Genderview
Issue 05, 2013
INVESTING IN THE CAMBODIA’S ECONOMIC FUTURE: WOMEN-OWNED ENTERPRISE Earlier this year, Samdech Akeak Moha Sena Padey Decho Hun Sen, Prime Minister of Cambodia, made an announcement that Cambodia was on track to transition from a low-income to lower-middle-income country by the end of 20131. For over a decade Cambodia aveaged a remarkable 10% GDP growth rate, but in 2009 the country’s growth rate plummeted to 2% as a result of the global economic crisis2. Even so, Prime Minister Hun Sen’s optimism seems warranted, as Cambodia’s growth rate has rebounded and is now hovering around 7%3. Whilst the economic outlook is bright for now, there are many lessons to be learnt from the global economic crisis, the most important of which is to recognize and enhance the pivotal role that women are playing in the Cambodian economy. This Genderview will focus on women as leaders of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) that were vital in keeping the Cambodian economy afloat when foreign investment stopped during the crisis, demonstrating greater government investment in these businesses would likely make Cambodia’s economic growth more resilient to shocks and sustainable well into the future.
Content Investing in the cambodia’s economic future: women-owned enterprise....................................1 Cambodia, women and the global economic crisis...........................1 Small and medium enterprises as the engine for job creation and economic development...............2 Constraints facing women entrepreneurs.......................3-4 Recommendations......................5 About GADC and reference.......6
The fact that women own the majority of businesses in Cambodia means that the country has remarkable potential for economic growth to empower women.
CAMBODIA, WOMEN AND THE GLOBAL ECONOMIC CRISIS When the US financial crisis occurred in 20084, it quickly became evident that Cambodia’s exportoriented development strategy had made the nation very vulnerable to global market fluctuations. The most severe impact was felt in the garment industry, which accounted for 65% of Cambodia’s exports in 2008. Women’s cheap labor in Cambodia was an attraction for foreign manufacturing companies, as on average they are paid 30% less then their male counterparts for the same work5. As a result, women account for over 90% of all garment employees, which meant that they were the worst affected when shrinking demand from the US and EU forced an estimated 60,000 jobs losses in the garment sector within a matter of months in 20096. UN Resident Coordinator in Cambodia, Douglas Broderick explained that the economic crisis disproportioally affected women because,“they make
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
up the bulk of the labor force, and they are the backbone of this economy. We know that when women’s incomes are lost, the whole family suffers, especially children.7 Due to the important role women play in Cambodia’s development, the global financial crisis had the potential to reverse many of Cambodia’s achievements in reducing poverty. The global economic crisis led to increased job insecurity and lower incomes in urban areas8, which equated to less money being sent home to rural areas, where 80% of Cambodians live9. The UNDP estimates that 1.5 million rural people depend upon money from urban workers (mostly from women), as their major source of income10. Many initial surveys showed that amidst the crisis, many women were forced to return to their villages, such as Su Channath... Continue on page 2...
CASE STUDY: SU CHANNATH, GARMENT WORKER Su Channath, an 18-year-old woman from Kompong Cham, came to Phnom Penh in July 2007 to work at a garment factory. She was laid off in February 2009, along with many colleagues. She then returned home to stay with her parents, helping them with rice farming and selling her labour to work the rice fields for other villagers. Channath was paid only US$50 as a garment factory worker, but with overtime work could earn more, enabling her to send US$30 home every month to supplement the small income her parents earned to feed their family. Channath, with a cheerless look, said that to gather this amount to send home she made every possible effort to save. Channath claimed she could have stayed in the city to look for a job, but she could not afford to stay unemployed, since her family needed to be fed. ‘Agricultural related activities are not suitable for me, but I have no choice,’ said Channath. She also complained that seasonal employment in agriculture and the reduced demand for manual labour due to mechanization, drove her to come to Phnom Penh to work for a regular salary; now she needed to go back to that hard work. Channath wants to become a hairdresser, hoping to be self-employed, but her family could not afford to send her to hairdressing school. Channath asked that the government provide training to those willing to be self-employed, and provide seed money to start up their businesses.
Channath’s story illustrates the immense challenges brought by the global economic downturn. When foreign businesses reduced in Cambodia and forced innumerable women into the informal sector, many women started their own small businesses, ensuring survival for themselves, their families and their communities. The Asia Foundation found that from 2009 to 2011, 34% of all total businesses had just started in the last two years.11 These new female-led small businesses helped to alleviate poverty, create employment and kept money circulating in their local communities during the crisis, demonstrating the importance of women for the Cambodian economy.
SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES AS THE ENGINE FOR JOB CREATION AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT SMEs, which include agriculture and non-farm activities, play an integral role in the Cambodian economy, employing 85 percent of the labor force14. The SME sector is primarily very small enterprises: 493,000 out of 500,000 enterprises in Cambodia have fewer than 10 employees15. The global economic crisis illustrated the importance of SMEs in Cambodia and globally. Sergio Arzeni, Director of the OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, SMEs and Local Development emphasizes that: “Now all governments realize why SMEs and entrepeneurship matter: because they are the sources of new jobs, a diversified economy, based on a fabric of many SMEs in several industries, is more resilient to the ups and downs of erratic international markets.12" A strong SME sector is a necessary, prerequisite for a betterbalanced and wealthier economy13.
29% of women’s businesses are in commerce, such as retail and wholesale, and 23% are in service industries, such as hospitality and education, making these the two largest sectors for women’s businesses. Women-owned businesses are least prevalent in construction (2%) and mining (1%)16. Growth and formalization of small enterprises would help to expand and diversify the economy, thereby mitigating future economic shocks, creating more jobs and enlarging the tax base17.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
However, growth of these enterprises is stunted because of gender inequality. The fact that women own the majority of businesses in Cambodia means that the country has remarkable potential for economic growth to empower women18. However, some 80% of these femaleled businesses only have a few employees19, while men dominate the ownership of larger sized enterprises20. Evidence indicates that women face unique challenges, which put them at a distinct disadvantage in expanding their businesses, stunting economic growth and job creation, due to gender inequalities such as lower education levels than men, family obligations pressuring women to not expand businesses and networking challenges, where larger business networks are dominated by men21. In order for these businesses to expand we must deal with the constraints women face in the business world23.
This photo is retrived from: http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2010/01/06/from-cambodiasurvey-marks-improvement-in-business-environment/
across Cambodia, the majority of respondents stated that unlike men, they had no prior experience or When it comes to growing and training in their line of business. expanding their businesses, women entrepreneurs cite some internal Since these women were forced to obstacles such as their own lack of develop their business through “trial education and business skills23. and error" they believed that their
Although there are no explicit regulatory barriers that discriminate against women entrepreneurs in Cambodia, a lack of education and training, cultural biases and responsibility for domestic work are all significant constraints.
This situation is gradually changing, as the school year 2009-2010 saw gender disparities in primary education virtually eliminated, but previous gender inequalities in education where men far outnumbered women in the educational system are apparent with 4 out of 10 women aged 25-44 being illiterate (against 1 in 10 for men)24.
businesses were less likely to succeed than those run by better educated men26.
These educational deficits make it harder for women to access and interpret the regulatory information that is required to expand and formalize a business25.
Chum Sokha, owner of a construction company and farm where she employs 150 staff, believes that if she were a man, her business would be more successful:
Cambodian women also face greater challenges in the day-to-day running of their business due to lack of training and cultural norms. In an IFC survey of 101 women entrepreneurs across Cambodia, the majority of
“My business requires many male workers and men respond better to a male boss than to a woman. However, when it comes to ability or talent in management, I believe that men and women are equal27.�Continue on page 3...
This lack of confidence in their business management skills is exacerbated by cultural stereotypes that produce negative attitudes towards women managers.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
Photo by: Vireak Mai Phnom Penh Post
CONTRAINTS FACING WOMEN ENTERPRENEURS Continue from page 3 ... Negative perceptions of women in business continue despite their increasingly visible and important role as income providers for their family and as contributors to national economic development. Women continue to be seen as household managers and men as providers28. This has meant that even as women increasingly enter the workforce, they are still held responsible for domestic work. Chheng Somala, owner of the Chheng Somala Rice Mill, explained that: “Women in business face more difficulties than men and they have more responsibilities. They are farmers, childcare providers, house-keepers etc… When I have to go to the market, I must wake up very early to cook for my family before I leave the house. As women, we have to divide our time between household chores and our businesses29.” Despite these challenges, Chheng emphasized that owning her own business has allowed her to spend more time at home caring for her children. She said, “fortunately, I haven’t heard any critique of me as a business owner. Some people have even complimented me that I can afford to send my children to school.30”
Indeed,
many women entrepreneurs cited that their businesses not only allowed them to provide for their children and families, but also allowed them to gain respect in their communities, create jobs for others and be proud of the financial independence they have achieved31. Women continue to challenge gender stereotypes, recognizing that they have certain strengths as women, such as excellent communication skills that are invaluable in business. However, there is still a long way to go before women are on a equal playing field with men in business. However,
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
there is still a long way to go before women are on a equal playing field with men in business. Gendered stereotypes continue to play a powerful role in limiting the visibility of women’s economic contributions, as evidenced by women’s inability to identify more than one or two female entrepreneurs in their communities.32 If Cambodia is truly dedicated to bolstering its SME sector and laying the foundations for long-term growth, there must be a concerted effort to break down the barriers women face in the economy.
CONCLUSION
The global economic crisis caused severe hardship for women (and men), but also highlighted women’s vital contributions to Cambodia’s economy. The crisis showed the need for greater investment in women’s enterprises to promote long-term, sustainable economic growth. The women-dominated SME sector plays a significant role in improving Cambodia’s economic resilience, while providing diverse job creation throughout the country. We call on the government to take a more proactive role in helping to formalize women-owned enterprises and provide more strategic support for these enterprises togrow, including addressing obstacles to the growth of these enterprises, such as gender stereotypes. Ultimately, supporting women’s enterprises will bring widespread benefits for all of Cambodia. This is not just an opportunity, but a vital way forward for Cambodia’s development and improving gender equality.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The government should mandate minimum quotas for female managers and directors in formal enterprises, thus enhancing women’s management skills and representation in the workplace at higher levels (decision making). Management training and regulatory information sessions should be held specifically for women to support the growth of women’s enterprises. Women-focused business associations should also be established to play on ongoing role in coordinating women’s enterprises and representing their interests.
Award ceremonies and events showcasing women entrepreneurs should be developed to help challenge gender stereotypes and provide business networking opportunities for women. The Cambodian government must ensure the roll out of its emerging national social security system is effective in supporting female entrepreneurs by reducing the domestic burdens they face and providing a safety net for entrepreneurs.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
REFERENCE: 1. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia: Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013. 2. WB."Cambodia Overview." Cambodia. The World Bank Group, n.d. Web. <http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/ cambodia /overview>. 3. ibid 4. Jalilian, Hossein, Chan Sophal, Glenda Reyes, and Saing Chan Hang. "Cambodia: ODI Global Financial Crisis Discussion Papers." ODI, Apr. 2009. Web. 5. USAID, and Charlotte Johnson - Welch. Gender Assessment USIAD/Cambodia. Publication. 2010. Print. 6. UNDP, and Beth Neate. "In Cambodia, Women and Children Hit Hardest by Economic Crisis." UNDP Newsroom. United National Development Program, 08 Apr. 2009. Web. <http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/2009/a pril/in-cambodia-women-and-children-hit-hardest-by-economiccrisis.en>. 7. ibid 8. Sothath, Ngo, and Chan Sopal. More Vulnerable: The Impact of the Global Economic Meltdown on Women in Cambodia. Oxfam GP, 15 Feb 2010. Print. 9. UNDP, and Beth Neate. "In Cambodia, Women and Children Hit Hardest by Economic Crisis." UNDP Newsroom. United National Development Program, 08 Apr. 2009. Web. 10. ibid 11. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia:
Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013. 12. Arzeni, Sergio. "Intervention by Mr Sergio Arzeni at the Plenary Session on “Small Business: The Heart of the Global Economy”." SMEs and Entrepreneurship Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. OECD, 24 Apr. 2013. Web. <http://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/arzenidohas peech.htm>. 13. Ibid 14. Kang, Chandararoth, Sok Sina, Kim Chantha & Liv Daneth (2009), “Rapid Assessment on the Impact of the Financial Crisis in Cambodia”, prepared for the ILO by CIDS 15. Inserey, Khut. "In Asia Cambodias Small Businesses Serve as Backbone of Sustainable Economy Comments." In Asia: Weekly Insight and Features from Asia. The Asia Foundation, 13 May 2013. Web. 11 June 2013. 16. IFC 2008. Voices of Cambodian Woman Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from: http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/mekongpsdf.nsf/A ttachmentsByTitle/Voices+of+Cambodian+ Women+Entrepreneurs/$FILE/Voice-of-Ca mbodian-Women-Entreprenure.pdf 17. Ibid 18. For more information on the correlation between gender equality and long-term economic growth see: Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia's Labor Markets. Rep. no. 321. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, December 2012. Print. ADB Economics Working Paper Series. 19. UNDP. "Partnerships for Women's Economic Empowerment in Cambodia." Asia-Pacific Weekly Highlights. United National Development Program, 25 May
2013. Web. <http://www.snapundp.org/WeeklyHighlights/Lists/Posts/Pos t.aspx?List=b2b1f523-84af-4f7b-9be8-591c 30c47aea>. 20. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 21. Velasco, E 2004. Ensuring Gender Equity in Education for All: Is Cambodia on Track? Retrieved from http://www.springerlink.com/content/x1p55 83014513426/ 22. Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr. Inclusive Growth and Gender Inequality in Asia's Labor Markets. Rep. no. 321. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, December 2012. Print. ADB Economics Working Paper Ser. 23. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 24. ADB. Cambodia: Country Gender Analysis. Rep. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, January 2012. Print. 25. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 26. Ibid 27. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 28. ADB. Cambodia: Country Gender Analysis. Rep. N.p.: Asian Development Bank, January 2012. Print. 29. IFC. Voices of Cambodian Women Entrepreneurs. Rep. N.p.: International Finance Corporation, September 2008. Print. 30. Ibid 31. Ibid 32. Ibid
ABOUT GADC
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC) is a local non-profit and non-political organization. It was admitted to the NGO Good Practice Programme (NGO-GPP) for its compliance with all standards in the Code of Ethical Principles and Minimum Standard for NGO in August 2011. GADC works in cooperation with the Royal Government of Cambodia (RGC) and members of civil society organizations to advocate for gender sensitive projects/programs, national laws and policies formulation in Cambodia. GADC’s vision: A just where women and men are equally empowered to participate in development and to access, use, and protect their rights. GADC’s mission: GADC works to promote gender equality as fundamental human rights, which are necessary for Cambodia’s social, economic and political development.
Gender and Development for Cambodia (GADC)
#89, Street 288, Sangkat Olympic, Khan Chamkarmorn Phnom Penh, Cambodia P.O. Box: 2684 Phnom Penh 3 Phone: +855 (23) 215 137 Fax: +855 (23) 996 934
EDITORIAL PERSONNEL Ms. Ros Sopheap, GADC Executive Director Mr. Dustin Barter, Development Consultant Mr. Mozammel Haque, Technical Advisor Mr. Put Sopheak, Programme Director Mr. CHHENG Sambo, Communication and Publication Coordinator
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ស៊ូ �ន់�ត...សូម�នត�ទំព័រទី២
ដូច�ករណី
១
ករណីសក ិ � � ៖ ក�� ស៊ូ �ន់�ត កម��រនី�ងច�� ក�� ស៊ូ �ន់�ត �ន�យុ១៨��ំ មកពី��ត�កំពង់�ម �ើយមក��ើ�រ�ងច���ទី�ង ុ� ភ�� ំ ញ � �លពី�ក � ក�� ��២ ំ ០០៧។ �ង��វ� �ន
ប���ប់ពី�រ�រ���កុម�ៈ��ំ២០០៩។ �ង�នវ�ល��លប់�រស់��មួយឪពុក��យ�ឯ��ុកកំ�ើត �ើយ�កមកជួយ��ើ��ចំ�រវ�ញ
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�ន់�ត�ន�ៀប�ប់� �ង��មូលលុយ�ំងអស់�ើម��ី��ើ�ឲ��អ�កផ�ះ ដូ��ះ�ងមិន�នលុយសន��ំស��ប់��ល់ខ�ន�ះ��។
�ងបន�� �យ�រ��ន�រ�រ �ងមិន�ចបន�រស់�ក��ងទី��ុងផ��ង��ង�ើម��ី��ងរក�រ�រ��ើបន��ៀត�ើយ ពី��ះ����រ�ង���វ�រ
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�ង�ន��ស ើ ឲ ំុ �� រ��ភ� ិ លផ�លវ់ គ�បណ�ះ� ប��លវ��ជ � វី ៈដល់អក � ��លចង់ប��ត ើ មុខរបររបស់ខន � ឯង
និងផ�ល់�ើមទុន�ើម��ី�ប់��ើមមុខរបរពួក��។
ករណីរបស់ក�� �ន់�ត �នប��ញពីប���ឈ � មមួយ��លរងផលប៉ះ�ល់�យ�រវ�បត�� ិ ដ � ក � ច ិ ព � ភ ិ ព�ក។ ���ល��លជំនញ ួ បរ��ស
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២០០៩ ដល់��ំ២០១១ �នមុខជំនួញសរុបចំនួន៣៤%��ល�ើប���ប់��ើម�ក��ងរយៈ��លពីរ��ំចុង��យ��ះ១១។
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និង��តមធ��ម��ល
�នសហ�� ស តូ ច ៗចំ ន ួ ន ៤៩៣,០០០ក��ង ចំ�មសហ��សចំនួន៥០០,០០០
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ប៉� ុ ះ� ក�ង � សហ��សនីយមួយៗ វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក
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តូច និង��តមធ��ម (SMEs) �ក�ង � ���ស � កម�� �
និងពិភព�ក។ Sergio Arzeni, �យកមជ�� មណ�លសហ��ន ិ �ព OECD សហ��ស��តតូច
និង��តមធ��ម (SMEs) និង�រអភិវឌ��ជនបទ�ន
គូសប��ក� ់ ៖ “បច�ប � �� នរ� ��ភ� ិ ល���ន ើ �ន ទទួល��លព ់ � ី រៈសំ�ន់�� � រប��ត ើ សហ��ស
។
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មុខជំនញ ួ ��ល��� ី� នដឹក�ំតច ិ តួចបំផត ុ គឺ
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ើ និង�រប��ត ើ សហ��ស (ចំនន ួ ១%)១៦។ កំ�ន
។
�ពច��ះុ ៃន��ក � ��ដក � ច ិ � � ល � �ចជួយ�ត់បន�យ
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១២
�ពរ�ង��ំ��សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម តុល���ព និងកំ�ើន��ដ�កិច�សង�ម១៣។ ២
�និភយ ័ ��ដក � ច ិ � � ��លអ�គត
និង�ចប��ត ើ
��លជួយដល់�ភ � ពចំណល � ថវ��ររដ�ផង��រ១៧។
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
សហ��ស�ំង��ះមិន�ចលត ូ �ស់�ន��ញ
��ញ���យ�រ��គ��តវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ។
ដ�ប��� � ី � � ប ់ � � ង មុ ខ ជំ ន ួ ញ �គ�� ើ ន �ក��ង����សកម���
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ស�� ន ុ ព លគួ រ ឲ� � កត់ ស �� ល ់ ក � ង �រប�� ើ ន ��ដក � ច ិ � � មរយៈ�រព��ង ឹ សិទអ ិ� � ំ ច��ី � ១៨។
�ង៨០%��មុខជំនួញ��ល���ី��ប់��ង
គឺ�ននិ�ជិកតិចតួចប៉ុ��ះ
ខណៈ��ល
បុ រ ស�� ប ់ � � ង �� ើ ន ��ើ ស ហ�� ស �� ល
�ននិ�ជិក��ន ើ ២០។ �យ�រ��វស � ម�ព
��នឌ័រ ដូច�ក��ិត���រអប់រ�របស់��ី�ប
�ងបុរស �តព�កិច�និង�រទទួលខុស���វក��ង ����រ �រខ�ះប��ញទំ�ក់ទំនង គឺ�ក��
��តតូច និងមធ��ម (SMEs) និងសហ��ិន�ព
��ះ����ភព���រ�រថ�ៗ ី �ើយ���ដក � ច ិ �
�ះបី���ង�ក៏�យ �រ�ើន�ើង��
��ឈម��ល��ឲ ើ �� ��ម ី� ន ិ �ចព��ីកមុខជំនួញ ប��ើន��ដ�កិច� និងប��ើតឱ�ស�រ�រថ�ីៗ របស់ពួក���ន២១។
ដូ�ះ� �ើម�� � ី យមុខជំនញ ួ �ំង��ះ�ន�ព រ�កចំ��ន�មុខ�ន លុះ����ប����ឈម (វ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ) របស់�� ី� ក�ង � មុខជំនញ ួ ពិភព�ក���វ�ន�ះ��យ២២។
រូប�ពដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ ៖http://asiafoundation.org/in-asia/2010/01/06/from-cambodiasurvey-marks-improvement-in-business-environment/
���ល��លមុខជំនញ ួ �ំង�ះ�នដល់�រ
�រសិក� � មួយរបស់�ជីវកម�ហរិ ��វត�អ � ន�រ�តិ(IFC)
រ�កច��ន ើ ��ល�ចព��ក ី នូវមុខរបររបស់ពក ួ ���ន
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និងសរ��រអក��រ�ន (ផ��យនឹងបុរស��ល�ន ����ក់ក�ងចំ�ម១០�ក់��ល��ះ�ន និង ��ះសរ��រអក��រ�ន)២៤។
លំ�កក�ង � �រទទួល និង�រវ��គព័ត� ៌ នសំ�ន់ៗ
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និង�ព�ឿ�ក់ក�ងជំ�ញ
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�ក��ី ជុំ សុ� ���ស� ់ ម ុ� ហ៊ន ុ សំណង់ និង មុខជំនញ ួ របស់�ត់នង ឹ ទទួល�គជ័យ�ន់����ំង ��សន ិ �ើ�ត់�បុរស។ �ត់ន� ិ យ�៖ “មុខជំនញ ួ របស់ខ� ំ�� វ�រកម�ករបុរស
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ក��ត ិ ���រអប់រ� � ង ំ ��ះ��� ើ យ��ជ ី� ប ួ ប��
�ះបី�មិន�នបទ��នអ�ីមួយ��ងអំពី�រ
�� � ី � ប់ � � ើ ម មុ ខ ជំ ន ួ ញ របស់ ព ួ ក � � � ម ួ យ នឹ ង �រ�កល��ង និងកំហស ុ ឆ�ង���ន ើ ។ �លទ�ផល
�ះបី�គំ�ត��នឌ័រ�ក��ងវ�ស័យអប់រ� ដល់��ំ២០១០
���ស � កម�� � �នប��ញ� ក���ង ំ ��ះ�ន��ឲ ើ ��
និងបទ��នវប��ធម៌។
អំពស ី មត��ព និង�ពបុន ិ ��សព�កង � �រ��ប� ់ ង � ខ��ំ�ឿ�ក់����ី និងបុរស�ច��ើ�នដូច��”២៧។ ...សូម�នបន��ទំពរ័ ទី ៤
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
៣
រូប�ព�យ៖ Vireak Mai Phnom Penh Posh
ប����ឈម��លសហ��ិន����ី ជួប��ទះ ...តមកពីទព ំ រ័ ទី៣ ផ�តគ ់ ន ំ ត ិ អវ�ជ� � ន��ើ�ក ី� ង � មុខជំនញ ួ ���បន��ត ើ �ន�ើង �ើ�ះបី�តួ�ទីរបស់ពក ួ ���ន�រៈសំ�ន់កង � �ររក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � ស��ប់
����រ និង�អ�កផ�ល់វ��គ�នដល់�រអភិវឌ����ដ�កិច��តិក៏�យ។ ���ី��វ�ន���ើល�ើញ� �អ�ក��ប់��ងផ�ះស����ង ចំ��កឯបុរសវ�ញ គឺ� �� � � � រ ២៨។
ថ�ីត��ិត��បច��ប��ន���ីចូលរួម�ក��ងវ�ស័�យ�រ�រ�នចំនួន��ើន
ក៏ពួក�����ទទួលខុស���វ�រ�រផ�ះស����ងដ��ល។ ��ង សុ���
���ស់�ង��សុីនកិន��ូវ�នពន��ល់�៖ “���ី�ក��ងមុខជំនួញជួប��ទះ�រលំ�ក��ើន�ងបុរស �ើយពួក���ន�រទទួលខុស���វ��ើន។
ពួក���កសិករ �អ�ក���ំកូន និង�អ�ក��រក��ផ�ះស����ង។ល។ ���លខ��ំ�� វ�ផ��រ ខ��ំ�� វ����ក់ពី��លឹម�ើម��ី��ើម� ប��រស��ប់
����រមុន��លខ��ំ��ញពីផ�ះ។ ����ីខ�ំ��វ��ង��ក��ល���ស��ប់�រ�រផ�ះស����ង និង�រ�រមុខជំនួញ”២៩។
�� ព ី ប �� � � ឈ ម�ំ ង �� ះ �� ង សុ � � � �នប��ក� ់ �រ�ើកមុខរបរខ�ន � ឯង�ន��ឲ ើ �� �ត់�ន��ល����ើល��កូនៗរបស់�ត់
� �ម���� ី� ក � � ់ ល � ���ស� ់ ប � � ់ ង � មុខជំនញ ួ ខ�ម ំ� ន ិ ��លឮ�ក��រ�ះគន់�មួយ �ង��� ើ រឲ����។ សុ�� � �ននិ�យ�៖ “�សំ�ងល�កង ចំ�ះរូបខ�� ំ� យ ើ ។ ផ�យ � �វ�ញ �នមនុស�� �����ន ើ �ន�តសរ�ើរ� ខ�� ំ� នលទ��ព�ងថវ����ល�ចប��ន � កូនៗ��ៀន�ន”៣០។
�ក់�ង �
�ន���ីសហ��ិន���ើន�នអះ�ង�
មុខ
ជំនញ ួ របស់ពក ួ ��មន ិ ��ម ឹ ��ជយ ួ ផ�តផ ់ ង � ដ ់ ល់កន ូ ៗ
��ង��ំងក��ង�រកំហិត��ើ�រចូលរួមចំ��ក
�ន�រ�រពពីសហគមន៍
មួយ��ល�ន���ី�សហ��ិន��លមិនសូវ�ន
និង��ម ុ ��� � រប៉� ុ ះ� ��
ពួក���ម � �ំងទទួល �រប��ើត�រ�រ
ស��បអ ់ ក � ដ�� និង�រ��ឲ ើ �� �នលំនង ឹ ��ដក � ច ិ � ��� � រ�យ�រ���ព�គជ័យរបស់ ពួក��៣១។
�� � ី � �� ប ន� � រ�� ឈ ម�នឹ ង ផ� ត ់ គ ំ ន ិ ត
�� ន ឌ័ រ �យទទួ ល �� ល់ � ពួ ក �� ព ិ ត ��ន ចំណច � ��ង ំ ដូច� ពូ�� � ងទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង��ល�ច �� ើ ឲ � � មុ ខ របររបស់ ព ួ ក �� ទ ទួ ល �ន�គជ័ យ
ប៉� ុ � � �ម�រ��ល���យូរ�ើម�� ឲ ី �� ��� ី� ចទទួល �នលទ��ព��ើនឹងបុរសក��ង�រ�រមុខជំនួញ។
៤
ប�� ផ � ត ់ គ ំ ន ិ ត �� ន ឌ័ រ ��� � នឥទ� ិ ព ល
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
��ដ�កិច�របស់��ី។ �ក់�ង � �ក�ង � សហគមន៍
សមត��ព គឺ�ន១ឫ២ប៉ុ��ះ៣២។ ��សិន�ើ
រ��ភ� ិ លកម�� � ពិត��នបំណង�ំ�ដ � ល់វស � យ ័
សហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម និងកំ�ើន
មូល��ន��ដ�កិច�រយៈ��ល��ង��ន រ��ភិ�ល �� � វ �� �នកិច�ខិតខំ��ឹង��ងរួមមួយ�ើម��ី�ះ ��យនូវឧបសគ���ល���ីកំពុងជួប��ទះ�ក��ង វ�សយ ័ ��ដក � ច ិ ។ �
��ចក�ស ី ន�� ិ ន �
វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ពិភព�កមិន��ឹម��បង�ផលវ��ក��ងធ�ន់ធ�រដល់��ី (និងបុរស) ប៉ុ��ះ�� ប៉ុ����នជ��ុញឲ�����ីចូលរួមក��ងវ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច���ងសកម�ផង��រ�កម���។ វ�បត�� ិ ះ� ក៏ប��ញ ពីត��វ� �រស��ប� ់ រវ�ន� ិ គដ៏ធ� ំ ក�ង � សហ��សរបស់�� ី� ម ើ �� � ី ក ើ កម�សក ់ � ំ ន ើ ��ដក � ច ិ � � ក � ប �យនិរន�រ�ព និង�នរយៈ��ល��ង។ �រចូលរួមរបស់��ីក�ងវ�ស័យសហ��ស��តតូច និង��តមធ��ម�ើរតួ��ងសំ�ន់ក�ង�រ��ើឲ�� ���ើរ�ើងក��ងវ�ស័យ��ដ�កិច��តិ ក៏ដូច�ផ�ល់នូវ�រប��ើត�រ�រទូ�ំង����ស។
រ��ភិ�ល
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ក៏ដូច�
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អនុ�សន៍
រ�� ភ ិ � លគួ រ �� ប �� ើ ត ឲ� � �នកូ � អប� � បរ�
គួរ��ប��ើតកម�វ�ធី�ើកទឹកចិត� និងផ�ល់រ��ន់
ស�� ប ់ � � ី � អ� ក �� ប ់ � � ង
និ ង �យកក� � ង
ដល់ � � ី � � ល �នអនុ វ ត� � រ�រ�គជ័ យ របស់
និងព��ឹងជំ�ញ��ប់��ង
សហ��ន ិ ��� ី� ម ើ �� ជ ី យ ួ �ះ��យប��ផត � គ ់ ន ំ ត ិ
សហ��សផ��វ�រ
របស់��ី �ើយជំរុញឲ���នវត��នរបស់��ីក�ង
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តួ�ទី និងមុខតំ��ង��ល�ន�រស��ច�
���កជំ ន ួ ញ �� ះ �នឹ ង ជួ យ ជ�� ុ ញ មុ ខ របររបស់
ក���ង��ើ�រ។
���ីឲ���ន់�����ើរ�ើង។
គួ រ �� ផ � ល ់ វ គ� ប ណ� � ះ ប�� ល �ើ � រ�� ប ់ � � ង និងវ��គព័ត៌�ន�ក់�ក់ស��ប់��ុម���ី�ើម��ី �ំ � � ដ ល់ ក ំ � ើ ន សហ�� ស របស់ ព ួ ក �� ។ ស�គមជំនួញស��ប់��ីគួរ��យកចិត�ទុក�ក់ និង�ើរតួស� ំ ន់កង � �រស��បស��ល � សហ��ស របស់�ី� និង��� ើ តំ�ងស��បផ ់ ល���ជន៍
និងផ�ល់ឱ�សឲ�����ី�នប��ញ
រ�� ភ ិ � លកម� � � �� � វ �� � �ដល់ � រអនុ វ ត� ��ពន ័ ស � ន�ស ិ ខ ុ សង�ម��ក� ់ តិឲ�� �ន��សទ ិ � ិ� ព ក��ង�រ�ំ��ដល់សហ��ិន����ី
�មរយៈ
�រ�ត់បន�យបន��ក�រ�រ��លពួក��ជួប��ទះ និងផ�ល់សុវត�ិ�ពស��ប់សហ��ិន�ំង�ះ។
របស់ពួក��។
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
៥
ឯក�រ�ង ១.អ៊�នសិរ�
គឺ�ឆ�ឹងខ�ង��
ឃុត
១១.
��ំ២០១៣។
។
១២. Arzeni, Sergio. "បទអន��គមន�យ�ក Sergio
��ស៖
Arzeni
���ទី១៣ ��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ� ��ំ២០១៣។
hpp:/www.worldbank.org/en/
"ជំនួញ��តតូច៖
លីវ
OECD ���ទី ២៤
ឆ�ឹងខ�ង��និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�"
៦.UNDP, និង Beth Neate. "�����សកម���៖ ���ី និង
“�រ��ន់���ណពីផល
�ៀបចំ�យ
។
�សុី៖
ទស��នៈ���ំ
ស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព��សុី។ មូលនិធិ�សុី ���ទី១៣
កុ�ររងផលប៉ះ�ល់ពីវ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�"។ កម�វ�ធអភិវឌ��ន៍អង�
��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ�
��ំ២០០៩។
��ំ២០១៣។
��ហទំព័រ<http://content.undp.org/go/
១៦.
newsroom/2009/april/in-cambodia-women-and-
IFC
2008
ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។
children-hit-hardest-by-economic-crisis.en>.
��ហទំព័រ៖
http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/mekongpsdf.nsf
៨. សុ�ត, ��, និង �ន់ សុផល. �ព�យរង��ះ��ើន៖
n+Entrepreneurs/$FILE/Voice-of-Cambodian-Wome
កម���។ អង��រ Oxfam GP, ���ទី ១៥ ��កុម�ៈ ��ំ២០១០។
១៧. Ibid
និងកុ�ររងផលប៉ះ�ល់ពីវ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�"។ កម�វ�ធអភិវឌ��ន៍
��នឌ័រ
៧. ibid
/AttachmentsByTitle/Voices+of+Cambodian+Wome
ផលប៉ះ�ល់���រវ�បត�ិ��ដ�ពិភព�ក�ើ�� ីក� ង����ស
n-Entreprenure.pdf
៩. UNDP, និង Beth Neate. "�����សកម���៖ ���ី
១៨.
អង��រសហ����តិ
���ទី០៨�����
��ំ២០០៩។
��ហទំព័រ<http://content.undp.org/go/
ស��ប់ព័ត�នប���មមពីទំ�ក់ទំនងរ�ងសម�ព និងកំ�ើន��ដ�កិច�រយៈ��ល��ង
សូម�ើល៖
children-hit-hardest-by-economic-crisis.en>.
84af-4f7b-9be8-591c30c47aea>.
២០. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។ Rep. ២១.
Velasco,
E
2004.�រ��ឲ���នសម�ព
កម����ន�រអប់រ��ំងអស់���ើយរ��?
�ើ����ស
ដក��ង់��ញ
ពី � � ហ ទំ � រ ៖http://www.springerlink.com/content ២២. Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr.
កំ�ើន និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង ទីផ��រ�សុី ��ខ321. N.p.៖ធ�� អភិវឌ�� �សុី ��ធ���ំ២០១២ �ះពុម�ផ��យ រ�យ�រណ៍��ដ�កិច�របស់ ADB
២៣. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។ Rep.
N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។ ២៤. ADB. កម���: �រវ��គប����នឌ័រ���ំ����ស។ N.p.: ធ��រអភិវឌ��ន៍�សុី ��មក� ��ំ២០១២។
២៥. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។ Rep. N.p។
�រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ។
២០០៨។
��ក��
��ំ
២៦. Ibid
២៧. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។ Rep. N.p។
�រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ
២០០៨។
។
��ក��
��ំ
២៨. ADB. កម���: �រវ��គប����នឌ័រ���ំ����ស។ N.p: ធ��រអភិវឌ��ន៍�សុី ��មក� ��ំ២០១២។
២៩. IFC 2008។ ស���ងរបស់សហ��ិន����ី��រ។ Rep. N.p។
N.p.៖ធ��អភិវឌ���សុី ��ធ���ំ២០១២ �ះពុម�ផ��យ
៣០. Ibid
រ�យ�រណ៍ ��ដ�កិច�របស់ ADB
១០. ibid
Highlights/Lists/Posts/Post.aspx?List=b2b1f523-
Rodgers, Meulen, and Jospesh E. Zveglich, Jr.
កំ�ើន និងវ�សម�ព��នឌ័រ�ក��ង ទីផ��រ�សុី ��ខ321.
newsroom/2009/april/in-cambodia-women-and-
�� ហ ទំ ព ័ រ <http://www.snapundp.org/Weekly
/x1p5583014513426/
១៥. អ៊�នសិរ� ឃុត "មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សុី គឺ�
ត�����នឌ័រ USIAD/កម���។ �រ�ះពុម� ��ំ ២០១០ ។
�����
(២០០៩)៖
ILO និង CIDS។
៥. USAID, និង Charlotte Johnson - Welch. �រ�យ
���ទី០៨
���ត
ប៉ះ�ល់��វ�បត�ិ��ដ�កិច�ក�ង����សកម���”។
ដក��ង់��ញពី��ហទំព័រ។
Asia-Pacific
Weekly Highlights. UNDP ���ទី២៥ ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣
��តិបត�ិ�រ ��ដ�កិច� និង�រអភិវឌ��។
អង��រស��ប់សហ
១៤. �ក កង �ន់���រដ� �ក គីម �ន់� និង�ក��ី
ហិរ��វត��ពិភព�ក ODI។ ODI �� ��� ��ំ២០០៩
"�ព���គូស��ប់�រព��ឹងសិទ�ិអំ�ច
��នឌ័រក��ងវ�ស័យអប់រ�ស��ប់�ំ�ងអស់��៖
និងសហ��ិន�ព៖
១៣, Ibid
"កម���៖ឯក�រ�រពិ�ក���ើវ�បត�ិ
UNDP
��ដ�កិច�របស់��ី�ក��ង����សកម���"។
N.p។ �រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ ��ក�� ��ំ ២០០៨។
/cfe/smes/ arzenidohaspeech.htm>
4. Jalilian, Hossein, �ន់ សុផល, Glenda Reyes, និង
១៩.
��ះដូង����ដ�កិច�ពិភព�ក"។ សហ��ស��តតូច និង
����� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ហទំព័រ<http://www. oecd.org
៣. ibid
�រសហ����តិ
�ក��ងកិច���ជុំ��ញអង�ស�ីពី
��តមធ��ម
២.ធ��រពិភព�ក៖ "ទិដ��ពកម���" ��ហទំព័ររបស់
�ំង �ន់ហង��។
"មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សុី
��ឧស� ��ំ២០១៣។ ��ប�យ៖ ���ទី១១ ��មិថុ�
"មុខជំនួញ��តតូចរបស់កម����សុី
ទស��នៈ���ំស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព ពី�សុី។ មូលនិធិ�សុី
country/overview”
ឃុត
ស��ហ៍ និងទិដ��ព��សុី។ មូលនិធិ�សុី ���ទី១៣
និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�"
ធ��រពិភព�ក
អ៊�នសិរ�
គឺ�ឆ�ឹងខ�ង��និរន��ព��ដ�កិច�"។ �សុី៖ ទស��នៈ���ំ
�រជីវកម�រួបិយប័ណ�អន�រ�តិ
២០០៨។
។
��ក��
��ំ
៣១. Ibid
៣២. Ibid
ព័ត� ៌ នអំពី GADC អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ��ន៍�ម ើ �� ក ី ម�� � គឺ�អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ លក�ង �
��ក ុ មួយ��លមិនរក��កច ់ ណ ំ ល � �ើយ។
�ើយមិនប��ឲ ើ �� គណបក��ន��យ
អង��រ�នទទួលវ���បនប���រអនុវត��ន��ប់បទ��ន��ល
�ន��ងក��ង��ម���ល�រណ៍សីលធម៌
និងបទ��នអប��បរ�ស��ប់
អង��រមិន��នរ��ភ� ិ ល�ក�ង � ���ស � កម�� � �ល ពី�ស � � ី ��២ ំ ០១១។
អង��រ�ន��� ើ រ�យ�នកិចស � ហ�រ�មួយរ��ភ� ិ លកម�� � និង�
ស�ជិក��អង��រសង�មសុ ី វ � ល�ើ ម� � ី � � ើ � រតស៊ ូ មតិ � � កគ�� ង ឬកម� វ � ធ ី
��នឌ័រ ច��ប់�តិ និងកំ�រ� ទ��ង� ់ � � លន��យរបស់�� � ស � កម�� � ។ ចក�វ� ស � យ ័ របស់�ង ើ គឺកម�� � ����ស � មួយ��ល��ី� និងបុរស��វ� �នផ�ល់
នូវ�ពអង់�ចដូចៗ��
�ើម��ីចូលរួម�ក��ង�រអភិវឌ��
�រ��ើ��ស់ និង�រ�រ�រសិទ�ិរបស់ពួក��។
�រទទួល�ន
����សកម���។
៦
��ដ�កិច�
ខណ�ចំ�រមន ���នីភ�ំ��ញ ��ះ���ច��កម��� ��អប់សំបុ����សនីយ៍ ២៦៨៤ ភ�ំ��ញ ៣ ទូរស័ព� (៨៥៥) ២៣ ២១៥ ១៣៧ ទូរ�រ (៨៥៥) ៩៩៦ ៩៣៤
��ម ុ �រ�រនិពន� និង�ៀប�ៀង �ក��ី រស់ សុ�ព �យិ�អង��រ GADC �ក Mozammel Haque អ�ក��ក ឹ � � ប��ក � ��ស��ក � ��នឌ័រ
��សកកម�របស់�ង ើ �ើកកម�សស ់ ម�ព��នឌ័រ��ល�សិទម ិ� នុស�� �
មូល��ន�ំ�ច់ស��ប់�រអភិវឌ��សង�ម
�សយ��ន ផ�ះ��ខ ៨៩ ផ��វ២៨៨ ស��ត់អូ�ំពិក
និងន��យរបស់
អង��រ��នឌ័រ និងអភិវឌ�ន៍�ើម�ីកម��� (GADC)
�ក Dustin Barter អ�ក��ក ឹ � � ��ក � ��វ��វ និងទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង �ក ពុធ សុភៈ �យកកម�វធ � ី �ក ��ង សំបរូ អ�កស��បស��ល � ��ក � ទំ�ក់ទន ំ ង និង�ះពុមផ � � � យ