Katalog book english corrected7 by Adha Ufo

XV-XVII CENTURY MASTERPIECES FROM PRIVATE COLLECTIONS

World Through Art The art of European Old Masters that carries the principles of kindness and justice, noble morale and ethics, beauty and harmony, poetically brings about thoughts of the famous ancient Greek philosopher Plato, who said:

Beautiful images provoke beautiful thoughts, beautiful thoughts are able to create a more beautiful life, and having a more beautiful life we can attain absolute beauty. In all types of art the pervading need for interpreting the world’s finer side can be recognized; it is like a persistent struggle for everlasting true values. The Old Masters depicted earthly and divine reality, as guides who did not put themselves but their creation on a pedestal, as a message of a better human being. Looking at the paintings of those times, thinking and moving in the world of those pieces of art, many things become clearer. Here art represents the highest form of earthly existence, the historical consciousness carrying signs of the society’s cultural psychology. It refers to how our past was functioning and what the future should keep in mind. Art acts as a prism through which we can apprehend ourselves as those who are intellectual, sensitive and knowledgeable of the world, not ignorant but sympathetic, in order to clearly relate to our best possible role in this life.

This catalogue is dedicated to an extensive exhibition “Art Rules” displayed for the first time in Estonia in the historic Tallinn Town Hall. It is not intended to be a publication of thorough art research but a professional, easy-to-read, illustrative and emotional addition to the exhibition that is mainly focused on introducing the story of European Old Masters as well as the morality and aesthetics included in their works as valuable experience from history. All the paintings in the exhibition have been subjected to high-level art expertise in order to confirm their authorship. Each work includes also an extensive provenance which is not included in the catalogue but available to everyone who is interested on the exhibition website www.artrules.ee. The exhibition is organized by the company Art-Life Projekt OÜ that has also compiled and published this catalogue. Our objective is to organise high-level international art projects under the aegis of “world through art”. We endeavour to create more apparent and more intriguing dialogues and contacts between high-status art and the society. The team of Art-Life Projekt includes people with long-term art experience from all over the world: art experts, gallerists, art collectors and investors, to whom we are grateful for having privileged access to a large number of works that originate from different private collections and represent the most treasured periods of world art history and the most prominent authors. These paintings are usually not displayed in museums or public expositions but we are kindly given the opportunity to have them available to us for creating exciting new art projects. Art-Life Projekt welcomes everybody who wants to join our way of thinking, share experiences, ask for art-related advice, start collecting art, or offer their existent valuable collections to the service of our project. We are looking forward to meeting people whose ideas and suggestions might complement our activities, to acknowledge the dignified role of art in the society both in the past and today. When art that carries everlasting ideals is given more space to rule, better balance is created within ourselves and in the society. Curator and main organiser of the exhibition “Art Rules”

Art-Life Projekt 2

Old Masters in Tallinn Town Hall The exhibition “Art Rules” displays the works of European Old Masters from the 15th -17th century – an era, the spirit of which has touched Tallinn through common European cultural space and left its traces here.

In 1248, the King Erik IV of Denmark gave the citizens of Tallinn “all the same rights as the residents of Lübeck have”. With this act Tallinn (Reval) was incorporated into German cultural space. The Hanseatic League connected the shores of the Baltic Sea with Italian city states through the centres of Flanders – besides merchants and merchandise moving in both directions, so did also craftsmen, art and the spirituality of those times. Town halls were the most important buildings of hanseatic towns. Originating from warehouses built at marketplaces, they developed into stately structures as towns prospered. Tallinn’s town hall did not have anything in common with the ostentatious Flemish ones; its fortress-like architecture is more reminiscent of the 12th -13th century Italian burgesses’ palaces. As the town’s symbolic building, the town hall has been the centre of local authority and mentality, as well as an epitome of civic pride for over 750 years. Its spacious and well-lit halls built in the Late Gothic style became trendsetters in the architecture of the 15th century Tallinn. Slender and colourful pillars added to the hall’s festivity, the row of windows opening to the square linked the interior with the outdoors. Over hundreds of years the guests have been received in this house with music, plentiful tables and expensive gifts. The local art scene and its strong connection with European culture are manifested by historical masterpieces that have preserved in both the town and the town hall. The councillors’ benches and their carved ends from the 1360ies are a rare example of secular medieval woodcarving. Those elaborate compositions feature moralizing stories from courtly romance, antique culture and Old Testament. The town hall was the town’s representative building. Here everything had to be the best. For the creative spirit of Europe, Tallinn was an inspiring stopover. Cargoes of salt from Portugal and France kept the city’s treasury filled. The ships and warehouses of local merchants were full of colourful fabric rolls from Flanders. Local quality oakwood was merchandise of high value, used by both Lübeck and Flemish masters to paint their masterpieces on. The town council elected from among hanseatic merchants shaped the values of the town community, using their own money to support their town. Guildhalls and residential buildings were expanded, churches were built higher and their altarpieces were painted in the workshops of Bernt Notke and Herman Rode in Lübeck. In 1547, tapestries for the town hall were ordered from the famous Enghien via the merchants of Antwerp. These tapestries represented the ideals of the people of the Renaissance era, and the coats of arms of Tallinn woven into them emphasised the status of their owner. The 17th century changed the exterior of the town hall; the new Late Renaissance spire with open balconies was completed and fit with a weather-vane built already in 1530, symbolizing the courage and pride of the town’s citizens. The frieze of the Council Chamber is one of the most beautiful examples of Baroque art in Estonia. Together with the paintings it forms a unique ensemble depicting the principles of fair governing and high moral convictions of the council, following the example of Rubens’s and Rembrandt’s famous motifs. Tallinn has been developing and changing, yet preserving and appreciating through centuries the best and the most valuable that the town hall itself and its treasures of art give evidence of. Today Tallinn serves as an elegant frame for the works of European Old Masters, honouring with respectful bow the cultural connection that is centuries old and made clearly visible again by the presence of these artists in this beautiful old town. Elvira Liiver Holmström

Tallinn Town Hall 3

A Room Full of Paintings A large room full of paintings! The wonders of the world, imaginary and real, piled on the walls in colourful, detailed images in a variety of sizes. Displayed for the visitors to see, study and enjoy. As such, the exhibition “Art Rules” that this catalogue accompanies, might be described, but it applies even more to a painting by Adriaen van Stalbemt that is part of this exhibition. The picture, an allegory, represents the winged Art of Painting, fallen exhaustedly asleep on the lap of a figure with flaming crown who symbolizes intelligence, training and study. This early-seventeenth-century work is a token of the fascination of the period with the many aspects, material and visual, of the world, as well as with the imagery connected to old and new tales and to spiritual issues offered by religion. The figures in this painting are surrounded by sculptures, scientific instruments, and flowers and fruit provided by nature, from all of which they draw their inspiration. In a similar setting, another painting in the exhibition, by the enigmatic artist J. Boets, shows us elegant ladies representing Smell and Sight, the latter of course most appropriate in such a context. Sight is a one of the most important senses for mankind, and seeing – which involves looking and thinking about the information the eye receives – is a vital aspect of life. Modern man is constantly bombarded with colourful images, still and moving, made possible by ever-increasing technical skills. Cinema barely existed a century ago and television came much later, both media starting out in black-and-white, and it is difficult to realize that most daily newspapers had no colour illustrations until only a few decades ago. In the 16th and 17th centuries, images that reached people in daily life were at best relatively small black-and-white prints. Coloured images were available to view for the majority of the population only in churches and town halls. The emergence of the civilian merchant culture, the invention of oil paint, and a great improvement of the quality of life in general, particularly in the North- and South Netherlands facilitated the upcoming of a large number of highly skilled painters, who served an ever growing market. Until well into the 16th century, painting had first and foremost served religious purposes. Small and large altar pieces brought the stories and figures from the Bible closer to the people in a time when many were still illiterate. Often, several scenes from one story were represented in a single painting, like a comic strip avant-la-lettre, best represented in this catalogue by the painting from the 15th century, dedicated to the life of Virgin Mary, The Annunciation by the Master of the Upper Rhine. And a painting like Maerten de Vos’s Last Judgment makes it absolutely clear what the rewards were for a life devoted to the triumphant Christ – shown in heaven above, surrounded by all the saints – and what the gruesome alternative was. Other paintings represent, in a portrait-like format, the suffering of Christ or the endearing devotion of the baby Christ and his mother Mary for each other. Such images appeal to profound human sentiments which have remained completely recognizable over the centuries. With the upcoming bourgeois culture, representations of the various aspects of daily life also began to appear in painting, celebrating or mocking the joys of high and low life: elegant companies making music, as depicted in the painting by Willem Cornelisz Duyster, or peasants and town folk dancing, drinking and smoking like they were represented by Cornelis Bellekin, Pieter de Bloot or Egbert van Heemskerck. Although such paintings look like photographs from everyday life, they were carefully composed in order to attain the best possible composition, both visually, and to present the story or intention as well as possible.

Such a ‘story’ might be plain and simple (‘see how silly these peasants behave’) or multi-layered, with half-hidden references to biblical or political matters. They could also take imaginary forms, such as a scene with animals imitating humans. A lovely example is Cornelis Saftleven’s concert of animals in a barn: a monkey is directing a choir of cats, under the supervision of an owl and a pigeon. In the background a girl is playing the flute and a man is peeping in. Saftleven enjoyed painting allegories, and there may well be more to this scene than we can now understand. Like many seventeenth-century paintings, still lifes were composed on the panel or canvas with the aid of studies of individual objects, rather than that the artist arranged a still life before him on a table and portrayed it in oil paint. In the case of flower paintings in particular, such as Jan Brueghel’s jug of flowers bursting with the beauty of nature from about 1609, the artist assembled flowers from different seasons. Today, in times of world-wide trade and advanced green-house technology, we can assemble such a bouquet at any given time but in Brueghel’s day and age it was impossible to see snowdrops, fritillary, irises, and roses together. Moreover, several of the flowers in this bouquet have stems that are naturally far too short to even reach neck of the vase. For a long time, and certainly in Brueghel’s days, many of the flowers he depicted were costly rarities and as such this is a display of richness, which he himself indicated by placing some expensive jewels at the foot of the vase. About a similar painting, his patron, Cardinal Borromeo in Milan, wrote: “he indicates the cost of this work with the value of the jewels, a sum which I did in fact pay to the artist.” Likewise, many still lifes from the period are a display of rich, rare, and high-quality objects and foods. Jacob van Hulsdonck’s impressive early still life in this collection, painted probably only slightly later than Brueghel’s flowers shows a rich abundance, including fish, meat, cheese, butter and grapes, displayed on fine damask, and partly in newly imported, high-quality, rare Chinese porcelain, and supplemented with an elaborately worked silver-gilt salt. The delicate wine glasses were probably produced by Venetian glass makers who had settled in the north; similar glasses are also found in the still lifes by Osias Beert and David Rijckaert. Verisimilitude, accuracy of representing detail, was and is an import aspect of these still lifes. As viewers we are amazed by how real these flowers, fruits and objects look and we tend to forget that we are looking at oil paint on a flat surface. In the globalized world we now live in, in which extensive travel is available to many people and where images from all over can reach us only seconds after they were made, if not in real time, it is not easy to understand how in the 16th and 17th centuries for many people the world was small, and how fascinated they were by all those previously unknown objects and species, discoveries and inventions. Many of those novelties and unknown things came to them in images, often simple prints, and for who was lucky, in colourful, detailed paintings. At first sight, some of those paintings may be from a world too distant from ours to understand. But when we get closer, they can transport us to that world and we can share the joys and fascinations of the people they were initially made for. And with little effort, we recognize the basics of human interest in them, and we can certainly be amazed by the enormous skills of the painters that made them. Fred G. Meijer Senior curator Old Dutch and Flemish Painting Collections & Research

RKD – Netherlands Institute for Art History, The Hague

Monogrammist AG Master of the Upper Rhine Active in the Upper Rhine region, in the late 15th century THE ANNUNCIATION. HORTUS CONCLUSUS Oil, tempera on panel. 124 × 84 cm

painter from among the persons close to the famous German artist and engraver Martin Schongauer (possibly, his student or immediate assistant). He is named after the monogram inscribed on his most important works, such as the grand altarpiece of the Dominicans at the Unterlinden Musem in Colmar. It is most probable that apart from this altarpiece, the master has also painted the three fragments of the polyptych altarpiece, now lost, which is dated 1489 and is currently hosted by the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia. It was suggested that he might be identical with Anton Gerber, active in Pforzheim ca 1480 – 1515. Today the artwork by Monogrammist AG is represented in public collections worldwide, including the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England; the National Museum, Warsaw, Poland; the British Museum, London, England; the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Japan.

“The Annunciation” is a fragment of the polyptych altarpiece dedicated to the life of the Virgin Mary, dating back to about 1475 – 1499 and painted after the Holy Bible: Luke 1:26 – 38; The Old Testament, the Book of Ruth 4:17; Isaiah 11:1. It is a rare one-of-a-kind representation of the Annunciation when Archangel Gabriel announced the birth of Jesus to the Virgin Mary and she began the fast. This scene depicts the capture of the unicorn where the Archangel is shown as a hunter blowing his horn while his dogs are chasing the unicorn that seeks protection from the Virgin Mary. According to “Physiologus” (Greek, 2-3 centuries AD) the hunters can capture the unicorn only after it has lost its powers after being tamed by a virgin. The painting is an excellent example of narrative Christian art depicting religious and mythological themes. By preserving the archaic features to the fullest, the painter provides a new lyrical and intimate interpretation to the religious subject. The main focus is put on expressing real human feelings. The figures of saints possess the features of people of those times, possibly, common people. Thus Mary and Archangel Gabriel are not idealised in the painting; to the contrary, their outward commonness is underlined, spirited by inner beauty and holiness.

Adriaen van Overbeke and his workshop Active in Antwerp, between ca 1508 – 1529 ECCE HOMO Oil on panel. 68 × 56 × 23 cm

driaen van Overbeke lived in the house “Schylt van Engelant” on Keizerstraat in Antwerp. In 1508 he was listed as painter in the Liggeren, the register of Antwerp Guild of St. Luke. In addition to running his own workshop, Adriaen van Overbeke also cooperated with several other workshops in Antwerp. Gradually the artist withdrew himself from being actively engaged in their work and around 1520 he already had many assistants, which is why attributing paintings to the master based on stylistic criteria can be difficult. The artwork of Adriaen van Overbeke and his workshop is represented in the collections of the National Museum, Warsaw, Poland; the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, Holland; the Museum Maagdenhuis, Antwerp, Belgium; the Museum of Decorative Arts, Paris, France and various church collections: the Dome of Cologne, Germany; the Propsteikirche St. Maria, Kempen, Germany; the Church of St. Peter, Dortmund, Germany and in the Church of St. Victor, Schwerte, Germany.

The painting “Ecce homo” belongs to the Antwerp Mannerists group and in translation the heading means “behold the man”. The central panel depicts the episode in which Pontius Pilate presents Jesus with his crown of thorns to the mob. In the 15th century this was a much-appreciated subject as it was regarded as the embodiment of an ideal prince and his rejection of barbaric treatment of infidels. The figures on the central panel contrast with the depiction of the donators on the side panels who are represented in a sober, classic style pertaining to the 15th century Flemish tradition. The donators can be identified by their coats-of-arms. They are John Vowell and Alice Hooker from a renowned family of the late 15th and the 16th century, established in England, whose most famous descendant was Richard Hooker (1554 –1600), the founder of Anglican theological thought. The donators are depicted under the protection of their patron saints, John the Baptist and Alice. The latter is Alice de Schaerbeck (ca 1225 – ca 1250) a Cistercian nun who became a leper (hence the cut-off hands). The crown may refer to Queen Alice, the second wife of Otto I, who lived in the 10th century, succeeded her husband and reigned over Germany. This painting can be viewed as a milestone in Adriaen van Overbeke’s work. On the front sides of the closed wings of the triptych two skulls with memento mori: As I am so shall you be /And as you be so was I are depicted.

Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen Beverwijck 1500 – Brussels 1559 PORTRAIT OF A BEARDED GENTLEMAN Oil on panel. 50 × 37,5 cm

ccording to the Flemish art historian Karel van Mander (1548 – 1606) the artist Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen was born in Beverwijk in 1500. He is also known as Jan Mayo and as Barbalonga; the latter name refers probably to the length of his beard. Vermeyen was a painter and tapestry designer, probably a pupil of Jan Gossaert. About 1525 he became the court painter to Margaret of Austria, regent of the Netherlands, sister of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V at Mechelen. In 1535 he accompanied the Emperor Charles V at the conquest of Tunis. The painting of the Hafsid King of Tunis, Moulay Hassan, that has preserved until today, was painted during that journey. This journey supplied Vermeyen also with scenes for his later works, including tapestries designed 1545/48 for Mary, the Regent of Hungary. Nowadays paintings by Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen can be found in many museums, including the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland and private collections all over the world.

This wonderful portrait of a bearded gentleman by Vermeyen, dated 1534 and inscribed along lower edge “VIVITVR INGENIO CETERA MORTIS ERVNT” (“Genius lives on, everything else is mortal”) demonstrates his peculiar painting style. The author shows deep interest in the model’s character. The man’s tense facial expression and soft shine in his eyes are very convincing. However, the artist is mainly focused on conveying the texture of the man’s thick beard using light and shade, while colouring is of secondary importance. This silent figure is enlivened by gestures of his hands: while the man has one hand resting calmly on the skull, the other is pointing directly at the viewer with a mysterious but commanding gesture. Such work is known as vanitas, highlighting the vanity and futility of life’s endeavours. The skull as a reminder of the certainty of death, and the omniscient gesture of the man in the painting encourage the viewer to reflect on the transience of life: just as a portrait is a mere reflection of a person who was once lived, so a skull is only a form of a head that was once alive. This portrait is clearly influenced by the Italian Mannerists’ style of portraiture. The coat of arms in the upper right corner has been loosely identified with that of the Vétus family of Burgundy and Brittany.

The Master of 1518 Active in Antwerp, early 16th century THE ADORATION OF THE MAGI Oil on panel. 92,3 × 56,3 × 24,4 cm

he name “the Master of 1518” was first used by M. J. Friedländer, an art historian and specialist of the early art of the Low Countries, who was inspired by the date inscribed on the painted wings of a carved wooden altarpiece depicting the life of Virgin Mary in St. Mary’s Church, Lübeck, Germany. Over time a number of works have been grouped under this name. However, it has become evident that this name should not be understood as being a single master but includes a whole workshop active in Antwerp in the first quarter of the 16th century. It is believed that this workshop was led by Jan Mertens van Dornicke (Antwerp ca 1470 – 1527), although this fact has been disputed. Today the religious scenes by the Master of 1518 are represented in public collections of the Harvard University Art Museums, Cambridge, USA; the Palace of Fine Arts, Lille, France; the Honolulu Museum of Art, Honolulu, USA; the Bonnefantenmuseum, Maastricht, Holland; the Royal Museums of Fine Arts, Brussels, Belgium.

This triptych with the wooden carved upper part, signed with monogram “AD” on the central panel, is an excellent and well preserved example of one of the most often repeated compositions of those times. The work is close to the version held in the Palace of Fine Arts, Lille, France. The Gospel of Matthew tells of three Magi of the East who saw the star that predicted the birth of the Messiah. They came to Jerusalem to ask the road to Bethlehem. Reference to the Magi as kings is made in Psalms 72:10 – 11: “(10) May the kings of Tarshish and of distant shores bring tribute to him. May the kings of Sheba and Seba present him gifts. (11) May all kings bow down to him and all nations serve him”. The concept of the adoration of the Magi as kings was developed mostly by the early Christian writer Tertullian (ca 155 – 230). Not only people of all ages (old man, adult and young man) but also all the kings of the world have come to adore Christ. This subject was very popular in European church art, since it asserted the superiority of God (Church) over kingship (monarchy). The central composition of the painting with its quiet rhythm and majestic figures in the foreground emphasizes the spiritual significance of the depicted event.

Aelbrecht Bouts Leuven ca 1455 – 1549 CHRIST AS A MAN OF SORROWS Oil on panel. 33 × 24 cm

elbrecht was born into a family of famous painters of the Low Countries: he was the son and pupil of Dieric Bouts the Elder (ca 1415 –1475), brother of Dieric Bouts the Younger and uncle of Jan Bouts. Aelbrecht was greatly influenced by the works of Hugo van der Goes. Dieric Bouts the Younger inherited his father’s flourishing workshop, while Aelbrecht established his own workshop. In his creative work Dieric the Younger continued in his father’s footsteps but Aelbrecht developed his own unmistakable style that stood out by more expressive artistic images and vibrant colours. The artist worked primarily in Leuven where he was engaged also in restoring old paintings. Museums in Brussels, Antwerp, Berlin, Paris, Wurzburg, Warsaw, Prague, Stuttgart, Krakow, Madrid, Bonn, Lyon, Cleveland, Harvard, Pasadena and Honolulu are among the public collections that hold paintings by Aelbrecht Bouts.

The martyrdom and sufferings of Jesus Christ depicted with deep compassion are one of the central images of Christian art. Christ is shown wearing the crown of thorns; the drops of blood, weary face, tearful eyes, veins on the forehead and neck swollen from torture are painted with great realism. These dramatic, usually small pictures were created especially to evoke the state of conscious meditation in the viewer. Standing in front of the image of Christ who had suffered physical and mental pain to atone for man’s transgressions, the viewer could better understand the existential essence of altruism. The earliest example of interpretation of this theme is dated 1520 and is displayed at the back of the altarpiece wing in the National Gallery, Berlin, Germany.

Pieter Huys Antwerp ca 1519 – ca 1584 THE HARROWING OF HELL Oil on panel. 27 × 39,5 cm

ieter Huys was a Flemish Renaissance painter born into a family of artists. Both Pieter and his brother Frans Huys (ca 1522 – ca 1562) worked as engravers for the typographer Hieronymus Cock and for the firm of Christoph Plantin, a well-known publisher of the period. In 1545 Pieter became a master in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke. His style and choice of subject matter were most influenced by Hieronymus Bosch (ca 1450 – 1516). Huys’s figures, however, are more lifelike and he used stronger colours. Today only four signed and dated works by Huys are known to exist. The secular motif “The bagpiper”, dated 1571, is held in the State Museums, Berlin, Germany. The other three are religious subjects in the style of Hieronymus Bosch: “The temptation of Saint Anthony”, 1547, the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; “Inferno”, 1570, the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain; “The temptation of Saint Anthony”, 1577, the Museum Mayer van den Bergh, Antwerp, Belgium.

In this picture by Pieter Huys the fantastic visual world of Bosch with his strange, weird, bizarre scenes, special lighting effects and counterintuitive symbiosis of realism and fantasy are clearly outlined. This work by Huys is considered to be one of the best compositions on that subject. The painting depicts a mysterious scene of Christ descending into the depths of hell. The figure of the Saviour is surrounded by a bright aureola (mandorla), used to express his glory and divinity. Christ is dressed in a scarlet robe symbolizing the agony of his passion and he is holding a cross as a sign of his victory over death. According to the Letters of St. Peter, Christ descended into the realm of the dead between his death on Good Friday and the resurrection on Easter Sunday. Also Adam and Eve are among the souls that are meeting the Saviour. God’s prophecy written in the Old Testament was fulfilled – Jesus expiated the fall of man and brought the righteous out from Hell. Hell itself is depicted as a despondently gloomy and fiery pit populated by tormented humans condemned to sufferings for profane behaviour, and many-faced demonic creatures including the Leviathan who is devouring the souls of sinners. On one hand the painting with its concentration of horrors urges the viewer to reflect on the virtue of earthly life, but on the other hand it refers to the all-encompassing grandeur and grace of God.

The Master of the Plump-Cheeked Madonnas Active in Bruges, first quarter of the 16th century THE VIRGIN AND CHILD WITH SAINTS DOMINIC, AUGUSTINE, MARGARET AND BARBARA Oil on panel. 98,4 × 129,5 cm

he anonymous master from Bruges active in the first half of the 16th century has been attributed the name “the Master of the Plump-Cheecked Madonnas“. His style resembles the mature work of Gerard David and Ambrosius Benson, yet his paintings can be distinguished by the round faces of his characters, a trait by which the author was given his name. In the year 2000 this graceful altarpiece, manifesting almost divine peace, and seven other paintings were pointed out by the art historian Didier Martens as the most outstanding pieces by the Master of the Plump-Cheeked Madonnas.

This painting is the so-called sacra conversazione (holy conversation) – a format that originated from Italian Renaissance period, depicting the saints from different epochs together in one picture. The Virgin and the Infant Jesus are prominent in the centre of the scene, set against a vast, verdant landscape. Mary and the Child are attended by two male and two female saints who probably held special significance for the customers who commissioned this painting. Of the four saints included in the scene, Saint Dominic (1170 – 1221), the founder of the Dominican Order, stands at the far left, dressed in black and white habit. In front of him lies a dog with a lit torch in its mouth – the traditional symbol of the Dominicans. The Dominicans were also known as domini canes (dogs of God) due to their fervent faith and as a pun on Saint Dominic’s name. Saint Augustine of Hippo (354 – 430) stands to his right, wearing a red and gold mitre. He is holding a crozier and a heart, the symbol of his ardent devotion to religion. To the right of the Virgin there is Saint Margaret with a dragon under his feet, designating the power of pure faith and its victory over the demons trying to break it. Saint Barbara is standing next to her, holding a martyr’s palm which in Christian context also symbolizes the victory of the spirit over the flesh. She is standing in front of the tower where she was imprisoned by her father, a believer in pagan faith, for secretly becoming a Christian. Vegetation in the foreground is treated in great detail; the plants and herbs are identifiable and were chosen for their symbolic significance. In this painting the artist as a true Master has sensitively bestowed the earthly beauty to the service of the spiritual world, emphasizing the rightfulness of religious convictions.

Jan Brueghel the Elder Brussels 1568 – Antwerp 1625 STILL LIFE WITH TULIPS, ROSES AND IRISES IN A CLAY VASE Oil on panel. 66,2 × 51 cm

an Brueghel, also known as “Velvet” Brueghel due to the delicacy of his brushwork, was an artist of remarkable versatility. He is justly renowned for his landscapes and riverscapes but he also painted magnificent flower bouquets, many of which include depictions of precious objects, as well as mythological, allegorical and historical subjects. Brueghel’s refined and delicate images, often painted on copper, were highly valued by kings and princes throughout Europe. Jan Brueghel the Elder was the second generation in a dynasty of Flemish painters. Born in Brussels and taught mainly by his grandmother, Brueghel became a highly renowned artist during his lifetime already. In 1602 he was appointed Dean of the Antwerp painters’ guild. Jan the Elder travelled widely throughout Europe. During a three-year trip to Italy in the mid-1590s he gained the patronage of Cardinal Federigo Borromeo, who was fascinated by the unrealistic infinite space and unexpected perspectives in Brueghel’s paintings, combined with flowers and animals. In 1606 Brueghel became the court painter to Archduke Albert and Archduchess Isabella, the regents in the southern Low Countries – an honourable position that he retained for the rest of his life. The best known co-worker of Jan Brueghel the Elder was his friend Pieter Paul Rubens. Nowadays Jan “Velvet” Brueghel’s paintings are part of major museums’ collections, such as the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the National Gallery, London, England; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain, as well as private collections in different countries.

The “Still life with tulips, roses and irises in a clay vase” is dated to 1607 or 1608, based on stylistic similarities to other comparable flower pieces from private collections in Vienna, Prague, Cambridge and Switzerland. Brueghel’s flower still lifes have been highly regarded by collectors and critics alike from the very beginning, and the popularity of his works has never faltered. For differentiation purposes Brueghel’s flower paintings have been classified according to the types of containers holding the bouquets, or the size, number and types of flowers depicted. However, the most remarkable aspect is Brueghel’s extraordinary skill of creating such varied and exuberant works with a relatively small number of elements. Brueghel’s bouquets included both the rarest flowers and the most common ones such as roses, tulips and irises that helped to finalize the arrangements. Despite the repetition of motifs his works always remained remarkably fresh.

Marcellus Coffermans Active in Antwerp, 1549 – 1578 THE HOLY FAMILY WITH AN ANGEL Oil on panel. 97 × 74,6 cm

lemish painter, author of “cabinet” paintings and folding icons featuring religious scenes. He lived and worked in Antwerp in the middle of the 16th century. In 1554 the painter became a master of the Guild of St. Luke. The dated works by this artist originate from the years 1560 – 1570. Coffermans had a large and flourishing workshop. Apart from his own paintings he made scaled down copies of the works of earlier painters of the Low Countries, including Hugo van der Goes, Hans Memling, Rogier van der Weyden, Martin Schongauer. Works in such style were popular in Spain where a great number of Coffermans’ paintings are still exhibited in national institutions and private collections. Currently the paintings by Marcellus Coffermans are hosted in museums in New York, Madrid, Brussels, Antwerp, Liverpool, Philadelphia, Seville, Barcelona, Basel, Dublin, Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

This painting was almost certainly one the works painted by Coffermans commissioned by a Spanish client. Grapes depicted in the picture are very common in the iconography of biblical scenes. According to the medieval tradition grapes have a symbolic meaning, referring to the future passion of Christ originating from the meaning of wine as a Eucharistic element – the blood of Christ, as mentioned at the Last Supper. Besides the painting’s subject matter conveying human values, attention must be paid to the technical virtuosity of the author, to the beautifully painted perspective views of nature, characterised by harmonious lines and gradation of shades, creating sensitive panoramic distances. It is very likely that the composition won great appeal in Spain as the artist has created several versions of the work which differ only by the background and colour of the characters’ clothing, and that can be found in the Convent of Descalzas Reales, the Carmelitas de Salamanca, the Hospital de Medina del Campo, the parochial church of Elgueta and the Martínez Colon collection in the Puerto de Santa María de Cadiz, to name but a few. According to the experts, it is this version of the painting that is one of the best of the numerous ones that the author ever created.

Lucas Cranach the Elder Kronach 1472 – Weimar 1553 BACCHUS’S MYSTERIES Oil on panel. 59 × 39,4 cm

ucas Cranach the Elder embodied the ideal of a Renaissance man. He was active not only as a painter and a graphic artist but also as an entrepreneur and politician. Cranach is considered to be one of the leading painters and one of the most important and influential artists in the 16th century German art. His numerous significant paintings and woodcuts include altarpieces, court portraits and portraits of the leaders of the Protestant Reformation, alongside with many motifs of women known from the Bible or mythology – elongated female nudes or fashionably dressed ladies. The artist had an active workshop with several pupils and assistants, which successfully carried on his creative tendencies even after his death when his son Lucas Cranach the Younger started to run the workshop and created many later versions of his father’s works. Works by this great German master are exhibited in the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Pushkin State Museum of Fine Arts, Moscow, Russia; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Dresden Gallery, Germany; the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Brussels, Belgium; the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany and the Museum of Fine Arts, Leipzig, Germany, etc.

The painting “Bacchus’s mysteries” depicting the Roman God of Wine is dated 1530 and signed with the artist’s device of a dragon with spread wings. This work was executed during Lucas Cranach’s most productive period when he was mostly focused on antique and mythological subjects and had become acquainted with the ideology of Luther and humanist culture. The scene represents a wine orgy provoked by Bacchus, where mischievous Putti have gathered around the wine barrel and given themselves over to the pleasures of wine. Depiction of the provocative God of Wine known from mythology and the exaggerated scene with the Putti created in the artist’s fantasy serves the purpose of delivering the moral precepts regarding the harmfulness of alcohol, indecent behaviour and moral degradation. In this panel Cranach has also included one of his favourite motifs, the nymph in the landscape. This work can be considered unique for Lucas Cranach due to the unusual fact that the composition was never repeated again, although the artist and his apprentices were known for creating multiple versions of the master’s carefully arranged works.

Lucas Cranach the Younger Wittenberg 1515 – Weimar 1586 THE VIRGIN AND THE CHILD WITH INFANT ST. JOHN THE BAPTIST SLEEPING Oil on panel. 86,1 × 57 cm

on and pupil of the great German painter Lucas Cranach the Elder. In 1553 he was in charge of the famous Cranach workshop where at least 10 assistants worked at a time. Majority of the master’s works were created namely during the most active period of the workshop and are signed by his distinctive “trademark”, the image of a winged dragon. Such collaboration of artists was very characteristic of those days when sons continued in their fathers’ footsteps. It was the same with Lucas Cranach the Younger who assumed control over his father’s work and obligations after his death. The paintings by Lucas Cranach the Younger are often confused with those of his father as the similarities in motifs and style are obvious yet logical, considering the traditions. Today the works by Lucas Cranach the Younger are exhibited in many important art museums worldwide, for example in Berlin, Munich, Dresden, Leipzig, Vienna, New York, Paris, Budapest and Saint Petersburg.

This endearing depiction of the Virgin Mary and child Christ with the sleeping infant St. John the Baptist is now recognized as one of Lucas Cranach the Younger’s most outstanding paintings in private collections. This delicate scene with reference to the mystery of the Eucharist is like a celebration of familial love, and yet a dramatic image designed to evoke religious devotion in the viewer. The intimate emotion of affection, tenderness and love is emphasized by the child Christ offering the viewer a bunch of grapes from where he has picked one and brought it to his lips. As he begins to eat the fruit, his keen and omniscient, yet somewhat imploring look is directed to the viewer, reminding of the Christ’s words “this is my blood”, which he spoke at the Last Supper (Matthew 26:28). The compositional arrangement is greatly influenced by the High Renaissance innovations of Raphael and other Italian masters, manifested particularly by the triangular structuring of the group and the manner in which the child Christ is depicted standing in his mother’s embrace instead of lying in her lap or on a cushion, which would be expected. The dark background without any landscape elements to create perspective brings the three figures closer to the viewer; they seem to be right here in the tangible world, creating compassionate intimacy that enhances the scene. The artist has managed to support the essence of the image with technical solutions which add to its suggestiveness. This kind of composition became very successful and after 1537 numerous versions of it were painted, preserving until today.

Pieter Brueghel the Younger Brussels ca 1564 – Antwerp 1638 WINTER LANDSCAPE WITH A BIRD TRAP Oil on panel. 37,5 × 56,2 cm

lemish painter, older son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. He spent his career in Antwerp where he was listed as an independent master of the painters’ guild in 1584/5. Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted landscapes, religious and proverb based subjects, and village scenes. His genre paintings of peasants emphasize the picturesque, and are regarded by some as lacking Pieter the Elder’s subtlety and humanism. Pieter Brueghel the Younger and his workshop were prolific copyists of Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s most famous compositions. The artist’s other speciality was scenes of fires, which earned him the nickname “Hell” Brueghel. His most notable pupil was Frans Snyders. Pieter “Hell” Brueghel’s paintings are nowadays part of major museums’ collections, such as the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; National Brukenthal Museum, Sibiu, Romania; the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium, as well as private collections in different countries.

“Winter landscape with a bird trap” is one of the numerous copies made by the atelier of Pieter Brueghel the Younger after “Landscape with a bird trap and skaters” by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (1565, the Royal Museum of Fine Arts, Brussels, Belgium, no. 8724). With an amazingly beautiful landscape of a village in Brabant as a backdrop, the scene of the joyous winter pleasures on the ice is a philosophically symbolic one, the leitmotif of which is the transience of life. According to the scholars, the bird trap symbolizes the capture and death of birds, while the skaters on the fragile ice and the ice-hole refer to thoughtless imprudence; it is stressed that the two black crows in the sky could also be predicting death that lurks after the reckless skaters like a trap captures careless birds. Also the famous engraving “Ice skating before the gate of Saint George”, made after Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s original, carries philosophical thought, bearing a profound inscription in Latin, French and Dutch along the lower edge, “Sliding on the ice of human life”. Earlier copies of the painting are inscribed with a lengthy text that refers to Wisdom and Stupidity that people rely on when they “slide along their life that is even less lasting and more fragile than the ice”.

Hendrik van Steenwyck the Younger Antwerp ca 1580 – Leiden or The Hague ca 1649 LIBERATION OF SAINT PETER Oil on canvas. 151 × 125 cm

lemish painter and graphic artist who painted mostly architectural interiors inspired by palaces and churches, especially by the interiors of the Cathedral of Our Lady in Antwerp. He was the son and student of painter Hendrik van Steenwijck the Elder, one of the founders of the interiors’ genre in Flemish painting in the 17th century. Like his father, Hendrik the Younger was extremely skilful in painting compositions with perfect sense of perspective. While living in London he created works for Charles I but painted also architectural backgrounds for the pictures of the portrait painter Daniël Mijtens. After the execution of the English king in 1642 he moved to Holland, worked in Leiden and in 1645 became a court painter to Stadtholder Frederik Hendrik in The Hague. Today the paintings by Hendrik van Steenwyck the Younger are kept in many large art collections of the world, in particular, in museums in London, The Hague, Rome, Leipzig, Frankfurt, Stockholm, Bonn, Vienna, Dresden, Kassel, Braunschweig, Paris and Saint Petersburg. Several paintings by van Steenwyck are exhibited in the State Hermitage, one of which is “Saint Jerome in his cell”. This was a subject to which the artist returned time and again, inspired by Albrecht Dürer’s engraving of the same name („Hieronymus im Gehäus“) dated 1514.

This painting by van Steenwyck depicts a scene from the Bible – the story of freeing Saint Peter from prison. According to the Bible, Herod Agrippa I, the grandson of Herod the Great, began to persecute the Christians in AD 42. He put James, the son of Zebedee, to death, and imprisoned Peter for preaching the Word. In anticipation of the Apostle’s death, Christians prayed for him ardently. At night a miracle occurred: an Angel came to Peter, the chains were broken, and Peter was led out of the prison, unnoticed. The subject matter of the painting emphasizes the Bible’s doctrine, representing the undisputed existence of the divine world and supporting the faith of human beings. Characteristically of the artist the main focus of this work is on the architectural environment. The painting demonstrates van Steenwyck’s masterful use of light that contributes to the scene’s deep expressiveness. The complex perspective of the undercroft illuminated by the artificial light of an oil lamp fixed to the ceiling, and the suggestive poses of Biblical heroes testify to the talent of van Steenwyck. As an outstanding professional he belonged among the leading painters of the genre of architectural painting popular in Holland in the 17th century.

Jan Massys Antwerp ca 1509 – 1575 ALLEGORY OF CHARITY Oil on panel. 140,5 × 111,5 cm

an Massys was the son of Quentin Massys, one of the first and most important artists of the Antwerp School. His name does not appear in the list of apprentices of the Antwerp painters’ guild as he was probably trained by his father, who, as a member of the guild was not obliged to register his own son. Jan became an independent master in Antwerp immediately following his father’s death in 1531. In 1538 he married Anna van Tuylt. In 1544 he was suspected of heresy and exiled, not returning to Antwerp until 1555. His whereabouts during the decade of his exile have not been established with certainty. As no dated or documented works have preserved from the period before his exile, it is impossible to determine his early style and sources of influence while in exile, besides the logical influence of his father. It has been suggested that Jan Massys stayed in Italy and also in France – the influence of the School of Fontainebleau is definitely present in his mature work. His only dated work from his exile period is the overtly Italianate “Madonna and child” from 1552, in the Palazzo Bianco, Genoa, Italy. Many of the paintings from the artist’s “second Antwerp period” are dated, thus facilitating the chronology of Jan Massys’s later works and understanding of his creative development among the artists of Antwerp. Jan Massys’s works are exhibited in many museums around the world, including the Dallas Museum of Art, Texas, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; the Norton Simon Museum, Pasadena, California; the Palazzo Bianco, Genoa, Italy; the National Museum of Fine Arts, Stockholm, Sweden.

Jan Massys had particular interest in depicting the female figure. He is perhaps best known for his semi-nude, often heavily bejewelled women impersonating Susanna, Judith, Venus, the daughters of Lot or, in this painting, the personification of Charity. The artist’s characters often sit or stand in a setting with palaces, balustrades or exotic luxurious locations in the background, like the figure of Charity in front of a palm tree. The theme of Charity allowed Massys to explore the Mannerist maxim of dynamic intertwining of forms, though he never fully overcame the stiff poses of the prior generation and his smooth, enamellike technique is forever rooted in the style of his father. The present depiction of Charity is seen as inspired by Italian classical forms, such as the “Madonna and child” by Andrea Solario, a copy of which is held in the National Gallery, London, England; or the slightly smaller but very similar Charity in the Palazzo Bianco in Genoa, Italy that has been associated with Raphael’s “Madonna dell’Impannata” in Palazzo Pitti, Florence, Italy. The Christian Charity is part of Christian iconography, at least since the Renaissance. In the focus of this allegory are the contrasting aspects of human love versus divine love; the former is intended to illustrate the fragility of human love, and the latter the immortal love of the human soul. During the Counter Reformation the theme of a beautiful woman nursing her child was undoubtedly considered to be an allegory of Charity or Love. However, a woman could also represent a personification of the Roman Catholic Church, her children representing the human soul hungry for spiritual nourishment provided only by the Church’s sacraments. That was an undeniably powerful Catholic doctrine rejected by most Protestant denominations. 34

Frans Snyders Antwerp 1579 – 1657 STILL LIFE WITH BIRDS AND FRUIT, AND A CAT Oil on copper. 37,2 × 55 cm

amous Flemish painter, one of the great masters who had significant influence on the development of the genre of still life in European art. He studied under Pieter Brueghel the Younger in Antwerp in 1592 -1593, and Hendrick van Balen, the first tutor of van Dyck. In 1602 he became a master of the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke. After his travels to Italy in 1609, Snyders was employed by Pieter Paul Rubens. According to the tradition of those times when a painter was specialized in a certain genre or motifs, it was common practice to work with other artists at creating a picture. Snyders as an extraordinary animalist and master of still life, painted animals, fruit and flowers in Rubens’ paintings, for example. At the same time, Snyders’ colleagues painted human figures into his works. From among the creative heritage of the artist special credit is given to the spectacular monumental decorative paintings called “Pantries” and “Stalls” that were intended for spacious ceremonial halls. Frans Snyders had a large prosperous studio in Antwerp with numerous assistants and students. Today the paintings of Frans Snyders that were popular among his contemporaries, are exhibited in the museums of Amiens, Amsterdam, Antwerp, Basel, Besançon, Braunschweig, Brussels, Budapest, Copenhagen, Dresden, Ghent, Karlsruhe, Kassel, Madrid, Munich, Oxford, Paris, Philadelphia, Stockholm, Vienna, Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

In the history of world art the Low Countries have become the etalon of the genre of still life where the artists treated each object with utmost precision and detail but also with poetry and symbolism. The major theme of those times expressed by still lifes through their iconography, was predestination — memento mori (remember death) – a warning that everything on this earth, living or not living, is temporal. This painting was displayed in the monumental exhibition of Flemish art at the Royal Academy of Arts in London in winter 1953. It was the only work on copper out of six exhibited works by Frans Snyders. This seemingly random combination of flora and fauna, bound only by emotion, still carries a deeper hidden meaning. Birds are pecking at wild strawberries in a bowl, oblivious of a cat that has its own agenda with the birds. The painting is a tense story open to the viewer, telling aboutthe sinful nature of all living creatures and illusiveness of virtue next to the fruit that are beautiful and delicious but still destined to decay.

Master of the Madonna from the Grog Collection Active in Brussels, in the late 15th century VIRGIN MARY WITH INFANT JESUS Oil on panel. 73,5 × 106,5 cm

ittle is known about the life of this talented master from Brussels. He was a member of the inner circle of the so-called Master of the Embroidered Foliage, whose name contemporary researchers rightly identify with Aert van den Bossche. Religious scenes painted by this great master are exhibited in the Palace of Fine Arts, Lille, France; the Church of Our Lady, Bruges, Belgium; the Burgos Cathedral, Burgos, Spain; the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Holland.

Based on the depicted motif and panel format it can be assumed that this triptych was intended for private prayer in a family chapel in a church, or a house chapel. Based on the masterfulness, harmonious colouring, deep spirituality and lyricism characteristic of the author, the painting is attributed to the artist who is referred to in scientific literature as the Master of the Madonna from the Grog Collection, active in the late 15th century. On the central panel the Madonna and the child are depicted; the gentle face of the Madonna is lit up by a subtle smile, her eyes are glowing with hidden sadness. The two are painted against masterfully executed panoramic landscape – an evidence of yet another skill of the painter. The Madonna is crowned by angels. On the left wing the artist has depicted Saint Elizabeth of Hungary who is holding a book and a crown. The beggar at her feet asking for help symbolizes charity – Elizabeth was the patron saint of the leper and outcasts of the society. On the right wing a donator is kneeling at a pedestal that bears the image of heraldic fleur-de-lis. In the entire Christian art the paintings with Virgin Mary represent the deepest humanly love and compassion, where the image of the Virgin in her motherly and self-sacrificing simplicity acquired divine dimensions. The worship of Madonna Lactans was especially widespread in Italy. In the first half of the 14th century a depiction of the Virgin breastfeeding the infant Jesus could be seen in the churches of Tuscany and Florence. However, the most celebrated image of the Virgin Mary breastfeeding the infant Jesus is “Madonna Litta”, traditionally attributed to the great painter and scientist Leonardo da Vinci (1452 — 1519).

Jan den Uyl the Elder Utrecht 1595/96 – Amsterdam 1639 BREAKFAST STILL LIFE Oil on panel. 78,5 × 49 cm

an den Uyl is recognised as an important and highly accomplished master whose creative work is an excellent example of early Dutch still life painting. Although the artist painted also landscapes and scenes with animals, his main subject was tables laid with various food items (banketjes). These delicate, almost monochrome paintings were much sought after by his contemporaries, including the artist Pieter Paul Rubens. Uyl belonged among the most outstanding still life painters; he was a peer of Willem Cz. Heda (born ca 1596) and Pieter Claesz (born ca 1597). The artist’s works were a valuable contribution to the artwork of that period. Nowadays Jan den Uyl’s paintings can be found in many museums around the world, including the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Holland; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA, as well as in exclusive European private collections.

The authors of banketje still lifes loved to create an enigmatic atmosphere in their paintings; the items on tabletops were depicted so as to invite the viewer to analyse every little detail in the composition, to look for associated meanings between the food and other objects that were often intricately intertwined. Jan den Uyl, however, revelled in the simplicity of the genre, stripping it to its bare essentials. Also in this still life he uses a strikingly minimalist composition that seems to be an elaborate study of texture and reflection. Although the layered positioning of the objects appears haphazard and spontaneous at first glance, it expresses, in fact, purposeful and carefully structured geometry. An ascending diagonal line that starts from the right moves along the objects and converges with another diagonal line that starts from the edge of the tablecloth at bottom left. Together they climb to an off-centre apex, crowned by a tall Venetian goblet with a decorative swan head. Technically brilliant, this realistic still life depicts the trademark features of 17th century Dutch painting characterized by the accentuated play of light and shadow, the carefully calculated perspectives between objects, and enchanting reflections creating an illusion of reality.

Pieter Paul Rubens Siegen, Westphalia 1577 – Antwerp 1640 PORTRAIT OF A WOMAN, POSSIBLY MARIE DE’ MEDICI (1575 – 1642) Oil on canvas. 62 × 48 cm

rominent painter and graphic artist, Head of the Flemish National School of Art in the first half of the 17th century. Rubens’s contemporaries called him the king of painters and the painter of kings. Due to his versatile talent, industriousness and deep erudition Rubens is considered to be one of the most outstanding figures in European culture of the 17th century. From 1600 Rubens lived in Italy, working at the court of Vincenzo I Gonzaga, the Duke of Mantua. After his return to Antwerp in 1608, Rubens soon became the court painter of the Archdukes Albrecht and Isabella. For years he was also active in diplomacy. Upon return to Antwerp Rubens started to lead a large studio that became the main centre of arts in Flandria for a long period. The numerous orders he fulfilled together with his assistants, many of whom were renowned artists in their own right, for example Van Dyck, Jordaens, Snyders. The paintings of Pieter Paul Rubens are nowadays part of major museums’ collections, such as the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the National Gallery, London, England; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain, as well as private collections in different countries.

This striking, psychologically appealing and inviting portrait of a woman is an important rediscovery from Rubens’s Mantuan period. Portraits from this period are exceptionally rare. Dated to ca 1600 – 1602, this work belongs among the artist’s earliest portraits. According to experts, the pearl necklaces may have been painted by one of Rubens’s co-workers or added during later periods. In the first decade of the 17th century the painting style of Rubens evolved substantially. The compositions of his earlier portraits were influenced by Frans Pourbus II, who painted in the conservative style of the Mantuan court where the models were presented in their correct static splendour as if both the model and the author were following a prescribed accepted etiquette. Rubens’s manner, however, was more picturesque and liberal; although he seemed to follow the approved canons, the artist appeared to be less restrained and more daring, which demonstrates his powerful artistic nature. Rubens’s portraits were sensitive and alive, like this picture of Marie de’ Medici who was the second wife to King Henry IV of France and one of the most significant historical female figures of the time.

Osias Beert the Elder Antwerp ca 1580 – 1624 STILL LIFE WITH OYSTERS, ROASTED CHICKEN, SWEETS AND DRIED FRUITS Oil on panel. 58 × 92 cm

ot many facts are recorded about this artist’s early life. He is assumed to have been born in Antwerp around 1580 and to have studied under the little-known Andries van Baesrode (or: van Baseroo). He joined the city’s Guild of St. Luke in 1602. Beert trained several pupils, of whom only Frans Ykens appears to have become a still life painter. Osias Beert is known as a painter of only flowers and fruits. He rarely signed or monogrammed his work, and never dated it. Since knowledge about the early stage of Flemish still life is very fragmentary, numerous works of that period are attributed to this artist. Osias Beert painted mostly on oak panels, using a glazing technique. By using multiple superimposed layers of very fluid oil, he was able to obtain an impression of transparency and multicoloured glow. The delicate white butterfly in the centre of the foreground also appears in a number of Beert’s still lifes. Nowadays paintings by Osias Beert the Elder can be found in many museums, including the Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna, Austria; the National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the National Gallery of Armenia, Yerevan, Armenia and in private collections all over the world.

In their successful endeavours to convey a world of abundance and beauty, the 17th century painters created sumptuous tabletop still lifes to delight the viewer’s senses. Osias Beert was one of the first artists to specialize in still life painting at the time when working in this genre was still minimal and the few works that were created, remained modestly anonymous. Beert’s mastery of illusionism and his carefully arranged compositions were the hallmarks of his style. His breakfast pieces, usually referred to by their Dutch name “ontbijtjes” (”little breakfasts”), depict the scene from a high viewpoint with a forced perspective. This technique is primarily seen in early Flemish and Dutch still life painting. His flower still lifes, often presented as a scene of a vase in a narrow niche, are reminiscent of the works of Ambrosius Bosschaert. It is speculated that he collaborated also with Pieter Paul Rubens. The closest stylistic analogies to this work can be found in the National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA, “Dishes with oysters, fruit and wine”, dated ca 1620/1625.

William Scrots Active in 1537 – 1553 PORTRAIT OF A NOBLEMAN WITH A FALCON Oil on panel. 27 × 19,4 cm

he extant documentary evidence regarding Scrots’s life and career is limited, but in 1537 William Scrots was appointed painter to Mary of Hungary, Regent of the Low Countries. He was in Antwerp in 1544. From later inventories we know that during this period he painted at least two portraits of the Empress Isabella and one of the Emperor Charles V. In 1545, he went to England to take up a position as a painter at the court of Henry VIII, where he was the highest paid artist of the time. The most remarkable work attributed to Scrots is a portrait of Edward VI painted in distorted perspective. This type of “anamorphic” portrait was popular in the Habsburg court in the early 16th century - designed to amaze the viewer and display the artist’s skills, the distorted image appears unintelligible at first glance but, when viewed from the right angle or using a special viewing device, the perspective is corrected. Portrait paintings by William Scrots are represented in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery, London, England; the Royal Collection, London, England; the Arundel Castle, England; the Windsor Castle, England and at the Louvre Museum, Paris, France.

This small portrait of a nobleman by William Scrots is a rarity demonstrating vividly the skills that the author is renowned for. Scrots achieved his extraordinary popularity as an innovative portrait painter due to his studies of geometric perspective and optical illusion in painting. The artist was also fond of depicting fashionable clothing and accessories in their finest detail. This painting is characterised by strong oval composition, precise perception of space and skilful use of light. The colour contrast between the deep green background and black clothes is conveyed with great subtlety. Both in art and literature falcons were indicators of social status but also metaphors for aspiration toward advanced knowledge. So the hunting falcon perched on the gentleman’s left hand may characterise him as a member of aristocracy, or it may represent his profession, a falcon handler.

Jan Brueghel the Younger Antwerp 1601 – 1678 THE ENTRY OF ANIMALS INTO NOAH’S ARK Oil on copper. 69,5 × 87 cm

an Brueghel the Younger was a representative of the Brueghel family of Dutch painters. Grandson of the “Peasant” Bruegel, Jan Brueghel the Younger created works in a style similar to his predecessors. Along with his brother Ambrosius he painted landscapes, still lifes, allegorical and other compositions exhibiting abundant details. Jan was travelling in Italy when his father died of cholera. He returned immediately to Antwerp to take control of the studio. He soon established himself as an artist, becoming a member of the Antwerp artists’ Guild of St. Luke in 1625. In 1630, he was appointed Dean of Antwerp oratory chamber De Violieren and the Guild of St. Luke. The artist was highly credited and beloved in society. Jan Brueghel’s astounding versatility is revealed in his sporadically kept diary that was published by J. Denuce and M. Vaes. In 1630–31, Jan Brueghel the Younger was commissioned by the French court to paint the Adam Cycle. It is also known that in 1651 he produced paintings for the Austrian court. Jan Brueghel the Younger’s best works are his extensive large-format landscapes. Works by this master are hosted by the largest national public collections, including the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Brooklyn Museum, New York, USA; the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, England; the Palazzo Ruspoli, Rome, Italy, and others.

Jan Brueghel the Younger was extremely talented at composing landscape motifs. The painting of Noah’s Ark demonstrates that skill vividly, with the lush forest greenery separating and dividing the animals, and joining the composition into a whole. To the left, the waters of the Flood are flowing, leading to the ark waiting in the blue distance, the colour tonality of which blends masterfully into one with the painting’s perspective. Birds fill the skies; some await their commands sitting on and under the bare tree to the left, disturbed only by a pair of dogs barking at them. The composition is derived from the panel by Jan Brueghel the Elder, also known as “Velvet” Brueghel, painted in 1613 and held in the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA. The exotic animals on the right reflect Jan the Elder’s time at the court of Archduke Albert VII of Austria, by whom he was employed from 1608 until his death. The archduke kept exotic animals, which provided Brueghel with realistic material and unprecedented knowledge for depicting the animals most lifelike. Jan the Younger’s confident brushstroke and palette of bravura made the animals lively and playful. Noah and his family, subdued by the enormity and lushness of the scene, prepare for the journey on a central grassy plain. Overcome by the wickedness of the human race, God resolved to cleanse the earth with a great flood. He spared only the lives of the family of Noah, the sole just man. God instructed Noah to build an ark and to take on board a male and a female of every species of bird and beast.

Jan van Kessel I Antwerp 1626 – 1679 ALLEGORY OF SIGHT: A COLLECTOR’S CABINET WITH A VIEW OF ANTWERP IN THE DISTANCE Oil on copper. 61,9 × 82,5 cm

lemish painter of still lifes and flowers; active mainly in Antwerp where he became a member of the painters’ guild in 1645. Jan van Kessel continued the traditions of his grandfather, Jan “Velvet” Brueghel, and was also influenced by Daniel Seghers. He was a pupil of Simon de Vos and also Jan Brueghel the Younger. Kessel was a very versatile artist who painted floral bouquets and fruit pieces among other types of still lifes, as well as genre paintings and compositions with animals. He also made designs for tapestries, especially for the floral borders. However, van Kessel is perhaps best known for his finely executed small-format works painted on copper plates, where the artist depicted insects, seashells and flowers. Today Jan van Kessel’s paintings are represented in important public and private collections worldwide, including the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the National Gallery of Art, Washington, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Museum of Fine Arts, Rennes, France; the National Museum, Warsaw, Poland.

In this beautiful picture painted on copper, Jan van Kessel reveals himself as a master of great refinement. He cooperated closely with other Antwerp artists which was a common practice among the painters of the era. This cabinet painting is a vivid example of several artists working together: the pictures and objects depicted in the painting have been attributed to Jan van Kessel, the female figure and Putti to Pieter van Avont (1600 – 1652), while the landscape and the sculptures have probably been painted by at least one more author. Iconographically, similar works with art galleries and kunstkamaras follow the example of the series of allegorical paintings by Jan Brueghel the Elder “The five senses” (1617 – 1618, the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain), “The seasons” (1616, New Palace, Bayreuth, Germany) and “The four elements” (the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria), exhibiting a wide variety of genre elements. As for style the current work is closest to Jan Brueghel the Elder’s prototypes “Allegory of Sight and Smell” and “Allegory of Sight”, considering that Pieter Paul Rubens participated in completing the latter. Both these works are currently held at the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain. Here another fact is worth mentioning – pointed out by the German art historian Justus Müller Hofstede and concerning the female figure in the foreground looking at the mirror held by Putto – that this is a depiction of the goddess Juno personifying the science of Optics. This emphasizes yet again how the artists of those times were connected with the historical universe from where they drew experience both from mythology and religion, and combined it all into one message addressing their contemporaries. 52

Edwaert Collier Breda, active before 1663 – London or Leiden 1708 STILL LIFE WITH A ROEMER, LEMON, HAZELNUTS ON A TABLE Oil on panel. 49 × 37 cm

he artist signed his Dutch works “Edwaert Colyer” but later anglicized his name to Edward Collier. He joined St. Luke’s Guild in Leiden in 1673, at which time he was also a member of the guild in Haarlem. Edward Collier’s substantial body of works consists of three types of still life, a small number of genre paintings and portraits, and occasional history scenes. The artist’s still lifes refer mostly to the inevitability of death, and temporality (vanitas). Occurring less frequently are “traditional” still lifes with smoking utensils or foodstuff. Thirdly Collier was devoted to compositions with letter racks and of prints displayed on wooden boards, using the technique of creating the illusion of three-dimensionality trompe l’oeil. Many of Collier’s vanitas and trompe l’oeil paintings include English texts and objects and were probably painted for the English market. Among the public collections that hold paintings by Edwaert Collier are the Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague, Holland; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Indianapolis Museum of Art, Indiana, USA; the National Museum of Western Art, Tokyo, Japan; the Tate Gallery, London, England and the Finnish National Gallery, Helsinki, Finland.

Still life, or painting of inanimate objects, was widely practiced and diverse in Holland. The Dutch masters inherited their love for ample detail from the old Netherlandish School, along with the skill of conveying the physical properties of the objects they depicted, in which they achieved true virtuosity. The “Still life with a roemer, lemon, hazelnuts on a table” (signed and dated in 1663) is a fine example of tonal painting and of the so-called ontbijt or breakfast pieces by Collier, painted in the style of Pieter Claesz and Willem Claesz Heda, the great still-life masters of Haarlem. All the “personages” in the picture – a drinking glass, lemon and hazelnuts – constitute a vibrant group where the recent human touch still lingers. The painting basks in modest intimate atmosphere, creating a harmonious illusion of reality, steeped in geselligheit, a concept that embodies properties like tenderness and cordiality, designed for leisurely viewing and contemplation. However, the simplicity of this still life does not mean that philosophical and allegorical depth, related to the symbols of vice and virtue, and the popular Dutch subject of temporality, is absent from the painting. The goblet of wine is a traditional symbol of Christ and his sacrificial death on the cross, while cracked walnuts and hazelnuts symbolise the dual nature of the Saviour: both human and divine. The lemon as a false friend or amicus fictus characterized the deceitful nature of outward beauty, behind which lie bitterness, resentment, etc.

Paulus Bor Amersfoort ca 1601 – 1669 A HORN PLAYER Oil on panel. 55 × 47,5 cm

aulus Bor is one of the most fascinating painters of the 17th century. Coming from a wealthy noble family, he probably did not need to paint to earn income. This might explain his preference for bold and unconventional motifs rarely painted by other artists, for example in “Ovid’s tale of Cydippe” displayed in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland (“Cydippe met de appel van Acontius”, 1645-1655, 151 × 113,5 cm, no. SK-A-4666). Bor rarely signed and dated his works, but experts can identify his pieces by his unique painting style. Extravagant by artistic nature, Bor adopted a very peculiar, modern and stylish approach. In his paintings dramatic lighting effects are combined with classical formalism. It is obvious that the Dutch master’s artistic vision was largely inspired by the art of his contemporaries Rembrandt and Caravaggio, that he saw during his stay in Rome in the 1620s. Many works by Paulus Bor are exhibited in state museums such as the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the National Museum in Poznan, Poland; the Museum of Fine Arts in Rouen, France; the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, England; the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa, Canada; the Central Museum of Utrecht, Holland, and in prominent private collections in Europe.

Paulus Bor was fond of mythological and allegoric subjects that he depicted and elaborated on with his distinctive expressivity. The painting of a horn player, who is suggestively and compellingly looking at the viewer, seems realistic yet fairy-tale-like at the same time, raising questions both about his person and his story. Whatever the horn player’s secret that Bor has so mysteriously captured, his puffed cheeks and assessing glance make the image lively and appealing, and highly memorable. It seems like the character in the picture wants to manifest independence that would exceed the earthly social standings and be favoured by heavenly beings. This work is somewhat revolutionary, creating a desire to follow the free-spirited sound of the horn played by Bor’s character, confronting the general canons the same way as Bor himself did as an artist. This portrait is exceptionally valuable as it is one of the few Bor-attributed pieces, and not more than 30 works by Bor are known today.

Anthonie van Borssom Amsterdam 1630 – 1677 A MOONLIT RIVER LANDSCAPE Oil on panel. 68,6 × 114,8 cm

ainter and graphic artist. One of the greatest masters of the Amsterdam School in the third quarter of the 17th century. Anthonie van Borssom received professional artistic training in Rembrandt’s famous studio in Amsterdam, which he attended during the second half of the 1640s. Beside Rembrandt he was also influenced by the animal paintings of Paulus Potter, landscapes of Jacob van Ruisdael and moonlight landscapes of Aert van der Neer. Among the public collections that hold paintings by Anthonie van Borssom are the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the National Gallery, London, England; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Museum Bredius, The Hague, Holland; the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England.

Van Borssom’s “A moonlit river landscape” was greatly influenced by the style of Dutch most well-known landscape painter Aert van der Neer who is famous for his sensitive twilight paintings where light is cast by a small campfire or the moon. Van Borssom completed and signed several works of similar composition, most notable of which is held in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland. As only five of the artist’s paintings are dated, the scholars have had difficulty in tracing his stylistic development and making generalizations. However, Van Borssom’s moonlit landscapes painted in the manner of Aert van der Neer are considered to be some of his most successful works. These paintings express the nature’s ideal timeless beauty and the inherent connection with it common for the people of those times. The subtle evening light, houses dormant at the water’s edge, boats rocking gently in the summer night’s moonlight, the highly delicate and sensitive colour spectrum rendering the Northern subdued temper. Only truly great masters are able to capture a moment full of genuine emotion and carry it over the centuries. It is only them whose paintings radiate to this day the warmth and diligence that the artists put into their works while seeing themselves as the tools of the highest creative spirit.

Pieter Brueghel the Younger Brussels ca 1564 – Antwerp 1638 THE PAYMENT OF THE TITHE (VILLAGE LAWYER) Oil on panel. 55 × 47,5 cm

lemish painter, older son of Pieter Brueghel the Elder. He spent his career in Antwerp where he was listed as an independent master of the painters’ guild in 1584/5. Pieter Brueghel the Younger painted landscapes, religious and proverb based subjects, and village scenes. His genre paintings of peasants emphasize the picturesque, unlike his father who focused on elaborate finishing of details. Pieter Brueghel the Younger and his workshop were prolific copyists of Pieter Brueghel the Elder’s most famous compositions. The artist’s other speciality was scenes of fires, which earned him the nickname “Hell” Brueghel. His most notable pupil was Frans Snyders. Pieter “Hell” Brueghel’s paintings are nowadays part of major museums’ collections, such as the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA; the National Brukenthal Museum, Sibiu, Romania; the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium, as well as private collections in different countries.

The painting “The payment of the tithe”, signed and dated by the author, is one of Pieter Brueghel’s most popular compositions, of which both the artist and his workshop have produced multiple versions. Very few of those paintings are signed and dated. Nowadays only nineteen such works have preserved, dated from 1615 – 1630. Brueghel does not idealize the everyday life of peasants, he conveys a purely realistic vision of common people; his style is easily recognizable by the meticulously polished technique and majestic colours. The scene depicts a tax collector’s office where people have gathered to pay their duties to the authorities, being forced to give away their last possessions. The work was boldly socio-critical in its time. This painting used to belong to the Veil-Picard family for several centuries and will amaze the viewer by its perfect condition. Arthur-Georges Veil-Picard (1854 – 1944) took great interest in collecting the drawings and paintings of old masters and during his life he donated numerous paintings to several French museums and collections.

David Rijckaert II Antwerp 1586 – 1642 STILL LIFE WITH TRAYS OF OYSTERS, DRIED FRUIT, CHESTNUTS AND SWEETS Oil on panel. 46 × 75,3 cm

t the end of the 16th century and in the 17th century the Rijckaert (or Ryckaert) family that lived and worked in Antwerp gave rise to several Flemish painters. Their surname suggests that the family was rather well-off or even rich, since “rijckaert” in Dutch translates into “rich person”. However, this remains merely a speculation since relatively little is known about the artistic career of David Rijckaert I (or David the Elder) and his financial situation. It is known that in addition to being a painter he worked also as a brewer and was active as a decorator of sculptures. David Rijckaert II was the brother of the landscape painter Maerten Rijckaert (1587 – 1633). In 1607–1608, he was admitted as a master into the painters’ Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp. Among his contemporaries David Rijckaert II was mainly known as a painter but also for his activities as an art dealer. He had a workshop where, in addition to his son David the Younger, he trained also other students, including the famous Flemish portrait painter Gonzales Coques (1614 – 1684). Still lifes by David Rijckaert II are represented in the collections of the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium; the Museum of Fine Arts, Ghent, Belgium; the National Museum, Wroclaw, Poland; and the Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Enschede, Holland.

In the endeavour to convey a world of abundance and beauty, the 17th-century painters created sumptuous tabletop still lifes to delight the viewer’s senses. David Rijckaert II is one of the most refined painters of this popular genre. Each element in his paintings, whether food or glassware, was carefully arranged, demonstrating his mastery in conveying textural effects and realistic details of objects. These works can be regarded as celebration of the richness of the flourishing Flemish culture. This still life consists of luxurious foods and expensive art objects. The lively interplay of light and shadow elevates every edible delicacy in the painting to a special status and even the opened succulent oysters look like pieces of jewellery. Like many other painters of his time, Rijckaert II emphasized the importance of each exquisite object separately by avoiding their overlap in the painting and composing his scenes as if seen from above. This technique allowed him to maintain the individual character of each of his compositional elements and to use the full palette of colours. The composition with oysters is created with great sensitivity; the objects in the painting are combined impeccably and in best decorative harmony. Here the realism of the painter’s pictorial style practically leaves the impression of an optical illusion. In comparison to similar dated works, this painting can be dated to between 1615 and 1620. In that early period every still life contained symbols and references without which the work was not considered complete. 62

Carl Borromäus Andreas Ruthart Danzig 1630 – L’Aquila after 1703 HUNTING SCENE WITH LEOPARDS KILLING A DEER Oil on canvas. 68 × 82 cm

arl Andreas Ruthart is best known for his paintings of wild animals, as during his stay in Antwerp (1663–64, according to the guild’s register) he came into contact with Flemish artists who painted mostly animals and still lifes. Carl Ruthart is indisputably considered to be one of the best animal painters in German art of the 17th century. His style was strongly influenced by the works of great animal painters such as Frans Snyders and Pauwel de Vos. His travels led him via Regensburg to Vienna, Venice and Rome. In 1672 he became a monk of the Celestine order at the monastery of Sant’Eusebio in Rome, Italy; later he is recorded as a monk (Pater Andrea) at the monastery of Santa Maria di Collemaggio in L’Aquila (Abruzzo region, Italy) where he lived and worked for the rest of his life. Even when living in a monastery, withdrawn from the world, he remained true to painting animals and hunting scenes. Today works by Ruthart are exhibited in the museums of Florence, Vienna, Nuremberg, Leipzig, Paris, Prague, Saint Petersburg, Smolensk and Budapest.

The compositions of Carl Andreas Ruthart lack the excessively vigorous baroque dynamics but demonstrate his skill of rendering the essence of nature in harmony with the decorative effects created by the artist. Ruthart’s works enjoyed great success among his contemporaries and found their way into several collections, including those of Cosimo III de’ Medici, the Grand Duke of Tuscany; Archduke Leopold Wilhelm of Austria; and Duke Karl Eusebius of Liechtenstein. The artist rarely dated his works but deciding by the level of professional skill exhibited in this work and the certain manner of painting characteristic of the period, this scene of a fierce battle between two leopards and a deer is painted by Ruthart during 1665 – 1667. The work’s naturalism and true-to-life quality leave an impression of a real fight between animals; however, considering the era, this scene can also be interpreted as an example of an unequal battle paralleled to the world of human beings, where two powerfully dominating individuals attack one, referring to the inevitable reality of the predator’s nature but also to its excessive cruelty.

Adriaen Thomasz Key Antwerp ca 1544 – after 1589 PORTRAIT OF A BEARDED MAN WEARING A CHAIN OF GUILD BUCKLES Oil on panel. 50,8 × 39,7 cm

driaen Thomasz Key was a distant relative and a pupil of Willem Key, a leading Flemish Renaissance portrait painter. Especially his works from the 1570s are remarkably similar with those of his teacher. Although he made altarpieces for several churches in Antwerp, including the high altar of the Franciscan church, Key is most admired for his portraits and his power of objective observation. After the Sack of Antwerp by the Spaniards in 1576 the Calvinist Key remained in his native town, although many of his fellow Protestants fled north. Key must have been a highly respected artist in his lifetime already, for he painted numerous portraits of William the Prince of Orange, the great leader in the struggle for independence in the Low Countries during the Spanish rule. His later portraits depicting mostly the citizens of Antwerp place greater emphasis on the sitter’s status – probably an influence of Antonis Mor. Key’s chiaroscuro woodcuts demonstrate that he was familiar with the work of the Flemish Italianate artist Frans Floris. The work of Adriaen Thomasz Key is represented in public and private collections worldwide, for example the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Mauritshuis Royal Picture Gallery, The Hague, Holland; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Museum of Fine Arts, Rennes, France.

The portraits of men painted by Adriaen Thomasz Key fascinate the viewer with the complexity and depth of characters. The artist created his own concept of psychologically expressive portraits where the ascetic setting and neutral background highlight and give prominence to the face and disposition of the person in the painting. This portrait is an excellent example of Key’s virtuosity in not painting the model as a naturally static figure but as an individual with personality. The painting was published in Koenraad Jonckheere’s monograph where the author writes, “Through the extremely precise and detailed light effects the wrinkles of the skin acquire depth and the face character, all of which makes an astoundingly genuine impression”. The man depicted in the painting remains unknown; however, the chain of guild buckles on his clothing characterises him as a noble man in authority, a prominent member of the guild and meritorious citizen of Antwerp. The buckles carry the monogram HG and the Habsburg eagle that were probably the symbols of the arms of the Margrave of Antwerp.

Jan Abrahamsz van Beerstraten Amsterdam 1622 – 1666 THE SHIP CALLED BREDERODE DURING THE BATTLE OF SCHEVENINGEN Oil on canvas. 111 × 146 cm

utch painter Jan Abrahamsz van Beerstraten is considered to have been a pupil of Claes Claesz Wou (Amsterdam 1592 –1665), a marine painter in the Flemish tradition, whose influence is felt in Beerstraten’s paintings of sea battles. The artist’s southern ports and seashores were influenced by the works of such Dutch Italianate painters like Nicolaes Berchem and Jan Baptist Weenix. Unlike his townscapes, Beerstraten’s ports were entirely imaginary; sometimes a well-known Northern European building was incorporated into the skyline on the shore. Beerstraten is very convincing in conveying southerly light in his paintings, for example in the ”Imaginary View of a Port with the Façade of Santa Maria Maggiore of Rome” (formerly known as the “Port of Genoa” 1662; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France) although it is not known whether he visited Italy himself. For his Italian subjects the artist may have copied drawings given to him by Johannes Lingelbach, an Italian-school painter who had been to Italy and who occasionally painted the figures in Beerstraten’s compositions. Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraten’s paintings are represented in the following collections, among them the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, USA; the National Gallery, London, England; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, England; and the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, England.

In this painting Jan Abrahamsz Beerstraten depicts the final sea battle of the First Anglo-Dutch War between the fleets of England and Holland at Scheveningen in 1653. In the center of the composition the fighting between the opposing flagships, the Brederode and the Resolution, has been depicted, painted by the author in 1654. The Brederode was a warship that served as the flagship of admiral Maarten Tromp and was sunk by the Swedes in 1658. With utmost virtuosity this marine painting depicts the skies imbued with cold light, powerfully merged with the water and the dynamic composition of the ruthless battle raging between the warships. Resorting to the war theme the artist has captured an important political event of the time, giving recognition to a powerful historical battle scene and paying respect to the actual heroic generals of war and their accomplishments. Throughout art history the battles both on land and at sea have been a widely used subject, referring simultaneously to the noble principles that were allegedly the reasons for going to war, and to the disastrous absurdity of war hidden behind these impressive scenes. Beerstraten’s sea battle is idealizing, depicting the magnificent warships in full sail like a formal portrait; emphasizing however the human undercurrent of the whole event and remembering those who perished in the fight.

Boets J Active in Flanders, up to 1635 - after 1660 ALLEGORY OF THE SENSES OF SIGHT AND SMELL Oil on canvas. 135 × 200 cm

ery few facts are known about the life of J. Boets, only that he worked in Jan Brueghel’s workshop and has become recognized mostly for reproducing his teacher’s works. The spelling of his name varies, being either Boets, Booets or Booetz, denoting his part in the artistic process where the assistants played an important role next to the masters. The master created the original composition, specified the idea and morale of the work, and his pupils helped to create different versions of it. The workshop assistants painted under the guidance of the master, applying their best skills, uniting fine handicraft with natural talent. Boets is an interesting example of a studio painter of those times who greatly contributed to the spreading of his master’s works.

The depiction of “curio cabinets”, or kunstkamaras, with a collection of paintings, various objects of art and other curious items can be regarded as an independent genre, the forefather of which was most likely Frans Franken II. Such paintings did not only demonstrate the national prosperity of the Southern Low Countries during the reign of Archduke Albert and his wife Isabella who played an important role in the development of culture and arts, but these opulent compositions also reflected the success of the art market and social significance of the art collecting culture in Antwerp at the beginning of the 17th century. “Allegory of the senses of sight and smell” appears to be one of the most ambitious compositions reproduced by Boets. The cabinet in the painting transforms into an impressive theatre, an immense gallery where Allegories are depicted as two female figures sitting at the table surrounded by items identifying them: the fragrant flowers as the sense of Smell, and a mirror and magnifying glass as the sense of Sight. The large gallery is full of works by the greatest masters from Antwerp, antique sculptures, rare valuables, books and astrological instruments. Putti on the left and the two small monkeys on the right add decorative splendour to the picture. The painting fascinates with its dense composition where the viewer’s eye moves from one figure to another, constantly noticing new details that perhaps remained unnoticed at first, trying to recognize the paintings depicted on the gallery’s walls or identify the sculptures at the back.

Herman Saftleven II Rotterdam 1609 – Utrecht 1685 LANDSCAPE WITH TRAVELLERS Oil on canvas. 114,3 × 125,7 cm

orn and raised in Rotterdam, Saftleven moved to Utrecht in 1632, where he worked in a variety of different styles, creating barn interiors with still lifes in the manner of his brother Cornelis, and landscapes that resemble the works of Abraham Bloemaert and Jan van Goyen. In the early 1640s Saftleven was enchanted by the Italianate landscapists in Utrecht – first, Bartolomeus Breenbergh and then Cornelis van Poelenburg, with whom he collaborated on the painting “Arcadian landscape” in 1643 (the Herzog Anton Ulrich Museum, Braunschweig, Germany). Jan Both, who had returned to Utrecht in 1641, seems to have had the greatest influence on Saftleven, which lead him to adopt Both’s richly detailed style, his carefully graded compositional formula and his unforgettable use of golden southern light. The master’s works are represented in major public collections, including the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; the National Gallery, London, United Kingdom; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Museum Bredius, The Hague, Holland.

This Saftleven’s Italianate landscape was long assumed to be the work of Jan Both by virtue of its striking stylistic resemblance to his work. It was only after the painting had left the collection of Sir Francis Cook (1817 – 1901) in Doughty House, Richmond, in around 1950, and some time after being exhibited as Both’s work in 1953, the painting was cleaned and Saftleven’s signature and date 1646 were discovered. In 1965 J. Nieuwstraten published it for the first time with its correct attribution, drawing attention to the brief close relationship between Both and Saftleven in the mid-1640s. The picture has been painted with remarkable sense of artistic freedom and verve. However, Both’s influence is considered to have been short-lived; there is only one other strictly comparable work by Saftleven, also painted in 1646. Later Saftleven worked at developing the style of depicting the panoramic landscapes of the river Rhine which he is best known for and which he remained true to for the rest of his career.

Cornelis Saftleven Gorinchem ca 1607 – Rotterdam 1681 A CONCERT BY CATS, OWLS, A MAGPIE AND A MONKEY IN A SHED Oil on panel. 48,5 × 48,5 cm

ornelis Saftleven came from a family of artists: also his father and two brothers are known as painters. After studies in Rotterdam, possibly under his father, Cornelis travelled to Antwerp around 1632. The artist used a wide variety of subject themes. His earliest works are portraits and peasant interiors influenced by Adriaen Brouwer but the artist depicted also beach scenes and biblical and mythological themes. In 1634 Cornelis was in Utrecht, where his brother Herman Saftleven the Younger was living and the two began depicting stable interiors, a new subject in peasant genre painting. By 1637 Cornelis had settled in Rotterdam where he became Dean of the Guild of St. Luke in 1667. Saftleven’s greatest contribution to Dutch painting are his images of Hell. Equally innovative were his satires and allegories. Saftleven excelled in painting animals and he often portrayed them as active characters, with a hidden allegorical role. Also well known are Saftleven’s black chalk drawings with single figures, usually young men, or his sketches of animals with Savery’s influence. Nowadays about two hundred of his oil paintings and five hundred drawings have preserved. Today the paintings by Cornelis Saftleven can be found in many museums and private collections all over the world. The best works are kept in the Dallas Museum of Art, Texas, USA; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Royal Collection, London, England; the Academy of Fine Arts, Vienna, Austria; the Bowes Museum, County Durham, England.

This work is a fascinating example of Saftleven’s engaging satire and peculiar subjects. In the painting a young man and a child are seen at the barn door watching a monkey conducting a chorus of cats, while an owl and a magpie are cheering them on. All the cats are wearing fine ribbons and collars, and one has an elaborate headpiece. The barn floor is strewn with playing cards, dice and bottles of alcoholic spirits, all referring to sinful idle life. In the 17th century cats, monkeys and magpies were all regarded as capricious and untrustworthy animals, while owls, who nowadays are the symbol of wisdom, marked ignorance and overindulgence. In fact, “zoo zot als een uyl” (“drunk as an owl”) was a popular Dutch idiom denoting the fact that an owl, accustomed to seeing at night, could not see clearly during daytime and would stumble around as if intoxicated. The moral lesson for the two characters in the doorway and for the viewer of Saftleven’s painting seems rather clear: a life of lassitude, indulgence and excessive enjoyment of pleasures is wasted and animalistic existence. Saftleven has painted at least one other version of this work. It has been suggested that it may be based upon a lost composition by Jan Brueghel the Elder. In those days it was natural that different authors were connected with each other and had obvious influence on each other’s works; thus the compositions of Saftleven reveal the influence of his contemporary, David Teniers the Younger, whose work had inspired him during his trip to Antwerp in 1632. 74

Abraham Danielsz Hondius Rotterdam 1625 – London 1691 BOAR HUNT Oil on panel. 46,5 × 62,5 cm

braham Hondius, a Dutch painter of the Baroque period, was born into the family of a stonemason. He studied painting under Cornelis Saftleven (1607/08 – 1681) and possibly under Pieter de Bloot (1601 – 1658). He was known primarily for his animal paintings: more than two thirds of his works are devoted to animals. In 1666 he moved to London where he painted views of the city streets and squares, of the Thames and London’s bridges. His last known work is “Ape and cat fighting over dead poultry”, dated 1690. His creative work bears resemblance to Flemish artists of the previous generation, especially to the scenes by Frans Snyders of hunting wild animals with hounds. Today Hondius’s work is represented in the public collections of the most important museums worldwide, among them the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Cleveland Museum of Art, Ohio, USA; the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, England; the Kelvingrove Art Gallery and Museum, Glasgow, Scotland; the Museum of Fine Arts, Bordeaux, France, and the Slovak National Gallery, Bratislava, Slovakia.

Depictions of various hunting scenes were very popular in Holland in the middle of the 17th century. This was encouraged by the artistic-aesthetic moods spreading in the society, by general economic growth and by the interest of the new fundamental social class, the Burghers, in this kind of entertainment. For example, rich citizens who could not afford the real “sport of the kings” could purchase a painting featuring a hunting scene and exhibit it in their home. Although Hondius’s style was influenced by several painting styles, the features characteristic to Frans Snyders and his student Jurian Jacobs with their monumental Baroque painting and attraction to decorativeness and picturesque scenery are clearly evident in the composition. Contrasting colour combinations - red, turquoise, and lemon yellow, unusual swirl-shaped perspective elements, dynamic ornament of lines and unexpected compositional accents add expressiveness and movement to this work.

Pieter de Bloot Rotterdam ca 1601/2 – 1658 PEASANTS MAKING MERRY OUTSIDE AN INN Oil on panel. 65 × 98,4 cm

utch landscape and genre painter active in his home town Rotterdam. There are no records documenting under whom he studied but he produced a surprisingly large number of works, depicting mostly coarse peasant scenes that reveal the influence of Adriaen Brouwer and David Teniers II. Countryside scenes with peasants was a subject that Pieter de Bloot specialized in with passion, as can be seen from his “Drunken peasants fighting” (the National Museum, Poznan, Poland) and “Dancing in a tavern” (the Museum of Fine Arts, Budapest, Hungary). His landscapes were influenced by Jan van Goyen, although the latter included more figures and was richer in narrative detail. One of de Bloot’s more humorous works is his early interior painting “In the lawyer’s office” (1628, the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland), an interesting record of everyday life in Holland in the 17th century, depicting the clients queuing at the counters together with their children and dogs. Bloot also painted religious subjects (“St. Martin and the beggar”, the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England).

This painting with the tavern scene can be considered one of the most brilliant works by Pieter de Bloot, with its rich narrative details rendering a vivid picture of the 17th century peasant life. The tavern yard is full of merrymaking men, women and children who are assembled around a long table. Figures can also be seen in the doorway and windows of the rickety thatched tavern located in the middle of the composition. To the right, the view opens on a flat Dutch landscape with a village and a windmill in the distance, while a group of peasants are fighting around the tavern’s corner. The group of brawling peasants is contrasted by a company of women and children doing their domestic errands in the foreground. This boisterous and slightly drastic scene carries a moral and didactical implication that drinking leads to vulgarity and violence. With this allusion, de Bloot followed the tradition of his immediate predecessors, Adriaen Brouwer and Adriaen van Ostade. However, it appears not to be his intention to ridicule or condemn the conduct of his coarse characters but rather to create an admirable and amusing scene of rural life.

Jacob van Hulsdonck Antwerp 1582 – 1647 A TABLE LAID WITH CHEESE, HERRING AND HAM Oil on panel. 72 × 104 cm

ittle is known about the life of Jacob van Hulsdonck, only that he was originally from Antwerp and that he became an apprentice of Ambrosius Bosschaert the Elder (1573 – 1621) in Middelburg. After returning to Antwerp, he was registered as a master in 1608 and remained there until his death in 1647. Although van Hulsdonck had five pupils of his own, no works are known by any of them, except his son Gillis. Like various members of the Bosschaert family, Jacob van Hulsdonck painted mostly fruit, but also flower still lifes and combinations of the two. Also some still lifes of laid tables are known. He used bright colours with rather dry brushstroke, characteristic of him. The flower pieces of van Hulsdonck may have been influenced by Osias Beert and Jan Brueghel. His flowers tend to be sharply outlined whereas the leaves are often contoured with a rather thick grey. The artist almost never dated his paintings. Today Jacob van Hulsdonck’s works are preserved in the most important museums worldwide, including the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Museum Bredius, The Hague, Holland.

Van Hulsdonck was especially fond of depicting grapes, plums, apricots, cherries, lemons and sometimes pomegranates in various combinations. His mastery in rendering the softness and delicacy of the skins of the fruit and the difference of texture and colouring of their leaves has only rarely been surpassed by other artists. In one of his publications the art historian Laurens J. Bol gave Ambrosius Bosschaert the Younger the title “the Master of Flies” since the artist has bluebottle flies present in most of his still lifes. Van Hulsdonck could justly be bestowed with the same epithet. In his still lifes, too, the bluebottles are often an eye-catching motif. Another frequent guest in his paintings is a maybug, as well as several species of butterflies. In virtually all of his works dew-drops are found – yet another testimony of van Hulsdonck’s mastery in conveying textures. Still lifes of the 17th-century contain symbols rendering a certain message. Van Hulsdonck’s iconography does not originate from the brighter side of life. The presence of insects where something is rotting, blemishes on fruit and holes gnawed in leaves remind us of decay and thus of temporalness in general. With such details the artist expressed a vanitas notion, the inevitability of changes around us. As the broken Berkemeyer glass in this still life by Hulsdonck, painted in 1615, suggests the transience of life, the bread and wine refer to the Holy Communion and the beetle and the fly to mortality, they are placed next to the enjoyment of earthly abundance expressed by Hulsdonck’s table laid with delicious cheese, juicy herring and appetizing ham.

Cornelius van Bellekin ca 1625 Amsterdam – between 1697 and 1711 VILLAGE FESTIVITY Oil on panel. 55,9 × 66,5 cm

ellekin was a Dutch artist engaged in painting, drawing and engraving – he was a leading engraver in the second half of the 17th century. He was a master of working with mother-of-pearl but his copperplate engravings were also highly valued. Cornelius was probably a son of Jean Bellequin (ca 1597/98 – 1636) who was also a mother-of-pearl worker. Bellekin’s few oil paintings depicted mostly rural and tavern scenes or town festivities. However, the artist’s creative work includes also large-format family portraits with landscape in the background. Among the public collections that hold paintings by Cornelius van Bellekin are the Bredius Museum, The Hague, Holland; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia.

It was typical for the Dutch School, particularly at its development stage, to consciously depict the scenes and characters in a vulgar and robust manner and withdraw from the fine aesthetics of the genre with the intention to differ from other European Schools. Together with Adriaen van Ostade and influenced by the Flemish painter David Teniers the Younger, Bellekin acts primarily as an impartial observer and portrayer of ordinary life. In his painting “Village festivity” young peasants are dancing, a violinist is playing and the villagers are discussing something among themselves. The staffages, painted with great precision and realism, vary the artist’s well-composed genre landscape. Bellekin extensively illustrates the everyday life of peasants, trying not to lose any detail. Like his contemporary masters the painter depicts the behaviour and appearance of peasants, their clothing and living quarters with utmost precision, allowing himself to idealize the life of country folk.

Jan van Kessel Antwerp ca 1620 – Amsterdam ca 1661 GRAPES, PEACHES, HAZELNUTS AND REDCURRANTS WITH A BRIMSTONE BUTTERFLY AND A BUMBLEBEE Oil on canvas. 56,9 × 43 cm

an van Kessel is an outstanding painter of impressive still lifes who is often confused with his better known namesake and contemporary Jan van Kessel the Elder (1626 – 1679) from the celebrated Antwerp dynasty of painters – referred to in greater detail in “A Dictionary of Dutch and Flemish Still-Life Painters Working in Oils, 1525-1725” by A. van der Willingen and F. Meijer (Leiden, 2003). Apart from their obvious stylistic differences also the signatures of both artists are clearly distinguishable. Both painters had the same name and became masters of the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in the same year. The scholar Klaus Ertz differentiated between these two painters by calling the current Jan van Kessel “the Other“, as confusion is created also by the fact that Jan van Kessel “the First” or “the Elder”, who is in fact a descendant of the Brueghel family, had a son with the same name, also an artist Jan van Kessel the Younger (1654 – 1708). In comparison with the Kessels originating from the Brueghel family, some of the works of the current still life painter Jan van Kessel have been considered even more masterful by technique than those of his famous namesakes, especially his masterpiece “A garland of fruit with a cockatoo”, currently held in the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England.

This still life, signed and dated “J. v. kesseL / 1655”, is part of an oeuvre of about thirty works that have been identified as Jan van Kessel’s. The painting presents an exceptionally luscious composition that spreads across the whole canvas, leaving room for nothing else but a huge piled arrangement of berries, nuts and fruits that seems to be bursting with its own opulence. At the same time insects characteristic to still lifes of that period remind of the temporality of this sensuous ripeness. As soon as something is born it starts its journey towards nonexistence; every moment of beauty is like a brief breath of air, full of contemplation about the life lived and about how and on what it is spent. In this work the author demonstrates supreme understanding of the material. The intelligent contrasting and agreement of colours that allows the viewer to study all the pieces of fruit separately or as a whole, is fascinating. Each fruit and berry seems realistic and ready to be picked, as if the artist had captured their last sweetest moment, telling us to eat them now while they are fresh, and not later, as nothing earthly is everlasting.

Egbert van Heemskerck the Elder Haarlem 1634 – London 1704 PEASANTS SMOKING IN A TAVERN Oil on panel. 14 × 17,2 cm SMOKERS IN A TAVERN Oil on panel.14 × 17,2 cm

Dutch Golden Age painter in Haarlem; a genre painter who was specialized in comic scenes from the life of lower classes in the manner of Adriaen Brouwer. Heemskerck continued the Dutch tradition of peasant paintings but, characteristically of him, inclined toward depicting humorous social scenes. He worked at the court of Charles II and it has been speculated that he may have been patronised by the extravagant courtier John Wilmot, second Earl of Rochester and Baron of Adderbury in England. Various paintings by Egbert van Heemskerck the Elder are exhibited in the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Museum of Fine Arts, Tournai, Belgium; the Bowes Museum, Barnard Castle, England; the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia; the Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge, England.

The painting by Egbert van Heemskerck clearly reveals the influence of Adriaen Brouwer, the greatest master of peasant genre scenes. His works are often miniature in size, depicting the everyday life of peasants in simple form, focusing on grotesque figures and facial expressions. These two simple scenes are typical examples of Heemskerck’s style of painting. Red, dark blue and white accents are delicately added to the general brownish colouring. The poor simple-minded peasants, who are smoking eagerly, making jokes and laughing at their own world in all those shabby little taverns everywhere in Holland, are realistic representatives of their plain lifestyle in those times. Regardless of the painting’s spontaneity, the peasants who are depicted as rude and ugly, are a good example of Flemish expressiveness in painting.

Clara Peeters Antwerp 1594 – ca 1657 STILL LIFE WITH A CARP, OYSTERS, CRAYFISH, MACKEREL AND A CAT Oil on panel. 48 × 33,5 cm

ittle is known about the life of Clara Peeters, although she was the first documented female still life painter and is considered to be one of the most talented and most noteworthy female artists of the 17th century. Clara Peeters painted mostly still lifes with breakfast scenes and floral displays. Her painting style and works suggest that she studied in Antwerp, the then artistic capital of the Low Countries. The artists, who emerged from Antwerp, put the main emphasis in their pictures on fine details and elaborate finish. According to the Netherlands Institute of Art History, painters like Floris van Dyck, Nicolaes Cave and Artus Claessens were influenced by Clara Peeters’s style of painting still lifes. Today the artwork by Clara Peeters is represented in public collections of the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Ashmolean Museum at the University of Oxford, England; the National Museum of Women in the Arts, Washington, USA.

The virtuosity of this wonderful still life that the author has signed “CLARA P.”, is manifested by each detail and texture where the perception of materials bears evidence of a true master – the slippery fish scales, the reddish ceramic colander, cat’s fur and rough oyster shells enhance the sensory qualities of the painting. The cat, with its ears drawn close to its head, stands alert to anybody who might approach the table, as it protects its treasure of fish. When analysing Clara Peeters’s style based on this painting, some recognizable peculiarities of her style are clearly evident – the low viewing angle, the dark uniform background, and the depiction of water drops and reflecting surfaces by which the artist demonstrated her considerable skill at creating illusions of reality. The researchers of the artist’s works refer to her purposeful use of religious symbolism. The fish, for example, are pervasively a symbol of Christ, while oysters symbolize opulence and eroticism. In the 17th century also another meaning was attributed to oysters, according to which the opened oyster shell designated the soul preparing to leave the earthly body. Crayfish often symbolized the vicissitudes of the world, but also wisdom. The cat, an impetuous and cunning little creature, here with a piece of fish in its claws, constantly reminds the viewer of carnal pleasures.

Jacob Savery the Elder Kortrijk 1565/1567 – Amsterdam 1603 NOAH’S ARK Oil on panel. 42,5 × 72,2 cm

acob Savery is known as the painter of spectacular still lifes, scenes with animals, landscapes and genre paintings. The style of his genre paintings depicting the life of lower classes is comparable to that of Brueghel. According to the art theoretician Karel van Mander (1548 — 1606) Savery was the best pupil of the well-known Flemish landscape and genre painter Hans Bol. He was also a tutor of his own brother Roelant Savery and the artists Joos Goemare, Frans de Grebber and Willem van Nieulandt II. About 1584 Jacob Savery settled in Haarlem where he joined the Guild of St. Luke in 1587; later he moved to Amsterdam. Nowadays the paintings and drawings by Savery can be found in many museums and private collections all over the world. The best works are kept in the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Broel Museum, Kortrijk, Belgium; the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford, England; the Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen, Rotterdam, Holland; the Pierpont Morgan Library, New York, USA; the Dresden State Art Collections, Dresden, Germany; the Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England.

Jacob Savery was primarily known for his numerous paintings with close-up depictions of animals. His artistic vision and ideas were conveyed by the hidden meaning in his works, expressed through the symbolic interpretation of different animals. The artist’s works were highly valued during his lifetime already and the most prestigious European customers desired them into their collections. Savery had very lively imagination – he could endlessly vary the position and postures of animals in his paintings. The artist took example by the animalistic illustrations of Hans Verhagen and, in particular, Hans Bol’s “Icones animalium”, which consists of three albums created between 1572 and 1575. Bol’s albums came into the possession of Jacob Savery and then of his brother Roelandt who left them to the emperor Rudolf II. Between 1575 and 1582 Joris Hoefnagel (1542 – 1601), one of Bol’s students, painted “Animalia” for the emperor. In that composition Hoefnagel describes the animal kingdom in correlation with the four elements of nature. Such element-by-element division can also be found in Savery’s works: the land is represented by four-legged animals; fire by reptiles who, until the modern age, were considered to be immune to fire; air was associated with creatures that fly; and water with those that swim.

Willem Cornelisz Duyster Amsterdam, active in 1598/99 – 1635 MAKING MUSIC AND READING A LETTER Oil on panel. 31 × 26 cm

utch artist who has painted mainly genre scenes and portraits. Very little is known about the life and work of this talented painter who died young. Willem Duyster is considered to have been a pupil of Pieter Kodde, a well-known poet and an artist held in high regard due to his strong painting technique. Most of Duyster’s paintings depict soldiers fighting, looting, drinking, gambling or flirting. His delicate skill at painting textiles, his ability to characterize different individuals and express subtle psychological relationships between them suggest that if he had not died by the plague in his mid-thirties he might well have become a rival to the Dutch renowned master Gerard Terborch who depicted the life of middle class in the 17th century with utmost technical refinement. The works by Willem Duyster are displayed in important national and private collections, such as the State Museum, Berlin, Germany; the Royal Picture Gallery Mauritshuis, The Hague, Holland; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Musée de la Chartreuse, Douai, France and the National Gallery, London, England.

All the famous works by Willem Duyster are of high artistic value. The luscious colours of his paintings rendering the milieu of the era, the masterfully captured texture of fabrics and expressive rhythms of composition make this artist an outstanding example of Dutch early genre. This composition which is based on the combination of relatively small figures and large empty space resembles a theatrical mise en scène. The painting belongs to the mature period of the artist’s creative life, characterized by uniform tonality, simple treatment of space and, typically to Duyster, interest in the issues of light. Shadows in the painting become characters of their own, creating the desired mood and atmosphere. The picture is not overcrowded with objects; full attention is drawn to the people in the scene, making the viewer guess about their world, their nature and reasons of the get-together. The mysterious candlelight creates a romantic setting, revealing the more intimate side of life in those days where someone’s letter is read and music is made in the twilit room.

Willem van Herp the Elder Antwerp ca 1614 – 1677 TAVERN INTERIOR WITH CARD PLAYERS AND SMOKERS Oil on copper. 71 × 96 cm

illem van Herp the Elder was an important Flemish painter of narratives who specialised in religious and genre scenes. His rustic interior compositions follow the style of Adriaen Brower and David Teniers. In 1625/26 he was a member of the Guild of St. Luke in Antwerp, studying under Damiaen Wortelmans and Hans Biermans. He had a brilliant career there and became the Master of the Guild in 1636 – 1637 and 1644 – 1654, having many students. Around 1651 Herp was associated with the Flemish art dealer M. Musson, for whom he would retouch some copies of paintings by Pieter Paul Rubens. Herp had two children, Norbertus and Willem, who also became painters. The artist’s works were very successful in Spain and England. His widespread recognition was greatly due to the numerous engravings made of his works by English engravers. Today Willem van Herp’s works are preserved in the most important museums worldwide, including the Royal Museum of Fine Arts of Belgium, Brussels, Belgium; the National Museum of Fine Arts, Dublin, Ireland; the National Gallery, Dunkerque, France; the National Gallery of Scotland, Edinburgh, Scotland; the National Museum of Fine Arts, Stockholm, Sweden; the Palace of Fine Arts, Lille, France; the National Gallery, London, England; the Dulwich Picture Gallery, London, England; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain; the New York Historical Society, New York, USA; the North Carolina Museum of Art, Raleigh, USA; the M. H. de Young Memorial Museum, San Francisco, USA; the Harrach Gallery, Vienna, Austria.

This painting depicts a vivid scene of a card game, with masterfully created group of various characters turning the scene into a dynamic environment of lively interaction. The painting is a convincing description of the era’s lifestyle, which, at a closer look reveals quite a few humanly comical moments. Although the characters are socializing with each other over the game, each one still has his own independent role in the situation, a part in the narrative composed by Herp – someone is standing by the window, someone is entering through the door, someone is peeking over a player’s shoulder to see his cards. In this painting it is most fascinating to see the individuality of each character, yet each figure ideally combines with others and an exciting entirety is formed. In the artist’s compositions there are certain characteristic elements that make the works of van Herp easily recognisable: one example would be the inclusion of cats and dogs, usually in the bottom corners of the scene, which many experts consider to be the artist’s signature. Also in this picture a white cat can be seen in the lower right corner.

Jan Wellens de Cock Leiden ca 1480 – Antwerp 1527 CHRIST ON THE SEA OF GALILEE Oil on panel. 24,5 × 36 cm

an Wellens de Cock was a Flemish painter and an important master of Northern Renaissance, considered to be one of the earliest landscape painters in that region at the beginning of the 16th century. It is known that in 1506 he was a member of the St. Luke Guild in Antwerp and in 1520 he held the position of the guild’s Dean together with Joos van Cleve. Not much documentation is available about his career but Jan Wellens de Cock is considered to be identical to the Jan de Cock that worked as a servant to the guild of Onze-Lieve-Vrouw Lof, for which he executed many commissions. It has been documented that in 1507 de Cock was paid for painting angels and restoring the Holy Ghost at the altar of Antwerp Cathedral; unfortunately these works were lost over time. Also several prints have been attributed to de Cock, proven by the fact that in 1511 the Guild paid him for cutting a woodblock for a print. Jan Wellens de Cock was the father to two sons who became artists in their own right: Matthys Cock (1505 – 1548), a wellknown painter of landscapes and Hieronymus Cock (1510 – 1570), a prolific publisher and printmaker. Jan Wellens de Cock belongs to the so-called school of Antwerp Mannerism, influenced most by Hieronymus Bosch. The artist’s works are held in several museums all over the world, including the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Detroit Institute of Arts, USA; the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco, USA; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.

“Christ on the Sea of Galilee” depicts Jesus’ miracle described in the Gospel of St. Mark from the New Testament, where Christ proves to the apostles that he has power over the forces of nature by calming the storm on the Sea of Galilee. The author has captured the moment when the exhausted Jesus is sleeping and his companions are trying to wake him up, frightened and having lost hope for survival. Although the coast is visible in the distance, the men’s senses have been overcome by the rage of the sea. Jan Wellens de Cock’s figures are expressive and carefully composed, making the situation seem utterly real. The pose of Jesus sleeping calmly like a child, is contrasted by the despair and fear of death of his disciples, conveyed by the masterfully captured characters of those simple men. Such scenes, being so true-to-life and impressive, fascinated the viewers and made the people of those times genuinely acknowledge the divine miracle as proof of the existence of the Almighty through his son.

Benjamin Gerritsz Cuyp Dordrecht 1612 – 1652 THE ANGEL IS OPENING CHRIST’S TOMB Oil on panel. 70 × 57,5 cm

enjamin Gerritsz Cuyp, a representative of a dynasty of painters from Dordrecht, is noted primarily for paintings of biblical and genre scenes. Characteristic features of his works are dramatic situations, masterful execution of individual characters, and strong and precise depiction of emotions, which was typical for the art of the Caravaggists active in the city of Utrecht, and the great artist Rembrandt van Rijn. Cuyp’s paintings are represented in public collections worldwide, including the Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan, USA; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the Liechtenstein Museum, Vienna, Austria; the Museum of Fine Arts, Houston, Texas, USA; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Brukenthal National Museum, Sibiu, Romania; the Bordeaux Museum of Fine Arts, France; The Kremer Collection, The Hague, Holland.

The scene depicted in this painting that the author has signed “Cuyp”, is an episode from the Gospel of St. Matthew (28:1-7), according to which the angel of the Lord descended from heaven to the tomb of Christ, and came and rolled back the stone from the door. ”His appearance was like lightning, and his clothes were white as snow” (Gospel of St. Matthew 28:2-3). ”For fear of him, the guards shook, and became like dead men” (Gospel of St. Matthew 28:2-4). In this painting Cuyp has brilliantly painted the light which has acquired divine dimensions. The author’s bold and skilful painting style serves the objective of art of those times when the artists tried to convey Christian themes in a responsible and veritable manner in order to highlight their dogmatics in an emotionally correct way. The angel, surrounded by light, penetrates the darkness and frightens the Roman guards. The precisely selected painting technique of Cuyp enhances the hectic atmosphere where Christ is present only symbolically, represented by the poetically unearthly glow around the angel’s head, illuminating the cave’s mouth but exposing the guards so they must escape from it.

Adriaen van Stalbemt Antwerp 1580 – 1662

Jan Brueghel the Elder Brussels 1568 – Antwerp 1625 THE INTERIOR OF A PICTURE GALLERY (ALLEGORY OF PAINTING) Oil on panel. 73,5 × 105,5 cm

fter the fall of Antwerp in 1585, the family of Protestant Stalbemt moved to Middelburg. Adriaen van Stalbemt later returned to Antwerp, becoming a master in the St. Luke’s Guild around 1609. He is documented as having spent almost a year in England (1633-34), where he painted two views of Greenwich with King Charles I and Queen Henrietta Maria. The paintings are still in the Royal Collection, England. The artist’s eclectic style reveals the influences of Jan Brueghel I, Hendrick van Balen, Paul Bril and Adam Elsheimer. Today Adriaen van Stalbemt’s paintings are exhibited in various museums in towns where he worked and lived, such as London, Antwerp, Middelburg and also Berlin, Dresden, Frankfurt am Main, Kassel and Schwerin; also in the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain.

Although Adriaen van Stalbemt has been identified as the primary author of this work, it was common in those days that artists worked together at creating a painting. So according to experts, above all K. Ertz, a significant part of this composition has been painted by Jan Brueghel the Elder who is the author of the flowers and fruit – which is why it is justified to name two authors to this painting. It is a recognized fact that Brueghel cooperated actively with other Antwerp artists and painted landscapes and/or components of still lifes – his most masterful elements – into their works, including compositions by Pieter Paul Rubens. Depiction of an interior, illustrated by this painting, is a genre that reached its peak in Dutch and Flemish painting in the 17th century. At that time monarchs, aristocrats and rich citizens developed an interest in collecting works of art, which soon gained priority over collecting rare scientific objects and curiosities. Interest in art increased until art galleries in the modern sense of the term were born. The two characters in the foreground are allegories – the Art of Painting represented by the winged figure holding a paintbrush and a maulstick, fallen exhaustedly asleep on the lap of an old man with flaming crown who symbolizes Knowledge and Intelligence. One little detail worth special attention is the basket of fruit that has been upset and where a monkey is feasting. This is a metaphor clearly understood by the painter’s contemporaries. In antique literature a monkey was the symbol of earthly vices experienced by man in his everyday life. Respectively, the demonstrative gesture captured in the painting where the tempting fruit are pushed away and left to the monkey, refers to renouncement of these vices.

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Frans Francken the Younger Antwerp 1581 – 1642 AN ALLEGORY OF THE LIBERAL ARTS Oil on copper. 40 × 58 cm

rans Francken the Younger was the best known member of a family of Flemish painters. He was extremely popular as an artist in his lifetime already. In 1605 he became a master of the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke. Francken created altarpieces and painted furniture panels, but he was most renowned for his small, finely crafted cabinet paintings with historical, mythological or allegorical scenes, hugely popular in interiors of those times. He was also one of the first artists to use an interior of a picture gallery as the subject matter of paintings. Into those pictures he often painted miniature true-to-life reproductions of artworks really existing at the time. Frans the Younger was frequently employed by his fellow artists in Antwerp to paint the figures in their landscapes and interiors, as working with other authors at creating paintings was common practice during those times. His paintings are held by most major museums in Europe and elsewhere, including the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain.

Septem Artes Liberales (Seven liberal arts) date back to antique times. They included rhetoric, grammar, dialectics, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy and music. Francken adds also painting to this list as the “science” of perceiving the world and depicting it. In this picture an angel playing a trumpet heralds the triumph and eternal glory of the “noble” arts. Each art can be recognised by the various activities that the people in the picture are engaged in, and by the characteristic attributes: books, astronomical instruments, compass, ruler, etc. On the left the golden statue of the goddess Minerva stands on the column, the patroness of both science and arts, and the protector from Mars, the wild god of war, who symbolizes ignorant brutality, destruction and corruption. The group of people in the foreground symbolizes the art of debate – dialectics (or logic) and oratory – rhetoric. The second art – grammar – is represented by a scientist and his pupil, who have delved into their books. The attributes of geometry and arithmetic are a globe, a ruler and a compass. A scholar with a glass flask, an armillary sphere and a sextant at his feet symbolises astronomy. According to the iconographic tradition music is represented by a woman playing the harpsichord. In the left part of the painting an artist is seen at work – this is possibly a selfportrait of Francken himself. By adding the art of painting to the liberal arts the artist declares himself a creator and scholar, and no longer an artisan – an attitude supported by the spirit of the 17th century. By the time the picture was created, Frans Francken the Younger had already become a member of the Guild of St. Luke and a successful artist. He would advocate the independence and importance of painting as a liberal art also in his later works, speaking through his art about art’s position in society, a social issue very dear to him. 102

Bartholomeus van Bassen Antwerp 1590 – The Hague 1652 PARABLE OF THE RICH MAN AND LAZARUS Oil on panel. 58 × 95 cm

ainter and architect, one of the main representatives of the architectural genre in the 17th century Dutch painting. Author of imaginary church and palace interiors. Most staffage figures in his paintings were usually executed by other painters, mainly by Frans II Francken, Esaias van de Velde, Cornelis van Poelenburgh and Anthonie Palamedes. In 1638 van Bassen was appointed the city architect of The Hague. The paintings by Bartholomeus van Bassen are exhibited in museums in Amsterdam, Paris, The Hague, Copenhagen, Munich, Berlin, Budapest, London, Detroit, Glasgow and Saint Petersburg.

“Parable of the rich man and Lazarus” belongs among the typical works created by Bartholomeus van Bassen in his mature years. In this painting the interior of the rich man from the parable is depicted in great detail. The author is focused on creating the perspective of space and conveying the room’s elaborate decorations and delicate patterns on the walls. Apart from the interior also the characters have been finely painted; the author has vividly depicted their postures and fashionable clothes. The painting’s apparent carefreeness is accompanied by certain moral values. As a general rule a painting should be read from left to right, so at first the eye feasts on the rich spectrum of colours and the lush and glamorous interior of the rich man’s residence, up to the sharp contrast of the hunched figure of Lazarus in ragged clothes. Lazarus’s face, turned to the viewer, seems calm and focused, as if warning the viewer against frivolous life. This painting is one of a number of similar fantasy interiors by van Bassen, including a work with the same theme dated 1624 held in the Lower Saxony State Museum in Hannover; a painting in the art history department of the University of Göttingen; and the undated Renaissance interior with banqueters held in Amsterdam’s Rijksmuseum.

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Laurens Craen The Hague 1620 – Middelburg ca 1663/70 STILL LIFE WITH HAZELNUTS, GRAPES AND OYSTERS Oil on panel. 41,9 × 58,4 cm

aurens Craen was a painter of specially designed compositions where objects, luxurious food items and wine were artistically arranged. Laurens Craen was active in Antwerp, The Hague and Middelburg (Zeeland) from 1638 to 1664. In 1654 he became a member of the Middelburg Guild of St. Luke. His earlier works from the mid-1640s show the strong influence of Jan Davidsz de Heem (1606 – 1684), suggesting that he might have been associated with de Heem’s studio during that time. Certain motifs, although small, persist in Craen’s works. One such motif is the use of impasto technique to create the small bumps along the lemon rind’s surface. The grainy and studded texture of the lemon rind in his works physically stands out from the panel, as if taken directly from nature, creating a realistic illusion described in painting technique as trompe l’oeil. Paintings by Craen are quite rare, as only approximately twenty works are known. His beautiful still lifes are represented in the permanent collection of the Art Gallery of New South Wales (AGNSW), Sydney, Australia, as well as in private foundations and private collections all over the world.

This work, signed and dated by the author “Laurens Craen Fecit 63”, is a typical example of his still lifes. The small-format painting depicts fruit and various other delicacies like nuts and seafood, and tableware like the silver tray and glass tumblers on a table. These items often symbolized wealth and abundance, creating an atmosphere of a true feast. Here the master’s painting technique is expressed by the soft diagonal light, the clearly manifested plasticity of shapes against the stone niche. Also the faded yet vibrant colours are typical features of Craen’s still lifes. The grapevine that crowns the composition is actually considered to be the author’s signature motive. Still lifes known as breakfasts (or lunches) provide inspiring material to art historians for their interpretation. In some sense they are like wordless stories, the symbolism of which inspired the people of those times to contemplate in silence and set their values right. Several motives of Laurens Craen’s still lifes can be interpreted in the light of the ideology of Christian teachings. Wine and bread signify the Eucharist, referring to humble gratitude; herring is a symbol of abstinence while plums represent the salvation of Christians from sin after their death. Nuts emphasise the Christ’s dual nature, being both divine and human, while oysters and shellfish symbolise the human sins. The bunch of grapes denotes Christ’s blood and his redemptive sacrifice.

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Bartholomäus Sarburgh Trier ca 1590 – Cologne after 1637 PORTRAIT OF A MAN Oil on panel. 67 × 50,5 cm

artholomäus Sarburgh was a portrait painter, Swiss by nationality, who received professional training as an artist in the studio of the then well-known Hague portrait painter Jan Antonisz van Ravesteyn (ca 1572 – 1657), whose style Sarburgh follows. Owing to his great teacher, Sarburgh acquired a prominent standing as a portrait painter in patrician circles. From 1620 to 1623 the artist worked in Bern and according to documents he stayed in Basel and Cologne in the following years. From 1632 Sarburgh worked in The Hague where he was held in high esteem and where he painted several portraits of the representatives of the ruling Iranian princes. Bartholomäus Sarburgh made his name as a brilliant master in the history of old Western European art when he painted an identical copy of the famous “Madonna of the Burgermeister Meyer” by Hans Holbein the Younger, which at some point was sold to the French Queen Marie de’ Medici as an original and was considered as such until 1871. The painting called “Holbein-Streit” became world-famous and is now kept in the Old Masters Picture Gallery in Dresden, Germany. Today the paintings attributed to Bartholomäus Sarburgh are very rare and they are of great interest to art collectors. Apart from a few European private collections his works can be found in the museums of Amsterdam, Basel and Bern, and in the galleries of Jegenstorf and Oberhofen castles in Switzerland.

This portrait of a man is a conventional half-figure representation of a model on a neutral background, created by the master in the 1620s during his active creative period in Bern and Basel. The static solemnity of the model is enlivened by his facial features that the artist has captured with great skill. The author has created a convincing character whose benevolent personality and expressive glance pointed toward the viewer convey the mentality of the era and arouse interest in this type of person. The portrait impresses us as not just a picture of an unfamiliar individual but as generalization of a man who lived in those days, adding historical value to this work of art. Also the artist’s meticulous treatment of fabrics conveying the qualities of the material, the vain collar and the stately line of buttons on the coat, deserve special attention.

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Marten van Valckenborch Leuven 1535 – Frankfurt am Main 1612 THE TOWER OF BABEL Oil on panel. 84 × 116 cm

arten van Valckenborch comes from a family of Netherlandish landscape and genre painters, of whom he and his brother Lucas (ca 1535 – 1597) became most well-known. According to the art historian Karel van Mander, Marten studied painting in Mechelen, which was known as an art centre for painting landscapes in oil and watercolour. The careers of both brothers started in Malines and ended in Frankfurt where they ran a flourishing workshop together, although their paths departed for some time due to war and religious persecution. Both Marten and Lucas worked in the tradition of Pieter Brueghel – hence their typical subjects: winter landscapes and the Tower of Babel. Today the artwork by Marten van Valckenborch can be found in many museums around the world, including the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, England; the Rijksmuseum Twenthe, Enschede, Holland.

The allegory hidden in the picture refers to human arrogance that drew forth the wrath of God. The subject is taken from the Book of Genesis (11:1–9) telling the story how a united humanity of the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language, decided to build themselves a tower with its top in the sky, to make a name for themselves. The God considered this indecorous of men and decided to hinder the construction by mixing up the languages of all the earth. This story provided a rich source of subject matter for several late 16th and early 17th century Flemish painters. The two most outstanding representations of it were inspired by the two iconic eponymous works dated 1563 by Pieter Brueghel the Elder (held at the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria and Boijmans-Van Beuningen Museum, Rotterdam, Holland). It can be said that through history, literature and art where this subject has been widely treated and elaborated on, the story of the tower of Babel is one of the most chrestomatic ones, calling people up to modesty and dignity in order to preserve the ability to communicate in understanding of each other.

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Marten de Vos the Elder Antwerp 1532 – 1603 THE LAST JUDGMENT Oil on panel. 75 × 84 cm

arten de Vos was born in Antwerp as the son of the painter Pieter de Vos. He may have trained with his father and perhaps also Frans Floris, one of the leading historical painters in mid-century Antwerp. In 1552, de Vos travelled to Italy in the company of a friend and fellow painter Pieter Brueghel the Elder. The art historian Van Mander describes his visit to Rome and Venice, where, according to Ridolfi, he painted landscapes in the studio of Tintoretto. De Vos had returned to Antwerp by 1556, joining the city’s Guild of St. Luke two years later. Following the iconoclastic uprisings of 1558 and 1566, he became Antwerp’s most soughtafter painter and was employed to replace the destroyed paintings in the city’s cathedral and smaller churches. He also produced numerous paintings for private collectors. Marten de Vos’s paintings are nowadays part of major museums’ collections, such as the Detroit Institute of Arts, Michigan, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the Museum of Fine Arts, Seville, Spain; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Courtauld Institute of Art, London, UK, as well as important private collections.

The subject of the Last Judgment that God will pass on humans when he appears in his glory to separate the righteous from the sinners and to lead the former to Paradise while condemning the latter to Hell, is repeatedly mentioned in the Bible. However, in Western art the concept of the Last Judgment was influenced also by other sources with both Biblical and, in later periods, non-Biblical roots – in particular, Dante’s “Divine Comedy”. Marten de Vos interprets this powerful episode with great fantasy, focusing on the pushing crowds, masterfully conveying the rhythm of movement of the figures. He skilfully contrasts the colouring of “the righteous” and “the condemned” to bring out the difference of characters. The intensely dynamic composition and perspectives painted from various viewing angles create an illusion of the worlds blending into each other upon the opening of the heavenly skies at the Judgement Day, from which no one can escape. The painting persuades the viewer to pay attention to his actions and their virtuousness. Comparing this work to others that he produced of this scene, such as his impressive work at the Museum of Fine Arts in Seville dated 1570, the same images of angels, demons and humans can be noticed. The artist returned to the subject of the Last Judgment many times as it met the demands of his Catholic customers in the era carrying the spirit of Reformation in the years following the Dutch Revolt of 1566.

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Albrecht Dürer Nuremberg 1471 – 1528 KNIGHT, DEATH AND THE DEVIL Engraving. 25 × 19 cm

lbrecht Dürer was a son of a goldsmith and his first art lessons were given by his father. Young Albrecht soon showed a remarkable talent in drawing, which culminated with him becoming the most outstanding German artist and the greatest Northern Renaissance master in general, known by his distinctive scenic engravings. Already in his youth Dürer became well-known throughout Europe for his masterful woodcuts. After studies in Italy Dürer returned to Nuremberg where he opened his own workshop and devoted himself fully to art. In addition to being active and in high repute as an artist, Dürer was also a mathematician and theoretician who, among other issues, thoroughly studied the canons of ideal beauty. He believed that beauty was nature’s creation and that there existed rules which ordered beauty, a code that formed the structure of beauty. The best representative of Dürer’s attitude toward life, philosophy, sensitivity toward his era, fantasy and innovative mind, is his creative work – technically impeccable and profound by essence. Albrecht Dürer’s artwork is represented in public collections worldwide, including the Albrecht Durer’s House, Nuremberg, Germany; the Alte Pinakothek, Munich, Germany; the Birmingham Museums & Art Gallery, Birmingham, England; the State Hermitage, Saint Petersburg, Russia; the J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles, USA; the Museum of Art History, Vienna, Austria; the Louvre Museum, Paris, France; the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA; the National Gallery, London, England; the Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam, Holland; the Prado Museum, Madrid, Spain; and many others.

In 1513 and 1514 Dürer created his best copperplate engravings: “The Knight”, “St. Jerome in his study” and “Melencolia I”. These three engravings have been extensively analysed in literature; the opinions have been thorough, sometimes complex and contradictory, focused on the enigmatic and allusive iconographic details of these works. “Knight, Death and the Devil” (1513), signed “S AD”, of which S represented the work’s sanguinity, is one of Dürer’s most famous works altogether. Dürer himself called it simply “Der Reuther” or “The Rider.” The engraving depicts a Christian Knight in armour as he rides through a narrow gorge flanked by a pig-snouted Devil and the figure of Death riding a pale horse. Death is depicted as a corpse – without nose and mouth – holding an hourglass to remind the Knight of the brevity of his life and futility of his efforts. The Devil follows the Knight, ready to exploit each mistake. As the noble rider moves through the scene, he ignores the creatures lurking around him and appears to be almost contemptuous of the threats. He becomes an embodiment of the symbol in art representing honour and courage. High above the dark forest there towers a safe stronghold, apparently the destination of the Knight’s journey. While Death and the Devil threaten the Knight, he is protected by armour – literally, and figuratively by the armour of his faith, as described in “The Handbook of the Christian Soldier” (“Enchiridion militis Christiani”, 1501) by the Dutch humanist and theologian Erasmus of Rotterdam. The engraving is also considered to be an allegory of the Christians’ survival, according to Psalm 23:4, “Even though I walk through the valley of the shadow of death, I will fear no evil, for You are with me; Your rod and Your staff, they comfort me.” 114

CONTENTS The Master of the PlumpÂ-Cheeked Madonnas

Monogrammist AG Master of the Upper Rhine 6

The Annunciation. Hortus Conclusus

Adriaen van Overbeke and his workshop 8

Ecce Homo

Jan Brueghel the Elder 22

Jan Cornelisz Vermeyen 12

Portrait of a bearded gentleman

The adoration of the Magi

Christ as a Man of Sorrows

The harrowing of Hell

Bacchusâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s mysteries

Lucas Cranach the Younger 28

The Virgin and Child with infant St. John the Baptist sleeping

Pieter Brueghel the Younger

Pieter Huys 18

The Holy Family with an angel

Lucas Cranach the Elder

Aelbrecht Bouts 16

Still life with tulips, roses and irises in a clay vase

Marcellus Coffermans

The Master of 1518 14

The Virgin and Child with Saints Dominic, Augustine, Margaret and Barbara

Winter landscape with a bird trap

Hendrik van Steenwyck the Younger 32

Liberation of Saint Peter

William Scrots 48

Jan Brueghel the Younger

Jan Massys 34

Allegory of Charity

Frans Snyders 36

Still life with birds and fruit, and a cat

Virgin Mary with infant Jesus

Breakfast still life

Portrait of a woman, possibly Marie de’ Medici (1575 –1642)

Still life with oysters, roasted chicken, sweets and dried fruits

A horn player

Anthonie van Borssom 58

A moonlit river landscape

Pieter Brueghel the Younger

Osias Beert the Elder 46

Still life with a roemer, lemon, hazelnuts on a table

Paulus Bor

Pieter Paul Rubens 44

Allegory of Sight: a collector’s cabinet with a view of Antwerp in the distance

Edwaert Collier

Jan den Uyl the Elder 42

The entry of animals into Noah’s Ark

Jan van Kessel I

Master of the Madonna from the Grog Collection 38

Portrait of a nobleman with a falcon

The payment of the tithe (Village lawyer)

Abraham Danielsz Hondius

David Rijckaert II 62

Still life with trays of oysters, dried fruit, chestnuts and sweets

Carl Borrom채us Andreas Ruthart 64

Hunting scene with leopards killing a deer

Pieter de Bloot 78

Adriaen Thomasz Key 66

Portrait of a bearded man wearing a chain of guild buckles

The ship called Brederode during the battle of Scheveningen

Allegory of the senses of Sight and Smell

Landscape with travellers

A concert by cats, owls, a magpie and a monkey in a shed

Grapes, peaches, hazelnuts and redcurrants with a brimstone butterfly and a bumblebee

Egbert van Heemskerck the Elder 86

Cornelis Saftleven 74

Village festivity

Jan van Kessel

Herman Saftleven II 72

A table laid with cheese, herring and ham

Cornelius van Bellekin

Boets J 70

Peasants making merry outside an inn

Jacob van Hulsdonck

Jan Abrahamsz van Beerstraten 68

Boar hunt

Peasants smoking in a tavern Smokers in a tavern

Clara Peeters 88

Still life with a carp, oysters, crayfish, mackerel and a cat

Bartholomeus van Bassen

Jacob Savery the Elder 90

Noah’s Ark

104

Willem Cornelisz Duyster 92

Making music and reading a letter

Laurens Craen 106

Willem van Herp the Elder 94

Tavern interior with card players and smokers

Christ on the Sea of Galilee

108

The angel is opening Christ’s tomb

110

The interior of a picture gallery (Allegory of Painting)

Frans Francken the Younger 102

An allegory of the Liberal Arts

The tower of Babel

Marten de Vos the Elder 112

Adriaen van Stalbemt Jan Brueghel the Elder 100

Portrait of a man

Marten van Valckenborch

Benjamin Gerritsz Cuyp 98

Still life with hazelnuts, grapes and oysters

Bartholomäus Sarburgh

Jan Wellens de Cock 96

Parable of the rich man and Lazarus

The Last Judgment

Albrecht Dürer 114

Knight, Death and the Devil

IN THE NAME OF ART WE WOULD LIKE TO THANK EVERYBODY WHO HAS HELPED THE EXHIBITION “ART RULES” TO TAKE PLACE We render our sincerest thanks to the private collectors who kindly allowed us to include their magnificent works of art in the exposition, to the experts who cooperated with us and also to our experienced gallerists and restorers. Thank you to everybody who contributed to the technical execution of the exhibition, helping us in might and spirit both in and outside Tallinn Town Hall. We would also like to thank the people who did an enormous job at compiling this beautiful catalogue, editing the texts, and preparing and printing these high-quality images of art. We thank Tallinn Town Hall and the City of Tallinn on which premises this exhibition is taking place.

Art-Life Projekt OÜ Tallinn, Estonia www.artlife.ee www.artrules.ee info@artlife.ee

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