Building science 2 arc3413 final

BUILDING SCIENCE 2 ARC3413 PROJECT 1

LIGHTING AND ACOUSTIC PERFORMANCE EVALUATION AND DESIGN GREYSKYMORNING CAFE

TEAM MEMBERS BRYAN LUM ZI YANG 0314959 KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN 0319384 HONG SANG WON 0314661 JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI 0315820 KEN WONG CHUN THIM 0315334 KENNETH CHANG WEI JIAN 0318252

TUTOR MR AZIM SULAIMAN 1

DECLARATION OF SUBMISSION

This is to certify that:

1) The Report comprises our original work towards the course work on Building Science 2 (ARC3413), 2) Due acknowledgements have been made in the text to all other material used.

Signed by: STUDENT NAME BRYAN LUM ZI YANG KAN JIA WEI ADRIAN HONG SANG WON JOSHUA LEE YEE KAI KEN WONG CHUN THIM KENNETH CHANG WEI JIAN

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We would like to express our sincere thanks and gratification to our tutor, Mr Azim Sulaiman for guiding us throughout the entire working and study process and going out of his way to ensure that the group stays on the right track throughout the progress of the project. We would also like to extend our thanks to the manager and staff on duty at Greyskymorning Cafe on our multiple for their willingness to help and cooperate with the advancement of our assignment, providing invaluable information and also taking the extra step of guiding us around the building to explain and show all of the systems. Finally, we give thanks to each and every one of our very own group members whom participated flawlessly and were quick and efficient in conducting and executing their respective parts of the project with contributed to a successful completion of the project.

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LIST OF FIGURES, PLATES, ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure 1.01 Exterior View of Greyskymorning CafĂŠ.

Figure 1.02 Exterior Panorama View.

Figure 1.03 Interior Entrance Panorama View.

Figure 1.04 Interior Cashier Counter Panorama View.

Figure 1.05 Interior Back Panorama View.

Figure 2.01 Lux Meter.

Figure 2.02 Lux Meter General Specification Table Figure 2.03 Lux Meter Electrical Specification Table.

Figure 2.04 Sound Level Meter.

Figure 2.05 Sound Meter General Specification Table.

Figure 2.06 Measuring Tape.

Figure 2.07 DSLR Camera.

Figure 2.08 Bryan measuring the dimensions of building.

Figure 2.09 Joshua converting raw data into hard data onsite.

Figure 2.10 Adrian obtaining the lighting and acoustic data.

Figure 2.11 Sang Won Conducting Preliminary Investigations and Sketches.

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Figure 3.01 The External South Facing Side of Duke University School of Nursing.

Figure 3.02 Site Plan of the University Marked On The Map. Figure 3.03 Exterior of the Café Duson in 2010.

Figure 3.04 Site Boundary Highlighted on A Site Plan of the Café Duson.

Figure 3.05 Squares Showing Lights Whilst Triangles Indicate Lights That Are Not Shown Figure 3.06 Lights Being Pointed Through the Use of An Elevation Drawing.

Figure 3.07 Courtyard Luminaire Schedule.

Figure 3.08 Ground Floor Plan with Gridline of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.09 Zoning Spaces of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.10 Non-peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.

Figure 3.11 Peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.

Figure 3.12 Non-peak Lux Reading at 1.0m According to Gridline.

Figure 3.13 Peak Lux Reading at 1.0m According to Gridline.

Figure 3.14 Lux Reading at 1.5m. (Standing) Figure 3.15 Lux Reading at 1.0m. (Sitting) Figure 3.16 Non-peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Dining Space.

Figure 3.17 Image of Zone A Dining Space.

Figure 3.18 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone A. Figure 3.19 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone A. Figure 3.20 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Figure 3.21 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.22 Panorama Image of Zone B Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.23 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone B. Figure 3.24 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone B.

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Figure 3.25 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Figure 3.26 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Service Area.

Figure 3.27 Image of Zone C Service Area.

Figure 3.28 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone C. Figure 3.29 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone C. Figure 3.30 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Figure 3.31 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.32 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.33 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.34 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.35 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.36 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.37 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.38 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Figure 3.39 Dining Area Facing the West Sun. Figure 3.40 Kitchen Space Facing the West Sun. Figure 3.41 Service Area Facing the Morning Sun. Figure 3.42 Natural Skylight Illuminates The Interior Spaces.

Figure 3.43 Kitchen Area Illuminated with Warm Spotlights.

Figure 3.44 Dining Spaces Illuminated with Warm Spotlights.

Figure 3.45 Warm Mood Created by Artificial Lightings.

Figure 4.01 Sky City and the Auckland Skyline.

Figure 4.02 Site of Sky City in Auckland.

Figure 4.03 Hotel Layout.

Figure 4.04 Lightweight Drywall.

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Figure 4.05 Perforated Acoustic Ceiling Tiles.

Figure 4.06 Pre-Renovation Measured Noise Levels.

Figure 4.07 Commissioning Measured Noise Levels.

Figure 4.08 Gridlines Which Are Used to Collect Acoustic Data.

Figure 4.09 Non-Peak Acoustic Reading.

Figure 4.10 Non-Peak Acoustic Reading.

Figure 4.11 Peak Acoustic Reading.

Figure 4.12 Peak Acoustic Reading.

Figure 4.13 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels Figure 4.14 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels Figure 4.15 Noise Criteria for Acoustic Environment in Building Interiors.

Figure 4.16 Sound Decibel Table.

Figure 4.17 Plan with Indications for SRI Calculations.

Figure 4.18 Plan with Indications of The Measured Outdoor Acoustic Levels.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECT

PAGE

Cover Page Declaration of Submission Acknowledgement List of Figures, Plates, Illustrations Table of Contents Abstract 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Aim and Objectives 1.2 Site Introduction

2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 Equipment and Specifications 2.1.1 Lux Meter 2.1.2 Sound Level Meter 2.1.3 Measuring Tape 2.1.4 Camera 2.2 Data Collection Method 2.2.1 Site Study 2.2.2 Procedure

3.0 LIGHTING 3.1 Precedent Studies 3.1.1 Introduction 3.1.2 Methodology 8

3.1.3 Analysis 3.2 Case Study 3.2.1 Site and Zoning 3.2.2 Data Tabulation and Analysis 3.2.3 Material Specification 3.2.4 Artificial Lighting Fixtures and Specifications 3.2.5 Daylight Factor Analysis 3.2.6 Artificial Light Analysis 3.2.7 Daylight and Lighting Diagrams 3.2.8 Lighting Analysis

4.0 ACOUSTICS 4.1 Precedent Studies 4.1.1 Introduction 4.1.2 Objectives and Issues 4.1.3 Existing Construction 4.1.4 Pre-Renovation Measurements 4.1.5 Design Standard 4.1.6 Final Treatment 4.1.7 Commissioning Measurements 4.1.8 Discussion and Conclusion 4.2 Case Study 4.2.1 Site and Zoning 4.2.2 Data Tabulation and Analysis 4.2.3 Material Specification 4.2.4 Fixtures and Specifications 4.2.5 Sound Reduction Index Calculation 9

4.2.6 Reverberation Time 4.2.7 Acoustic Analysis and Evaluation

5.0 CONCLUSION APPENDIX REFERENCES

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ABSTRACT

This research report aims to look into the lighting and acoustic properties of a chosen commercial building, Greyskymorning CafÊ in SS13 Subang Jaya. The services and parts of the building include: the cashier counter, the kitchen, the seating location, the porch, and the back area connecting to the service area as well as the adjacent shoplot to the toilets. Throughout the findings and analysis of lighting and acoustics, the functions and any information of the systems will be studied extensively in conjunction with the building to further understand the importance of the system in a building’s properties operation. Findings and conclusions that are made as a result of this study will be made through our understanding of these said services. Not least forth these services will be adjudged to and by the Malaysian Standard 1525 (MS1525) and requirements as well as other relevant rules and regulations stipulated by relevant authorities and organisations.

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1.0 INTRODUCTION

1.1 AIM AND OBJECTIVES

The aim of the assignment is to gain a better understanding in the lighting and acoustic systems as well as their properties in a given space or building. Furthermore, from the experience gained from this study the aim would be to compile and record the data and provide critical analysis in the form of a written report.

The objectives of this assignment include and procurement of a complete written report with data gained through documentation from the site visits on the building. The criteria of the analysis of the space in relation to the lighting and acoustic and how these properties work together is also to be made an objective. At the end of the assignment students should have a better understanding on lighting and acoustics, as well as all its relevant associates that come with it, including better understanding of calculations of light and acoustic (Lumen and PSALI), as well as how different materials and building layout all correspond with lighting and acoustic performance

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1.2 SITE INTRODUCTION

Figure 1.01 Exterior View of Greyskymorning Café. (Wong,2016) Greyskymorning Café, the site chosen for this case study is an infill building that is sandwiched in between a church, City Harvest Church, and a restaurant, Food Industrie. The café also serves as an access point and circulation between these areas, as well as to more points of the building on the second floor, as well as a saloon that is only accessible via entering Greskymorning. All these commercial and service buildings form an entire structure formally known as EX8, with its own compound dictated by a fence as well as parking lots in and around the structure. EX8 is located in SS13 Subang Jaya where it is predominantly surrounded by factories and manufacturing plants.

However, within the vicinity also lies an International School, and a football stadium.

The entire building, including Greyskymorning is covered in black paint and uses glass and windows exponentially to take advantage of the large amounts of sunlight that Malaysia gets everyday. Natural lighting is used extensively as a result, and the building is cooled with a mixture of air conditioning systems and natural ventilation. The building also uses a heavy amount of steel and bricks that is left as it is to provide a more modern feel and look, a movement which is getting more and more popular in this region.

Greyskymorning Café has many doors and exits with links to and around other portions of EX8, and the café was chosen as our site of our study as our initial analysis revealed that due to the heavy reliance on natural lighting and interesting use of materials the data gained would provide very different results from analysis from different parts of the day. The site is also located in a factory heavy location which we feel would provide different acoustic performance results on different parts of the day as well.

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Figure 1.02 Exterior Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.03 Interior Entrance Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.04 Interior Cashier Counter Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

Figure 1.05 Interior Back Panorama View. (Hong,2016)

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2.0 METHODOLOGY 2.1 EQUIPMENT AND SPECIFICATIONS 2.1.1 LUX METER

Figure 2.01 Lux Meter. (http://www.bsktech.com/lutron.html)

The lux meter is a digital light meter manufactured by Lutron Electronic Enterprise Co. Ltd and functions to measure the luminous flux unit and illuminance level. This device is highly accurate, using photo diodes and multi-colour correction filter with spectrums that meet the C.I.E’s international code of standards. This lux meter is used as our source for lighting data collected on site and is sourced from the University. The specifications of the device are listed below.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION Display Range Zero Adjustment Over-Input Sampling Time Sensor Structure Operating Temperature Operating Humidity Power Supply Power Consumption Dimensions

Weight Miscellaneous

13mm (0.5”) LCD 0 – 50 000 Lux. 3 Presets Internal Adjustment Indication of “1” on LCD 0.4 Seconds Photo Diode and Color Correction Filter 0 – 50Celcius (32 – 122 Fahrenheit) Maximum Capacity at 80% R.H. DC 9V Battery, 006P, MN1604 (PP3) or equivalent Approximately DC 2 mA Main Body: 108x73x23 mm Sensor Probe: 82x55x7 mm 160g (With Battery) 1) Instruction Manual 2) Leather Carrying Case Figure 2.02 Lux Meter General Specification Table.

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATION (23±5) RANGE

RESOLUTION

ACCURACY

2 000 LUX 1 LUX ± (5%+ 2d) 20 000 LUX 10 LUX ± (5%+ 2d) 50 000 LUX 100 LUX ± (5%+ 2d) *Accuracy of sensor is tested by standard parallel tungsten lamp light of 2856K temperature.

Figure 2.03 Lux Meter Electrical Specification Table.

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2.1.2 SOUND LEVEL METER

Figure 2.04 Sound Level Meter. (http://www.bsktech.com/lutron.html)

The sound level meter is a digital sound meter manufactured by Lutron Electronic Enterprise Co. Ltd and functions to measure the acoustic levels and decibel levels.

This device is highly accurate and picks up any minute sound if pointed at the source in the correct manner. This sound meter is used as our source for acoustic data collected on site and is sourced from the University. The specifications of the device are listed below.

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GENERAL SPECIFICATION Function

dB ( A & C Frequency Weighting ), Time Weighting ( Fast, Slow ), Hold, Memory ( Max. & Min. ), Peak Hold, AC Output RS232 Output.

Meter Default Function

Range Set to Auto Range.

Frequency Weighting Set to A Weighting.

Time Weighting Set to Fast.

Measurement Range

30 – 130 dB

Resolution

0.1 dB

Range Selector

Auto Range: 30 – 130 dB. Manual Range: 3 Ranges, 30 – 80 dB, 50 – 100 dB, 80 – 130 dB, 50 dB On Each Step with Over & Under Range Indicating.

Frequency

31.5 – 8 000 Hz

Microphone Type

Electric Condenser Microphone

Microphone Size

12.7 mm DIA ( 0.5 inch )

Frequency

Characteristics of A & C

Weighting Network

* A Weighting The Characteristics Is Simulated As “Human Ear Listening” Response. If Making the Environmental Sound Level Measurement, Always Select to A Weighting.

Time Weighting

Fast – t=200 ms, Slow – t=500 ms

(Fast and Slow)

* FAST Range Is the Simulated Human Ear Response Time. * SLOW Range Is Easier to Get the Average

Calibrator

B & K ( Bruel & kjaer ), MULTIFUNCTION ACOUSTIC CALIBRATOR 4226

Output Signal

*AC Output: AC 0.5 Vrms Corresponding to Each Range Step. Out Put Impedance - 600 ohm *RS232 Output

Output Terminal

Terminal 1: RS232 Computer Interface Terminal, Photo Couple Isolated.

Terminal 2: AC Output Terminal Terminal Socket Size: 3.5mm dia. Phone Socket.

Calibration VR

Built in External Calibration VR, Easy to Calibrate on 94 dB Level by Screw Driver Figure 2.05 Sound Meter General Specification Table.

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2.1.3 MEASURING TAPE

Figure 2.06 Measuring Tape. (https://www.amazon.com/Stanley-33-716-16-Foot-4-Inch-FatMax/dp/B00009OYGJ)

The measuring tape is used to measure a variety of items and specifications in and around the building and site during the study period, including measurement of the dimensions of the building, walls and stairs. It is also used to measure height, especially the height of light and acoustic sources. Finally the tape is also used to ensure the constant height that the acoustic and light reading are taken from are constant and consistent.

2.1.4 CAMERA

Figure 2.07 DSLR Camera. (https://www.bhphotovideo.com/c/buy/SLR-Digital-Cameras/ci/6222/N/4288586280)

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The DSLR camera is used as the primary equipment to record and capture pictures of the building, lighting and acoustic conditions, and the appliances that are deemed necessary to the study. Multiple cameras belonging to fellow members were used. In some instances cameras from mobile phones were used when DSLR cameras were not readily available.

2.2 DATA COLLETION METHOD 2.2.1 SITE STUDY

Figure 2.08 Bryan measuring the dimensions of building. (Wong,2016)

The site visit consisted of several trips to the site over the course of the 9 week period in which we were given to complete the assignment. This was done to compensate the insufficient time to conduct a full study and to accommodate for class scheduling as well as the fact that data from different parts of the day were needed hence several trips on different times of the day were justified. The first trips consisted of preliminary investigations, followed by measurements and data gathering in the subsequent trips to the site. The team was split into teams, namely the data team, photography team and measurement team to ensure efficient work productivity.

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Figure 2.09 Joshua converting raw data into hard data onsite. (Wong,2016)

The preliminary investigations as well as the photo taking were quite straight forward.

Sketches were drawn, and photos of the entire building, inside and out, as well as all the lighting, acoustic and appliance components were taken. From then the measurement team sought to measure the dimensions of the site, obtaining a floor plan as a result and plotted the plan with a gridline of 1.5m spacing for the purpose of data gathering.

Figure 2.10 Adrian obtaining the lighting and acoustic data. (Wong,2016)

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Once the gridline has been established, the data team took on the task of obtaining the data for both the lighting and acoustics from a height of 1m and 1.5m from the floor. In addition to obtaining data indoors, the data for outdoor areas immediately surrounding the building were also gathered, albeit in less quantities. Only the ground floor of the building was used for the study and the building was categorised into different zones for further analysis.

2.2.2 PROCEDURE

Figure 2.11 Sang Won Conducting Preliminary Investigations and Sketches. (Kan,2016)

Below is the procedure list of the entire study process: 1. Preliminary investigation and photo survey, indication of light types and sources.

2. Measurement and production of floor plans, gridlines.

3. Data gathering for light and acoustic using proper equipment at heights of 1m and 1.5m 4. Analysis of data and production of report.

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3.0 LIGHTING 3.1 PRECEDENT STUDY 3.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 3.01 The External South Facing Side of Duke University School of Nursing.

Figure 3.02 Site Plan of the University Marked On The Map.

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Located in Durham, North Carolina, along Trent Drive, sits Duke University School of Nursing. Established in 1931 on January 2nd, it is currently ranked as 6th among the best nursing schools in the U.S. as of 2016. However, for our particular precedent studies, we are looking more in depth into the Cafe Duson located in the courtyard which is located in the East facing side of the university.

Figure 3.03 Exterior of the CafĂŠ Duson in 2010.

The main reason that this building and site was chosen as our focus for lighting precedents was due to the similar layout as well as similarity of the facade of the overall cafe with the floor to ceiling height glass curtain walls. This provides us a platform in which we could get a good initial understanding on the properties and materials that we would face in our study later on.

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3.1.2 METHODOLODY

Figure 3.04 Site Boundary Highlighted on A Site Plan of the Café Duson.

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Figure 3.05 Squares Showing Lights Whilst Triangles Indicate Lights That Are Not Shown On The Plan.

The research started by looking at the exterior of the courtyard and how did the lighting coming from the outside would eventually affect the lighting located inside the Cafe Duson. The boundary line was set up and the materiality of the overall courtyard was identified. Three types of surfaces were identified and their reflectance was also noted, which were the following: 1. Natural Cleft Bluestone Walkway and Courtyard at 15% reflectance 2. Duke Stone Retaining Walls at 20% reflectance 26

3. Gray Painted Aluminum Mullions at 25% reflectance Following that, other existing conditions of the exterior were identified and noted down as well, including glazing, specifications of the existing site lighting as well as any of the other existing lighting features as well.

Figure 3.06 Lights Being Pointed Through the Use of An Elevation Drawing.

Specifications and glazing values of the two identified types of glass are noted as below: 1. 1” Insulated Glass Curtain Wall System of Café DUSON with U-Value of 0.57, Transmittance of 0.55 and Shading Coefficient of 0.45 2. 1” Insulated Glass – Laminated (door glass) with U-Value of 0.57, Transmittance of 0.55 and Shading Coefficient of 0.45 27

The specifications for the two types of lighting fixtures noted down below:

Figure 3.07 Courtyard Luminaire Schedule.

3.1.3 ANALYSIS Through the research gathered as well as observations conducted on site, the exterior does not seem to directly affect the interior as the spacing of the light as well as the strength do not seem to contribute or affect the ambient luminosity of the interior of the cafe. The surrounding landscape also provides sufficient shading that can help solve any glares issues that may occur with the massive glass curtain walls that make up the facade of the Cafe Duson.

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3.2 CASE STUDY 3.2.1 SITE AND ZONING

Figure 3.08 Ground Floor Plan with Gridline of Greyskymorning Cafe.

Figure 3.09 Zoning Spaces of Greyskymorning Cafe.

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3.2.2 DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS *The lightings were recorded and measured at 1.0m and 1.5m respectively.

LIGHTING DATA UNIT: LUX (lx) HEIGHT: 1.5M (STANDING)

1.5METER (LUX) NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C 1 255 85 60 2 252 148 93 3 192 144 83 4 75 61 53 5 195 193 55 6 230 225 33 7 221 218 45

D 62 32 55 33

E

F 21 12 45 15

33 15 43 10

G 12 10 44 11

H 15 12 31 12

I

J 7 11 15 8

K

12 11

34 16

J

K

Figure 3.10 Non-peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.

1.5METER (LUX) PEAK HOURS 6.00PM - 6.15PM GRID A B 1 47 17 2 39 23 3 18 22 4 41 17 5 64 63 6 64 34 7 64 38

C

D 13 16 11 9 63 64 64

11 9 7 2

E 3 3 5 5

F 3 3 5 5

G

H 2 3 4 1

I 2 2 1 1

0.7 0.9 3 0.9

3 0.8

Figure 3.11 Peak Lux Reading at 1.5m According to Gridline.

LEGEND A B C

DINING KITCHEN SERVICE

RED YELLOW BLUE

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14 3

LIGHTING DATA UNIT: LUX (lx) HEIGHT: 1.0M (SITTING)

1.0METER (LUX) NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C 1 283 122 35 2 272 194 90 3 288 149 76 4 155 82 45 5 270 162 42 6 272 161 64 7 273 275 40

D 37 38 67 30

E 17 16 34 18

F 17 15 29 26

G 15 5 41 8

H 12 6 28 8

I

J

K

6 8 14 13

12 17

37 37

I

J

K

Figure 3.12 Non-peak Lux Reading at 1.0m According to Gridline.

1.0METER (LUX) PEAK HOURS 6.00PM - 6.15PM GRID A B 1 42 15 2 58 23 3 21 24 4 51 20 5 23 22 6 32 32 7 36 36

C

D 10 12 15 11 22 32 36

E 10 11 11 15

3 2 4 4

F 3 2 4 4

G

H 2 1 3 2

1 1 3 2

0.3 0.5 4 1

3 1

Figure 3.13 Peak Lux Reading at 1.0m According to Gridline.

LEGEND A B C

DINING KITCHEN SERVICE

RED YELLOW BLUE

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15 4

GRID A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM 255 252 192 75 195 230 221

PEAK HOURS 6.00PM-6.15PM 47 39 18 41 64 64 64

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

85 148 144 61 193 225 218

17 23 22 17 63 34 38

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

60 93 83 53 55 33 45

13 16 11 9 63 64 64

D1 D2 D3 D4

62 32 55 33

11 9 7 2

E1 E2 E3 E4

33 15 43 10

3 3 5 5

F1 F2 F3 F4

21 12 45 15

3 3 5 5

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GRID G1 G2 G3 G4

NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM 12 10 44 11

PEAK HOURS 6.00PM-6.15PM 2 3 4 1

H1 H2 H3 H4

15 12 31 12

2 2 1 1

I1 I2 I3 I4

7 11 15 8

0.7 0.9 3 0.9

J3 J4

12 11

3 0.8

K3 K4

34 16

14 3

Figure 3.14 Lux Reading at 1.5m. (Standing)

LEGEND A B C

DINING KITCHEN SERVICE

RED YELLOW BLUE

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GRID A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7

NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM 283 272 288 155 270 272 273

PEAK HOURS 6.00PM-6.15PM 42 58 21 51 23 32 36

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6 B7

122 194 149 82 162 161 275

15 23 24 20 22 32 36

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C7

35 90 76 45 42 64 40

10 12 15 11 22 32 36

D1 D2 D3 D4

37 38 67 30

10 11 11 15

E1 E2 E3 E4

17 16 34 18

3 2 4 4

F1 F2 F3 F4

17 15 29 26

3 2 4 4

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GRID G1 G2 G3 G4

NON PEAK HOURS 11.30AM - 12.00PM 15 5 41 8

PEAK HOURS 6.00PM-6.15PM 2 1 3 2

H1 H2 H3 H4

12 6 28 8

1 1 3 2

I1 I2 I3 I4

6 8 14 13

0.3 0.5 4 1

J3 J4

12 17

3 1

K3 K4

37 37

15 4

Figure 3.15 Lux Reading at 1.0m. (Sitting)

LEGEND A B C

DINING KITCHEN SERVICE

RED YELLOW BLUE

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INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Observation 1 The data collected at the height of 1.5m are mostly higher than the data collected at the height of 1m from the floor.

Discussion and Analysis 1 The data collected at the height of 1.5m are closer to the artificial lighting. Because the surrounding walls of the cafĂŠ are mostly made out of glass material, daylighting from the curtain walls also affects the interior. Also, due to the building being an infill building, the adjacent buildings may have shades that affects the reading at the 1.5m height, causing it to be lower in some cases.

Observation 2 The light data collected during the non-peak hour of 11.30am is significantly higher in grid A and B, moderately high in grid C and D and lower in the vicinity of grid I. Discussion and Analysis 2 The higher lux reading data collected at Grid A and B are due to the lights coming in from the adjacent curtain walls of the entrance.

Between grid A2 and A3 is the

entrance door, the light coming in from the entrance door affects the data significantly till grid B2 and B3. Grid C and D being the middle part of the building has a moderately high reading due to the light coming in from the entrance door between Grid A2 and A3. The data collected in grid E4, F4, G4, H4 and I4 are relatively low as the building is an infill building. Although the walls are of a curtain wall, the lux reading is low as the adjacent space is a dimly lit restaurant. The readings in grid I1 is low as the walls are constructed of concrete material.

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Observation 3 The data collected during the peak hour of 6.00pm shows a lower lux reading due to the sun setting around that time. All of Grid A can be seen showing a higher lux reading when compared to the other Grid readings.

Discussion and Analysis 3 The higher lux reading collected at Grid A is due to the surrounding curtain walls and it being near the entrance door. Grid A is also adjacent facing west, which is the evening sun.

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3.2.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION ZONE A (DINING) Component

Material

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflective Value (%) 20

Surface Area (m²) 68.0

Reflec tive Index 1.519

Ceiling

Metal deck

Black

Matte

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

15

10.94

1.519

Painted Wall

Black

Matte

15

9.05

1.519

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Curtain Glass wall

Transparent

Glossy

6

107.5

1.517

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

15

79.8

4.500

Door

Metal Frame with glass panel

Black /transparent

Matte/ Glossy

20/6

2.5

1.517

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Stairs

Steel

Black

Matte

Frosted Glass

Translucent Matte

20

19.8

1.519

8

19.5

1.517

40

Furniture

Timber Chair

Brown

Glossy

10

0.8x24 = 19.2

1.46

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte

12

0.7x8 = 5.6

1.328

Timber table painted

Brown

Matte

12

0.36 x 10 = 3.6

1.328

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Leather sofa

Black

Matte

12

2.4

1.519

Reclaimed timber table

Brown

Matte

12

1.1

1.328

Reclaimed palette coffee table

Brown

Matte

12

0.9

1.328

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ZONE B (KITCHEN) Componen t

Material

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflecti ve Value (%)

Reflecti ve Index

15

Surfac e Area (m²) 22.5

Ceiling

Concrete

Grey

Matte

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

15

29.2

1.519

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

15

17.1

4.5

4.500

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Window

Clear Glass

Transparent

Glossy

6

23.7

1.517

Furniture

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte

12

0.7x4 = 2.8

1.328

Reclaimed timber table

Brown

Matte

12

1.1

1.328

44

ZONE C (SERVICE) Componen t

Material

Colour

Surface Finish

Reflecti ve Value (%)

Reflecti ve Index

20

Surfac e Area (m²) 6.65

Ceiling

Metal deck

Black

Matte

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

15

1.72

1.519

Curtain Glass wall

Transparent

Glossy

6

31.3

1.517

1.519

45

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

15

8.4

4.5

46

3.2.4 ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING FIXTURES AND SPECIFICATIONS

Product Model Rated luminous flux Colour rendering Index Power Beam Angle Function and Zone Placement Dimmable Colour Temperature

Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb - squirrel cage filament (old fashioned Edison) E27 screw 610 lm 40 watts Ceiling Lamp 2200 Kelvin

47

Product Model Rated luminous flux Colour rendering Index Power Beam Angle Function and Zone Placement Dimmable Colour Temperature

LED bulb GU10 400lm 90 6W 36 degree Spotlight beside entrance Yes 2700K

48

Product Model Rated luminous flux Colour rendering Index Power Beam Angle Function and Zone Placement Dimmable Colour Temperature

Osram 36W Warm White Lumilux Fluorescent Tube 1350lm 18 Watt Display light Yes 3000 Kelvin

49

Product Model Rated luminous flux Colour rendering Index Power Beam Angle Function and Zone Placement Dimmable Colour Temperature

OSRAM Lumilux T8 Cool White 1350lm 36 Watt Display light Yes 4000 Kelvin

50

3.2.5 DAYLIGHT FACTOR ANALYSIS ZONE A (DINING)

Figure 3.16 Non-peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Dining Space.

Figure 3.17 Image of Zone A Dining Space. (Lee,2016)

51

1.5m 1.0m Average Flux

Daylight (11.30AM) 157.25 206.5 181.88

Figure 3.18 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone A.

Zone

Type

Daylight

Average Lux reading

level in Malaysia E0 (Lx)

A

Dining

12000

Daylight Factor, DF

based on collected data, Ex (Lx)

DF =

181.88

DF =

Performance based

đ??¸đ?‘Ľ

x 100%

đ??¸đ?‘œ

on MS 1525

181.88 12000

x 100%

Fair

= 1.52%

Figure 3.19 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone A.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525: Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

Figure 3.20 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Based on MS1525, Zone A which is the dining area achieved an average lighting with a daylight factor of 1.52%. With a daylight factor of 1.52% it can be considered dark, however it is also a relaxing ambience for chilling and hanging out. Although the surrounding walls are mostly curtain walls, light doesn’t really illuminate the interior spaces. This is due to the surrounding buildings being dimly lit as well, therefore not much lights are being transferred into the cafÊ dining spaces.

52

ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Figure 3.21 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Kitchen Space.

Figure 3.22 Panorama Image of Zone B Kitchen Space. (Hong,2016)

53

Daylight (11.30AM) 123 193.4 158.2

1.5m 1.0m Average Flux

Figure 3.23 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone B.

Zone

Type

Average Lux reading

Daylight

Daylight Factor, DF

DF =

B

Kitchen

level in

based on collected

Malaysia E0 (Lx)

data, Ex (Lx)

12000

158.2

Performance based

đ??¸đ?‘Ľ

x 100%

đ??¸đ?‘œ

on MS 1525

158.2

DF = 12000x 100% = 1.31%

Fair

Figure 3.24 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone B.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525: Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

Figure 3.25 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Based on MS1525, Zone B which is the kitchen space achieved an average lighting with a daylight factor of 1.31%. The Kitchen space is located in front near the entrances surrounded by curtain walls. The surrounding curtain walls help to illuminate the spaces. However, it still resulted in an average lighting distribution. This is due to the external overhang that helped to shelter the interior from the afternoon sun. The façade is filled with overhangs that sheltered the ground floor from direct sun, providing shade even for the outdoor sitting area.Thus, influencing the incoming light into the kitchen space.

54

ZONE C (SERVICE AREA)

Figure 3.26 Non-Peak Hour (11.30AM) Zone Service Area.

Figure 3.27 Image of Zone C Service Area. (Wong,2016)

55

1.5m 1.0m Average Flux

Daylight (11.30AM) 13.05 20 16.53

Figure 3.28 Daylight (11.30AM) Calculation for Zone C.

Zone

C

Type

Service

Daylight

Average Lux reading

level in Malaysia E0 (Lx) 12000

based on collected data, Ex (Lx) 16.53

Daylight Factor, DF

DF =

đ??¸đ?‘Ľ

x 100%

đ??¸đ?‘œ

Performance based on MS 1525

16.53

DF = x 100% 12000 = 0.14%

Poor

Figure 3.29 Daylight (11.30AM) Factor Calculation for Zone C.

Below is the daylight factors and distribution table obtained from the MS1525, Zone Very bright Bright Average Dark

DF (%) >6 3-6 1-3 0-1

Distribution Very large with thermal and glare problems Good Fair Poor

Figure 3.30 Daylight Factors and Distribution Table.

Based on MS1525, Zone C which is the Service Area achieved a daylight factor of 0.14%. It is considerably dark in the area with poor lighting distribution according to MS1525. Being the service area, it does not require too much lighting as hardly anyone goes there. The space is also not designed for any uses except to access outdoor where the maintenance of air conditions are done. Although surrounded by curtain walls, hardly any harsh lights penetrate the space. This is due to the surrounding tall buildings outdoor that shields the spaces from direct sunlight.

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3.2.6 ARTIFICIAL LIGHT ANALYSIS ZONE A (DINING) Dimension of room (L X W)(m) Total Floor Area, A (m²)

13.41m x 4.62m 62m²

Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Fixture, N Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of work level (m) Mounting height (m) Reflection Factors

LED bulb GU10 19 400 4.05 0.8 3.45 CeilingConcrete:3 Wall- Brick wall + Black Painted Wall: 2.0 Floor- Concrete Flooring: 3

Room Index, RI (K)

RI =

LxW (L + W) x H

RI =

13.41 x 4.62 (13.41 + 4.62) x 3.45

= 1.00 Utilisation Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Illuminance Level - E (Lux)

N x F x UF x MF E= A Number of lamps required– N

N=

ExA ( F x UF x MF)

0.4 0.8

Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb 4 610 2.4 0.8 1.4

RI =

13.41 x 4.62 (13.41 + 4.62) x 1.4

= 2.45 0.57 0.8

19 (400 x 0.4 x 0.8) 62 = 39.22

E=

N=

(200 − 39.22) x 62 ( 610 x 0.57 x 0.8)

= 35.83 ⋍ 36 *MS1525 Recommended Dining Illumination Level – 200 Lux

Analysis: The dining area of the café is under-lit and it requires another 32 Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb to meet the requirements of MS1525. However, the cafe is surrounded by curtain walls which allows light to brighten the interior during the day. Furthermore, the café only operates until 7pm, therefore there is no need to worry for lighting issues during the night.

57

ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Dimension of room (L X W)(m)

4.88m x 4.89m

Total Floor Area, A (m²) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Fixture, N

24m² LED bulb GU10 12

Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of work level (m)

400 4.05 0.8

Mounting height (m) Reflection Factors

3.45 Ceiling- Concrete : 3 Wall- Brick wall + Black Painted Wall : 2.0 Floor- Concrete Flooring : 3

Room Index, RI (K)

LxW RI = (L + W) x H

RI =

4.88 x 4.89 (4.88 + 4.89) x 3.45

= 0.71

Utilisation Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Number of lamps required – N

ExA N= ( F x UF x MF)

0.4 0.8

N=

150 x 24 ( 400 x 0.4 x 0.8)

= 28.13 ⋍ 28 *MS1525 Recommended Kitchen Illumination Level – 150 Lux

Analysis: The Counter/Kitchen area of the café is clearly under-lit. It would need another 16 bulbs to meet the criteria of MS1525 Recommended Illumination level. By changing the bulbs to a higher lumen can also be an alternative solution.

58

ZONE C (SERVICE) Dimension of room (L X W)(m) Total Floor Area, A (m²) Type of Lighting Fixture Number of Fixture, N Lumen of Lighting Fixture, F (lm) Height of Luminaire (m) Height of work level (m) Mounting height (m) Reflection Factors

3.60m x1.67m 6m² Dowsing & Reynolds Vintage light bulb 1 610 2.4 0.8 1.4 Ceiling: Concrete : 3 Wall: Brick wall + Black Painted Wall : 2.0 Floor: Concrete Flooring : 3

Room Index, RI (K)

RI =

LxW (L + W) x H

RI =

3.60 x 1.67 (3.60 + 1.67) x 1.4

= 0.81 Utilisation Factor, UF Maintenance Factor, MF Number of lamps required – N

ExA N= ( F x UF x MF)

0.57 0.8

N=

50 x 6 ( 610 x 0.57 x 0.8)

= 1.08 ⋍ 1 *MS1525 Recommended Service Platform Illumination Level - 50 Lux

Analysis: The service area of the café is sufficiently lit as its illumination level meet the MS1525 Recommended illumination level of 50 Lux with the installed artificial lightings.

59

3.2.7 DAYLIGHT AND LIGHTING DIAGRAMS REVIT SIMULATION, DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS FLOOR PLAN

Figure 3.31 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

The calculations and data recorded reveal that Zones B and C as well as a small portion of Zone A receive the most daylight. This is due to the area being next to the glass walls. Most of Zone A is located away from the glass walls hence less intensity.

60

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS ZONE A (DINING)

Figure 3.32 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone A is very well lit even though the intensity of the daylight reduces by quite a far amount in the middle of the zone. The glass walls surrounding the zone allow for ample daylight to enter the zone without the use of much artificial lighting needed, saving costs.

61

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Figure 3.33 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone B receives the most natural light among all the zones as it is nearest to the glass walls. Furthermore, the zone is flanked by sides that allow for daylight to pass through as well. This well-lit area means that throughout the day no artificial lighting is needed to provide better illumination.

62

DAYLIGHT ANALYSIS ZONE C (SERVICE)

Figure 3.34 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone C is situated at the rear of the building and also receives a substancial amount of natural light as it is surrounded on 3 sides by glass walls. Little to no artificial lighting is needed in this zone as well, except in the case of during evenings.

63

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS FLOOR PLAN

Figure 3.35 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Based on our analysis the area with the highest concentration of artificial lighting is located in Zone A, with the zone providing ready illumination being the dining area for customers.

64

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS ZONE A (DINING)

Figure 3.36 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone A is most commonly exposed to artificial lighting by the fact that it is the location of space usage by the customers and hence extra lighting is needed when possible.

The lighting fixtures are located on the walls and ceilings.

65

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS ZONE B (KITCHEN)

Figure 3.37 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone B receives the least amount of artificial lighting assistance due to the fact that most of the time it isn’t needed as a result of exceptional use of natural lighting.

However, ceiling lights are installed in the event that artificial lighting is needed. Most of the time, these lights are left off.

66

ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING ANALYSIS ZONE C (SERVICE)

Figure 3.38 Plan and Light Analysis Diagram obtained via Revit.

Zone C also receives little to no artificial light assistance, with only a few lights in place in the event that it is needed. Usually the natural daylight is sufficient to light the area.

67

3.2.8 LIGHTING ANALYSIS

Figure 3.39 Dining Area Facing the West Sun. (Wong,2016)

Having the front faรงade facing west, the evening sun lights up the interior spaces during the evening. In the picture shown above, the entrance is seen allowing light into the premise. With the curtain wall installation, lights illuminate the spaces allowing for a natural light experience. Thus, also reducing the need and reliance on artificial lighting throughout the day.

Figure 3.40 Kitchen Space Facing the West Sun. (Wong,2016)

68

The Kitchen space are also illuminated by natural light mostly. During the evening, the west sun illuminates the interior spaces through the curtain wall. Thus, it fully optimizes the daylighting of the evening sun in the space.

Figure 3.41 Service Area Facing the Morning Sun. (Wong,2016)

The back of the cafĂŠ has a service area which leads to the outdoor space for maintenance of the air conditioner. Surrounded by curtain wall, natural light illuminates the surrounding area, thus also reducing the reliance on artificial lightings. It can be observed that the service area only requires a single light bulb to achieve sufficient daylighting. Although it is considered a poor lighting distribution, however according to MS1525, a service area is sufficiently lit to 50 Lux.

69

Figure 3.42 Natural Skylight Illuminates The Interior Spaces. (Wong,2016)

The front part of the dining spaces is also lit by natural skylight in the cafĂŠ. Thus, allowing natural light from the roof top to illuminate all the way to the ground floor. With the openings, it allows for the reduction and reliance on artificial lightings in the space.

Figure 3.43 Kitchen Area Illuminated with Warm Spotlights. (Hong,2016)

Even with all the natural lightings and transparencies, artificial lightings are also installed to light up the interior spaces and aids the cafĂŠ in illuminating during the morning or evening.

70

Although artificial lightings can provide certain aesthetic and mood to the spaces, it also serves in a very practical manner. For instance, the kitchen area has several spotlights which helps illuminates the menu items. It also helps the baristas to prepare the drinks in dimly lit situations. The kitchen which also acts as a counter, needs to be brightly lit up to allow customers to better view the menu and so on. Surrounded in conjunction with curtain wal ls, the kitchen/counter area is brightly lit up by natural and artificial lightings to serve for both a practical and aesthetic manner.

Figure 3.44 Dining Spaces Illuminated with Warm Spotlights. (Hong,2016)

The middle area of the cafĂŠ which houses the dining spaces are also lit up by artificial lightings throughout most of the day. Although surrounded by curtain walls and having several openings nearby like the stairs, it is still not enough to provide a fair daylighting distribution.

Though with artificial lights, it can achieve the desired daylighting results with a warm mood as a bonus.

Figure 3.45 Warm Mood Created by Artificial Lightings. (Wong,2016)

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To provide a better level of illumination, the interior finishes plays a huge role. For instan ce, the slightly tinted glass of the curtain walls decreases the glaring issues when sunlight penetrates the interior spaces of the building. Thus, helping the user feel more comfortable gazing outside. Moreover, the natural skylight from the rooftop decreases the usage of artificial lightings to achieve the sufficient daylight illumination of the interior spaces. With the inclusion of minimal artificial lightings, the interior spaces can be illuminated to desired levels and yet still achieve the mood and aesthetic that was aimed for. Thus, creating a warm, natural and cozy feeling to the users.

72

4.0 ACOUSTICS 4.1 PRECEDENT STUDY 4.1.1 INTRODUCTION

Figure 4.01 Sky City and the Auckland Skyline. (http://vizts.com/901-2/)

Figure 4.02 Site of Sky City in Auckland. (Google Maps)

73

In this precedent study, the Sky City Casino and Conference Centre in Auckland was undergoing a renovation, an existing conference room is to be converted into a bar/ nightclub. The Marshall Day Acoustics were engaged in order to design a sound insulation device to mitigate the noise transmission from the bar to the hotel suites which are located on level 4, one floor above the bar’s new location which is on level 3. Complaints were made previously from the hotel as noise can be heard from the conference room when amplified music was being played. After performing noise reduction measurements before and after the renovation, it was considered that the concrete slab between the hotel rooms and conference space was the primary medium for sound transmission and so design solutions will be focus on the medium.

4.1.2 OBJECTIVES AND ISSUES Since that the concrete slab was the cause of the noise transmission between the two floors, an acoustic ceiling is design in order to mitigate and minimize the noise transmission that affects the concrete slab. This had to be achieved with a buildable and affordable solution that could accommodate the services and architectural issues that are existing. The existing structure of the building was remaining and as such there is no leeway for structural changes. The immediate obvious solution is to achieve a high degree of transmission loss at low frequencies from the planned acoustic ceiling as any mid-high frequency components of the music would be attenuated through the structure itself and hence it was merely a low frequency problem at 63 Hz - 125 Hz.

4.1.3 EXISTING CONSTRUCTION

Figure 4.03 Hotel Layout.

74

All of the hotel suites are located one floor above the converted conference space and they all share the same floor slab. The shared ceiling floor is 120 Hibond which gives an average concrete thickness of 90 mm. The ceilings in the conference room was a perforated acoustic ceiling and the walls on both the hotel levels and the conferenc e room were made of lightweight drywall construction.

Figure 4.04 Lightweight Drywall.

Figure 4.05 Perforated Acoustic Ceiling Tiles.

75

4.1.4 PRE-RENOVATION MEASUREMENTS Measurements were carried out in the conference room before renovation to determine

the

sound

insulation

provided

by

the

existing

structure.

Audio equipment were used to generate the high noise levels required. Independently, pink noise and a dance music sample were amplified to a reverberant level of Lđ?‘’đ?‘ž 9597 dBA in the conference room. Pink noise and dance music samples were used to measure the level of noise received in the five hotel suites on Level 4.

Reverberant levels of the pink noise generated in the conference room were :

â—? Lđ?‘’đ?‘ž 105 dB @ 63 Hz â—? Lđ?‘’đ?‘ž101 dB @ 125 Hz

In suite 5, the pink noise was barely audible above the ambient noise levels. In Fact the bass beat of the dance music was barely detectable hence measurements in this room were discarded.

All measurements here were slightly affected by the traffic from the surrounding neighbourhood and nearby construction noise. The table below summarizes the results obtained.

Figure 4.06 Pre-Renovation Measured Noise Levels.

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4.1.5 DESIGN STANDARD Sound received from dance music and live bands normally consist of a rhythmic low frequency tone. When this noise is clearly identifiable from above the ambient noise levels in a bedroom than it is likely to be a nuisance to the occupants. As such, the ambient noise levels in the hotel suites were used as a benchmark for a design criterion. It is clear that it would not be practically possible to achieve acceptable noises in all the hotel suites from the previous measurement. Hence, the objective is to mitigate as much of the noise as practically possible.

4.1.6 FINAL TREATMENT An acoustic ceiling is to be incorporated into the architectural ceiling and would be suspended 2 meters below the bottom of the slab in order to avoid the structural steelwork with the construction as follow:

●

120 mm Hibond slab;

●

2000 mm air gap accommodating structural steelwork and services;

●

3 layers of R1.8, 75 mm Pink Batts insulation

●

Ceiling consisting of 1 layer 21 mm plywood and 2 layers 13 mm Gib Noiseline suspended on spring hangers

4.1.7 COMMISSIONING MEASUREMENTS Sound insulation performance of the acoustic ceiling was measured in the same way as the pre-renovation measurements once the refitting is complete. The table below summarizes the results:

77

Figure 4.07 Commissioning Measured Noise Levels.

A comparison with the before and after measurements gives an indication that an improved sound insulation has been achieved with the acoustic ceiling.

Low frequency noise level in the hotel room has a moderate increase from the noise cause by the bar. However, there was no change to the A-weighted noise levels in the rooms. Dance music was played at high levels in the bar and a moderately low level of low frequency was detectable in the hotel suites.

4.1.8 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION The sound insulation performance resulting from the measurement has an improvement from the previous measurement due to the installation of the acoustic ceiling but it was not as great as predicted theoretically. This shortcoming of performance was already expected and most likely cause by the nature of the field conditions, possible material variations in the building products and also some flanking transmission through other paths.

The level of noise generated by the bar need to be limited to approximately 95 dB at 63 Hz and 92 dB at 125 Hz in order to control the transmission of low frequency noise and this in turn would limit the number of complaints received. As a conclusion, the bar/night club has now been undergoing operation successfully for several months since the installation. As predicted, they were occasional complaints made by the guest staying at the hotel in rooms above which are most affected by the bar. However, the overall result is such that the acoustic ceiling design is considered to be successful in being a sound insulation.

78

4.2 CASE STUDY 4.2.1 SITE AND ZONING NOISE IDENTIFICATION TYPE OF EXTERNAL SOUND SOURCE

DESCRIPTION The macro site is surrounded by main roads which are heavily used by cars throughout the day (highlighted red). However, due to the location of the site noise factor from these main roads are almost unnoticeable. As for the micro site, the surrounding roads of the site is used heavily by many types of vehicles including lorries and trucks, and produce a high level of noise. However, the noise is reduced as the site is enclosed in an area, and the building surrounded

by

other

adjacent

buildings

dampening outdoor noise and keeping noise pollution to a minimum.

The neighboring buildings, although vary in activities do not serve any real noise intrusion to the building, as the operational hours do not coincide with many of the activities. For instance, church activities on one side is normally conducted before or after the café operation hours and the restaurant is always constantly low on noise volume.

One area in which that the café receives external noise is located at the back, where the air condition

condensers

are

located.

Fully

functional during opening hours, they constantly blare out bland humming tone at up to 54dB which is most obvious at the back of the café.

Towards the front the sound is eliminated from the brick wall.

79

SITE ZONING

Figure 4.08 Gridlines Which Are Used to Collect Acoustic Data.

The gridline, established together with the lighting data collection grid, is also used to gather acoustic measurements in and around the building, with a 1.5m spacing in between each grid point, forming a total of 49 grid points.

80

4.2.2 DATA TABULATION AND ANALYSIS *The acoustics were recorded and measured at 1.5m.

ACOUSTIC DATA UNIT: DECIBEL (dB) HEIGHT: 1.5M (STANDING)

Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C 1 60.3 61.3 62.9 2 60.4 60.7 60.2 3 61.1 62 68.3 4 60.6 70.4 72 5 58 58.3 60.4 6 60 59 63.5 7 60 59.4 58.6

D 61.5 66.7 62 63.2

E 61.4 61.3 68.4 64.2

F 62.3 61.7 62.7 66.6

G 61.3 61.8 63.2 65.3

H 62.8 62.7 63.3 65.4

I 64.3 63.9 63.4 66.2

J

K

67.8 68.2

71.2 69.2

Figure 4.09 Non-Peak Acoustic Reading.

Non Peak Hour 11.30AM 12.00PM GRI D A B C 1.07E 1.35E 1.95E 1 -06 -06 -06 1.10E 1.17E 1.05E 2 -06 -06 -06 1.29E 1.58E 6.76E 3 -06 -06 -06 1.15E 1.10E 1.58E 4 -06 -06 -05 6.30E 6.76E 1.10E 5 -07 -07 -06 1.00E 7.94E 2.24E 6 -06 -07 -06 1.00E 8.71E 7.24E 7 -06 -07 -07

D 1.41E -06 4.67E -06 1.58E -06 2.08E -06

E 1.38E -06 1.34E -06 6.91E -06 2.63E -06

F 1.69E -06 1.47E -06 1.86E -06 4.57E -06

G 1.34E -06 1.51E -06 2.08E -06 3.38E -06

H 1.90E -06 1.86E -06 2.13E -06 3.46E -06

I 2.69E -06 2.45E -06 2.18E -06 4.16E -06

J

K

6.02E -06 6.60E -06

1.31E -06 8.31E -06

Figure 4.10 Non-Peak Acoustic Reading.

81

Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B 1 65 63 2 65 64 3 66 68 4 68 70 5 70 71 6 72 73 7 64 65

C 67 66 65 67 77 76 75

D 69 71 66 71

E 69 71 66 70

F 68 67 65 68

G 67 64 69 67

H 67 66 66 68

I J 65 64 65 69 67 74

K

75 78

Figure 4.11 Peak Acoustic Reading.

Peak Hour 5pm5.15pm GRI D A B 3.16E 1.99E 1 -06 -06 3.16E 2.51E 2 -06 -06 3.98E 6.30E 3 -06 -06 6.30E 1.00E 4 -06 -05 1.00E 1.25E 5 -05 -05 1.58E 1.99E 6 -05 -05 2.51E 3.16E 7 -06 -06

C 5.01E -06 3.98E -06 3.16E -06 5.01E -06 5.01E -05 3.98E -05 3.16E -05

D 7.94E -06 1.25E -05 3.98E -06 1.25E -05

E 7.94E -06 1.25E -05 3.98E -06 1.00E -05

F 6.30E -06 5.01E -06 3.16E -06 6.30E -06

G 5.01E -06 2.51E -06 7.94E -06 5.01E -06

H 5.01E -06 3.98E -06 3.98E -06 6.30E -06

I 3.16E -06 2.51E -06 3.16E -06 5.01E -06

J

K

7.94E -06 2.51E -05

3.16E -05 6.30E -05

Figure 4.12 Peak Acoustic Reading.

82

Figure 4.13 Non-Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels (BELOW)

Sum of Intensity for each zone, I Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 9.03E-06 7

D

Sound Intensity level (SIL) per zone Non Peak Hour 11.30AM - 12.00PM GRID A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 69.56 7

E

F G

H I

J

K

9.62E-05 2.22E-05

D

E

F G

H I

J

K

79.83 73.46

83

Figure 4.14 Peak Sum Intensity and Sound Intensity Levels (BELOW)

Sum of Intensity for each zone, I Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 1.86E-04 7

D

SIL Peak Hour 5pm-5.15pm GRID A B C 1 2 3 4 5 6 82.7 7

E

F G

H I

J

K

2.00E-04 1.28E-04

D

E

F G

H I

J

K

83.01 81.07

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INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

Observation 1 There is a peak of 70.4dB in grid B4.

Discussion and Analysis 1 Grid B4 is situated near the barista counter where the making of coffee and the machinery sound are produced.

Observation 2 There is a significant rise in decibels in grid k3 and k4.

Discussion and Analysis 2 There is a backdoor adjacent between grid k3 and k4. Outside the perimeter are the placement of the outdoor condensers which are required to operate the air conditioner of the cafĂŠ and the nearby restaurant. The rise in decibels in grid k3 and k4 are due to the sound coming from the outdoor spaces.

Observation 3 During the non-peak hour (11.30am), Grid B4 and C4 can be seen having a significantly higher decibel when compared to the rest.

Discussion and Analysis 3 The reason it has a higher decibel reading could be due to the placement of the cake display cabinet/fridge. Another reason could be during the time of measurement, the Ice blender located in the kitchen area is being used.

85

Observation 4 During the peak hour (6.00pm), a rise of decibels in the collected data is observed.

Discussion and Analysis 4 The data collected shows a rise in decibels during the peak hour. Working adults and university students hang out in the cafĂŠ after classes and work. There were more people in the cafĂŠ at the time, chatting, talking and discussing on things. Thus, the higher reading. Moreover, during the peak hour, music was even played in the background. No music was playing in the background during the non-peak hour visit.

Observation 5 During the peak hour (6.00pm), a rise of decibels in Grid B5, B6, C5, C6 and C7 are collected and measured.

Discussion and Analysis 5 The higher decibels in Grid B5, B6, C5, C6 and C7 are due to the coffee machines, grinders and etc. working to meet the demand of the customers during the peak hour of 6pm.

86

4.2.3 MATERIAL SPECIFICATION ZONE A (DINING) Component

Material

Colour

Surface Finish

Absorpti on Coefficie nt (500 Hz)

Abso rptio n Coeff icient (200 0 Hz)

Surfa ce Area (m²)

Ceiling

Metal deck

Black

Matte

0.7

0.86

68.0

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

0.02

0.02

10.94

Painted Wall

Black

Matte

0.02

0.02

9.05

87

Curtain Glass wall

Transparent

Glossy

0.04

0.03

107.5

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

0.05

0.05

79.8

Door

Metal Frame with glass panel

Black /transparent

Matte/ Glossy

0.04

0.03

2.5

88

Stairs

Steel

Black

Matte

0.7

0.86

19.8

Frosted Glass

Translucent

Matte

0.04

0.03

19.5

89

Furniture

Timber Chair

Brown

Glossy

0.22

0.38

0.8x24 = 19.2

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

0.7x8 = 5.6

Timber table painted

Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

0.36 x 10 = 3.6

90

Leather sofa

Black

Matte

0.28

0.28

2.4

Reclaimed timber table

Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

1.1

Reclaimed palette coffee table

Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

0.9

91

ZONE B (KITCHEN) Ceiling

Concrete

Grey

Matte

0.05

0.05

22.5

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

0.02

0.02

29.2

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

0.05

0.05

17.1

92

Window

Clear Glass

Transparent

Glossy

0.04

0.03

23.7

Furniture

Timber Stool

Dark Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

2.8

Reclaimed timber table

Brown

Matte

0.22

0.38

1.1

93

ZONE C (SERVICE) Ceiling

Metal deck

Black

Matte

0.7

0.86

6.65

Wall

Brick wall

Brown

Matte

0.02

0.02

1.72

Curtain Glass wall

Transparent

Glossy

0.04

0.03

31.3

94

Floor

Concrete

Grey

Matte

0.05

0.05

8.4

95

4.2.4 FIXTURES AND SPECIFICATIONS Type of Sound Source

Product Model

Units and zone Placement

Wattage

Voltage

Noise Level

Acson Wall Mounted Split G series R22 Model

1 unit at Zone B

880

220

52dB

York Floor Ceiling Convertible Deluxe R410A

1 unit at Zone C

1130

220

55dB

JAMAJKA 1.3W

1 unit at Zone A

1300

220

52dB

Xs-160yx Glass 1 unit at Zone A Top Deep Freezers Mini Ice Cream Display Freezer

-

220

50dB

Berjaya Counter Chiller CC2100-S

618

220

50dB

1 unit at Zone B

96

KDK Ceiling Fan KY14X8MC

-3 units at Zone A

760

230

45dB

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027

1 unit at Zone B

650

220

49dB

Anfim Caimano Coffee Grinder

1 unit at Zone B

450

220

80dB

Sharp Countertop Microwave Oven 0.9 CU. FT. 900W

1 unit at Zone B

900

120

58dB

-1 unit at Zone B

97

Keesvanderwe stern Mirage

1 unit at Zone B

3600

220

85dB

APPLIANCES INTENSITY CALCULATION Source

Noise Level (dB)

Intensity, I

Acson Wall Mounted Split G series R22 Model

52

1.5849E-07

York Floor Ceiling Convertible Deluxe R410A

55

3.1623E-07

JAMAJKA 1.3W

52

1.5849E-07

Xs-160yx Glass Top Deep Freezers Mini Ice Cream Display Freezer

50

0.0000001

Berjaya Counter Chiller CC2100-S

50

0.0000001

KDK Ceiling Fan KY14X8MC

45

3.1623E-08

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027

49

7.9433E-08

Anfim Caimano Coffee Grinder

80

8.71E-07

Sharp Countertop Microwave Oven 0.9 CU. FT. 900W

58

0.0004

Keesvanderwestern Mirage

85

3.1623E-04

98

Combined Appliances at Zone A

Source

Quantity

Intensity

Total Intensity

KDK Ceiling Fan KY14X8MC

3

3.1623E-08

9.4869E-08

Xs-160yx Glass Top Deep Freezers Mini Ice Cream Display Freezer

1

0.0000001

0.0000001

JAMAJKA 1.3W

1

1.5849E-07

1.5849E-07

Grand Total Intensity

3.5336E-07

99

Combined Appliances at Zone B

Source

Quantity

Intensity

Total Intensity

Acson Wall Mounted Split G series R22 Model

1

1.5849E-07

1.5849E-07

Berjaya Counter Chiller CC2100-S

1

0.0000001

0.0000001

Phillips Rice Cooker HD3027

1

7.9433E-08

7.9433E-08

Anfim Caimano Coffee Grinder

1

8.71E-07

8.71E-07

Sharp Countertop Microwave Oven 0.9 CU. FT. 900W

1

0.0004

0.0004

Keesvanderwestern Mirage

1

3.1623E-04

3.1623E-04

Grand Total Intensity

7.1745E-04

100

Combined Appliances at Zone C

Source

Quantity

Intensity

Total Intensity

York Floor Ceiling Convertible Deluxe R410A

1

3.1623E-07

3.1623E-07

Grand Total Intensity

3.1623E-07

101

APPLIANCES SIL CALCULATION

Sound Intensity Level (SIL) by Zone

Zone

Intensity, I

Sound Intensity, SIL

A

3.5336E-07

55.48

B

7.1745E-04

88.56

C

3.1623E-07

55

Sound Intensity Level (SIL) of entire space

Zone

Intensity, I

A

3.5336E-07

B

7.1745E-04

C

3.1623E-07

Entire Space

7.1813E-04

đ??ź đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż = 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘” ( ) 1đ?‘Ľ10−12 7.1813đ?‘Ľ10−4 đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż = 10 đ??żđ?‘œđ?‘” ( ) 1đ?‘Ľ10−12 đ?‘†đ??źđ??ż = 88.56đ?‘‘ Hence, the total SIL of the space is 88.56 dB 102

ANALYSIS

Figure 4.15 Noise Criteria for Acoustic Environment in Building Interiors.

Figure 4.16 Sound Decibel Table.

103

According to Academic Resource Centre of Illinois Institute of Technology, restaurants or cafes have a noise criteria ranging from 48-52 dB. Greyskymorning cafe has a total Sound Intensity of 88.56 dB, which almost doubles the amount of acceptable sound intensity in the build environment probably due to the machinery being used in the cafe. As a comparison, Noise that exceeds 80dB is considered as too loud for normal conversation to be held and would be a nuisance to users.

104

4.2.5 SOUND REDUCTION INDEX (SRI) CALCULATION

CEILING Component Ceiling

Material

Metal deck Concrete Total Surface Area

Black

Surface Finish Matte

Surface Area(m2) 74.7

50

Grey

Matte

22.5 97.2

43 Total ST

Colour

T= Tav =

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.00001 0.00005

ST 0.000747 0.001125 0.001872

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.001872 97.2

= 0.00002

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00002

= 47 dB

105

FLOOR Component

Material

Floor

Concrete

Colour Black

Surface Finish Matte

Total Surface Area

T= Tav =

Surface Area(m2) 105.3

50

105.3

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.00001

ST 0.001053 0.001053

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.001053 105.3

= 0.00001

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00001

= 50 dB

106

Figure 4.17 Plan with Indications for SRI Calculations.

107

WALL A

Component Wall

Material

Curtain Glass Wall Door Metal Frame w/ Glass Panel Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Transparent

Glossy

Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 19.2

37

0.0002

0.00384

2.8

37

0.0002

0.00056

22

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

0.0044

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.0044 22

= 0.0002

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.0002

= 37 dB

108

WALL B

Curtain Glass Wall Concrete

Transparent

Glossy

Surface Area (m2) 52.2

Grey

Matte

3.4

43

0.00005

0.0002

Metal Frame w/ Glass Panel Column Concrete Total Surface Area

Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

2.8

37

0.0002

0.00056

Grey

Matte

4.8 63.2

43 0.00005 Total ST

Component Wall

Door

Material

Surface Finish

Colour

T= Tav =

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

37

0.0002

0.01044

0.00024 0.01144

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.01144 63.2

= 0.00018

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00018

= 37 dB

109

WALL C

Component Wall Window

Material

Brick Wall Clear Glass Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Brown Transparent

Matte Glossy

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 11.57 3

45 37

14.57

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.00003 0.0002

ST 0.00035 0.0006 0.00095

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.00095 14.57

= 0.00007

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00007

= 42 dB

110

WALL D

Component Wall Window

Material

Brick Wall Clear Glass Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Brown Transparent

Matte Glossy

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 5.1 10.5

45 37

15.6

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.00003 0.0002

ST 0.00015 0.0021 0.00225

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.00225 15.6

= 0.00014

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00014

= 39 dB

111

WALL E

Component Wall Window

Material

Brick Wall Clear Glass Door Metal Frame w/ Glass Panel Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Brown Transparent

Matte Glossy

Black/ Transparent

Matte/ Glossy

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 1.8 3

45 37

0.00003 0.0002

0.00005 0.0006

2.8

37

0.0002

0.00056

7.6

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

0.00121

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.00121 7.6

= 0.000159

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.000159

= 38 dB

112

WALL F

Component Wall

Material

Glass Curtain Wall Brick Wall Column Concrete Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Transparent

Glossy

Brown Grey

Matte Matte

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 43.9

37

3.9 2 49.8

45 0.00003 43 0.00005 Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.0002

ST 0.00878

0.00012 0.0001 0.009

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.009 49.8

= 0.00018

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00018

= 37 dB

113

WALL G Component

Material

Wall

Brick Wall

Colour Brown

Surface Finish Matte

Total Surface Area

T= Tav =

Surface Area(m2) 17.9

45

17.9

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.00003

ST 0.000537 0.000537

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.000537 17.9

= 0.00003

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.00003

= 45 dB

114

WALL H

Component Wall

Material

Glass Curtain Wall Brick Wall Door Metal Frame w/ Glass Panel Total Surface Area

Surface Finish

Colour Transparent

Glossy

Brown Black/ Transparent

Matte Matte/ Glossy

T= Tav =

Surface Area (m2) 7

37

0.0002

0.0014

10.1 2.8

45 37

0.00003 0.0002

0.0003 0.00056

19.9

Total ST

SRI

Transmission Coefficient, T

ST

0.00226

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.00226 19.9

= 0.000114

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.000114

= 39 dB

115

WALL I

Transparent

Surface Finish Glossy

Surface Area(m2) 15.4

Brown

Matte

Component

Material

Colour

Wall

Glass Curtain Wall Brick Wall

Total Surface Area

T= Tav =

37

Transmission Coefficient, T 0.0002

0.003

2.2

45

0.00003

0.000066

17.6

Total ST

SRI

ST

0.003066

1 đ?‘†đ?‘…đ??ź ) 10

đ?‘Žđ?‘›đ?‘Ąđ?‘–đ?‘™đ?‘œđ?‘” (

đ?‘†1 đ?‘‡1 +đ?‘†2 đ?‘‡2 +đ?‘†đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘› đ?‘‡đ?‘œđ?‘Ąđ?‘Žđ?‘™ đ?‘†đ?‘˘đ?‘&#x;đ?‘“đ?‘Žđ?‘?đ?‘’ đ??´đ?‘&#x;đ?‘’đ?‘Ž

=

0.003066 17.6

= 0.000174

SRI = 10 Log10 = 10 Log10

1 ���

1 0.000174

= 38 dB

116

SOUND TRANSMISSION BETWEEN INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR Due to the nature of our site, certain areas were inaccessible. Therefore, we only managed to obtain the Exterior sound levels of certain outdoor spaces.

Using the formula: Exterior sound levels – SRI of the respective surface = Sound Transmission of respective surface Through this formula, we are able to obtain the Sound Transmission of the given surfaces so that we may identify its percentage in which it transmits.

Figure 4.18 Plan with Indications of The Measured Outdoor Acoustic Levels.

117

Wall A Exterior sound levels – SRI of the respective surface = Sound Transmission of respective surface 54 dB – 37 dB = 17 dB 17đ?‘‘đ??ľ 54đ?‘‘đ??ľ

x 100% = 31%

Wall E 73 dB – 38 dB = 35 dB 35đ?‘‘đ??ľ 73đ?‘‘đ??ľ

x 100% = 48%

Wall F 62 dB – 37 dB = 25 dB 25đ?‘‘đ??ľ 62đ?‘‘đ??ľ

x 100% = 40%

Average of Percentages 31+48+40 3

= 39.7%

ANALYSIS Without the remaining measurements for the other surfaces, it’s quite hard to draw a proper conclusion. However, due to the similarity in the types of spaces outside as well as the materiality of the which create a very uniform Sound Reduction Index throughout the overall building, it is safe to assume that the average of the percentages would be roughly the same. Overall the buildings surface allows more than 50 percent of the exterior sound found on the site. This is most likely due to the large amounts of glass found throughout the site.

118

4.2.6 REVERBERATION TIME

1

119

2

120

4.2.7 ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION The recommended Noise Criteria for a café, referring to AS/NZS 2107:2000, is in the region of 45-50dBA. The recommended reverberation time for a café should also be in the proximity of 0.4-0.6s, as stated by AS/NZS 2107:2000. However, during our testing and analysis the sound levels consistently breach the 70-80 dBA readings. To put that into perspective, the human ear works optimally at the 48-72 dBA range.

Acoustic comfort in a building or space is very important for the users to feel comfortable and be able to work and play efficiently in that space. Acoustic levels also play a very important role in the balance and effect on the psychological and physiological well-being of the user.

Thankfully, the building does not suffer from major acoustical disturbances from the exterior as the road networks and isolation of the site work in favour to dampen acoustic levels. The café does, however, receive some noise at the back portion in via the noise generated by the air conditioning systems. In the interiors of the café, the main acoustical noises are generated from the usage of Coffee Machines as well as Kitchen Appliances that are all important to serve customers. The café tackles these situations by placing the kitchen in a corner, away from the users and sound direction and not placing any seats or usage space within close proximity of the back portion of the café.

The material usage, namely steel, bricks and wood also help in reducing the acoustical levels, with acoustic absorption characteristics that ensure acoustic acceptability of space. The café may improve its acoustic absorption characteristics further by using more soft materials which aid in absorbing sound.

121

5.0 CONCLUSION After conducting a detailed analysis on the site and gaining a newfound understanding on lighting and acoustic properties and functions, many conclusions may be made.

Starting with the lighting design, our observations as well as calculations came to the conclusion that the building is able to receive sufficient amounts of light via natural lighting with little extra aid from artificial lights throughout all zones studied as stipulated by MS 1525. Although it may be recommended that the café adopt some shading properties in the form of shading devices as at times during our analysis we have come to find that the building, especially the areas close to the walls may receive too much light and heat, causing discomfort to the users.

As for the acoustic properties, the building is exceptional in that it takes advantage of it’s infill nature to reduce acoustic disturbance from the outdoors. The relative isolation of the café and entire building itself also contributes heavily to the reduction or prevention of major acoustic hazards from penetrating anywhere close to the café.

Internally the café suffers from slight acoustic hazards especially in and around the kitchen area and the back part of the café. As the noise origins are unavoidable it can be recommended that the café implement the usage of more soft materials such as pillows or carpets around the café to improve noise absorption as well as maybe even purchasing and using sound masking speakers that not only serve to absorb noise, but also play any form of music that may aid to the acoustical comfort of the customers.

An example of such a product is the XOUNT 360, widely used and available in the market.

Overall, this is a project that has brought us, all the members, new and improved knowledge about lighting and acoustics that are related to a building. Through this project we are also able to improve our bond from working together which will help propel us to improve ourselves as well. Finally the lessons learnt from this assignment would be crucial and important to the application and design of subsequent assignments relating to architecture that any of us may partake in the future.

122

APPENDIX

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

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