Gaza reconstruction | Introduction To Graduation project by Adele Jarrar

GAZA

CONSTRUCTI ON/RECONSTRUCTI ON

RESEARCHBASED DESI GN PROJECT

I NTRODUCTI ON TO GRADUATI ON PROJECT I NSTRUCTOR:Dr .YAZI D ANANI

ADELEJARRAR&HANEEN ODETALLA

T ABL EOFCONT E NT S 3

I NT RODUCT I ON

CHAPT E RI

COL ONI AL I SM,POWE R,ANDSP ACE T HE ORE T I CALANAL YSI SOFF OUCAUL T ’ S,WE I ZMAN’ S,E TALL I T E RAT URE

10 12 14 18 20 22 28

CHAPT E RI I

MAT RI XOFCOL ONI ALWARE F ARE 2. 1 2. 2

SE I GE SURVE I L L ANCE

2. 3 2. 4

E CONOMYOFDE AT H PSYCHOL OGI CALWARF ARE

2. 5

NE OL I BE RALE CONOMY

CHAPT E RI I I

CRI T I QUE

30 32 34 38 40 42

CHAPT E RI V

44 46 50 52 53 59 59 60 61

3. 1

F OUCAUL T+WE I ZMAN

3. 2

L ECORBUSI E R’ SOBUSPROJ E CT

3. 3

F ORE NSI CARHI T E CT URE

3. 4 3. 5

L E OPOL DL AMBE RT RE ONST RUCT I ON PROJ E CT SI N GAZA

COL ONI ALMAT RI X:PL UGGE D/UNPL UGGE D CONCE PT UALAPPROACH

4. 1

T YPOL OGYOFSP ACE

4. 2

APPROACH

CHAPT E RV

OPPOSI T I ON T O COL ONI ALMAT RI X/F ROM SI GNAL T O PRI NT 5. 1

HOW T O OPPOSET HECOL ONI ALMAT RI X//HOW T O SABOT AGET HECOL ONI ALGAZE

5. 2

RE L AT E DCONCE PT S/CASE S

5. 3

E XPE RI ME NT S E XPE RI ME NT#1 E XPE RI ME NT#2//CONCE PT UALANDSP AT I ALI NT E RPRE T AT I ON

BI BL I OGRAPHY

I NT RODUCT I ON

T hi sr es ear c hbas edexper i ment alpr oj ec tai mst or et hi nk c onc ept sofwar ,r ec ons t r uc t i on,andpowerr el at i onsi ns pac e. I temer gedaf t eradeepc onc ent r at edr eadi ngandunder s t andi ng ofv ar i ousl i t er at ur esonc ol oni al i s m,power ,ands pac es t ar t i ng wi t hF ouc aul di andi s c our s et ol i t er at ur epr es ent i ngv er y s i t es pec i f i canal ys i sofc ol oni al i s m ands pac ei nPal es t i ne, es pec i al l yi nGaz a,s uc haspr oduc t i onsbyar c hi t ec tE yal Wei z man,i naddi t i ont oobv i ousgener alhi s t or i c aland c ont ext ualbac kgr oundsofGaz a.Mor eov er ,i twasnec es s ar y t oc ar ef ul l ygr as pt heexi s t i ngt heor et i c alpr oj ec t st hat c onf r ont edc ol oni alpr ac t i c esi nPal es t i nees pec i al l ys pat i al l y , whi c hi nmos tc as eshadpr obl emat i cpol emi cpr opagandast hat demeanedt hePal es t i ni anent i t yasanac t i v eagent .T hos e ‘ I nt er nat i onalpr oj ec t s ’onPal es t i nec anbedes c r i bedi nL ebbeus Wood’ swor ds : ‘ ’' As t het i c i z i ngofVi ol enc e'andbei ngmer el y expl oi t at i v eofat r agi chumanc ondi t i on. ’ ’

QUOT E SON SP ACEANDPOWE R

“ T heexami nat i on,s ur r oundedbyal li t sdoc ument ar yt ec hni ques , makeseac hi ndi v i duala‘ c as e’ :ac as ewhi c hatoneandt hes ame t i mec ons t i t ut esanobj ec tf orabr anc hofknowl edgeandahol df ora br anc hofpower . ” ( F OUCAUL T ,197778) “ . . . i t ' smyhypot hes i st hatt hei ndi v i duali snotapr egi v enent i t ywhi c hi s s ei z edonbyt heexer c i s eofpower .T hei ndi v i dual ,wi t hhi si dent i t yand c har ac t er i s t i c s ,i st hepr oduc tofar el at i onofpowerexer c i s edov erbodi es , mul t i pl i c i t i es ,mov ement s ,des i r es ,f or c es . ” ―( F OUCAUL T ,197778) “ T hec l i ni c —c ons t ant l ypr ai s edf ori t sempi r i c i s m,t hemodes t yofi t sat t ent i on, andt hec ar ewi t hwhi c hi ts i l ent l yl et st hi ngss ur f ac et ot heobs er v i nggaz e wi t houtdi s t ur bi ngt hem wi t hdi s c our s e—owesi t sr eali mpor t anc et ot he f ac tt hati ti sar eor gani z at i oni ndept h,notonl yofmedi c aldi s c our s e,but oft hev er ypos s i bi l i t yofadi s c our s eaboutdi s eas e. ” ‘ T hepowerofnor mal i z at i oni mpos eshomogenei t y;buti ti ndi v i dual i z es bymaki ngi tpos s i bl et omeas ur egaps ,t odet er mi nel ev el s ,t of i x s pec i al i t i esandt or endert hedi f f er enc esus ef ulbyf i t t i ngt hem t oone anot her . ’( F ouc aul t ,1977,p. 184) “ Whenv i ol enc et akespl ac ei nc i t i es ,peopl edi ei nbui l di ngs , andbui l di ngsbec omeev i denc e. ” –E yalWei z manf r om F or ens i cAr c hi t ec t ur e “ t hemundaneel ement sofpl anni ngandar c hi t ec t ur ehav ebec ome t ac t i c alt ool sandt hemeansofdi s pos s es s i on. ” ( WE I ZMAN,2008) “ humani t ar i ani s mi ni t smi ni mal i s tf or m…ast hepr ac t i c eof ‘ l es s erev i l s ’ …[ t os us t ai n]l i f ewi t houts eeki ngt ogov er nor managepopul at i ons ,[ ort omake]pol i t i c alc l ai msont hei r behal f ,[ ort os eek]t or es ol v er ootc aus esofc onf l i c t s . ”( Wei z man, 2014)

13 F I G3:SE I GEON GAZA.( ODE T AL L A,2015)

SURVE I L L ANCE

SURVE I L L E NCE GAZAI SSUBJ E CT E DT O MANYF ORMSOFSURVE I L L ANCEANDMONI T ORI NG, AL LOFT HET I ME ,I N AL LPL ACE S.T HE SEME T HODSOFSURVE I L L ANCET AKEMANY F ORMS,e. g.T E L E PHONE T APPI NG,AE RI ALI MAGE S,DRONE S,ANDDAT A COL L E CT I ON WHI CHT AKET HEF ORM OFVI SUAL ,AUDI T ORYDAT A,ANDSI GNAL S. I NT HEL AT ECONT E MPORARYWARS,[ AME RI CAN WARON I RAQ AND AF GHANI ST AN ANDT HEI SRAL IWARON GAZA]T HEUSEOFDRONE S [MI L I T ARYPL ANE SRE MOT E L YCONT ROL E D]HASE ME RGE DST RONGL Y T OT HEE XT E NTT HATT HEDRONECAN BECONSI DE RE DT HE GODSI MUL AT OR,BE CAUSEOFT HE E ASYANDACCURAT EAI MI NG OFHUMANS, OFT HEDRONE S.

15 F I G4:ADRONE( geogr aphi c al i magi nat i ons . c om,2010)

PSYCHOL OGI CALWARF ARE

I N ADDI T I ON T OT HEWARON E ART H,T HEI SRAE L I SUSE ST HEPSYCHOL GI CAL PROP AGANDAI N ORDE RT O MI SL E AD,SCARE ,ANDI NF L UE NCET HEBE HAVI OUR OFT HEP AL E ST I NI ANS.T HI SCAN BEACHI E VE DF ROM T HEPHONE CAL L S, T E XTME SSAGE S,ANDL E AF L E T ST HATI SRAE LSE NDS.T HEI SRAE L I SAL SO I NT E RRUPTP AL E ST I NI AN RADI O ST AT I ONST OT RANSMI TT HRE AT I NG ME SSAGE S.T HE SEME SSAGE SE I T HE RASKSP AL E ST I NI ANST O DI SPL ACE T O ANOT HE RARE A[ E XODUSI NT HESAMECI T Y]ORT O SCAREPE OPL E T HATT HE YARERE SPONSI BL EOFT HE I ROWN F AT E ,ANDT HEROCKE T S OF[ RE SI ST ANCE ]AREPUT T I NGT HE M ON RI SK,I N ORDE RT O CRE AT E AN I NT E RNALCHAOS.

21 F I G7:ONEOFT HEL E AF L E T ST HATWE RET HROWN OVE RGAZA( www. nr g. c o. i l , 2005)

3. 4

L E OPOL DL AMBE RT ’ SWORK

I NT HI SPROJ E CTL E OPOL DL AMBE RTPROPOSE SAN ARCHI T E CT URET HAT I NHI SWORDS“ DRAMAT I ZE S,T HROUGHI T SARCHI T E CT URE ,AP AL E ST I NI AN DI SOBE DI E NCET OT HECOL ONI ALL E GI SL AT I ON I MPOSE DON I T S L E GALT E RRI T ORY”T HEI DE ASOUNDSI NT RI GUI NGBUTT HEPROBL E MAT I CI SATT HEE XT E NTT O WHI CHT HI SI DE AT OOKI T SL I T E RALPRACT I CE F ORI NST E ADOFAPRODUCT I VEDI SOBE DI E NCET HERE SUL THASF L OURI SHE DI NT O ARE L AT I ONSHI POFUNI NT E NT I ONALCHASEPL ACE ST HE AT OPPRI ORI T Y .T HEDE SI GNWASCL E ARL YI NF L UE NCE DBYAGRE ATE XOT I CI SM I N OBSE RVI NGT HECONF L I CTWHE T HE RI TBE F E T I SHI ZI NG T HEI DE AOFSUCHAVI OL E NTE NVI RONME NTORT HET RADI T I ONALF E T I SHI ZI NGOFT HEP AL E ST I NI AN NOMAD’ SL I F E . I N WHI CHT HEARCHI T E CT UREI T SE L FRE F L E CT E DASAN APP ARAT USE S T HATACTDI RE CT L YON P AL E ST I NI AN DAI L YL I VE S. “ ARCHI T E CT UREI ST HUSMANI F E ST E DASAP AL E ST I NI AN SHE L T E R,WI T H AN ASSOCI AT E DAGRI CUL T URALPL AT F ORM,WHI CHE XPRE SSE SI T SI L L E GAL I T YT HROUGHI T SARCHI T E CT URALVOCABUL ARY” T HI SI DE AOFACONST ANTPOT E NT I ALDANGE RWHI CHBASE ST HE DE SI GN OFAN ARCHI T E CT URALL ANGUAGET HATRE F L E CT SDI RE CT L Y ON P AL E ST I NI AN DAI L YL I VE S,I SPROBL E MAT I CI NT HESE NSET HAT SE L F I MPOSE DVI OL E NCEBE COME SAN I NE VI T ABL ECOMPONE NTT HAT SHAPE ST HEWHOL EL I F EOFT HEP AL E ST I NI AN RE F E RE NCI NGMAI NL Y T HEE XI ST E NCEOFAN I SRAE L IE NT I T YWHI CHDI SRE GARDST HEI DE NT I T YOFT HEP AL E ST I NI AN BYCRE AT I NGAN I DE NT I F YSOL E L YON T HE I DE AOFAP ARAL L E LP ART YATAHI GHE RST AT EOFPOWE R.

WE APONI ZE DARCHI T E CT URE :ADI SOBE DI E NT P AL E ST I NI AN BUI L DI NG

F I G12:I MAGE SF ROM L AMBE RT SPROJ E CT( www. l eopol dl amber t . net , 2010)

RE ONST RUCT I ON PROJ E CT S I N GAZA

3. 5

RE CONST RUCT I ON PROJ E CT SI N GAZA,WHE T HE RT HEONE SWHI CHWE RE PROPOSE DBYT HEUN,P AORT HEONE ST HATAREBE I NGBUI L TRI GHTNOW, WHI CHAREF UNDE DBYT HEGUL FUNI ON,E SPE CI AL L YT HEQAT ARIGOVE RNME NT , AREPROBL AMI T ACALON MANYASPE CT S.T HOSEPROJ E CT S,WHI CHARE RE SI DE NT I ALPROJ E CT S,DE ALWI T HT HENOT I ON OFDWE L L I NGF ROM APHYSI CAL ANDMAT E RI AL I ST I CL E NS,ASRE CONST RUCT I ON ME ANST O PROVI DEGAZANS WI T H'CONCRE T EBL OCKS'T OL I VEI N.T HE SEPROJ E CT S,DO NOTRE F L E CTON T HESOCI OE CONOMI CST AT USORPOWE RST RUCT URE SI NT HESOCI E T Y ,I N T E RMSOFARCHI T E T UREANDURBANI SM.T HOSE' NE W CI T I E S'E . GHAMADCI T Y , E MARAT ICI T Y . .AREPRE SE NT I NGANE WF ORM OFGAT E DCOMMUNI T I E S, SI MI L ART O RAWABII N RAMAL L AH.T HOSEPROJ E CT S,DOE SNOTRE F L E CTON T HEE VE RYDAY L I F EOFGAZANSI NT HE I RDWE L L I NGSNORT HE I RNE E DS.

SHE I KHHAMADCI T YI N GAZA

F I G13. A:HAMADCI T Y( AL WAT T ANVOI CE . COM, 2016)

41 F I G13. B:HAMADCI T Y( AL WAT T ANVOI CE . COM, 2016)

T YPOL OGYOFSP ACE S I N GAZA

SP ACE SI N GAZACAN BEF OUNDASMANYF ORMS, BORDE RS:OVE RL AND: NORT HOFGAZA E ASTOFGAZA SOUT HOFGAZA/RAF AH -COAST ALARE A//SE A -RE F UGE ECAMPS -WADIGAZA -E VACUAT E DSE T T L E ME NT S -CI T YCE NT E RS/SL UMS -NE W RE SI DE NT I AL‘ CI T I E S’e. gt heE mi r at ic i t y ,Shei khKhal i f ac i t y . . .

F I G14:MAPOFT YPOL OGYOFSP ACE SI N GAZA( BYAUT HORS, 2015)

CAMPS

COAST ALARE A

E VACUAT E DSE T T L E ME NT S

WADIGAZA

BORDE RS

BUI L T UPARE A

CROSSI NGPOI NT

APPROACH

ASE RI E SOFCASE ST UDYHOUSE SACCORDI NGT O DI F F E RE NTT YPOL OGI E S. T YPOL OGYXCOL ONI ALMAT RI X

I NVE ST I GAT I NGDWE L L I NGSASANOT I ON I NT HECI T Y ,I NT HERE L AT I ONT I ONSHI P WI T HSI T E S,E NVI RONME NT ALI SSUE S,POL I T I CALZONE S,ONCEWI T HSUBMI SSI ON T OT HECOL ONI ALMAT RI X,ANOT HE RWI T HOPPOSI T I ON T OI T ,ANDL AST L Y WI T HI NDI F F E RE NCET OI T(I NDI F F E RE NTI DE NT I T Y) .T HOSEDWE L L I NGSARE DE SI GNE DF ORT HEAVE RAGEUSE R.I NE ACHT YPOL OGY ,WEWI L L PRE SE NT3P ARADI GMSI N RE F E RE NCET OT HE I RRE L AT I ONSHI PWI T HT HE COL ONI ALMAT RI XASME NT I ONE DBE F ORE( SUBMI SSI ON, OPPOSI T I ON, ANDI NDI F F E RE NCE ) ,ANDCL ARI F YI NGT HEDI F F E RE NTOUT COMEOFE ACHCASE . T HECOL ONI ALMAT RI X:SE I GE ,SURVE I L L ANCE ,PSYHOL OGI CALWARE F ARE ,NE OL I BE RAL I SM E CONOMYOFDE AT H

3CASE SF ORE ACHT YPOL OGY , I N RE L AT I ON T OT HECOL ONI ALMAT RI X

F I G15:T YPOL OGI E SXCOL ONI ALMAT RI X( BYAUT HI ORS,2015)

RE L AT E DCONCE PT S/ CASEST UDI E S J abelT awi l/Pâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; s agotCol ony BY :DAAR

ATJ ABALALT AWE E LCOL ONY PROJ E CT ,SANDYANDAL E SSANDRO SE ARCHE DF ORT HEORI GI NALL AND OWNE RSOFT HECOL ONY ,BYUSI NG VARI OUSNARRAT I VE ,T HE NT HE Y DE P ARCE L E DT HEL ANDAND RE CORRE SPONDE VE RYP ARCE L E I T HE RT OI T SORI GI NALOWNE ROR T O ANE WT YPEOFF UNCT I ON RE L AT E DT O PE OPL E ' SNE E DS,BY MAKI NGT YPOL OGI E SF ROM T HEP ARE L S.

F I G17:DE P ARCL I NGOFJ ABALALT AWE E LSE T T L E ME NT( DAAR,2009) 48

HOW T O OPPOSET HE COL ONI ALMAT RI X?

4. 1

ST RUCT URALUNDE RST ANDI NGOFT HE SURVE I L L ANCESYST E MS

T HEMAT RI XOFCOL ONI ALWARF AREI SORGANI ZE D AROUNDARI GI DSYST E M OFSURVE I L L ANCE >L AT EMODE RN L I BE RALSURVE I L L ANCET E CHNI QUE S ATI T SPE AKHAVEDE VE L OPE DI NT O ASCI E NCEL I KE PRACT I CEAL LI NF AVOROFCRE AT I NGAP AT T E RN OF L I F EANAL YSI S[ CSI F E T I SH] >ANDCONCL UDE DT HATT HEAI M OFOUR ARCHI T E CT UREI ST O PRE SE NTASUBVE RSI VE RE SI ST I VEAT T I T UDE .( ani nv er t edgaz eoppos i ngt hec ol oni algaz e)

F I G18. A:ANT I DRONEF ASHI ON ( ADAMHARVE Y , 2014)

F I G18. B:

( WI KI L E AKS, 2015)

Works Cited Cook, J., 2012. Israel’s starvation diet for Gaza. [Online] Available at: https://electronicintifada.net/content/israels-starvation-diet-gaza/11810 [Accessed 16 12 2016]. FOUCAULT, M., 1977-78. SECURITY, TERRITORY, POPULATION.. 2 ed. PARIS: PALGRAVE MCMILLAN. VISMANN, C., 2001. THE LOVE PF RUINS. PERSPECTIVES ON SCIENCE, 9(2), pp. 196-209. Weizman, E., 2012. The Least of All Possible Evils: Humanitarian Violence from Arendt to Gaza. 2 ed. NY: VersoBooks. P38 Leopold Lambert

Lambert, Léopold. (2012). WEAPONIZED ARCHITECTURE: A DISOBEDIENT PALESTINIAN BUILDING (2010). Available at: http://www.leopoldlambert.net/2014/12/08/a-disobedient-architecture-in-the-westbank/ [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]. P32 Le Corbusier’s Obus plan

Bartolacci, James. 2013. Rewind: Modernist Dreams Of Utopian Architecture. Available at: http://architizer.com/blog/modernist-utopian-architecture/ (Accessed 19 Jan 2016) P6 Eyal weizman Arquine Digital. (2012). Entrevista Eyal Weizman | 13 Congreso Arquine [video] Available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nLpxtGEIidk [Accessed 17 Jan 2016]. Edited by author

P10+P11 Matrix Nassar, Emad. (2014). Destruction in Gaza. [image] Available at: http://www.crescentcityjewishnews.com/cease-fire-marks-end-to-israels-longestbloodiest-war-in-gaza/ Edited by author

P13 Siege

Lee, Robinson. (2011). Gaza - Lift the Blockade. [image] Available at: http://www.palestineposterproject.org/poster/gaza-lift-the-blockad [Accessed 17 Jan 2016]. Edited by author P15 Surveillance General Atomics Aeronautical. (2010). DWELL.DETECT.DESTROY. [image] Available at: http://geographicalimaginations.com/tag/reaper/ Edited by author

[Accessed 17 Jan 2016].

P16+P17 GAZA Created by author. Illustration (2015). [image]

P18+P19 economy of death ALS, CHRISTIAN. (2009). Gaza devestated [image] Available at: https:// http://christianals.com/gaza-devastated/ [Accessed 17 Jan 2016]. Edited by author

P21 PSYCHOLOGICAL WARFARE Unknown . (2005). Gaza Leaflet. [image] Available at: http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART/859/586.html [Accessed 17 Jan 2016].

P22+P23 Neoliberal Economy Executive office of the president of the United States. (1993). Yitzhak Rabin, Bill Clinton, and Yasser Arafat at the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on 13 September 1993. [image] Available: http://web.archive.org/web/20061123154643/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/pubpaps/19 93portv2.html [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]. Edited by author

P24+P25 OSLO

P26+P27 MONOLOTHIC CARPET

Created by author. (2015). Monolithic carpet. [image]

P33 Le Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Obus plan

Glen.H . 2009 . Le Courbusier and Pierre Jeanneret 1930 Plan Obus . [image] available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/glenhsparky/3540804708 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]

Glen.H . 2009 . Le Plan Obus in Algeria by Le Corbusier (1932). [image] available at: https://www.flickr.com/photos/glenhsparky/3540026813 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]

P39 Leopold Lambert

Lambert, LĂŠopold. (2012). WEAPONIZED ARCHITECTURE: A DISOBEDIENT PALESTINIAN BUILDING (2010).[image] Available at: http://www.leopoldlambert.net/2014/12/08/a-disobedient-architecture-in-the-westbank/ [Accessed 19 Jan 2016].

P54 TUNNELS 1 Abu Mustafa, Ibraheem. (2012) Smuggling cows in tunnels. [image] Availabe at: http://www.colorsmagazine.com/stories/magazine/85/story/gaza-strip Jan 2016].

[Accessed 19

2 REUTERS/ Abu Mustafa, Ibraheem. (2014). Palestinian tunnel workers smoke cigarettes as they rest inside a smuggling tunnel flooded by Egyptian security forces, beneath the Gaza-Egypt border in the southern Gaza Strip September 10, 2013. [image] Availabe at: http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/the-tunnels-of-gaza?articleId=USRTR3DQK9 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]. 3 REUTERS/ Abu Mustafa, Ibraheem. (2014). A Palestinian worker repairs a smuggling tunnel flooded by Egyptian forces, beneath the Egyptian-Gaza border in Rafah, in the southern Gaza Strip, February 10, 2013. [image] Availabe at:

http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/the-tunnels-of-gaza?articleId=USRTR3DQK9 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016].

4 REUTERS/ Abu Mustafa, Ibraheem. (2014). Palestinian groom Emad al-Malalha, 21, walks with Manal Abu Shanar, 17, his Egyptian bride inside a smuggling tunnel beneath the Gaza-Egypt border in the southern Gaza Strip March 21, 2013. . [image] Availabe at: http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/smuggling-a-bride-undergaza?articleId=USRTR3FAN6 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016].

P57 DETECTION 1/2/3 LiveLeak. 2014. Hamas terrorists run for their lives and leave even clothes behind as Israel hits terror tunnel.[image] available at: https://themuslimissue.wordpress.com/2014/07/17/hamas-terrorists-run-for-theirlife-and-leave-even-clothes-behind-as-israel-hits-terror-tunnel/comment-page-1/ [Accessed 19 Jan 2016].

4 AFP/Baz , Patrick. 2013. Smuggling tunnels from the border's Egyptian side. [image] Available at: http://www.bloomberg.com/bw/articles/2013-02-13/why-the-egyptiansare-flooding-the-tunnels-of-gaza [Accessed 19 Jan 2016]. 5 Reuters/Cohen, Amir. (2014).The entrance to a tunnel exposed by the Israeli military is seen on the Israeli side of the Israel-Gaza border [image] Available at: http://www.reuters.com/news/picture/the-tunnels-of-gaza?articleId=USRTR3DQK9 [Accessed 19 Jan 2016].