Gender and the rural economy

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Genderview Newsletter

Genderview

Issue 07, 2013

GENDER AND THE RURAL ECONOMY This issue of Genderview explores gender issues in Cambodia’s rural economy. The rural economy is immensely important to Cambodia, with 80% of the population living rurally and agriculture employing 80% of Cambodia’s workforce1. Agriculture is the mainstay of Cambodia’s rural economy. Although the rural economy provides many livelihood opportunities, we can see substantial gender inequality in agriculture sector in the country. This Genderview will outline the current situation for women in the rural economy, specifically in farm landholding, access to agricultural technologies, and extension services identifying significant roadblocks to women’s economic empowerment, before outlining potential reforms and opportunities that could provide vital benefits for women in rural areas. The vast number of women working in agriculture means that reforms that boost the productive and economic capacity of agriculture in Cambodia, can play a central role in not only improving gender equality, but enhancing Cambodia’s development prospects.

Content Gender and the rural economy............1 Agriculture in cambodia...............1-2 The importance of women’s Economic empowerment in agriculture......2 Land: the foundation of agriculture ........................................3 Agricultural technology and extension services..................................3-4 System of rice intensification (SRI): hope for gender equality in agricultural extension services............................5 Conclusion.......................................5 About GADC and reference.............6

There are more women than men in agriculture sector, but it is seen that men always dominant on this task because of inequality gender.

A G R I C U LT U R E I N C A M B O D I A Agriculture plays a central role in Cambodia’s economic and social structures, contributing to approximately 32% of GDP and employing 80% of the country’s workforce, providing the foundations for millions of people’s livelihoods.

highly influential in guiding Cambodia’s development. Before exploring possible interventions, it is important to identify the areas of gender inequality within the agricultural sector, which are evident across a range of areas.

Of those working in agriculture, 53% are women and 47% men2. Consequently, agricultural reforms and interventions can impact a vast amount of people and are

According to a gender profile of the agricultural sector by SIDA3, women-headed households (WHH) own on average 1.1 hectares compared (Continue on page 2...)

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)


AGRICULTURE IN CAMBODIA Continue from page 1

...to men-headed households (MHH) owning 1.5 hectares, meaning that WHH hold 30% less land than MHH. On its own, this highlights deeply embedded gender inequality in the agricultural sector, but the inequality runs much deeper than just land ownership. The SIDA report found that access to tractors was reported only for MHH, while MHH also have much higher access to rice mills and threshing machines. In terms of credit access, which can play a fundamental role in improving agricultural productivity, 37% of all agricultural households take out loans for agricultural production, business and other purposes. Of the 37%, the ratio of MHH to WHH loans is a staggering 5 to 1, meaning that 5 men take out loans for every woman. Furthermore, women are more likely to take out loans for household consumption, highlighting their often precarious livelihood and lack of productive investment, whereas MHH took out loans for agricultural purposes. Without access to credit, it is often extremely difficult for women to make the necessary investments to boost their agricultural productivity. With less access to land, technology and credit that require significant attention and reform, in order for women to gain more from agriculture and in turn reduce gender inequality.

THE IMPORTANCE OF WOMEN’S ECONOMIC EMPOWERMENT IN AGRICULTURE The importance of women’s as social norms that restrict women’s economic empowerment in the agriculture movement face little financial pressure sector goes beyond the fact that to change. such a vast amount of women rely on agriculture for their livelihood. If women could earn far greater First we need to ask why women are mostly agricultural workers. This is because of the social norms that rule their lives such as the Chbab Srey which restricts women’s lives to domestic duties and farm work. They cannot move away for better paid jobs because they are expected to stay close to home and the family. The different opportunities that are emerging in Cambodia’s developing economy are not shared equally between men and women. In the cities garment factories may provide women with formal employment but this work is low-skilled and poorly paid so there is less incentive for women to leave agricultural work and their homes. Men dominate higher earning sectors of the economy in construction jobs and managerial positions further widening the gap between women and men’s equal economic participation. Consequently, men have greater incentive to leave agricultural work. This inequality of opportunity perpetuates broader gender inequality.

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

income outside of agriculture, social norms would be under increased pressure to accept that women should have more freedom of movment.

Although addressing broader income inequalities is important, changes in agricultural production for women on their own have significant potential to empower women. It is widely recognised that income-generating activities that are controlled by women have a greater positive impact on society and particularly gender equality, as extra income controlled by women leads to more money being spent on children and women, thus alleviating poverty more so than if additional income is controlled by men4. As women are increasingly dominant in the agriculture sector, improving women’s agricultural productive capacity and consequently income will not only improve women’s livelihoods, but have far greater impact in reducing poverty than interventions targeting only men.


LAND: THE FOUNDATION OF AGRICULTURE Land is central to agriculture, yet continues to be plagued by gender inequalities. As previously highlighted, WHH on average have much less land than MHH (1.1 hectares compared to 1.5 hectares), while 21% of WHH are landless and 34% have less than one hectare. Additionally, women have far less secure land access – 70% of Cambodia’s land titles are joint titles5, where men usually have control over land. As men migrate to seek employment, women may work on the land, but have little security over its future.

Research on gender and sustainable agriculture6 shows that when women don’t own land, accumulated resources are diverted to non-productive assets, such as gold, whereas if women have land ownership, they are more likely to invest in their land. This investment, such as irrigation systems, then boosts agricultural production and generates a positive cycle of income and development. Despite these distinct benefits, women often fail to obtain secure land titles in Cambodia due to reasons such as the cost of titles, lack of understanding the law, women’s inferior social status compared to men and a general lack of resources7. Finally, women’s take up of technical change and agricultural extension services are heavily dependent on women’s control over resources – land being one of the most important resources8. Thus, addressing the issue of land ownership is a fundamental first step in enhancing gender equality in Cambodia’s rural economy.

AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY AND EXTENSION SERVICES Years of research shows that technology itself is not gender sensitive and can have far reaching impacts on gender relations and equity. Although slowly, agriculture sector in Cambodia has increasingly been mechanised over the last few years.

According to the minister for agriculture, forestry and fisheries, 64% of total cultivated land was ploughed with use of mechanised tractors and tillers in 2012. The sector also witnessed more than 100% increase of power tractors in the same year compared the year 20119.

Women own and operate any of these new technologies in exceptional cases. The differentiated position of men and women in agricultural mechanisation is largely rooted from gendered design of these machineries, and lack of women’s readiness, which is again caused by systematic Women and men are not on equal foot in gender inequality in the wider society. Mechanised tractors, tillers, pumps, and agricultural mechanisation in the country. harvesting machines are increasingly Power tractors, pumps and harvesting For example, power tractors and replacing manuallabour in agriculture. machines are owned and operated by men. mechanised...(Continue page 4) Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)


AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY... continue from page 3

...tillers, which generate strong vibration during operation, leave women in difficult position to operate them. Likewise, the pump machines, which require manual force to start up engine, are not user-friendly for women. Male farmers are appropriating new technologies to reaffirm and reconstruct their domination in farming practices. As a consequence of this appropriation, women’s work in agricultural production is seen as secondary to farming.

In general, all these technologies create free time, which can improve agricultural production. But the female farmers lag behind their male counterparts in creating free time as new technologies save labours in male dominated activities such as ploughing, harvesting and watering. On the other hand, technologies that can replace female dominated labour such as transplantation, weeding and post-harvest activities, including food processing are still very limited. Thus current pattern of agricultural mechanisation in Cambodia is

In order to boost agricultural production for women, technologies must be designed in user-firnedly manner, and create enabling enabling environment for women to own and operate new technologies.

creating free time to male farmers improved agricultural techniques more than female farmers. and other energy/labour saving technology are vital for boosting rural women’s economic empowerment10. In order to boost agricultural production for women, technologies must be designed in user-friendly Alternative crops, such as cashews manner, and create enabling and cassava, can be grown on a enabling environment for women to small-scale basis and be economically own and operate new technologies. rewarding, although they must be This will create more significant approached with care – if a crop economic empowerment of women. fails or the price drops (as cassava In addition to women-friendly has), women don’t have a rice crop agricultural mechanisation, new to support consumption. Complementary varieties of rice, alternative crops, to these changes is agricultural better quality seeds, value-adding extension services, which unfortunately food processing technologies, in Cambodia are often gender unequal.

Like agricultural mechanisation, gender inequality also persists in agricultural extension services – the non-formal training through which farmers learn new skills, practices and information on farming. An analysis of agricultural extension services in Cambodia11 shows that it is an area dominated by men. Despite efforts to make extension services gender-sensitive, only an estimated 5-10% of extension workers are female, while women compromise only around 10% of extension service beneficiaries. This is highly problematic as women make up 53% of the agricultural workforce. The research indicates that the gendered division of agricultural tasks, women’s onaverage lower education than men and unequal gender power relations are some of the key reasons why men dominate agricultural extension services. Efforts at improving gender-sensitivity in extension services regularly fail to capture these dynamics, such as women being unavailable to attend trainings due to housework and women being unable to actively engage with the content of trainings, as men dominate discussions.This process reinforces unequal gender relations as men continually improve their expert agricultural knowledge, while women’s knowledge is undervalued. Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)


SYSTEM OF RICE INTENSIFICATION (SRI): HOPE FOR GENDER EQUALITY IN AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION SERVICES Considering the inequities of agricultural extension services and the need to improve women’s agricultural productive capacity, the implementation of the System of Rice Intensification (SRI) is one example of an emerging field with excellent potential for improving gender equality in Cambodia. SRI training is implemented by a diversity of NGOs, promoting an alternative rice growing technique that reduces water, rice seed and chemical fertiliser use and costs, while substantially boosting rice yields on average about 50%. A gender analysis of SRI suggests that women substantially benefit from SRI’s reduced input costs and increased yields, although they can be burdened with more weeding and more complicated transplanting and water management. Land preparation is also more difficult, but as this often a male-dominated task, it is less of a burden for women with access to male labour. In Stung Treng, Phit Nary explains how training on SRI benefits her:

“My family was one of the poorest in the village. We had never participated in training and used traditional agriculture techniques, not SRI. We followed traditional methods and seed selection. We would get a small rice production of about 1000kgs per season. After participating in the training, my family has applied the SRI technique. The theory of SRI has 10 main points that we follow (12 altogether). First we plough the field so it’s level. Then we select a rice seed named Sen Pidoh and Romduol. For our land, we only need 4kg of rice seed. The seedlings take 10 days to grow before we transplant them. We don’t plant them deep and they have one main stem for transplanting. In the same plot of land we now get 3000kg of rice in one season, instead of 1000kg."

CONCLUSION Cambodia’s rural economy provides the foundation for millions of livelihoods and is ultimately the backbone of development with increased agricultural productivity making the countryside a feeding bowl for an increasingly industrialised economy. Women are at the centre of this rural economy, yet too often are marginalised from agricultural improvements and better livelihoods. Rural agricultural advances that improve women’s economic empowerment can play an integral role in improving gender equality and boosting Cambodia’s overall development progress. For this to be realised, women need more secure land access, women-friendly agricultural machineries, more gender-sensitive agricultural extension services, and supportive credit services. These interventions must be guided in a way to boost agricultural productivity and economically empower women. This process can and must play a central role in improving gender equality in Cambodia. Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)


REFERENCE: 1. SIDA 2010. National Gender Profile of Agricultural Households 2. SIDA 2010. National Gender Profile of Agricultural Households 3. SIDA 2010. National Gender Profile of Agricultural Households 4. UNESCAP, Gender and Sustainable Agricultural Development Strategies 5. Bugalski and Pred 2009, Land Titling in Cambodia: Formalising Inequality 6. USAID 2006, Study on Women and Property Rights: Project Best Practices 8. Romero-Paris et. al 2009, Women’s Roles and Needs in Changing Rural Asia with Emphasis on Rice-based Agriculture 9. Chan Sarun, KT, 02.03.13 10. Romero-Paris et. al 2009, Women’s Roles and Needs in Changing Rural Asia with Emphasis on Rice-based Agriculture 11. Ogawa 2005, Are Agricultural Extension Services Gender Sensitive? Cases from Cambodia

ABOUT GADC

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) is a local non-profit and non-political organization. It was admitted to the NGO Good Practice Programme (NGO-GPP) for its compliance with all standards in the Code of Ethical Principles and Minimum Standard for NGO in August 2011. GADC works in cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and members of civil society organizations to advocate for gender sensitive projects/programs, national laws and policies formulation in Cambodia. GADC’s vision: A just where women and men are equally empowered to participate in development and to access, use, and protect their rights. GADC’s mission: GADC works to promote gender equality as fundamental human rights, which are necessary for Cambodia’s social, economic and political development.

Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)

#89, Street 288, Sangkat Olympic, Khan Chamkarmorn Phnom Penh, Cambodia P.O. Box: 2684 Phnom Penh 3 Phone: +855 (23) 215 137 Fax: +855 (23) 996 934

EDITORIAL PERSONNEL: Ms. Ros Sopheap, GADC Executive Director Mr. Dustin Barter, Development Consultant Mr. Mozammel Haque, Technical Advisor Mr. Put Sopheak, Programme Director Mr. CHHENG Sambo, Communication and Publication Coordinator


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ផល�ៀប����ក់កម�ីរបស់���រ��ល�នបុរស ����� � រ�នឹង��កក ់ ម�រី បស់�� � រ��ល�ន ��� ី � ���� � រគឺ ៥ ទល់នង ឹ ១។ ចំណ�ច��ះ�ន ន័យ� បុរស៥�ក់�នខ�� ី ក � ក ់ ម�� ី ះ� �ើ�ៀ� ប �ៀប�មួយ���ី��ក់��លខ�ី� � ក ់ ក ម� ី ដ ូ ច �� ។ �ើសពី�ះ� ��� ី� នទំ�រ��ង ំ ក�ង � �រខ�� ី ក � ក ់ ម�ី ស��ប់�រ�យ�យក��ង����រស��ប់ផ�ត់ផ�ង់ ជីវ�ពរស់���ល��ង��ខ�ះ��ត។ ���រ��ះ �ើយ��ល��ឲ ើ �� ��ម ី� ន ិ �នគិតគូអព ំ ក ី ម�យ ី កមក �� ើ វ � ន ិ � គក� � ង �របង� ប �� ើ ន ផលដូ ច បុ រ ស� ���� � រ��លយក��កក ់ ម�� ី ង ំ �ះ�វ�ន� ិ គ ស��បផ ់ លិតផលកសិកម�របស់ពក ួ ��។ �យ�រ ���ម ី� ន ិ �នលទ��ពទទួល�នឥណ�នញឹក�ប់ �� � ី � ន�រលំ � ក�� ំ ង ក� � ង �រ�ើ ក �ើ ង នូ វ គំ ន ិ ត វ�និ�គអ�ីមួយ��ល�ំ�ច់�ើម��ីជំរុញ�រ បង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម�របស់ពួក��។

ដីធ�ី ប���ក��ស និងឥណ�ន ដូ��ះប���ំង និង��ើ

កំ��ទ��ង់�ក់�ក់�ើម��ីឲ�����ីទទួល�ននូវ ឱ�ស

�រព��ង ឹ ��ដក � ច ិ រ� បស់�ក ី� ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម�

��ង��ទទួល�នក����ើន�ើបជំរុញឲ��ពួក��

របស់ � � ី � � ល ពឹ ង �� � ក �ើ រ បរកសិ ក ម� ស �� ប ់

ឱ�ស��ះ�នបន�ជរំ ញ ុ ឲ���នវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ

គឺមិន��ន��ត����ើចំនួនដ៏��ើន�ើសលប់

ចិ��ឹមជីវ�ត�ះទ �លគឺ��វពិ���ើក�� សំ�ន់ៗ����ង�ៀត។

សំនរួ ដំបង ូ ��ល��វ� សួរ�ះ ��ើ�ត � អ ុ � ី� ន

��ន���ី�គ��ើន��ើ�រក��ងវ�ស័យកសិកម�។

និងអត����ជន៍�ន់��ើនពី វ � ស ័ យ

កសិកម� និងជួយ�ត់បន�យនូវវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ។

វ�សម�ព

�យ�រ�� ន ិ � មសង� ម � � ល រ � ត ត � � ិ ត � រ �ើរ�ើររបស់��ី

�ើយ���ីខ�នឯងក៏ពុំ�ន

��ក់�ស��ប់��ន់�ើម��ី��ើ�រ��ស់ប�រ��រ។

��សិន�ើ��ី�ចរក��ក់ចំណ�ល�ន��ើន��

រ� ត ត� � ិ ត ��ើ � � រ � � ព�� � ររស់ � របស់ � � ី

��ល� ់ ��ក ី� � ៏ ន��រ� � ពក�ង � �រ�ើរ�ើរ��រ។

រ�ពឹងឲ�����ី��ើដូ��ះ

ដូច�ច��ប់��ី��ល�ន

��ល�នកំណត់តួ�ទីឲ���ើល���ំផ�ះស����ង កូន�

��ម�ំង�រ�រកសិកម���ះ��ម�ង។

�ំង��ះ�ន��ឲ ើ �� ��ម ី� ន ិ �ន��រ� � ព��ប� ់ ន � ់

ក��ង�រ�ើរ�ើរ និង��ើស��សមុខរបរ��ល�

��យពីផះ� �ើយមិន�ចរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � �ន��ន ើ ស��ប់���ររបស់ពួក���ើយ។ ម��ង � �ៀត �រទទួល�នឱ�ស

និងផល���ជន៍មិន

��ើ��ពី�រ�រ��ល�ើត�ើងថ�ក ី ង � ���ស � កម�� �

ក៏�ក��មួយ��លជំរុញឲ�����ី�ប់យកមុខរបរ កសិកម���ះ��រ។

�ក់��ង�ក��ងទី��ុង�ន

�ងច�� �ត់��រ���ើន��ល�ចផ�ល់ឱ�ស �ំង��ះ

ប៉� ុ � � រ�រ

គឺ��រ�រ��លមិនសូវ��ើជំ�ញ

�ើ យ ទទួ ល �ន�� ក ់ ក �� � ប�ង�រ�ររ បង�ប��ន ើ ផលកសិកម�។ ��ត� ុ ះ� �ើយ�ើប��ី� ស��ចចិត���កបរបរកសិកម�

ខណៈ��លបុរស

��ប់��ង�ើ�រ�រថ�ៗ ី ��ល�ចរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល �

�ន��ន ើ ដូច��រ�រសំណង់ និង�រ�រ��ល �នតួ�ទីធៗ ំ ��ើម។

ក���ង ំ ��ះបង�ឲ�� �ន

គ��ត�ន់�� � ង ំ� ក�ង � �រចូលរួមអភិវឌ����ដក � ច ិ � ��� ើ ពរ�ងបុរស និង��។ ី � �លទ�ផល �រ�របុរស ២

�ះបង់�ល�រ�រកសិកម�។

�ំង��ះ គឺ�យ�រ��បទ��នសង�ម��ល�ន

ដល់�ទ � ី ទួល�ន�រ�រក�ង � ��ពន ័ �

�យ�រ��� ី� នលទ��ពតិចក�ង � �រទទួល�ន ��ះត���វឲ���ន�រយកចិត�ទុក�ក់

�រៈសំ�ន់���រព��ឹង��ដ�កិច�ដល់��ីក�ងវិស័យកសិកម�

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)

ពីវ�ស័យកសិកម�

�ះបទ��នសង�មនឹងទទួល

�ះបី��រ�ះ��យវ�សម�ព���ររក��ក់

ចំណល � �ទូ � �ន�រៈសំ � ន់ � � ង �ក៏ �យក៏�រប��ើនសមត��ពផលិត�ពកសិកម� ស�� ប ់ � � ី � � ល ់

គឺ � នស�� ន ុ ព លក� � ង �រ

ព��ង ឹ ��ដ�កិច�ដល់��ី។ �ន�រទទួល��ល់

��ងទូលទ ំ � ូ យ� សកម��ពរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ��ល��� ី� អ�ក��ប� ់ ង � គឺ�ច�នផលវ�ជ� � ន

��ើនដល់សង�ម និងសម�ព��នឌ័រ ��ះ� ��ក់ចំណ�ល��លពួក��រក�ន�គ��ើន���វ �នចំ�យស��ប់�រផ�ត់ផ�ង់��ើកន ូ � និងខ��នឯង��ល់។

ដូច��ះ��ចចូលរួម�ត់

បន�យ�ព��ី���ន��ើន�ងបុរស៤។

���ល��ល��� ី� ន់�� � ប � ដណ�ប� ់ ន ើ� ក�ង �

វ�សយ ័ កសិ ក ម� � ើ យ ពួ ក �� � ចទទួ ល �ន�រ �ើ ក កម� ស ់ ស មត� � ពបង� ប �� ើ ន ផលកសិ ក ម�

និង�ន��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ��ប� ់ ន � ់ �ះ�មិន��ម ឹ ��ជយ ួ ឲ��ជីវ�ពរបស់�� ី� ន�ពល��� � រើ �ើង

�� �����ម�ំងជួយ�ត់បន�យនូវ�ព��ី�� ��ង�រអន��គមន៍�មួយ��ល�� ត �� � �ើ � ប ុ រ ស។


ដី ៖ មូល��ន��វិស័យកសិកម�

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គឺ�ធន�នដ៏សំ�ន់បំផុតស��ប់កសិកម� ប៉ុ�������ប���យ�រវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ។ ដូច��ល�នប��ញពី�ង�ើម ����រ ��ល�ន��� ី� ���� � រ គឺ�នដី�មធ��មតិច�ង��� � រ��ល�នបុរស����� � រ (ទំហដ ំ � ី � � ណ ១,១ហិច� �ៀបនឹង ១,៥ហិច�)

ខណៈ��ល����រ��ល�ន���ី������រ���ណ២១%��នដី និង៣៤%����ង�ៀត�នដីតិច�ង ១ហិច�។ �ើសពី��ះ ���ី�ន លទ��ពទទួល�នដី��កប�យសុវត�ិ�ពតិច �លគឺ ៧០% ��ប័ណ�កម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ីក�ង����សកម��� គឺ�កម�សិទ�ិរួម៥ ��ល� ទូ�បុរស�អ�ក�នសិទ�ិក�ង�រស��ចអំពី�រ�ន់�ប់ដី។ បង�ប��ើនផល�ើដី�ះ

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���ី�ចនឹង

�រ��វ��វពី��នឌ័រ និងកសិកម���កប�យនិរន�រ�ព៦ �នប��ញ� ���ល��ល���ីមិន�នដី�ន់�ប់ �ះធន�ន��ល��មូល�ន�

បន�ប��ប់��វ�នប���រ����ព����នផលិត�ព ដូច��ស និង��ឿងអល��រ��ើម។ ផ��យ�វ�ញ ��សិន�ើ��ី�នកម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ី ��ល�ះពួក�� នឹង��ើ��ស់ដី�ះក��ង�របង�ប��ើនផល។

�រវ�និ�គ

ដូច���ព័ន�������នឹងជួយជំរុញ�របង�ប��ើនផលកសិកម�

និងប��ើត�លំហូ��

��ក់ចំណ�ល និង�រអភិវឌ��។ �ះបី����ីទទួល�នអត����ជន៍ពី�រ�រ�ំង��ះ�នលក�ណៈ����ងៗ��ក៏�យ �ញឹក�ប់ ���ីខក�នក��ង �រទទួល�នកម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ី��កប�យសុវត�ិ�ពក��ង����សកម��� �យ�រ��មូល��តុ��ដូច� �រចំ�យ�ើប័ណ�កម�សិទ�ិ �រយល់ដឹងពីច��ប់ �នៈនិងតួ�ទី�ក��ងសង�ម�ប�ងបុរស និងកង�ះ�តធន�នទូ�៧។

�រខ�ះ�ត

���ល��ល���ី�ន�រ��ស់ប� រ �ើយ�កមក�ប់យកប���ក��ស និងទទួល�ន���ផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម� �ើង�ើញ� ���ី គឺពឹង���ក

��ង��ំង�ើ�រ��ប់��ងធន�នរបស់��ី��លក��ង�ះដី គឺ�ធន�នដ៏សំ�ន់បំផុតមួយ៨។ ដូ��ះ �រ�ះ��យប��កម�សិទ�ិដីធ�ី គឺ�ជំ�ន

មូល��នមួយក��ង�រព��ឹងសម�ព��នឌ័រក��ង��ដ�កិច�ជនបទ�����សកម���។

ប�� � ក �� ស កសិ ក ម� និ ង �� � ផ� � ព� ផ � � យកសិ ក ម� �មរយៈ�រ��វ��វ���ន ើ ��� ំ នប��ញ�

ប���កវ�ទ��កសិកម�

គឺមិន�ន��ើយតបនឹង

សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ើយ �ើយ��ច�នផលប៉ះ �ល់�ង � ��ន ើ ��ើទ� ំ ក់ទន ំ ង និងសមធម៌

��នឌ័រ។ �ះបី�វ�សយ ័ កសិកម��កម�� � �ន �ររ�កច��ើនយឺត

បុ៉��វ�ស័យមួយ��ះកំពុង��

�ន�រ�ើន�ើង�បន�ប��ប់នូវ�រ��ើ��ស់ ��ឿង��សន ី ុ ស��ប� ់ រ��ក ើ សិកម�កង � អំឡង � ��ល ប៉ុ��ន��ំចុង��យ��ះ។

��ឿងយន�ដូច� ��ក់ទ័រ ��សុីនភ��រ�ស់ដី

��សុីនបូមទឹក និង��សុីន���ត�ត់ គឺកំពុង�� ��ើ��ស់ជំនួសឲ���រ�រ��ល��ើ��ស់ក��ំង

�ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម��ន់�� � ន ើ � ។ �ង�ម � ំ ង� � ះ � � � ក� � ង ករ ណ ី ពិ � � ស�មួ យ

រដ�ម��� ី� � � ស � ង ួ កសិកម�រ� ុ � � � � ញ់ និង���ទ ប៉ុ��ះ។ �ពខុស��រ�ងបុរស និង���ីចំ�ះ �នឲ��ដឹង� ដីកសិកម�សរុប���ណ៦៤ % ��វ� �រ��ើ��ស់��ឿង��សុីន��លមិន�នគិតគូពី

�នភ��រ�ស់�យ��ក់ទ័រ និង��សុីនភ��រ�ស់ដី ត���វ�ររបស់បុរស និង���ី ��ម�ំងវ�សម�ព ��នឌ័រ���ព័ន��ក��ងសង�ម��ើឲ�����ីមិន�ច ក�ង � ��២ ំ ០១២។ វ�សយ ័ ��ះក៏�នប��ញពីក� ំ ន ើ ��ៀមខ�ន � ក�ង � �រ��� ើ ស � � ់ ឿ� ង��សន ីុ �ំង��ះ ���រ��� ើ ស � � ់ ក � ទ ់ រ័ ��ន ើ �ង១០០%�ក�ង � �ន��។ ��ដ ំ ��ល �ើ�ៀ� ប�ៀប�នឹង��ំ ២០១១៩។ ឧ�ហរណ៍ ��ក់ទ័រ និង ��សុីនភ��រ�ស់ដី ��ី� និងបុរសមិន�នឱ�ស��� ើ ក � ង � �រ��ើ �ទូ � �ន�ពញ័រ ��ំងក��ង��លភ��រ ��ល��ើ

��ស� ់ ឿ� ង��សន ីុ ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម�កង � ���ស � ឲ�����ីពិ�ក��ើ��ស់� � ឿ ង�� ស ុ ី ន �ំ ង �� ះ ។ �ើយ។ ��ក់ទ័រ ��សុីនបូមទឹក និង ��សុីន ដូច����ះ��រ ��សុីនបូមទឹក��ល���វ... ��ត � �ត់ គឺ�ប � � ់ ង � និងដំ�រើ �រ�យបុរស។ ���ី�ច��ប់��ងនិងដំ�ើរ�រប���កវ�ទ��ថ� ី ៗ

(សូម�នត�ទំព័ទី៤)

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)


ប�� � ក �� ស កសិ ក ម� និ ង �� � កម� . .. តមកពីទំព័រទី ៣

...��ើក��ំង����ំង���លប���ះ គឺមិន�យ ��ួល��ើ��ស់ស��ប់��ី�ើយ។

�មរយៈ

�រ�រ�ំង��ះ�នប��ញ��ងច��ស់� កសិករ

�បុរស�នលទ��ព��� ើ ស � ប ់ ��ក � វ�ទ� � ថ�ៗ ី �ំង��ះ

ខុសពី�� ី�ក��ង�រ�រកសិកម�។ �លទ�ផល �រ�ររបស់�� ី� ក�ង � �របង�ប��ន ើ ផលកសិកម� ���វ�ន���ត់ទុក��រ�រប��ប់បន��ំ។

�ទូ� ប��ក � វ�ទ� � �ំង��ះ�ចជួយសន��សំ ំ ��

��ល�����ល�ចជំរញ ុ ដល់�របង�ប��ន ើ ផល កសិកម�។

ប៉ុ��កសិករ����ី�ើរមិន�ន់��គូ

របស់ខន � �បុរសក�ង � �រសន��ស ំ � ំ � � ល � ����ើយ �យ�រប�� � ក វ� ទ � � ថ� ី ៗ �� ល ជួ យ សន� � ំ ស ំ � � ក��ំង�ក��ងសកម��ពកសិកម�

ដូច��រ

ភ��រ�ស់ �រ���ត�ត់ និង�រ��ចទឹក�យ

�� ើ � � ស ់ � � ស ុ ី ន �ច�� ើ � �ន�ន�� ប ុ រ ស ប៉ុ��ះដូច��ល�ន�ៀប�ប់ពី�ង�ើម ។

ផ�យ � �វ�ញ ប��ក � វ�ទ� � ��លជួយស��ល � �រ�រ

ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម�ដល់�ដ ី� ច ូ ��រដកស�ង � និង���ំ

�រ�ច�� សកម��ព��យ��មល ូ ផល និង�រ ��������ង គឺមិន�ន��ប់��ន់សំ�ប់��ី�

�ើយ។ ��ឿង��សុីន��ល��ើ��ស់ក�ងវ�ស័យ កសិកម��គ��ើនផ�ល់ផល���ជន៍ដល់បុរស ��ើន�ង���ី

�ើយ��ើឲ��បុរស�ន��ល���

ស��ក��ើន�ង���ី។

�ើម�� ជ ី រំ ញ ុ ផលិត�ពកសិកម�របស់�ឲ ី� �� �ន់

�ើម�� ជ ី រំ ញ ុ �របង�ប��ន ើ ផលកសិកម�ស��ប� ់ ី�

ប��ក � វ�ទ� � ��វ� ���ៀបចំ�ង ើ ក�ង � លក�ណៈមួយ��ល�យ��ល ួ

��� ើ ស � ់ និងប��ត ើ បរ���ស��ល�នអំ�យផលស��បឲ ់ �� ��� ី� ប � � ់ ង � និងដំ�រើ �រប��ក � វ�ទ� � ថ�� ី ង ំ �ះ។

���ន�ព���រើ �ើង ប��ក � វ�ទ� � កសិកម��� ំ ច់

��� ី � �នឱ�សក�ង � �រព��ក ី ��ដក � ច ិ រ� បស់

��វ� ���ន�ព�យ��ល ួ ដល់�� ី� ម ើ �� � ី � ើ� ស � ់ ខ��ន�ើវ�ស័យកសិកម�ប���ម�ៀត�ន

�យ

ដូច��រ�ំ និង��ប� ់ ង � ។ �រ��� ើ ប � ��ះនឹង��ឲ ើ �� ��ដក � ច ិ � ��ត�ើ�រ�ំដំ�ំ����ងៗ របស់��ី�ន់���ន�ពរ�ង�ំ។ ប���មពី��ះ ��យចន�ី ដំឡ�ងមី (��ល�ច�ំ�ើដីទំហំ ��ៀត ��ព� ី រ�ៀបចំ�ឿ� ង��សន ីុ ��� ើ ស � ់ ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម��ល � �នលក�ណៈ�យ��ល ួ ��� ើ ស � ស ់ ��ប� ់ ី� �រ��ស ើ ��សពូជ��វូ �រ �ំដះុ ដំ�ច ំ ��ះុ ���ង � ៗ �រ��ស ើ ��សពូជដំ�ំ ��ល�នគុណ�ពល� �រ��� ើ ស � ប ់ ��ក � វ�ទ� �

ដីតច ូ និងទទួល�ន��កច ់ � ំ ញ � ��ន ើ ) �ះបី

��ម�រឲ� � �ន�រ�� � ំ ដ ិ ត ដល់ ក ៏ � យ។

ប៉ុ��ក���ំង��ះ គឺ�ម�រឲ���ន�រផ�ល់ជូន ���ផ��ព�ផ� � យកសិកម��ក � ប�យ��សទ ិ � � ព និង��ើ�ពរ�ងបុរសនិង���ី

�ើម��ីឲ��ពួក��

ទទួល�នចំ�ះ� ដឹង និងជំ�ញកសិកម�ប��ម � �រ��លម�ប���ក��ស��ើកសិកម� ��ល�ក់ព័ន�នឹងដំ�ំ�ំង��ះ ។ ផ��យ�វ�ញ និងប���កវ�ទ����លសន��ំសំ���មពលឬក��ំង �����សកម��� វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ន�ើត ���� � �រ

ពលកម� គឺសទ ុ � � � � ន�រៈសំ�ន់ស��បជ ់ ��ញ ុ �ើង��ង��ំង�ក��ង�រផ�ល់���ផ��ព�ផ��យ �រព��ឹង���ក��ដ�កិច�ដល់�១០ �ី ។

ទន្ម ឹួ នឹងប���ន � ឌ័រ��ល�ើត�ន�ើ�រ��� � ស � ប ់ ��ក � វ�ទ� � កសិកម�

កសិកម��ំង��ះ ។

វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រក៏�ន�ើត�ើង�ក�ង � ដំ�រើ �រផ��ព�ផ� � យ

កសិកម�ផង��រ ដូច��របណ��ះប��ល����ព�ន���លកសិករ�ៀនពីជំ�ញថ�ីៗ �រអនុវត� និង�រទទួលព័ត៌�ន ស�ីពី�រ��ើកសិកម�។

�ទូ��ក�ង � ���ស � កម�� � បុរស គឺ�អ�ក��ប� ់ ង � ���ផ��ព�ផ� � យកសិកម�១១។ �ះបី��ន

�រខិតខំ��ឹង��ង�ើកកម�ស់សម�ព�� ន ឌ័ រ ក� � ង �� � ផ� � ព� ផ � � យកសិ ក ម� � � ង �ក៏ � យ

ក៏�ន��៥�១០%��អ�កផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម�����ី និង១០%��អ�ក��លទទួលផលពី�����ះ ���� ី� ប � � ុ៉ ះ� ។ �ំង��ះ គឺ�ប��ធន � ធ ់ រ� ��ះ���� ី� នចូលរួមកំ�ង ំ ពលកម��ក�ង � វ�សយ ័ កសិកម��នរហូតដល់៥៣%។

�រ��វ��វដ��ល��ះក៏�នប��ញពី�រ��ង��ក��នឌ័រក��ង�រ�រកសិកម���ល�មធ��ម

���ីទទួល�ន�រអប់រ� � ប�ងបុរស �ើយវ�សម�ព��ទំ�ក់ទំនងអំ�ចរ�ងបុរស និង���ី គឺ� មូល��តុចម��ង��ល��ើឲ��បុរស��ប់��ង���ផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម�។

�រផ�ល់���ផ��ព�ផ��យ

កសិកម���ង���ើលរ�លងប���ំងអស់��ះ (បន��ក�រ�រផ�ះរបស់��ី �រ��ប់��ង�យបុរស

��ើវគ�បណ��ះប��ល)។ �ំង��ះ គឺ�ឧបសគ�ក�ង�រចូលរួម��ញ��ញ និង�រចូលរួមផ�ល់ �បល់ឬ�រស��ចចិត���ើវគ�បណ��ះប��លរបស់�� ី។

ដំ�ើរ�រ�ំង��ះ��ើឲ���ន

ទំ�ក់ទន ំ ងអំ�ចមិន��� ើ ពរ�ងបុរស និង��ី� �ើយ�ទូ� បុរស���បន�ព��ង ឹ ចំ�ះ� ដឹង និងជំ�ញរបស់ពួក���ើវ�ស័យកសិកម� ខណៈ��ល���ី�� វ�ន���ើលរ�លង។

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)


��ព័ន���ពលវប��កម�ដំ�ំ��ូវ (SRI) ៖ ��ចក�ីសង��ឹម ស��ប់សម�ព��នឌ័រក��ង���ផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម� �រអនុវត�នវូ ��ពលវប��កម�ដ� ំ � ំ វូ� (SRI)

�យវ��គ��ងលម�ត ិ ��ើវស � ម�ព��នឌ័រ

“��� � ររបស់ខំ� គឺ���� � រដ៏�� ី� ប � ផ ំ ត ុ មួយក�ង �

និង�រ�ើកម�ស់

ភូម។ ិ �ើងមិន��ប� ់ នចូលរួមក�ង � �របណ�ះ� ប��ល

ដ៏������លនឹងប��ញអំពីស��នុពល��ងល�

មិ ន �� ន �� ព ័ ន � � � ព លវប� � កម� ដ ំ � ំ � � ូ វ �ើ យ ។

ក��ង�រផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម�

គឺ�ម����យមួយ

�ើយ�ើង��ើ��ស់ប���ក��សកសិកម�����ណី

ក��ង�រ�ើកម�ស់សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ងវ�ស័យ

�ើង�ន��ើ��ស់វ�ធី����បង�ប��ើនផល និង

ផលិត�ពរបស់��ី

�����សកម���។

�របណ��ះប��លពី��ព័ន���ពលវប��កម�

ដំ�ំ��ូវ ���វ�នអនុវត��យអង��រមិន��ន

រ��ភ� ិ ល���ន ើ �យ�ើកកម�សប ់ ��ក � ��ស �ំ� � ូ វ �ជ��ើសមួយ��ល�ច�ត់បន�យ�រ

��ើ��ស់ទឹក ពូជ��ូវ ជីគីមី និង�រចំ�យ

�រ��ើស��សពូជ��ូវ�ម��ប����ណី។ ទទួល�នទិន�ផល��ូវដ៏�ប

�ើង

គឺ����ល��ឹម��

១០០០គីឡ���មក��ងមួយរដូវ។ ប��ប់ពី�នចូល

រួមក��ង�របណ��ះប��ល��ះ ����ររបស់ខ� ំ� ន ��ើ��ស់ប���ក��ស��ព័ន���ពលវប��កម�ដំ�ំ

��ូវ។ ��ឹស�ី����ព័ន���ពលវប��កម�ដំ�ំ��ូវ

����ងៗ �ើយ�ចប��ើនទិន�ផល��ូវ�មធ��ម

�នចំណ�ចសំ�ន់១០ ��ល�ើង���វអនុវត��ម

�រវ��គពី�ន � ឌ័រក�ង � ��ពន ័ � � ព � លវប��កម�ដ� ំ ំ

ដំបង ូ �ើង��វ� ភ�រ� �ស់ដឲ ី �� ��ប��ស ើ ន ិ ។ ប��ប់

����ល៥០%។

(១២ចំណ�ចរួម��)។

��វូ �ន�ើក�ើង� ��ទ ី � ទួល�នអត��� � ជន៍

មក�ើង��ើស��សពូជ��ូវមួយ����ទ

គឺ��ូវ

ធន�ន

�ើ ង �� � វ �រពូ ជ �� ូ វ �� ៤ គី ឡ � � � ម ប៉ ុ � � ះ ។

���ើនពី�រ�ត់បន�យ�រចំ�យ����ើម�ើ

��នពិ�រ និងរ�ដួល។ ស��ប់ទំហំដីរបស់�ើង

��ពន ័ � � �ពលវប��កម�ដំ�ំ��ូវ �ះបី����ី��វ

សំ�ប��វ� �ររយៈ��ល១០��ស � ��បល ់ ត ូ �ស់

និង�រប��ើនទិន�ផល��ូវ�ម��ប

ចំ � យក�� ំ ង �� ើ ន ក� � ង �រដក�� ស ំ � ប

និងអនុវត�សកម��ពដកស��ង��ល�នលក�ណៈ

ស��គ��ញ�ងមុន និង�រ��ប់��ងធន�នទឹក ក៏�យ �រ�ៀបចំដីក៏�ន់��ពិ�កស��ប់��ី ប៉ុ����ឿយៗ ��ះគឺ��រ�ររបស់បុរស ដូ��ះ �រ�ៀបចំដីមិនសូវ��ើឲ�����ី�នបន��ក��ើន� ��ើ�រ�ររបស់បុរស�ះ��។ ភិត �រ� រស់�

មុន��ល��ល�ើងយក��ស��ង។

�ើងមិន

�ន�ើមធំៗស��ប់យក�ស��ង។

�ើទំហំដី

ស��ង����ើយ �ើយសំ�ប�ំង�ះសុទ��� ដ��ល��ះ

បច��ប��ន��ើងទទួល�នទិន�ផល��ូវ

���ណ៣០០០គីឡ�� �មក��ងមួយរដូវ ជំនួសឲ�� ផល��ូវ��ឹម�� ១០០០ គីឡ���មពី��លមុន”។

�� ត � ស � ឹ ង �� ង �នពន� � ល់ ព ី អ ត� � � � ជន៍ � � វគ� ប ណ� � ះ ប�� ល អំ ព ី � � ព ័ ន � � � ព លវប� � កម� ដំ�ំ��ូវ��ល�ត់�នសិក��� ៖

��ចក�ស ី ន�� ិ ន � ��ដក � ច ិ ជ � នបទ���� � ស � កម�� � ផ�ល� ់ មូល��នស��បរ់ បរចិ�ម ឹ� ជីវត � របស់�� � ជន�ប់�ន�ក់ និង���ះឹ ���រអភិវឌ���មួយនឹងកំ�ន ើ ផលិត�ពកសិកម���ល��ើឲ��ទីជនបទ��យ���ភពផ�ត់ផ�ង់����ងស��ប់��ដ�កិច�ឧស��ហកម���លកំពុង�នកំ�ើន។ ���ី គឺស�ិត�ចំនុច ក��ល����ដ�កិច�ជនបទ ប៉ុ���ញឹក�ប់��ីមិន���វ�ន��យកចិត��ក់ ឬ�ើកកម�ស់ក�ងវ�ស័យកសិកម� និងមិន�ន��ើឲ��ជីវ�ពរស់� របស់ពក ួ ���ន�ពល��� � រើ �ើយ។ �ររ�កច��ន ើ ��វស � យ ័ កសិកម�ជនបទ�នចូលរួម�ើកកម�សក ់ ង � �រព��ង ឹ ��ដក � ច ិ ដ � ល់�� ី� ម ើ �� ឲ ី �� ពួក�� �ច�ើរតួ�ទីដ៏សំ�ន់ក�ង�រប��ើននូវសម�ព��នឌ័រ និងជំរុញឲ���ន�រអភិវឌ��រួមក��ង����សកម���។ �ើម��ីស��ច�ល���ះ ���ី��វ �រលទ��ពទទួល�នដីធ�ី��កប�យសុវត�ិ�ព ស��ប់ពួក��

�រ��ើ��ស់��ឿង��សុីនក��ងវ�ស័យកសិកម���ល�យ��ួល��ើ��ស់

�រទទួល�ន���ផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម���ល��ើយតប�នឹងតំរូវ�ររបស់

បុរស

និង���ី

�ើយសម��ប

និង�រ�ំ�����ឥណ�ន។

អន��គមន៍�ំង��ះ ���វ����ើ�រប��ញ និងផ��ព�ផ��យ�ើម��ីប��ើនផលិត�ពកសិកម� និងព��ឹង��ដ�កិច�ដល់��ី។ ដំ�ើរ�រ��ះ �ច�ើរតួ�ទី��ងសំ�ន់ ក��ង�រ�ើកកម�ស់ សម�ព��នឌ័រ �ក��ង����សកម���។

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)


ឯក�រ�ង ១. SIDA ��ំ២០១០ ឯក�រ��នឌ័រ�តិ�����រ��ល ��កបរបរកសិកម� ២. SIDA ��ំ២០១០ ឯក�រ��នឌ័រ�តិ�����រ��ល ��កបរបរកសិកម� ៣. SIDA ��ំ២០១០ ឯក�រ��នឌ័រ�តិ�����រ��ល ��កបរបរកសិកម� ៤.គណៈក���រ��ដ�កិច� និងសង�មសហ����តិស��ប់ តំបន់�សុី និង��សុីហ�ិក��នឌ័រ និងយុទ�����អភិវឌ��ន៍ កសិកម���កប�យនិរន�រ�ព ៥.Bugalski និង Pred��ំ ២០០៩ �រផ�ល់ប័ណ�កម�សិទ�ិ ដីធ�ីក�ង����សកម��� ៖ �រ��ើឲ���នវ�សម�ព�ផ��វ�រ ៦.គណៈក���រ��ដ�កិច�

និងសង�មសហ����តិ

���ំតំបន់�សុី

��នឌ័រ

និង��សុីហ�ិក

និងយុទ�����

អភិវឌ��ន៍កសិកម���កប�យចីរ�ព ៧.ទី��ក់�រសហរដ����រ�កស��ប់�រអភិវឌ��អន�រ�តិ ��ំ ២០០៦

�រសិក��ពី��ី

និងសិទ�ិកម�សិទ�ិ

�ៀបចំ�រអនុវត����ើរបំផុត ៨.

Romero-Paris et. al ��ំ ២០០៩ តួ�ទី និងត���វ

�ររបស់�� ីក� ងតំបន់ជនបទ�សុី��ល�ន�រ��ស់ប� រ� យ��ត�ើកសិកម���ក�ើដំ�ំ��ូវ ៩. �ក ច័ន� �រុន, KT, ���ទី ០២ �� មី� ��ំ ២០១៣ ១០. Romero-Paris et. al 2009, តួ�ទី និងត���វ�រ របស់��ីក�ងតំបន់ជនបទ��សុី��លកំពុង���ន�រ�� ���ល�យ��ត�ើកសិកម���ក�ើ��ូវ ១១. Ogawa ��ំ ២០០៥ �ើ���ផ��ព�ផ��យកសិកម�យក ចិត�ទុក�ក់�ើ��នឌ័រ��រ ឬ��? ករណី����សកម���

ព័ត� ៌ នអំពី GADC អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ��ន៍�ម ើ �� ក ី ម�� � គឺ�អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ លក�ង �

��ក ុ មួយ��លមិនរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � �ើយ។

�ើយមិនប��ឲ ើ �� គណបក��ន��យ

អង��រ�នទទួលវ���បនប���រអនុវត��ន��ប់បទ��ន��ល

�ន��ងក��ង��ម���ល�រណ៍សីលធម៌

និងបទ��នអប��បរ�ស��ប់

អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ ល�ក�ង � ���ស � កម�� � �ល ពី�ស � � ី ��២ ំ ០១១។

អង��រ�ន��� ើ រ�យ�នកិចស � ហ�រ�មួយរ��ភ� ិ លកម�� � និង�

ស�ជិក ��អង��រសង�មសុ ី វ � ល�ើ ម � � ី � � ើ � រតស៊ ូ មតិ � � កគ�� ង ឬកម� វ � ធ ី

��នឌ័រ ច��ប់�តិ និងកំ�រ� ទ��ង� ់ � � លន��យរបស់�� � ស � កម�� � ។ ចក�វ� ស � យ ័ របស់�ង ើ គឺកម�� � ����ស � មួយ��ល��ី� និងបុរស��វ� �នផ�ល់

នូវ�ពអង់�ចដូចៗ��

�ើម��ីចូលរួម�ក��ង�រអភិវឌ��

�រ��ើ��ស់ និង�រ�រ�រសិទ�ិរបស់ពួក��។

�រទទួល�ន

����សកម���។

��ដ�កិច�

ខណ�ចំ�រមន �ជ�នីភ�ំ��ញ ��ះ���ច��កម��� ��អប់សំបុ����សនីយ៍ ២៦៨៤ ភ�ំ��ញ ៣ ទូរស័ព� (៨៥៥) ២៣ ២១៥ ១៣៧ ទូរ�រ (៨៥៥) ៩៩៦ ៩៣៤

��ម ុ �រ�រនិពន� និង�ៀប�ៀង �ក��ី រស់ សុ�ព �យិ�អង��រ GADC

��សកកម�របស់�ង ើ �ើកកម�សស ់ ម�ព��នឌ័រ��ល�សិទម ិ� នុស�� �

មូល��ន�ំ�ច់ស��ប់�រអភិវឌ��សង�ម

�សយ��នផ�ះ��ខ ៨៩ ផ��វ២៨៨ ស��ត់អូ�ំពិក

និងន��យរបស់

អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)

ឹ � � ប��ក � ��ស��ក � ��នឌ័រ �ក Mozammel Haque អ�ក��ក

ឹ � � ��ក � ��វ��វ និងទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង �ក Dustin Barter អ�ក��ក �ក ពុធ សុភៈ �យកកម�វធ � ី

�ក ��ង សំបរូ អ�កស��បស��ល � ��ក � ទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង និង�ះពុមផ � � � យ


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