Africa Automotive News January-February digital issue 2022 by Africa Automotive News

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive

January-February issue 2022

Volume 4 issue no. 19

Pick the Right Spare Parts for Your Truck

In this issue...... Côte d’Ivoire’s automotive ambitions in West Africa...pg 10

Opinion: Reshape the automotive industry in Africa...pg 16

Grenadier off-road SUV coming to South Africa...pg 12

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Content

January-February issue l 2022

Contents Current Issue

Pick the Right Spare Parts for Your Truck, How to Change Oil For Your Vehicle & much more

REGULARS News Briefs

Events

Innovation

Opinion

Safety Tips

28 20

Managing Editor Francis David

Editor-in-Chief

COVER STORY

Editor

Pick the Right Spare Parts for Your Truck

Augustine Mwita

Dorcas Kang’ereha

Writer

Violet Ambale Harriet Mkhaye Irene Joseph Innocent Momanyi

Sales Executives

Features Automotive Lubricants - Make Your Car More Viable Saving Money On Air Filters Automotive Softwares - Full Control For Your Car

East Africa

Jimmy Mudasia Lydia Kamonya Caiser Momanyi Vincent Murono Sheila Ing’ayitsa

Immersion and Nissha Partner on New Automotive Interface Designs

South Africa

How to Change Oil For Your Vehicle

Paul Nyakeri Sean Masangwanyi Lisa Brown Thembisa Ndlovu

Nigeria

Emelda Njomboro Uche Maxwel

Designed & Published by: Nailex Africa Publishing P.o.Box, 52248,

00100, Nairobi,

Kenya.

Automotive Glass Installation

ADVERTISER'S INDEX Branda......................................................................................IFC Duxone......................................................................................IBC Champion.................................................................................OBC BMC Air Filters.......................................................................pg 21 TATA Motors............................................................................pg 34 MRF Tyres.................................................................................pg 24 Carlube.....................................................................................pg 30 Signature..................................................................................pg 26 Letstrack..................................................................................pg 31

Disclaimer:

Nailex Africa Publishing makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of the contents of its publications, but no warranty is made to such accuracy and no responsibility will be borne by the publisher for the consequences of actions based on information so published. Further, opinions expressed on interviews are not necessarily shared by Nailex Africa Publisher. The Editor accepts letter and manuscripts for publication from readers all over the world. Include your name and address as a sign of good faith although you may request your name to be withheld from publication. We can reserve the right to edit any material submitted. Send your letters to: info@africaautomotivenews.com

Africa Automotive News l 2022

News

January-February issue l 2022

Car Dealerships ordered to apply for Digital Licenses from NTSA

he Government has ordered all motor vehicle and motorcycle dealers operating in the country to apply for fresh licensing by the National Transport and Safety Authority (NTSA). Interior Cabinet Secretary Fred Matiangi said in a statement on Friday that the dealers will be required to obtain digital licenses by April 1, 2022. “Those who qualify, will be issued with a digital licensing cards while existing licenses will be revoked at the expiry of the directive,” said Matiangi. The directive was occasioned by recommendations by an Inter-Agency Team drawn from Transport and Security sectors that had earlier been established to re-validate all motor vehicles dealers, manufacturers, repairers of motor vehicles and tow truck owners. The CS further ordered the surrender of all red KG number plates to the NTSA by April 1. The Kenya Garage (KG) usually inscribed in red letters as opposed to the usual black letter against a yellow background will be replaced with KC (Container Freight Stations), KT (Kenya Towing) and green KG plates. “The Inter-Agency Team has recommended a

digital register of all motor vehicle dealership in the country and the replacement of the red Kenya Garage (KG) plates with KC and Kenya Towing (KT) and green KG plates,” Matiangi stated. Kenya Garage plate is used by garages and car dealers when they want to put a car on the road

that has no insurance. The plate must be accompanied by a ticket with the trip details including validity. It is also used with some transferable insurance cover. The CS further pointed out that all X number plates stand nullified.

Egypt seeks to manufacture its first electric vehicle in 2023

gypt’s President Abdel Fattah El-Sisi shed light on the country’s plan to have its first electric vehicle been locally manufactured in 2023.

The president underscored the problem of expected increase in cars over the next years, highlighting the need to replace gasoline-powered vehicles with those working by natural gas or electricity. In December, Prime Minister Mostafa Madbouli checked a model of an electric car produced by General Motors, and is expected to be offered in the Egyptian market in 2022. The prime minister told the representatives of General Motors, and its agent in Egypt, Mansour Group, that the government can promote the sales of the car through various programs and initiatives, and through a number of incentives and exemptions granted to consumers. Madbouli urged the two companies to prepare a detailed plan on the manufacturing of the car in Egypt so that the government takes the necessary support steps. The prime minister had held a meeting with them earlier with the attendance of Minister of Finance Mohamed Mait, and Minister of Industry and Trade Nevine Gamea.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

During the meeting, CEO of Al Mansour Group Ankush Arora presented a proposal to launch the manufacturing of electric cars in Egypt, which is a goal the government has been working on along with the localization of electric automotive feeding industries.

offered in 2021 has recorded 2.65 million, with a rise of 168 percent compared to 2020. Further, the share of electric vehicles doubled to 14 percent globally up from seven percent in 2020. He added that the electric cars market is estimated to grow 27 percent per annum globally until 2030.

The CEO of Al Mansour Group also displayed the company’s vision on the factors it perceives as essential for the success of the electrical cars market in Egypt, as those are similar to the incentives adopted in many other countries.

In November, the prime minister met with the CEOs of General Motors and Mansour Group, who said they would begin selecting the features of the electric car to be offered in the Egyptian market.

Arora noted that the number of electric vehicles

They also noted that the company is willing to invest around $35 million in Egypt by 2025.

News

January-February issue l 2022

IVECO BUS renews its partnership with SOTRA in the Ivory Coast

Daily minibus assembly line at the SOTRA INDUSTRIE plant in Koumassi, near Abidjan, started production early this year, making the Ivory Coast the first country in Africa to have a minibus assembly line. The project, which began in 2018, is the most recent outcome of a collaboration between IVECO BUS, an Iveco Group brand and leading manufacturer of buses and coaches, and SOTRA (Société des Transports Abidjanais), the public transit provider for Abidjan and its suburbs, that started nearly 40 years ago.

from FPT Industrial, another Iveco Group brand and a renowned leader in propulsion technologies. The minibuses are destined for the Ivory Coast market and for export to other African countries, starting with Western and Central Africa. This contributes to the Ivorian Government’s

extensive programme for modernising the transport supply and diversifying the national economy through industrialisation. The new minibuses, which will use alternative, environmentally friendly propulsion, also highlight our continued commitment to sustainable mobility in Africa, a core region for IVECO BUS.

The inauguration ceremony took place on Monday 10th January and was attended by the Prime Minister of Ivory Coast, his Excellence Patrick Achi, senior representatives of the Ivorian Government, as well as the Italian Ambassador, Arturo Luzzi, and Stéphane Espinasse, Head of Sales & Products, IVECO BUS. The new plant which has an annual production capacity of 1,000 units and employs 500 people will manufacture the Daily Minibus, specially renamed “Daily Ivoire”, which can have from 16 to 26 seats. The first 60 Daily Ivoire minibuses have already rolled off the production line, powered by natural gas engines

Mahindra Scorpio is now the official Police Car in Kenya

or almost two decades Mahindra Scorpio has been winning Indian hearts and now it has become the official Police car of Kenya. Being one of the most popular SUVs in Kenya, the police department has added 100 Mahindra Scorpio Single Cab pickup trucks in a lease for its official vehicle fleet. Anand Mahindra is reportedly ‘delighted‘ as he tweeted images of the Mahindra Scorpio Single Cab pickup trucks that have become the official Nairobi Police Service vehicles. Simba Corp has officially handed over 100 units of Mahindra Scorpio Single Cab Pik up to the National Police Service. As you can see in the images above, the Mahindra Scorpio pickup trucks are painted in police colors – deep blue with red and yellow stripes running at side profiles. There is contrasting white paint on the driver’s cabin. Also, a retractable soft cover is added to the loading deck for carrying people. The single cab Mahindra Scorpio pickup truck is a powerful vehicle that can be easily handled in varied terrains. The Mahindra Scorpio comes in both SUV and pickup truck guise. Furthermore, the pickup truck comes in both 4×2 and 4×4 configurations. The SUV version is widely used as a police car in India. Now the pickup has become the first vehicle leased to any government service in Kenya. “We’re delighted

with the acquisition of a new fleet of vehicles. Mahindra is a sturdy vehicle and we look forward to serving the nation in these vehicles,” said David Njagi, Chief Transport Officer, National Police Service. The Mahindra Scorpio has become known for its immense practicality and toughness. It is powered by a 2.2-liter diesel engine that outputs 140 hp and 320 Nm of peak power and torque respectively.

This engine is paired with a sole 6-speed manual transmission. The higher trims also get a 4×4 drive system. The rugged car comes offers great offroading abilities. Currently, the Mahindra Scorpio does not have any direct rivals. However, in the mid-size SUV space, the popular SUV will have to compete with the likes of the Creta and Seltos, depending on the customer’s needs. The company is also planning to bring an upgraded version of the popular SUV to India.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

News

January-February issue l 2022

Ghana maintains 5th position as most attractive automobile market in SSA

hana has maintained its position as the 5th most attractive market in the Sub Saharan Africa region. According to the January 2022 SubSaharan Africa’s Auto Sales report by Fitch Solutions, Ghana has a developing automotive sales environment amid a favourable political risk outlook, enabling policy certainty. In this regard, “Ghana managed to outperform its regional peers under our short- and longterm political risk scores in our RRI, scoring a respective 59.7 and 70.2 under these indicators”. However, the underdeveloped road infrastructure remains a deterrent for potential, as the country score of 16.1 under the ‘quality and extent of transport network’ indicator, underperforms the Sub Saharan Africa’s region average score of 21.3. Nevertheless, it said progress is being made with regards to upgrading and developing the country’s road infrastructure with the recent commissioning of a four-tier interchange in Accra underscoring the progress being made to upgrade the country’s roads.

Also, it said “Ghana’s low levels of vehicle ownership rates highlighted by a score of 10.5 under our ‘vehicle ownership per 1,000 inhabitants’ indicator signals further room for vehicle sales growth going forward as rising incomes lead to first-time buyers entering the market for

vehicles.” This signaled further room for vehicle sales growth going forward, as rising incomes lead to first-time buyers entering the market for vehicles. Meanwhile, South Africa maintained its 1st position as the most attractive auto market in Sub Saharan Africa, followed by Mauritius and Botswana.

Tesla inks deal to get key battery component in Mozambique

esla is turning to Mozambique for a key component in its electric car batteries in what analysts believe is a first-of-its-kind deal designed to reduce its dependence on China for graphite. Elon Musk’s company signed an agreement last month with Australia’s Syrah Resources, which operates one of the world’s largest graphite mines in the southern African country. It’s a unique partnership between an electric vehicle manufacturer and a producer of the mineral that is crucial for lithium-ion batteries. The value of the deal hasn’t been released. Tesla will buy the material from the company’s processing plant in Vidalia, La., which sources graphite from its mine in Balama, Mozambique. The Austin, Texas, electric vehicle maker plans to buy up to 80% of what the plant produces — 8,000 tons of graphite per year — starting in 2025, according to the agreement. Syrah must prove the material meets Tesla’s standards.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

The deal is part of Tesla’s plan to ramp up its capacity to make its own batteries so it can reduce its dependence on China, which dominates global graphite markets, said Simon Moores of Benchmark Mineral Intelligence, a United Kingdom battery materials data and intelligence provider. “It starts at the top with geopolitics,” Moores said. “The U.S. wants to build enough capacity domestically to be able to build (lithium-ion batteries) within the

USA. And this deal will permit Tesla to source graphite independent from China.” Moores said producing the batteries in the U.S. will reduce some of the questions Tesla is facing about its ties to China, where there are environmental concerns at some mines. The automaker also has set up a showroom in the region of Xinjiang, where Chinese officials are accused of forced labor and other human rights abuses against mostly Muslim ethnic minorities.

News

January-February issue l 2022

Bodaboda riders to acquire PSV badges in new law

odaboda and tuk tuk riders could soon be compelled to acquire a Public Service Vehicle(PSV) badge from the National Transport and Safety Authority. This would be if MPs approve a proposed law compelling the drivers of two and three-wheelers providing taxi services to obtain the necessary licenses to operate. NTSA (Amendment) Bill, 2022 sponsored by Ruiru MP Simon Kingara provides that the two and three-wheeled taxis would be regulated by the transport authority. Kingara seeks to provide this as an additional function of the transport authority citing concerns of disorderliness in the bodaboda sector. NTSA would thus be tasked to establish systems and procedures for regional registration and licensing of motorbikes and tuk tuks providing public transport. County governments, in consultation with NTSA, would also be required to register and license drivers of the two and threewheeled public motorbike taxis. “The authority shall regulate two and three-wheeled public service motorcycle taxi,” the bill says on the additional roles it

seeks to assign the NTSA. NTSA would be required to establish systems and procedures for the regional registration and licensing of the said taxis, their drivers, and issue PSV badges to the drivers. Although there is no official database with an exact number of motorcycles in the bodaboda business, it is estimated there are slightly above one million riders. The 2021 Economic Survey Report by KNBS shows that newly registered motorcycles increased from 217,425 in 2019 to 252,600 in 2020 – a growth of about 16 per cent. Bodaboda riders, however, feel that the NTSA approach may not work, citing ongoing reforms for the sector to regulate itself. Bodaboda Association of Kenya chairman Kevin Mubadi spoke to the Star, Sunday. “Our proposal to the task force was that we self-regulate. Even when we give them NTSA badges, the government cannot control bodabodas, they are so many and difficult not like matatus,” he said.

He said through the association’s Bodaboda Information Management System, they have been able to register many riders hence best placed to track and trace. The system owned by the association was launched by Interior CS Fred Matiangi and his ICT counterpart Joe Mucheru in August 2020. “We give them badges through their leadership – which is cascaded from all levels of public administration, we are best placed to track and trace these riders,” Mubadi said.

Zondatec opens Adako Jachie automobile showroom in Ghana Zondatec MD also said Kumasi is not only known as a mining zone but also as a manufacturing hub, noting “so our machineries and trucks can satisfy the needs of the mining and construction industry and the manufacturing areas”.

utomobile company, Zondatec Ghana Limited, has opened a new office at Adako Jachie, near Ejisu in the Ashanti Region.

harness the process of vehicle assembling.

The company has therefore pledged to offer quality services to the business community in the region.

Speaking at the event, Deputy Minister for Trade and Industry, Michael Okyere Baafi said government will continue to create an enabling environment for the private sector to boost the socio-economic fortunes of the Ghanaian people.

Zondatec Ghana Limited specialises in the sale and distribution of heavy and light duty vehicles.

He pointed out that Zondatec has positioned itself to become the leading assembler and supplier of tracks.

Since its operation in 2010, the growth in the transport sector, construction, and mining has defined its focus.

Furthermore, it will assist artisans with technology transfer and capacity building so that they can assemble high quality trucks for both the domestic and international market.

It operates a combination of automated and manual vehicle assembling plant to

“We have the pickups and it will add to the life of the Kumasi people. So today it is so important for Zonda because It marks the milestone development of the Adako Jachie branch”, she added. Chief of Adako Jachie, Nana Kwasi Bosompem III entreated the company to offer more employment opportunities to residents and indigenes of the area. The Adako Jachie branch is expected to create direct employment for 45 people and indirect jobs for hundreds of people including indigenes. “The people of Adako Jachie and its environs are grateful for this development project on our lands. We make this passionate appeal to consider the youth of Adako Jachie in employment or engaging workers for both skilled and unskilled”.

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News

January-February issue l 2022

Audi approves Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil for use in V6 diesels

enewable HVO fuel reduces CO2 in some Audi models by up to 95% compared with fossil diesel. Audi has announced that some of its V6 diesel engines have been approved for use with renewable fuels, as part of a drive to reduce the carbon emissions of its internal combustion engined vehicles. In Europe, renewable fuels like HVO are more prevalent than they are in Australia. Since June 2021 the 4-cylinder diesel engines in Audi A3, Q2 and Q3 have been compatible with this fuel. Sweden, Denmark and Italy have been the countries with the greatest demand for engines that can use HVO.

this fuel will have an XTL sticker in the fuel cap to indicate the car’s compatibility. XTL is used to indicate compatibility with different types of renewable fuels, the acronym encompasses different ways these fuels can be made. The company has said V6 diesel engines with power up to 210kW in Q7, and Q8 models manufactured from mid-February 2022 are approved to run on HVO fuel.

Audi claims the use of HVO reduces CO2 emissions by 70 to 95 percent compared to diesel. This announcement is part of an ongoing plan to use more synthetic fuels and reduce carbon emissions. At the start of March new Q5s and A6 Allroads will be included in the HVO lineup and some Volkswagen Touareg models will be able to use this fuel too.

The renewable fuel approved for use is called Hydrotreated Vegetable Oil (HVO). This is created by collected waste and residue oil that undergoes hydrogenation to make its properties suitable for use in diesel engines. In addition to being more environmentally friendly, this fuel is claimed to be a cleaner and more efficient fuel that enhances engine performance, especially during cold starts. HVO can be added to diesel or used unmixed. All Audi vehicles eligible to use

Toyota to launch its own automotive software platform by 2025

apanese automaker Toyota Motor Corp (7203.T) is planning to launch its own operating system, which would be capable of handling advanced operations such as autonomous driving, for its vehicles by 2025. Software is playing an increasing role in vehicles, from managing electric motors and batteries to supporting functions such as autonomous driving, entertainment and navigation.

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Toyota’s automotive software platform Arene will compete with German rivals, Volkswagen AG (VOWG_p.DE) and Daimler AG (DAIGn.DE), with Volkswagen working on its ‘VW.OS’ software and Daimler planning to roll out its own ‘MercedesBenz Operating System’ in its cars by 2024. The Japanese carmaker aims to put the

operating system in its own vehicles by 2025, with plans to make it available to affiliates such as Subaru in the future. Toyota is considering a licensing model to make Arene available to other car manufacturers and companies working on electric or self driving cars, the report added. Toyota did not immediately respond to Reuters’ request for a comment.

News

January-February issue l 2022

Daimler Truck adopts Siemens’ Xcelerator to shape the future of CO2-neutral transport In addition to software, Siemens and Daimler Truck are to partner in the training of young engineers to create the highlevel simulation specialists that will assist in ensuring Daimler Truck maintain its leadership in the market.

iemens Digital Industries Software has announced that Daimler Truck has adopted Siemens’ Simcenter™ STARCCM+™ software to develop nextgeneration, CO2-neutral vehicles. Simcenter, part of Siemens’ Xcelerator portfolio, will provide Daimler Truck with the leading-edge computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solution it needs to transform its CAE development process

to a full digital twin-driven multiphysics environment. Daimler Truck plans to use Simcenter STAR-CCM+ to improve aerodynamic performance, as well as explore and optimize innovative e-mobility propulsion and energy management systems including battery cooling and hydrogen technology. The software will also help support legacy combustion engine and exhaust system design and associated CO2 reduction.

“We are proud to have Daimler Truck as the newest member of our ever-expanding customer family,” said Edwin Severijn, Sr. VP and General Manager, EMEA, Siemens Digital Industries Software. “Digitalization is critical to sustainable industrial innovation in the transportation sector and by providing insight into the realworld performance of products, Simcenter STAR-CCM+ can accelerate innovation for a better tomorrow.” Daimler Truck AG is the world’s largest Truck and Bus producer, with industry leading positions in Europe, North America and Asia, and with more than 35 main locations around the globe. With more than 100,000 employees, it unites seven brands under one roof: Freightliner, Western Star, Thomas Built Buses, Mercedes-Benz, Setra, BharatBenz and FUSO.

PPG expands automotive OEM coatings production in Germany

PG has announced that it will invest more than USD 10 million (EUR 9 million) to expand production of automotive original equipment manufacturer (OEM) coatings at its site in Weingarten, Germany. Expected to be complete in the second quarter 2022, PPG is constructing a 10,000 square foot addition to its existing facility with a capacity to produce more than 5,000 metric tons of waterborne basecoats per year.

“Particularly strategic site” “This is an important investment to strengthen our production capabilities in Europe and to ensure that we are leveraging our industry-leading waterborne technology to drive downstream sustainability, helping our

customers meet their sustainability goals,” said Roald Johannsen, PPG vice president, automotive OEM coatings, Europe, Middle East and Africa. “Weingarten is a particularly strategic site due to its proximity to several of our key German OEM customers.”

Waterborne technology replaces the solvents found in traditional basecoats with distilled water. This project is part of a series of investments PPG is making in its automotive OEM coatings production in Europe, including expanding basecoat production at its site in Valladolid, Spain, and the recently announced expansion of its clearcoat production in Erlenbach, Germany. According to the company, these investments will help PPG lower its operational carbon footprint in total by more than 1,000 metric tons of CO2 equivalent per year.

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Feature

January-February issue l 2022

Côte d’Ivoire’s automotive ambitions in West Africa “We plan to continue to invest by creating, by 2022 at the latest, a second assembly line,” said Stéphane Espinasse, Iveco Bus’ president, who launched this assembly project in 2018 and has been in the capital of Sotra for 40 years. Iveco is thus ahead of several other manufacturers who had also announced that they would be creating vehicle assembly lines in the country. In 2019, Toyota, CFAO Motors’ parent company, signed an agreement with the Ivorian government to open a commercial vehicle assembly unit, a project still under negotiation with Côte d’Ivoire.

he Franco-Italian group Iveco has launched a bus assembly unit in Abidjan, a nearly €70m investment, as it is betting on local production for the Ivorian market and, in the long term, the sub-regional market.

automobile sector and bring together spare part manufacturers in San Pedro, the country’s second port. But the new AkoupéZeudji industrial zone, near Abidjan, is also expected to accommodate some manufacturers.

The assembly unit launched on 10 January by the Franco-Italian car manufacturer Iveco Group, via its bus subsidiary, will produce “made in Côte d’Ivoire” minibuses in conjunction with its long-standing partner, the Société des Transports Abidjanais (Sotra). The latter company was established in 1960 and is now 60% owned by the Ivorian State and 40% by Iveco Bus.

For the time being, the project’s promoters have indicated that their order book is full until 2024, thanks solely to the Ivorian market and that 60 vehicles have already left the factory. Iveco Bus, which is prospecting in the sub-region, already has plans to set up operations in two of Côte d’Ivoire’s neighbouring countries.

The assembly line, which represents a 45bn CFA francs (€69m) investment, is located on the Sotra Industries site, in the Koumassi district, in the southern part of the Ivorian economic capital. Furthermore, it has a production capacity of 1,000 vehicles (18 to 26-seat buses) per year and the ability to manufacture different models (buses, ambulances, troop transport vehicles for the security forces, construction trucks), which are marketed under the Daily Ivoire brand. Regional export is the goal Patrick Achi, Côte d’Ivoire’s prime minister, Amadou Koné, the transport minister, and several other government members attended the launch of the workshop, which should enable Côte d’Ivoire to produce for its domestic market – where demand for vehicles from dealers grew by 17% in 2021, compared to the previous year – but also, in the long term, for export to West Africa. The Ivorian State plans to create an industrial zone specially dedicated to the

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Diversity of target customers Although no indication has been given of what countries will be targeted, Vincent Dabilgou, Burkina Faso’s minister of transport, urban mobility and road safety and Augusto Gomes, his counterpart from Guinea-Bissau, travelled to Abidjan for the launch. The target customers are private transport companies, schools and businesses within the Economic Community of West African States (Ecowas).

International groups multiply projects In the meantime, in August 2021, the Japanese group opened an assembly unit with a production capacity of 1,330 vehicles (pick-up) in neighbouring Ghana. This $7m investment is intended to supply the West African market, which, the manufacturer assures, has not questioned the Ivorian project. In 2015, the Indian group Ashok Leyland, a subsidiary of the British conglomerate Hinduja Group, signed a contract with the Ivorian government for the delivery of more than 3,000 transport buses for a sum of $200m, financed by a loan from Exim Bank India. At the time, Ashok Leyland had planned to set up an assembly plant in Abidjan, an ambition that has not yet materialised. Two other manufacturers also had similar plans. One of them was the French group Renault, which sells an average of 1,000 cars a year in the country, back in 2019. At the same time, the Indian group Tata Motors, which supplies buses to Sotra, had discussed the possibility of setting up an assembly line with the Ivorian transport operator.

Auto Industry

January-February issue l 2022

Self-charging full electric vehicle launched in Africa In Ghana and Zimbabwe, there are plans to establish an assembly plant for cars, electric motorcycles, and scooters. “We intend to penetrate into all parts of Africa. We will in the long run set up assembly plants in some countries,” said Lamba. He added: “Most African governments have not entirely adopted the use of electric vehicles but we will educate our people on their benefits.” Agilite electric vehicles do not rely on the grid to be charged as they are powered by solar and have a backup battery.

South Africa-based Electric Vehicles [EV] manufacturer, Agilitee Africa, has launched its first self-charging four-wheeler electric vehicle named the Agilitee-Go. This is after the firm was awarded a certification from the government of South Africa certifying Agilitee as a manufacturer of vehicles in their country.

sales declined from 253 units in 2019 to 232 units in 2020. Nonetheless, several countries are developing comprehensive policy frameworks to catalyse the transition and adoption of electric mobility.” The firm has also set up a base in West Africa with its headquarters in Nigeria.

Ghana, like other Sub-Saharan Africa, is a big market for second-hand vehicles imported mainly from Asia and other parts of the world which have been blamed for emitting higher levels of carbon dioxide. Lamba added that their technology can reduce emissions that contribute to climate change, improve public health and reduce ecological damage.

“Our Agilitee Go car has a travel range that can cover 300km if fully charged and also self-charges, 1100p HD Reverse Camera with a large central screen, sensitive and quick response combined hydraulic breaks, Front & Rear impact guard with a side protection for all occupants, Bluetooth hands-free calls, child lock Hill-Start assist control (HAC) and Automatic Gear,” Dr Mandla Lamba, the firm’s Chief Executive Officer explained. He also pointed out that the rise of EV cars is gaining momentum in the African continent. “Today most green-tech start-ups in Africa are leading the continent’s charge towards electric mobility, this is a critical intervention in the fight against climate change driven by a global tide in the use of electric vehicles (EVs).” Dr Lamba added. However, the continent’s shift to electric mobility lags behind Europe, the US and China, the global frontrunners in electric mobility. Dr Lamba noted that “In 2020 South Africa sold only 92 battery electric vehicles (BEVs) down from 154 in 2019, representing 0.02 per cent of domestic vehicle sales. Hybrid

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New Model

January-February issue l 2022

A look at the Ineos Grenadier off-road SUV coming to South

neos Grenadier is inching closer to the launch of its off-road SUV, including in South Africa.

“

“Launch series production of the Grenadier is planned to start in July 2022, and customers can choose from a BMW 3.0-litre six-cylinder petrol or diesel engine,” the British company said in a statement. Grenadier prices and specifications will be announced in April 2022, when customers in Europe, Africa, Asia Pacific and the Middle East can finalise their orders either directly with Ineos online, or via their local retailer, it said. Reports suggest that local customers will be able to take ownership of their vehicles in October 2022, and for dealership sales and servicing in South Africa, Ineos has signed deals with SMH Group, Alfa Romeo distributor, to cover the Pretoria and Johannesburg regions, while SMG will be used to cover Durban and Cape Town, according to Cars.co.za. It will also likely partner with BMW. “As far as how much the new Ineos Grenadier will cost, indicative pricing has been pegged at R1,395,000,” it said. The primary dealership network will be complemented by access to Bosch Car Service workshops globally, Ineos has said. The group has already completed a ‘soft’ launch locally – “a tour around the country with prototype vehicles where customers who have shown interest /

Africa

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Launch series production of the Grenadier is planned to start in July 2022, and customers can choose from a BMW 3.0-litre sixcylinder petrol or diesel engine

”

placed reservations got to experience the Grenadier”. The group told BusinessTech that an official media launch is on the cards “towards July – when we get our first batch of production vehicles and can do local media drives”, while first customer deliveries are scheduled for October. “Some 15,000 customers worldwide have reserved their Grenadier,” said Dirk Heilmann, CEO of INEOS Automotive. “We want to deliver a vehicle that’s ready, and we won’t cut corners. With the benefit of the highly skilled and experienced team

January-February issue l 2022

New Model

at Hambach, as well as the expertise in safety and quality that we have employed, we are on target to begin series production in July.” In 2017, Ineos Chairman Jim Ratcliffe, identified a gap in the market for a stripped-back, utilitarian, 4×4 engineered for modern-day compliance and reliability. Ineos Automotive Limited was formed.

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Markets

January-February issue l 2022

Immersion and Nissha Partner on New Automotive Interface Designs

mmersion Corporation (NASDAQ: IMMR), the leading licensor of haptic technologies, and Nissha, a global supplier of touch sensors, decorative film and molded parts, announced a partnership to integrate Immersion’s haptics technology into automotive interface solutions. Under the agreement, Immersion will license its Active Sensing™ technology and patents to Nissha.

Director of Mobility Business Unit, Nissha. “Our partnership with Immersion provides us access to its industry leading technology and designs.”

“Increasingly automotive OEMs are utilizing haptics to innovate the user experience in new vehicle interface designs,” said John Griffin, VP of Products and Marketing, Immersion. “We’re excited to be working with Nissha to bring more solutions with our technology to the automotive market.” Immersion’s automotive technology provides advanced control for haptic systems, making it possible to create programmable buttons that click, sliders with haptic feedback on every increase, and dials that turn like the real thing. Immersion technology is used throughout the automotive industry to power touchscreens, touchpads, and related interfaces.

“Nissha is excited to develop haptic enabled interface solutions for the automotive market,” said Kazuhiro Nishikawa, Vice President and Senior

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Africa Automotive News l 2022

@ Africa Automotive News

Markets

January-February issue l 2022

Moove partners with CFAO Motors to purchase new vehicles for Nigeria and Ghana’s mobility entrepreneurs

oove, an African mobility fintech, has partnered with CFAO Motors to purchase over 5,000 brand-new, fuel-efficient Suzuki vehicles for mobility entrepreneurs across Ghana and Nigeria. Africa’s domestic vehicle demand heavily outstrips local vehicle production. This leaves millions of individuals and businesses largely dependent on imports to purchase vehicles. Most of these imports are often old, second-hand vehicles. A report from the UN Environment Programme started that a quarter of vehicles imported by Nigeria, Africa’s largest economy, were almost 20 years old. The ageing lifespan of these vehicles makes them heavy contributors to air pollution on the continent. This resulted in a series of proposals from ECOWAS members to ban imports of cars older than five years. In Nigeria, between 2017 to 2020 a total of 42,166 new vehicles were sold, which is significantly less than the one-year sales volume 20 years earlier. The situation was further exacerbated by comments from Nigeria’s vice-president who stated that whilst annual vehicle demand totals 720,000 units, local production can only supply 14,000 units. In Ghana, an average of 70% of cars are imported. Across the continent, local vehicle production in 2021 plummeted even further past its 38% decline between 2019 and 2020, making it even more challenging for Africans to access new vehicles. This problem is what the partnership between Moove and CFAO seeks to solve. The partnership, which will leverage CFAO’s local network and extensive presence, will allow the rapid delivery of brand new vehicles that are more environmental friendly. It will deliver a new gateway to vehicle ownership for drivers across the two countries. With deliveries already commenced, the alliance marks a major breakthrough in bridging the continent’s gap for new vehicles. Moove is positioned to rapidly expand its fleet, leveraging CFAO’s local presence and extensive network to increase the delivery of brand-new vehicles to customers keen on starting their entrepreneurial journey with the company.

are convinced that prospective Moove customers will get the most out of their investment as the vehicles are easy to service and maintain. Suzuki is a key vehicle manufacturer we supply at the domestic CFAO dealership in many countries across Africa”. Drivers must have their details assessed, verified and undergo training before vehicles are assigned by Moove. Drivers can sign up here.

Moove, the exclusive vehicle financing and vehicle supply partner for Uber in sub-Saharan Africa, has amassed more than 50% month-over-month growth since launch. Through its new agreement, it will now provide a range of Suzuki cars including the Alto, Swift, Celerio, Baleno, Dzire and S-Presso models across Ghana and Nigeria to strengthen its drive to provide new, fuelefficient vehicles across Africa at scale. Speaking on the new partnership, Ladi Delano, Co-Founder and CEO of Moove, comments, “Since our launch in July 2020, we’ve found tremendous traction across all of our markets and as we enter a new phase of growth, the importance of a local, pan-African supplier such as CFAO who can equip us to quickly respond to the needs of our customers simply can’t be understated.

Co-founded in 2019 by serial entrepreneurs, Ladi Delano and Jide Odunsi, Moove is a mission-led company that’s committed to providing mobility entrepreneurs access to affordable vehicle financing and ensuring that 50 per cent of its customers are women. It aims to ensure that at least 60% of the vehicles financed are electric or hybrid vehicles as part of its commitment to improving road safety and vehicle emissions on Africa’s roads. To date, Moove-financed cars have completed over 2.6 million trips with over 30 million kilometres travelled across 6 markets which include Lagos, Accra, Johannesburg, Cape Town, Nairobi and Ibadan. In February 2022, Moove announced a $10m financing from NBK Capital Partners, bringing its total funds raised to date to $78m. The mission of the fundraise is to democratise vehicle ownership across Africa.

We’re especially proud to be working alongside the largest automotive distribution network in Africa and as a result of this, we’re now in an even stronger position to empower a new generation of successful and productive mobility entrepreneurs.”

Moove is democratising vehicle ownership by providing revenue-based vehicle financing to mobility entrepreneurs across Africa. Limited access to vehicle financing has resulted in the continent having the lowest per capita car ownership in the world.

Through its partnership with CFAO Motors, Moove can provide cars to its customers more quickly, addressing the continued surge in demand from ridehailing marketplaces. To address the environmental concerns surrounding the automotive sector, Moove also made a commitment to ensure at least 60% of vehicles it finances are EVs or hybrid models.

CFAO Automotive is a division of CFAO Group, a member of the Toyota Tsusho Corporation, that aims at meeting the mobility needs of professionals and individuals. Comprising the most extensive vehicle retail network in Africa, they provide all mobility-related sectors with a multi-brand offer, partnering with global automotive manufacturers: sales of new and used vehicles, short or long-term rentals, fleet management, maintenance.

The agreement will allow Moove customers’ to have access to after-sales support, repairs and maintenance. This will enable them to keep their vehicles in safe, top-quality condition for a longer lifespan. Marc Hirschfeld, CEO of CFAO Automotive division says “CFAO is pleased to be part of this mobility partnership in helping to democratise vehicle ownership. We

Their offer includes the complete automotive offering, including twowheelers, marine engines, coaches, lorries, handling equipment, tyres and spare parts. CFAO’s production and assembly sites in Africa are a shining example of its commitment to actively support industrialisation in the region and creating an affordable offer.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Opinion

January-February issue l 2022

How South Africa, Ghana and Egypt could reshape the automotive industry in Africa grow. Developing this manufacturing capacity not only serves the after-market but is vital to meeting the local content thresholds and speed up the transition from OEM component kits to deeper levels of localisation in the development of Africa’s automotive manufacturing progression.

y the end of this year, a pioneering three-way Industrial Partnership Agreement between South Africa, Ghana and Egypt could be a reality and the ignition to the rapid industrialisation and growth of the automotive industry in Africa - a lighthouse to the opportunity that exists within the world’s largest single market, the African Continental Free Trade Area (AfCFTA). With Egypt’s imminent announcement of their auto programme, these three countries have different but compatible automotive policies that promote production and trade and facilitate competitive manufacture at scale. These agreements would be subagreements of the AfCFTA and would provide for accelerated automotive preferred access subject to specific requirements being met in terms of standards, definitions and customs and trade administration procedures. Conclusion of the rules of origin can provide a five-year phase down period before import tariffs are reduced to zero for products that meet the required rules and content thresholds while considering the important benefit of cumulation. The importance of this possible threeway partnership is that it will take the debate about the potential benefits of the AfCFTA and, especially the role of the automotive industry in helping to achieve it, from the abstract to the practical. While good progress is being made, we still have some work to do before we have continental consensus on the rules of origin, but there is no doubt whatsoever that more and more countries understand the opportunities of becoming part of an integrated African automotive industry. The key to unlocking this lies in engaging on the how. Increasing numbers are already working towards creating policies that will allow them to become part of the production and trade system; Nigeria, which was the first mover in West Africa almost eight years ago, has asked KPMG to review its previously adapted though never approved automotive policy. Kenya is soon to implement its recently approved policy while Morocco, which already has a

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Author: Dave Coffey, Chief Executive Officer of the African Association of Automotive Manufacturers

considerable automotive industry rapidly built on exports to Europe is exploring its path to benefit from AfCFTA and contribute to the benefit of Africa. Policy development work is near conclusion in Ethiopia, while the Ivory Coast, Rwanda, Botswana, Namibia and Lesotho have already signalled their clear intention to be further included in the development of the African auto industry. Gabon has also recently reached out, in a very pragmatic approach looking for niche areas in which it can excel in the value chain. It is important to agree how the member state contributes to the auto value chain, because not every country in Africa can assemble – and ultimately manufacture – vehicles, it is unsustainable and economically unviable as scale is critical in this globally competitive sector. What we also need is for countries which have the appetite to look at manufacturing components which help meet the proposed 40% African content threshold that the AfCFTA would require for vehicles to manufactured and sold across the continent totally duty free. It is in this spirit that Afreximbank commissioned a study in the ECOWAS region to establish just how its member countries can sustainably and competitively contribute. This research will be extended to the balance of the continent later this year. A significant percentage of aftermarket parts are imported into Africa; fast-moving items like filters, shock absorbers, brake pads, auto glass, leaf springs and batteries offer up short-term manufacturing opportunities while new vehicle volumes

This is the key to creating a sustainable African automotive industry which in turn will create the jobs and provide mobility solutions for what is the world’s last automotive frontier – a continent where automotive motorisation rates are the lowest on the globe at 42 out of every 1000 people owning a vehicle while the global average is 182. Africa has the fastest growing middle class in the world, by 2034 it will have the largest working age population in the world. It has a rapidly urbanising population; by the end of this century Lagos will be the biggest city in the world with 12 other African cities dominating the list of the world’s biggest 20 cities. Africa needs vehicles, it needs affordable mobility solutions, but more than all of that it needs to create jobs, diversify its economies and manufacture products than can be exported to earn vital foreign exchange strengthening a country’s balance of payments between imports and exports. Precisely because of that, Africa can’t just survive on SemiKnockdown (SKD) plants; assembly lines where cars are built and then basically re-assembled in other countries. These don’t create long terms jobs and often don’t achieve anything more than import duty substitution which is economically unviable and unstainable. We have to build competence and skillsets where we move from SKD to complete knock down (CKD) to a fully integrated industry with press, body and paint plants were initially at least 40% of the content of the vehicle is manufactured in Africa. Another key advantage of the automotive sector within the AfCFTA is that no country is left out. It doesn’t matter the level of industrialisation in a particular country or even whether it currently manufactures components; if it is prepared to enact progressive automotive polices that create the right kind of ecosystem that will attract investment in the auto value

Opinion

January-February issue l 2022

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Africa needs vehicles, it needs affordable mobility solutions, but more than all of that it needs to create jobs, diversify its economies and manufacture products than can be exported to earn vital foreign exchange strengthening a country’s balance of payments between imports and exports

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standards, especially in terms of safety. It’s all well and fine for policies to exist on paper, but their impact has to be felt through implementation and consistent and thorough accountability for those who do not observe them. The African Association of Automotive Manufacturers (AAAM) believes the time is now and the vision of five-million new vehicles sold in Africa by 2035, lies in Africa’s, our hands. This equates to 20 new CKD plants across Africa participating in intra-Africa trade. Just imagine the employment creation in the value chain when we reach this objective. Never before have we been faced with such an opportunity and alignment as we have within the new formed AfCFTA. As we forge ahead with the implementation of the AfCFTA, it’s important that we remember to balance national interest with the broader interest. There’s always a strong drive by individual countries to protect their own interest, which is wholly understandable. Many countries do feel they have a lot to lose; irrespective of whether they are the less or the more industrialised in the conversation. But the reality is that it is in everyone’s interest to integrate into Africa. The only we can do that is by having those conversations where negotiating teams put those fears on the table so that we can look at ways of resolving them to everyone’s satisfaction – and get on with the job of making this truly the African Century.

chain. These policies are about creating the opportunity for inclusion in the value chain; from governments to OEMs, investors and especially the people on the ground; its citizens. Part of a progressive automotive policy is ultimately outlawing the used vehicle import market, protecting investors and creating investment value in the vehicles that are built, bought and traded locally. Used vehicles are an important part of the ecosystem – their source will transition over time from imports to those assembled in Africa and that attract affordable vehicle finance as long as they meet minimum

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Technology

January-February issue l 2022

Tech firm CEO predicts automotive lidar technology is about to go mainstream

a flagship EV, GM has not yet identified which of its models will be available with lidar. To date, only EV startup Lucid has offered lidar-equipped vehicles to North American buyers. European and Asian automakers, including Audi, MercedesBenz, Volvo and Honda, have incorporated the technology into a few high-priced vehicles.

Jun Pei, CEO of Cepton

or a variety of reasons, automotive use of lidar has been limited to a handful of premium vehicles. General Motors’ Ultra Cruise, an advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) technology that will debut on select production models in 2023, will represent lidar’s breakthrough into the mainstream, according to the CEO and co-founder of the California-based tech firm picked by GM to supply the units. Jun Pei said the sole-source agreement between his company, Cepton, and GM calls for the use of lidar in four models initially, and then an additional four in 2023-24. “These models will cover certainly luxury sectors, as well as the main classes” of vehicles, Pei said in an interview with Repairer Driven News. Beyond the upcoming Cadillac Celestiq,

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Cepton, founded in 2016, has partnered with Japanese lighting manufacturer Koito to bring its units to market. Cepton is providing its technology and certain components to the Tier 1 manufacturer, which is supplying the sensors to GM.

While GM has touted the semi-autonomous driving capabilities of Ultra Cruise, made possible by the use of lidar, Pei noted that the primary function of lidar is to provide added safety. “The first point of doing that is not to have the collision and repair. And that’s trying to avoid the accident, reduce the number of accidents. That’s where lidar comes in,” he said. GM has said that Ultra Cruise will ultimately make hands-free travel across most of the U.S. and Canada possible. It will launch covering more than 2 million miles of paved roads, the OEM said in a

Technology

January-February issue l 2022 November announcement. Ultra Cruise, like Tesla’s Autopilot, provides Level 2 autonomy. Though the car is capable of driving itself in many cases, the motorist must keep their eyes on the road and be ready to take over. ADAS systems on vehicles offered for sale in North America use radar, cameras or some combination of the two to provide a vehicle’s computer with information about what’s going on around the vehicle. Both have their shortcomings, which is why they’re often used to complement one another. Radar works in poor weather, and is highly capable of relaying the exact position of objects in a vehicle’s path, but it has low resolution. Cameras can provide excellent optical resolution, but don’t have the ability to determine how far away an object might be, and don’t operate well in bad weather or at night. Lidar, which stands for “light detection and ranging,” works by firing a beam of laser light at an object, and then capturing the reflection of that beam. Its strengths — excellent performance in bad weather, an ability to detect objects and precisely measure their distance from the vehicle — make it a desirable addition to cameras and radar. “They work in concert,” Pei said. “A camera can have a very high definition — you can tell the difference between a pig and a dog. All of those details can be seen. But it doesn’t tell you if it’s a big dog far away, or a small dog very close to you. “But lidar cannot tell you red from green, so it doesn’t know the traffic light color,” he added. “So these are complementary features.” “I’m a true believer in the fusion of lidar, radar and cameras,” Pei said. “They will all exist in the future of cars.” What makes widespread lidar adoption possible at this moment, Pei said, are a number of factors specific to Cepton’s products. One major factor is that the units are the first engineered to work mounted behind a windshield, a position that makes the technology easy to incorporate into a variety of vehicles. Some OEMs have chosen to mount their lidar units in a vehicle’s grille, where they’ve vulnerable to collision damage. That has the potential to increase the severity of a crash. “Lidar is not a cheap device to replace and repair, not to mention about the calibration, the alignment and all of those things. It’s not simple, it’s a very sophisticated optical instrument.”

GM’s lineup of passenger cars, trucks, crossovers and SUVs “can be very different in terms of aesthetic design — the styling would be very different from one car to another. If you design your sensor into the bumper or the front grille, every car design has to be different in that you have to accommodate these differences,” he said. “But if you could put it behind the windshield, it turned out that many cars, many more car models share exactly the same windshield, or very similar windshields. So that gives the portability of this technology, or portability of Ultra Cruise — makes it so much easier. That makes the technology adoption of going from luxury sectors all the way down to the middle classes a very easy path.” Pei said developing a lidar unit that can work behind glass was no simple task. “This was actually one of the huge factors,” he said. “Cepton was the only lidar company that could resolve all of the technical difficulties behind implementing behind the windshield.” Part of the development work, conducted by Cepton, Koito and GM, was the development of special glass that would allow the lidar unit to “see.” “It’s a threeway investment into this effort before we came up with something that can be proliferated practically to all the platforms in the GM ecosystem,” Pei said. The specialized design of the windshield, which includes the use of coatings, means that it will be vital for the correct glass to be used when a windshield has to be replaced. Lidar units are becoming less expensive to make, and that’s another factor contributing to the technology’s adoption. “Cepton’s long-range lidars are currently in the low $1,000s range and, over the next five to six years, Cepton expects that these prices could drop to the $500-600 range,” the company said in a filing with the Securites and Exchange Commission. “For near-range lidars, Cepton expects high volume ADAS target pricing to be in the $100 range within a few years.” Cepton filed with the SEC because the privately held company is planning to trade publicly, with an initial public offering (IPO) this January or February, Pei said. The plan involves a SPAC merger with Growth Capital Acquisition Corp. Cepton’s units employ Micro-Motion Technology, which it calls “a rotation-free, mirrorless and frictionless technology that balances outstanding performance, high reliability and low cost, which are the three key factors integral to delivering mass-

market ADAS lidar.” “A few hundred [dollars] is actually a nice entry point for this adoption into the masses,” Pei said. While the questions of price points and which specific vehicles will be given the technology are for the OEM to answer, GM does not intend to restrict lidar to its more expensive vehicles, he said. The good news for collision repairers who may be seeing many more lidar-equipped vehicles rolling through their doors in the coming years is that Cepton and GM have not forgotten about their needs. “Even from the very beginning, when this new optical instrument was being designed into a vehicle, the repair and recalibration process was being considered extensively,” Pei said. The lidar “strikes the balance between performance, cost and reliability, and the same thing goes with the repair…. That was certainly very well considered early in the process.” Pei said said the technical details of how the units will be calibrated is “shrouded in the confidentiality [agreement]” with GM. But he did offer a vision of a selfcalibrating unit, technology that he said is “within reach.” He drew a parallel with camera calibration, which has relied on the “old-fashioned” method of placing a specially designed target at a certain distance from the vehicle. With the development of artificial intelligence and machine learning, he said, it becomes possible for a sensor to calibrate itself, given 10 miles or so of driving. “So the only thing that the computer cannot do is to mount the sensor on the windshield, which involves a person,” Pei said. Besides GM, there may be many more OEMs using Cepton’s technology in the relatively near future. In its SEC filing, the company said it is engaged in discussions with all of the 10 largest OEMs in the world, as well as with four new EV OEMs. Ford Motor Co. has also been working with Cepton, evaluating the company’s lidar sensors for its ADAS research and development, possibly for a semiautonomous successor to Ford’s BlueCruise ADAS system that could compete with Ultra Cruise. Ford has also partnered with Cepton on its “smart cities” program. Sensor pods using Cepton lidar units are being tested with the Argo AI automated vehicle fleet in Miami.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Feature

January-February issue l 2022

Tips For Saving Money On Automotive Air Filters

hat are automotive air filters? Automotive air filters are mechanical devices that are installed into combustion engines to help prevent noise, dust, and other particles from entering the combustion chamber. While automotive filters are primarily thought of when it comes to vehicles such as cars and trucks, they can also be found in motorcycles and other types of vehicles that use engines. Filters can be electronic or mechanical, but in general there is a device that fits over the entire engine and inside of an engine bay to catch pollutants before they reach the intake manifold of the engine. Automotive filters come in a variety of different materials, sizes, shapes, and uses. What is most important to an individual is the quality and performance of the filter that they purchase. Filters are designed to remove contaminants from the air that is breathed by the driver of the vehicle. Many individuals are not sure if the vehicle that they own has enough filters on it,

Africa Automotive News l 2022

but it is recommended that any vehicle have the proper

amount of filters for the model of vehicle that it drives. This will help to ensure that the vehicle performs properly, as well as to keep the air that is breathed inside of the vehicle clean and pure. The cost of automotive air filters can vary greatly depending on what the particular size is of filter that is needed for the vehicle. Filters can be more expensive than

other parts of the vehicle, but there are ways to save money on these filters. Many people who drive a lot choose to purchase a multitude of automotive air filter kits so that they do not need to purchase a filter each time that they bring their vehicle in for service. This is a great way to save money in the long run and to make sure that the air is always clean and pure inside of the car. Another way to save money on automotive air filters is to purchase the filter that is specific to the model of car that you own. This is a great way to cut down on the overall cost of the filter and to increase the amount of money that you can save. This can really help to get those expensive repairs and maintenance that your car may need, avoided. There are many places that an individual can purchase automotive air filters. There are online stores that sell various kinds of filters, and there are also places that sell them from brick and mortar stores. Many people like to shop online when looking for automotive filters, because it allows them to find a variety of prices that they can compare before making a large purchase. They can also read reviews about certain

January-February issue l 2022

Air Filters

filters to see what people think about the filters that they are purchasing. This can help to narrow down the choices that a person has when it comes to purchasing the right type of filters for their vehicle. If an individual is looking for a way to save money on automotive air filters, they should consider buying them in bulk. Bulk purchases are usually less expensive than individual purchases, because the retail stores that carry them buy them in large quantities. Buying automotive filters in bulk can help to reduce the cost of the filters, and to increase the amount of money that you can save. Many individuals purchase filters for their vehicles at the time of their purchase, but this isn’t always the best option. By shopping for them in bulk, a person can often purchase the filters for much less than they would pay at the time of purchase.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Cover Story

January-February issue l 2022

Pick the Right Spare Parts for Your Truck

Image courtesy

pting for spare parts from the factory is always the best bet: guaranteed quality and value. One of the common issues among truck owners is the recovery of certain spare parts for the vehicle over the time. They can be damaged or completely removed from the vehicle, rendering them useless after use. Truck spare parts are designed to withstand the toughest challenges. They are extremely durable to take a beating in every possible way imaginable. From rain, dirt, corrosion and even extreme temperatures; truck parts will stand up to all these and more, delivering quality performance every single time. Since the parts are designed to survive a wide range of conditions, you don’t need to buy new ones year after year. A truck is an investment for your business, no question about it, so it is only right that you take care of it by purchasing quality truck spare parts from a reliable dealer or distributor. With quality parts, you are assured of reliability, durability and safety, which translate to a great return on your investment. This is true whether you are using the vehicle for business purposes or simply for transportation.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Truck Spare Parts

Whether you need to repair a small dent or scratch on the truck body or its interiors, there are truck parts manufacturers who can cater for your needs with a large and varied range of spare parts. Whether you are looking for exterior or interior parts, you can count on the distributors to get what you need quickly and at competitive prices. From roof rack mount brackets to bumpers and side skirts, from tire air tanks and brake pads to engine parts, from rear ends to interiors to fenders and handles, the truck spare parts dealers are all you need. If you need a particular brand or make of truck part, you can be sure they will have it in stock. Some distributors even offer to customize a part for your truck if you do not find the exact match you are looking for. So no matter what type of spare part you need for your truck, you can be confident of finding it with the distributors or suppliers. Truck spare parts are a very important aspect of owning and driving a truck. Whether you have a new or used truck, the performance of your truck directly affects the safety of those around you. So it only makes sense to invest in quality truck spare parts. Not all truck spare parts are created equally. There are many suppliers who make unrealistic promises and sell below average truck parts. You want your truck to work at its best, so you need to be careful when buying parts. It is always best to find a supplier who offers a large variety of truck parts. Some even offer to ship the parts to you so you never even have to leave your home, work place or country. Shop carefully and don’t be fooled by gimmicks. Make sure you know your vehicle’s exact make and model number before ordering any part. There is nothing worse than ordering a part that won’t fit. Ordering online is safe and secure, so choose your supplier wisely and enjoy your investment.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Softwares

Automotive Softwares Full Control For Your Car separately to customize the operation of your car’s key system. These softwares are capable of running on a wide range of hardware setups, including some of the most popular makes and models of automobiles on the market today.

utomotive softwares have been vastly improved over the past decade. The reasons for this are obvious to anyone who has been involved in any part of the development process. Software developers, in particular, have put a lot of their time and effort into making sure that the features of the software are as useful and user friendly as possible. This has resulted in a lot of software products which are now on the market and which, among other things, can improve the way that you communicate with your car. Communication is a key feature in modern cars. For this reason, softwares such as text messaging, MMS, and Bluetooth are used extensively. Automotive manufacturers have been able to use these technologies to provide real-time information about the condition of a vehicle. In addition to this, they have been used to improve the overall reliability of the automobile. Most softwares now run on embedded systems that make it very easy to send out commands to the networked computers that control different aspects of the car’s system.

are also available as free downloads from the Internet and as various other places. However, the installation process can sometimes prove to be a bit problematic. In some cases, it may even require that you modify your system’s drivers in order for the softwares to take hold. For some users, this might be a bit too complicated of an exercise to engage in, especially if they are used to working with traditional car computers that have been integrated with various proprietary software programs. Automotive softwares are made available in a variety of forms. There are full packages that include everything that you need in order to run all of the commands that your system will be running under. There are also a number of add-on components that can be purchased

These softwares are not necessarily aimed at professional users. They can be used by individuals who are interested in restoring their own cars to showroom perfection. The data that these softwares are based-on are already preloaded into your system so all that you will need to do is install them and use them. In order to get the most out of these softwares, it is best that you allow them to run in parallel to all of the other functions that your car’s computer is already capable of. This way, everything will work together smoothly, including the visual display that you are seeing on your monitor. If you are interested in investing in these softwares, it would be a good idea to purchase a package of automotive softwares that will work with a specific automaker. The best packages of softwares will allow you to save money on the hardware that you will be installing, as well as money on the softwares themselves. Since there are hundreds of manufacturers in the market today, there are bound to be packages that will suit your preferences. Automotive softwares have been proven to be very beneficial to any person that wishes to have full control over their car.

These softwares can be used by simply installing them onto your computer. They

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Auto Glass

January-February issue l 2022

Automotive Glass Installation

utomotive glass is made up of layers, each one with a specific function. As a vehicle is being driven, it undergoes compression and expansion, which take the shape of microscopic bubbles known as stress cracks. These stress cracks expand into micro cracks in the next layer of automotive glass. These are known as flake breakage and pose a threat to the integrity

of the vehicle. In addition, these small cracks spread quickly and may cause the window to shatter. There are three types of automotive glass. The windshield is the thin transparent cover that protects you from the elements and protects your vision. Windshields can be made from a variety of materials including composites, plastics, and

glass. Windshields that are made from a composite material experience the least amount of compression and expansion during driving, thus minimizing the chance of breakage. Plastic windshields experience greater wear and tear due to driving and the constant heating and cooling that occur in a vehicle. Automotive glass is also used to protect you from dust and to enhance the overall look of your car. It is important for the glass to be designed properly to properly fit your window. You need to ensure that the measurements are correct and that the glass is thick enough to effectively block wind and noise. Your window should also fit well and securely on your car. If you are buying a new windshield, it will come with instructions to fit it correctly and retain its integrity over time. However, if you have an older windshield, it is recommended that you replace it with a new piece. The structural laminate or window glass comes in two types: the split or cleated and solid. The split glass is placed between two sheets of glass using an adhesive. The cleated glass is placed between the other two sheets. This allows for air flow to stay in the car and prevents heat buildup. In addition, toughened safety glass is becoming more popular as it offers better visibility when driving at higher speeds and by workers in the car. It is also important for windshields to have clear windows, minimal distortion, and high strength. In addition, it is imperative that the glass should not be fade resistant and break resistant. All of these standards should ensure that you get the best glass for your specific situation. When looking for automotive glass, you should look for a company that sells everything from automotive glass to windows. Glass installation is usually done at the dealership or directly by a dealer. However, if you are not interested in paying that much, you can install the automotive glass yourself. You do not have to be a master carpenter in order to do this, and there are many guides available to help you through the process. The key is to make sure that you get a good guide and follow all of the step-by-step instructions. There is no need to worry if you find you cannot install your own windshield; many companies will ship the broken pieces to you so you can get it fixed and back on the road.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Feature

January-February issue l 2022

Automotive Lubricants How To Make Your Car More Viable

thus eliminating dirt and grease build-up that causes friction. All these lubricants improve the performance and efficiency of moving parts such as the gears in your car or truck.

Synthetic Lubricants have numerous applications. It contains no moisture,

The organic lubricants on the other hand are usually made from recycled petroleum. They can withstand high temperatures and are highly wear-resistant. Their ingredients are usually derived from crude oil, such as crude oil, natural gas, crude coal, and diesel. These lubricants have higher heat tolerance than their synthetic counterparts.

utomotive Lubricants is made up of a blend of lubricating oils with characteristics for use in different types of vehicles. Most modern vehicles, aside from gasoline, utilize some type of lubricant, most commonly an oil-based product. There are basically four types of lubricants: Synthetic Lubricants, Organic Lubricants, EPDM, and Spubricants containing petroleum-based additives.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Lubricants

January-February issue l 2022 They also resist wear and tear, and there is a considerable delay before any changes in friction appear, which makes them good choices for high-performance applications. Another category of Automotive Lubricants is the tribology compound. This lubricant uses silicone to improve oil film wear and improve lubrication properties. Its ingredients are derived from a variety of sources including seaweed, talc, and chalk. Tribology lubricants are used in highperformance engines because of their additive properties, which reduce friction. Lubricants with silicone remain slippery when cold and can be drawn into the mating surfaces for added lubrication. This type of lubricant has a lower melting point, and therefore it is commonly used in engines and other cooling components

without any additional protection. Some examples include conventional oil and transmission fluid. Some additives are added to these fluids for the purpose of lubricity and/or to prevent metal depletion. These additives include polymeric blocks, metal bridges, and greases. However, the main article type contains lubricants with low melting points and adequate viscosity for normal engine operation. Automotive Lubricants provides several benefits. They improve the functioning of moving parts, thus increasing the durability of your engine. They also improve the life of your engine, thus decreasing your maintenance costs. They prevent metal fatigue, decrease oil consumption and increase gas mileage, among other things.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

EV focus for SA automotive supply chain to target Africa

recently signed Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) identifies growth for innovation and technology in the South African automotive supply chain particularly in electric vehicles (EV).

The Automotive Industry Development Centre (AIDC) Eastern Cape has signed an MOU with the South African Bureau of Standards (SABS). In terms of the agreement, the organisations will collaborate and synergise resources with a vision to establish the Eastern Cape automotive manufacturing hub as a centre of excellence which will service all of Africa. AIDC EC CEO Thabo Shenxane said the alignment of automotive manufacturing related agencies, OEMs and its supply chain towards the sector’s priorities was “critical to the ability of South Africa to compete globally in the future automotive manufacturing landscape.’’ “Automotive production is in the process of radical and accelerated change driven by technology and alternative energy. As South Africa’s automotive volumes are driven by export demand

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

EV Market

predominantly, the country and the Eastern Cape, which is South Africa’s most prolific vehicle exporter, are highly vulnerable to changes in demand in these export markets – currently mostly Europe,’’ Shenxane said. The MOU identifies several joint projects including a collaborative programme with other world-class Eastern Cape-based institutions to identify and implement projects within the EV value chain contributing to the transition of the automotive sector in South Africa, including standards. “Commitments by countries, including South Africa, to zero carbon emissions means that within a very short time-period (within three to five years) South Africa’s traditional markets will demand EV vehicles only which means we need to be making significant investments in innovation and EV technology,“ said Shexane. The AIDC EC believes that its work in synergising resources and strategies of South Africa’s automotive role-players is central to enabling this growth in innovation and technology. The MOU with SABS, which centres around EVs, is a case in point. Jodi Scholtz, Lead Administrator at SABS added the bureau is excited about this partnership with AIDC EC “as it forms a critical component of our turnaround strategy to identify new areas of growth.” Also envisioned is the enhancement of the SABS testing facility in East London to ensure continued support to the automotive industry and its establishment as a Centre of Excellence. Scholtz believes the facility will enhance its testing capacity and capability to ensure alignment to the current and future requirements of the industry. “The outcomes of COP26 will also have a major impact on future standards from a sustainability perspective,” said Scholtz. AIDC EC and SABS have identified a number of joint projects which include repurposing the available buildings at the SABS East London facility to serve as an automotive incubator, which is intended to complement current services and expand to future services in EVs and related technology sectors.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Maintenance

January-February issue l 2022

How to Change Windshield Wipers Yourself

n order to drive safely it’s necessary to be able to see where you are going, which is why learning how to change windshield wipers is a key skill for any driver. Figuring out how to replace windshield wipers isn’t all that difficult. In fact, learning how to take off windshield wipers may be harder than grasping how to put on windshield wipers, but the entire process is relatively straightforward. You can tell when wiper blades need to be changed by regularly inspecting the blades—at least once a month. When the rubber begins to wear or crack, or if you notice that the wiper blades smear water, leave a thin layer of water on the windshield, or only clear a portion of the windshield, then it’s time to learn how to change windshield wiper blades. Follow these steps to determine how to install windshield wipers, so you can avoid paying your local mechanic for this simple DIY job. BEFORE YOU BEGIN Before you learn how to change wiper blades on a car, you need to know the different parts of the windshield wipers. Wipers are made with three basic parts: The wiper arm, which attaches directly to the car, the wiper blade, which attaches to the arm and holds the rubber insert, and the rubber insert, which is responsible for cleaning away water. Typically, when you need to change windshield wipers you will be replacing the wiper blades. In some cases you may replace the rubber insert, but this isn’t a common repair. STEP 1: Measure the wiper blade size and get compatible replacement blades. The first step in changing the windshield wipers on a vehicle is to use a tape measure in order to determine the correct size of wiper that you will need for the vehicle. Make sure to measure both wiper blades because there are many vehicles that use one short blade and one long blade to keep the windshield clean. To ensure that you get the right wiper blades, it’s a good idea to write down or record the year, make, and model of your vehicle. With this information in hand, jump online, drive to a local automotive parts store, or go to your neighborhood Walmart to pick up a compatible pair of windshield wipers for your vehicle. If you are still unsure which wiper blades you need, ask an employee to help you figure it out because if you get the wrong wiper blades, they may not be the right length or the correct attachment for your vehicle.

new blade over the pin and close the tab to lock the new blade in place. Repeat the process with the second wiper blade, then remove the towel and gently lower the wipers to the windshield. STEP 4: Test the newly installed wiper blades.

STEP 2: Remove the old wiper blades. Once you have a new set of compatible wiper blades you can start the job. Removing windshield wipers isn’t a complex process, though initially learning how to remove wiper blades can be tricky if you have never seen it done before. Begin by lifting the windshield wiper arm away from the windshield and laying down an old towel. The towel will catch the arm if it snaps back into position, preventing the windshield from getting damaged in the process. Alternatively, you could put a sock over the arm after the old wiper blade has been removed and lower the arm to the windshield until you are ready to replace the blade. Locate the small tab on the windshield wiper blade where the wiper blade meets the wiper arm. By pressing this small tab, you can release the old wiper blade and slide it off the wiper arm hook. However, if the windshield wipers have a pin instead of a hook, then you will want to pull up on the blade’s tab, then remove the blade from the pin on the wiper’s arm. You can also use a flat-head screwdriver to help press or lift the tab, if necessary. STEP 3: Install the new wiper blades. Installing the wiper blades is as easy as sliding the new wiper blade into the exact same slot as the old wiper blade. Simply line up the new blade with the hook on the wiper arm and slide it up until you hear and feel a click that indicates the blade has snapped into place. Just make sure that you install the correct wiper blade on the correct wiper arm as some vehicles have mismatched wiper blade sizes and mixing these up can result in the wipers not working correctly. If your windshield wipers use pin-type connections instead of the more common hook connection then you have to slip the

Any time you complete a repair on your vehicle, the final step in the process should be testing the new parts to make sure that they are installed correctly. If you don’t want to wait for it to rain, then wet the windshield with a hose or by spraying windshield wiper fluid. This provides the new wipers with a wet surface to slide across and will also give you a good idea about whether the new wiper blades are cleaning the windshield properly. Turn on the ignition and start the wipers. If there are any streaks, then consider cleaning the rubber on the wipers with alcohol wipes to remove any debris. Test the wipers again. If you are still getting streaks or the wipers don’t seem to be cleaning the windshield evenly, the wipers may not be secured on the wiper arms or you may have gotten the wrong wiper blades. Inspect the wipers and make any corrections necessary to the installation. If everything checks out and you are still experiencing problems, you may need to take the vehicle to your local mechanic to find out what is causing the issue. Regular wiper maintenance can extend the life of the blades. Windshield wipers should be replaced at least once every year, but if you find that your wiper blades are wearing out more quickly, then you may be doing one or more things that could be causing premature damage to the blades. To help keep your wiper blades in good shape, use a soft cloth to wipe away any visible debris before driving. It’s also a good idea to avoid using the windshield wipers when the windshield is dry or covered in ice. A dry windshield results in the rubber blades being dragged across the glass, wearing down the rubber and potentially damaging the windshield in the process. Use an ice scraper to remove ice instead of relying on the wipers because ice can cut, gouge, and otherwise damage the rubber on your wipers. Taking good care of your wiper blades helps ensure you’ll need to replace them only once a year, saving you time and money in the process.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Garage

January-February issue l 2022

How to Change Oil For Your Vehicle

ver time, engine oil becomes contaminated with combustion by-products, fuel, and the viscosity can be reduced. As the oil additive package is depleted, its ability to lubricate and neutralize combustion acids is reduced. To protect your vehicle’s engine, you should change the oil according to the OEM recommendations of oil type for your vehicle. However, you also need to decide between conventional, high-mileage, synthetic blend, or full synthetic oil before you can perform a car oil change. Conventional motor oil is the cheapest option, but also the least beneficial for your vehicle. High-mileage oil is intended for vehicles with more than 75,000 miles because it’s designed to help reduce oil leaks and burning in older engines by causing the internal and external O-rings and gaskets to swell.

by driving the front wheels onto steel wheel ramps. The wheels should sink into depressions on the top of each ramp to prevent it from moving. Make sure to allow the vehicle about 5 to 10 minutes to cool down after turning it off. Otherwise, the oil might be too hot to drain without risk of injury.

Synthetic-blend oil is a mixture of synthetic and conventional oils that has a lower cost than full synthetics and lasts longer than conventional oil. Full synthetic oil is the best option for newer vehicles, though it isn’t a great choice for older vehicles that are designed for use with conventional oil.

Second drain the existing oil

Before You Begin What you would need are,Wheel chocks, Car jack, Wheel ramps, Gloves, Safety glasses, Oil pan, Socket wrench,Crescent wrench,Oil filter wrench, Oil filter, Funnel and Oil. Automotive garages will often give you a sticker that indicates the mileage and time that you have until your next oil change is due, but these numbers are an estimate. Figuring out how often to change oil in your vehicle depends on the vehicle. Different vehicles have different maintenance needs, so you should always refer to the owner’s manual for the vehicle. Recent advances in automotive technology have made it possible for newer vehicles to have longer oil-change intervals, with some car models capable of running on one oil change for 7,500 to 10,000 miles, or once every 6 to 12 months. In general, it’s best to get the oil changed based on the recommendation of your automaker’s factory maintenance schedule. First you need to Park and elevate the vehicle Learning how to change your oil all starts with pulling the vehicle into a safe parking space like a garage or a level driveway. Put the vehicle in park, take out the keys, and apply the parking brake. Use a jack to elevate the vehicle off of the ground, then place wheel chocks behind the rear tires to prevent the vehicle from moving or shifting while you work. If you don’t want to use a jack, you can also elevate the vehicle

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Use an oil pan that is large enough to hold about twice as much oil as the engine takes to ensure that it doesn’t spill over the sides of the pan. Position the oil pan under the engine drain plug, which is usually located about 1 to 2 feet from the front of the vehicle, directly underneath the engine. Open the hood on the vehicle and locate the oil cap. It should have the oil symbol or the word oil written on the top. Remove this cap and set it in a safe location. Use a socket wrench or crescent wrench to loosen the oil plug, then use your fingers to fully loosen and remove the oil plug. Keep in mind that as soon as the plug is removed, oil will start flowing out of the car, so be sure to wear personal protective equipment like gloves, safety glasses, long pants, and a long-sleeve shirt. Allow the oil to drain into the oil pan for about 2 to 3 minutes to make sure that it’s fully drained, then reinstall the drain plug. Tighten the plug with a socket wrench or crescent wrench to avoid leaks. Also, make sure that you don’t misplace the metal washer from the drain plug because this part is necessary to prevent the oil from leaking.

January-February issue l 2022 Remove the old oil filter

Oil Change the right time to pull the oil pan out from under the vehicle so that you can transfer the oil to a different container and properly dispose of it.

Look underneath the vehicle to locate the oil filter. Unfortunately, oil filters do not have a standard position in most vehicles, so you will need to look for a 4- to 6-inch cylinder that has a diameter of about 3 inches. They are typically white, blue, or black. Once you locate the filter, twist it counterclockwise to remove it. If you cannot loosen the filter by hand, then you will need an oil filter wrench to do this. Note that the oil filter will have oil remaining in it, so be prepared to catch any oil with the oil pan. After you remove the old oil filter, you can put it in the oil pan or in a different container to allow it to drain without creating a mess. Install the new oil filter

Test the vehicle and check for leaks Turn the vehicle on and check the oil pressure light. If the oil pressure light is on, then you might not have put in enough oil or there may be a leak. Leave the vehicle in neutral and keep the parking brake applied. Allow the car to run while you look underneath for any signs of leaks or drips. If you spot a leak, then turn the vehicle off and allow it to cool for about 10 minutes before crawling back under to tighten the filter or the oil drain plug. Check the owner’s manual to determine how to reset the change oil light, then turn off the vehicle and give it 10 minutes to cool before opening the hood and pulling out the dipstick to verify that the amount of oil is correct. Close the hood and clean up.

Before installing the new oil filter, you need to lubricate the gasket with new engine oil to create a good seal for the new filter and make it easier to remove the filter during the next oil filter change. To reduce the amount of time it takes for the car to return to the right oil pressure, pour about 20 to 30 drops of new oil into the filter before installing it. Screw the new filter into place, making sure not to spill any of the oil that you just added. Tighten the filter until the gasket touches, then go about a quarter-turn further. While replacing the oil filter, ensure that the filter threads in correctly. Overlapping or crossed threads can cause engine oil leaks. With the filter reinstalled properly, you are ready to add the new oil. Pour new oil into the vehicle Look at the vehicle owner’s manual to double check the oil type and to determine the amount of oil you need to add to your vehicle. Then pour this amount into the oil fill hole. You can attempt to turn the bottle over quickly, positioning the tip of the bottle in the fill hole, or you can put a funnel into the fill hole and pour the oil in with this method. Both options work, though not using a funnel comes with a much higher risk of spilling oil. After adding the appropriate amount, replace the oil cap, then check inside the hood, around the vehicle, and under the vehicle for any loose tools or spills. Wipe up spills as best as you can with a cloth or rag, then check under the car for any leaks. This is also

Dispose of the old oil properly when the job is done Engine oil is a harmful substance that can seep into the ground or water drains where it can affect the local vegetation, wildlife, and water sources like rivers, ponds, and lakes. To avoid causing harm to the environment and the community, dispose of the old oil properly. Pour the old oil from the oil pan into a clean polyethylene or metal container with a tightly sealed lid. Make sure that the container does not contain any residual automotive fluids or chemicals, like antifreeze, paint, or solvents. To recycle the old oil properly, take it to an oil change facility that accepts oil containers or to a local household waste recycling facility.

Africa Automotive News l 2022

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January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

January-February issue l 2022

Africa Automotive News l 2022

Africa Automotive News January-February digital issue 2022

Articles inside

EV focus for SA automotive supply chain to target Africa

Automotive Lubricants How To Make Your Car More Viable

Pick the Right SpareParts for Your Truck

Tips For Saving Money On Automotive Air Filters

How South Africa, Ghana and Egypt could reshape the automotive industry in Africa

A look at the Ineos Grenadier off-road SUV coming to South Africa

Car Dealerships ordered to apply for Digital Licenses from NTSA

Côte d’Ivoire’s automotive ambitions in West Africa