ និងលទ��ពក�ង � �រទទួល�ននូវធន�ន ��ក់ព័ន�����ង��ំង�នឹង�រ�ើន�ើងនូវ�ព �យរង��ះ�យ���តុ
�ន��ះមហន��យ��ើម។
និងវ�បត�ិ��រួម
ផ�យ � �វ�ញ សមធម៌សង�ម គឺ�ក់ពន ័ � � ង ំ � �នឹង
�ពធន់���រ����ល��ស�តុ
ពី��ះ
សមធម៌�ន � ឌ័រក៏�យុទ� � ��ដ � ស ៏ � ំ ន់មយ ួ ក�ង � �រ�ះ��យ�ព�យរង��ះ�យ�ើល� �ើត���វ�រ
និងតួ�ទីខុសៗ��រ�ងបុរសនិង
���ីក� ង�រ��កបរបរចិ � � ឹ ម ជី វ � ត �� � ំ � � រ បស់ ពួក��ផង��រ។
�រស��ច��ល�នសម�ព��នឌ័ �នន័យ
�ន�ះពុម�អំពីប����នឌ័រ និង�រ����ល
�បុរស និង��ទ ី� ទួល�ន���សុខ�ព �រអប់រ�
�ក់ទងនឹងប����ះ។ �ំងពី�ល � �ះមក ���ស � កម�� � ទទួលរង��ះទឹកជំនន់ដ� ៏ ��កប ់ ផ ំ ត ុ
ដំ�ើរ�រន��យ និង�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច
ចំនួន��ើ��ើន��ងទូលំទូ�យស��ប់ជួយ��ើឲ��ប����ះ�ន�ពល����ើរក៏�យ។
ប��ន ើ �ពធន់�នឹង�រ���ល � ��ស�តុ១។
ក��ង��ំ២០១១ ��ឹត�ិប��ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ
��ស�តុ � � ល �ើ ង �ន�ើ ក �ើ ង នូ វ ផលប៉ ះ �ល់ � អវ�ជ��នដល់�ររស់�របស់�� ី
��ព��សម��ត�ិ ព័ត� ៌ ន ចំ��ះដឹង �រចូលរួមក��ង
���វត�� ិ ��� � ល � ��ឲ ើ �� មនុស�� �ប់�ន�ក់�ទូ�ង ំ ���ស � ជួបវ�បត�� ិ ះ� �ះបី��នកម�វ�ធីមួយ
ចិត�ន�� � � ើ � �ើយ�គឺ�គន�ះឹ ដ៏ស� ំ ន់ស��ប់
��ត ឹ ប ិ� ���ខ � ��ះនឹង�ើលប��ម � �ៀតចំ�ះកម� វ � ធ ី � រ�� � � ល ��ស�តុ � � ល កំ ព ុ ង ��
ដំ�ើរ�រ��ះ��ើប��េយនឌ័រ និង�រ����ល��ស�តុ។ ��ឹត�ិប����ះមិន��ន់�� ��ត��ើផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ��ន���រ����ល��ស�តុ
និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ��
�� ក ៏ យ កចិ ត � ទ ុ ក �ក់ � �ើ ឱ �សស�� ប ់ � � ើ ឲ � � �� � ើ រ �ើ ង �ងសម�ព�� ន ឌ័ រ �� � រ �� � � ល ��ស�តុ ផ ង�� រ ។
��នឌ័រ និង�រ���ល � ��ស�តុ៖ �រ�ត់ បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល
និង�រព��ង ឹ �ពធន់� ់ ��រ
����ល��ស�តុ................................១ ទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ង��នឌ័រ និង�រ����ល ��ស�តុ...............................................១ �រ���ល � ��ស�តុ��មតំបន់ជនបទ�� ���ស � កម�� � .....................................................២
�រព��ង ឹ �ពធន់ និង�របន��� ំ នឹង�រ���ល � ��ស�តុរបស់�រី� ស់�តំបន់ជនបទ........២ ��សហគមន៍ និងកម�វ�ធី REDD+ ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ �នជ័យ និង��តម � ណ�លគិរ.� ....................៣-៤ ��ចក�ស ី ន�� ិ ន � និងអនុ�សន.៍...................៥ ព័ត� ៌ នអំពី GADC និងឯក�រ�ង.............៦
�ំងអស់����វ�ះ��យផលប៉ះ�ល់អវ�ជ��ន �� � រ�� � � ល ��ស�តុ � � ល ក� � ង �ះ�� � ី
គឺ � អ�កទទួលរងនូវផលប៉ះ�ល់��ំង�ងបុរស �យ�រមូល��ត� ុ ��ន ើ ដូច��លកម�វធ � អ ី ភិវឌ��ន៍ សហ����តិ�ន�ើក�ើង។
ទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ង��នឌ័រ និង�រ�����ល��ស�តុ
�តិ�
ដូ � � ះ �ើ ម � � ី � ះ�� យ ប�� � ំ ង អស់ � � ះ
��តអ ុ � ី� ន���វ� យកចិតទ � ក ុ �ក់ច� ំ ះសម�ព ��នឌ័រ�ក�ង � បរ�បទ���រ���ល � ��ស�តុ?
កម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ��ន៍សហ����តិ (UNDP) �ន �ើក�ើងដូច�ង��ម��ះ�៖
�នក��មួយ
ចំនន ួ �នជះឥទ�ព ិ លដល់�រយល់ដង ឹ ពី�ព�យ
រង��ះ���រ���ល � ��ស�តុ និងសមត��ព បន��រំ បស់មនុស�� ��កៗ ់ ។ �ក់�ង � �រទទួល�ន ធន�ន
និង�រអប់រត � ច ិ តួច��ឲ ើ �� ��� ី� យ � �អ�ក
��ល�យរង��ះ�យ�រ�រ���ល � ��ស �តុ��ះ�ងបុរស២។
����ស � កម�� � ��� ី� ល � រស់�តំបន់ជនបទ
“កង�ះ�រយល់ដង ឹ អំព� ី ព��� ំ ក់ទង�នឹង�រ
��ង��ទទួលរងផលប៉ះ�ល់�អវ�ជ� � នដ៏ធន � ធ ់ រ�
គឺ�ក��ចម��ងមួយ�ំឲ��
ពី�រ���ល � ��ស�តុ�ះ� ។ ��ត ឹ ប ិ� ��ទស��នៈ
ពី � � ះ សមត� � ពយល់ ដ ឹ ង ��ើ � ព�� ំ � �
រស់�តំបន់ជនបទ និងពិ�រ�ពីឱ�សមួយចំនន ួ
��ល��ឲ ើ �� �ើងជួប��ទះនូវវ�បត�ដ ិ ធ ៏ ន � ធ ់ រ� �ើយ
��ស�តុ
���ល � ��ស�តុ
����សកម����យរង��ះ�យ�រប�� � � ះ
��នឌ័រ��ះនឹងប��ញពីប��ចម��ងៗរបស់់�� ី
�រ����ល��ស�តុ��ះ�ន���ប់ក��ិត
��ល�ក់ពន ័ ដ � ល់ជវី �ពរបស់�ី� និង�រ���ល �
ទទួលរងនូវឧបសគ�យូរអ���ងដូច� �ព��ី��
�របំ�យឧស�ន ័ ពី�រ�ត់បង់�� � ើ
និង�រផលិតធន�នធម��តិ
��ត�មណ�លគិរ� និងឧត�រ�នជ័យ។
វ�សម�ពសង�ម
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
អសន�ស ិ ខ ុ ក�ង � �រទទួល�នដីធី �
និងឧបសគ�កង �
�ពិ�ស � �មរយៈកម�វធ � ី �ត់បន�យ
និង�រ
� សឹករ�ចរ�ល���ើ (REDD+) ��លអនុវត��ក�ង
១
�ើង�ើញ� ��� ី � នសមត��ពតិចតួច�ស់
អ�ក��� ី ន�ើក�ើង� “�ើងនឹង�មន�រី ��ទ��
��សិន�ើ�ន��ះទឹកជំនន់�ើត�ើង �ះ�រ
��ះ �យ�រ����ក់សន��ំរបស់អ�ក��ី��វ
ក��ង�របន��ំ�នឹង�រ���� ល��ស�តុ។
បង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម��ំងអស់របស់��ី គឺ�យ នឹងទទួលរងនូវ�របំផច ិ � បំ�ញ � ��ង��ង ំ ។ ដូច�� �� ះ �� រ
�� ស ិ ន �ើ � � ះ �ំ ង ស� � ត �� ើ ឲ � � �រ
បង� ប �� ើ ន ផលកសិ ក ម� ច ុ ះ ថយមក�� ឹ ម ៥០%
�ះអ�ក��ល�នដី�ន់��តូច ពួក��នឹងរងនូវ
ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ន់����ំង។ �រ�ត់បង់ទិន�ផល ៥០%���វូ� ចំនន ួ ៤�ន
�ះ��� � ររបស់ពក ួ
��នឹង�សល់ � � ូ វ ចំ ន ួ ន ២�ន ប៉ ុ � � � � ស ិ ន � ើ ព ួ ក � � �ត់បង់�ក់ក��ល��ទិន�ផល��ូវ
តិចតួច�ំង��ះ ឧ�ហរណ៍ព២ ី �នមក���ម ឹ ១�ន �ះ�នឹងបង�ឲ���ន�រខ�ះ�ត��រ និង��ក់ចំណ�ល�ក��ង����ររបស់ពួក��។
�រ�� � � ល ��ស�តុ � �មតំ ប ន់ ជនបទ�� � � � � ស កម� � �
របរកសិកម� ឬ���ទ��ល�មុខរបរ�យរង��ះ ��ង ំ បំផត ុ ពី�រ���ល � ��ស�តុ។ �មួយ�� ��ះ��រ
��ះ��ើ����ើឲ��កូន��ីរបស់�ត់��ឈមនឹង ��ះ��ក់ដល់�យុវជីវ�ត
��សិន�ើមិន�ន
ព���លជំងឺ��ុន�ម��ះ��៥។
៧៥%��ក� ំ ង ំ ពលកម�របស់�ី � គឺកង � វ�សយ ័
កសិកម� �ើយ��� ី� ល � បំ�� � រ�រ�ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ ឧស��ហកម��ព � ឧ ី ស��ហកម��ត់�រ� តិចតួច។
គឺ�ន
�រពឹង���ក��ើវ�ស័យកសិកម�
��ើឲ�� ��� ី� ��ន ើ �យរង��ះ��ង��ំង�នឹង �រ���� ល��ស�តុ។
�ះបី����ស � កម�� � កំពង ុ ���យ � ��
����សឧស��ហកម��ប��ើរៗក៏�យ
�លពី � � ំ ២ ០១៣�នបង� ឲ � � �នផលប៉ះ�ល់
�ើយ���ពង ឹ ��ក � ��ើ�រ��ក ើ សិកម�ដ��ល។
រស់���ត��ត់ដំបងនិ�យ� ��ះទឹកជំនន់
មុនមក។
ជនបទ។ ពួក��ច� ិ ម ឹ� ជីវត � ពឹង��ក � �ើ�រ��កប
�នបំផ�ិចបំ��ញ�យទឹកជំនន់អស់។ ���រ
�ក��ជប � ណ�ត ិ �ឿន �ឿង �យុ៥៨��ំ
��ង���ក់បំផុត��ល�កពុំ��ល��ប់ជួបពី
���ជនកម�������ល ៨០% រស់�តំបន់
���ល��ល�ើង�ន��ក”់ �រត�ញ � ��រ� ��ប
�ក��ជប � ណ�ត ិ �នព���លអ�កជំងឺ
��� ើ ន ក� � ង អំ ឡ � ង �� ល �� ះ មហន� � យ�យ
�រទឹកជំនន់��ះ �ពិ��សអ�កជំងឺ����ី និង កុ�រ។
ប��ប់ពី����ទ���ន��ើ�គវ�និច�័យជំងឺ
��ុន�មកូន��ីរបស់អ�ក��ី ចឹក គឹម�ន� រួច
ក៏���ជន
���រស់��យ��យ��ើយ
��តដ ុ � ូ ះ�
�រ�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ
�ក�ង � �រប��ន ើ �ពធន់ និង�របន��ំ�នឹង �រ����ល��ស�តុ
គឺ�� វ��ត��ើ
លទ��ព��ក ី� ង � �រទទួល�នធន�ន និង��� អប់ រ � � ើ ម � � ី ព �� ឹ ង �របង� ប �� ើ ន ផលកសិ ក ម� របស់ពួក��។
���ជន��ី���ក់ពង ឹ ��ក � ��ង��ង ំ
��ើធន�នធម��តិស��ប� ់ រចិ��ឹមជីវ�តដូច �ទឹក��ើម។
គណៈកម��រអន�ររ��ភ� ិ លស�ីពី�រ���� ល
��ស�តុ�ក ើ �ើង� �ល����ជន�ន
ដី�ន់�ប់�ន់�ត � ច ូ �ះពួក��នង ឹ �យរង��ះ � ន ់ �� � � ំ ង �យ�រមិ ន �នធន�នផ� ត ់ ផ � ង ់
��ប� ់ ន � � ់ ��ល��ល�ន��ះមហន��យ���រ
����ល��ស�តុ។ ��ះ�ំងស�ត � ����ស �
កម��� និង��ះទឹកជំនន់�លពី��ំ២០១១ និង ��ំ២០១៣
�ពិត��ន��ឲ ើ �� �នផលប៉ះ�ល់
�ំង��ះពិត��កដ��ន។
��� ី � ន់�� � យរង��ះ��ង ំ �នឹង��ះមហន��យ
���រ����ល��ស�តុ៖ ����រ��ល�ន
���ី������រ (WHH) ចំនួន២១% គឺមិន�ន �ើ�ៀ� ប�ៀប�នឹង
����រ��ល�នប�ី និង��ពន�ចំនួន១២,៥%៣។
ី� ���� � រចំនន ួ ៣៤%�ន ��� � រ��ល�ន���
ដីតច ិ �ង២ហិច��ើ��ៀប�ៀប�នឹង��� � រ ��ល�នបុរស�������រចំនួន១៨%។
១៧%���� � រ��ល��� ី� ���� � រ�នដី�ន ើ�
�ង២ហិច��� ៀ ប�ៀប�នឹ ង �� � � រ�� ល ៤
�នបុរស����� �រចំនួន៣៣% ។ ២
ដូច��លកម�វ�ធីអភិវឌ��ន៍សហ����តិ�ន
�ើក�ើង�រប��ន ើ �រទទួល�ន���សុ�ភិ�ល
�រអប់រ� �ររក��ក់ចំណ�ល និង�រចូលរួម�
កម� ស ់ ស មត� � ពបង� ប �� ើ ន ផលរបស់ � � ី ។ ដីសម���នសង�មកិច� ��វ� �ន��ង��កឲ����� � រ
ក��ងវ�ស័យន��យ�ច�ជំ�នដ៏សំ�ន់ក�ង
��ល��នដី និង��ី��បំផុត�ើម��ីផ�ល់លទ��ព
�រ����ល��ស�តុរបស់��ី។
របស់អង��រ Oxfam �នឆ�ះ� ប��ង ំ ពី�រៈសំ�ន់
�រព��ឹងសមត��ពធន់
�យ�រវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ �ក់ពន ័ � � នឹងដីធី �
ដី�ន់�ប់��ល់ខ�ន�ើយ
�រព��ឹងពធន់ និង�របន��ំនឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ របស់��ីរស់�តំបន់ ជនបទ
និង�របន��ំ�នឹង
វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ងវ�ស័យសុ�ភិ�ល
និងវ�ស័យអប់រ���វ�ន��លម��លំ�ប់
ដូច�
�រ�ើន�ើងនូវអ��ចះុ ��ះចូល�ៀនរបស់ក� ុ រ�
និង�រអប់ររ� បស់�ី� �រ�ើន�ើង��ក��ត ិ ជីវ�ព គឺ ព ិ ត ��ន�រៈសំ � ន់ ស �� ប ់ � រប�� ើ ន សមត��ពធន់�នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ។ ��ត ឹ ប ិ� ��ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ��ល�ន�ះពុមផ � ��យ
�លពី�ើកមុន�ន�ើកយក���នបទ តួ � ទី �� � រ�� ញ ប័ ណ � ក ម� ស ិ ទ � ិ ដ ី ធ � ី ក � ង �រ
�ើកកម�ស់លទ��ព���ីឲ��ទទួល�នដី ក��ង�ះ ដីសម���នសង�មកិច�
(SLCs)
���វ�ន
កំ ណ ត់ � �យន� � រសំ � ន់ ស �� ប ់ � រ�ើ ក
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
ដល់ពក ួ ��កង � �ររក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ។ រ�យ�រណ៍
��ជំ�ន�ំង��ះ �យអះ�ង� ���ី��វ�រ ដី�ន ើ � និងលទ��ពទទួល�នឥណ�ន ��ម�ំង ធន�ន
និងប���កវ�ទ��កសិកម�ផង��រ៥។
�ញឹក�ប់�រខ�ះ�តធន�ន�ំង��ះ�ចប��ត ើ ឲ���នផលអវ�ជ� � ន��លបង�ឲ ំ �� ��ម ុ ��� � ររបស់
ពួក���វ� ប���ប់កន ូ ��ព ី � ី រសិក� � �ើម�� � ី ត់បន�យ �រចំ�យ
និងវ�លមកជួយរក��ក់ចំណ�ល
ស��ប់�� �រ។ �ក់�� ង បទ��នសង�ម�ន ជះឥទ�ិពល��ង��ំង��ើ�រសិក��របស់់�� ី ��ល�ទូ�
ពួក����វ�ន�ះបង់�រសិក��
��ន ើ �ងបុរស។ �រ�ះ��យពីត��វ� �រធន�ន
របស់�ី� គឺ�ន�ើរតួ�ទី�ង � សំ�ន់កង � �រ�ើក កម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ... សូម�នត�ទំព័រទី៣
�រព��ឹង�ពធន់ និង�របន��ំនឹង...
...ត�ទំព័រទី២
...�រ�ំ�� � ះ� គួររួមប��ល � �រប��ន ើ កម�សទ ិ ដ ិ� ធ ី ី�
�រ���រប���កវ�ទ�� លទ��ពទទួល�នធន�ន
កសិកម� និងយុទ� � ��ច � ��ល��ឲ ើ �� ជីវ�ពរស់ �របស់�� ី� ន់�� � � � រើ �ើង។
����រច�
សម�័ន�ក៏�ច�ើរតួ�ទីស� ំ ន់ផង��រ �ពិ�ស �
�រក�ង��ពន ័ � � ����ស � � ំ ប់��ត���ល�ន ���ជនរស់���ើនដូច� និង��ត� � ��វ
��ត�ក��ល
គឺ�ចជំរញ ុ ដំ�� ំ វូ� ច��ះុ �
�� ើ ន �� � � ទ ក� � ង មួយ��ៗ ំ
និង�ច�ត់បន�យ
ផលប៉ះ�ល់�� � ះ� ទឹកជំនន់ និង��ះ�ំងស�ត � ។
សរុប��ចក�ម ី ក �រព��ង ឹ អំ�ច��ដក � ច ិ �
ដល់�ី� �ច�ើរតួ�ទី�ង � សំ�ន់កង � �រព��ង ឹ �ពធន់នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ។
��ះ�ំងស��ត�លពី��ំ២០១១ និង��ះមហន��យ�យ�រទឺកជំនន់ �លពី��ំ២០១៣
�ន��ើឲ������សកម���ស�ិតក��ង��ន�ព����ះធម��តិ�យ�រប�រ����ល����ស�តុ
��ន�រសកម��ព��ក� ់ តិ�ក ើ �ើង�“�មរយៈ បទពិ�ធន៍�នប��ញ�
�រ��ល�ន
សមធម៌��នឌ័រក��ង�ព�តំ�ង
និង�រ
�ន�ៀប�ប់ពី�ង�ើមអំពី�រៈសំ�ន់របស់ ���ី�ក��ងវ�ស័យកសិកម�៨ ។
ចូលរួមពីអក � �ក់ពន ័ រ� បស់សហគមន៍មល ូ ��ន
�រថយចុ ះ �� គ ុ ណ �ពដី � មរយៈ�រ
��ស�តុមន ិ �ច��ក��ញពីវស � យ ័ ន��យ
�គជ័យ និង�គំនិតផ��ច��ើមឲ����ើ��ស់នូវ
�ត់បន�យលទ��ពរបស់សហគមន៍កង � �រ
��យនូវត���វ�រ
�ះ���ង��ះក៏�យ
ទំនប់�រ�អគ�ិសនី��លប៉ះ�ល់ដល់��ព័ន�
�របន��ំ
និង�ពធន់�នឹង�រ���ល �
�ន�ើយ។ �រ�ើលរ�លង ឬ�រ�រមិន�ះ
និង�រព��ឹង��ដក � ច ិ �
ដល់�� ី� តំបន់ជនបទ គឺប��ញពីកង�ះ���រ
យកចិ ត � ទ ុ ក �ក់ � ើ � រចូ ល រួ ម របស់ � � ី ក � ង �រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ចចិត�។
�ង�មយុទ� � ��� ជីវ���ច � ��ះុ និង
គឺ � ត�� � វ �រ�ំ � ច់ ស �� ប ់ � រអភិ រ ក� � ដ៏ ៦
ធន�ន���� ក ប� យ ន ិ រ ន � រ � ព ” ។
�ើង�នកត់ស��ល់
�ើ ញ ��រមិ ន យកចិ ត � ទ ុ ក �ក់ ច ំ � ះ�� � ី ����ើត�ន�ើង
�ះបី����ី�ើរតួ�ទី
យ៉ា៉ ងសំ�ន់កង � សកម��ព���។ ើ �ក់�� ង
� � � ី ៦ ៧ % ទ ទ ួ ល ខ ុ ស � � � វ � ើ សកម� � ព
អនុផល���ើប���ម��ើអ�ី��ល
���ល � ��ស�តុ �រ��ស ើ ម���នដី�ល � ទទួល�នធន�នធម��តិ និង�រ�ងសង់ ��កឡ ូ ស � ីុ គឺ��នប៉ះ�ល់�ង � ��ង ំ ដល់ ���ី
ប៉ុ����ឿយៗ���ីមិន�នឥទ�ិពល
ក�ង � ដំ�រើ �រ���រ��� ើ ច � ក�ស ី ��ចចិត� �ក់ព័ន��នឹងប���ង�ើ��ះ��។
�� ស ហគមន៍ និ ង កម� វ ិ ធ ី ( REDD+) ក� � ង �� ត � ឧ ត� រ �នជ័ យ និ ង �� ត � ម ណ� ល គិ រ � គំនិតផ��ច��ើម��សហគមន៍�ន��យ�វ�ធី
��ង��កតួ�ទី��នឌ័រក��ង�រ��ប់��ងធន�ន
��ង��ំង។ ផ� � យ �វ� ញ �រ�ត់ ប ង់ ច ំ ណ � ល
�រចូលរួមរបស់��ី និងបុរស�ក��ងដំ�ើរ�រ
�យ��ំងដូច� �អ�ក�ើក��កទ ់ រ័ និង��មល ូ
�ន�យមិន�ន�រយកចិតទ � ក ុ �ក់ដ��ល។
សហគមន៍មូល��ន�ើរតួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់ក� ង
�រ��មូល��រ។
���ទ � � ូ ស��ប� ់ រខិតខំ�ង ឹ � ��ង�ើកកម�ស់
��ប់��ងធន�នធម��តិ �យទទួល��ល់�
�រអភិរក��ធន�នធម��តិ។ �ះ���ង� គំនត ិ ផ�ច � ��ម ើ ��សហគមន៍����ប � � ់ ង � �យ
បុរសក�ង � តួ�ទី�អ�កដឹក�ំ �ក់�ង � �ង�ម �រ��វ��វរបស់អង��រ Pact៩ ក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ
�នជ័យ�នប��ញ�
�នអ�កដឹក�ំ����ី
ក�ង � ��សហគមន៍�� � ក � ប ់ � ុ៉ ះ� �ក�ង � ��ត� � ះ� ។ អង��រ Pact �នរក�ើញករណីមយ ួ ចំនន ួ ��ល
បុរស�នខិតខំ�ង ឹ� ��ងឲ���ន�រចូលរួម��ង ��ើនពី��ី
និង�រពនូវមតិ�បល់របស់��ី
�ក់ទងនឹង�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច ប៉ុ��អ�កផ�ល់
បទស��សន៍�គ��ន ើ �ន�ើក�ើង� ��� ី� វ� �ន�ត់�ញ � ពី�រ��� ើ ច � ក�ស ី ��ចរបស់សហគមន៍
�ក់ទងនឹង�រ��ប� ់ ង � ធន�នធម��តិ។ �រ��វ ��វរបស់អង��រ Pact ក៏�នប��ក់ ពី�រ
ធម��តិ��រ។ បុរស��ើន��ើ�រ��ល��ើក��ំង ជ័រ�ស៊ូ
ខណៈ��ល���ី��ើនចូលរួម�ក��ង
�រ��ង��ក�រ�រ��ះ គឺ�នន័យ�បុរស��ើ �រ�រ���ក�ជីវកម���ើន �ើយ���វ�ន��ផ�ល់ ត�����ើន�ង���ី ខណៈ��លសកម��ពរបស់ ��� ី � �ឿយៗ��វ� �ន�ើលរ�លង�យ�រ���រ�រ របស់ពក ួ ��មន ិ សូវទទួល�ន��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ��ន ើ ។
��តដ ុ � ូ ះ� �ើយ�ះបី���ី � និងបុរសសុទ� � �
ទទួ ល រងផលប៉ ះ �ល់ � យ�រ�រ�� � � ល
��ស�តុ ឬ�រ����ល��ធន�នធម��តិ ដូច����ន
ប៉ុ��ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ើបុរស
គឺ��វ
�នកត់�� និង�ន�រយកចិតទ � ក ុ �ក់�ង��។ ី� ឧ�ហរណ៍
�រ�ត់បង់ចំណ�លរបស់បុរស
នឹង���វ�ន�ើល�ើញ�
នឹង�ត់បន�យ
ផលិតផលក��ង��ុកសរុប��លនឹងបង��ក�ី�រម�
របស់�ម ី� ន ិ ��វ� �ន���ល ើ �ើញ
និងបន��ត ើ
�ក�ង � បរ�បទវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រក�ង � �រ��ប� ់ ង �
��សហគមន៍ កម�វធ � � ី ត់បន�យ�របំ�យឧស�ន ័ ពី�រ�ត់បង់���ើ ���ើ
(REDD+)
និង�រសឹករ�ចរ�ល
��ល�កម�វធ � ស ី ហ�រ
��សហគមន៍របស់អង��រសហ����តិ�ល � កំពង ុ ��ដំ�ើរ�រក��ង��ត�ឧត�រ�នជ័យ
និង��ត�
មណ�លគិរ� � � � � � ស � កម�� � �ន��� ើ រ�ើកកម�ស់
សម�ព��នឌ័រក� � ង សកម� � ព�� ស ហគមន៍ និង��ន�ព��ដ�កិច��� ី
�មួយនឹង�ល
បំណងចម��ងរបស់កម�វធ � ក ី ង � �រ�ះ��យប��
���រ����ល��ស�តុ។ កម�វ�ធី REDD+ �ន�រចូលរួមពី�ប � � ់ គី�ក់ពន ័ � � ក�ង � ដំ�រើ �រអនុវត�
រួម�ន��ុមជន�តិ�ើម�គតិច
និង អ�កសហគមន៍��លពឹង���ក�ើ���ើក�ង មូល��នគឺ�អ�កអនុវត�គ��ង...
សូម�នត�ទំព័រទី៤
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
៣
�� ស ហគមន៍ និ ង កម� វ ិ ធ ី ( REDD+)
ក� � ង �� ត � ឧ ត� រ �នជ័ យ និ ង �� ត � ម ណ� ល គិ រ � ...តមកពីទំព័រ៣ ...កម�វធ � ី REDD+ �ន�លបំណង�ត់បន�យ�រ
�ក�ង � �រ�យត��ថ � ៗ ី � ��ះ អង��រ Pact ��ល រក��មុខ�ត់របស់��ុមហ៊ុន
�នន័យ�ស�ង� ់ រ
បំ�យឧស�័ន�បូន�មរយៈ�រផ�ល់��ក់ដល់ �អ� ក អនុ វ ត� គ �� ង សំ � ន់ ម ួ យ ក� � ង ចំ � ម �បូនរបស់�� ីនឹង���វ�នគិតគូរ���ល��ល
សហគមន៍�ើម��ី�ត់បន�យ�រ�ប់បំ��ញ និង កម�វ�ធី REDD+ សំ�ន់ៗ����ង�ៀត�ក��ង��ត� �� ុ ម ហ៊ ុ ន �ច�� ើ � � ស ់ វ � ធ ី � � ះ �ម�� � �យ � �រ�ំ�ម � ន ិ ��ម ឹ ��ស��ប� ់ រ�ត់បន�យ�រ �រសឹ ក រ� ច រ� ល �� � ើ � � ល ជួ យ រក� � ឧស� ័ ន ឧត�រ�នជ័យ������សកម��� �នរក�ើញ� ក�ង �បូនក��ង��។
��ក់ (លុយ) ��លផ�លឲ ់ �� សហគមន៍ គឺ�ន
�� � ី ទ ទួ ល �នជំ � ញ�� � ក �� � ើ � � ង �� ើ ន បំ�យឧស�័នប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ�� ��ម�ំងផ�ល់ �ពិ�ស � �ក់ទងនឹង�ររក��រ និងអនុផល ចំណល � ប��ម � ដល់សហគមន៍រម ួ �ំង��ផ ី� ង��រ។
���ើ ប៉ុ���រ�យត�����ះក៏�នរក�ើញ �រអភិ រ ក� � �� ស ហគមន៍ ក ៏ � នន័ យ ���រ មកពីអក � បំផច ិ� បំ�ញ � ���� ើ ល � ចង់ទ� ូ ត់សង �� រ �គ�� ង�� ះ ខ� ះ �ត�រយកចិ ត� ទុ ក�ក់ ជួយ�ត់បន�យ��ល�����ល��� ី� ន ើ� ��� ើ ស � ់ �របំពល ុ របស់ពក ួ ���មរយៈ�របង់�ក � ឥ ់ ណ�ន ��ើ ស ម�ព�� ន ឌ័ រ �ក� � ង �រ�� ប ់ � � ង �ើម��ី�ើររក��រ ចំណីសត� អុស និងអនុផល ដល់កម�វ�ធី REDD+ ��ល�ទូ����ុមហ៊ុន គ��ង�ក��ត ិ សហគមន៍�ល � ក�ង � �ះ���ល � ���� ើ �� ង � ៗ�ៀត �យ�រឥឡ�វ��ះអនុផល ឬរ��ភិ�ល�ក��ង����សអភិវឌ��ន៍។ កម�វ�ធី �៨០% ��តំ��ង��ុម��ឹក����សហគមន៍ �� � ើ � ំ ង �� ះ �ចរក�ន�� ង �យ��ម REDD+ មិន��ឹម���ត់បន�យ�របំ�យឧស�័ន គឺ�បុរស ខណៈ��ល��� ី� ន�រចូលរួមតិចតួច បរ���ណ����រៗផ�ះរបស់ពួក��។ ប៉ុ��ះ��
ប៉ុ����ម�ំងជួយអភិរក����ព័ន� �ក�ង � កិច� � ជ � ំុ និង�រ��� ើ ច � ក�ស ី ��ច��។
��កឡ ូ ស � ធ ី ុ ម��តិ�ល � �នអត��� � ជន៍�ៀតផង។
�ះ���ង� អង��រ Pact �នគំនត ិ
កម�វធ � ី REDD+ និងស�ង� ់ រ�បូនរបស់�ី�
ស�ង់ដារកាបូន
មិន��ម ឹ ��ផល � ន ់ វូ ឱ�សស��បអ ់ ក � សហគមន៍
កម�វធ � ី REDD+ និងកម�វធ � ទ ី � ូ ត់�បូន���ង � ៗ�ៀត នូវឱ�សរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � របស់អក � សហគមន៍�ល �
�និភ័យ���រ�����ល��ស�តុ
�ង�មអង��រ����ង��រ និងកសិកម�
�នប��ញ� �រហិន�ច���� ើ ឲ ំ �� �ត់បង់
ផ��ច��ើមមួយ��ល�ន��ះ�
ស��ប� ់ ី � �ើយ�នប��ល � ទស��នៈ��នឌ័រ�ក�ង �
ពឹង��ក � �ើ�� � ើ �ើយប���ង ំ ��ះ�នបង�ំ �មរយៈ�រកំណត់នូវស�ង់�រអប��បរ��ើម��ី ឲ��ពួក���ច ើ� � ំ ក��ក ុ �ើម�� រី ក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ។ �ំ��ដល់�រព��ឹងអំ�ចដល់��ី�យ��ត
�ពិ��ស��ើ�រចូលរួមរបស់��ី�ក��ង�រ ប��ម � ពី�ះ� �រ�ប់ប� ំ ញ � ���� ើ ន��ឲ ើ �� ��ប� ់ ង � និងផល���ជន៍របស់គ��ងចំ�ះ ��ល���របស់�� ី� ន់�រ� វល់�មួយនឹង�រ�រ ��។ ី� �រ�រ�ំង��ះនឹងជំរញ ុ ឲ��អ�កសហគមន៍ ផ�ះសំ��ង
ដូច��ររកអនុផល���ើ
និង ទទួ ល �ននូ វ ឥណ�ន�បូ ន �� ល �ក់ � ញ
ចំណ� ី �រសត��ល � �គ��ន ើ �តួ�ទីរបស់�។ ី� ដល់អក � ទិញ ខណៈ��ល�រ�រ��ះនឹងជួយ���
��តដ ុ � ូ ះ� �រអភិរក�����រើ បស់កម�វធ � ី REDD+ គ�� ង ឥណ�ន�បូ ន ពិ ត ��នផ� ល ់ ន ូ វ �ច�នផល�� � ជន៍ � � � � ង ៗក� � ង �រ�� ើ ឲ � � អត����ជន៍ដល់��ី។ ���ើរ�ើងនូវជីវ�ពរស់�របស់���ី
ឥណ�ន�បូន��ឿយៗ ��វ� �នទិញ�យ
និង�រ�រ�� ល ពួ ក �� � � វ �ើ រ រក��រចំ ណ ី �� ុ ម ហ៊ ុ ន �� � � ង ៗ�យ�រ�តព� ក ិ ច � ផ � វ ច� � ប់ សត� និងអុស។ ក� � ង �រទូ � ត់ ស ងនូ វ �របំ � យឧស� ័ ន �ើ ម � � ី ៤
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
�ពិ�ស �
���ីក�ង�រចូលរួម�ត់បន�យ
ប៉ុ��ះ��
ប៉ុ���ក៏�នជំរុញឲ���ននូវ
សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ន់�����ើរ។ រ�យ�រណ៍
១១
មួយ����ង�ៀត��ល��ត
�ើកម�វ�ធី REDD+ ក��ង��ត�មណ�លគិរ��ន
ប��ញ� �រពឹង��ក � �ន់�� � ង ំ� �ើងរបស់
���ី�ើធន�នធម� � តិ ស �� ប ់ រ បរចិ � � ឹ ម
ជី វ � ត �នន័ យ �ពួ ក �� � ចរក�ន�� ក ់ ចំណ�ល�មរយៈកម�វ�ធី
REDD+
និង�
ម����យសំ�ន់ស��ប់�រ�ើកកម�ស់ សមធម៌��នឌ័រ
និង�ពធន់�នឹង�រ
����ល��ស�តុរបស់��ី។
រូប�ពដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ៖http://www.recoftc.org/site/about-green-mekong
��ចក�ស ី ន�� ិ ន � ��ន�របដិ��ធ�មួយ���ន�រ����ល��ស�តុ�� ដូច��ះ �នឹងជះឥទ�ិពលអវ�ជ��ន����ជន��ប់រូប �ពិ��ស គឺ��ីផង��រ។
ផលប៉ះ�ល់�ំង��ះ���វ�ន����ើ�រ��វ��វ��ងទូលំទូ�យ នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ
និងដឹងឮ�សកល។
�ពិ��ស�រ�ើន�ើងនូវ��ះ�ំងស��ត
�យ�រ������សកម����ន�ព�យរង��ះ��ំង�
និង��ះទឹកជំនន់
គឺត���វឲ���ន�រ��ើអន��គមន៍�ក់�ក់��ើ
�លន��យ និងកម�វ�ធី�� �យ��ត��ើ�រ�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង�រ����ល��ស�តុ។ �រព��ឹង���ក��ដ�កិច�ឲ���ន់ ��រ�ង�ំក�ង�រទទួល�ននូវសុវត��ពកម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ី
និង�រ�ើកកម�ស់����រច�សម�័ន�សុទ����ជំ�នសំ�ន់ៗស��ប់�រព��ឹង�ពធន់
បន��ំ�នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុរបស់��ី។
និង�រ
ប���ម�ង��ះ��ៀត ជំ�ញ���ក���ើរបស់��ី��វ��ទទួល�ន�រ�ំ�� និងអន��គមន៍ឲ���នសម��ប ដូច��រអភិរក�����ើ��លផ�ល់
នូវ��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ��ង��ន ើ ស��ប� ់ � ី� មរយៈអនុផល���។ ើ កម�វធ � ី REDD+ និងស�ង� ់ រ�បូនរបស់�ក ី� � ៏ នប��ញពីស��នព ុ លសំ�ប់�ះ��យ ប����ល�ើត�ន�ើងពី�រ����ល��ស�តុ
�ពិ��ស
�មរយៈ�រ�ំ��ចំ�ះ���ី។
��ង�មុិញ
ប����ះត���វឲ���ន�រអនុវត�
សកម��ព���ើន�ៀត�ើម��ី��ឲ���ន�រផ�ល់នូវ�ពអង់�ចដល់��ីឲ���ន��ងពិត��កដដូច��លកម�វ�ធីរបស់អង��រ ប����ល���ីមិន���វ�ន��យកចិត�ទុក�ក់។
Pact
�ន�ើក�ើងពី
�រ�ត់បន�យ�ពអវ�ជ��ន�អប��បរ���វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង�រ����ល��ស�តុ
ម����យមួយ��ងសំ�ន់ក�ង�រ�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់���រ����ល��ស�តុ��ើ��ី សម�ព��នឌ័រ។
និងបុរស
គឺ�
�ើម��ី��ះ�រក�រស��ច�ននូវ
អនុ�សន៍ �ព�គជ័យ���រអន��គមន៍ចំ�ះ�រ����ល��ស�តុ�តំបន់ជនបទ��ល�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ���វ��ព��ីក អនុ វ ត� � ក�� � ង �� � � ង �ៀត និង����រច�សម�័ន�។
�រពិ�រ�ពីសមធម៌��នឌ័រ
រ��ភិ�ល និង សង�មសុីវ�ល។
�ពិ � � ស
គឺ � � ត ��ើ � រព�� ឹ ង �� � ក �� ដ � ក ិ ច � ដ ល់ � � ី
���វ��ប��ើតឲ����ចំណ�ចសំ�ន់ក�ង�រ��ើ��នឬគ��ង���រ���ល � ��ស�តុ�ំងអស់ស��ប់
គំនិតផ��ច��ើម��សហគមន៍��វឲ���ននូវកម�វ�ធី�រស�ីពី�រប���ាប��នឌ័រឲ���នទូលំទូ�យ ពី��ី និង��ើឲ��ពួក���នឥទ�ិពល��ើ�រ��ើ��ចក�ីស��ច��។ គ��ង�ត់បន�យផលប៉ះ�ល់
និងយក�
�រ�� ស ់ ប � រ ក�� ិ ត ជី វ �ពរស់ �
�ើម��ី��ឲ���ន�រចូលរួម��ងសកម�
និង�របន��ំ�នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ��វអនុម័តនូវយុទ������យទទួល��ល់�
�នឹង�រ���� ល��ស�តុ��ល�ក់ព័ន��នឹង���កសំ�ន់ៗដូច�
��ចក�ីស��ច��។
សមត��ពផលិត�ព
���សុខ�ព
�ពធន់
និងឥទ�ិពល���ររ��ើ
ដី ស ម� � �នសង� ម កិ ច � គ ួ រ �� � � វ �នផ� ល ់ ប �� � ម ស�� ប ់ � � ី ��ល�នដី�ន់�ប់តិចតួច��ល�យន��រ�ននិរន�រ�ពស�� ប ់ � រព�� ឹ ង �ពធន់�នឹង�រ����ល��ស�តុ។
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
៥
ឯក�រ�ង ១.http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/national/asia thepacific/cambodia/Cambodia_2011_NHDR.pdf ២.Solar.��ំ២០១០ ���ី�តំបន់ជនបទ ��នឌ័រ និង�រ ����ល��ស�តុ ៣.CDRI
�រ�យត���ដីសង�មកិច�ក�ង����សកម���៖
កម�សិក�� ៤.Mehrvar, Chhay& My
��ំ ២០០៨ទស��នវ�ស័យ
របស់��ី ៖ ករណីសិក��ពី�រចុះប��ីដីធ�ី���ព័ន� ៥.http://www.nytimes.com/2011/11/03/world/asia /floods-in-cambodia-affect-more-than-amillion.html?_r=0 ៦. Oxfam ��ំ ២០១០ ��ី�រស់�តំបន់ជនបទ ��នឌ័រ និង�រ����ល��ស�តុ ៧. Sasvari, A et al. ��ំ ២០១០ �ល�រណ៍���ំស�ីពី �រប���ាប��នឌ័រ�ក��ងយុទ�����ជីវ����ច��ុះ�តិ និង��ន�រសកម��ព ៨. Sun and Kouk.��ំ ២០០២. ��នឌ័រក��ង�រ��ប់��ង ��សហគមន៍។ ៩.Bradley et al.��ំ ២០១៣. ��នឌ័រ និងគ��ង REDD+ ៖ �រ�យត���គ��ង REDD+ក��ង��សហគមន៍��ត�ឧត�រ �នជ័យ������សកម��� ១០. www.womenscarbon.org ១០.Suzuki ��ំ ២០១២.�រផ����ប់�របន��ំ និង�រ�ត់ បន�យ��ះមហន��យប��លមកពី�រ���ល � ��ស�តុ �មរយៈ��សហគមន៍៖ ករណីសិក��ពី�សុី
ព័ត� ៌ នអំពី GADC អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ��ន៍�ម ើ �� ក ី ម�� � គឺ�អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ លក�ង �
��ក ុ មួយ��លមិនរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � �ើយ។
�ើយមិនប��ឲ ើ �� គណបក��ន��យ
អង��រ�នទទួលវ���បនប���រអនុវត��ន��ប់បទ��ន��ល
�ន��ងក��ង��ម���ល�រណ៍សីលធម៌
និងបទ��នអប��បរ�ស��ប់
អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ ល�ក�ង � ���ស � កម�� � �ល ពី�ស � � ី ��២ ំ ០១១។
អង��រ�ន��� ើ រ�យ�នកិចស � ហ�រ�មួយរ��ភ� ិ លកម�� � និង�
ស�ជិក��អង��រសង�មសុ ី វ � ល�ើ ម� � ី � � ើ � រតស៊ ូ មតិ � � កគ�� ង ឬកម� វ � ធ ី
�សយ��នផ�ះ��ខ ៨៩ ផ��វ២៨៨ ស��ត់អូ�ំពិក
ខណ�ចំ�រមន �ជ�នីភ�ំ��ញ ��ះ���ច��កម��� ��អប់សំបុ����សនីយ៍ ២៦៨៤ ភ�ំ��ញ ៣ ទូរស័ព� (៨៥៥) ២៣ ២១៥ ១៣៧ ទូរ�រ (៨៥៥) ៩៩៦ ៩៣៤
��នឌ័រ ច��ប់�តិ និងកំ�រ� ទ��ង� ់ � � លន��យរបស់�� � ស � កម�� � ។ ចក�វ� ស � យ ័ របស់�ង ើ គឺកម�� � ����ស � មួយ��ល��ី� និងបុរស��វ� �នផ�ល់
នូវ�ពអង់�ចដូចៗ��
�ើម��ីចូលរួម�ក��ង�រអភិវឌ��
�រ��ើ��ស់ និង�រ�រ�រសិទ�ិរបស់ពួក��។
�រទទួល�ន
��សកកម�របស់�ង ើ �ើកកម�សស ់ ម�ព��នឌ័រ��ល�សិទម ិ� នុស�� �
មូល��ន�ំ�ច់ស��ប់�រអភិវឌ��សង�ម ����សកម���។
៦
��ដ�កិច�
និងន��យរបស់
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
��ម ុ �រ�រនិពន� និង�ៀប�ៀង �ក��ី រស់ សុ�ព �យិ�អង��រ GADC
ឹ � � ប��ក � ��ស��ក � ��នឌ័រ �ក Mozammel Haque អ�ក��ក
ឹ � � ��ក � ��វ��វ និងទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង �ក Dustin Barter អ�ក��ក �ក ពុធ សុភៈ �យកកម�វធ � ី
�ក ��ង សំបរូ អ�កស��បស��ល � ��ក � ទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង និង�ះពុមផ � � � យ
Genderview Newsletter
Genderview GENDER AND CLIMATE CHANGE: MITIGATION AND ENHANCEING RESILENCE
In 2011, Genderview explored the theme of Gender and Climate Change, highlighting the disproportionate negative impacts of climate change on women. Since then, Cambodia suffered some of the worst floods in recent history, affecting millions throughout the country, while climate change initiatives continue to expand throughout the country. This issue of Genderview will explore some of these initiatives and take a further look into the linkages between gender and climate change. Rather than focus entirely on the negative impacts of climate change on gender equality, this Genderview will also look at opportunities for improving gender equality in relation to climate change. T H E G E N D E R A N D C L I M AT E C H A N G E L I N K
Content Gender and climate change: Mitigation and enhanceing resilence..........................................1 The gender and climate change link...............................................1 Climate in rural Cambodia............2 Strengthening rural women’s resilience and adaptation................3 Community forestry and REDD+ in Oddar Meanchey and Mondulkiri...................................3-4 Conclusion and recommendations...5 About GADC and reference.......6
Why is it important to consider gender equality within climate change? The UNDP states the following: “Limited adaptive capacity is arguably the main factor in Cambodia’s vulnerability to climate change. This is related to limited capacity at all levels, and deep-rooted and longstanding challenges: persistent poverty according to key indicators; inequality; insecure access to land and key productive resources; and institutional and
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
Issue 06, 2013
governance constraints. Inequality in terms of wealth and access to resources is closely associated with increased vulnerability to shocks and crises, including natural disasters. But conversely, social equity is strongly associated with greater resilience. This is particularly true for gender equity, given the different vulnerabilities of men and women and their different roles in household livelihood strategies. Greater gender equality–for example, in access to health and education, access to productive assets, to information and knowledge and to political participation and decision-making processes–can be central to climate change resilience.1" In essence, everyone will have to deal with the negative impacts of climate change, but women will be impacted far worse than men, due to many of the reasons cited by the UNDP. Exposure and sensitivity to climate change hazards, along with a person’s adaptive capability are influenced by many factors,2 with Cambodian women’s disproportionate access to resources and education compared to men, limiting their adaptive capacity. In Cambodia, women living rurally will feel the greatest negative impacts of climate change. Therefore, this issue will focus primarily on women living rurally and also look at some opportunities for women in relation to climate change, particularly through the UN’s Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) operating in Mondulkiri and Oddar Meanchey.
Therefore, women have far less capacity to adapt to climate change. If a flood strikes, it is much easier for women’s entire agricultural production to be wiped out. Alternatively, if a drought reduces production by say 50%, the smaller your amount of land, the bigger this impact will be. Losing 50% of four tonnes of rice production, still leaves a family with two tonnes, but if you lose half of smaller production, such as two tonnes down to one tonne, this will likely cause food and income shortages.
Climate Change in Rural Cambodia Approximately 80% of Cambodia’s population live rurally, primarily engaging in livelihoods based on agriculture and/or fisheries – livelihoods that are likely to suffer the worst impacts of climate change. Additionally, people in poverty tend to have a heavier reliance on natural resources for these livelihoods, such as water. The smaller your land is the more vulnerable you are because there is less buffer for any unexpected disasters, which are likely to increase due to climate change, as highlighted by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambodia’s recent droughts and 2011 and 2013 floods certainly suggest this is already happening.
These impacts were evident in the 2011 floods, which 58 year old, Battambang-based Dr. Soen Seueng described as the worst he’d seen. Dr Soen Seueng treated many patients during the floods, particularly women and children. After her daughter received a diagnosis of dengue, mother Jeok Kimsan
explained “We will go to the hospital when we get some money" because their savings had been wiped out by the floods, placing her daughter in grave danger if the dengue is untreated5. 75% of women’s labour is in the agriculture sector, with women working in industrial sectors, except garment manufacturing sectors, very low. Such a reliance on agriculture makes a majority of women highly susceptible to climate change. Although Cambodia is gradually industrialising, the population still remains highly dispersed and will be reliant on agriculture for some time yet. Thus, building gender-focused climate change resilience and adaptation is a matter of improving women’s access to resources and education to enhance agricultural production.
STRENGTHENING RURAL WOMEN’S RESILIENCE AND ADAPTATION
As the UNDP states, improved access to health, education, income generation and political participation can all be key steps in improving women’s climate change resilience Due to gendered land inequalities and adaptation. women are much more vulnerable to disasters: 21% of Women Headed As health and education gender Households (WHH) are landless disparities are gradually improving, compared to 12.5% for the broader such as increases in girls and women’s population3 , 34% of WHH have less education enrolments, livelihood than half a hectare of land compared improvements are increasingly vital to 18% of MHH and only 17% of for climate change resilience. A WHH have land over two hectares previous issue of Genderview looked at the role of land titling in compared to 33% of MHH .
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
improving women’s access to land, where social land concessions (SLCs) were identified as an important emerging mechanism for improving women’s productive capacities. SLCs allocate land for landless and extremely poor families, thus providing the potential to generate income. An Oxfam report6 echoes the importance of such steps, arguing that women need greater land and credit access, along with agricultural inputs and technology. The lack of these resources can often create a negative...Continue on page 3
Strengthening rural women’s... ...continue from page 2
...cycle that forces families to to withdraw girls from school to save on expenses and boost family income. While social norms play a significant role that leads to girls being more likely to be removed from school, addressing women’s resource needs can play a Cambodia’s recent droughts and 2011 and 2013 floods certainly caused disaster. vital role in reducing cyclical gender As with most things, climate change forestry activities, with women inequality. adaptation and resilience cannot be responsible for 67% of non-timber This support should include improved isolated from politics. The fact that forest product (NTFP) activities, in land tenure, technological transfer, rural women’s needs and economic addition to the earlier mentioned agricultural input access and empowerment have been neglected importance of women in agriculture.8 diversification of livelihood strategies. and marginalised is indicative of the Infrastructure can also play a lack of women’s representation in Degradation of land through pivotal role, particularly irrigation decision-making processes. According climate change, land concessions systems, which in densely populated to the National Biodiversity Strategies that reduce communities’ access to provinces such as Kandal and Takeo and Action Plans, “experience has shown natural resources and dams that can enable multiple rice crops per that equitable gender representation, disturb eco-systems are just year and reduce the impacts of involvement and participation of local some of the problems that deeply flood and droughts. communities and concerned affect women, yet affected women stakeholders is a prerequisite for often have minimal influence In sum, economic empowerment of successful conservation and sustainable in the related decision-making women can and should play a resource use initiatives."7 The marprocesses. central role in enhancing women’s ginalisation of women occurs despite climate change resilience. women playing a vibrant role in
COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND REDD+ IN ODDAR MEANCHEY AND MONDULKIRI Community forestry initiatives have been a common method for trying to improve women and men’s participation in natural resource management, recognising that local communities play an important role in preserving natural resources. However, community forestry initiatives still tend to be dominated by men in leadership roles, according to research by the NGO Pact9 in Oddar Meanchey, where there is only one female community forestry leader in the province. Pact found some examples of men actively seeking greater involvement of women and respecting their input on decision-making, but many interviewees stated that women were marginalised from community decision-making related to control
over resources. Pact’s research also highlighted the gendered division of natural resource management. Men tended to do more physically demanding jobs, such as driving tractors and resin collection, while women were more involved in forest food collection. This division of labour means that men conduct more commercialised activities, which are seen to hold greater value, while women’s activities are often overlooked due to their non-commercial nature.
Therefore, although both women and men are impacted by climate-related and other changes to natural resources, the impact on men is more recordable and thus more notable. For example, men’s loss
of income will be seen to reduce GDP, potentially raising concerns, while women’s losses may be invisible and go unnoticed. In this context of gender disparity in community forestry management, the Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD+) – a United Nations collaborative community forestry program, which is currently operating in Oddar Meanchy and Mondulkiri provinces of Cambodia–promotes gender equality in community forestry activities, and improves women’s economic situation along with program’s main goal of tackling climate change issues. The REDD+ program involves all stakeholders, including indigenous people and local ...continue on page 04
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
COMMUNITY FORESTRY AND REDD+ IN ODDAR MEANCHEY AND MONDULKIRI ...continue from page 3 ...forest-dependent communities in its implementation. REDD+ as the name suggests aims to reduce carbon emissions by giving money to communities that reduce deforestation and forest degradation, which preserves the carbon stored in the forests. The money comes from polluters that need or want to offset their emissions by paying for REDD+ credits, whom are generally companies or governments in developed countries. Not only does REDD+ reduce emissions, it preserves natural eco-systems, which has flow on benefits. According to the Food and Agricultural Organisation, the lose of forest area reduces income generating opportunities for communities reliant on the forest, thus forcing people to migrate to earn an income.
implementor of one of the primary REDD+ projects in Oddar Meanchey province, Cambodia – found that women possessed many distinct forestry skills, particularly related to finding foods and other NTFPs. It also found that the project lacked gender equality consideration in project management at the community level–approximately 80% of community forestry council seats were occupied by men, while women also participated less in meetings and decision-making.
improve their corporate image, meaning the Women’s Carbon Standard will potentially be highly sought after as companies can use it as a means to show their support not just for reducing emissions reductions, but also for giving extra income to local communities, including women. The preservation of local forests also means deduction of the time that women usually spend to collect fodder, firewood and other non-timber forest products as these forest products are now increasingly available within the close proximinity However, Pact has recently taken an of the households. initiative called Women’s Carbon Standard which integrates gender perspectives Although still emerging areas, into the REDD+ and other carbon REDD+ and the Women’s Carbon offset programs by setting minimum Standard offer unique opportunities standards to support women’s for climate change to not just be a source empowerment, focusing particularly of problems for communities and on women’s involvement in the women particularly, but it can turn these very challenges into pathways management and the impact of projects to promote greater gender equality. on women. Achieving the Women’s Carbon Standard10 enables communities Asanother report11 focusing on Mondulkiri to gain improved carbon credits that REDD+ explains, women’s greater are more attractive to buyers, while reliance on natural resources for the standard helps to ensure carbon their livelihoods means that diversicredit projects actually benefit women. fication of income through REDD+
Additionally, deforestation increases the time it takes for domestic duties, such as collecting forest food and fodder, which usually falls upon women. Thus, the REDD+’s preservation of forests can have distinct impact on women’s economic empowerment, and the female labor for collection Carbon credits are generally bought of food, fodder and firewood. by companies due to legal obligations In a recent evaluation, Pact – the to offset their emissions and often to Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
can be an important means for improving gender equity and women’s resilience to climate change.
The photo is retrieved from: http://www.recoftc.org/site/about-green-mekong
CONCLUSION There is no denying that climate change is having and will continue to have negative impacts on everyone in Cambodia and disproportionately impact women. This is extensively researched and well known. As Cambodia is already dealing with the impacts of climate change, particularly increasing droughts and floods, it is time for greater policy and program interventions focusing on gender issues in climate change. Greater economic empowerment, more secure land tenure and improved infrastructure are all important steps for enhancing women’s resilience and adaptation to climate change. Additionally, women’s forestry skills must be supported with appropriate interventions, such as preservation of forests, which provide valuable income for women from NTFPs. The cases of REDD+ and the Women’s Carbon Standard also demonstrate the potential for programs to address climate change, while simultaneously supporting women. However, more needs to be done to ensure genuine women’s empowerment, as highlighted by the problems of women’s exclusion in Pact’s program. Minimising the negatives and accentuating the positives are important means for mitigating the gendered impacts of climate change, while potentially making it a means for improving gender equality.
RECOMMENDATIONS Successful rural climate change interventions that promote gender equality should be expanded and replicated, particularly focusing on women’s economic empowerment, diversification of livelihoods and infrastructure; Gender equity considerations should form a central part of all climate change planning for government and civil society; Community forestry initiatives must involve far greater gender mainstreaming to ensure meaningful participation by women and influence in decision-making; Climate change adaptation and mitigation projects must adopt an integrated approach, recognising that resilience is linked to key areas such as education, productive capacities, health services and influence in decision-making; Social Land Concessions should be expanded for land-poor women as a substantial mechanism for increasing climate change resilience; Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
REFERENCE: 1. http://hdr.undp.org/en/reports/ national/asiathepacific/cambodia/ Cambodia_2011_NHDR.pdf 2. Solar. 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change 2. Solar. 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change 3. CDRI, Social Assessment of Land in Cambodia: a Field Study 4. Mehrvar, Chhay & My 2008, Women’s Perspectives: a Case Study of Systematic Land Registration 5. http://www.nytimes.com/2011/ 11/03/world/asia/floods-incambodia-affect-more-than-a-million.html?_r=0 6. Oxfam 2010. Rural Women, Gender and Climate Change 7. Sasvari, A et al. 2010. Guidelines for Mainstreaming Gender into National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans 8. Sun and Kouk. 2002. Gender in Community Forestry Management. 9. Bradley et al. 2013. Gender and REDD+: An Assessment in the Oddar Meanchey Community Forestry REDD+ Site, Cambodia 10. www.womenscarbon.org 11. Suzuki. 2012. Linking Adaptation and Mitigation through Community Forestry: Case Studies from Asia
ABOUT GADC Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) is a local non-profit and non-political organization. It was admitted to the NGO Good Practice Programme (NGO-GPP) for its compliance with all standards in the Code of Ethical Principles and Minimum Standard for NGO in August 2011. GADC works in cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and members of civil society organizations to advocate for gender sensitive projects/programs, national laws and policies formulation in Cambodia. GADC’s vision: A just where women and men are equally empowered to participate in development and to access, use, and protect their rights. GADC’s mission: GADC works to promote gender equality as fundamental human rights, which are necessary for Cambodia’s social, economic and political development.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
#89, Street 288, Sangkat Olympic, Khan Chamkarmorn Phnom Penh, Cambodia P.O. Box: 2684 Phnom Penh 3 Phone: +855 (23) 215 137 Fax: +855 (23) 996 934
EDITORIAL PERSONNEL Ms. Ros Sopheap, GADC Executive Director Mr. Dustin Barter, Development Consultant Mr. Mozammel Haque, Technical Advisor Mr. Put Sopheak , Programme Director Mr. CHHENG Sambo, Communication and Publication Coordinator