Wahabism Mithyayum Yatharthyavum

hlm_nkw

anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw [ Malayalam – aebmfw – ‫] مﻠﻴﺎلﻢ‬ ‫ﺇﺳﻼﻣﻴــﺔ ﻻ ﻭﻫﺎﺑﻴــﺔ‬

X¿mdm¡nbXv:

tUm. \mkznÀ A_vZp Icow AÂ- AJv ‫ﺎﺮﺻ ﻋﺒﺪالﻜﺮ�ﻢ اﻟﻌﻘﻞ‬/ ‫ أد‬: ‫إﻋﺪاد‬ ‫ﺃﺳﺘﺎﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﻴﺪﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﻤﺬﺍﻫﺐ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺻﺮﺓ‬ ‫ﺑﺠﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﺍﻹﻣﺎﻡ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ ﺑﻦ ﺳﻌﻮﺩ ﺍﻹﺳﻼﻣﻴﺔ‬

]p\-cm-Jym\w: apl-½Zv kzem-ln,-Xr-¸-\¨n ‫ ﻤﺪ ﺻﻼﻲﺣ‬: ‫ﺮﻤﺟﺔ‬ Daawa books P.B. No: 1981, Vyttila, Kochi, Ph: 0091-484-2301275 Email: info@dawabooks.org

WebEdition by: ‫ﻡ‬٢٠١١ - ‫ﻫـ‬١٤٣٢

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{]km[I¡pdn¸vþ A´mcmjv{S \nehmc¯n aebmf ]p ¯nd¡pIbpw {]kàamb hn kvXI§Ä ]pdhn[ `mjm{KÙ§Ä aebmf¯nte¡v samgnamäw \S¯n {]kn²oIcn¡pIbpw A´mcm jv{S kaql¯n\v ]cnNbs¸Spt¯­ aebm f IrXnIÄ aäp `mjIfnte¡v ]cn`mjs¸Sp ¯n {]kn²oIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pIsb¶ e £yt¯msS XpS¡w Ipdn¨ "ZAvhm _pIvkv' {it²bhpw hyXncnàhpamb ]pkvXI§Ä ]pd¯nd¡ns¡m­v CXn\Iw Xs¶ ]pkvXI {]km[\ cwK¯v Ønc{]XnjvT t\Sn¡gn ªn«p­v, ‫ﺤﻟﻤﺪ ﷲ‬ hnip² JpÀB\pw Xncpkp¶¯pamIp ¶ Ckvemansâ ASnØm\ {]amW§sf, A lvepkp¶¯n h PamA¯nsâ coXnimkv {X¯n {KÙcN\ \S¯nbn«pÅ ]ÞnX³ amcpsS ]pkvXI§fmWv {][m\ambpw ZAvh _pIvkv ]pd¯nd¡p¶Xv.{KÙIÀ¯m¡fpsS kz´amb A`n{]mb§fnte¡v £Wn¡pIb hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ã, {]amW_²ambn Imcy§sf hnebncp¯pIbpw a\Ênem¡pIbpw sN¿p¶Xnte¡v \ bn¡pIbmWv C¯cw {KÙ§Ä ]pd¯nd¡pt¼mÄ "ZAvh _pIvkv' Dt±in¡p¶Xv. apkvenw temI¯v On{ZXbpw Ipg¸§fp ap­m¡nbXv hlm_nIfmsW¶v i{Xp¡Ä {]Ncn¸n¡mdp­v. `oIchmZ¯nsâbpw Xo{h hmZ¯nsâbpw t]cnepw C¶v hlm_nkw {Iq in¡s¸Smdp­v.F´mWv hlm_nkw? B t] cnepÅ Hcp {Kq¸v Fs¶¦nepwNcn{X¯n \n e\n¶n«pt­m? hlm_nIsf¶v Btcm]n¡s¸Sp¶hcpsS BibmZÀi§fpw Alvep kp ¶¯n h PamA¯nsâ BZÀi§fpw X½n  s]mcp¯s¸Sm¯ hà taLeIfpapt­m? `oIchmZw, Xo{hhmZw XpS§nbhbpambn h ¡s¸Sp¶hÀ¡v hà _Ôlm_nIsf¶v hnfnhpapt­m? Hcp kw£n]vX ]T\w. \mYm. . . . \o CsXmcp {]Xn^emÀlam b {]hÀ¯\ambn kzoIcnt¡Wta (Bao³) amt\-PÀþ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hnj-b-hn-hcw A[ymbw þ 1 Ckvemlo {]Øm\w (13) 1. \PvZnsâ ØnXn (17) 2. Ckvemlo {]Øm\hpw H¶mw kuZo`cWIqShpw(18) 3. \maIcWw (19) 4. sk]vXw_À 11þDw hlm_n {]Øm\hpw (20) 5. hntZinIfpsS ZyjvSnbn (21) 6. e£y§Ä (23)

A[ymbw þ 2 ke^o amÀ¤w (25) 1. Cuam³Imcy§Ä (26) 2. AÃmlphnsâ hntijW§Ä (27) 3. JpÀB\ns\¡pdn¨v ke^nsâ ho£Ww (28) 4. hn[nhnizmkw (28) 5. acWm\´c PohnXw (29) 6. luZnepÅ hnizmkw (29) 7. \½psS \_nbpsS ip]mÀi (30) 8. kzÀ¤ \cI§fnepÅ hnizmkw (30) 9. A´na{]hmNI\nse hnizmkw (30) 10. klm_¯ns\¡pdn¨pÅ hnizmkw (31) 11. Idma¯pw Huenbm¡fpw (32) 12. apkvenwIsf Im^ndm¡p¶Xp kw_Ôn¨v (32) 13. PnlmZpw \akvImchpw (32) 14. Cuam\ns\¡pdn¨v (32)

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]p¯³ hmZntbm? (36)

A[ymbw þ 3 Ckvemlo {]Øm\wþ]WvUnX·mcpsS ho£W¯n 37 1. dioZv dnZm (38) 2. AÃmam iuIm\n (41) 3. A_vZpdlvam³ P_ÀXn (43) 4. alvaqZv ipIvcn Beqkn (46) 5. A DkvXmZv ap\oÀ APem\n: DYvam\o Imes¯ A\oXn(48) 6. AlvaZv A_vZpÂK^qÀ A¯mÀ (49) 7. DkvXmZv ^pBZv lwk(F´mWv ke^o amÀKw?)(51) 8. ssiJv A_qklvd (52) 9. ssJdp±o³ kÀIeo: \thm°m\ {]Øm\§fpsS {]`htI{µw (53) 10. Aºmkv alvaqZv AJmZv (54) 11. Xncp¯s¸tS­ [mcWIÄ (lk\p_v\p Bep BCZv) (55) 12. {]Øm\hpw a¡bnse ico^v Kmen_nsâ D]Pm] §fpw (alvaqZv ^lvao ]mj) (57) 13. CkvemanI¯\nabnte¡pÅ {]t_m[\w (tUm: Xzmlm lpssk³) (58) 14. kp¶o {]t_m[\ {]Øm\w (tUm. A_vZp dlow A_vZpdlvam³ A_vZpdlow) (62) 15. \qX\ hmZ§fnÃm¯ {]t_m[\coXn (apl½Zv Pem IivIv) (62) 16. kuZo þ CuPn]vjy³ ssk\y§ÄþHcp XmcXayw (A P_ÀXo) (64)

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A[ymbw þ 4 GIssZhXzw (66) 1. ]WvUnXm`n{]mb§Ä a) l¼enIÄ (69) b) l\^nIÄ (71) c) im^nCIÄ (72) d) amenInIÄ (73) 2. A]hmZ {]NcW§fpsS s]můc§Ä(82) 3. i^mA¯v \ntj[nItfm? (89) 4. apkvenwIsf Im^ndm¡ntbm? (95) 5. ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ ho£Ww (97) 6. inÀ¡nsâ Kuchw (98) 7. Btcm]W§Ä : Ncn{XImcsâ ZrjvSnbn (102)

A[ymbw þ 5 Nne A\p_Ô hnjb§Ä (107) (i) XeapWU\w sN¿Â (109) (ii) apsskenabpsS \m«pImcmsW¶v (110) (iii) A©mw aZvl_pImcmsW¶v (113) (iv) Jnem^¯ns\Xncmbncp¶psh¶pw (115) (v) {]Øm\w: Aapkvenw ]WvUnX·mcpsS ho£W¯n (119)

A[ymbw þ 6 1. kznävkÀemâv k©mcn _ÀIvlmÀ«v (120)

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A[ymbw þ 7 Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nsâ t\«§Ä (131) {]Øm\ t\«§sf \ap¡v C§s\ kwt£]n¡mw (133) 1. Bcm[\ AÃmlphn\v am{Xam¡pI (133) 2. kp¶¯nsâ hym]\hpw _nZvA¯nsâ XnckvImchpw (134) 3. ke^n amÀKw apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶p (134) 4. aX¯nsâ t{kmXÊns\ a\Ênem¡ns¡mSp¡pI(135) 5. sXfnhv Is­¯p¶ coXnsb ip²oIcn¨p (135) 6. Adnhv {]Ncn¸n¡pI, AÚX AIäpI (135) 7. B[p\nI sshÚm\nIþ\thm°m\¯n ]¦mfnbmhpI(136) 8. aXNn DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡pI (136) 9. CkvemanI cmjv{Shpw kaqlhpw bYmÀYyambn (136) 10. aXIob Iq«mbvabpw `cWIqSs¯ A\pkcn¡epw (137) 11. kam[m\w Dd¸p hcp¯n (137) 12. a\Ên\pw _p²n¡pw hntamN\w (138) 13. ssZhnI \nbawsIm­v hn[nIÂ]n¡pI (138) 14. {]amW§Ä P\§Ä¡p kaÀ¸n¡Â (138) 15. Pmlneo NnÓ§fpsS XnckvImcw (139) Xo{hhmZmtcm]Ww (139)

A[ymbw þ 8 temI Ckvemlo Ne\§fnte¡p sc¯nt\m«w (141) ba\n (142) C´ybn (144) tIcf¯n (148) kndnbbnepw CdmJnepw (148)

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kpUm\nepw D¯cm{^n¡bnepw (150)

A[ymbw þ 9 Ckvemlo {]Øm\hpw {_o«njv Nmchr¯nbpw (152) bqtdm]y³ km{amPyXzw apkvenw cmPy§fn (154) Ckvemln{]Øm\¯nsâ c­p i{Xp¡Ä (157) hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«ojpImcpw (158) Atd_y km{amPyXz¯n¶v Iogvs]«nà (159) {_n«ojpImcpsS A]hmZ{]NcW§Ä (161) hlm_n \maIcW¯n\p ]n¶n (161) C´y³ hlm_nItfmSv {_n«ojpImcpsS {IqcX (162) {_n«ojpImcpsS A\ptamZ\ktµiw (163) "kuZnbn CSs]SW'sa¶v (167) apkvenw lnPmkv tIm¬{^³kv 1926 (168)

A[ymbw þ 10 {]Øm\s¯ hnebncp¯nb ]WvUnX t{iWn (171) (A) Ad_n ]WvUnX·mcpw Nn´I·mcpw (172) (B) Aapkvenw Fgp¯pImÀ (174)

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apJ-¡p-dn¸v CsXmcp kzX{´ IrXnbà - , F¶m Hcp k¼qÀ® hnhÀ¯\hpaÃ. Hcp Ahew_IrXn. kDuZn Fgp¯pImc\mb tUm. \mknÀ A_vZpÂIcow AJv cNn¨ (hlm_nkaà þCkvemaoIcWw) F¶ Ad_n {KÙ¯nsâ Bi bm\phmZambmWv "hlm-_n-kw: anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw' F¶ IrXn. \m\qdn A[nIw t]PpIfpÅ aqe IrXnbnse ]e A²ymb§fpw Bib]cambpw Ahew_n¨n«nsöp am {Xaà AXnenÃm¯ hnjbw Iq«nt¨À¡pIbpw sNbvXncn ¡p¶p. ]¯mw A²ymbamb Ckvemlo {]Øm\hpw {_n «ojv Nmchr¯nbpw C§s\ Iq«nt¨À¯XmWv.aqeIrXnbp sS _rlXv cq]hpw IqSmsX ]e hnjb§fpw aebmf¡cbn NÀ¨mhnjbasöXpamWv Hgnhm¡m\pÅ t{]cW. 18þmw \qäm­n Atd_ybn apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn  hlm_nsâ XymK\nÀ`camb ]cn{ia§fneqsS JpÀB\nte¡pw kp¶¯nte¡pw Xncn¨p t]mhpI F¶ ktµihpambn cwK¯ph¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm\w H«t\Iw sXän²mcWIÄ¡p hnt[bambn«p­v. hntijn¨pw tIcf¡cbnÂ. AXp t]mse tZiobmSnØm\¯nepw temIXe¯n epw Hcp]mSv Btcm]W§Ä¡p ichyambn.Ct¸mgpw Øn Xn hyXykvXaÃ. kaqlw ap§n¡nS¶ncp¶ AÚXmÔImc¯nsâ Bgw Adnbm¯htcm,Adnbm³ {ian¡m¯h - tcm Bb ]p tcmlnX aX¡mcmWnhnsS {]Øm\¯ns\XncnepÅ Ip{]NmcW§Ä¡p ]n¶nÂ. ]mc¼cy bmYmØnXnIXzw \ne hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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\n¶m am{Xta X§fpsS DZc]qcW am[yahpw \ne\n ¡pIbpÅpsh¶v IrXyambn a\Ênem¡nb ChÀ, kIeam\ AÔhnizmk§sfbpw A\mNmc§sfbpw amtdmSW ¨pXmcm«v ]mSns¡m­ncn¡p¶p. Chcn NneÀ C¶v `uXn I hnZym`ymk¯nsâ Ip¸mbw Xp¶ns¨¦nepw, AhcpsS B´cnI hkv{X§fpsS \qepIf{Xbpw s\bvXncn¡p¶Xv, inÀ¡³ hnizmk§Ä sIm­mWv. ]pdta¡p ]ptcmKa\¡mÀ. AItam inÀ¡p _nZvA¯pIfpsS sshXmfnIcpw. _nZCu I£nIfmb C¡q«À AhImis¸Sp¶XmI s« X§Ä kp¶¯v PamAs¯¶pw. J_dpIÄ¡p aosX sI«nSw ]WnXpw, Pmd§Ä XoÀ¯pw, aJv_dIÄ DÕh¸d¼pIfm¡n \njn²w Xn¶pw Xoän¨pw ChÀ XSn¨p sImgp¡p¶p. AÃmlp AÃm¯htcmSv CkvXnKmk \S¯m³ Jp ÀB³ ZpÀhymJym\w sN¿p¶p. _nZvA¯pIsf shÅ ]q in kp¶¯msW¶p hcp¯p¶p. ChcpsS ZpjvsNbvXnI sf hnaÀin¡p¶hsc Ckvemansâ i{Xp¡fm¡n Nn{XoI cn¡p¶p.hnhcanÃm¯ ]mhw P\§sf Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nsâ i{Xp¡fm¡n amäm³ cm¸I A[zm\n¡p¶p. bmYmØnXnIcpsS \ne]mSmWnXv. ChcpsS {]Nmctheb - mWv Gsd AÛpXIcw. `n¶n ¸nsâ hn¯p]mInbhÀ, aXw sh«napdn¡p¶hÀ, {]hmNI s\ kvt\ln¡m¯hÀ, Huenbm¡sf Ipäs¸Sp¯p¶hÀ, apkvenwIsf Im^ndm¡p¶hÀ, {_n«\p Nmc¸Wn \S¯nbhÀ.......... C§s\ \o­pt]mIp¶p. {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm ¡Äs¡XnscbpÅ AhcpsS hnaÀi\mkv{X§Ä.

C¡mcW§fm Xs¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm\w ]n¶n « ]mXIÄ GsXms¡, AXv {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ BZÀihlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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§Ä, AXns\ sXän²cn¡s¸« coXn, AXnsâ ImcW§Ä, i{Xp¡fpsS D]Pm]§Ä, temImSnØm\¯n {]Øm\¯nsâ {]Nmchpw hfÀ¨bpw, CkvemanI \thm°m\ kw cw`§Ä¡p {]Øm\¯nt\mSpÅ IS¸mSpIÄ XpS§nb hnjb§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ Hcp {_lZv {KÙ¯nsâ A`mhw ChnsS \¶mbn {]ISamWv. Cu kmlNcyamWv Cu sIm¨pIrXnbpsS cN\¡p {]tNmZ\ambXv. CXn hà XIcmdpIfpw {i²bn s]Sp¶hÀ kvt\l_p²ym Nq­n¡mWn¡psa¶ D¯a-t_m [yt¯msS¯s¶ Cu eLpkwcw`w hmb\¡mÀ¡p kaÀ ¸n¡s«. CXnsâ ]Wn¸pcbn klmbn¨ C.sI.Fw. ]¶qcnt\mSpw aäp D]tZi§Ä \ÂInb F³.hn.kIcn¿ aue hn, Fw.Fw. AIv_À XpS§n FÃmhtcmSpw At§bäs¯ IrXÚX ChnsS tcJs¸Sp¯pIbmWv. ]s¯m¼Xv, Ccp]Xv \qäm­pIfn At\Iw \thm°m\ {]Øm\§Ä CkvemanI temI¯v DSseSp¯n«p­v. apkvenwIÄ¡p­mbncp¶ cmjv{Sob ta[mhnXz¯IÀ ¨bpsS k¶nKv[-L«¯nÂ, kaql¯n\v AÂ]sa¦nepw Pohhmbp \ÂIm³ Cu {]Øm\§Ä¡p km[n¨n«ps­ ¶ kXyw Hcp Ncn{Xmt\zjI\p \ntj[n¡pI h¿. AÄ Pocnbbnse k\qk {]Øm\w, kpUm\nse alvZn {]Øm\w, CuPn]vXn apl½Zv A_vZpþdioZv cnZmbpsS {]Øm \w, A³kmdpÊp¶, Alvse lZoYv {]Øm\§Ä F¶n §s\ At\Iw {]Øm\§Ä temImSnØm\¯n {]Xy£s¸«p. AXnsâsbÃmw \mcmbthcmbn {]hÀ¯n¨Xv hm kvXh -¯n ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂhlm_nsâ t\XrXz¯n cwK¯ph¶ Ckvemlo {]Øm\ambncp¶p. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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AXpsIm­pXs¶ hÀ¯am\Ime Ckvemlo Ne\§fpw AXnsâ {]bmWhpw AXnsâ ap³Ime Ncn{Xhpw kapZmb¯nsâ ]ptcmKXnbnepw BZÀi]camb sFIys¸Sen epw XmÂ]cyapÅ GsXmcmÄ¡pw hfsc hnes¸«XmIp¶p.

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A²ymbw 1 Ckvemlo {]Øm\w kaqlw hnizmk]cambpw IÀ½]cambpw hgn sXäpt¼mÄ ]WvUnX [À½w \nÀhln¡p¶ Bcpw sXäp²cn¸n¡s¸Sm\nSbp­v. AXmWv Ncn{X]mTw. Ckvemw A\pimkn¡p¶ kwkvIcWw iàambn \S¯p¶ A¯c¡msc ]p¯³hmZnIsf¶v hnfn¡s¸«p F¶mWv Ncn{Xw.kwkvI cW {]hÀ¯\w P\§fn kzm[o\ap­m¡pt¼mÄ AXn jvSs¸Sm¯ Øm]nX Xmev]c -y¡mcmWv Ckzemlv \nÀÆ ln¡p¶hsc ]p¯³hmZnIsf¶pw aX hncp²sc¶pw hna Àin¡pI.hlm_o {]Øm\w F¶p hntijn¸n¡s¸« kw kvIcW {]Øm\hpw Cu sXäp[mcW¡nSbmbn«p­v. bYmÀ° AlvepÊp¶bpsS Bibw {]Ncn¸n¨ a lm\mbncp¶p apl½Zv _v\p A_vZ-n hlm_v(). At± lw {]t_m[\w sNbvXXv {]hmNIm[ym]\§fmbncp¶n «pw AXv hlm_o {]Øm\w F¶mWv hnfn¡s¸«Xv. F.Un. 18þmw \qäm­n (lnPvd 12þmw \q äm­v) Atd_y³ D]`pJWvU¯n Xfncn« Hcp alm {]Øm\amWn Xv. k¨cnXcmb ap³KmanIfpsS ]mXbn Dd¨p \n¡m³ {]XnÚm_²amb CXv ]n¶oSv aäp cmPy§fnte¡pw {I am\pKXambn temI¯nsâ \m\m`mKt¯¡pw kwkvIc W¯nsâ {]Imi hoNnIÄ ]c¯n-sIm­p apt¶m«p \o §n. A¡mes¯ `cWm[nImcnbmb apl½Zv _v\p kDuZv (acWw lnPvd 1179) CXn\v kÀÆ ]n´pWIfpw klIcW hpw \ÂIn. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Cu BZÀi {]Øm\s¯ Npän]än At\Iw sXämb [mcWIÄ DSseSp¯n«p­v. AXnt¸mgpw \ne\n¡p¶p. tkmhnbäp bqWnbsâ ]X\m\´cw GI {[phtemIw F ¶ k¦Â¸w cq]s¸«t¸mgpw Atacn¡bnse temI-hym]m c tI{µw B{Ian¡s¸«-tijhpw Cu kwLS\ IqSpX sXäp²cn¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p.

Fs´ms¡bmWv B sXäp²mcWIÄ? AhbpsS t{kmXkpIÄ FhnsS? Ah F{Xam{Xw kXykÔamWv XpS§nb hnjb§sf A[nIcn¨pÅ At\zjWhpw NÀ¨ bpw Cu kµÀ`¯n hfsc kwKXamWv. Cu ZnibnepÅ Hcp eLp kwc`amWv Cu IrXn. Akqbmep¡fpw i{Xp¡fpw IpX{´imenIfpw ] WvUnXsc Ipdn¨v \nc´cw sXän²mcW {]Ncn¸n¡pt¼mÄ {]Øm\s¯ Ipdn¨v A¸am{X Úm\apÅhÀ AXn AIs¸Sp¶p.

C{X iàamb {]NcWtheIÄ asämcp {]Øm\¯nsâ Ncn{X¯nepw Øm\w ]nSn¨ncn¡m³ hgnbnÃ. ] s£ FÃm {]XnkÔnIsfbpw AXnPohn¨v AXn¶pw ssP {Xbm{X XpSÀ¶p sIm­ncn¡p¶p. hÀ¯am\Ime CkvemanI {]t_m[\ cwK¯v Alv epÊp¶bpsS amÀ¤¯n {]amW \n_²ambn Dd¨p \n ¡p¶hÀ Bcv, {]t_m[\¯nsâ hnip² tfml FSp¯ Wnªp X§fpw AtX ]mfb¯ - n Xs¶sb¶p IheI Ä tXmdpw ]mSp¶hÀ Bcv F¶v Nn´n¡p¶hÀ¡p kpX cmw hyàamt¡­Xv Ime¯nsâ Bhiyambn XoÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A©mw -a-Zvl-_Ã: NneÀ hmZn¨Xv Hcp A©mw aZvl_mWv hlm_n {] Øm\sa¶mbncp¶p. CXv icnbÃ. Ckvemansâ kpµchZ \w \qX\mNmc§fm (_nZvA¯pIÄ) aen\s¸«v AÚXbpsS AÔImc¯n kaqlw \«w Xncnªt¸mÄ apkv enw kaql¯n\v e`n¨ c£mamÀ¤ambncp¶p hlm_n {] Øm\w. ""apkvenwIÄ X§fpsS aX¯nsâ auenIXbnte ¡p Xncn¨p t]mIWw.hnip² JpÀB\pw \_nNcybpamWv AhcpsS aqe{]amW§Ä; Ah am{Xw apdpsI ]nSn¡Ww. AXn\p hncp²ambn kaql¯n ImWp¶ ]p¯³ BNmc§sf ImX§Ä¡Ite¡v hens¨dnbWw.'' CXmbncp¶p {]Øm\¯nsâ Blzm\w. AXp \S¸nem¡m\pÅ IÀ½ ]cn]mSnIfmbncp¶p e£yan«Xv. ]p¯\mNmc¡mÀ Cu kmlNcy¯n IÅ {]Nc W§Ä Agn¨p hnSpI kzm`mhnIambncp¶p. AXmWv tem Iw I­Xv.Alvepkp¶-{]Xn\n[m\wsN¿p¶ Cu {]Øm \¯n\v hlm_n {]Øm\w F¶v t]cn«Xv _nZvCIfmWv. Cu {]t_m[\ ]mXbv¡p amÀ¤{`wi¯nsâ te_ sem«n¡m\pw AXns\ XakvIc -n¡m\pw Is­¯nb Iuieambncp¶p AXv. hkvXpXm ]camtbm, ho£W]camtbm Cu \maIc Ww {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡Ä kzoIcn¡p¶nÃ. F´p sIms­¶m alm\mb {]hmNIXncpta\n()bpsS amÀ ¤w kIea -m\ aWvUe§fnepw Ahew_n¡Wsa¶p Icphlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 15

Xp¶ Hcp BZÀi¯nsâ hàm¡sf hyànIfpsS t]cn t\mSp _Ôs¸Sp¯n Npcp¡ns¡«m\pÅ {iaw bpàn¡p \nc¡m¯XmWtÃm. {]hmNI³() ]Tn¸n¡m¯ Hcp aX Imcyhpw sIm­p-h¶n«nÃm¯ Hcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhns\ A t±l¯nsâ {]t_m[\ hnjbt¯mSp tNÀ¯n {]Øm\ \maw Nabv¡p¶Xv \oXnbÃ. A`nÚ·mcpw, _p²naXnI fpw {]iv\§sf hnebncp¯p¶Xv kXy¯nsâ AfhptImep]tbmKn¨mWv. kwip² ke^n amXrIbnepÅ Hcp {]Øm\sa¶ \nebv¡v kq£va ]cntim[\ -bn Cu cwK¯v aq¶pXcw kao]\w ImWmw. (1) ASnØm\anÃm¯ \pW {]NcWw (11) kXyhpw AkXyhpw Iq«n IeÀ¯n {]Øm\¯n

sâ icnbmb XmÂ]cy§Ä shfn¨¯p hcp¯mXncn¡m \pÅ {ia§Ä.

(111) {]Øm\¯n\nÃm¯ Nne hmZ§Ä AXnsâ-ta

 sI«nsh¡Â.

XuloZo BZÀihpw hnizmk kwkvIcWhpw apJap{Zbmbn cwK¯ph¶ {]Øm\w, FXncmfnIfpambn H¶maXmbn hnizmk¯nsâ t]cnepÅ kwLÀj¯nembncn ¶p. ]n¶oSv kwLÀj taJe cmjv{Sob cwKt¯¡pw aäpw hfcp¶Xmbn ImWmw. AÚXtbmSpÅ t]mcm«hpw a{´hmZ¯n\pw amcW¯n\psaXncnepÅ kao]\hpw, AÔhnizmk¯nsâ sNfn¡pgnbn \n¶p kaqls¯ tamNn¸n¡m³ apg¡nb hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 16

Imlf-[z\nIfpw ]utcmlnXy¯nsâ IcWt¯ä {]lc ambncp¶p. AhÀ \pW {]NmcW§Ä \S¯nbnsænte AÛpXapÅq.kuZn Atd_y³ N{Ihmf¯n DZbw sIm ­ Cu hn¹hþhntamN\ apt¶ä¯n\p kam\ambn GsXm cp {]Øm\¯n\mWv, C{X Baqem{Kw apkvenw kaql s¯ ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¡m\mbXv? DZb tI{µ¯n am{Xaà temI¯nsâ ap¡paqeIfnÂ.`cWIqS¯nsâ klmbw In «ntbS¯pw AÃm¯nS§fnepw iàcmb FXncmfn hrµ¯n\nSbnepw AP¿ambn \nesImÅm³ AXn\p km[n¨p.

Ct¸mgpw AXv XpSÀ¶p sIm­ncn¡p¶p.

BZÀi Kcnabn apt¶m«p \o§p¶ Cu {]Øm\ s¯ AI¯pw ]pd¯papÅ ]WvUnX³amÀ, _p²nPohnI Ä, kmaqlnI Nn´I·mÀ FÃmw th­pthmfw \nco£n¨n«p­v. ]e-kµÀ`§fnÂ, `n¶ ZniIfneqsS hnebncp¯n bn«p­v.

\PvZnsâ ØnXn:Atd_y³ D]`qJWvU¯nsâ GItZiw a[y`mK ¯p ØnXn sN¿p¶ \PvZnb³ P\X {]hmNI Xncpta\n ()bpsS Ime¯v Xs¶ Ckvemw BtÇjn¡pIbp­mbn. ()bpsS Ime¯v Ckvemante¡p h¶ \PvZnse Xncpta\ncmPmhmbncp¶p kpama¯v _v\p DkmÂ. {]hmNI Xncpta\n()bpsS hntbmKthfbn ]teS¯pw Ipg¸§fp­mb Iq«¯n \PvZnepw Ipg¸§fp ­mbn. apsskenabpsS IÅ{]hmNIXzhmZw AXn\v B ¡w Iq«n. F¶m A_q_¡À() \S¯nb ssk\nI \Shlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 17

]SntbmsS \PvZpw kam[m\¯nte¡p Xncn¨p h¶p. ]n¶o Sp DahnþAºmko ImeL«§fn FSp¯p ]dtb­ {] tXyIXIsfm¶pw \PvZn ImWp¶nÃ., CS¡me¯v inCu I£nIfn s]« JÀaXznIÄ AhnsS AhcpsS ioCu Nn ´mKXnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p F¶Xv hnkvacn¡p¶nÃ. ]n¶oSv XpÀ¡n ImeL«¯n \PvZn\p ta AhÀ th­{X {i² tI{µoIcn¨ncp¶nÃ. ImcWw lnPmkv, ba ³, Alkm(_lvssd³) F¶nhnS§fnemWv XpÀ¡nIÄ X §fpsS B[n]Xyw Dd¸n¡m³ {ian¨Xv.

Ckvemln {]Øm-\hpw H¶mw kDuZo `c-W-Iq-S-hpw F.Un. 18þmw \qäm­nÂ, apl½Zv_v³ A_vZp h §nh¨ Cu kwkvIcW {]Øm\¯n\v `cWm[nlm_v XpSImcnbmb apl½Zv_v\p kDuZv (acWw {InkvXm_v[w 1765)sâ t{]mÕml\w In«n F¶p t\cs¯ kqNn¸n¨phtÃm? tijw Ckvemansâ t]cn {]Xy£s¸« hnizmk hyXnNe\w, IÀ½ hyXnbm\w, AÔImcw, AÚX, aXNqjW§Ä Chbvs¡Xncn iàambn BªSn¡m³ C Xn\p Ignªp.

A_vZpÄ dlvam³ dpsshinZnsâ hm¡pIfn ]d ªm ""ke^n amÀ¤amb hlm_n {]Øm\w Hcp \qX\ aXtam ]pXnb Nn´m[mctbm AÃ. A§s\bmWv FXncm fnIfn NnecpsS Btcm]WwþCkvemansâ X\nabmÀ¶ amXrIbnte¡p Xncn¨pt]mIm³ Blzm\w \S¯nb \njv hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 18

If¦ ]cn{ia§fmbncp¶p AXv.CkvemanI \nba§sf A Xnsâ kzNvOamb DdhnS¯n \n¶v kzoIcn¡m³ {] Øm\w Bhiys¸«p. aX hnizmk¯n\pta tNt¡dnb _lpssZhXzw, _nZvA¯pIÄ, amÀ¤{`wi§Ä FÃmänt\ bpw ip²oIcn¡m³ bXv\n¨p. A§s\ X\nabmÀ¶ aX t¯bpw hnizmk-amÀ¤t¯bpw,hncq]am¡nb kIeImcy§sfbpw AXv hn]mS\w sNbvXp.'' hnizmk ip²oIcWw, {]hmNINcybpsS ]p\cpÖoh\w, aX¯n IS¶p IqSnb ]p¯\mNmc§Ä ]ngpsXdnbpI XpS§nbhbs{X CXnsâ e£y§Ä.

\maIcWw:-Ckvemln{]t_m[\ - w, XuloZn {]t_m[\w, ke^o {]t_m[\w, AlvepÊp¶¡mÀ, F¶o {]tbmK§fmWv, ssiJnsâ A\pbmbnIÄ CjvSs¸Sp¶Xv. F¶mÂ, XÂ] c I£nIfpsS \maIcWamb hlm_nkw,hlm_n{]Øm\w, hlm_nIÄ Chsb AhÀ XnckvIcn¡p¶p.

F¶m Ncn{XImc·mcpw, Nn´I·mcpw, Fgp¯pIm cpw hmÀ¯m am[ya§fpw,hlm_n {]Øm\sa¶ \maw-{] tbmKn¡pt¼mÄ ke^n {]Øm\¯nsâ {]hÀ¯Icpw X §sf Xncn¨dnbm³th­n AXv AwKoIcn¡p¶psh¶p am {Xw. JpÀB\pw {]hmNINcybpw apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶, GIssZh kn²m´hpw aXimk\Ifpw IyXyambn kzoIcn¡p ¶, inÀ¡pþ_nZvA¯pIsf Is¿mgn¡m³ ]cn{ian¡p¶ hsc "hlm_nIÄ' F¶mWnhÀ hntijn¸n¡p¶sX¦n B hntijWw AhÀ¡p kzoImcyamWv; A{Xam{Xw. ""{] hmNIs\ kvt\ln¡p¶XmWv aX{`jvsS¦n Pn¶pw a\phlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 19

jycpw k½Xn¡s« Rm³ dm^nZnbmsW¶v'' ]dbmdpÅXv t]mse. inbm¡fÃm¯hsc kp¶nIÄ F¶p hntijn¸n ¡p¶-t]msebmWv aävNneÀ hlm_nIsf¶p {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. Alvep lZokv, A³kmdpkp¶ Chscms¡ Cu hn`mK¯n s]Spw. GXmbncp¶mepw ChÀ _nZvA¯pI Ä sN¿m¯hcmsW¶p hyàw.

Nne hmÀ¯mam[ya§Ä A¸w hnimemÀ°¯n epw Cu ]Zw {]tbmKn¡p¶Xv ImWmw. AXmbXv {]amW §Ä {]Imcw Pohn¡p¶ GsXmcp apkvenapw AhcpsS ho £W {]Imcw "hlm_mbmWv'. asämcÀY¯n "aXauen IhmZnbmWv. ]mÝmXycmIs« Xo{hXbptSbpw AXnhmZ¯nsâbpw ]cymbambn "hlm_n'sb¶ ]Zw Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿p¶p.

-

k]vXw-_Àþ11þDw hlm-_n-Ifpw Cu ASp¯ k]vXw_Àþ11 se \yqtbmÀ¡p kvt^m S\¯n\ptijw ØnXnKXnIÄ IqSpX cq£ambn. Ccp] Xmw \qäm­n hfscb[nIw Zpcp]tbmKw sN¿s¸« Cu ]Zw IqSpX XmdSn¡s¸«p. sXäp²mcWIÄ¡p iànIq Sn. ke^n BZÀi¯nsâ i{XpIfpw kuZn Atd_ybpsS FXncmfnIfpwþAXn apkvenw§fpw AapkvenwIfpap­vþ kµÀ`w NqjWw sN¿m³ XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. hkvXpIÄ hfs¨mSn¡p¶p. {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡sfbpw A\pbmbnIsfbpw AXn \nesImÅp¶ cmjv{Ss¯bpw tXtPmh[w sN¿m hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 20

\pÅ {ia§Ä hym]IamWv. Cu {]Øm\w {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ BZÀi§sfs´¶v ChÀ¡v a\Ênemhmªnt«m Asæn i{XpXtbm BWv CXn\p ImcWw. P\§Ä GXpt]cp hnfn¨mepw GXv hntijWw Nm À¯nbmepw icn kwip² {]hmNI Ncysb {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶ {]Øm\amWnXv. {]hmNI³() ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw k lm_¯pw ap³KmanIfpw {Kln¡pIbpw sNbvXsXt´m AhbmWv CXnsâ AP­.

hntZ-in-I-fpsS ZrjvSn-bn Cu {]kYm\¯nsâ e£ys¯bpw amÀKs¯bpw kw_Ôn¨v kuZnIfÃm¯ Nne ]WvUnXcpsS A`n{]mbw {i²n¡mw. lm^nZv hl_ FgpXp¶p. ""sU³amÀ¡pImc\mb \o_À hmZn¨Xp-t]mse apl½Zv _n³ A_vZp hlm_v {]hmNIs\m¶pambncp¶nÃ.F¶m At±lw kapZmb ] cnjvIÀ¯mhmWv. kXyaX¯nte¡p Xncn¨p t]mIm³ P\§tfmSp Blzm\w sNbvXp. At±l¯n\p am{Xw {]tXyI amb A[ym]\§sfm¶panÃ; {]tXyI A`n{]mb§fpanÃ. \PvZn AhÀ ]peÀ¯nt¸mcp¶ IÀ½]camb Imcy§Ä Camw AlvaZv _n\p l¼entâXmWv.F¶m hnizmk Im cy§fn AhÀ ]n³]äp¶Xv kelpÊzmenlns\bmWv.'' asämcp Ncn{X]WvUnX\mb tUmIvSÀ ap\oÀ APvem \n FgpXp¶p. ""Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ khntijXsbs´¶v ]ecpw tNmZn¨n«p­v. D¯c§Ä hyXykvXw. NneÀ AXv shdpw aX {]Øm\sa¶v, Ckvemansâ X\nabnte¡p aShlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 21

§m\pÅ Blzm\amsW¶v AXn\m inÀ¡p _nZvA¯pIsf \JinJm´w FXnÀ¡p¶ {]Øm\amsW¶v A`n{]mbs¸«p.'' aäp NneÀ cmjv{Sob {]Øm\ambncps¶¶pw Hcp kz X{´ Ad_n `cWIqS¯nsâ kwØm]\ambncp¶p þ \Pv Zns\bpw aäp Ad_p {]tZi§tfbpw Hmt«ma³ `cWIqS¯n \n¶p-thÀs]Sp¯pIbmbncp¶p e£ysa¶pw ]d bp¶p. thsd NneÀ aXhpw tZiobXbpw tNÀ¶ Hcp Nn´m [mcsb¶pw CXv c­n\p th­nbpw {ian¨psh¶pw ke^n N«¡q«n `cWw Øm]n¡embncp¶p e£ysa¶pw A`n{]mbs¸«p. ""{]Øm\¯nsâ ssNX\yw kphyàasöv {^©p

Hmdnbâ enÌv slântemkvIns\t¸mepÅhÀ ]dbpt¼mÄ s{]m«Ìâv {]Øm\s¯t¸mse Hcp ip²oIcW {]Øm\ sa¶v thsd Iq«À. ""CsXÃmw Xs¶ {]Øm\s¯ AXnsâ `mKnImib-

§fneqsS hnebncp¯m\pÅ {ia§tfm, AXsæn i {Xp¡fpsS `mK¯p \n¶p hnebncp¯m\pÅ {ia§tfm BWv. ""kuZo `cWIqSw {]kn²oIcn¨n«pÅ ""\PvZnb³ {]iv\§fpsSbpw teJ\§epsSbpw kamlmcw'' F¶ Ir

Xnbn \n¶p hyàamIp¶Xv C_v\p ssXan¿()bpsS ""knbmk iÀC¿'', ""lnkv_'' XpS§nb IrXnIfpw injy \mb C_v\p J¿nw()sâ ""knbmk lpIvan¿'' F¶o {K hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 22

Ù§fpambncp¶p {]Øm\¯nsâ ZmÀi\nImSn¯d F ¶mWv. ""AXpsIm­p Xs¶ \ap¡p ]dbm\pÅXv, (APvem

\n) apl½Zv _n³ A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]Øm\¯nsâ e£yw Ckvemw AXnsâ {]mZpÀ`mh¯nte¡p aS§pI F ¶Xmbncp¶p. F¦n ]ns¶ {]Øm\s¯¸änbpÅ hni Ie\ -§Ä¡p Øm\anÃmXmIp¶p. ""AXpsIm­pt±in¡p¶Xv {]hmNIXncpta\n()bp

sS Ime¯v aZo\bn {]Xy£amb B Ckvemw. ]ns¶ \mep Jeo^amcpsS ImeL«¯nepw.''

Ckvemlo {]Øm-\-¯nsâ e£y-§Ä \PvZn {]Øm\¯nsâ Zo]inJ sXfnªX - p-apX  P\ PohnX¯nsâ \m\maWvUe§fnepw AXnsâ {] Imiw {]kcn¨p-sImt­bncp¶p. aXcwK¯v {i²bq¶nbXp-t]mse `uXnIPohnXcwK¯pw kaql¯nsâ aäp taJeIfnepsaÃmw AXv hn¹hap­m¡n. AXn\m Xs¶ {] Øm\ e£y§sf \ap¡v Xmsg ]dbpw hn[w kwt£]n ¡mw.

1. XuloZnsâ ]peÀ¨ Ckvemansâ auenIamb B ZÀiw; \o¡p t]m¡nÃm¯ BZÀiw. {]hmNI·mcpw AhcpsS {]XntbmKnIfpw thdn«p\n¶ BZÀiw. \n§Ä AÃm lphn\v C_mZ¯v sN¿pI, ZpÀaqÀ¯nIsf shSnbpI. (\ lv : 36) aXw AÃmlphn\p am{Xw AÀ¸n¡pI. Ahsâ \ma§sf, hntijW§sf BZcn¡pI. _lpssZhXz¯n hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 23

sâ amÀ¤§Ä XSbpI, XuloZv Øm]n¡pI CXmbncp¶p H¶mas¯ AP­.

2. A\mNmc§fpsS hàm¡fpw X¶njvS¡mcpw, A SnØm\ {]amW§fmb hnip²JpÀB\ns\bpw {]hmNINcysbbpw AKWy tImSnbn XÅnbncp¶p. apkvenwIfp sS PohnX¯n Ahsb bYmØm\§fnte¡p Xncn¨p sIm­p-hcnIsb¶ `mcn¨ ZuXyambncp¶p {]Øm\¯n \p­mbncp¶ asämcp D¯chmZnXzw. 3. kp¶¯nsâ hym]\hpw _nZvA¯nsâ DOmS\ hpw:þ P\¯n\v A\yambn¡gnªncp¶ ]e {]hmNI Po hnX k{¼Zmb§sfbpw kaql¯n ]p\:Øm]n¡pI. X ÂØm\¯v IpSntbdnbn«pÅ ]p¯\mNmc§sf \nÀaqe \w sN¿pI asämcp e£yambncp¶p.

4. s]mXphmb aXIÂ]\IÄ incÊm hln¡pI:þ\ ·bnte¡pÅ £Whpw Xn·bn \n¶pw BfpIsf Xncn¨p-hnSepw kaql¯nsâ s]mXp\·¡v AXymhiyamWv. \n§Ä \· IÂ]n¡p¶p, Xn· hntcm[n¡p¶p.AÃmlphn  hnizkn¡p¶p. (BepCwdm³;110) CXv aX]camb Hcp D ¯chmZn¯a -mbn GsäSp¯v kaqls¯ KpWtZmjn¡pI. 5. ssZhnI\nbaw kzoIcn¡pI : apÉnwIfn Ipsd BfpIÄ ssZhnI\nba§sf XrWhÂKWn¨p Pohn¡p ¶p. hnhctZmjnIfpw X¶njvS¡mcpw ]p¯³hmZ¯nsâ {]tWXm¡fpsams¡. \m«p\S¸pw Pmlneo {]amW§fpw kzoIcn¡p¶p. tPmÕyscbpw C{µPme¡mscbpw hnizkn¡p¶p. ""Fsâ DZvt_m[\¯n \n¶p Xncnªp Ifbp¶h\v CSp§nb PohnXap­v.(Xzml : 124) F¶p AÃmlp Xm hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 24

¡oXp \ÂInb ØnXnbnte¡p kaqlw t]mIpt¼mÄ A hsc Xncn¨psIm­p hcp¶Xv {]Øm\w AXnsâ e£y§fnsem¶mbn kzoIcn¨p.

6. hnÚm\ hym]\hpw AÚmXtbmSpÅ t]mcm« hpw, A[ØnXnbn \n¶p tamN\w, sFIy¯nsâ ]p\Øm]\hpw `n¶n¸nsâ ZqcoIcWw. \nÀ`bXzw Dd¸m¡Â F¶nhsbÃmw {]Øm\¯nsâ AP­bn s]«Xmbncp ¶p.

A²ymbw 2 ke^o amÀ¤w Cuam³ Imcy§fntem Ckvemw Imcy§fntem Ah bpsS \n_Ô\Ifntem, ]qÀÆkvIcnIfmb AlvepÊp¶bnse alma\ojnIÄ hnizkn¨Xn\p hn]coXamb hà hn izmk§fpw, apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]t_m[ \ kcWn¡p­mbncp¶pthm?

Cà F¦n At±l¯nsâ {]t_m[I kcWn ke^nIfpsS XpSÀ¨bmbpw AlvepÊp¶¯nsâ ]ÙmhpamIp¶p.

AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: ‘X\n¡p k·mÀ¤w hyàambn¡ gnª tijhpw Bsc¦nepw ssZh ZqX\pambn FXnÀ¯p \n¡pIbpw kXyhnizmknIfpsSXÃm¯ amÀ¤w ]n´pScpIbpw sN¿p¶ ]£w AhÀ Xncnª hgn¡v \mw Ah s\ Xncn¨p hnSp¶Xpw,\cI¯nen«v \mw Ahs\ Icn¡p¶ XpamIp¶p. AsX{X tamiamb ]cyhkm\w.’(\nkmAv: 114) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 25

Cu ASnØm\¯n ke^n {]t_m[I {]Øm\ s¯ hnebncp¯nbm ImWmw : JpÀB\pw {]hmNINcybpw BWv AhcpsS {]amW§Ä. kzlm_¯v, Xm_nDI Ä, AhcpsS Xm_nDIÄ, ]ns¶ \mep CamapamÀ, XpSÀ¶p h¶ lZokvþIÀa imkv{X]WvUnX·mÀ ChÀ aXs¯ F §s\ {Kln¡pIbpw {]mhÀ¯nIam¡pIbpw sNbvXpthm AtX coXnbn Xs¶bmWv Camw apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_pw aXs¯ kao]n¨n«pÅq.

AÃmlphnsâ \ma§Ä, hntijW§Ä,hn[nhnizm k§Ä, {]hmNIXncpta\n()tbmSpw IpSpw_t¯mSpapÅ ISaIÄ,A´y\mfnse ip]mÀi, kzlm_nIÄ, `cWw, Hu enbm¡Ä,þk¨cnXÀþCXc-hnizmknIÄ ChtcmSpÅ k ao]\w, [Àakacw XpS§nb apJyhnjb§ - fnseÃmw FÃm hcpw Hcp t]mse tbmPn¡p¶psh¶v kpXcmw hyàamWv. F¶m apIfn ]cmaÀin¨ Imcy§fn ]eXnepw {]Øm\s¯¡pdn¨p hym]Iamb sXän²mcWIÄ {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. Ah kXyamtWm F¶v ]cntim[nt¡­Xp kXymt\zjnbmb GsXmcmfpsSbpw NpaXeb - mbn¯ocp¶p.

ChnsS Nne kp{][m\ hnjb§ - fn Camw apl½Zv C_v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâ hm¡pIÄ Xs¶ D²cn¡mw.

Xs¶¡pdn¨pw Xsâ hnizmks¯¡pdn¨pw P\§Ä ¡p­mbn«pÅ sXän²mcWIÄ Xncp¯ns¡m­p Camw J koapImÀ¡p FgpXn. (a) Cuam³ Imcy§Ä:

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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]caImcpWnI\pw IcpWmab\pamb AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯nÂ. Rm³ AÃmlphns\bpw Ft¶msSm¸apÅ ae ¡pIsfbpw km£n-\nÀ¯ns¡m­p ]dbs«; AXpt]mse \n§sfbpw km£nIfm¡n ]dbs«, hnPb¯nsâ I£n bmb AlvepÊp¶ hnizkn¨sXt´m AXmWv Rm\pw hn izkn¡p¶Xv. AXmbXv AÃmlphnepw Ahsâ ae¡pIfn epw Ahsâ thZ§fnepw Ahsâ ZqXcnepw ]p\cp°m\ Zn\¯nepw hn[nbnepw þAXv \·bmIs« Xn·bmIs«þRm ³ hnizkn¡p¶p. (b) AÃmlphnsâ hntijW§Ä:

AÃmlphnepÅ hnizmk¯n s]«XmWv Ah³ A hsâ {KÙ¯nÂ, {]hmNI Xncpta\n()bpsS \mhneqsS Ahs\ \ap¡p hntijn¸n¨p X¶Xp-t]mse hnizkn¡p I. AXn GXns\sb¦nepw XÅn¡fbmt\m ZpÀhymJym \n¡mt\m ]änÃ. Ah\p XpeyambXp-t]mepÅ bmsXm¶pansöpw Ah³ \¶mbn tIÄ¡p¶h\pw \¶mbn ImWp¶h\pamsW¶pw Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p.Ah³ Ahs\ hn tijn¸n¨sXm¶pw Rm³ \ntj[n¡p¶nÃ. Hcp hm¡ns\ bpw AXnsâ Øm\¯p \n¶p sXän¡p¶panÃ.Ahsâ \m a§fnsem Bb¯pIfnsem ZpÀhymJym\w \S¯p¶panÃ.

Ah³ 'C¶' cq]¯nemsW¶v Rm³ ]dbp¶nÃ.Xsâ kr jvSnIfpsS hntijW§tfmSv Ahsâ hntijWs¯ Rm ³ DZmlcWam¡n¸dbp¶panÃ. F´psIms­¶m Aht\mSv t]cn XpeyXbpÅht\m, Ahs\t¸mepÅht\m, Ah\v kam\ambpÅhs\m CÃ. Xsâ krjvSnItfmSv Xpe \w sN¿m³ ]mSnÃ. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 27

AÃmlp Xs¶¡pdn¨pw aäpÅXns\¡pdn¨pw Gähpw \¶mbn Adnbp¶h\mWv. Ahsâ hN\w Gähpw kXyw; AXnhninjvSw.F¶m IÂ]\IÄ [n¡cn¨psIm­v Ah \p DZmlcW§fpw aqÀ¯Xbpw IÂ]n¨p NneÀ; aäp Nne À Ahsâ KpWKW§sf \ntj[n¡pIbpw ZpÀhymJym\n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ChcpsS sNbvXnIfn \ns¶Ãmw AÃm lp Ahs\ kzbw ]cnip²s¸Sp¯n. Ah³ ]dbp¶p. ""{]Xm]¯nsâ \mY\mb \nsâ c£nXmhv AhÀ N

a¨p ]dbp¶Xn \ns¶Ãmw F{X ]cnip²³! ZqX·mÀ¡p kam[m\w! temIc£nXmhmb AÃmlphn\v kvXpXn)''(kzm^v^m¯v 180, 182) (c) JpÀB\ns\¡pdn¨v ke^nsâ ho£Ww: Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p; JpÀB³ AÃmlphnsâ hN\amIp¶p. Cd¡s¸« hN\w. AXv krjvSnbà - . AXv Ah\n \n¶p Bcw`n¨p. Ah\nte¡p aS§pw. hmkvXham bpw Ah³ AXv kwkmcn¨p. Xsâ Zmk\pw ZqX\pw ta AhXcn¸n¨p. Xsâ ktµi¯n hnizkvXX ]peÀ¯nb, Xsâbpw, Xsâ Zmk·mcpsSbpw CSbnepÅ ZqX\mb, \ ½psS {]hmNI\mb apl½Zv()bpsS ta AhXcn¸n¨p. (d) hn[nhnizmkw : ""Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p : AÃmlp Dt±in¡p¶Xp {]

hÀ¯n¡p¶h\msW¶v. Ahsâ Dt±iyw IqSmsX H¶pw D­mhp¶nÃ. H¶pw Ahsâ Dt±iys¯ adnIS¡pIbnÃ.

Ahsâ \nÀ®b¯n \n¶v]pd¯p t]mIp¶ H¶pwXs¶ Cu temI¯nÃ. Ahsâ \nb{´Ww IqSmsX H¶pw kw`hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 28

hn¡p¶nÃ. kp\nÝnXamb hn[nbn \n¶v BÀ¡pw ISpInS amdm³ km[yaÃ. hn[nbpsS ^eI¯n tcJs¸«Xn\¸pdw BÀ¡pw H¶pw sN¿m³ IgnbnÃ.'' (e) acWm\´c PohnXw :

acWm\´cw kw`hn¡psa¶p {]hmNI³() Adnbn¨ FÃm Imcy§fnepw Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p. J_vdnse in£bnepw kpJ¯nepw, Bßmhns\ icoc¯nte¡v aS ¡s¸Spsa¶pw, P\§Ä temIc£nXmhnsâ ap¼nÂ, hnhkv{Xcmbn \á]mZcmbn, tNemIÀaw sN¿s¸Sm¯h -cmbn lmPcmIpsa¶pw Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p. kqcy³ AhtcmSv ASp¯v \n¡pw XpemkpIÄ Øm]n¡pw. krjvSnIfpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä Xq¡n t\m¡pw.tcJIÄ \nhÀ¯s¸Spw, a \pjyÀ Xsâ CSXp I¿ntem heXp I¿ntem AtXäp hm §pw. ""At¸mÄ BcpsS Xq¡§Ä L\apÅXmtbm, Ah À Xs¶bmWv hnPbnIÄ. BcpsS Xq¡§Ä eLphmbnt¸mtbm AhcmWv Bß\jvSw ]änbh - À.\cI¯n \nXy hmknIÄ. (apAvan\q³ : 102,103) (f) luZnepÅ hnizmkw : ""A´yZn\¯n alvidn \½psS {]hmNI()sâ

luZns\¡pdn¨v Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p. ]ment\¡mÄ sh ×bpÅXmWv AXnse ]m\obw. tX\nt\¡mÄ am[pcyap ÅXpw. \£{Xw IWs¡ ]m\]m{X§fp­XnÂ. HcmÄ H cp {]mhiyw AXn \n¶pw ]m\w sNbvXm ]ns¶ Abm Ä¡p Zmlap­mInÃ. "kzndm¯nepw Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p.

P\§Ä AhcpsS IÀ½¯nsâ tXmX\pkcn¨v AXneqsS k©cn¡psa¶pw.'' hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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(g) \½psS \_nbpsS ip]mÀi : ""{]hmNI Xncpta\n()bpsS ip]mÀibnepw Rm³ -

hnizkn¡p¶p. At±lamWv BZyw ip]mÀi sN¿pIsb ¶pw At±l¯nsâ ip]mÀibmWv BZyw kzoIcn¡s¸SpIsb¶pw. _nZCu I£nIfpw amÀ¤{`wi¯n AIs¸«hcpaÃmsX CXv \ntj[n¡pIbnÃ. ]s£ AXn\p AÃmlp hyàam¡nbXp {]Imcw A\phmZhpw Xr]vXnbpw thWw. Ah³ Xr]vXns¸«hÀ¡ÃmsX AhÀ ip]mÀi sN¿pIbn Ã.(A¼nbmAv : 28) ""Xsâ A\paXn IqSmsX Xsâ ASp¡  ip]mÀi ]dbp¶h³ Bcp­v? '' (_Jd : 225) ""BImi§fn F{X ae¡pIfmWpÅXv! AhcpsS

ip]mÀi bmsXmcp {]tbmP\hpw sN¿pIbnÃ.AÃmlp A h\pt±in¡pIbpw,Xr]vXns¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡p(ip]m Àibv¡p) A\paXn \ÂInbXnsâ tijaÃmsX''(\Pvav :26) (h) kzÀ¤ \cI§fnepÅ hnizmkw: ""kzÀ¤hpw \cIhpw krjvSn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶psh¶p

Rm³ hnizkn¡p¶p; AXn¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p. Ah \in¡p¶XÃ. Jnbma¯p \mfn hnizmknIÄ X§fpsS Zrjv SnIÄ sIm­pXs¶ X§fpsS c£nXmhns\ ImWp¶Xm Wv. ]uÀWan Zn\¯n N{µs\ GXp {]Imcw AhÀ Im Wp¶pthm AXpt]mse. Ahs\ ImWp¶Xn \n¶pw H ¶pw AhÀ¡p XSÊap­mInÃ.'' (i) A´na{]hmNI\nse hnizmkw:

\½psS {]hmNI\mb apl½Zv() {]hmNIcnepw Zq X·mcnepapÅ Ahkm\s¯ hyànbmsW¶v Rm³ hnizhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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kn¡p¶p. At±l¯nsâ ZuXy¯n hnizkn¡msX, A hnSps¯ {]hmNIXzw AwKoIcn¡msX HcmfpsS Cuam³ icnbmhpIbnÃ. (j) klm_¯ns\¡pdn¨pÅ hnizmkw:

""Cu kapZmb¯nse Gähpw DZvIrjvS³ A_q_¡dpw() ]ns¶ Dadp ^mdqJpw() ]ns¶ DYvam\pw(), ¶p. kt´mjhmÀ¯ Adnbn XpSÀ¶p Aen()bpw BIp¡s¸« ]¯pt]cmWv AhtcmSSp¯v hcp¶Xv. ]ns¶ _Zv dn ]s¦Sp¯hÀ, ]ns¶ ac¨ph«n sh¨v {]hmNIt\mSv DS¼Sn sNbvXh - À. ]ns¶ aäp klm_nIÄ. {]hmNI() sâ injy·msc Rm³ kvt\ln¡p¶p. AhcpsS \·IÄ ]dbp¶p AhÀ¡p th­n AÃmlphnsâ Xr]vXnbp­mI s«' F¶p {]mÀ°n¡p¶p. AhÀ¡p th­n ]m]tamN\w tXSp¶p, Ahcnse Xn·IÄ ]cmaÀin¡mXncn¡p¶p. Ah À¡nSbnep­mb {]iv\§fn Rm³ au\w Ahew_n¡p¶p. AhcpsS alXz¯n hnizkn¡p¶p. AÃmlphnsâ hN\¯nsâ km[qIcWambn. ""AhcpsS tijw h¶hÀ ¡pw, AhÀ ]dbpw : "R§fpsS \mYm, R§Ä¡pw kXyhnizmkt¯msS R§Ä¡pap¼p Ignªp-t]mbn«pÅ R §fpsS ktlmZc§Ä¡pw \o s]mdp¯v XtcWta. kXyhnizmkw kzoIcn¨htcmSv R§fpsS a\ÊpIfn \o Hcp hntZzjhpw D­m¡cptX. R§fpsS c£nXmth, \o Gsd ZbbpÅh\pw IcpWm\n[nbpamIp¶p.(livdv : 10) hnip² cpw kXyhnizmknIfpsS amXm¡fpamb {]hmNI ]Xv\nam À¡p th­nbpw Rm³ "XÀZnb¯v' sNmÃp¶p.''

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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(k) Idma¯pw Huenbm¡fpw :

Huenbm¡·mÀ¡p Idma¯pIfps­¶pw AhÀ¡p Nne shfn]mSpIfp­mIpsa¶pw Rm³ AwKoIcn¡p¶p.

F¶m AhÀ AÃmlphnsâ A[nImc¯n \ns¶m¶pw AhImis¸Sp¯pIbnÃ. AÃmlphn\p am{Xw km[n¡p¶ Imcy§Ä AhtcmSv tNmZn¡mhp¶XpaÃ. (l) apkvenwIsf Im^ndm¡p¶Xp kw_Ôn¨v:

apkvenwIfn C¶bmÄ kzÀ¤¡mcs\t¶m C¶bm Ä \cI¡mcs\t¶m Rm³ km£ys¸Sp¯pIbnÃ; AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI³() km£ys¸Sp¯nbhÀ¡ÃmsX. ] s£ kÂIÀaImcnbmbm kzÀ¤w e`n¡psa¶ {]Xo£ bpw, ZpjvIÀ½n¡p in£ In«psa¶pw Rm³ `bs¸Sp¶p.

Hcp ]m]w ImcWw Hcp apkvenans\bpw Rm³ Im^ndm¡pIbnÃ.Ah³ CkvemanIhr¯¯n\p ]pd¯msW¶pw Rm ³ IcpXp¶nÃ.'' (m) PnlmZpw \akvImchpw:

`cWm[nImcn \Ãh\mbmepw ZpjvS\mbmepw AbmtfmsSm¶n¨v PnlmZn ]¦ptNcWsa¶pw A¯c¡mtcmsSm¸apÅ PamA¯p \akvImcw A\phZ\obamsW¶pw Rm³ IcpXp¶p. Cu kapZmb¯nse Ahkm\s¯bmÄ ZÖment\mSv bp²w sN¿p¶ Imew htc¡pw, [Àakacw \ne-\n¡psa¶pw Hcp B{Ian¡pw AXsæn Hcp \o Xnam\pw AXns\ CÃmsXbm¡m³ ]änsöpw Rm³ IcpXp¶p. (n) Cuam\ns\¡pdn¨v:

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hnizmkw bmYmÀ°yamIp¶Xv, a\Ên Dd¨p hnizkn¨v, \mhpsIm­v AXv D¨cn¨p IÀaw sIm­p sXfnbn ¡pt¼mgmWv.]pWy§Ä ImcWw hnizmkw hÀ²n¡pw.]m ]§Ä aptJ\ AXn\p tem]hpw kw`hn¡pw.hnizmk¯n \v Fgp]Xne[nIw imJIfp­v. AXn Gähpw DbÀ¶p \n¡p¶Xv(...) AÃmlphÃmsX aämcpw Bcm[\¡Àl\nsöXpw Gähpw Xmsg ]SnbnepÅXv hgnbnse D]{ZhIcamb hkvXp¡Ä \o¡w sN¿p¶Xpas{X. kÂImcyw sN ¿m³ IÂ]n¡p¶Xpw No¯ Imcyw sN¿cpsX¶v ]dbp¶ Xpw A\nhmcyambn Rm³ IcpXp¶p.AXmWv hnip² apl½Zo icoA¯v Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv. kw£n]vXambn¸dªm CXmWv hnizmkImcy§ Ä. Nn´m _Ôpcambn Rm³ AXv s]dp¡n FSp¯X - mWv. F´mWv Rm³ ]dbp¶sX¶v \n§Ä a\Ênem¡p¶Xn\v. \mw ]dbp¶ Imcy§fn \mw AÃmlphnsâ ta `cta ¸n¡p¶p.''

Btcm-]-W-§-fpsS \nP-ØnXn ssiJv AhÀIÄ Xs¶ \ ap¡p hni-Z-am-¡n-¯-cp¶p : ""kpsseam³_v\p kpsslansâ teJ\w \n§Ä¡p

e`n¨n«ps­¶v Rm³ Adnbm\nSbmbn. \n§fpsS Iq«¯n  AdnhpÅ NneÀt]mepw AXv kzoIcn¡m\pw icnsb¶p hnizkn¡m\pw Xp\nbp¶p. Hcn¡epw Nn´bn DZn¨n«n Ãm¯, Rm³ ]dªn«nÃm¯ Ipsd \pWIÄ AbmÄ F sâ ta Btcm]n¨ncn¡bmWv. AsX{Xsb¶v AÃmlphn¶dnbmw.

AXnÂs]«XmWv (AbmÄ ]dbp¶Xv) "Rm³ \mep hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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aZvl_pIsfbpw CÃmbva sN¿p¶p', "Adp\qdv sImÃambn P\¯n\v H¶pw AdnbnÃmbncp¶p'. "Rm³ CPvXnlmZnsâ AhIminbmsW¶v hmZn¡p¶p.' "F\n¡v XJveoZv Bhiy anÃ. kZvhr¯sc sIm­v XhÊp \S¯p¶hsc Rm³ Im^ndm¡p¶p, "Rm³ _qkzncnsb Im^ndm¡p¶p, \_n ()bpsS Jpº s]mfn¡m³ F\n¡p Ignbpsa¦n Rm³ AXv s]mfn¡pw IA_bpsS kzÀ® aokm_v FSp¯p am äm³ F\n¡p Ignªm AsXSp¯p AXn\p ]Icw acw sIm­pÅ ]m¯n shbv¡pw. "{]hmNIXncpta\n()bpsS J_vdv kµÀi\w \ntcm[n¡p¶p. aäp J_À kµÀi\hpw hne¡p¶p, AÃmlp AÃm¯hscs¡m­p kXyw sN¿p ¶hs\ Im^ndm¡p¶p, C_v\p ^mcnZns\bpw C_v\p Ad_nsbbpw Im^ndm¡p¶p.............'' ""Cu hnjb§sf Ipdn¨v F\n¡p ]dbm\pÅXv C

XmWv : AÃmlpth \o ]cnip²³. AXn`b¦ - c Btcm]W§Ä ! ap¼pÅhÀ alm\mb {]hmNI Xncpta\n()sb A bp¶psh¶v, k¨cnXsc No t±lw Cukm()sb No¯ ]d¯ ]dbp¶psh¶p A[nt£]n¡pIbp­mbn. IÅw ]dbp¶Xn Ahcpw C¶s¯ BfpIfpw Hcp t]msebmWv. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p : ""hnizmkanÃm¯hÀ \pW sI«n¨a¨p ]dbpw''(\lvÂ: 50) AhÀ ]dbpIbp­mbt-Ãm, \_n Xncp ¡pIfpw Cukm-\_n()bpw Dsskdpw \cI ta\n(), ae¯nemsW¶p hmZn¡p¶p ! At¸mgtà AÃmlp C§s\ hN\w Cd¡nbXv. ""XoÀ¨bmbpw \½psS ]¡Â \n¶v ap t¼ \· e`n¨hcmtcm AhÀ AXnÂ(\cI¯nÂ) \n¶v A Iän \nÀ¯s¸Sp¶hcmIp¶p.'' (A¼nbmAv: 101) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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XpSÀ¶p Xsâ bYmÀ° hmZ§sf hniZoIcn¡p¶ Xpw ImWpI : ""F¶m aäp Nnehnjb§Ä D­v. Rm³ ]dbp¶

Ãmlv'' –F¶Xnsâ XmÂ]cyw {KlnXmWv: ""em Ceml Cáp¶Xp-hsc HcmfpsS Ckvemw ]qÀWamhpIbnÃ. Fs¶ kao]n¡p¶bmÄ¡p AXnsâ XmÂ]cyw Rm³ hniZoIcn ¨p sImSp¡pIbpw sN¿pw. t\À¨bm¡p¶ Hcp hyàn, A Ãmlp AÃm¯hcpsS ]pWyw B{Kln¨p t\À¨bm¡nbm  AbmÄ Im^ndmIpsa¶pw Rm³ ]dbpw.AÃmlp AÃm¯hÀ¡p th­n _en \S¯p¶Xv kXy\ntj[amWv. B _enarKw ldmapamWv. Cu hnjb§Ä hmkvXhhpw Rm\Xv hyàam¡pI bpw sNbvXn«p­v. AXp ]dbm³ AÃmlphnsâ hN\§ fpw Ahsâ {]hmNI()sâ hN\§fpw sXfnhpIfmbn F\n¡p­v. Ahsc ]n³]änb ]WvUnX·mcpsS hN\§ fpwþ\mev CamapIsf t]mepÅhcpsS A`n{]mb§ - Ä. kµ À`hpw kuIcyhpw e`n¨m Rm³ AXv hniZam¡mw. \n§Ä AÃmlphnsâ Hcp hN\w {i²n¡pI.""kXyhnizmknItf, Hcp A[ÀaImcn hà hmÀ¯bpwsIm­p \n §fpsS ASp¡Â h¶m \n§fXns\¸än hyàambn A t\zjn¨dnbWw.AdnbmsX GsX¦nepw Hcp P\X¡p \n§ Ä B]¯p hcp¯pIbpw F¶n«v B sNbvXXnsâ t]cn \n§Ä tJZ¡mcmbn¯ocpIbpw sN¿mXncn¡m³ th­n.'' (lpPpdm¯v : 6) * D²cWnIÄ A±päpÊ\n¿ 1: 37 \n¶v hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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]p¯³ hmZntbm?

F´mWv CXn \ns¶Ãmw \ap¡v hyàamIp¶Xv? apl½Zv _n³ A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\amÀ ¤w ke^n amÀ¤w Xs¶bmbncp¶p. BZyIme lZokv ] WvUnX·mÀ, IÀaimkv{X hnimcZ·mÀ, ]WvUnXcpsS G tIm]n¨pÅ A`n{]mb§Ä (CPvamAv) Ch A\pkcn¨mWv At±lw Xsâ {]t_m[\]mX sI«n¸Sp¯X - v. AÃmsX X ¶njvS¡mcpsS {]amW \n_²aÃm¯ hmZ§tfm \m«p\S¸pItfm t\m¡nbmbncp¶nÃ. CsX§s\ ke^oamÀ¤¯n \pw hn]coXamIpw. Camw C_v\p A_vZn hlm_v Xs¶ hniZoIcWw Xcp¶p : ""Ft¶mSv hntbmPn¡p¶hs\ H¶pIn AÃmlphnsâ {KÙ¯nte¡p £Wn¡p¶p,AXsæn {]hmNI Xncpta\n()bpsS Ncybnte¡p £Wn¡p¶p. AXpasæn  ]WvUnX·mcpsS GIIWvTamb A`n{]mb§fnte¡v £Wn¡p¶p. AXn\v AbmÄ hnk½Xn¡p¶psh¦n Rm ³ Abmsf "ap_mle'¡p £Wn¡pw.C_v\p Aºmkv() Nne(A\´cmhImin) ^dmCZnsâ hnjb§fn A§s\ bmWsÃm sNbvXXv. ssI DbÀ¯p¶ hnjb¯n kp^v bm()\pw HukmCu() sNbvXXp {]Imcw, AhcÃm¯ a äp hnhcapÅ ]WvUnXcpw sNbvXXpt]mse.'' sXfnhpIÄ ]n³]äp¶Xn Camansâ coXnsb´mbn cp¶psh¶v Xsâ ]p{X·mcmb lpssk³, A_vZpà F¶nhtcmSv P\w BcmbpIbp­mbn. AhÀ C§s\ adp]Sn \ ÂIp¶p : hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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""ssiJnsâ BJoZ F´mtWm AXv Xs¶bmWv R

§fpsSbpw hnizmkImcy§Ä.AXv R§fpw aXambn kzo Icn¡p¶p. Cu kapZmb¯nse ap³KmanIfpsSbpw CamapamcpsSbpw A`n{]mb§Ä Xs¶ þkzlm_¯n s]«, Xm _nDIfn s]«hcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä.

Hcp Imcy¯n\pÅ {]amWw AÃmlphnsâ {KÙ ¯nept­m F¶v BcmbpI. Ds­¦n AXv kzoIcn¡pI. {]hmNINcysb kzoIcn¡pI. ]WvUnX·mcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä AXpambn H¯p t\m¡pI. Ahbn AÃmlphnsâ {KÙhpambpw {]hmNINcybpambpw tbmPn¡p¶Xp \mw kzoIcn¡pw. AXv sIm­v ^Xzvh \ÂIpw. AXnt\mSv tbm Pn¡m¯Xv AXnsâ hàmhnte¡p Xs¶ aS¡pIbpw sN ¿pwþ''

Ah-ew-_-Ir-Xn-IÄ GXv? JpÀB\n\v hymJym\w \ÂIpt¼mgpw lZoYn\v hniZoIcWw \ÂIpt¼mgpw Camw C_v\p A_vZn hlm_pw injy·mcpw GXv IrXnIfmWv Ahew_n¨ncp¶sX¶v Cam ansâ ]p{X³ A_vZpà _v³ apl½Zv hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv ImWpI. ""AÃmlphnsâ {KÙw a\Ênem¡m³ P\§Ä D]tbmKn¨p sIm­ncn¡p¶ {]mamWnI X^vkodpIÄ R§ Ä Ahew_n¡p¶p.AXn Gähpw {][m\ambXv Camw C _v\p PcocnsâXmWv, AXnsâ kw£n]vXamb, im^nCu Bb C_v\p IYodnsâbpw AXpt]mse _Kho, ss_Zmhn, Jmkn³, Pemsse\n XpS§nbhbpw. lZokv hymJym\¯n\pw AXv {Kln¡m\pw hn{ipX ]WvUnXÀ AXn\v Fgphlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 37

Xnb hymJym\§fpw Ahew_n¡p¶p. AkvJem\n, Jkv XzÃm\n, XpS§nbhÀ _pJmcn¡v \ÂInb hniZoIcW§ Ä, apkvenan\v Camw \hhobpsS hymJym\w, PmanDÊKodn \v a\mhnbpsSXv C§s\.''

C{Xbpw {]Xn]mZn¨Xn \n¶v AlvepÊp¶¯nsâ bpw ke^n amÀ¤¯nsâbpw bYmÀ° AhIminIÄ B sc¶pw AÃm¯hÀ Bsc¶pw Ffp¸¯n {Kln¡m\m Ipw. ]s£ ]ecpw sN¿p¶Xv Rm³ Cu Camansâ A\pbmbnbmsW¶p hmZn¡pIbpw At±l¯nsâ {KÙw hm bn¡pItbm AXnepff aX]camb XXz§Ä DÄs¡mÅpItbm sN¿m¯ AhØbmWv \ap¡v ImWm³ Ignbp¶ Xv; Fs´mcp hntcm[m`mkw!

A²ymbw 5 ke^n {]Øm\w ]WvUn-X-·m-cpsS ho£-W-¯n Hcp `mK¯v {]Øm\¯n\pw AXnsâ hàm¡Ä ¡psaXncn sImSnb i{XpX hfÀ¯p¶hÀ.adp`mK¯v \n jv]£ambn {]Øm\s¯ t\m¡n-\nco£n¨hÀ.\njv]£cn Xs¶ {]Øm\¯nsâ BZÀiw kzoIcn¨hcpw kzoIcn¡msX amdn \n¶hcpap­v.A¡q«¯n Ad_nIfpw A \d_nIfpap­v. apkvenwIfpw AÃm¯hcpap­v.

Cu A[ymb¯n {]kn²cmb NnecpsS \nco£W§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯s«.

1. apl-½Zv dioZv dnZm ""knbm\¯p C³km³'' F¶ IrXns¡gpXnb A

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hXmcnIbn At±lw FgpXp¶p : ""hlm_nIsf kw_Ôn¨pÅ hmÀ¯IÄ \t¶ sN

dp¸¯n Xs¶ R§Ä tI«ncp¶p. ]s£ Zlvemsâbpw klbm{XnIcpsSbpw IrXnIfn \n¶msW¶v am{Xw, R §fpsS ]nXm¡·mÀ, ssiJ·mÀ FÃmw AXv kXysa¶p IcpXn. kzm`mhnIw R§fpw AXv kXyamsW¶v IcpXn. D Yvam\o `cWIqSw Ckvemansâ Imh¡mcmsW¶pw R §Ä \n\¨ncp¶p. AXpsIm­mWv hlm_nItfmSv AhÀ bp²w sNbvXXpw. AhcpsS apÅv HSn¨Xpsa¶pambncp¶p R§fpsS [mcW. CuPn]vXn F¯nbt-¸mÄ am{XamWv Cu hn`mK¯nsâ bmYmÀYysas´¶v Rm³ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv.P_ÀXnbpsS Ncn{X{KÙhpw AÂþCkvXnJvkm F¶ Ncn{Xhpw Rm³ hmbn¡m\nSbmbn. At¸mÄ F\n¡p a\ Ênembn: Chcmbncp¶p bYmÀ° Ckvemansâ hàm¡sf¶v. AÃmsX ChtcmSv ]Sbv¡nd§nb XpÀ¡nIfmbncp ¶nsöv. ]n¶oSv B \m«pImscgpXnbXpw Ahsc¡pdn¨v bqtdm]y·mÀ FgpXnbXpsams¡ hmbn¡m³ Ignªp. A Xn \ns¶Ãmw F\n¡p e`n¨ bmYmÀYyw ChÀ Ckveman sâ ]p\cpÖoh\¯n\v bXv\n¡p¶hcmsW¶mWv. Ckv emw AXnsâ BhnÀ`mh¯n F§s\bmbncpt¶m B ØnXnbnte¡v AXns\ ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¡pI. AXn\v alXzw XncnsI In«pw. AXnsâ HmPÊpw kwkvIrXnbpw Xncn¨p h cpw. Ad_nIÄ Jnem^¯ns\ Xncn¨p ]nSnt¨¡ptam F¶ `bamWv DYvam\nIsf {]tNmZn¸n¨Xv. CkvemanI Jnem^ ¯v AXnsâ ]qÀÆØnXnbnte¡p aS§ptam F¶ `bhpw. ss_dqXnse ap^vXn ssiJv A_vZp _mknXv BÂ^mJqcn Xsâ CkvemanI Ncn{Xs¯¡pdn¨ Hcp IrXnbn ap hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 39

l½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\ - s¯ hfsc at\mlcambn {]Xn]mZn¨n«p­v. {]hmNI·mÀ {]t_m[\w \S¯nbXp Xs¶bmWv At±lhpw \nÀÆln¨Xv F¶pw.A hÀ aXhnjb§fn ISp¯ A`n{]mba -pÅhcmWv F¶pw At±lw ]dbp¶p. kp¯m³ A_vZp laoZnsâ Ime ¯v F§s\CXpam{Xw Ahsc ]pIgv¯n¸dbm³ Ignªpsh¶Xns\¸än F\n¡v AÛpXw tXm¶nbn«p­v. Ahcn BZyXea -pdbpsS amÀ¤ZÀi\hpw ]n¶oSpÅ NnecpsS Dd ¨ \ne]mSpw R§fpsS ssiJv, apl½Zv A_vZp ]cmaÀin¨ncp¶p. AXnÃmbncps¶¦n AhcpsS ]cnjvIcWw al¯chpw ]ca{]NmcIhpambncpt¶s\. A_vZp Akokv ss^kÂþAÃmlp At±l¯n\v iàn ]Ics«þ c­p sIm Ãw ap¼p Ahcn Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p¶hsc hmfpsIm­p Xs¶ acymZ ]Tn¸n¡pIbp­mbn.\·bpsS aps¶mcp¡sa ¶ \nebv¡v. ]n¶oSmWv Rm³ ssiJnsâ IrXnIÄ, At±l¯n sâ eLpteLIÄ, ^XmhIÄ, a¡fpsSbpw ]u{X·mcpsSbpw IrXnIÄ, aäp \PvZnse ]WvUnXcpsS IrXnIÄ F Ãmw hmbn¡p¶Xv. AhsbÃmw \thm°m\ ImeL«¯n FgpXs¸«Xmbncp¶p.Ahsc¡pdn¨p­mb FÃm Bt£] §Ä¡pw hnaÀi\§Ä¡pw AhÀ IrXyambn adp]Sn ]d ªncn¡p¶p. Ahsc¡pdn¨pÅ \pW{]NmcW§Ä¡v A hÀ Xs¶ \ÂInb adp]Sn. hnaÀi\§Ä¡v AhÀ {]am W bpIvXambn sImSp¯ adp]SnIÄ FÃmw {]kn²oIcn ¡s¸«n«p­v.A§s\ Ahsc¡pdn¨v D¶bn¡s¸« hnaÀi \§fpsS s]můc§Ä Bbnc¡W¡n\mfpIÄ¡v t_m [ys¸SpIbp­mbn.” hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 40

2. AÃmam iuIm\n : At±lw Aaodns\ ]cmaÀin¨v FgpXp¶p. “\PvZnse `cWm[nImcn iIvXn {]m]n¨p hcp¶p.a¡ bnse `cWm[nImcnIsf (ico^v Kmen_v) {]Xntcm[n¡m³ Ignbm¯ hn[w AÂlkm, J¯o^v, ZhmknÀ {]hniyI Ä, lnPmknsâ ]e `mK§fpw \PvZnse `cWm[nImcn¡p IogS§nsb¶v R§Ä¡v a\Ênembn. At±l¯nsâ Iogn epÅhÀ IrXyambn \akvImchpw,t\m¼pw kIm¯pw \nÀ Æln¡p¶p­v.kndnb¡mcmb [mcmfw t]À tamlnt¨m t] Snt¨m At±ls¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶p­v.Ckvemans\¡pdn¨v H¶padnbmXncp¶ AhÀ Ct¸mÄ aX¯nsâ \nÀºÔIm cy§Ä IrXyambn A\pjvTn¡m³ XpS§nbncn¡p¶p. t\c s¯ AhÀ ilmZ¯v D¨cn¡p¶Xn Ihnsªm¶pw {] hÀ¯n¨ncp¶nÃ.AÚXbpsS ]cymbambncp¶p AhÀ.A ÀYi¦¡nSanÃm¯ \ne¡v Ahsc¡pdn¨v \mw IrXyambn Adnªncp¶p. B ØnXnbn \n¶pw AhÀ amdn, (\PvZn se Aaodns\ ss_A¯v sNbvX tijw) \akvImcw AXn sâ IrXy kab¯v A\pjvTn¡p¶p. aäp CkvemanI kvXw `§sf `wKnbmbn ]cn]men¡p¶p.A§s\ FÃmhcpw \Pv Znse Aaodn\v ss_A¯v sN¿Ww, AXv A\nhmcyamsW ¶mWv C¶v AhcpsS ho£Ww. \PvZnIsf¡pdn¨v ]eXpw tIÄ¡p¶p.AsXms¡ F {X am{Xw icnbmsW¶v AÃmlphn¶dnbmw. AhÀ¡v J hmcnPpIfpsS hmZap­mbncn¶psh¶p NneÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p ¶p.AXv icnbmsW¶v Rm³ IcpXp¶nÃ.ImcWw \PvZnse `cWm[nImcnbpw At±l¯nsâ A\pbmbnIfpw apl½Zv _n³ A_vZp hlm_nsâ injy·mcmWv. At±lw l¼ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 41

en aZvl_nse ]n¡me ]WvUnXcmb C_v\pssXan¿, C _v\pÂJ¿nw apXembh -cpsS A`n{]mb§f\pkcn¨mWv {]hÀ¯n¨Xv. acWs¸«hcn hnizmkw AÀ¸n¡p¶htcm Sv AhÀ ImÀ¡iyw ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. \PvZnse Ct¸mg s¯ AaoÀ Nne ]WvUnX·mÀ¡p \ÂInb adp]Sn {KÙw Rm³ ImWm³ CSbmbn. Xsâ hnizmks¯¡pdn¨pÅ {] Xn]mZyw AXnep­mbncp¶p.At±l¯nsâ adp]Sn JpÀB\n\pw kp¶¯n\pw tbmPn¡p¶Xmbpw kXykÔamb hn izmkw sh¨p ]peÀ¯p¶Xmbpw F\n¡v t_m[ys¸«p. A ÃmlphmWv FÃmw Adnbp¶h³. lnPvd(1215) hÀjs¯ kw`h§sf B[mcam¡n iuIm\n FgpXp¶p : Cu hÀj¯n t\cs¯ ]dª \ PvZnse AaoÀ \½psS Kpcphn\pþAÃmlp At±l¯n\p Zo ÀLmbpÊp \ÂIs« þc­p hmfy¯nepÅ Hcp IrXn Ab ¨p-sImSp¡pIbp­mbn. AXn H¶v apl½Zv _v\p A_v Zp hlm_ns\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xmbncp¶p. ip²amb Xu loZnte¡p At±lw \S¯nb £Ww, hninjym J_À ]q PIcn I­phcp¶ Imcy§fpw inÀ¡nt\mSpÅ t]mcm« hpwþCXmbncp¶p DÅS¡w. FÃmw JpÀB\n \n¶pw {] hmNI hN\§fn \n¶papÅ sXfnhp-klnXw {]Xn]mZn¨ncp¶p. asämcp hmfyw D¯chmZnXz¯n hogvN hcp ¯p¶ k³B, kAZ, F¶nhnS§fnse ]WvUnX·mcpsS hmZKXnIfpambncp¶p.FÃmw hnizmkImcy§Ä. A§s\ BZyw AhcpsS hmZ§fpw ]ns¶ AXn\pÅ JWvU\§ fpap­v. FÃmw kkq£ahpw kpNn´nXhpamb adp]SnI Ä. Ah FgpXnbXv JpÀB\nepw lZoknepw AhKmlap Å hyànbmsW¶Xn kwiba -nÃ. ImcWw Hmtcm hmZhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 42

§Ä¡pw Dcpf¡pt¸cn IWs¡ iànbpàw adp]Sn \ Ip¶p. B ]WvUnXcpsS hmZ§Ä Hmtcm¶pw \new]cnimIp¶p. A§s\ AhÀ¡p am{Xaà k³BCsebpw kAZbnsebpw apgph³ P\§Ä¡pw A]am\amIpw hn[w AhcpsS hmZw s]mfnbp¶p. ImcWw D¯chmZn¯w \nÀÆln¡m¯h - cpw ]£]mX kao]\w ]peÀ¯p¶hcpamWhÀ. apIfn kqNn¸n¨ Cu c­p IrXnIÄs¡m¸w F sâ Kpcphn\v Hcp I¯pw \PvZnse AaoÀ sImSp¯b -¨ncp ¶p. At±lw AsXÃmw F\n¡p X¶ncp¶p. At±l¯n\p th­n Rm³ I¯n\p adp]Snbpw X¿mdm¡ns¡mSp¯p. \ PvZnItfmSv XÀ¡n¡m³ t]mbhÀ hnhcanÃm¯hcmbncp¶psh¶p AhcpsS hm¡pIfn \n¶v hyIXambncp¶p.

AhsbÃmw C¶pw Fsâ {KÙtiJc¯nep­v.''

3. A_vZp-dlvam³ P_ÀXn lnPvd 1221þmw sImÃs¯ kw`h§Ä hnhcn¨p sIm ­v FgpXp¶p: ico^v Kmen_v hlm_nItfmSv kÔns¡m cp§pIbmsW¶v hmÀ¯ e`n¨p sIm­ncp¶ Imew. a¡¡mÀ¡p klmb lkvXw Ipdªp-h¶p. k½À±w GdpI bpw. Hcp CÀZ_v (CuPn]vjy³ Afhv) Acnbv¡v Aªqdv dnbm tKmX¼v AtX Xq¡¯n\p ap¶qän¸¯v dnbm C §s\ tX\n\pw s\¿n\pw FÃmän\pw. a¡bpsS `cWm[nImcn ico^n\v AhtcmSv kÔn sN¿pIbÃmsX asämcp t]mwhgnbpw D­mbncp¶nÃ. AhÀ¡p IogS§m³ k½Xn¨p. IAv_bpsS DÅn sh¨v ss_A¯v sNbvXp. Ahcp sS BZÀiw kzoIcn¡msa¶pw Gäp. \njn² Imcy§Ä \SamSp¶Xpw AXv ]ckyam¡p¶Xpw XSbmsat¶äp. k^mþaÀÆbv¡nSbnse kAvbv th hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 43

fbn shäne apdp¡v I¨hSap­mbncp¶p. AXv \ntcm[n¡m\pw. \akvImcw kwLSnXambn«v A\pjvTn¡pI, kIm ¯v \ÂIpI, ]«v \ntcm[n¡pI, `mcn¨ \nIpXnIÄ ]n³hen¡pI XpS§nbXns\Ãmw k½Xn¨p.

AhnsSbpÅhÀ ]eXnepw ]cn[n ewLn¨ncp¶p. H cp ho«n HcmÄ acWs¸«m AhnsS CS\ne¡ - mÀ hcpw.

At©m ]t¯m {Kma-apJy·mÀ B ho«n sN¶p C{X Xp I thWsa¶v Bhiys¸Spw. AXv sImSp¡m³ X¿mdmbn sæn B a¿n¯v Ipfn¸n¡mt\m adhp sN¿mt\m _ Ôp¡sf A\phZn¡pambncp¶nÃ. AhÀ ]dbp¶ XpI sImSp¯m A\phmZw sImSp¡pw.

I¨hS-cwK¯pw CXpt]mse A\mhiyamb ]oV\ apdIfpw B{Ia§fpw \SamSnbncp¶p.hm§p¶h\pw hn ¡p¶h\pw NqjWw sN¿s¸«ncp¶p.

P\§fpsS kz¯pw hoSpIfpw hsc sImÅ sNbvXncp¶p. HcmÄ Xsâ ho«n Ccn¡p¶p. H¶padnbmsX s]m Sp¶s\ AbmfpsS ho«nte¡p NneÀ Ibdn hcpw "Cu hoSv H¶v Hgnhm¡n XcWw, ChnSp¶v DSs\ s]mbv s¡mÅWw' F¶v BÚm]n¡pw. \½psS k¿nZn\v (X§Ä¡v) Cu ho Sv Bhiyap­v. Nnet¸mÄ B hoSpw kz¯phlIfpw A ¸msS DSa Hgntb­nhcpw. Nnet¸mÄ Ipd¨v hne In«ntb¡mw. Asæn A[nIhpw In«ntb¡mw.

CsXÃmw XoÀ¯pw Hgnhm¡msa¶v a¡bnse ico ^v, AaoÀ kDuZnt\mSv IcmÀ sNbvXp. AÃmlphnsâ I ]\IÄ ]n³]äns¡mÅmsa¶pw kzOamb XuloZ\pkcn ¨p Pohn¡msa¶pw {]hmNINcy ]n´pScmsa¶pw,\mep J hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 44

eo^amÀ, klm_nIÄ, Xm_nDIÄ ChcpsS coXn Ahew_n¡msa¶pw Gäp.

Pohn¡p¶hcpw acWs¸«hcpamb krjvSnItfmSv, {]bmkthfIfn AhÀ klmbw tXSnbncp¶p. J_dpI Ä ]Sp¯pbÀ¯n. AXnt·Â hncnIfpw tXmcW§fpw Nm À¯n. AXnsâ D½d¸SnIÄ hsc Npw_n¨p. AXn\p Npäpw Xhm^v sN¿pw,hn\bw {]ISn¸n¡pw, hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡pw. t\À¨bpw ImWn¡bpw AÀ¸n¡pw.BtLmj]qc§Ä kw LSn¸n¡pw, enwKhyXymkanÃmsX FÃmhcpw H¯ptNcpw.

A§s\ ZnhyXz¯nepÅ XuloZn krjvSnIsf ]¦ptN À¯p. {]hmNI³() sIm­ph¶ aXw adbv¡s¸«p. AXv AhÀ ad¶pIfªncp¶p.CXmbncp¶p P\§fpsS ØnXn. CsXÃmw XSbmsa¶v At±lw AaoÀ kDuZnt\mSv Icmdn GÀs¸«p.J_vdpIfpsS ta ]WnXpbÀ¯nb sI «nS§fpw JpºIfpw Pmd§fpw s]mfn¨p Ifbmsa¶pw k ½Xn¡pIbp­mbn.

AhnsSbp­mbncp¶ ]WvUnX·mcpambn kwhmZw \S¯nbXn\p tijamWv A{]Imcw sNbvXXv. JWvUnXam b sXfnhpIÄ AhÀ¡p t_m[yamb tijw. JpÀB\n \n¶pw kp¶¯n \n¶papÅ sXfnhpIÄ. a¡þaZo\ ]mXbpw, a¡þPn± XzmC^v ]mXbpw \nÀ `bambn. hneIÄ Xmtgm«v h¶p. `£yhkvXp¡Ä kpe`w, Bhiykm[\§fpw, s\¿v, tX³, tKmX¼v FÃmw th­ {X. Hs¡ Ccp ldapIfnte¡pw Ing¡³ Zn¡pIfn \n ¶pw {]hln¡m³ XpS§n.\mep dnbmen\v Hcp CÀZºv tKm X¼v In«n¯pS§n. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 45

ico^v Kmen^v Xs¶bmbmbncp¶p `cW¯nÂ, I¨hS¡mcn \n¶pw Icw ]ncn¡pw. AXn tNmZyw sN¿s¸Spt¼mÄ ]dbpw : Rm³ aphlvlnZpIfn \n¶pw Icw ]n cn¡p¶nÃ. ChÀ aphlvlnZpIfÃ.

4. alvaqZv ipIvco A Beqkn ""kwt£]n¨p ]dªm hnizmkImcy§fn Ah-

cpsS aZvl_v AlvepÊp¶bpsSXmWv. AhcpsS amÀ¤w ap ³KmanIfpsS amÀ¤hpw. AXmWv IqSpX kpc£nXw, i àhpw. AXmbXv AÃmlphnsâ hntijW§Ä ]cmaÀin ¨ JpÀB\nI kqà§sfbpw {]hmNIhN\§sfbpw A hÀ AXnsâ {]Xy£¯n Xs¶ kzoIcn¡p¶p. AXnsâ XmÂ]cyw AÃmlphnte¡p hnSpIbpw sN¿p¶p. (CkvXnhmAv) AÃmlphnsâ knwlmk\mtcmlWs¯ ]cmaÀin ¨v Camw amenIv()A\phÀ¯n¨Xp-t]mse. \· Xn·Isf Ãmw AÃmlphnsâ Dt±iy {]Imcambncn¡psa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¡p¶p. ""F¶m Ahsc¡pdn¨v [mcmfw Btcm]W§Ä {]

Ncn¡s¸«n«p­v : JpÀB³ btYjvSw hymJym\n¡p¶hÀ, lZokn \n¶v AhÀ¡p tbmPn¨Xp kzoIcn¡p¶hÀ, hymJym\{KÙ§tfm,ssiJns\tbm Ahew_n¡m¯h - À. {]hmNIXncpta\n()sb CIgv¯p¶hÀ.At±l¯n \p ip]mÀibnsöpw At±l¯nsâ J_dnSw kµÀin¡p ¶Xv kp¶¯söpw hmZn¡p¶hÀ. ]WvUnXm`n{]mb§ sf am\n¡m¯hÀ.aZvl_o ]WvUnXcpsS {KÙ§Ä AXn  icnbpw sXäpw CSIeÀ¶Xn\m \in¸n¨hÀ, AhÀ ap hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

Page 46

PÊnapIfmWv (AÃmlphn\v aqÀ¯ cq]aps­¶v hmZn¡p ¶hÀ).

Ahkm\s¯ 600 sImÃtijw h¶hscsbms¡ Im ^ndm¡p¶hÀ AhcpsS hmZKXnIÄ kzoIcn¨hscmgnsI. t\cs¯ apivcn¡mbncp¶psh¶p k½Xn¡m¯ ] £w A¯c¡mtcmSv ss_A¯v sN¿m³ Iq«m¡m¯hÀ. amXm]nXm¡Ä inÀ¡nembncp¶psh¶v AwKoIcn¡p¶h À. \_n Xncpta\n()bpsS t]cn kzem¯v sNmÃp¶Xv \n jn²am¡p¶hÀ. idC A\phmZapÅ J_À kµÀi\w \ncp]m[nIw XSbp¶hÀ. \_n IpSpw_¯n\p {]tXyI ]Z hn I¸n¡m¯hÀ.AhcpsS hmZw AwKoIcn¡p¶hcn \n¶ÃmsX hnhml_Ôw \S¯m¯hÀ. ""CXpt]mepÅ At\Iw Btcm]W§Ä AhÀs¡-

Xncn D¶bn¡s -¸«n«p­v.AsXÃmw AhcpsS taepÅ B tcm]Whpw IfhpamWv. AhcpsS i{Xp¡fmb _nZvA¯p hmZnIfpsS shdpw Ah]mZ{]NcWw. AhcpsS kwkmc hpw {]hÀ¯\§fpw {KÙ§fpw {]kvXpX Btcm]W§ f{Xbpw XÅn¡fbp¶p. A¯cw Btcm]W§Ä D¶bn ¡p-¶hÀ \pWbmWv ]dbp¶Xv! A]hmZamWv {]Ncn¸n ¡p¶Xv.AhcpsS ØnXnKXnIÄ ]Tn¡pIbpw AhtcmsSm ¸w AhcpsS kZÊpIfn k¶nlnXcmhpIbpw sN¿p¶hÀ¡v AsXÃmwaX¯nsâ i{Xp¡Ä AhÀs¡Xncn sI «n¨a¨XmsW¶p t_m[ys¸Spw.......... ""Rm³ ]dªph¶Xnsâ XmÂ]cyanXs{X. BcpsS

taembncp¶mepw AhÀ¡nÃm¯ hmZ§Ä Btcm]n¡cp Xv. A¯c¡msc t_m[h¡cn¡W - w.AXv aX{]hÀ¯\hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¯n\p XSÊw krjvSn¡pw. Ad_n-P\Xsb¯s¶ sXän² cn¡m³ CSbm¡pw. Im]Sy¯nsâ ASbmfamb hntZzjw Ad_nIfn krjvSn¡pw. aXs¯ IfnXamibmbn ImWp¶, DZc]qcW¡mc amb X¶njvS¡mcpsS krjvSnIfmWh. Ahcpambn ImX §Ä¡Ise \n¡p¶ bYmÀY aXs¯ AhÀ X§fpsS hmIvþIÀa§Ä hgn \ntj[n¡p¶p. Ckveman\p A]am\w hcp¯p¶ ZÖmepIfmWhÀ. Asæn hnizmknIfpsS e£Ww Ahcn ImtW­XtÃ. AhÀ hm¡pIÄ {i²n ¨p tIÄ¡pIbpw AXn \ÃXv ]n³]äpIbpw sN¿p¶h cmWtÃm'', (BeqknbpsS \PvZnsâ Ncn{Xw F¶ IrXnbn  \n¶v).

5. A DkvXmZv ap\o AÂ- A-P-em\n: ""hlm_n {]Øm\s¯¸än C¶pw CXn\p ap¼pw A

t\Iw IrXnIÄ FgpXs¸«n«p­v.AXn hnaÀi\ap­v. {] iwkbp­v. DYvam\o ImeL«¯nse an¡ Fgp¯pw A\oXnbpw A{Iahpw \ndªXmbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv B IrXnIsf¸än P\¯n\v kwibw tXm¶m³ XpS§n.A¯cw IrXn-Ifp­mhm\nSbmb sshbànI t{]cWIfpw cmjv{Sob km lNcy§fpw AhÀ hnebncp¯m³ Bcw`n¨p. ]n¶oSv h¶ \njv]£ - cmb Fgp¯pImÀ hlm_n {]Øm\¯n\p AÀlamb Øm\hpw BZchpw \ÂIpI bp­mbn.AhÀ {]Øm\¯nsâ klbm{XnItcm A\pbmbnItfm Abncp¶nsænepw {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡tfm Sv Bib `n¶XIÄ \ne\nÀ¯ns¡m­p Xs¶. B Fgp ¯pImÀ AhÀ¡p AÀlXs¸« alXzhpw {]tXyIXIfpw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hIsh¨p sImSp¯p.F¶m AhcpsS Iq«¯n \n¶p h ¶ Nne Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p¶hsc AhÀ `bs¸SmXncp¶n«p anÃ. kXyw X§fn am{Xw \n£n]vXamsW¶p [cn¨hcmbncp¶p B hn`mKw.'' 6. AlvaZv A_vZp K^qÀ A¯zmÀ : ""ssiJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_v aX ]cnjv

IÀ¯mhpw cmjv{Sob t\Xmhpw kmaqlnI \thm°mbI \pambncp¶p. Hcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhn\v kaql¯n \nt¶m cmjv{Sob¯n \nt¶m cmjv{S¯nÂ\nt¶m Xosc Hgnªp \n¡m³ ]änÃ. PohnX¯nsâ \m\maWvUe§ - fnepapÅ ]cnjvIcW§sf¡pdn¨v Nn´nt¡­nhcpw. AbmÄ kmaq lyPohnX¯nsâ AIhpw ]pdhpw \¶mt¡­Xp­v.AIw \¶m¡pIsb¶m hnizmkmZÀi§sf \¶m¡pIbmWv. Cu Znibneq¶nb Hcp aX]cnjv¡À¯mhmbncp¶p Camw AhÀIÄ. `cW Imcy§fn {Im´ ZÀin. Ckvemansebpw ]pd¯pÅXpamb `cWhyhØIsf At±lw ]Tn¨p. {]hmNIXncpta\n() ASn¯d ]mInb icnbmb Ckv emanI `cWs¯¡pdn¨p ]Tn¨p. ]n¶oSv Jpem^mDdminZpIÄ t]mjn¸n¨p sIm­p h¶Xpamb hyhØ. XpSÀ¶p a lm\mb Dadp_v\p A_vZn Akokv()hpw.JpÀB\nsâ bpw kp¶¯nsâbpw kkq£va ]T\w CXc A\nkveman I hyhØIsf hnebncp¯m³ D]Icn¨p. AXn \n¶v, Xsâ Ime¯n\v CW§p¶, Xm³ _oPmhm]w \ÂInb ` cW IqSs¯ {]hmNIsâbpw Jpem^m¡fpsSbpw coXnbnepÅ CkvemanI `cWam¡m³ bXv\n¨p.

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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ssiJpw apl½Zv _v\p kDuZpw ]qÀ® tbmPn¸n embncp¶p c­p t]cpsSbpw ho£mKXn H¶v. ssiJv X sâ Adnhpw A`n{]mb§fpw aptJ\ `cWm[nImcnsb k lmbn¡pw. `cW Imcy§fn CkvemanI \nÀt±i§Ä D WÀ¯pw. `cWm[nImcnbmIs« ssiJpambn IqSnbmtemNn¡msX H¶pw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbnÃ. aäp cmjv{SkmcYnItfm Spw JmZnamtcmSpw t\Xm¡t-fmSpw Fgp¯pI¯pIÄ \S¯pI, AXn\mbn ZqXsc Ab¡pI, PnlmZv CsXÃmw ssi Jnsâ tPmenbmbncp¶p. kIeam\ C_mZ¯pIfpw AÃmlphnte¡p am{Xw kaÀ¸n¡pI, \· IÂ]n¡pI, Xn· hntcm[n¡pI Cu {Xn tImWmib¯neqsS, At±lw Xsâ `cWIqSw Øm]n¨p.

AXnsâ ASn¯d `{Zam¡n. bYmÀY hnizmk¯nte¡v £Wn¨p.

Cu ASn¯dIÄ apdpsI ]nSn¡m³ Xs¶bmbncp¶ tÃm {]hmNIcpsS {]t_m[\hpw. CkvemanI kaql¯n sâ krjvSnbpw Cu ASn¯dbn Xs¶bmbncp¶p. hnizmk¯n\v XIÀ¨tbm A]IStam kw`hn¡m\nS h¶m H cp bYmÀ° apkvenw, hnizmk¯nt\¡p¶ {]XnkÔn sb XSbm³ _m[yØ\mhp¶p.

Xsâ kaql¯nse hnizmk]camb ]mfn¨IÄ I ­t¸mÄ. AXv kwkvIcn¡m³ Xp\nbpIbmWv ssiJv sN bvXXv. amÀ¤{`wi¯nsâbpw _nZvA - ¯nsâbpw BfpIfp sS ap¶n Ah{Iamb hnizmkw A]ISmhØbnemsW ¶v At±lw a\Ênem¡n. AXpsIm­v CkvemanI ssienbnÂþkp]tZiw sIm­pw bpànZo£ sIm­pwþAXns\ kwc£n¡m\nd§n._nZvA¯pIsf ]meq«n hfÀ¯p¶ `chlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Wm[nImcnIÄ¡pw ]WvUnX·mÀ¡pw s]mXp-P\¯n\pw CsX§s\ kln¡m\mIpw? A§s\ Ct§m«v bp²¯n\v h¶htcmSv Bbp[saSp¯v t]mcmSm³ At±lw \nÀ_ÔnX\mbn. ]cnjvIÀ¯mhmb apl½Zv _v³ A_vZn hlm_n \v kphyàamb hnPbw \ÂIn AÃmlp A\p{Kln¨p. i cnbmb ASn¯d-bn CkvemanI cmjv{Sw \nehn h¶p.

B cmjv{S¯nsâ kwc£W D¯chmZnXzapÅ t\Xmhm bn At±lw.

At±lw ZÀC¿bnembncp¶p; ]n¶oSv \PvZnepw. A Xnsâ `uXnI kmcYn apl½Zv _n³ kDuZpw At±l¯n sâ {]t_m[\ {]hÀ¯\§sf kÀÆmß\m klmbn¡msat¶äp.

A§s\ ssiJpw C_v\p kDuZpw H¯ptNÀ¶p B ibXe¯ - nep­mbncp¶ Hcp kaql krjvSn bmYmÀYy-X e¯nte¡p sIm­p h¶p. bYmÀ°¯nepÅ Hcp Ckvem anI kaqlw. Hcp CkvemanI cmjv{Sw.'' 7. DkvXmZv ^pBZv lwk Ignª \qäm­n \PvZpImsc hlm_nIsf¶v sX ämbn \maIcWw sN¿s¸SpIbp­mbn. AhÀ Hcp ]pXnb aZvl_nsâ hàm¡fmsW¶pw {]Nmcthe \S¶p. F¶m  C¶v P\§Ä¡p \nPØnXn hyàambn«p­v. \PvZnI Ä ke^nIfmWv. Camw AlaZv _v\p l¼ens\bmWv IÀ a imkv{X hnjb§fn AhÀ ]n´pScp¶Xv. t]mb \qäm­n ssiJv \S¯nb {]t_m[\w Ckvemln {]t_m[\ambncp¶p. icnbmb Ckvemante¡p Xncn¨p t]mIWsa hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶mbncp¶p AXnsâ DuSpw ]mhpw. ]p¯\mNmc§sfbpw, A_²PSneamb hnizmk§sfbpw, _lpssZhXz¯nsâ NnÓ§sfbpw Xqs¯dnbm³ AXv Blzm\w sNbvXp. AhÀ ]pXnb aZvl_nsâ hàm¡fmsW¶v {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«p. cmjv{Sob LSI§fmbncp¶p B {]NmcW¯n sâ ]n¶nÂ. P\§sf AXn \n¶pw Xncn¨p hnSm³ th ­nbpw. AhÀ CkvemanI hr¯¯n\p ]pd¯msW¶pw hcp¯m³ th­nbmbncp¶p Cu {]hN\§Ä. bYmÀ° ¯n AhÀ kp¶o apkvenwIfmbncp¶p.GI ssZhhnizm knIÄ. hnizmk¯n ke^oamÀ¤w A\p[mh\w sNbvX hÀ. If¦§fnÃm¯ FIhnizmknIÄ.

8. ssiJv A_q klvd KthjW]Sp¡fmb CamapamcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä hnip²-h¡cn¨psIm­v _p²nachn¨pt]mb Hcp Imew. k¨cnXcmb BfpIsf AhÀ Pohn¨ncn¡pt¼mgpw acWm\´chpw hnip²h¡cn¨p, AhcpsS J_vdpIfnte¡p XoÀ°bm{XIÄ t]mIpw.AXn\pNpäpw {]Z£nWw sN¿pw.IA_meb¯n {]Z£nWw sh¡p¶Xpt]mse.A§s\ Hcp hn`mKw CXns\Xnsc kacw sN¿m³ Cd§n¯ncn¨p.

Xn³aItfmSv AhÀ IÀ¡iamb \ne]mSp kzoIcn¨p. C_v \p ssXan¿bpsS A`n{]mb§fmbncp¶p AhÀ ]n³]änbncp¶Xv. A§s\ bpKm´c§fmbn adªp InS¶ncp¶ A t±l¯nsâ Bib§Ä¡p AhÀ ]p\cpPvPoh\w \ÂIn. aX¯n CÃm¯ ]p¯\mNmc§Ä Ipanªp IqSn, aXmtLmj§fnepw `uXnIIÀ a§fn t]mepw Ah kzm [o\n¨p. hyàn ]qPbpw A\p{Klw tXSepw, ivaim\ kµ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ài\w \S¯n ]pWyw t\Sepw FÃmw AXnsâ DOØmbnbn F¯nbt¸mÄ Atd_y³ aWemcWy¯n hlm_n {]Øm\w Dcphw sIm­p.

C_v\p ssXan¿bpsS amÀ¤w ]p\cpÖohn¸n¨p sIm ­v AhÀ CXns\sbÃmw FXnÀ¯p h¶p.

9. ssJdp-±o³ kÀIeo At±lw Xsâ hnÚm\ tImiamb "A AAvem anÂ' FgpXp¶p : ""apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v A Xaoao A \PvZn : (1730AD/1143AH) Pkod¯p Ad_nse B[p\n I Ckvemlo \thm°m\¯nsâ \mbI³. At±l¯nsâ {]t_m[\amWv CkvemanI temI¯pS\ofw B[p\nI \ hPmKcW¯nsâ BZnIncW§Ä Pzen¸n¨Xv. C´ybnepw CuPn]vXnepw CdmJnepw kndnbbnepw aänS§fnepw AXn sâ kzm[o\a\p`hs¸«p.A§s\ _mKvZmZn Beqkn A ÂI_odpw A^vKm\nØm\n Pamep±o³ A^vKm\nbpw CuPn]vXn apl½Zv A_vZphpw kndnbbn Pamep±o³ Jmknanbpw Xp\ojybn ssJdp±o³ Xq\nknbpw t`m¸men Â(C´y) kn±oJv lk³ Jm\pw I¡¯bn AaoÀ A enbpw cwK¯v h¶p.AXpt]mse aäp ]e {]kn²cpw.Pkodbn At±ls¯ ]n´pW¨ XuloZnsâ hàm¡Ä ""A Ãmlphns\ A\pkcn¡p¶ ktlmZc§Ä'' (CJvhm\p a ³ AXzm AÃmlp) F¶dnbs -¸«p. AhcpsS FXncmfnIÄ "hlm_nIÄ' F¶p Ahsc hnfn¨p. ]Snªmd³ Fgp¯pImÀ¡p Cu t]À kp]cnNnXamhpIbpw AXv AhcpsS hn Úm\ tImi§fn Øm\w ]nSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. NneÀ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ckvemanse Hcp]pXnb ""hn`mKw''F¶p Cu {]Øm\s¯ sXän²cn¨p. ChcpsS FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨Xv kXysa ¶mWhÀ IcpXnbXv. Hmt«mam³ XpÀ¡nIfmb `cWm[nImcnIfpw AhcpsS knÂ_ÔnIfpambncp¶p {][m\ambpw (1) B {]NmcW¯n\p ]n¶nÂ.

10. Aºmkv alaqZv A AJzmZv(2) ""CuPn]vXn 19þmw \qäm­nsâ {]mcw`¯nemWv \ thm°m\¯n\p XpS¡w Ipdn¡p¶Xv. Atd_y³ D]Zzo]n Â, CXv Adp]Xv sImÃw apt¼ Bcw`n¨p. ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nte¡p tNÀ¯n¸dbp¶ hlm_n{]Øm\sa¶ t]cnÂ. GItZiw CtX Ime¯v Xs¶ ba \n ""ss\ep AhvXzmÀ'' F¶ IrXnbpsS IÀ¯mhmb iuIm\nbpw {]t_m[\w XpS§nbncp¶p. c­pt]cpw Htc {]t_m[\¯nsâ ]mXbnembncp¶p. aX¯nsâ auenIX bnte¡p Xncn¨p t]mIm\pw ]p¯\mNmc§sf \nÀ±m£n Wyw XÅn¡fbm\pw AhÀ Blzm\w \S¯n.AXn iu Im\nbpsS {]t_m[\w lZokvþIÀa {KÙ ]T\§fn ] cnanXs¸«p t]mbn. F¶m AtX kabw ssiJv apl½Zv _n³ A_vZpÂhlm_nsâ {]Øm\w {ihW ]pS§fn amsämen krjvSn¨p-sIm­ncp¶p. AXn\p ImcW§Ä ]eXmWv;lnPmknep­mbncp¶,Pmd§fpw J_dnt·epÅ sI «nS§fpw AhÀ s]mfn¨p-\o¡nbXpw Hmt«mam³ `cWIqSt¯mSv Gäpap«nbXpambncp¶p AXn {][m\w..XpÀ¡nsb `mKns¨Sp¡m³ bqtdm]yÀ {ian¡p¶ kµÀ`ambncp¶p A Xv.djytbmSv kJyw sNbvXtijapÅ C¯cw Htcäpap«Â, (1)

A_vZpdÒm³ P_ÀXo (1754þ1822) CuPn]vjy³ Ncn{XImc³. s\t¸mfnbsâ CuPn]vXv B{IaWhpw aäp hÀ¯am\ Imekw`h§fnepw ]T\w \S¯nb.

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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CuPn]vXnse Aent_Iv B I_odnsâ knwlmk\¯n sâ ]X\¯nemWv Iemin¨Xv. Atd_y³ D]Zzo]n apl½Zv _n³ A_vZn hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\w ]mgmbnÃ. CkvemanI temI¯nsâ Hc äw apX atä Aäw hsc AXp amsämensIm­p. C´ybn epw CdmJnepw kpUm\nepw aäp hnZqc tZi§fnepw At±l¯nsâ A[ym]\§Ä, lÖmPnIÄ hgnbpw aäp kµÀ iIÀ aptJ\bpw {]Nmcw t\Sn. A§s\ apkvenwIfpsS ] cmPb ImcWw hmkvXh¯n AhcpsS aXasöpw aX imk\IÄ AhÀ Is¿mgn¨XmsW¶pw AhÀ¡p t_m[ys¸«p. ]p¯\mNmc§sf Is¿mgn¨p X\nabnepw k¯bn epw ]qÀÆnIcpsS aX¯nte¡p Xncn¨p t]mbm hn\jvSamb iànbpw {]Xm]hpw hos­Sp¡m\mhpsa¶pw AhÀ Xncn¨dnªp.

11. lk\p _v\p Bep-þ-B-CZv A_vZp Akokv _v\p kDuZpw aäp {]Øm\¯n se ]WvUnX·mscbpw Bt£]n¨p sIm­v a¡bnse ico^pamcn s]« lpssk³ _n\p Ben FgpXnb I¯n\v Bep BCZv C{]Imcw adp]Sn FgpXn : ""Xm¦fpsS I¯n C_v\p kDuZns\ sXäp²cn¨p sIm­v ]eXpw FgpXn¡­p; "At±lw Hcp AAvdm_nbmWv.' sh«pInfnIsf Xn¶p¶ Nne ImS·mcmWv AbmfpsS A\pbmbnIÄ. ZpÂJpsshkndbpsS k´m\§fn s]« h³.AbmfpsS \mSv Ipg¸¯nsâ tI{µamWv. At±lt¯msSm¸apÅ ]WvUnX·mÀ Abmsf A\pkcn¡m¯hsc Im^ndm¡p¶ ISpw ]nSp¯¡mcpw.ss_A¯v sN¿m¯h -hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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cpsS càhpw kz¯pw Nn´msa¶v hmZap­v AhÀ¡v. aäp Åhsc ]pOn¡p¶hÀ, IÅhmZnbmb apsskenabpsS k ´m\§fn s]«bmfmWv C_v\p kDuZv. AbmfpsS IqsS _\ql\o^, _\q Xanw F¶o tKm{X§fpw.C¯cw At\ Iw Btcm]W§Ä Xm¦fpsS I¯n ImWp¶p. hmkvX hw t\sc adn¨mWv. At±lt¯msSm¸apÅXv Jlv¯m³ tKm{X¡mcmWv. {]Xntcm[ tijnbpw bp²hocyhpw k kz`mhhpw AhÀ¡p­v. aXhnizmkhpap­v. AXns\ Ah À kwc£n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. ""\PvZnse ]WvUnX·mcpsS ØnXn ]dbs«, AhÀ Akodn h¶ncp¶ Imew apXte R§Ä¡p Ahcpambn _Ôap­v. R§fpsS ]nXmhn\pw ]nXrhy\pw Ahcpambn _Ôap­v. R§Ä sNdnb Ip«nIfmbncn¡pt¼mÄ Ahcp sS ¢mÊpIfn Ccn¡mdp­mbncp¶p. AhÀ DÂIrjvScm sW¶mWv R§fpsS A\p`hw.AÃmlphnsâ Imcy¯n AhÀ¡p Hcp \o¡pt]m¡panÃ.ZpjvSXbpsS em©\ Ahcn I­n«nÃ. A_vZp Akokv cmPmhv Xs¶ DYvam\nI Äs¡Xncn Cw¥ojpImcpambn kÔnbnteÀs]«Xmbn A hÀ Adnªm B IcmÀ AhÀ XSbpIbpw At±ls¯ (2) Im^ndm¡pIbpw sN¿pw.

At±l¯nsâ \mSv ]nimNnsâ tI{µamsW¶pw Xm ¦Ä Btcm]n¡p¶p. P\§sf s¡m­mWv \mSv hnebncp ¯pI. R§Ä¡p Ahcn \· am{Xta ZÀin¡m³ Ignªn«pÅp. apkvenwIsf¸än ZpÀhnNmcw sh¨p ]peÀ¯mXncn¡pIbmWv \½psS _m[yX. AhcpsS sXäpIÄ ]cky (2)

A¶v a¡-ico^v Kmen_v `cn¡p¶p. Hmtcm Zn¡n\pw Hmtcm {]mtZinI `cWm[nImcnbmWp­mbncp¶Xv .

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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am¡mXncn¡pIbpw sN¿pI; {]tXyIn¨pw ]WvUnX·msc ¡pdn¨v.''

12. alvaqZv ^lvao ]mj iàamb t]mcm«§fpw \nc´c kwL«\§fpw I gnªp hÀj§Ä ]n¶n«t¸mÄ an¡ Ad_v cmPy§fpw h lm_n {]Øm\¯n BZÀi§Ä AwKoIcn¨p. AYhm Ckvemanse Ckvemlo BZÀiw. \PvZn \hcmjv{Sob t\ XrXzw \nehn h¶p.AXn\pap¼v At\Iw tKm{X§fmbn¯ncnªpw,]ckv]c _ÔanÃm¯ sNdp P\XIfmbn¡gn ªpw X½n t]mcnepw kwLÀj¯nepambncp¶ AhÀ G I cmjv{Sob t\XrXz¯n\p Iogn h¶ptNÀ¶p. B cmjv {S kmcYnbpsS I¿n aXþ`uXnI t\XrXzw.,]qÀÆIme J eo^amcpsS Ime¯p­mbncp¶ hn[w h¶p tNÀ¶p.Atd _y³ D]Zzo]n Ipsd bp²§fpw kwL«\§fpambn h lm_nIÄ \o§nbt¸mgpw AbÂ]¡ cmjv{S§sfþ_KvZmZv, lnPmkvþHcp \nebv¡pw ieyw sN¿pIbp­mbnÃ. ln Pmknse bm{XmkwL§Ä AhcpsS `q{]tZi§Ä Xm­n bmsXmcphn[ AXn{Ia¯n\pw hnt[bamImsX IS¶p t]m bncp¶p.a¡bnse ico^mb (k¿nZv IpSpw_w) ico^v kp dqdpambn AhÀ¡p kulmÀ± _ÔamWp­mbncp¶Xv.1781þ  IAv_bn Xzhm^v sN¿m\pw lÖv \nÀÆln¡m\pap Å A\paXnbpw At±l¯n \n¶p AhÀ¡p In«n. AXv AhcpsS iàn hÀ²n¸n¡phm³ D]Icn¨p. ]ns¶ a¡bn se ico^mb ico^v Kmen_v A[nImc¯se¯nbt¸mÄ AhcpsS tijn hÀ[\bn Akqb ]q­ At±lw hlm _n `cWIqSt¯mSv bp²w {]Jym]n¡pIbmbncp¶p. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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""A§s\ ico^v Kmen_v Xsâ KqV D]Pm]§sf XpÀ¡n `cWIqShpambn ]¦n«p. hlm_nIfpsS iàn £ bn¸n¡phm³ ]cym]vXamb GsXmcp amÀ¤hpw ]mgm¡msX, AXn\p th­n am{Xw XpÀ¡n `cWIqSw Pkodbn {]thin¡m³ X{´§fmhnjv¡cn¨p.AXn\pth­n AhÀ(hlm_nIÄ) ssZh\ntj[nIfpw amÀ¤{`wicpamsW¶v hmZn¨p(!).

XpÀ¡n lÖmPnamtcmSv AhÀ hfsc tamiambn s]cpamdp¶psh¶v \pW{]NmcWw \S¯n.''

13. tUmIvSÀ Xmlm lpssk³ Atd_y³ D]Zzo]nse kmwkvImcnI _u²nI PohnXs¯¡pdn¨v KthjWw \S¯p¶hÀ¡v 18þmw \qäm­n AhnsS Dcphw sIm­ iàamb Hcp {]Øm\s¯ AhKWn¡m\mInÃ.B[p\nI temI¯nsâ Ing¡pw ]SnªmdpapÅhcpsS {i² Xncn¨, AXn {][m\ t\«§Ä kw`mh\ sNbvX B {]Øm\w. AXnsâ iàn CSbv¡v AÂ]w a §nsb¦nepw C¡me¯v ho­pw iàn {]m]n¨ncn¡p¶p.

Atd_ybn am{Xaà AXnsâ kzm[o\w.bqtdm]y³ kaqlt¯mSpw AXv _Ôw ]peÀ¯ns¡m­ncn¡p¶p. \PvZn se ssiJpamcn s]« apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_n sâ hlm_n {]Øm\amWXv. hnÚm\hpw IÀaimkv{Xhpw \oXn\ymbhpw kt½ fn¨ Hcp IpSpw_¯nemWv At±l¯nsâ P\\w. ]nXmhn  \n¶p hnZy A`ykn¨p.-A\´cw CdmJnte¡p \o§n _kdbnse ]WvUnX t{ijvTcn \n¶p ]Tn¨p. Htc ka bw ]pXpabpw ]gabpapÅ Xsâ Bib§Ä AhnsS \n ¶v At±lw {]ISn¸n¨p. P\w {Ip²cmbn At±ls¯ _ kdbn \n¶p ]pd¯m¡n. A§s\ kndnbb - nte¡p t]m hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Im\mbncp¶p Xsâ B{Klw. ]s£ Zmcn{Zyw k½Xn¨nÃ.

A§s\ \PvZnte¡p Xncn¨p, AhnsS ]nXmhnt\msSm¶n ¨p Xsâ BZÀi¯nte¡p £Wn¨pw P\§tfmSv kwhmZ¯nteÀs¸«pw Xmakn¨p. At±l¯nsâ {]kn²n AhnS §fn hym]n¨p h¶p.

C_v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ Imcy¯n P\w c ­p tNcnbmbn¸ncnªp.A\pIqenIfpw {]XnIqenIfpw. A hkm\w Xsâ Poh³ A]ISs¸Spsa¶ \nebnembn. tKm {X\mbItcmSpw `cWm[nImcnItfmSpw X\n¡p A`bw \ ÂIp¶Xn\pw {]t_m[\w kzoIcn¡phm\pw At±lw Bh iys¸«p. A§s\bmWv ZÀC¿mbnse `cWm[nImcnbpsS ASps¯¯p¶Xv. AhnSps¯ `cWm[nImcn apl½Zv _v \p-kDuZnt\mSv {]iv\w AhXcn¸n¨p. At±lw ssiJn\p A`bw \ÂIpIbpw klmbw hmKvZm\w \ÂIpIbpw sN bvXp. A¶p-apX Cu \hNn´m[mc HutZymKnINn´m[mcbmbn. cmjv{Sob iàn AXn\p ]n³XpWsImSp¯p. Nnet¸mÄ arZphmb {]t_m[\ cqt]Wbpw aäp Nne thfIfn  bp²wsIm­pw JUvKw sIm­pw AXp {]Ncn¨psIm­ncp¶p. aXþcmjv{Sob ssItImÀ¡epIÄ hgn Atd_y³ D ]Zzo]n Hcp cmjv{Sob iàn DbÀ¶p-h¶p. AXp iàn{]m]n¨p. XpÀ¡nIÄ At§bä-s¯ `b¸mtSmSpIqSnbmWv AXns\ A`nho£n¨Xv. AhÀ¡p {]Xntcm[n¡phm\mIpw hn[w AhÀ {]Xntcm[n¨p t\m¡n. hnPbw ImWmXncp¶ t¸mÄ CuPn]vXnse AhcpsS KhÀWÀ apl½Zen A I _odns\ AXn\mbn NpaXes -¸Sp¯n. Cu \hcmjv{Ss¯ D hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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³aqe\w sN¿p¶Xnepw AhcpsS ]qÀÆ ØnXnbn IogS§p¶Xnepw kwL«\§Ä Iemin¨p.

B[p\nI bpK¯n Ad_nIfpsS _u²nI-PohnX¯n Cu \hNn´m[mc F{Xam{Xw kzm[o\n¨p, F´mbncp¶p AXnsâ e£yw F¶dnbm³ Ffnb Hcp ]cymtemN \ \ap¡v AXymhiyamIp¶p.

Rm³ ]dbs« : Cu Nn´m[mc B[p\nIhpw ]ucmWnIhpamWv, Htc kab¯v Xs¶.kaImenIsc kw_Ôn ¨nSt¯mfw AXp ]pXnbXmWv. hmkvXh¯n AXv ]gb XmWv._lpssZhXz¯nsâbpw ]¦ptNÀ¡ensâbpw GXpXcw IeÀ¸n \n¶pw kwip²hpw Ah{Ihpamb CÉmante¡p AXniàamb {]t_m[\ - w. {]hmNIXncpta\n() sIm­p-h¶Xp amXncnbpff Ckvante¡pff £Ww.If¦teianÃmX aXw AÃmlphn\p-am{Xw kaÀ¸n¡pI. P\§ Ä¡pw ssZh¯n\pw CSbnepÅ kIea -m\ a[yhÀ¯nIfpsSbpw XnckvIcWw. Ad_nIÄ A\d_n P\Xbpambn ebn¨p tNÀ¶Xnsâ ^eambpw AÚXbpsS L\mÔ Imcw BhcWw sNbvXXn\mepw Ahsc Nqgv¶p \n¶ F Ãmän \n¶papÅ ip²oIcWw. Ad_n Ckvemansâ ]p\cpÖoh\w. PohnX-coXnbnepw hnizmk§fnepw \PvZphmknIfnte¡v Acn¨p Ibdn h¶ A\nkvemanI (Pmlnen¿¯v) {]hWXIsf ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZnÂhlm_v hnaÀin¨p. AhÀ J_dpIsf BZcn¨ncp¶p. acn¨pt]mbh À AÃmlphnsâ ASp¯v ip]mÀi¡mcmsW¶v [cn¨p. I Ãn\pw ac¯n\pw BZchp IÂ]n¨p.D]Imc§Ä¡pw D]{Zh§Ä¡pw Ahbv¡p km[n¡p¶psa¶v hnizkn¨p. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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AhÀ Pmlneo Ad_nIfpsS PohnXk{¼Zmb¯nte¡v Xncn¨p-t]mbncp¶p. bp² þ kwL«\§fn AhÀ hym]rXcmbn. \akvImc t\m¼mXn IÀa§Ä hnkvacn¨p.a Xw s]mcpfnÃm¯ s]mÅbmbn ]cnWan¨p. _lpssZhXz BNmchpw ]cp¡³ kz`mh¡mcpamb AAvd-m_nIsf b YmÀY apkvenwIfm¡n¯oÀ¡pIbmbncp¶p. apl½Zv _v \p A_vZpÂhlm_v sNbvXXv; ]Xns\m¶p \qäm­v ap¼v {]hmNIXncpta\n() lnPmkpImsc ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¨ cq]¯nÂ. lnPmkn Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mhL«¯n D­mbncp¶Xp-t]mepÅ kmlNcy§Ä Cu Nn´m[mc cwK ¯p h¶t¸mgpap­mbncp¶psh¶Xv bmZrÝnIaÃ. AXn \m AXnsâ hàm¡Ä BZyw arZpssienbn {]t_m [\w \S¯n. Ipsd t]À kzoIcn¨p. ]ckyambn¯pS§nbtXmsS A]IS¯n\p hnt[bambn¯pS§n. ]ns¶bmWv Cu BZÀiw `cWm[nImcnIsfbpw tKm{X\mbIscbpw A dnbn¡p¶Xv. {]hmNIXncpta\n() tKm{Xt\Xm¡sf {] t_m[\w-sNbvX cq]¯nÂ. ]ns¶ ZÀC¿bnte¡p ]emb \w. AhnSp¯pImcpsS klmb hmKvZm\w; aZo\bn \_n Xncpta\n()¡p In«nbXn\p kam\ambn. ]t£ apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v cmjv{SobcwKt¯¡p XncnbmsX AX{Xbpw C_v\pkDuZn\p hn«psImSp¯p. At±lw aXhpw hnÚm\hpambn CSs]«p Po hn¡pIbpw.cmjv{Sobs¯bpw cmjv{Sob¡mscbpw Xsâ {] t_m[\¯n\p am[yaam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CsXÃmw H¯ph¶t¸mÄ Xsâ BZÀi¯nte¡p P\§sf hnfn¨p. AXn hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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\v sNhn sImSp¯hsc kzmKXw sNbvXp. sNdp¯p \n¶htcmSv bp²hpw sNbvXp. \PvZphmknIÄ At±l¯nsâ {] t_m[\w kzoIcnIpIbpw. A\pkcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A Xnsâ amÀK¯n AÀ¸W¯n\p X¿mdmbn. Ad_nIÄ ap ¼v \_n()¡v Iogvs]«p ]emb\w sNbvXXp-t]mse. kÀÆmbp[ hn`qjnXcmbn Cu {]Øm\t¯mSv bp ²w sN¿m³ XpÀ¡nIfpw CuPn]vXpImcpw Hcps¼«nÃmbncp¶psh¦n lnPvd ]{´­pw ]Xnaq¶pw \qäm­n Ad_nIfpsS Ncn{Xw asäm¶mIpambncp¶p.lnPvd H¶mw \qäm­n Ad_v P\Xsb IpS¡ogn B¡nbX - pt]mse C ¡me¯pw AXv kw`hnt¨s\.

14. tUmIvSÀ A_vZp-dlow A_vZp-d-Òm³ A_vZp-dlow: ke^n {]Øm\w Hcp]mSv kwhmZ§Ä DWÀ¯nhn«n«p­v.At\IamfpIÄ AXns\ ]n´pW¨t¸mÄ aäp Nn eÀ AXns\ FXnÀ¯p h¶p. bYmÀ°¯n CÉmw aX ¯n ]pXnbsXm¶pw AXv ]cnNbs -¸Sp¯nbn«nÃ. AXv H cp ke^n kp¶o {]t_m[\ {]Øm\ambncp¶p. AXnsâ \mbI\pw A\pbmbnIfpw Alvepkp¶¯nsâ BZÀi¯n hnizkn¨hcpw, AÃmlphnsâ hntijW kw_Ôambn h¶ JpÀB\nI kqà¯nt\mSpw \_n hN\§tfm Spw ke^pÊmenlnsâ AtX]mX kzoIcn¨hcpambncp¶p. {]Øm\¯nsâ ASn¯d ct­ c­mbncp¶p. hnip²JpÀB\pw {]hmNI PohnX Ncybpw.

15. apl-½Zv Pem IivIv. icnbmb CkvemanI Nn´tbmSv AhnOn¶amb _ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ôw ]peÀ¯p¶Xp sIm­pw hlm_n {]Øm\¯nsâ cm jv{Sob Nn Fgpt¶äp \n¡p¶p.XuloZo hnNn´\hpw, J_vdn \n¶p A\p{Klw tXSp¶Xv hne¡p¶Xpw CÉmanI Nn´bpsS `mKw Xs¶bmWv. At\Iw ]WvUnX ³amÀ, H¶ne[nIw cmPy§fn `n¶ \qäm­pIfn AXnte¡v {i²-£Wn¡pIbpw AXns\Xnsc i_vZn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. F¶m kaImenItam, ap³ IgnªtXm B b ke^o {]t_m[\ coXnIfn \n¶v Cu {]Øm\w hy XncnàX ]peÀ¯p¶Xv AXnsâ cmjv{Sob ASbmf§Ä sIm­mWv. ssiJnsâ XuloZo BZÀi§Ä [mcmfw C kvemanI cmPy§fnse ]WvUnX·mÀ kzoIcn¡m³ X¿mdmbn.asämcp `mjbn ]dªm BÀ¡pw AXns\ Xnckv Icn¡m³ km[n¡pambncp¶nÃ. F¶m {]XntbmKnIÀ AXn ""]pXpXmbnsbm¶panÃ''F¶ kao]\w kzoIcn¨p, AXns\ sXän²cn¡pIbpw, AXnsâ _mlyap{Z§fn {i ²bq¶n AXns\Xnsc \pW¡Y s\bvXpsIm­ncn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.AtXkabw ]WvUnX³amcpw IÀ½imkv{X hnim cZ·mcpw F´n\v HmdnbâenÌpIÄ hsc, bYmÀ° Ckv emant\mSv tbmPn¡p¶XmWv AXnsâ BZÀi§Ä F¶p {]Jym]n¡p¶p­mbncp¶p. ""a¡bnse km[mcW¡mc\v Adnbm¯ Hcp Imcy hpw a¡bn C_v\p kDuZv D¨cn¨n«nÃ'' F¶v C_v\pkuZnsâ hm¡v kXykÔhpw AtX Ahkcw A\pNnX hpamWv. a¡bnse ico^v Kmen_v ssiJnsâ i{Xphmbn am dnbXpw XssYh, ssiJnsâ BZÀi§fpambn At±lw tbmPn¡pambncp¶p. ]s£ At±l¯nsâ knÂ_ÔnI hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ä, hlm_nIÄ Xm¦fpsS ItkcbmWv em¡m¡p¶Xv F ¶v Adnbn¨t¸mÄ AXv ico^n\v Xm§m\mhp¶Xmbncp¶nÃ.

R§Ä Hcp A©mw aZvl_pImcÃ, R§Ä ]pXnb Hcp hmZhpambn h¶n«panà F¶v ssiJpw At±l¯nsâ A\pKmanIfpw BhÀ¯n¨p hyàam¡nbn«p­v. CXv kzm `mhnIhpw kXyhpamWv. aZvl_ - pIÄ kzX{´amb aX§sfm¶paÃ, Ah ]WvUnX³amcpsS KthjW - §fmWv.Ah cpw a\pjyÀ, \½fpw. AXv sIm­mbncp¶p A©mw aZvl _v F¶ sXän²mcWsb Xncp¯m\pÅ {iaw \S¶Xv.(2) 1. DYvam\p_v\p kuZv þ_kdbnÂ, {]Øm\¯nsâ BZy Ime i{Xphmbn cwK¯p h¶p.

2. kuZnIfpw CÉmanI ]cnlmc amÀ¤hpw F¶ Ir Xnbn \n¶v AØm\¯mbncp¶p.

16. A_vZp-d-ln-am³ P_ÀXn (CuPn-]vXy³ Ncn-{X-Im-c³) lnPvd: 1227mw hÀjw lnPmknse hlm_nIfpw Cu Pn]vXnse apl½ZenbpsS ssk\yhpw X½nep­mb bp² apJs¯ hmÀ¯ hnhcn¡p¶Xv C§s\ hmbn¡mw. ""ssZh `bhpw \·bpw DÅhsc¶v tXm¶p¶ Nne ap³ \nc ssk\nIÀ Ft¶mSv ]dbpIbp­mbn: \ap¡v F §s\ hnPbw e`n¡m\mWv! \½psS ssk\yw an¡hmdpw aXm\pkmcnIfÃ. Hcp aXhpanÃm¯hÀ. HcmZÀihpw kzo Icn¡m¯hÀ. aZyw\nd¨ s]«nIÄ ssk\yt¯msSm¸w Im Wmambncp¶p. \½psS AWnIfn _m¦v apg§p¶p­mbncp¶nÃ. \akvImchpw \S¡p¶nÃ. aX¯nsâ NnÓ§tfm, hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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FXnÀ tNcnbnepÅhcpsS IÀa§tfm AhcpsS a\ÊpIfn  DZn¨n«p t]mepanÃ.

F¶m FXnÀ`mK¯pÅhÀ (kuZnIÄ) \akvImc kabw Bk¶ambm _m¦v apg¡pw, AWnbmbn \n ¡pw. Xmgvabpw `ànbpw {]ISn¸n¨psIm­v Htc Camansâ Iogn \akvIcn¡pw. \akvImc kabhpw bp²hpw Htc kab¯mbmepw apA±n³ _m¦v hnfn¡p¶p At¸mÄ Ah À "`bkab¯pÅ \akvImcamWv \akvIcn¡pI. Hcp hn `mKw \akvImc¯n \n¡p¶p. asämcp Iq«À bp² apJ ¯pw. CsXms¡ I­v R§fpsS `mK¯pÅhÀ (CuPn]v jy³ ssk\yw) AÛpX ]cX{´cmIp¶p. C¯csamcp Im gvN AhÀ ImWpItbm, F´n\p, tIÄ¡pI-t]mepw sNbv Xn«nÃ. AhcpsS tk\mapJ¯v \n¶v hnfnbmfapbcp¶p; "XmSn shbv¡m¯ Cu apivcn¡pItfmSv bp²¯n\nd§pho³. ChÀ hy`nNmchpw kzhÀ¤cXnbpw A\phZ\obam bn ImWp¶hÀ. aZy]m\nIÄ, \akvImcw Dt]£n¡p¶h À, ]eni `pPn¡p¶hÀ, Poh³ \in¸n¡p¶hÀ, \njn²ambXv A\phZ\obambn ImWp¶hÀ' bp²¯n sImÃs]« ]escbpw tZl ]cntim[\ \S¯nbX - n \n¶p tNem IÀ ½w sN¿m¯hcpw Iq«¯nep­mbncp¶psh¶hÀ¡v a\ Ênembn. AhÀ (apl½ZenbpsS tk\) _Zvdbn F¯n AhnsS ssJ^nepw aäpw B[n]Xyw Øm]n¨t¸mÄ Ahn sS I­Xv hninjvS a\pjyscbmbncp¶p. hnÚm\apÅh À, \·bn \ncXÀ. F¶n«pw ssk\yw Ahsc sImÅ sN bvXp.AhcpsS kv{XoIsfbpw Ip«nIsfbpw {KÙ§sfbpw ]nSns¨Sp¯p; Ahsc AhÀ¡v th­sXÃmw sNbvXp. hne ¡p hn¡pIbpw ChÀ \ntj[nIfpw JhmcnPnIfpamsW hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶p ]dbpIbpw sNbvXp. _Zvdv \nhmknIfn s]« Hcmfp sS A\p`hw, tIÄ¡pI! sk\y¯n s]« HcmÄ Xsâ `mcysb C¶s¯ cm{Xn F\n¡p \ÂIWsa¶pw \msf \n \¡p Xncn¨p \ÂImsa¶pw Bhiys¸«s{X.'' (3) ke^n {]Øm\¯nsâ i{Xp¡Ä H«t\Iw kwib §fpw sXän²mcWIfpw,{]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw AXnsâ hàm¡Ä Hcn¡epw AwKoIcn¡m¯ Zpcmtcm]W§Ä D¶bn¡pIbpap­msb¶v hmb\¡mÀ CXn\Iw Xs¶ a\Ênem¡nbn«p­mIpw. AXvsIm­v {]Øm\w {]Xn\n[m\w sN ¿p¶ {][m\ BZÀi§Ä Fs´¶v hniZoIcn¡pIbmWv Cu A[ymb¯ - nÂ.

A²ymbw 5 XuloZv AYhm GI-ssZh hnizmkw {]Øm\¯nsâbpw AXnsâ FXncmfnIfpsSbpw a t²y D­mbncp¶ apJy {]iv\w CXmbncp¶p. XuloZvþin À¡v, kp¶¯vþ_nZvA - ¯v, k·mÀ¤wþZpÀamÀ¤w, kXywþA kXyw alm·mcmb {]hmNI·mcpw AhcpsS FXncmfnI fpw CtX Imcy¯nembncp¶tÃm kwhmZ§Ä \S¯nb Xpw. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: ""\n§Ä AÃmlphns\ Bcm[n¡pho³, XzmKq¯n s\ shSnbphn³, F¶ ktµihpambn«mWv FÃm kapZmb §fnte¡pw \mw {]hmNI·msc \ntbmKn¨Xv'' (\lvÂ:36) ""\n§Ä AÃmlphns\ Bcm[n¡pho³þ Ah\Ãm sX \n§Ä¡p asämcp Bcm[y\panÃ''. (lqZv: 50) (3)

P_ÀXnbpsS Ncn{X {KÙ¯n \n¶v 3/341,342

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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""\n§Ä AÃmlphns\ Bcm[n¡pho³, Ah\n bmsXm¶ns\bpw ]¦ptNÀ¡pIbpacpXv.'' (\nkmAv:36) AsX, C_mZ¯nsâ {]m[m\yw ssiJv C_v\p A _vZp hlm_pw B BZÀiw apdpsI ]nSn¨hcpw Ahcp sS `cWIqShpw Dss¨kvXcw {]Jym]n¨p. ]p¯³ BNmc§Ä, J_dpIÄ¡p aosXbpÅ sI«nS§Ä, ]pWytI{µ §Ä, C_mZ¯v AÃmlp AÃm¯h - À¡v \ÂIp¶ _lphn[ amÀK§Ä, knlvdv, AÔhnizmkw hgnbpÅ NqjW§Ä, ChsbÃmw I­pw tI«pw hnizmknIÄ aSp¯ncp¶p.

Cu kmlNcy¯n icnbmb Ckvemansâ ]p\cp Öoh\w ImeL«¯nsâ Bhiyambncp¶p. AXn\m X ZznjbIambn Camapw C_v\p kDuZpw aäp ]WvUnX t{i jvT³amcpw Alvepkp¶bpsS AtX ]mXbn \n¶v H«pw hyXnNen¡msX {]iv\§fpsS Kuchw P\ka£w kaÀ ¸n¨p.

1. Camw C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v Xs¶ a¡bnse i co^v Kmen_n\pw kaql¯nsâ ]WvUnXÀ¡pw F gpXnbXv C§s\bmbncp¶p. ! ""apl½Zv _n\p A_vZp hlm_n \n¶v hnip²ldanse ]WvUnX³amcpsS Adnhnte¡v... A´y {]hmNI sâ aX¯n\v AÃmlp Ahsc sIm­v iàn \ÂIpamdmIs«þB {]hmNIXncpta\n()bpsS t]cn kZm kam[m\w hÀjn¡pamdmIms«.''

AÃmlphnsâ c£bpw IcpWbpw \n§fn hÀjn¡pamdmIs«. Nne {]iv\§sfms¡ D­mb Imcyw \n§ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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fpw aäpÅhcpw Adnªncn¡pw.AXnsâ ImcWanXmWv; Nn e kZvhr¯cpsS J_vdpIÄ¡v aosXbp­mbncp¶ FSp¸pIÄ R§fpsS {]tZi¯v \n¶v R§Ä s]mfn¨p \o¡n. kzmenlo§tfmSv {]mÀ°n¡p¶Xv P\§tfmSv R§Ä hn e¡n. C_mZ¯v AÃmlpthmSv am{Xw kaÀ¸n¡Wsa¶v R§Ä I¸n¨p. Cu {]iv\w R§Ä P\a[y¯n AhXcn¸n¨p. s]mXp P\¯n\p AXv AXn`b¦cambn tXm¶n.

AdnhpÅhsc¶v ]dbp¶hÀ Ahsc ]n´pW¡pIbpw sN bvXp. tZtlOsb A\pkcn¨pw \n§Ä¡dnbmhp¶ CXcImcW§fmepamImw AhÀ A{]Imcw {]hÀ¯n¨Xv. AhÀ R§sf¡pdn¨p {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xv. R§Ä k Zvhr¯sc No¯ hnfn¡p¶psh¶pw.R§Ä ]WvUnXcpsS ]mXbn AsöpamWv, Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw AhÀ {]NcWw Agn¨p hn«p. _p²nbpÅhÀ¡p tI«m eÖ tXm ¶p¶ Imcy§Ä AhÀ R§sf¡pdn¨p ]dªp ]c¯p ¶p. AXpsIm­p \n§sf-t]mepÅhÀ Zpcmtcm]W¯n s]SmXncn¡m\pw Imcy¯nsâ \nPØnXn {Kln¡p¶Xn \pw th­n F´mWv R§Ä ]dbp¶Xv F¶v \n§Ä¡p hyàam¡n Xcmw.

R§Ä {]hmNI kcWn A\p[mh\w sN¿p¶hcm Wvþ AÃmlphn\p kvXpXnþAÃmsX ]p¯³ hmZnIfÃ. C amw Al½Zv _v\p l¼ensâ aZvl_v A\pkcn¡p¶hcm Wv, Xm¦Ä¡dnbmatÃmþ AÃmlp Xm¦Ä¡p {]Xm]w \ Is«þ A[nI Øe§fnepapÅ t\Xm¡Ä XÀ¡ hnjb §fn F´mWv sNt¿­sX¶v {]amW§Ä {]Imcw P\§Ä¡p hyàam¡ns¡mSp¯m AhÀ¡Xv Xm§m³ I gnbpIbnÃ. ImcWw Ahcpw AhcpsS ]nXm¡·mcpw hfÀ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶p h¶Xv AXn\p hncp²amb coXnbnes{X. Xm¦Ä¡v A dnbpatÃm, ssiJv A_vZp Akokv _v\p A_vZpà Xm¦fpsS ASp¡Â hcnIbpw AlvaZp _v\p kCuZnsâ "hnemb¯ns\¡pdn¨v Xm¦sf sXcys¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿pIbp­mbtÃm. R§Ä¡p {]amWtbmKyamb l¼en aZvl_n se IrXnIÄ AhÀ \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXXmWv. AXpt]m se im^nCu aZvl_n kzoImcyamb Xplv^, \nlmb F ¶nhbpw, CsXÃmw ImWWsa¶v ico^v Kmen_v Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ R§Ä AXv AwKoIcn¨p. A§s\ R§fpsS Iq«¯nse _p²nbpw Úm\hpapÅ Hcp ]WvUnX\pambn C¡mcyw a¡bnse ]WvUnX ³amscm¶n¨v NÀ¨ sN¿m³ k½Xn¡pIbpw sNbvXp''. ]WvUn-X³amÀ F´p ]d-bp¶p.

FÃm aZvl_nepÅ ]WvUnX³amcpw Xm³ ]dbp¶ Xv icnh¡p¶hcmsW¶v hyàam¡n sIm­v ssiJv C_v \p A_vZp hlm_v FgpXp¶p; ""CXn F\n¡pÅ sXfnhv kIe hn`mK§fnse bpw ]WvUnX³amsc D²cn¨psIm­p Rm³ ]dbmw. AII®p sIm­p AXns\¡pdn¨p Nn´n¡p¶hsc AÃmlp A\p{Kln¡s«.A¯c¡mÀ \nÀ`bw AÃmlphns\bpw A hsâ aXs¯bpw Ahsâ {]hmNIs\bpw klmbn¡m³ X¿mdmhpIbpw sN¿s«.

F) l¼-en -a-Zvl-_n ssiJv XJnbp±o³() ]dbp¶p: JhmcnPpIfpsS l ZoYmWv hnjbw. {]hmNIXncpta\nbpsSbpw Jpe^m¡fpsSbpw Ime¯v h¼n¨ tXmXn Bcm[\ -Ifn apgpInb hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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BfpIÄ,apkveowIsf¶p ]dbp¶hÀ, CÉman \n¶p sX ¶n-t]mbn«ps­¦n FÃmhcpw a\Ênemt¡­XmWv; C Émante¡pw kp¶¯nte¡pw X§sf tNÀ¯p ]dbp¶h cpw kXy aX¯n \n¶p sX¶n t]mIpw. AXp ]e Imc Ww sIm­mWv AXnÂs]«XmWv. AXnhmZw, AÃmlp A Xns\ Bt£]n¡p¶p.Nne ssiJpamsc ]än,hninjy ssi Jv AZn¿ns\t¸mse, Aen¿n_v\p A_oXzmen_v(), ako cnseÃmw P\w AXncphn«Xp-t]mse. lv()Ch{]hmNIsâtbm kZvhr¯sâtbm Imcy¯n AXn cp IS¶p Ahcn GsX¦nepw Xc¯nepÅ ZnhyXzw B tcm]n¡p¶ Hcp hyàn AhtcmSv {]mÀ°n¡p¶p. "Fsâ bPam\tc, Fs¶ klmbn¡Wta,Xm¦Ä aXn F\n¡v, A Xsæn Rm³ A§bpsS Imhen BWv,' CsXÃmw in À¡pw hgntISpas{X, AXv sN¿p¶h³ ]ÝmX]n¨m sh dpsX hnSWw. Asæn h[n¨p IfbWw. ImcWw AÃm lp {]hmNIsc \ntbmKn¨Xv Ahs\ am{Xw Bcm[n¡m³ th­nbmWv. asämcp Bcm[ys\bpw Ahsâ IqsS k¦Â ¸n¡s]ScpXv. akolv()s\tbm, ae¡pIsftbm Dsskdn sæn kzmenlpIsftbm AÃmlphn\p s\()tbm, AX]pdsa CemlpImfm¡nbhÀ Bcpw AhcmWv temIw kr jvSn¨sXt¶m,D]Poh\w \ÂIp¶sXt¶m hnizkn¨ncp¶nÃ. AhÀ AhtcmSv {]mÀ°n¡pI am{XamWv sNbvXXv. A hÀ ]dªp;""ChÀ AÃmlphnsâ ]¡Â R§fpsS ip]m Ài¡mcmWv.'' A§s\bmWv AÃmlp ZqX³amsc \ntbm Kn¡p¶Xv. AÃmlphn\p ]pdsa aämtcmSpw {]mÀ°n¡p¶ Xv \ntcm[n¨p. C_mZ¯nsâ {]mÀ°\bpw ]mSnÃ, klm bm`yÀ°\bpsS {]mÀ°\bpw ]mSnÃ. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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CJv\mC At±lw {]kvXmhn¨ncn¡p¶p. Xsâbpw AÃmlphnsâbpw CSbn a[yhÀ¯nIsf kzoIcn¨p. A htcmSv HcmÄ {]mÀ°n¡p¶Xmbm ]¬UnX³amcpsS G tIm]nX A`n{]mb{]Imcw AbmÄ \ntj[nbmIp¶XmWv. _n) l\^n ]WvUn-X³amÀ ssiJv Jmknw Zpddp _nlmdnsâ hymJym\¯n ]dbp¶p.\à a\pjycpsS J_dn\cnsI sN¶psIm­v km [mcW¡mcn ]ecpw sN¿p¶ "Fsâ k¿ntZ, F\n¡p \ jvSs¸«Xv \o XncnsI sIm­p h¶mÂ, Asæn Fsâ tcmKnbpsS tcmKw t`Zam¡nbmÂ, Asæn Fsâ Bh iyw \ndthän X¶m \n\¡p A{X kzÀ®w, C{X `£ Ww, C{X s\¿v...... C§s\ t\À¨ t\cp¶Xv _mXznemsW ¶v ]WvUnX·mscÃmw GtIm]n¨v A`n{]mbs -¸«XmWv. ]e \nebv¡pw AXv _mXznemWv. H¶m-aXv: AXv krjvSnIÄ ¡pÅ t\À¨bmIp¶p. AXv A\phZ\oba -Ã. c­m-a-Xv, acn¨p-t]mb hyàn¡v A[nImc¯n ]¦p­v F¶p hnizkn¡p¶Xv Ip^vdmWv., \ntj[amWv, At±lw XpScp¶p. C§s\bpÅ kwKXnIfn P\§Ä Ipg¸¯n AIs¸«ncn ¡p¶p. hninjym ssiJv Al½Zv _ZhnbpsS auenZv th fbnÂ.

Camw _kmkn Xsâ ^Xmhbn ]dbp¶p; "JpÀB ³ Fs´t¶m, lem ldmapIÄ Fs´t¶m, Ckvemapw, Cuam\pw Xs¶tbm Adnbm¯ km[mcW¡mtcmsSm¸w,] ÅnIfn sh¨v \½psS C¡me¯v kq^nIfpsS B«w (\r¯w)ImWmw. IgpXbpsS Ic¨n t]mse AhÀ i_vZn¡p¶Xpw CsXÃmw ImWpt¼mÄ At±lw ]dbpambncp¶p: \nÊwibw C¡q«À AhcpsS aXs¯ Ifnbpw hnt\mZhphlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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am¡n amänsb¶v. (XZhkc¯n C{X IqSn ]dbpw): \ym bm[n]³amÀ¡v \miw! `cWm[nIÄ¡p \miw! AhÀ¡p iànbp­mbn«pw CsXm¶pw amänsbSp¡m³ {ian¡p¶nà tÃm'. kn) im^n ]WvUn-X³amÀ im^nCu ]WvUnX³amcnÂs]«, imanse apl±nkm b A_qima Xsâ "A _mCYv' F¶ {KÙ¯n ]dbp¶p. "icoA¯ns\ Is¿mgn¨ hnhcanÃm¯ Nne km[mc W¡mcpsS Im«nIq«epIÄ BWv Zcn{Z thjw [cn¨ Nne cpw A\phÀ¯n¡p¶Xv.AhcpsS Zmcn{Zyw AhcpsS hnizm k¯n Xs¶bmWv. AhcpsS ssiJpamcn AXncp IS ¶ hnizmkw {]ISn¸n¡Ibpw A\y kv{XoIfn AhÀ N §m¯w ]peÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

A_qima XpScp¶p: "hn{Kl]qPbpsSbpw \ntj[ ¯nsâbpw, Bcw`w C§s\ Xs¶bmbncp¶tÃm.AsX, C Æn[apÅ {]hÀ¯\§Ä ]nimNv AhÀ¡p `wKnbm¡n Im Wn¡p¶p.AhÀ NpacpIÄ sI«ns]m¡pw, XqWpIÄ ]Wnbpw, hnf¡pamS§Ä D­m¡pw; FÃm \mSpIfnepw. B {] tZi¯v GtXm HcmÄ Xsâ Dd¡¯n C¶ Hcp almßm hns\ I­psh¶p ]dbpw B tI{µw a\pjy lrZb§fn  Øm\w ]nSn¡pw.AhnsS tcmKnIÄ ia\w tXSpw. Ah cpsS B{Kl k^eoIcW¯n\p kao]n¡pw.At§m«v t\ À¨ t\À¶p sIm­v;, AhnsS AcphnIfpw ac§fpw tXm«§fpw C§s\ ]eXpw ImWpw. ZakvIÊn (AXns\ A Ãmlp Im¯p c£n¡s«)C¯cw At\Iw Øe§fp­v..!

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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At±lw ho­pw ]dªp: "{]hmNI Xncpta\n() tbmSv NneÀ tNmZn¨p: ""Xm¦Ä R§Ä¡p Bbp[-_Ô\lphm acw \nÝbn¨p-Xcptam? Xncpta\n() ]dªp: AÃmWv Gähpw henbh³. apl½Znsâ Bßmhv BcpsS I¿nemtWm Ah\mWv kXyw! Rm³ ]dbp¶p: ""AhÀ¡p C emlpIÄ DÅXp-t]mse R§Ä¡pw Cemlns\ Xm¦Ä \nÝbn¨p XcnI.''F¶v aqkm()bpsS P\X At±lt¯m Sv tNmZn¨ AtX tNmZyamWv \n§fpw tNmZn¡p¶Xv.'' (Xp ÀapZn, lZokv \¼À 2181) Un) amenIn ]WvUn-X³amÀ A_q_¡À XzÀXqin() Xsâ "]p¯³ BNmc§ Ä' F¶ IrXnbn apIfn ]cmaÀin¨ lZokv D²cn¨psIms­gpXn: "ktlmZc·msc, \n§Ä BtemNn¡pIþA Ãmlp \n§sf A\p{Kln¡pamdmIs«þ FhnsS Hcp acw I­mepw P\§Ä AXns\ Dt±in¨v sNÃp¶p.AXns\ B Zcn¡p¶p.tcmKia\w B{Kln¡p¶p.A§\s¯ Hcp acw \n§Ä ImWp¶psh¦n AXmWv ZmXp A³hm¯v, AXv \n§Ä apdn¨pIfbpho³. (4) XpSÀ¶v At±lw CÀ_mZp_v \p kmcnbbn \n¶v \nthZ\w sN¿s¸« kzlolmb l hn¨p. ]ns¶ Zokpw D²cn¨p. AXn Xncpta\n() {]kvXm\n§fn \n¶msc¦nepw Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ ]£w [mcmfw A`n{]mb `n¶XIÄ \n§Ä¡p ZÀin¡mw. At¸mÄ \n§ Ä Fsâ Ncy apdpsI ]nSn¡pI,k·mÀKnIfmb Jpe^m D (4)

PmlneoIme¯pÅhÀ Bbp[§Ä Nne {]tXyI ac§fn sh¨m bp²¯n  hnPbn¡pta¶v [cn¨ncn¶p. B acamWv Dt±iyw.

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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dminZpIfpsS Ncybpw. AXv \n§Ä amtdmSv tNÀ¯v ]nSn¡pI. ]p¯³ k{¼Zmb§Ä \n§Ä IcpXnbncn¡pI. F Ãm ]p¯³ BNmchpw hgn tISmIp¶p.

Camw _pJmcn A_p±ÀZmC() \n¶pw \nthZ\w sN¿p¶p.At±lw ]dbp¶p:P\§sfÃmw \akvIcn¡p¶p ­v F¶sXmgn¨m apl½Zv \_n()bpsS Ime¯p I­ncp¶ Imcy§fà Rm³ C¶p I­p sIm­ncn¡p¶Xv. C amw amenIv() aphXzbnepw CXpt]mse \nthZ\w sN¿p ¶p. Nne klm_namÀ ]dªp: C¶v P\§fn \akvImc ¯n\pÅ _m¦v hnfnbÃmsX \_nbpsS Ime¯p­mbncp ¶ Imcy§Ä (AtX t]mse) Rm³ ImWp¶nÃ. CXm \a kvImcw t]mepw ]mgmbn t]mIp¶p.

XzÀXqin() ]dªn«p­v: \n§Ä Nn´n¡pho³. A ¡me¯v t]mepw kXyw A{]Xy£amhpIbpw AkXyw shfns¸SpIbpw sNbvXp,Jn_vebpsS Imcyw am{Xw \à \n ebn BsW¶p h¶mÂ, \½psS C¡mes¯ ØnXn F ´mbncn¡pw.?

AÃmlpth \nt¶mSÃmsX aämtcmSv klmbw tXSm ³! ssiJv XpScp¶p. {][m\s¸« c­p hnjb§fn ]WvUnX³amcpsS \ne]mSv F´mbncp¶psh¶v Hmtcmcp¯cpw a\Ênem¡s«.

(H¶v) {]hmNI Xncpta\nbpsS \ntbmK e£yw aXw AÃmlphn\p am{Xw kaÀ¸n¡m\mbncp¶p. Ahsâ IqsS Bscbpw Bcm[y\m¡cpXv. C_mZ¯nÂ, ZnhyXz¯nÂ, a e¡ns\tbm, {]hmIs\tbm, J_vdns\tbm, IÃns\tbm, a hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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äpÅhsbtbm H¶pw. AÃmlphn ]¦p tNÀ¯psIm­v kzmenlpIsf BZcn¡p¶Xv IrkvXym\nIfpsS k{¼ZmbamWv. Cukm() AXdnbp¶nÃ. (c­v) {]hmN³()s\ ]n´pScp¶Xpw ]p¯\mNmc§sf Dt]£n¡p¶Xpw AXy´mt]jnXamWv. ]s£ _n ZvA¯pIÄ P\ka£w {]Ncn¨p Ignªncn¡p¶p. AXn\m a\Ênem¡pI, s]mXpP\§Ä¡p hnjbw ]Tn¸n¡m ³ ]WvUnX³amsc AXymhiyambncn¡p¶p. AhÀ¡p ap ³Ime ]WvUnX³amcpsS hN\§Ä ]dªp sImSp¡ Ww. A§s\, AÃmlphns\, dkqens\, Ahsâ aXs¯ klmbn¡p¶hsc AÃmlp klmbn¡pw. AbmÄ Hcp B t£]¡mcs\bpw `b¡cpXv. AÃmlphns\ HgnsI. Ah \mWv Gähpw Adnbp¶h³. {]hmNI Xncpta\nbpsSbpw IpSpw_¯nsâbpw A \pNc³amcpsSbpwta AÃmlphnsâ ImcpWyw D­mIs«. apkvenw s]mXpP\§Ä¡v Camw AhÀIÄ FgpXn b I¯nsâ cq]w. apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v FgpXp¶p. Cu F gp¯p e`n¡p¶ kÀÆ apkveowIÄ¡pw; ""\n§fpsS ta AÃmlphnsâ im´nbpw kmam[m\hpw A\p{Kl§fpw D­mIs«.

Fsâ hnizmkw, Fsâ aXw F´msW¶v Rm³ \n §sf Adn¡p¶p.AXv AlvepÊp¶¯nsâbpw PamA¯n sâbpw aZvl_v Xs¶bmWv. apkveow t\Xm¡·mcpsS amÀ ¤taXmbncpt¶m AXv, \mep CamapamcpsSbpw A´yZn\w hscbpÅ AhcpsS A\pNc·mcpw kzoIcn¨ amÀ¤w. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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P\§tfmSnXm Rm³ hyàam¡p¶p. aXw AÃmlphn\p am{Xambn kaÀ¸n¡Ww. \_namtcmtSm, kZvhr¯c -n  \n¶p acWs¸«htcmtSm, aäp hÃhtcmSptam {]mÀ°n ¡m³ ]mSnÃ. _en, t\À¨, `cta¸n¡Â kmjvSmwKw \ an¡Â CXpw CXp t]mepÅXpsaÃmw AÃmlphn\p am{Xw AhImis¸«XmWv. ]pWyhmf\mb ae¡ns\tbm, \ntbm KnX\mb Hcp ZqXs\tbm Bscbpw AÃmlphn ]¦ptNÀ ¡cpXv.{]hmNIcn BZys¯ BÄ apX Ahkm\s¯ \_n hsc {]t_m[\w sNbvX Bibw CXmWv. kp¶¯v PamA¯nsâ BZÀihpw.

Rm³ Fsâ \m«n D¯chmZnXzapÅ Hcp Øm\w hln¨ncp¶p. P\§Ä Rm³ ]dbp¶Xv A\pkcn¨p h¶p.

CXv Rm³ ]dªt¸mÄ Nne t\Xm¡·mÀ¡v AtcmNIam bn.AhÀ hfÀ¶ph¶ PohnX coXns¡Xncmbncp¶Xp sIm ­mbncp¶p Cu shdp¸v AXp t]mse Fsâ IognepÅh tcmSv \akvImcw \ne \nÀ¯m\pw, k¡m¯v sImSp¡m\pw aäp \nÀ_Ô-Imcy§Ä A\pjvTn¡m\pw Rm³ I¸n¨p. ]enisb AhtcmSv \ntcm[n¨p. aZy]m\hpw aäp \nIrjvSImcy§sfbpw XSªp. \m«nse {]amWnamÀ¡p CXnsem ¶pw Fs¶ Bt£]n¡mt\m Ipäs¸Sp¯mt\m \nhr¯n bnÃmXmbn. ImcWw P\w CXns\ AwKoIcn¡p¶p. AhÀ ¡p \ÃXmbn A\p`hs¸SpIbpw sNbv¶p.At¸mÄ ]ns¶ AhcpsS Bt£]w asämcp \nebv¡mbn; AYhm Rm³ ] dbp¶ XuloZnsâ hnjb¯nepw, ]mSnsöv Rm³ hne¡nb inÀ¡nsâ hnjb¯nepw, s]mXpP\§sf AhÀ B ib-Ipg¸¯nem¡n. CsXms¡ P\§Äs¡XncmsW¶p

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{]Ncn¸n¨p sIm­p AhÀ {]iv\w cq£ambn. ]nimNnsâ kIeam\ ssk\ys¯bpw AhÀ Iq«n\p ]nSn¨p. ssiJv XpScp¶p. \½psS alm\mb {]hmNI³ Cu kapZmbs¯ ap¶dnbn¸v \ÂIn: ""\n§Ä \n§Ä¡pap¼p­mbncp¶ kapZmb§sf NmWn\p NmWmbn ]n³XpScm Xncn¡nÃ. AhÀ DSp¼nsâ amf¯n IS¶m \n§fpw I S¡pw.'' ap¼pÅhcpsS ØnXn F´mbncp¶psh¶p AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. ""AhÀ AhcpsS ]ptcmlnX·mscbpw ]WvUnX·m scbpw AÃmlphn\p ]pdsa dºpIfm¡n.''(Xu_:31) amÀ¤ {`wi¯n AIs¸«p t]mb NneÀ alm·mcmb Nnesc t£a¯nepw £ma¯nepw hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡p¶p. ssiJv A_vZp JmZnÀ Poem\nsb t]mse, Al½Zv _Zhnsb t]mse, AZn¿p_v\p apkm^ndns\t¸mse Bcm[\bnepw \·bnepw apt¼ \S¶hÀ. hnhcapÅhÀ alm·mtcmSv {]m À°n¡p¶hsc hnaÀin¡pIbp­mbn. F¶m acn¨pt]m b al¯pIÄ AsXÃmw shdp¡p¶p. AhÀ F{X \ÃhÀ! hnhcapÅ ]WvUnX³amÀ ]dªp: "CXmWv amcIamb inÀ¡v, hn{Kl ]qP'. ssiJv XpScp¶p: C_vdmlow \_n()bpsS aXw ]p Kn¨p. Bcm Xp¡m³ apl½Zv \_n()sb AÃmlp \ntbm[\Ifpw {]mÀ°\IfpsaÃmw AÃmlphnsâ am{Xw AhImiamsW¶v Ahsc sXcys¸Sp¯n-ASp¯ ae¡n t\m Hcp \ntbmKnX {]hmNIt\m aämÀ¡psa¦ntem AXns\m hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶pw AhImianÃ. Asæn ]ns¶ F´mbncp¶p _lpssZhhmZnIÄ hnizkn¨ncp¶Xv.? AÃmlp ]¦pImcnÃm¯ {kjvSmhmsW¶pw krjvSnbpw D]Poh\w \ÂIepw Ah sâ AhImiamsW¶pw.Ah\mWv Pohn¸n¡p¶hs\¶pw, acn¸n¡p¶h\pw, \nb´mhpw, GgmImihpw AhbnepÅ Xpw Ggp `qanbpw AXnepÅXpw Ahsâ Zmkcpw Ahsâ B[n]Xy \nb{´W§fnepamIp¶p.

CXn\p sXfnhp thWsa¦n t\m¡pI: {]hmNI³ ()]Ssh«nb _lpssZh hmZnIsf¸än AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: ""]dbpI: BImi¯v \n¶pw `qanbn \n¶pw \n§Ä¡p Blmcw \ÂIp¶Xv BcmWv? AsXsæn tIÄhnbpw ImgvNbpw A[o\s¸Sp¯p¶Xv BcmWv? Poh\nÃm¯h -cn  \n¶v Poh\pÅXpw Poh\pÅXn \n¶v Poh\nÃm¯ Xpw ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶Xpw BcmWv? Imcy§Ä \nb{´n¡p ¶Xpw BcmWv? AhÀ ]dbpw: AÃmlp F¶v.At¸mÄ ]dbpI: F¶n«pw \n§Ä ]men¡m¯sX´p sIm­v? (bq\p kv: 31) CXpw CXp-t]mepÅ Bb¯pIfpw A¡q«À AwKoIcn¨ncn¡p¶p­v.F¶n«pw AhÀ XuloZv AwKoIcn¨hcm bn XoÀ¶nÃ. AsX {]hmNI·mÀ sIm­p h¶ XuloZv. AXn\m \o {Kln¡pI. AhÀ \ntj[n¨Xv ZnhyXz¯nepÅ XuloZmWv. \½psS Ime¯pÅ _lpssZhhmZnIÄ ""hnizmkw'' F¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xns\. AhÀ cm ¸IÂ, `b¸mtSmsSbpw {]Xo£tbmsSbpw AÃmlphns\ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡pw. F¶m X§fpsS t\«¯n\mbn ae¡pItfmSpw AhÀ {]mÀ°n¡pw.AhÀ AÃmlphnt\mSv A hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Sp¯hÀ, AhÀ ChÀ¡p th­n ip]mÀi sN¿pw. \à a \pjyscbpw hnfn¨p tXSp¶p. em¯sb t]msebpÅhsc.

Asæn Cukm() t]mepÅ {]hmNIsc. \o {Kln¡p I: AÃmlphnsâ {]hmNI³ AhtcmSv bp²w sNbvXp. C _mZ¯v AÃmlphn\p am{Xw B¡n amäm\pw, Ah³ ]d bp¶p. "\nÝbambpw ]ÅnIÄ AÃmlphn\pÅXmIp¶p.

BIbm \n§Ä AÃmlphnsâ IqsS aämscbpw hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡cpXv’. (Pn¶v: 18) Ah³ ho­pw ]bp¶p: ""Aht\mSv am{XamWv \ym bamb {]mÀ°\. Ah\p ]pdsa BtcmsSÃmw AhÀ {]mÀ °n¨p-sIm­ncn¡p¶pthm Ahcmcpw AhÀ¡p bmsXmcp D¯chpw \ÂIp¶XÃ. shÅw Xsâ hmbn X\nsb h s¶¯m³ th­n Xsâ CcpssIIfpw AXnsâ t\sc \o«n ImWn¡p¶hs\ t]mse am{XamIp¶p AhÀ. AXv (sh Åw) hmbn hs¶¯pIbnÃtÃm kXy\ntj[nIfpsS {]m À°\ \jvS¯n Xs¶bmIp¶p.(dAZv:14) \o {Kln¡pI: {]hmNIXncpta\n() AhtcmSv bp²w sNbvXp.aXw k¼q À®ambn AÃmlphn\p th­n Bbn¯ocp¶Xn\v. _ensb Ãmw Ah\v, t\À¨sbÃmw Ah\v. klmbm`yÀY\sbÃmw Ah\v. Bcm[\bpsS FÃm C\hpw Ah\v. \o {Kln¡pI: AhÀ AÃmlphnsâ c£mIÀXrXzw AwKoIcn¨Xp-sIm ­v apkvenwIfmbn¯ocpIbnà AhcpsS a\ÊpIÄ ae¡pIfnte¡pw, A¼nbm¡fnte¡pw, Huenbm¡fnte¡pw, Xn cnbpIbpw.AhcpsS ip]mÀi AhÀ B{Kln¡pIbpw sN ¿p¶p. AhÀ aptJ\ AÃmlphnte¡pÅ kmao]yhpw A hÀ sImXn¡p¶p. CXtà AhcpsS kz¯pw càhpw Nn ´m³ A\phZn¸n¨ Imcyw. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{]hmNI·mÀ £Wn¨ XulosZs´¶v Ct¸mÄ \n\ ¡v t_m[yambncn¡pw. C{Xbpw Imcyw \o {Kln¨m \n\ ¡v t_m[ys¸Spw; At¸mÄ AÃmlphnte¡pÅ amÀ¤¯n  ]Xnbncn¡p¶ i{Xp¡Ä \n\¡p A\nhmcyamIpw. A hÀ¡p hmKv ssh`hap­v. Adnhp­v, AhcpsS ]¡Â sX fnhpap­v! AÃmlp ]dbp¶p.

AÃmlphnsâ amÀ¤¯nÂ\n¶v \n§Ä XSªpw `o jWns¸Sp¯nbpw FÃm amÀ¤§fnepw \n§Ä Ccn¡cpXv. (AAdm^v:86) AXn\m \nsâ _m[yXbnXmWv: Cu km¯m³am tcmSv kacw sN¿Ww.AXn\v D]bpàamb, AÃmlphnsâ aX¯n \n\¡v A`bw tXSmhp¶ Bbp[w GXmsW¶v \o a\knem¡Ww AhcpsS t\Xmhv AÃmlphnt\mSv ]dªp: \nsâ t\cmb amÀ¤¯n Rm³ AhÀ¡p th­n C cn¡pI Xs¶ sN¿pw. ]ns¶ Rm³ AhcpsS CSXp`mK ¯pw heXp`mK¯pw ap¶neqsSbpw ]n¶neqsSbpw Ahsc kao]n¸n¡pIXs¶ sN¿pw. Ahcn an¡hscbpw \µn bpÅhcmbn \o ImWpIbnÃ. (AAvdm^v 16þ17) XuloZnte¡p £Wn¡pI., inÀ¡p hntcm[n¡pI. CXne¸pdambn R§sf¸än ]dbp¶sXÃmw hymPamWv. Rm³ AÃmlphnsâ hN\§Ä ]mcmbWw sNbvXp AXn\p hymJymXm¡Ä \ÂInb hniZoIcWhpw \ÂInb t¸mÄ Ft¶mSv hntbmPn¡p¶ t\Xm¡·mcpsS hmZw AÛp Xw P\n¸n¡p¶Xmbncp¶p. Rm³ HmXns¡mSp¯p; AÃm lp ]dbp¶p: "AhÀ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¨p-sIm­ncn¡p¶Xv BscbmtWm AhÀ Xs¶ X§fpsS c£nXmhn¦te¡v k hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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ao]\ amÀ¤w tXSnsIm­ncn¡pIbmWv. AsX, AhcpsS Iq«¯n AÃmlpthmSv Gähpw ASp¯hÀ Xs¶ A{] Imcw tXSp¶p. AhÀ Ahsâ ImcpWyw B{Kln¡pIbpw Ahsâ in£ `bs¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. \nsâ c£nXmhn sâ in£ XoÀ¨bmbpw `bs¸tS­XmIp¶p. (C{kmAv:57) ""AÃmlphnte¡p kmao]y¯n\mbn AhÀ R§sf ASp¸n¡m\ÃmsX R§Ä Ahsc Bcm[n¡p¶nÃ''. ""A hÀ ]dbpw: ChÀ AÃmlphnsâ AcnIn R§fpsS ip ]mÀi¡mcmWv''. (bq\pkv: 18) F¶n§s\bpÅ kqà§ Ä HmXns¡mSp¯p.

Ah-cpsS adp-]Sn hfsc hnNn{Xw! JpÀB³ sIm­v \ap¡pw \s½t¸mepÅhÀ¡pw {] hÀ¯n¡m\mhptam?AXpt]mse {]hmNI hN\§Äs¡m ­pw ap³Ime ]WvUnX³amcpsS hm¡pIÄsIm­psam ¶pw \ap¡v {]hÀ¯n¡m\mhpIbnÃ.]nÂIme¡mcpsS hm ¡pItf \ap¡v A\pkcn¡m³ ]äpIbpÅq.

Fsâ adp-]Sn C{]-Im-c-am-bn-cp-¶p. ]nÂIme l\^n ]WvUnX·mcpsS hN\§Äs¡m ­p Xs¶ Rm³ Hcp lu^n¡mct\mSv kwhmZn¡mw. A Xpt]mse amen¡ntbmSpw, im^nCu aZvl_vImtcmSpw, l ¼en¡mtcmSpw kwhnZn¡m³ X¿mÀ. AsX Ahcnse ]n ¡me ]WvUnX·mcn AhÀ Ahew_n¡p¶hcpsS {KÙ§Ä ap¶n sh¨p sIm­v,AXnt\mSv AhÀ hntbmPn¡pIbmWp­mbXv. AXn\m Hmtcm aZvl_ntebpw {]KÛ sc D²cn¨p FsâhmZ§Ä Rm³ Øm]n¨p. J_dpIfpsS ap¼n sh¨pw., AXn\v t\À¨bm¡pt¶S¯v sh¨psaÃmw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Rm³ AhtcmSv kwkmcn¨p AhÀ¡p Imcyw a\Ênembn.

AXv bYmÀ°amsW¶hÀ Xncn¨dnªp. ]s£ AXn \n ¶v AhÚm ]qÀÆw HmSn AIepIbmWhÀ sNbvXXv. Xsâ D¯chmZnXzw \nÀÆln¡p¶hs\, Ah\nte ¡p ]ÝmX]n¡p¶hs\, Ahs\ AwKoIcn¡p¶hs\ A Ãmlp A\p{Kln¡pamdmIs«.ImcWw ]m]¯n \n¶p ] Ým¯]n¡p¶h³ ]m]w sN¿m¯hs\ t]msebmIpa tÃm. AÃmlp \s½bpw \n§sfbpw k·mÀK¯nem¡m³, Ah\v {]nbapÅXpw Xr]vXnbpÅXpw {]hÀ¯n¡phm³ (5) Rm³ AÃmlphnt\mSv {]mÀ°n¡p¶p.''

A]-hmZ {]N-c-W-§-fpsS s]mÅ-¯-c-§Ä:þ X\ns¡Xnsc D¶bn¡s¸« H«\h[n Zpcmtcm]cW §Ä. ]ecpw ]eXpw kXyamsW¶v IcpXnbncp¶p. ssiJv C_v\p AhvZp hlm_v Xs¶ Xs¶¡pdn¨v sXän²mcW AIäm³ CdmJnse Hcp ]WvUn\mb C_v\p ÊpsshZn¡p FgpXp¶Xv ImWpI. ""AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯nÂ, IcpWmab\pw ]caImcp WnI\pw Bbh³, apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v, AÃmlphnsâ Zo \n ktlmZc\mb A_vZpdlvam³ _v\p apl½Zn\v FgpXp¶p.

AÃmlphnsâ ImcpWyhpw kam[m\hpw A\p{Kl §fpw Xm¦fn hÀjn¡pamdmIs«., Xm¦fpsS Fgp¯v e `n¨p. a\Ên\v kt´mjw tXm¶p¶p. AÃmlp Xm¦sf ` (5)

ZpddpÊ\n¿ 1/64

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à·mcpsS t\Xm¡·mcn DÄs¸Sp¯s«. {]hmNI Xncp ()bpsS aX¯nte¡p {]t_m[\w \S¯p¶ ]WvUn ta\nX·mcpsS Iq«¯nepam¡s«. F\n¡p ]dbm\pÅXv Rm³ {]hmNIs\ ]n³]äp¶h\ms¶¶mWv. Rms\mcp \ho\ hmZnbÃ. kp¶¯v PamA¯nsâ aZvl_v Xs¶bmWv F sâ BZÀihpw aXhpw. apkvenwIfpsS \mbI·mscÃmw AwKoIcn¨, \mep CamapamÀ AwKoIcn¨, AhcpsS ]n³ apd¡mcpw AwKoIcn¨ aXhpw BZÀihpw. ]s£, Rm³ P\§tfmSv hnhcn¨p sImSp¡p¶p.; a Xw AÃmlphn\v am{Xw B¡Ww. k¨cnXtcm, AÃm¯h cntem s]« Pohn¨ncn¡p¶htcmtSm, acWaSªhtcmtSm {]mÀ°n¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AÃmlphn\p am{Xw \ÂIs¸tS­ t\À¨bm¡Â, _enIÀ½§Ä, `ctaÂ]n¡Â, kpPqZv sN ¿Â CXnsem¶pw Bscbpw ]¦p tNÀ¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AsX Ãmw AÃmlphnsâ AhImiamIp¶p.Bscbpw AXn Iq dpImc\m¡cpXv. ASp¯ ae¡nt\tbm, ZqXs\tbm Bsc bpw.

CXmWv {]hmNI·mcpsS aXw.BZyw apX Ahkm \w hscbpÅ-ssZhZqX·mcpsS BZÀiw.CXp Xs¶bmWv kp¶¯v PamA¯nsâ aXhpw.....

CXp Rm³ P\§tfmSv ]dªt-¸mÄ P\w BZyw AXns\ \à \nebv¡mWp kao]n¨Xv. AXp sIm­v F\ns¡Xncn km[mcW¡msc Cf¡n hnSpIbpw IÅ {]NmcW§Ä Agn¨p hnSpIbpw sNbvXp. XmsgImWpw hn[¯nepÅ IÅ {]NcW§Ä! _p ²nam³amÀ eÖn¡p¶, ]dbm³ Adbv¡p¶ Imcy§Ä! hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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"Fsâ A\pbmbnIsf HgnsI asäÃmhscbpw Rm³ Im^ndm¡p¶p, AhtcmSv hnhml _Ôw \S¯nbm AXv A km[phmsW¶v ]dbp¶p.CsXms¡ F§s\ Hcp _p²nam ³ AwKoIcn¡pw? CXv Hcp apÉow ]dbptam? C¯cw hm ¡pIfpambn F\ns¡mcp _Ôhpansöv Rm³ AÃmlp hnt\mSv ]dbp¶p. Rm³ AXn \nc]cm[nbmWv.t]mIs«, _p²n{`aw _m[n¨h³ t]mepw CXv ]dbptam? ZpjvSe£yapÅhÀ¡v AÃmlphnsâ im]w.

AXpt]mse AhÀ {]Ncn¸n¨p: F\n¡p Ignbpambncp¶psh¦n \_n Xncpta\n ()bpsS Jpº Rm³ s]mfn¡pambncp¶p.'

"ZemCep ssJdm¯n' sâ Imcy¯nepw AXv Rm³ Icn¨p Ifbpsa¶pÅ hmÀ¯bnepw Nne hi§fp­v. A Xns\mcp ImcWhpap­v. AXmbXv Fsâ D]tZiw sNhnsIm­ Fsâ Hcp kplr¯nt\mSv, Ahsâ a\Ên AÃmlphnsâ hN\t¯¡mfpw Øm\apÅ Hcp hN\hpw D ­mbncn¡cpsX¶pw AXv hmbn¡p¶Xv JpÀB³ ]mcmb Ww sN¿p¶Xnt\¡mÄ al¯casöpw AbmÄ {Kln ¡m³th­n Rm³ ]dªpsh¶Xv icnbmWv. AÃmsX A Xv I¯n¡Wsat¶m, \_nbpsS t]cn kzem¯v sNmÃp¶Xv Rm³ hne¡nsbt¶m Hs¡bpÅ InwhZ´nIÄ ip ² IÅamWv. Zpcmtcm]WamWv. Npcp-¡-¯nÂ: XuloZnte¡pÅ {]t_m[\hpw inÀ ¡nsâ \ntcm[\hpw Hgn¨v Fs¶¡pdn¨v {]Ncn¸n¡s¸Sp ¶ Imcy§sfÃmw CXpt]mse ASnØm\ clnX§fmWv. \n§Ä¡p Hcp ]s£ CXv Adnbm³ Ahkcw In«nbn«nbn hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ãmbncn¡mw;F¶m \n§fpsS kZÊnepÅ ]eÀ¡pw Cu kXyw Adnbmw.

P\§Ä¡v {]nb¦c\mb, \n§fpsS \m«pImc\mb HcmÄ, P\§tfmSv C§s\ ]dbp¶psh¶ncn¡s«! "P\§ sf, \n§Ä aXw AÃmlphn\v am{Xw If¦anÃmsX kaÀ¸n¡Ww. J_vdn adhv sN¿s¸«htcmSv hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡cpXv.'AbmÄ¡v CXnt\¡mÄ henb i{Xp¡Ä cwK¯p h cpw. [mcmfw t\Xm¡fpw A\pbmbnIfpw AbmÄs¡Xnsc Xncnbpw. CXpt]msebpÅ IÅ {]NcW§Ä AbmÄs¡ Xnsc \S¯pw. Cu D]tZiw acn¨p t]mb al¯pIsf C Sn¨p Xmgv¯emsW¶hÀ hnfn¨p ]dbpw. P\§Ä F§ s\ Ahsc, BZcn¡pIbpw, _lpam\n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶Xv IqSpX hniZoIcnt¡­ ImcyaÃtÃm. (6) apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_pw A_vZp Ako kv _v\p apl½Zpw tNÀ¶p ba\nse Hcp ]WvUnX\v Ab ¨p sImSp¯ Fgp¯nsâ amXrI: apJhpc¡v tijw A_vZp Akokpw apl½Zpw Zo\n ktlmZc\m b Al½Zv _v\p apl½Zn\v FgpXp¶p. kIe Zpc´§fn Â\n¶pw AÃmlp Xm¦sf c£n¡pamdmIs«.kÂIÀ½§ Ä sN¿m\pÅ `mKyw \ÂIs«. FÃm _p²nap«pIfpw Ah ³ \o¡n¯cs«. \· Cc«nbm¡pIbpw Xn·IÄ ambv¨p I fbpIbpw sN¿s«.

(6)

ZpddpÊ\n¿ 1/19

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AÃmlphnsâ im´nbpw IcpWbpw A\p{Kl§ fpw Ah³ \n§Ä¡p hÀjn¡s«. \n§fpsS Fgp¯v R§Ä¡v e`n¨p, AXn ]d ªXp I­p a\w IpfnÀ¶p t]mbn. AXn \n§Ä Bhiys¸«ncn¡p¶Xv {]ImcamWv Cu adp]Sn. \n§Ä hnZqc ¯mbn«p-t]mepwR§Ä F´mW¶p ]dbp¶sX¶dnbm³ Xm¦Ä XmÂ]cyw ImWn¨Xn kt´mjap­v. AXvsIm ­v hniZambn Xs¶ \n§fpsS kwib¯ - n\p adp]Sn X cmw. sXfnhpIfpw. AÃmlp \n§sfbpw R§sfbpw Ah sâ icnbmb ]Ùmhnem¡n¯cs«. ""aX¯n FhnsS \n¡p¶p?

CXmWv H¶mas¯ At\zjWw.CÉmw aX¯nÂ. A ÃmlphmWv ]dªX - v. ""CÉmw AÃm¯ Hcp aXw Bsc¦n epw Xr]vXns¸Sp¶ ]£w AXv Abmfn \n¶v kzoIcn¡ s¸Sp¶XÃ. AbmÄ ]ctemI¯v \jvS¡mcnembncn¡pw.''

(BepCwdm³þ85) "R§Ä F´v {]t_m[\w sN¿p¶p?

R§Ä GIssZhXz¯nte¡v £Wn¡p¶p. AÃm lp Xsâ ZqXtcmSv ]dªphtÃm: "]dbpI: CXmWv Fsâ amÀ¤w. Rm³ DÄ¡mgvNtbmsS AÃmlphnte¡p £Wn ¡p¶p. Rm\pw Fs¶ ]n³XpSÀ¶hcpw.AÃmlp ]cnip² ³. Rm³ _lpssZhhmZnIfn s]«h\Ã. (bqkp^v: 108) ""]ÅnIfn AÃmlphn¶pÅXmIp¶p. AXn\m \n§Ä Aht\msSm¸w Bscbpw hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡cpXv''.(Pn¶v:18) "R§Ä F´v \ntcm[n¡p¶p'? hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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"AhtcmSv AÃmlphn ]¦ptNÀ¡p¶Xv hne¡p ¶p. AXns\ kw_Ôn¨v AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. ""XoÀ¨bmbpw BÀ AÃmlphn ]¦ptNÀ¡p¶p thm AÃmlpAh\p kzÀ¤w \njn²am¡nbncn¡p¶p.'' (am CZ: 72) {]hmNI\pw() A\pbmbnIfpw Hcn¡epw sN¿m ¯ hnjbambn«p-t]mepw At±lt¯mSv IÀi\ssienbn  AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. ""\n\¡pw \n\¡p ap¼pÅhÀ¡pw t_m[\w \ÂI s¸«ncn¡p¶p: \o AÃmlphn ]¦ptNÀ¯m \nsâ IÀ ½§Ä \jvSs¸Spw. XoÀ¨bmbpw \o \jvS¡mcn s]SpI bpw sN¿pw. F¶m AÃmlphns\ \o Bcm[n¡pI. \µn bpÅhcn \o DÄs¸SpIbpw sN¿pI. (kpaÀ, 65,66) alm·mcpsS i{Xp¡tfm? ssiJv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v kXyw AwKoIcn¡p¶ FÃm apÉnwIÄ¡pw \ÂIp¶ D]tZiw ImWpI: ""AÃmlp k·mÀ¤¯nem¡nb a\pjym: ChscÃmw al¯p¡sf kvt\ln¡pIbmsW¶p \o sXän²cn¡cpXv. AÃ, ChÀ al¯p¡fpsS i{Xp¡fmWv. AÃmlphns\ s¡m­p kXyw. \o alm·msc kvt\ln¡p¶p. F´psIm s­¶m HcmÄ Hcp hn`mKs¯ kvt\ln¡p¶ps­¦n AhÀ ]dªXp A\pkcn¡Ww. Bsc¦nepw alm·msc {]nbw sh¡pIbpw Ahsc A\pkcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p sh¦n AÃmlphn AÃmsX aämcnepw AbmÄ hnizka À¸n¡pIbpw `ctaÂ]n¡pIbpw sN¿pIbnÃ. F¶m A hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hsc [n¡cn¡p¶h³, AhtcmSv, {]mÀ°n¡p¶ph³ hmZn¡p¶p "R§Ä Ahsc kvt\ln¡p¶p'. AhÀ IrkvXym \nIsft¸msebmWv. AhÀ Cukm()tbmSv {]mÀ°n¡p ¶p. At±ls¯ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¶p I¸n¡p¶p. A t±lw Ahcn \n¶pw \nc]cm[nbmWv.'' Aen()s\ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡p¶hcp­v. At±lw Ahcn \n¶pw \nc]cm[nbmWv. XpSÀ¶p ]dbp¶p: ""HäImcyw IqSn ]dªpsIm­v Cu Fgp¯v Ah km\n¸n¡mw.""AÃmlphnsâ Zmk·msc \n§Ä Fs¶ A \pkcnt¡­XnÃ. Häbvs¡mäbv¡p Nn´n¡pIbpw th­.

FÃm hn`mK¯nse ]WvUnXtcmSpw tNmZn¨p t\m¡pI.F ´mWv AÃmlphpw Ahsâ ZqX\pw ]dªn«pÅXv. F\n ¡p \n§tfmSv D]tZin¡m\pÅXv CXmWv: alm·msc¸än bpÅ hnizmkw hy`nNmcs¯tbm tamjWs¯tbm t]m sebmsW¶v \n§Ä sXän²cn¡cpXv. A§s\ Aà AXn sâ ØnXn. AXv hn{Kl]qPbmWv. BÀ sN¿p¶pthm A h³ Im^ndmIpw. AÃmlphnsâ ZqX\v A¯c¡mcpambn Hcp _ÔhpanÃ.

AÃmlphnsâ Zmk·msc, \n§Ä Nn´n¡pho³, D ]tZiw kzoIcn¡pho³. \n§Ä¡p c£bp­mhs«.''

CXpw CXpt]mepÅ iXIW¡n\p Fgp¯pIfpw teJ\§fpw Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nsâ BZyIme¯p X s¶bp­mbncp¶ BZÀisa´¶v kpXcmw hyàam¡n¯cp¶p. kXymt\z£IÀ ]cymtemNn¡s«. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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i^m-A¯v, Xh-ÊpÂ, X_Àdp¡v \njn-²-am-¡n-b-hÀ ke^n {]Øm\s¯ Ipdn¨pÅ asämcp Btcm]W amWv i^mA¯v H¶S¦w \ntj[n¡p¶p,FÃmXcw XhÊ epw XÅn¡fbp¶p F¶p XpS§nbh. CXv ASnØm\ hn jbamb XuloZnsâ D]hnjba -mbn am{Xta {]Øm\w ssIImcyw sNbvXn«pÅq.AXmbXv kp¶¯v F´v F¶v P \§sf ]Tn¸n¨t¸mÄ _nZvA¯ns\ \JinJm´w FXnÀ ¯p. P\§Ä IW¡m¡p¶ ]p¯³ XhÊepIsfbpw ]p ¯³ A\p{KltX«§sfbpw i^mA¯nepÅ At§b äw ]ng¨p t]mb ho£W§sfbpw FXnÀ¯p. {]Øm\s¯ sXän²cn¸n¡m³ FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p: "{]hmNIsâ almßyw CSn¨p Xmgv¯p¶hÀ', km [mcW a\pjy\mbn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶hÀ' "al¯p¡sf kv t\ln¡m¯hÀ'. F¶n§s\. hmkvX-h-sa´v?

Camw apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v AS¡apÅ AlvepÊp¶bpsS hàm¡Ä¡v Cu hnjb§fn Hcp \ne]mSp am{XtabpÅq. aX]camb Imcy§fnÂ, JpÀB \pw {]hmNINcybpw F´v ]Tn¸n¨pthm AXv kzoIcn¡p I, AÃm¯Xv XÅn¡fbpI.Fs´¶m \ap¡v btYjvSw \nbaw \nÀan¡mhp¶ taJebà CXv. inÀ¡nte¯p¶ XhÊpepIsfbpw i^mA¯pIsf bpw hnaÀin¨p-sIm­v Camw C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v C _v\p-k_mln\v FgpXp¶ adp]Sn C§s\:

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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"IcpWmab\pw ]caImcpWnI\pamb AÃmlphnsâ \ma¯nÂ.'

Fs¶¡pdn¨v BfpIÄ ]dbp¶Xnsâ \nPØnXn A dnbn¡Wsa¶v C_v\pÊ_mlv Bhiys¸«t¸mÄ FgpXp¶Xv: temI c£nXmhmb AÃmlphn\p kÀÆkvXpXnbpw.

"Rm³ \_n Xncpta\n()bpsS ta kzem¯v sNmÃp¶Xv \ntcm[n¡p¶p',"F\n¡p A[nImcw In«nbm Rm³ \_nbpsS Jpº s]mfn¨pamäpw, "kzmenlo§sf tamiam¡n Nn {XoIcn¡p¶p,' "Ahsc kvt\ln¡p¶Xv hne¡p¶p' C§ s\bpÅ Hmtcm tI«ptIÄhnbpw \ncÀYIamb Akw_ Ô§fmWv, Nne inÀ¡·mÀ F\ns¡Xnsc {]Ncn¸n¡p¶ XmWnh.]nimNpIÄ \pW {]NcWw \S¯pIbmWv. sXäm b \nebn P\§fpsS kz¯v Xn¶p¶ iwkm\nsâ a¡ Ä, CZvcoknsâ a¡Ä Chscms¡bmWXnsâ ]n¶nÂ. A hÀ¡pth­n t\À¨ t\cm\pw Ahsc hnfn¨v klmbw tX Sm\pw AhtcmSv {]mÀ°n¡phm\pw AhÀ Xs¶ P\§sf t{]cn¸n¡p¶p! Ahcpw ]nimNnsâ Nne ^Jod³amcpw a äpw ssiJv A_vZp JmZndnsâ BfpIfmsW¶mWv AhcpsS hmZw. At±lamIs« Ahcn \ns¶Ãmw \nc]cm[n bpw.Aen() dm^nZnIfn GXp{]Imcw \nc]cm[nbmtWm AXpt]mse.

AÃmlphns\bÃmsX aämscbpw Bcm[n¡cpXv F tcmSv I ¶v \½psS {]hmNIÀ() I¸n¨tX Rm³ Ah¸n¨n«pÅq. A_vZp JmZndns\ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡p¶h ³ aX¯n \n¶p ]pd¯p t]mIpw. At±lamIs« Cbmfn  \n¶pw \nc]cm[nbpw. CXpt]mse kzmenlpIsf hnfn hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¨p tXSp¶h³, {]hmNIsc hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¡p¶h³, A htcmSv klmbm`yÀ°\ \S¯p¶h³. AXsæn C_mZ¯nsâ GsX¦nepw Hcp C\w AÃmlphn\ÃmsX AÀ¸n¡p¶h³.AXv AÃmlphnsâ AhImisas{X.krjvSnIfp sSta _m[yXbpÅ AÃmlphn\p \ÂtI­ AhImiw.

AÃmlphnsâbpw dkqensâbpw I¸\ Adnbp¶hÀ CXv AwKoIcn¡pw, a\Ênem¡pw. \ntj[n¡pIbnÃ.

CXns\ \ntj[n¡p¶ BÄ c­msemcp kao]\ ¯nemWv. (H¶v) alm·mtcmSv {]mÀ°n¡p¶Xpw klmbw tX Sp¶Xpw AhÀ¡v t\À¨IÄ t\cp¶Xpw \mw ]mh§fmbXp-sIm­pw, Ahsc \ap¡mhiyapÅXn\mepamWv, AÃmlphpw dkqepw AXv Ip^vdmsW¶v ]dªn«ps­¦nepw C Xv Hcp kXvIÀ½amWv...

CbmÄ AÃmlphpw dkqepw ]dªX - ns\ \ntj[n¡p¶p. CbmÄ Im^ndmIpsa¶Xv hfsc hyàw.C¯c¡m tcmSv kwhmZw \St¯­XnÃ. (c­v) thsdmcmÄ AÃmlphnepw ]ctemI¯pw hn izkn¡p¶p. AÃmlphpw {]hmNI\pw CjvSs¸«Xv CjvSs¸Sp¶h\pw,AhÀ shdp¡p¶Xv shdp¡p¶h\pamIp¶p. ]s£ AbmÄ¡v AdnhnÃ. ]nimNp¡Ä AbmfpsS aXw hnIrXam¡nbn«p­v, AbmÄ IcpXp¶p. almßm¡sf¡p dn¨pÅ hnizmkw kXyamWv.AXv Ip^vdmsW¶v Adnbpambncps¶¦n AbmÄ AXv sN¿nÃmbncp¶p.C¯c¡mtcm tS \ap¡v kwkmcn¡m\pÅq. \mw ]dbp¶p: Hcp apkvenw AÃmlphnsâbpw {]hmNIsâbpw I¸\ ]n³]äWw.A hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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ht\mSv tNmZn¡Ww,AÃmlp JpÀB³ AhXcn¸n¨p. Ah ³ CjvSs¸Sp¶sXs´¶v hniZoIcn¨p X¶p. Ah³ CjvS s¸Sm¯Xpw hyàam¡n. \½psS aXw hnhcn¨p X¶p, A Xp ]qÀ¯nbm¡n X¶p. AXp A§s\¯s¶ {]hmNIcn  t{ijvT\mb apl½Zv \_n()bpw, AhnSps¯ A\pNc·mÀ, {]hmNI Xncpta\nsb, AhcpsS a¡tf¡mÄ AhcpsS kz¯nt\¡mÄ kvt\ln¨ncp¶p. AhÀ inÀ¡pw hn izmkhpw F´msW¶v IrXyambn Adnªncp¶phtÃm. \_n Xncpta\n()tbmSv GsX¦nepw HcmÄ Xncnta\n bpsS Ime¯v {]mÀ°n¨ncp¶psh¦n Asæn At±l¯n\v t\À¨bm¡nbncps¶¦nÂ, Asæn klmbw tXSnbncp¶psh¦nÂ, AXpasæn GsX¦nepw Hcp kzlm_n AhnSps¯ acWtijw Xncpta\nbpsS J_dn¶cnsI sN ¶p At±lt¯mSv {]mÀ°n¨ncp¶pth¦nÂ,{]bmk§Ä D ­mIpt¼mÄ icWw tXSnbncp¶psh¦nÂ,\o a\Ênem¡n sImÅpI, F¦n Rmt\m Fs¶t¸mepÅhtcm ]dbp¶ Xv \o tIÄt¡­XnÃ, A\pkcnt¡­XpanÃ.

F¶m AXn\p]Icw \o F´mWv ImWp¶Xv? AsX, {]hmNI·mcntem, almßm¡fntem ZnhyXzw I¸n ¨hcn \n¶pw B {]hmNI³ Hgnhmbn. \nc]cm[nbmbn ¡gnªp. A¯c¡mtcmSmWv AhnSp¶v bp²w sNbvXXv. Ahsc XShpImcmbn ]nSn¨Xv, AhcpsS k´m\§sfbpw AhcpsS kz¯p¡sfbpw A\phZ\obam¡n.AhÀ \ntj[nIsf¶p Xd¸n¨p ]dªp. \o {Kln¡pI: Xncpta\n() kXyaÃmsX I¸n¡pIbpanÃ. AXmWv Hmtcm hnizmkn bpw ]n³]tä­Xv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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At±lw XpScp¶p.

AÃmlphn\p ]pdsabpÅhÀ¡p \ÂIm³ ]mSnÃm ¯Xpw, AÃmlphn\p am{Xw \ÂtI­Xpamb Imcy¯nÂ, Rm³ Fsâ kz´amb`n{]mbw ]dªn«ps­¦n \o A Xv XÅn¡fbpI. Asæn Rm³ hmbn¨ GtXm Hcp Ir XnbnepÅXvþþAX\pkcn¨v IÀ½w sN¿m³ \nÀ_Ôhpan Ãþþ\n§tfmSv ]dªXmsW¦n AXpw XÅn¡fbmw. A sæn "Fsâ aZvl_nÂ' A§s\bp­v F¶mWv Adnbn ¨sX¦n AXpwXÅmw.F¶m Rm³ {]kvXmhn¨ Imcyw AÃmlphpw Ahsâ {]hmNI\pw I¸n¨Xpw FÃm aZvl_nepÅ ]WvUnXÀ AwKoIcn¨Xpw BbXn\mÂ, AÃmlphnepw ]ctemI¯nepw hnizkn¡p¶ Hcp apkvenan\v AXv AhKWn¡m³ F§s\ Ignbpw? Xsâ Ime¡mÀ¡p th ­nbmbmepw \m«pImÀ¡p th­nbmbmepw AXv F§s\ XÅn¡fbpw? Xsâ Ime¯pÅ an¡hcpw AXv AwKoIcn¡p¶nà F¶Xnsâ t]cn AsX§s\ XnckvIcn¡pw? {]amW§fn \n¶v \o {Kln¡pI. Rm³ ]dªXn\pÅ {]amW§Ä CXm hmbn¡pI: AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. ""\_ntb ]dbpI: AÃmlphn\p ]pdsa \n§Ä ssZ h§sf¶v hmZn¨p t]m¶hsc \n§Ä hnfn¨p t\m¡q. \n §fn \n¶v D]{Zhw \o¡phmt\m \n§fpsS ØnXn¡p amäw hcp¯phmt\m DÅ Ignhv AhÀ A[o\am¡p¶nÃ.

AhÀ hnfn¨p {]mÀ°n¨p sIm­ncn¡p¶Xv BscbmtWm AhÀ Xs¶ X§fpsS c£nXmhn¦ente¡v kmao]yamÀ¤w tXSnsIm­ncn¡pIbmWv.AsX, AhcpsS Iq«¯n AÃmlpthmSv Gähpw ASp¯hÀ Xs¶ Ahsâ ImcpWyw B {Kln¡pIbpw Ahsâ in£ `bs¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p. \n hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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sâc£nXmhnsâ in£ XoÀ¨bmbpw `bs¸tS­XmIp¶p.

(C{kmAv: 56þ57) hymJymXm¡Ä ]dbp¶p: "Nne hn`mKw BfpIÄ Cukm()bnepw Dsskdnepw ZnhyXzw I¸n¨ncp¶p. A t¸mÄ Ahsc AÃmlp t_m[n¸n¡p¶p, \n§Ä Fsâ Zm k·mcmsW¶Xp {]Imcw,Ahcpw Fsâ Zmk·mÀ, \n§Ä Fsâ IcpW tXSpw {]Imcw Ahcpw Fsâ IcpW tXSp¶p. \n§Ä Fsâ in£sb t]Sn¡p¶p.' CXmWv kqà ¯nsâ DtZyiysa¶v. ktlmZc·msc, \n§fpsS c£nXmhnsâ hN\§sf¸än \n§Ä Nn ´n¡pho³.Ah\mWtÃm D¶X\pw A\p{KloX\pw.{]hmNI Xncpta\n() bp²w sNbvX \ntj[nIsf¡pdn¨v AÃm lp F´mWv ]dbp¶Xv? alm·mcnepÅ ZnhyXzmtcm]W ¯nsâ ASnØm\¯netà Ahsc \ntj[nIsf¶p hntijn¸n¨Xv? A§s\bmbncp¶nsæn Ahcpw AÃmlphn s\ `bs¸«ncp¶p.Ah\n {]Xo£sh¡pIbpw,lÖv sN bvXpw, Zm\ [À½w sNbvXpw h¶ncp¶tÃm. AtX kabw a lm·mcn ZnhyXz hnizmkw AhÀ¡p­mbncp¶p. AhÀ ]dªp:AhÀ R§sf AÃmlphn¦te¡v ASp¸n¡pw. R §Ä¡mbn ip]mÀi sN¿pw. AÃmlp hyàam¡p¶p: ""Ah¶p-]pdsa c£m[nImcnIsf kzoIcn¨hÀ (]dbp¶p) AÃmlphn¦te¡p R§ Ä¡v IqSpX ASp¸ap­m¡n¯cm³ th­n am{XamIp¶p R§Ä Ahsc Bcm[n¡p¶Xv''. (kapÀ:3) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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""AÃmlphn\p]pdsa AhÀ¡p D]{Zhtam D]Imc tam sN¿m¯X - ns\ AhÀ Bcm[n¨p-sIm­ncn¡p¶p. C hÀ (Bcm[yÀ) AÃmlphnsâ ASp¡Â R§Ä¡pÅ ip ]mÀi¡mcmWv F¶p ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶p. (bq\pkv: 18) AÃmlphnsâ Zmk·mtc, B \ntj[nIÄ alm·mcn hnizkn¨p, AhtcmSv {]mÀ°n¨p, klmbw tXSn, A Ãmlphnte¡p B al¯p¡Ä Ahsc ASp¸n¡psa¶ ImcWw ]dªp-sIm­v. CXmbncp¶p AhcpsS aXsa¶v AÃmlphmWv \s½ Adnbn¡p¶Xv.]ns¶ CXn\¸pdw Hcp hniZoIcW¯nsâ Bhiyapt­m? CXm Cuk_v\p aÀ bw() {]hmNI\mbncp¶n«p IqSn At±lt¯mSv {]mÀ°n ¡p¶h³, klmbw A`yÀ°n¡p¶h³, \ntj[nbmbn¡ gnªp. ]ns¶ ]nimNp¡fn hnizkn¡p¶hcpsS Imcyw ]dbm\pt­m?

B Xmgvhmc§fnepÅ A_qlZoZv, DYvam³ XpS§n b izm\·mcn ]pWyw I¸n¡p¶hÀ, JÀPnse aäp izm \·mÀ, aäp tZi§fnteXv.......ChscÃmw P\§fpsS kz¯v A\ymbambn Xn¶p¶p, ssZhamÀK¯n \n¶v Ahsc XS ªp \nÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p''. apkvenwIsf Im^n-dm-¡p-¶-hÀ ke^n {]Øm\¯nsâ hntcm[nIÄ {]NWvUamb {]Nmcthe \S¯nb Hcp hnjbamWv apl½Zv _v\p A_v Zp hlm_pw A\pbmbnIfpw apkvenwIsf Im^ndm¡pI bpw AhtcmSv bp²w sN¿p¶Xv A\phZ\obambn ImWpIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶Xv. {]Øm\hpambn AIsebpÅh hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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cpw \njv]£aXnIfpw kXyamsW¶v sXän²cn¨ hmZam WnXv. CXn F{Xt¯mfw kXyap­v F¶v hyàamt¡­ Xv A\nhmcyamWv. Xo{hXbpw Cu BZÀi {]Øm\hpw X ½n F{Xam{Xw _Ôap­v F¶v, Camansâbpw A\pNc ·mcpsSbpw hm¡pIfneqsS Xs¶ \ap¡v a\Ênem¡mw.A Xn\p ap¼v CÆnjbamb Nne hkvXp¡Ä Adntb­Xp­v.

1. apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_pw {]Øm\¯n sâ CXc ]WvUnXcpw kDuZn `cWm[nImcnIfpw Im^ndm¡p¶Xn Alvep kp¶¯v kzoIcn¨ amÀKw kzoIcn¨psh¶XÃmsX Hcp ]pXnb kn²m´w BhnjIcn¨n«nÃ.

2. kmbp[c -oXnbneqsSbpw AÃm¯ \ne¡pw ZpxiànIÄ BZÀi{]Øm\s¯bpw AXnsâ Aac¡mscbpw CÃmbva sN¿m³ {ian¨psIm­ncp¶p. DYvam\p _v\p aAvadpw aäpw DZmlcWw. 3. {]t_m[¯nteÀs¸« Nnesc i{Xp¡Ä h[n¨p I fªp.

4. a¡bnse ico^v Kmen_v Ckvemlnsâ hàm¡ sf lÖv sN¿p¶Xv H¶ne[nIwXhW hne¡n.]ns¶ km bp[ PnlmZn\v Blzm\w sN¿pIbpw sNbvXp. kp¶¯n s\ \ntj[n¡p¶hcpw _nZvA¯nsâ {]NmcIcpambncp ¶p FXncmfnIÄ. Im^ndmbnt]mIp¶ Imcy§fn \ncX cmhpIbpw aJv_dIfpw Pmd§fpw t\À¨Ifpw \S¯n aX hncp² Imcy§Ä am{Xw sN¿p¶hcpamb ChcmWtÃm ap ³ Ime¡mÀ ]ng¨hsc¶v ap{Z Ip¯p¶Xv? F¶n«v Ahcm hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Wv P¸n¡p¶Xv; Ckvemlo {]hÀ¯IÀ Ahsc Im^ndm¡p¶psh¶v. \ÃXv I¸n¡pI, No¯ hntcm[n¡pI F¶ aX]camb _m[yXþ JpÀB³ BhÀ ¯n¨p \nÀ_Ôam¡nb _m[yXþ sN¿p¶hsc Xo{hX ]peÀ¯p¶hsc¶v ap{Zb Sn¡pIbmWv, ]p¯³ hmZ¯neqsS DZcW]qcWw \S¯p¶hÀ sNbvXXv! Zlvemsâ Nne ]cmaÀi§Ä am{Xw I ­m hmb\¡mc\v AhØ t_m[ys¸Spw. AbmÄ Fgp Xn hn«p: ""AhcpsS Xn·IÄ hym]Iambn,'' ""Ccpldanse ]WvUnXcptSbpw hnizmkw XIcmdm¡n AhcnÂIfhpw AkXyhpw k¶nthin¸n¨p.'' ""ZpjvS·mcmb \nµy·mÀ''\n coizchmZnIfpsS Cuam\mWv AhcptSXv'' ""ZpjvS³'' Zpjv Sk´m\§Ä¡p P·w \ÂIn'', (apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ)'' ssiJpamÀ At±l¯nsâ hgntISpw hyXnbm\hpw ZoÀLho£Ww sNbvXncp¶p. ""]nXmhv Xs¶bpw At±l¯nsâ hyXnbm\w I­ncp¶p.'' ""{]hmNIXzw hm Zn¡Wsa¶v DÅnencp¸p­mbncp¶p.'', ""h©nX³'' "Jhm cnPpIÄ'' ""ZpÂJpsshknd¯nsâ k´m\§Ä'' (Jpemk¯p  Iemwþ F¶ IrXnbnÂ) CXpw Hcp ]WvUnX³ FgpXnbXv Xs¶! ssiJv apl-½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm-_nsâ ho£Ww XIv^odnsâ Imcy¯n Camansâ ho£Ww Xmsg ImWp¶ ASnØm\¯nepÅXmbncp¶p.

F) apÉnwIÄ¡p D]tZi \nÀt±i§Ä [mcmfambn \ÂIpI. AhÀ¡p ]camh[n Hgnhp IgnhpIÄ \ÂIpI. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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_n) ]m]w ImcWw Bscbpw Im^ndm¡cpXv kn) FÃmhcpw Im^ndmsW¶ hmZwAwKoIcn¨n«nÃ.

Un) BfpIfn ImWp¶ {]Xy£ IÀ½§f\pkcn¨mWv Ahsc kw_Ôn¨p hn[n ]dbpI. C) AdnhnÃm¯h\v CXn Hgnhp Ignhp­v. sX fnhpIÄ \nc¯nbnt« BÀ¡pw Ip^vdnsâ \n_Ô\ _m [Iamhq. tNmZyw: F´pImcW¯m BWv Hcp hn`mKt¯mSv bp²w sN¿p¶Xv A\phZ\obamhpI? Ft¸mgmWv Hcmsf Im^ndm¡pI? ssiJnsâ adp]Sn: Ckveman\v A©v kvXw`§fmWpÅXv. H¶mas¯Xv c­v km£yhN\§Ä, ]ns¶ XpSÀ¶pÅ \mep kvXw`§fpw. HcmÄ CXns\ AwKoIcn¡p¶p. F¶m \nÊmcam¡n Dt]£n¡p¶p. At¸mÄ \mw Aht\mSv kacw sN¿p¶psh¦n AXv Abmsf Im^ndm¡eÃ. \ntj[kz`mh¯neÃmsX AekX-sIm­v \akvImcw Dt]£n¡p¶hsc¸än ]WvUnX³amÀ¡p `n¶m`n{]mbamWpÅXv. AbmÄ Im^n dmIptam, CÃtbm F¶Xn AXn\m ]WvUnX·mÀ G tIm]n¨p ]dª hnjb¯nse \½fpw Im^ndm¡pIbpÅq.

AXmWv c­v ilmZ¯pIÄ.]WvUnXÀ¡p GIm`n{]mbap ff hnjbw. AXn Xs¶ AXv ]cnNbs¸Sp¯n a\Ênem b-tijw \ntj[n¨mte HcmÄ Im^ndmIpIbpÅq. inÀ¡nsâ Kuchw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{]Øm\¯nsâ BfpIÄ, JhmcnPpIÄ sNbvX {] Imcw ]m]IrXy§Ä sN¿p¶Xv sIm­v Im^ndmIpsa¶v hmZn¡p¶hcmWv F¶v {]XntbmKnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p. AXn \v Camansâ adp]Sn C§s\ "FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶ asämcp hnjbap­v a Zy]m\w, hy`nNmcw XpS§nb alm-]m]§Ä ImcWw Im ^ndm¡p¶hcmWv R§Ä. R§Ä CXn \n¶p HgnhmIp¶p. \nc]cm[nXzw AÃmlphnte¡v R§Ä aS¡p¶p. ]m ]§Ä¡p in£ \S¸m¡Ww. ]ns¶bpw AXv ImcWw ]ctemI¯psh¨v in£ \ÂIp¶tXm, c£\ÂIp¶tXm A Ãmlphnsâ Xocpam\a\pkcn¨mWv. Ahsâ Dt±iy{]Imcw Dt±in¡p¶h\v s]mdp¯psImSp¡pw. Dt±in¡p¶h\v in£bpw In«pw.

F¶m R§Ä Im^ndm¡p¶ Imcyw.AÃmlphn ]¦p-tNÀ¡p¶XmWv. AÃmlphmWv ]dbp¶Xv. "XoÀ¨bm bpw AÃmlp Ah\n ]¦ptNÀ¡p¶Xv s]mdp¯p sImSp ¡pIbnÃ. AXÃm¯Xv Ah³ Dt±in¡p¶hÀ¡p s]mdp¯p-sImSp¡p¶p. Bsc¦nepw AÃmlphn ]¦ptNÀ¡p¶psh¦n Ah³ XoÀ¨bmbpw KpcpXcamb HcpIpäIrXyamWv Na¨p­m¡nbncn¡p¶Xv.' (\nkmAv : 48) "XoÀ¨bmbpw \n\¡pw \nsâ ap¼pÅhÀ¡pw ktµ iw \ÂIs¸«n«pÅXv CXs{X.AÃmlphn\v \o ]¦mfnsb tNÀ¡p¶ ]£w XoÀ¨bmbpw \nsâ IÀ½w \njv^e -abn t¸mIpIbpw \o \jvS¡mcpsS Iq«¯n BIpIbpw sN ¿pw. AÃmlphns\ Xs¶ \o Bcm[n¡pIbpw \o \µnbp ÅhcpsS Iq«¯n Bbncn¡pIbpwsN¿pI.'(kpaÀ:65,66) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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"Bsc¦nepw AÃmlphn ]¦p-tNÀ¡p¶pthm A Ãmlp Ah¶v kzÀ¤w \njn²am¡nbncn¡p¶p Ahsâ k t¦Xw \cIas{X' (amCZ :72) AXpt]mse aXs¯ Ifnbm¡p¶hÀ Im^ndmIpsa ¶v \mw ]dbp¶p. X_q¡v bp²¯n \_ntbmsSm¶n¨v bp²w sNbvX hyànsb¸än AÃmlp ]cmaÀin¨ntÃ; "]d bpI:AÃmlphnt\bpw Ahsâ Bb¯pIsfbpw Ahsâ {]hmNIs\bpamtWm \n§Ä Xamibm¡p¶Xv? \n§Ä Hgnhv Ignhv ]dbcpXv. \n§Ä hnizmk¯n\ptijw \ntj[nIfmbncn¡p¶p (Xu_ 65,66) AXpt]mse aäpNnesc¡pdn¨pw ]cmaÀin¨p. "XoÀ¨bmbpw R§Ä Ifn¡pIbpw hnt\mZ¯n apgpIpIbpambncp¶p' "AÃmlphnsâ hN\§Ä \ntj[n¡¸Sp¶Xpw ]cnlkn¡s¸Sp¶Xpw \n§Ä tI«m A¯c¡mÀ aäph à hÀ¯am\¯nepw {]thin¡p¶Xphsc \n§Ä AhtcmsSm¸w Ccn¡cpsX¶pw A§s\ Ccn¡p¶ ]Ivjw \n §fpw Ahsct¸mse¯s¶ Bbncn¡psa¶pw Cu {KÙ¯n AÃmlp \n§Ä¡p AhXcn¸n¨p X¶n«p­tÃm. I ]S-hnizmknIsfbpw \ntj[nIsfbpw H¶n¨v AÃmlp \ cI¯n Hcpan¨p Iq«pI Xs¶ sN¿pw.' (\nkmAv : 140) CdmJnse KhÀWÀ kqsseam³ ]mjbv¡p Camw kDuZv _v\p A_vZp Akokv FgpXn I¯v C§s\:þ "\mw ]dbp¶pþ AÃmlphn\p kvXpXn þJn_vebnte ¡p Xncnbp¶ Bscbpw ]m]w ImcWw \mw Im^ndm¡pIbnÃ. AÃmlphpw Ahsâ ZqX\pw hyàam¡n¸dªXpw kaql¯nse ]WvUnXÀ H¶S¦w AwKoIcn¨Xpamb Im hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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cy§Ä {]hÀ¯n¡pt¼mtg HcmÄ Im^ndmIqsh¶v R§ fpw ]dbp¶p. AÃmlphn\pÅ C_mZ¯n aäpÅhsc ] ¦p tNÀ¯mÂ. {]mÀY\bnÂ, t\À¨bnÂ, _enbnÂ. AXp t]mse aXs¯bpw AXnsâ BfpIsfbpw shdp¡pI. A Xns\ Ifnbm¡pI. XpS§nb kwKXnIfn hym]rXcmbm epw Im^ndmhpw. F¶m hy`nNmcw, tamjWw, aZy]m\w, A{Iaw, h[w XpS§nb ]m]IrXy§Ä aqew Hcmsf \mw Im^ndm¡pIbnÃ. AbmÄ AÃmlphnepw ZqX\nepw hnizkn¡p¶psh¦nÂ. F¶m AXv A\phZ\obamsW¶ hn izmkt¯msS HcmÄ sN¿p¶psh¦n Ahsâ hn[nthsd bmWv. AÃm¯hÀ¡p AÃmlp \nÝbn¨ in£ \mw \ Ipw.Asæn AXn GÀs¸« hyànsb \mw acymZ ]Tn¸n¡pw.

XoÀ¨bmbpw \_nXncpta\n()bpsSbpw kzlm_nIfpsSbpw Ime¯v h³ ]m]§fpw sXäpIfpw BfpIÄ sN bvXn«p­v. AhÀ Bcpw A§s\bpÅhsc Im^ndm¡nbn«nÃ. AlvepÊp¶¯nsâ hnizmkhpw CXmbncp¶p. AXpsIm­mWv ]m]wsIm­p Im^ndmbn¯ocpsa¶v hmZn¨ J hmcnPpIsf AhÀ hnaÀin¨Xpw ]m]nIÄ imizXambn \ cI¯nemsW¶p hmZn¨ apAvXkne¡msc FXnÀ¯Xpw. ]m]nsb Im^nÀ F¶p hnfnt¡s­¶pw Cuam\n\pw Ip ^vdn\panSbn Hcp Øm\¯mWv Abmsf¶pw AbmÄ hn izmknbà - , \ntj[nbpaÃ. {]XypX ^mknJmWv F¶p hm Zn¨p AhÀ. A´yZn\¯nse Xncpta\n()bpsS ip]mÀi bpw AhÀ \ntj[n¨p, \cI¯n {]thin¨ HcmÄ ]n¶o Sv ]pd¯p t]mcpIbnsömbncp¶p AhcpsS hmZw. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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F¶m \½Ä þ AÃmlphn\v kvXpXnþ Cu c­phn`mK¯n \n¶pw HgnhmWv. JhmcnPpþapAvXknebpsS hm Z§sfm¶pw \ap¡nÃ. {]hmNIXncpta\n()¡p ip]mÀi bps­¶v \mw AwKoIcn¡p¶p. aäp {]hmNÀ¡pw kzmen lpIÄ¡pw ip]mÀibp­v.F¶m AXv GIssZh hnizmknIÄ¡p-am{Xw In«p¶XmWv. AXv AÃmlphnsâ A\pa Xn-{]Imcw Bbncn¡pbpw sN¿pw. Ah³ Xr]vXns¸«hÀ ¡ÃmsX AhÀ ip]mÀi sN¿pIbnÃ. (A¼nbmAv : 28) CXphscbpÅ A`n{]mb§ - fn \n¶v \ap¡v a\Ênem¡m\mbXv AlvepÊp¶¡v Im^ndm¡p¶XnepÅ am\ZWvU§Ä F´mtWm,AXv Xs¶bmWv apl½Zv_v\p A_v Zp hlm_nâ A\pbmbnIfpw A\phÀ¯n¨Xv F¶mWv. Btcm-]-W¡q¼m-c-§Ä : Ncn-{X-Im-csâ ZrjvSn-bn C\n \ap¡v Hcp Ncn{XImcsâ ho£W¯neqsS Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nt\mSv i{Xp¡Ä kzoIcn¨ \ne]mSv ]cntim[n¨p t\m¡mw.

CuPn]vjy³ Ncn{XImc\mb lm^nZv hl_-Fgp Xp¶p. "Ignª \qäm­n \PvZn þ CuPn]vXy³ bp²§fp sS ]cnWnX^ew F´mbncp¶p? Fs´Ãmw A`n{]mb´c§fmWXv kuZnIÄ¡pw XpÀ¡nIÄ¡panSbn kwPmXam¡nbX - v? CXv ]cntim[nt¡­XmWv.\PvZnIÄs¡Xncn AäanÃm¯ IÅ{]NcW§Ä Agn¨phnSs¸«p bp²¯n³ ^eambn, AhÀs¡Xnsc D¶bn¡s -¸« an¡ Btcm]W §fpw ASnØm\clnXambncp¶p.

1. {]hmNIXncpta\n()tbmSv hntZzjw ]peÀ¯p¶hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hÀ, At±l¯nsâ ]Zhn-Ipd¨v ImWn¡p¶hÀ, aäp {]hmNI·mscbpw Huenbm¡Ä, kmenlpIÄ F¶nhscbpw \n µn¡p¶hÀþCXmbncp¶p ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâbpw A\pbmbnIfpsSbpw ta NmÀ¯¸« B tcm]W§fnsem¶v.

Camw C_v\pssXanbs¡Xncnepw, At±l¯nsâ in jy·mÀs¡Xncnepw C§s\ Btcm]Ww D¶bn¡s¸«n«p ­v. C´ybnse [mcmfw ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡Ä,_p²nimenIÄ ChÀs¡Xncnepw CtX Btcm]Ww D¶bn¡s¸«p. ChÀ s¡m¶pw \PvZpambn _Ôap­mbncp¶nÃ.

Cu Btcm]W¯nsâ DdhnSw FhnsS \n¶v ? \PvZnIÄ Ahew_n¨ Hcp lZokpw AXn¶v AhÀ \ÂInb {In bmßI hniIe\hpambncp¶p Hcp ImcWw. aq¶p ]ÅnIfnte¡ÃmsX ]pWybm{XIÄ \S¯cpXv. akvPnZpÂldmw, akvPnZp¶_ho, akvPnZp AJvkm.

Cu \_nhN\w ASnØm\am¡n AhÀ ]dªp. {]hmNI·mcpsSbpw alm·mcpsSbpw J_dnS§fnte¡pÅ XoÀYbm{XIÄ ]p¯\mNmcamWv.(_nZvA¯v) kzlm_nItfm Xm_nDItfm A{]Imcw sNbvXn«nÃ. {]hmNIXncpta\n() AXn\p \nÀtZin¨n«panÃ. ap³Ime ]WvUnX·mcn At\ I-hn`mKamfpIÄ CtX A`n{]mbw C_v\p ssXan¿¡pw C_v\p A_vZn hlm_n\pw ap¼v {]ISn¸n¨n«p­v.

2. \PvZnIÄ {]mÀY\mthfIfn \_n()bpsS J_v dnte¡p Xncnbp¶Xv hne¡nbncp¶p. AhnSps¯ J_vdn\p ap¶n kqPqZv sN¿p¶Xpw AhÀ FXnÀ¯p.aäp J_vdpIfpsS ap¶nse kpPqZpw AhÀ XSªp. J_vdn \n¶p A hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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\p{Klw tXSp¶Xpw AhnSps¯ a®v icoc¯n XShp¶ Xpw hne¡n. AXns\ kao]n¨p klmb{]mÀY\ \S¯p¶ Xpw AXnt\mSv {]mÀYn¡p¶Xpw XSªp. CXv hfsc {]Nm capÅ-kwKXnbmbncp¶p. Xncpta\n()bpsS J_dn¶cnIn  am{XaÃ, CuPn]vXnepw C´ybnepw _mKvZmZnepw aäpap Å alm·mcpsS J_vdn¶cnIn \ns¶Ãmw A\pjvTn¡s¸«ncp¶ Imcy§Ä.

3. J_vdpIÄ¡paosX ]WnXpbÀ¯s¸« sI«nS§ fpw JpºIfpw s]mfn¨p AhÀ \o¡n. Pmd§Ä¡pw J_v dpIÄ¡pw IcpXn sh¡s¸« hJv^pIÄ ZpÀºes¸Sp¯n.

4. _pkocnbpsS _pÀZbnse NnehcnIÄ AXncpIS¶Xpw sXän²mcW \ndªXpw BIp¶psh¶v AhÀ ]d ªp."DZmlcW¯n\p krjvSnIfn AXyp¯acmbhtc, KpcpXcamb hn]¯pIÄ kw`hn¡pt¼mÄ Xm¦fnte¡Ãm sX aämcnte¡pw F\n¡p A`bw tXSm³ CÃ' F¶ ]Zyw. CXv JpÀB\nsâ hyàamb hN\§Ä¡pw kzlolmb lZokpIÄ¡pw hncp²amWv.CXns\sbÃmw A§s\Xs¶ AwK{]XywKw kzoIcn¨m AbmÄ apivcn¡pw Im^ndpamIpsa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨ncp¶p.

A§s\ {]XntbmKnIÄ sXän²cn¨p ChÀ {]hmNIt\mSv shdp¸v {]ISn¸n¡p¶hcmsW¶v. XpSÀ¶p AhÀ¡nÃm¯ ]cÈXw Btcm]W§Ä AhÀs¡Xncn D¶bn¨p. \PvZnIÄ AXn \nc]cm[nIfmbncp¶p. A¡q«¯nse Nn e Btcm]W§Ä ]dbmw."\_ntb¡mÄ D¯aw hSnbmsW¶v AhÀ hmZn¡p¶p.'Rm³ hS¡³ \PvZn \n¶v tI « Hcp IY ChnsS Ipdn¡s«; kuZn þXpÀ¡n kwLÀj Im e¯v NneÀ XpÀ¡nIÄ¡p FgpXnbs{X. kDuZn IpSpw_hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¯nsâ ]XmIbn ilmZ¯v hmIyw BteJ\w sNbvXXv apl½Zv F¶ t]cn \n¶v c­mas¯"½'IfªpsIm­mbncp¶p. AXmbXv (em Ceml CÃÃmlv, alZq³ dkqep Ãmlv) Bcpw F¶v AÀYw amdn hcpw. CsXms¡ XpÀ¡nI Ä X§fpsS FXncmfnIsf¡pdn¨v AhÚbp­m¡m³ th­n I­p]nSn¨ D]mb§ - fmbncp¶p. CsXÃmw \pWbmsW¶v AhÀ¡dnbmw.

1925  \PvZv þ lnPmkv bp²L«¯n sk\KÂ, Sn Xzm³ F¶nhnS§fnse NnehninjvS-hyànIÄ a¡bnse¯n.AhÀ X§fpsS kwkmcat[y hnImcmthi¯n Icbp¶p­mbncp¶p. AXmbXv AhÀ AeIvkm­vdnbbn sh¨v tI«phs{X. þ \PvZnIsf¨pän¸änbpÅ Hcp ]mSv sI«pIYIÄ. AhÀ lnPmkn F¯nbt¸mÄ AXnsâ Hcpem ©\ t]mepw ChnsS ImWp¶panÃ. IA_ Hcp IÃmbXpsIm­v hlm_nIÄ AXv s]mfn¨p-Ifªncn¡p¶p. kXy¯n {]hmNIs\ kvt\ln¡p¶Xn Gähpw Xmev]cyw ImWn¡p¶hcmWv \PvZpImÀ. ]s£ AhÀ ]cn[n-ewL\w CjvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. _nZvA¯nsâ GXv C\s¯ bpw AhÀ FXnÀ¡pw. AXnsâ ImcWw F´mbmepw. {] hmNIkvt\lsa¶Xnsâ Xmev]cyw {]hmNINcybpsS A \p[mh\amWv. F¶m Cu cwK¯pÅ \qX\mNmc§fpw icoA¯nt\mSpÅ AhKW\bpw tZtlOsb A\pkcn¡p¶XpsaÃmw hÀPyamWv.AXv {]hmNI kvt\laÃ, AhÚbmWv. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p. "]dbpI;\n§Ä AÃmlphn s\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦n Fs¶ ]n³]äphn³' (Bep Cw dm³ :31) thsdbpw Btcm]W§Ä tIÄ¡mw: AhscmgnsI hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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aäpÅhscsbÃmw Im^ndm¡p¶p. \nÊwibw CXv FXncm fnIfpsS krjvSnbmWv.Nne ImS³ AAvd-m_nIfnÂ\nt¶m hnhct¡SpÅhcn \nt¶m AXv km[qIcn¡p¶ hÃXpw kw`hn¨p-t]mbn F¶p k½Xn¨m t]mepw AXv FÃm \ PvZnIfpw A§s\bmsW¶p ]dbm\pÅ \ymbaÃtÃm.

F¶m ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlmt_m, injy·mtcm, icnbmb aXm\pkmcnbmb hyànsb, kÂI Àaw sN¿p¶bmsf \Ãhsc¶v hyàamb a\pjys\ Im ^ndm¡nbn«nÃ. F¶m kXy{]t_m[\w IrXyambn e`n ¨, sXfnhpIÄ hyàam¡s¸«,AXv t_m[ys¸SpIbpw sN bvX Hcp hyàn Al¦mcw \Sn¨p inÀ¡n iTn¨p \n ¡p¶psh¦n þAXv Häs¸« tIkpIfmWvþA§s\bpÅ(7) hsc AhÀ Im^ndm¡p¶p.

Ckvemlo {]Øm\s¯bpw AXnsâ hàm¡sf bpw temI¯pS\ofw Zpcmtcm]W§fneqsS tXtPmh[w sN¿msa¶ a\¸mbkap­hcpsS D]Pm]§Ä CuPn]vXy ³ Ncn{XImc\mb lm^nZv hl_bmWv \ap¡p hnhcn¨n cp¶Xv. ]s£ AÃmlphnsâ Xocpam\w adn¨mbncp¶p. A hcpsS B[n]Xyw \mÄ¡p\mÄ iàns¸«p. D]Pm]¡mÀ ]cmPb¯nsâ Imªnc¡mb Xn¶pIbpw sNbvXp. ChÀ Jhm-cn-Pp-I-fmWv JhmcnPpIsf kw_Ôn¨v Adnbm¯hcpw ke^n {]Øm\s¯ AIse \n¶p \nco£n¡p¶h\pamb Hcp hyàn CXp icnbmImw F¶p Nn´n¡mw.

(7)

Ccp]Xmw\qäm­nse Atd_y³ Zzo]v F¶ IrXnbn \n¶v

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A²ymbw 5 A\p-_Ô hnj-b-§Ä FXncmfnIÄ D¶bn¡p¶Xnsâ kXymhØ ]cntim[n¡m³ km[mcW¡mcsâ ap¼nepÅ EPphmb amÀ¤w {] Øm\¯nsâ ]WvUnX·mcpw Camapamcpw FgpXnb {KÙ§fpw I¯pIfpw teJ\§fpw AhÀ\S¯nb kwhmZ§ fpw ]cntim[n¡pIbmWv.F¦n BÀ¡pw t_m[yw hcpw J hmcnPpIfpw Ckvemln {]hÀ¯cpw X½n APK Pm´caps­¶v. ImcWw Ckvemln{]Øm\¯nsâ ASnØm\w hnip² JpÀB\pw \_nNcybpamWv. AhcpsS amXrI {] hmNI\pw klm_¯pw \Ãhcmb ap³Ime kaqlhpam Wv(ke^ - pÊmenlv)AhcpsS e£yamIs« XuloZnsâbpw A\p_Ô-Imcy§fpsSbpw ]peÀ¨bpw inÀ¡nsâbpw A Xnsâ amÀ¤§fpsSbpw D·qe\hpamWv. AÃmlphnte¡p {]t_m[\w AhcpsS ap{ZmhmIyhpw.

F¶m Jhm-cn-Pp-Itfm?

Aeo()bpsS Jnem^t¯mSv IqSnbmWv AhcpsS cwK {]thiw. At±l¯nsâ Jnem^¯v AwKoIcn¡msX apkvenw kaql¯nsâ s]mXp[mcbn \n¶p ]pd¯p-t]mbXp-sIm­mWv ]pd¯pt]mbhÀ F¶v AÀYapÅ (JhmcnPpIÄ) F¶ \ma¯n\p Xs¶ B[mcw.

AhÀ kzlm_n t{ijvS·mcmb DYvam³(),Aen() _v\pÂBkv() XzÂl() kpss_À A_paqk() Awdp() CXc kzlm_namscsbÃmw Ipäs¸Sp¯p¶hcpw Alv epÊp¶¯nsâ kao]\w AwKoIcn¡m¯h -cpamWv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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h³]m]nIÄ Im^ndmIpsa¶mWhcpsS hmZw. AXn sâ t]cn bp²w A\phZ\oba -msW¶pw h³]m]w sNbv XhÀ acn¨m \cI¯nemsW¶pw hmZn¡pt¼mÄ AlvepÊp¶¯v Cu hnjb§fnseÃmw AhtcmSv hntbmPn¡p ¶p. Ckvemln {]Øm\ hàm¡fpw hntbmPn¡p¶p. aql½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂhlm_nsâ a¡tfmSpw lw Zp_v\p \mkntdmSpw tNmZyap­mbn. \n§fpsS A`n{]mb¯n XuloZv AwKoIcn¨hÀ \cI¯n imizXcmIptam CÃtbm? adp]Sn "\mw aXambn hnizkn¡p¶Xpw \½psS apkvenw k tlmZc§Ä¡p \mw ]cnNbs¸Sp¶Xpamb A`n{]mbw Xu loZnsâ hàm¡Ä Bcpw \cI¯n imizXambn hkn¡pIbnsömWv.JpÀB\nepw kp¶¯nepw ]WvUnXtemI¯nsâ GtIm]nXm`n{]mb§ - fnepw CXn\v Dt]mZv_eI -amb At\Iw sXfnhpIfp­v. ssiJv XJvbp±o³ C_v\p ssXan¿() ]dbp¶ hnjbamWnXv.Xncpta\n()]dbp¶p: "emCeml CÃÃmlv' F¶v D¨cn¨bmÄ \cI¯nÂ\n¶p tamNn¸n¡s¸Spw. [m\yaWnbpsS A{XXq¡apÅ hnizmk sa¦nepw AbmfpsS lrZb¯neps­¦n "Hcp ]c¼cbn  AWp¯q¡w' F¶p­v. (_pJmcn lZokv 3340,3361) asämcp hN\¯n a\Ên kXykÔamb \nebv ¡v D¨cn¡p¶h³ F¶pap­v.

CXmWv AlvepÊp¶bpsS ho£Ww. klm_nIfpw Ahsc ]n³XpSÀ¶hcpw ]qÀÆnI CamapamcpaS§p¶ Pamhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A¯nsâ ho£Ww. JhmcnPpIfpw apAvXknepIfpw am {XamWv AhtcmSv hntbmPn¡p¶Xv. h³]m]w {]hÀ¯n¨hÀ \cI¯n imizXamIpsa¶mWhÀ ]dbp¶Xv. AhÀ sXfnhmbn D¶bn¡p¶ hN\§sf kw_Ôn¨v hnkvXcn ¨p {Klnt¡­Xp­v.

JhmcnPpIfn DÄs¸Sp¶psh¦n AhÀ D¶bn ¡p¶ hmZ§Ä AwKoIcn¡WatÃm.

Xe-ap-WvU\w XeapWvU\w sN¿Â AhcpsS e£WamsW¶v J hmcnPpIsf¡pdn¨ Hcp lZokn h¶n«p­v. Cu hnjbIambn Hcp tNmZyw AYhm XeapWvU\w sN¿mXncp¶m apÀX±v(aX-]cnXymKn) BIptam F¶v ssiJv AhÀIfpsS ]p{X³ A_vZpÃtbmSv HcmÄ tNmZn¡pIbp­mbn.

R§Ä XeapWvU\w \nÀ_Ôam¡nbhcmsW¶v hmZn¡p¶psh¶Xv FXncmfnIfpsS A]hmZw am{XamsW¶mWv AXn\v At±lw sImSp¯ adp]Sn. Ip^vdv, dn± CXn s\ms¡ aX¯n kphyà am\ZWvU§fps­¶ncns¡ apJyhnjbaÃm¯ CXv kw_Ôn¨v A\nhmcysa¶v R§ Ä F§s\bmWv ]dbpI. AXv Hcp kp¶¯mb ImcyamsW¶p-t]mepw R§Ä hmZn¨n«nà ]ns¶ F§s\ \nÀ _Ô kwKXnbmhpw ?

Camw iu¡m\n Cu Btcm]Ws¯ apJhne¡v F Sp¡p¶nÃ. At±lw FgpXp¶p.

ChÀ JhmcnPpIfpsS hnizmkw DÅhcmsW¶v Nn ecpsS hmZw icnbmsW¶v Rm³ IcpXp¶nÃ. ImcWw \ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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PvZnse `cWm[nImcnbpw At±l¯nsâ A\pbmbnIpfpw apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâ A[ym]\§fmWv kzoIcn¡p¶Xv. {]Øm\ ]WvUnX·mcpsS {KÙ§Ä ]cntim[n¨m  Cu hmZ¯nse Ig¼nÃmbva t_m[ys¸Spw. apssk-en-a-bpsS \m«p-Im-cm-sW¶v {]XntbmKnIfpsS asämcp {]NcWamWnXv. ssiJv A_vZpdlvam³ _v\p lk³ CXn\p-\ÂIp¶ hniZoIc Ww t\m¡pI. "H¶mw \qäm­n apsskenatbmsSm¸w \n¶hsc AÃmlp ap¨qSpw \in¸n¨p-Ifªp. apsskenasb AwKoIcn¡p¶ HcmÄ t]mepw Ahtijn¡m¯ hn[¯nembncp¶p Cu \miw. A§s\ klm_namcpsS Ime¯nsâ A ´y-L«ambt¸mtg¡pw AhÀ \mamhtija -mbn. AXn\ptijhpw apsskena IÅhmZnbmsW¶v hnizkn¡p¶hcÃmsX A¶m«n aämcpw D­mbncp¶nÃ. blqZnIÄ aZo\bn Xmakn¨psh¶Xv aZo\¡v Hcp Nc·m tZmjhpw D­m¡nbn«nÃ. \_n()bpw Xsâ A\pcpw AhnsS Pohn¨ph¶p. Ckvemansâ BØm\hpw aZo\ Xs¶bmbncp¶p. a¡bnepÅhÀ {]hmNIs\ \ntj[n¨psh¶ ImcWw sIm­v a¡ tamiambn¯oÀ¶nÃ. F¶pam {Xaà a¡bmbncp¶p {]hmNI\v Gähpw {]nb¦camb cm Pyw. bama cmPyw AÃmlphns\ [n¡cn¨n«nÃ.AhnsSbp Å NneÀ apsskenasb AwKoIcn¨t¸mÄ B sXäv A¶p ÅhÀt¡ tZmjw hcp¯nbp«pÅp. B \ntj[¯n Ip sd Imew \nesIm­n«panÃ.þAÃmlphn¶p kvXpXnþ AÃm hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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lp B cmPys¯ B \ntj[nIfn \n¶p ip²oIcn¨p. c £s¸«hÀ CÉmw BtÇjn¨p. B cmPyw Ckvemansâ Io gn h¶p. AhnsS ]ÅnIÄ ]WnXp. \nba§Ä \S¸nembn. kzlm_¯nsâ Ime¯pw XpSÀ¶pw A¶m«pImÀ A Ãmlphns\ Bcm[n¨p h¶p. Ahcn \n¶v F{Xtbm B fpIÄ JmenZv _v\p heoZnt\msSm¶n¨v A\d_nItfmSp Å [Àakac¯n apkvenwItfmsSm¸w ]¦psIm­p. A §s\ B cmPy¯n\v aäptZi§sf¡mÄ alXzw ssIh ¶p. Camw _pJmcn \nthZ\w sN¿p¶ lZokn ImWp¶ Xp {]Imcw. a¡bnembncns¡ \_n() Xsâ kzlm_¯nt\mSv {]kvXmhn¨p. "F\n¡v \n§fpsS ]memb\Øm\w kz]v\¯n ImWn¨p-X¶ncn¡p¶p.' AhnSp¶v AXns\ hniZoIcn¨p-sIm­p ]dªp.A§s\ bYvcn_ns\tbm b amatbtbmIpdn¨pÅ Fsâ `bw\o§n¡gnªncn¡p¶p. \_n()bpsS kz]v\w ZnhyktµiamWv, kXyamWv. CXv t]mtc bamabpsS alXzw hyàamIm³ ? AsX Xncpta\nbpsS `bw A{]Xy£amsb¦n \·bpsS ASbmfw Ahn sS ZriyamIm³ XpS§n F¶v Xmev]c -yw. apkvenwIfpsS F{X cmPy§fn AkXy-{]hmNI ³amÀ {]Xy£s¸«p ? AkvhZp A³kn-ba\nÂ, eJo Xp A AkvZn Ham\nÂ, kPmlv Pkodbn Xzsselv P kodbpsS a[y`mK¯v, anÀkm Kpemw C´ybn CsXm¶pw B cmPy¡mscÃmw hgntISnembnt¸mbn F¶p hmZn¡m\p Å \nZm\aÃ. AXp t]mse¯s -¶bmWv bama. \PvZnsâ ØnXnbpw CXpXs¶bmWv. ]nimNnsâ tI{µ¯n \n¶m Wv {]Øm\¯nsâ DÛhsa¶mWv FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n ¨ asämcp Btcm]Ww. AXmbXv Nne lZokpIfn "\Pv hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Zv' Ipg¸§Ä s]m«n¸pds¸Sp¶ tI{µamsW¶ ]cmamÀiw h¶n«p­v.

C_v\p Dadn() \n¶v \nthZ\w Xncpta\n() ]dªp. AÃmlpth, \o R§fpsS "imanÂ' A\p{Klw sNm cntbWsa, R§fpsS ba\n A\p{Klw sNmcntbWsa. kzlm_nIÄ ]dªp.AÃmlphnsâ ZqXtc, "R§fpsS \ PvZnepw' AhnSp¶p ho­pw ]dªp. "R§fpsS imanepw R§fpsS ba\nepw \o A\p{Klw sNmcntbWta. AhÀ ]dªp."R§fpsS \PvZnepw'\nthZI³ C_v\p DaÀ() ] dbp¶p.aq¶mw XhW "R§fpsS \PvZnepw' F¶p ]dªpsh¶mWv tXm¶p¶Xv. AhnSp¶p XpSÀ¶p "`qanIpep¡§ fpw Ipg¸§fpap­mIp¶Xpw ]nimNv cwK¯p hcp¶Xpw AhnsS \n¶mWv'. (_pJmcn : 7094) Cu \PvZv GXmsW¶Xn A`n{]mbm´cap­v. ]e lZoYv ]WvUnX·mcpw A`n{]mbs -¸Sp¶Xv CdmJnse \Pv ZmWv ChnsS ]cmaÀin¡s¸«ncn¡p¶sX¶mWv.am{Xaà Nn e lZoYpIfn \PvZv F¶ ]Z¯n\p ]Icw "aivcnJv' (Ing ¡p`mKw) F¶mWpÅXv. Camw _pJmcn Cu lZoYv D²cn ¨ A[ymb¯ - n\v t]cp sImSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv Xs¶ Ipg¸§ ÄIng¡p \n¶v F¶mWv.aZo\bpsS Ing¡mWv CdmJv Øn Xn sN¿p¶Xv. ssiJv A_vZpÂe¯o^v Cu lZoYn ]dªXv b amabnse \PvZà F¶v Øm]n¨psIm­p CXn\p adp]Sn sImSp¡p¶p­v. CdmJnemIs« lZokn ]cmaÀin¡s¸« ]e Ipg¸§fpw Xes]m¡pIbpw sNbvXp.JhmcnPpIfpsS ]S¸pd¸mSv,lpssk³()sâ h[w, C_v\p AivAYnsâ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Iem]w, apJvXmdnsâ Iem]w C§s\ ]eXpw.ssiJv A_v Zp e¯o^v D¶bn¡p¶ apJyamb Hcp \ymbap­v. AY hm AÃmlpthm {]hmNIt\m GsX¦nepw apkvenans\ tbm aäpÅhsctbm Xsâ \mSv, tZiw ChbpsS t]cn Ip äs¸Sp¯nbp«pt­m? CbmÄ ^mcnkn, k³Pn, ankvco þ^ tdmhbpsS \m«pImc³, Ip^vdnsâ Xdhm«pImc³ F¶n§ s\? CIvcna() klm_nIfn {]apJ³.At±l¯nsâ ]n XmhmIs« Cu kapZmb¯nse ^tdmhbpw.

C´y³ ]WvUnX\mb klvkphm\nbpsS hm¡pIfn  "lZoknse GsX¦nepw Hcp ]Zw ]nSn¨p-sIm­p aivcnJn (Ing¡v) P\n¡p¶hscÃmw tami¡mcmIpsa¶ hm Zw \ncÀYIamWv. "ag¯pÅnIÄ hcp¶Xp {]Imcw Ipg¸ §Ä \n§fpsS hoSpIfneqsS shfns¸Spw.' \_n() aZo\bnse Ip¶n³ {]tZis¯ t\m¡n-]dªp. AhnS¯pImÀ tamiamsW¶v CXnsâ ASnØm\¯n Bcpw hmZn¡pIbnÃtÃm. lZokv ]WvUnX·mcmb J¯zm_n, C_v\p lPÀ XpS§nbhcpsS \nco£Ww AÂ_m\n D²cn¨psIm­v hy àam¡p¶Xv Ipg¸§fpsS tI{µw CdmJmbncp¶psh¶mWv.Npcp¡¯n CuhmZw Ig¼nÃm¯mXmsW¶p hyàw.

A©mw aZvl-_p-Im-cm-Wv AYhm ]p¯³ hmZn-IÄ Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nsâ FXncmfnIÄ AhÀ¡pNmÀ¯nb asämcp Zpjvt]cv. AYhm AlvepÊp¶ AwKoIcn¡p¶ \mep aZvl_nsâbpw A¸pdamWv Chsc¶p {]N cn¸n¨p-sIm­v ChscCIgv¯n-ImWn¡pIbmWnXnsâ ]n ¶nse e£yw.A§s\ Ahsc ]p¯³ hmZnIfm¡masÃm. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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tIcf¡cbn Cu hntijWamWv FXncmfnIÄ \ ÂInbXv. hmkvXh¯n Ckveman CÃm¯ ]p¯³ B Nmc§Ä (_nZvA¯pIÄ) am{Xw PohnX ssienbmbn kzo Icn¨hcmWv CXv ]dbp¶Xv F¶ hkvXpX lmtkym±o]IamWv. hnhct¡SpÅhÀ am{Xta CXp {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpÅq. ssiJv apl½Zv _v³ A_vZp hlm_pw Xsâ A\pbmbnIfpw X§Ä Camw AlvaZv _v\p l¼ensâ Nn´bmWv IÀacwK¯v kzoIcn¡p¶Xv F¶p \nch[n kµÀ`§fn hyàam¡p¶p­v. AXpt]mse aäpaq¶p aZvl_pIsfbpw AhÀ BZcn¡p¶psh¶pw. hnizmkImcy§fnemIs« Cu \mep Nn´m[mcIsfbpw kzoIcn¡p¶p­v Xm\pw.ImcWw \_n()bpw kzlm_¯pw Xm_nDIfpw ke^pIfpw \S ¶ AtX]mXbneqsSbmWv \mep-Camapamcpw \S¶Xv.CtX ]mXbnemWv Xms\¶v {]Jym]n¡p¶ ssiJv apl½Zv _v \p A_vZn hlm_ns\ ]ns¶F§s\bmWv ]p¯³ hm Znsbt¶m A©mw {]amW¡mcs\t¶m hntijn¸n¡pI? AXvsIm­p Xm³ \mev aZvl_pIfpw ZpÀ_es¸Sp ¯p¶p F¶FXncmfnIfpsS ]cmaÀi¯n\v At±lw sIm Sp¯ adp]Sn "AÃmlpth,\o ]cnip²³ AXn`b¦camb Hcp Btcm]Ww' F¶ hN\ambncp¶p."AlvepÊp¶¯n h PamA:bpsS aZvl_v Xs¶bmWv \mep CamamcpsS bpw AhcpsS A\pbmbnIfpsSbpw amÀ¤w. A´y\mÄ h scbpw A§s\bmbncn¡pw' apkvenw P\kmam\y¯n\p At±lw FgpXnb I¯nemWn¡mcyw hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm­pXs¶ Cu hmZ¯n\v henb \ne\nÂ]nsöv CXp {]Ncn¸n¡p¶hÀ¡pw Adnbmw. AhÀ a\Ênhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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sem¶pw ]pdsa asäm¶pw A\phÀ¯n¡p¶psh¶p am{Xw. Jnem-^¯ - n-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cp-¶p lnPvd aq¶mw \qäm­papX At\Iw {]mtZinI `cWIqS§Ä \PvZo {]tZi§fn `cWw \S¯nbp«p­v. A ºmkn¿m Jnem^¯nsâbpw ]n¶oSv DYvam\n¿m Jnem^¯nsâbpw t\cn«pÅ `cW¯n s]SmsX B {]tZiw kz X{´ambn \nesIm­ncp¶psh¶v Ncn{X¯n \n¶v a\Ênem¡mw. GItZiw lnPvd 251  sskZoinbm¡fpsS `cW hpwþ _\p DssJZÀ `cWIqSw. þ \nehn h¶p. \qäm­pIÄ ]n¶n«p. DYvam\o XpÀ¡nIfpsS B[n]XyIme¯v AhcpsS A[nImckoabn \n¶I¶p {]mtZinI `cWIqS§fmWv Cu {]tZi¯v B[n]Xyw Dd¸n¨ncp¶Xv Alvkm, lnPmkv F¶nhnS§fn XpÀ¡nIÄ¡p shdpw \maam{X kzm[o\ta D­mbncp¶pÅq. A Alv kmbn _\pJmenZv _dmIv Fs¶mcp `cWIqSpw_w ]n ¶oSv iàn{]m]n¨p. ssiJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂhlm_v Xsâ {]t_m[\w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv lnPvd.12þmw \qäm­n BWv. AXmb Xv F.Un.18þmw \qäm­nÂ. A¶v \PvZn\v AÂAlvkmbn se {]mtZinI `cWIÀ¯mhnt\mSpÅ \maam{Xhnt[bXz ta D­mbncp¶pÅq.

AXpXs¶ Hmtcm \m«nsebpw Imcy§Ä AhÀ Xo cpam\n¡p¶ AhØtb D­mbncp¶pÅq.\nbahpw bp² hpw kam[m\§fpw A[nImchpsaÃmw.

XpÀ¡n`cWIqSw X§fpsS {]tZi§sf ]e `cWhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{]hniyIfmbn hn`Pn¨t¸mÄ \PvZnsâ Imcyw AhÀ Ah KWn¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. Cu kmlNcy¯n F§s\bmWv ssiJv C_v\p A_vZp hlm_v XpÀ¡n`cWIqS¯n\v FXnsc Xncnªpsh¶pw shÃphnfns¨¶pw hmZn¡pI? \PvZns\ BØm\am¡n ssiJnsâ BZÀi`cWIqSw iàns¸«t¸mÄ D]Pm]I·mÀ sXmSp¯phn« sImÅm¯ A¼mbncp¶p AXpsa ¶XmWv kXyw. inÀ¡p _nZvA¯pIÄ XpÀ¡nIfpsS IognepÅ ] teS§fnepw Zriyambncp¶psh¶pw AhÀ AXnsâ hn]mS\¯n\mbn {ian¡p¶Xn\p]Icw AXns\ ]meq«n t]mjn¸n¡pIbmbncp¶psh¶Xv F´pam{Xw tJZIcaà ! AXn sâ Gähpw \à DZmlcWw DYvam\o Jeo^bmb keoan sâ I¯mWv. Xncpta\n()bpsS duZ¡cnsIbmWv Cu F gp¯p-Is­Sp¯Xv.AXn At±lw "Xm¦fpsS sIm¨p Zm k\mb keow. {]hmNItc, _p²nap«pIÄ R§sf ]nSnIqSnbncn¡p¶p. IjvS¸mSpIÄ ASps¯¯nbncn¡p¶p. Ah XSp¡m³ R§Ä¡mhp¶nÃ.]caImcpWnIsâ Zmk·msc Ipcninsâ Zmk·mÀ IogS¡ns¡m­ncn¡p¶p. AXv sIm ­p Cu kµÀ`¯n Xm¦tfmSv R§fnXm klmbw tNm Zn¡p¶p. Ahsc R§Ä¡pth­n XIÀ¯p Xcn¸Wam ¡n¯tcWta.' CXpt]msebpÅ hnizmk§Ä Xs¶btà apkvenwIfpsSbpw CkvemanI temI¯nsâbpw XIÀ¨bv¡p ]n ¶nÂ.

F¶n«pw ssiJv C_v\p A_vZp hlmt_m A\phlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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bmbnItfm Jnem^¯ns\ [n¡cn¨psIms­m¶pw {]hÀ ¯n¨nÃ. AhÀ¡p Hcp cmjv{S¯n B[n]Xyw e`n¨t¸m gpw A§s\ sNbvXn«nÃ. ]s£ A þAlvkm, lnPmkv, \Pvdm³ XpS§nb AbÂ]¡ `cWIqS§Ä \nc´cw ssk\nI kwL«\¯neqsS \PvZns\ XIÀ¡psa¶ Øn Xn h¶t¸mgmWv ssk\nIambn {]Xntcm[n¡m³ Xp\nbp¶Xv. ]e-Xc¯nepÅ i{XpXm\S]SnIÄ¡p]pdsa BZÀ i kzmX{´y¯nsâ `mKamb lÖn\pt]mIp¶Xn\p-t]m epw \PvZnse lmPnamÀ¡p D]tcm[taÀs¸Sp¯n. lnPvd 1218  kDuZv _v\p A_vZn Akokv bp²w IqSmsX kÔnamÀK¯neqsS A¶s¯ a¡bnse Aaodm b ico^pamcn s]«A_vZp apCu\nsâ A\phmZt¯m sS a¡bn {]thin¨p. AhnSp¯pImÀ¡v A`bw \ÂIn. i{XpXm \ne]mSpImc\mb ico^v Kmen_v Pn±bn A` bw tXSnbncp¶p. XpSÀ¶p AaoÀ kp¯m³ keoans\ AwKoIcn¨p-sIm­v Fgp¯pIp¯pIÄ \S¯pIbpw kp ¯m³ AXn\v A\phZn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AtX-kabw kp¯mt\mSv Hcp A`yÀ°\bpw \S¯n. ZakvIÊnse bpw, ssItdmbnsebpw KhÀWÀamsc sN­bpw a±fhpam bn C\n-apX Ct§m«v Ab¡cpsX¶pw AsXm¶pw aXhpambn _ÔapÅXsöpw Bbncp¶p AXv. AaoÀ kDuZnsâ Imetijw A[nImc¯n h¶ A_vZpà _n³ kDuZpw DYvam\n Jeo^sb AwKoIcn¨pI¯b¡pIbp­mbn. ]s£ A`bw tXSn HmSnt¸mb ico ^v Kmen_v Pn±bn \n¶v D]Pm]§Ä¡p B¡w Iq«n. J eo^bpambpÅ _Ôw hjfm¡m³ CcphcpsSbpw CSbn  Ifn¨p. aäp-]e ImcW§fpw IqSn H¯ptNÀ¶t¸mÄ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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CuPn]vXnse `cWm[nImcn apl½ZneqsS ]p{X³ C{_m low ]mjbpsS t\XrXz¯n hlm_nIfpambn kwL«\¯n\v Hcps¼«p. A§s\ CuPn]vXn kuZn kwL«\w, H ¶mw kuZn `cW IqSs¯ {]Xy£¯n \new ]cnim¡n. ]s£ BZÀiwam\h a\ÊpIfn \n¶p ambv¨pIfbm\m hptam, `uXnI `cWIqS§Ä¡v? kDuZnIfpsS a\Êns\ Xmtemen¨ BZÀi{]Øm \w GXm\pw B­pIÄ ]n¶nSpw apt¼ ho­pw DbnÀs¯gpt¶äp; Hcp ^o\nIvkv ]£nsbt¸mse. ]ns¶ c­mw kuZn `cWs¯ ap¼t¯Xnt\¡mÄ iàamb ssk\nI apt¶ä¯neqsS apl½ZenbpsS Incm X ssk\yw hIhcp¯n. ]s£ AÃmlphnsâ \nÝbw asäm¶mbncp¶p.\mSphn«p Hfnt¨mSnt¸mb kDuZn AaoÀ IpSpw_¯nse A_v Zp Akokv F¶ bphmhnsâ ssIIfm aq¶mw kuZn `cW¯n\v inebn«p. AXv Ct¸mgpw \ne\nev¡p¶p.aq¶mw kDuZn IpSpw_¯nsâ DbnÀs¯gpt¶Â]v, hÀ¯am\Im e CkvemanI temI¯v Ckvemansâ þhninjy-XuloZn sâþ biÊv DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡phm³ th­nbpÅ, AÃmlphn sâ AP¿amb Xocpam\atÃ.CXphsc i{XpXm-at\m`mhw sh¨p ]peÀ¯nbhÀ At¸mtgbv¡p an{X§fmbn amdpI tbm kzbw A[: ]Xn¡pItbm sNbvXncp¶p. apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_pw A\pbmbnIfpw D Yvam\o Jnem^n¯ns\Xncmbncp¶pthm? CXmWtÃm \½p sS At\zjW-hnjbw. Hcp KthjI³ ]dbp¶Xv ImWp I. "apl½Zv_v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâ teJ\§fnsem hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶pw Jnem^n¯ns\Xncmb i{XpXm kao]\w ImWp¶nsà ¶vþ ZoÀL]cntim[\ -bv¡p-tijwþ kam[m\t¯mSp IqSn¯s¶ \ap¡p ]dbm³ Ignbpw.Hcp KthjI - \v kqN\IfÃmsX asämcp Xpcp¼pw Cu hnjb¯ - n e`n¡m\nSbnÃ.

AsXmcn¡epw ssiJn\v Jnem^¯nt\mSv hntbmPn¡p¶ i{XpXm \ne]mSns\ km[qIcn¡p¶XpaÃ.

Camansâ PohnXImes¯ ØnXnbmWXv.]n¶oSv A t±l¯nsâ hntbmKm\´cw h¶ `cW t\XrXzw CtX \n e]mSp Xs¶ kzoIcn¡pIbmWp­mbX - v.F¶m lnPmkn se AaodpamcpsS kmbp[ k¶ml§fpw, lÖv \ntcm[\ hpw XpÀ¡nIfpambn \S¯nb KqVmtemN\Ifpw, t¾Ovam b IpX{´§fpw ØnXnKXnIÄ amänadn¡pIbmbncp¶p. ke^n {]Øm\w Aapkvenw ]WvUn-X-cpsS A`n-{]m-b-¯nÂ

k©mcnIfpw KthjIcpw HmdnbâenkväpIfpamb ]ecpw ke^n {]Øm\s¯ AIse \n¶pw ASp¯p \n ¶pw a\Ênem¡m³ {ian¨n«p­v. Ahcn A[nIhpw apkv enwIfmbncp¶nÃ. _nZvA¯nsâ ]nWnbmfpIÄ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xp-t]msebmbncp¶pthm AhcpsS ho£Wsa¶v H cp kXymt\zjI - \v a\Ênem¡m³ XoÀ¨bmbpw Cu A`n{]mb§Ä klmbn¡pw.

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A²ymbw 6 1. kznävkÀemâv k©mcn _ÀIvlmÀ«v. apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ A`n{]mb§Ä Hcp \ho\aXambncp¶nÃ.t]cn apkvenwIfpw F¶m C kvemans\¡pdn¨v AÚmXcpamb _ZhnIfn {]Npc {] Nmcw t\Snbncp¶ Xn·Isf D·qe\wsN¿pIbpw icnbmb hnizmkw AhÀ¡nSbn {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpambncp¶p AXn sâ ImXÂ.\nÀ_Ô-Imcy§Ä t]mepw AhÀ PohnX¯n  A\pjvTn¨ncp¶panÃ. an¡]cnjv¡À¯m¡fpsSbpw K Xn At±l¯n\pap­mbn. i{Xp¡tfm an{X§tfm IrXyam bn At±ls¯ th­hn[w ]Tn¨nÃ. XpÀ¡nIfpsS hnizm k hyXnbm\s¯bpw {]hmNIs\ AhÀ hnip²h¡cn¨Xns\bpw hnaÀin¨psIm­p cwK{]thiw sNbvXt¸mÄ At±l¯nsâ I£n Hcp ]pXnb A`n{]mbhpambn {]Xy£s¸«XmsW¶v FXncmfnIÄ {]Ncn¸n¨p. XpÀ¡nIÄ A hsc Im^ndpIÄ,hgn]ng¨hÀ F¶phsc Bt£]n¨p. Cu [mcWbv¡m[mcw H¶maXmbn a¡bnse ico^v Kmen_n sâ kq{X¸Wnbmbncp¶p. asäm¶v kao]tZi§fnse ]m jamÀ¡pÅ cmjv{Sobt]Snbpw.þChÀ ]pXnb `ojWnbmbXp-sIm­v, hlm_n `cWIqS¯nsâ Xo{hi{Xp a¡bnse ico^v Kmen_v Xs¶bmbncp¶p. XpÀ¡nIfpw hlm_nI fpw X½nepÅ XÀ¡w aqÀOn¡m³ FÃm ]gpXpIfpw At± lw At\zjn¨psIm­ncp¶p. AhÀ X½n D`bI£n NÀ ¨IÄ \S¡mXncn¡m³ AbmÄ {]tXyIw {i²n¨p-h¶p.h fsc kaÀYambn C¡q«À Im^ndpIfmsW¶ dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ XpÀ¡nIÄs¡¯n¨p- sImSp¯ncp¶p._ZhnIÄ¡p­mbncp¶ `bt¯¡mÄ IqSpXembncp¶p _KvZmZv. UakvIkv, hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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ssItdm F¶nhnS§fnse ]mjamcpsS `bw. AXn\m Xp À¡n X{´§Ä Hmtcm¶pw \S¸n hcp¯m³ AhÀ _² {i²cmbncp¶p.

AXn\nsS ISÂhgn Pn±þa¡bnse¯p¶ Nne lPmPnamÀ¡p hlm_n ssk\y¯n \n¶p D]{ZtaÂt¡­nhcp¶psh¶pw Ahsc \nÀ`blÖn\p A\phZn¡p¶nsà ¶pw InwhZ´nIfp­mbn. ]et¸mgpw \njv]£XtbmsS Imcy§sf ImWm¯hÀ X§fpsS \m«n tamiamb \ne bv¡p Ahsc Nn{XoIcn¡m³ [rjvScmbn. A§s\ Ing¡ ³ Zn¡pIfn AhÀ Hcp ]pXnb aX¯nsâ hàm¡fmbn cn¡psa¶ sXäp²mcW ]c¶p. XpÀ¡nIÄ apkvenwIfmbXp-sIm­mWtÃm Ahsc C¡q«À ITn\ambn D]{Zhn¡p¶sX¶pw {ipXnbp­mbn. Chcn NnecpsS {]hr¯nIÄ AXns\ km[qIcn¡m\pw hI \ÂIp¶p­v. ImcWw,Ckv emans\¡pdn¨p Úm\anÃm¯hcpw C_v\p A_vZpÂh lm_nsâ BZÀi§sf icnbmbn {Kln¡m¯hcpamb Nn eÀ AhcpsS t]cn ]eXpw sNbvXncn¡mw.XpÀ¡nIÄ A hsc Im^ndpIsf¶p IW¡m¡p¶p. AhcmIs« Xncn¨pw.

AXn\m kwLÀj§fpsS ]cyhkm\w C§s\ BhmXncn¡m³ XcanÃtÃm.

CtX kµÀ`¯n _p²nimenIfmb Nne kndnb³ lÖmPnamÀ {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡fmb _ZhnIfpsS BZÀiw Fs´¶v Adnbm³ {ian¨p.AhtcmSpÅ CS]gIepIfn \n¶v kndnb¡mÀ¡p-t_m[y¸«Xv C¡q«À icn bmb Ckvemansâ {]Xn\n[nIÄ Xs¶ F¶mbncp¶p. A {IatWmÕpIcmb Cu_ZhnIÄ hlm_nIfpsS FÃm A `n-{]mb§ - fpambpw tbmPn¡p¶hcmbncp¶nÃ. AtX-ka hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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bw Ahsc Im^ndpIsf¶p hntijn¸n¡p¶Xnt\mSv Ah À hntbmPn¨p. ]s£ sNdnb Hcp \yq\]£¯nsâ A`n {]mb¯n\v alm`qcn]£amb XpÀ¡n-lÖmPnamcpsS A esbmen¡p-ap¼n \n¡¡ÅnbnÃmXmbn.hninjy 1803þ  AhÀ lÖmPnamsc XSªt¸mÄ AhÀ hlm_nIÄ Ckvemansâ i{Xp¡fmsW¶v s]mXphmb A`n{]mbw s]m §n-h¶p. hlm_n XcwKs¯ AS¡n \nÀ¯nbtijw apl½ Zen lnPmkn Xsâ A[nImcw iàns¸Sp¯n. AXn\m ico^nsâ X{´§Ä IqSpX hnet¸mbnÃ.hlm_n-t\Xr Xz¯n\v apl½ZenbpsS ssk\yhpambn ASp¯dnbm³ Ahkcw In«n. lÖmPn-kwL§Ä ]gbt]mse k©m cw XpS§n. XpÀ¡nbpsS `cW{]tZi§fn hlm_nIfp sS \nPØnXn IptdsÈ Adnbm³ CSh¶p.F{Xt¯mfsa¶m AhÀ a¡bpsS kmcYyw GsäSp¯ {lkzImeL«¯n lÖn\p-h¶hscÃmw Ahsc¡pdn¨pÅ \·IÄ hmgv¯n]dªp. AhtcmSv BZchv {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw sNbv Xp. ChÀ icnbmb apkvenwIÄ Xs¶ F¶Xn\p asämcp tcJ AhcpsS {KÙ§Ä Xs¶bmWv. kDuZv `cWw GsäSp¯ Ime¯v B {KÙ§fpsS ]IÀ¸pIfpw ssI¸pkvXI§fpw P\§Ä¡v hnXcWw sNbvXncp¶p. s]mXp hnZym `ymk ]mTimeIfnse hnZymÀ°nItfmSv AXv]Tn¡m\pw \nÀt±iap­mbn. Hcp XpÀ¡n-apkvenan\v AXnepÅ kXy §sfsbÃmw AwKoIcn¡msX \nÀÆmlap­mbncp¶nÃ.B {]tZi¯pImÀ aXs¯¡pdn¨p ]qÀ® AÚXbnembncp ¶p F¶ Hcp ZpÀhnNmcw (t_mIv lmÀ«nsâ A`n{]mbw) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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kDuZn\p­mbncp¶XpsIm­p aX¯nsâ ASnØm\XXz§Ä AhÀ {Kln¡s« F¶v At±lw IcpXn. At±lw XpScp¶p. hlm_n {]Øm\¯n\v Hcp ]p¯³ [mÀanI Nn´ CÃmbncp¶p. ImcWw JpÀB\pw {]hmNINcybpw Bbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ apJy{]amW§Ä.kp¶n-XpÀ¡nIfpw Chcpw X½nepÅ {]ISamb A´cw, AhÀ AhKWn¡p Itbm {]tbmKh¡cn¡pItbm sN¿m¯ aXXXz§sf kq£vaambn A\p[mh\w sNbvXp hlm_nIÄ F¶Xmbncp¶p. AXpsIm­p Xs¶ CkvemanI hnizmkkwlnXbp sS kmcmwiambncp¶p AhcpsS aXw. Ccphn`mKhpw X½n epff sshPmXy§Ä {Kln¡Wsa¦n XpÀ¡nIÄ sNbv Xp-Iq«nbncp¶ Xn·IfpsS ]«nI Xs¶ \nct¯­n-hcpw. ssItdmhnse Nne hninjvS ]WvUnX·mcpsS A`n{]mbhpw. CXn\v ]n´pW \ÂIp¶p. {InkvXphÀjw 1815 {KojvaIme¯v hlm_n\mbIÀ ssItdmhnte¡p c­p {] Xn\n[nIsf Ab¡pIbp­mbn. AhcnsemcmÄ alm ]Wv UnX\pambncp¶p.

AhtcmSv apl½Zv Aen-]mj, ssItdmhnse alm]WvUnXÀ¡p X§fpsS BZÀiw hnhcn¨p sImSp¡m³ B hiys¸«p.Cu {]Xn\n[nIfpw Ahcpw ]eh«w NÀ¨IÄ \ S¯n. Ahkm\w kDuZn ]WvUnX³ Xsâ hmZ§Ä¡p JpÀB\n \n¶pÅ kqà§fpw lZoknsâ hN\§fpw a\x]mTambn D²cn¨psImSp¯p Hmtcm hnjb¯nepw Xt± iobcmb ]WvUnXÀ¡p adp]Sn sImSp¡m³ X¿mdmbn. A §s\ AhÀ¡p t_m[yambn; hlm_n ]WvUnX·mÀ¡p hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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]p¯³hmZ§sfm¶pansöv. AhÀ Cu A`n{]mb¯nse¯nbXv AhÀ¡p Hcp]s£ kwib¯n\nSw \ÂIp¶ hm Z§sfm¶pw ChÀ¡nÃmbncp¶p F¶Xp sIm­mWv. ap¼pXs¶ apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_v FgpXnb NneIrXnIÄ AhnSp¯pImÀ¡p e`n¨ncp¶p.]ecpw AXv hmbn¨ncn¡m\pw hgnbp­v. CXmWv AhcpsS hnizmksa¦n AXn ÂAXv GIIWvTambn AwKoIcnt¡­XmWtÃm F¶ A `n{]mb¯ - n AhÀ F¯nt¨À¶p. (_n) BÀ._n sh­À Xsâ "kuZn Atd_y ]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm­nÂ' F¶ IrXnbn ]dbp¶p. "hlm_n {] Øm\¯n\v B[p\nI CkvemanI Nn´mcwK¯pÅ hne bpw kzm[o\hpw BÀ¡pw \ntj[n¡m\mhm¯X - mWv. B äw, kmässeäv bpK¯nt\mSv aÃnSm³ AXn\p Ignbp¶nsænepw AXn\p km[n¨ Hcp Imcyap­v. bmYmØnImhØbn \n¶v BZÀiXe¯nte¡pw Ckvemw F´mtI­nbncpt¶m AXnte¡pw Ckvemans\ aS¡ns¡m­p-t]mhm³ AXn\p Ignªp. AXnsâ DuÀÖkzeX \jvSs¸SmsX, kzmX{´yw ]Wbs¸Sp¯msX Xs¶. (kn) Hmdnbâenkväp Nn´I\mb slâtemkväv A ^vKm\nþapl½Zv A_vZphnsâ {]Øm\s¯ ]cmaÀin¨psIms­gpXn. "hlm_n {]Øm\¯n\pw ke^nkw F¶ \maw D ]tbmKn¨p-hcp¶p.ImcWw Ckvemans\ AXnsâ BZyIm e X\nabnte¡p AYhmþk¨cnXcmb ]qÀÆnIcpsS Ime ¯p­mbncp¶ X\nabnte¡p aS¡ns¡m­pt]mIm³ A Xv bXv\n¨p. F¶m Cu \maIcWw l¼enIÄt¡m h hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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lm_nIÄt¡m am{XapÅXÃ. FÃm kp¶o Nn´m[mcIfn epw (aZvl_v) ke^nIÄ CÃmXnÃ.'

(Un)"Ckvemanse ip²oIcWamWv hlm_n {]Øm\¯nsâ D¶w; lnPvd aq¶mw \qäm­n\ptijw. Ckveman  IS¶pIqSnb ]p¯³ k{¼Zmb§fn \n¶p AXns\ ISsªSp¡pI. AXn\m AhÀ \mep aZvl_pIsfbpw AwKoIcn¡p¶p.Bdp {]amWnIlZokv {KÙ§sfbpw(knlmlpÊn¯) asämcp Cw¥ojv {]kn²oIcW¯n \n¶v.

(C) Atacn¡³ Fgp¯pImc\mb temXv tdm¸v tÌm UmÀUv FgpXpI: 18þmw \qäm­n CkvemanI temIw ]X\¯nsâ s\ Ãn-]SnbnÂ, ]n¶m¡¯nÂ, ]n¶m¡ambncp¶p. AXnsâ hnlmbÊpIÄ taLmhrXw. ap¡pw aqebpw AÔImc \n _nUw.]pdsa kmwkvImcnI kmZmNmc `wKhpw, Atd_y³ kwkvImc¯nsâ Ahkm\s¯ I®nt]mepw \mtim·pJmhØbnÂ. X¶njvS§Ä¡pw Zpcm{Kl§Ä¡pw ]pd sI kaqlw Iqew Ip¯nsbmgpIp¶p.t{ijvT-KpW§Ä H s¶m¶mbn a§p¶p. AÚX hym]n¨p. DuÀ[³ hen¡p ¶ Úm\¯nsâ A´yIncW§fpw sI«S§ns¡m­ncn¡p¶p. aXcwKamIs« Idp¯ncp­ Icn¼S§Ä ]pX¨p-sIm ­v {]hmNI ]pwKh³ ]Tn¸n¨ GIssZh kn²m´w, A Ôhnizmk§fpsSbpw, kq^n ]pdt´mSpIfpsSbpw Ip¸mbaWnªp \n¡p¶p. ]ÅnIfn \akvImc¯ns\¯p¶hÀ Npcp¡w. ]WvUnX³amÀ¡mIs« s]cp¸hpw. ^Iod·mcpsS tdm´p-NpäepIÄ.HcnS¯v \n¶v asämcnSt¯¡v. D hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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dp¡pw GeÊpw `P\amebpw AhcpsS Igp¯n Xq§p¶p­mIpw. P\§fn kwibhpw AkXyhpw hnXdns¡m ­pw Huenbm¡fpsS ivaim\§fnte¡v XoÀYbm{X \S ¯m³ Ahsc D]tZin¨p-sIm­pw a¬adªhtcmSv ip ]mÀi \S¯m³ AhÀ¡p t{]mÕml\w sImSp¯psIm­pw AhÀ Aeªp sIm­ncp¶p.

A§s\ JpÀB\nsâ alXz§Ä P\§fn \n¶v A{]Xy£ambn.aZyab¡pacp¶mZnIÄ kÀÆhym]n. \nÀe Öw \nÀ`bw hnip²nbpsS hncnIÄ XÅn\o¡s¸«p.a¡, aZo\m, \Kc§Ä¡phsc CXc CkvemanI \Kc§Ät¡ä Zpc´§Ä _m[n¡mXncp¶nÃ. {]hmNI{]hc³ \nÀ_Ô am¡nb hnip² lÖp-IÀaw t]mep ]cnlmkyambnt¸m Ipsa¶mbn. Npcp¡¯n apkvenwIÄ apkvenIfÃmXmbn.

AhÀ¡p CÉmw A\yw.Ckveman\mIs« Ahcpw XssYh. C¡mes -¯§m\pw alm\mb {]hmNIXncpta\n() c­m aXpw `qanbnte¡p Xncn¨phcnIbpw Ckvemant\ä hn]¯pIsf t\À¡pt\À t\m¡n¡mWpIbpw sNbvXncps¶¦n CXpambn _Ô¸«p \n¡p¶ apkvenwIÄ¡p t\sc{Ip²\mhpIbpw, aX]cnXymKnIsfbpw _nw_ ]qPIscbpw I ]n¨Xp {]Imcw AhcpsS ta im]hNÊpIÄ sNmcnbpI bpw sNbvtXs\.

At±lw XpScp¶p. hlm_n {]Øm\w ip²hpw kzOhpamb {]t_m[ \ kwkvIcW {]{Inbbmbncp¶p. kaql¯n inYneam bnt¸mbXv \¶m¡nsbSp¡pI, kwib§Ä XpS¨pamäpI, sXäp²mcWIÄ D·qew sN¿pI, ]ckv]c `n¶amb hym Jym\§sf XÅn¡fbpI, a[yIme \qäm­pIfn Ckv hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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emansâ ta NneÀ sI«nh¨ _豈 XIÀs¯dnbpI ]p¯\mNmc§sf ]cnXyPn¡pI.]pWyhmf·msc ]qPn¡p¶Xn \n¶p kaqZmbs¯ hntamNn¸n¡pI CXmbncp¶p. hlm_n {]t_m[\ -¯nsâ e£y§Ä Npcp¡¯n Ckvemans\ AXnsâ {]Ya `mh¯n Â, AÊ kz`mh¯n AXnsâ AI¡m¼nepw, k¯bn epw DÄs¡mÅembncp¶q AXv.A´y{]hmNI\v AÃmlp AhXcn¸n¨p-sImSp¯ GIssZhkn²m´s¯ kcfambn, ]¨bmbn kzoIcn¨pw hnip²-JpÀB\ns\ Camambpw amÀ KZÀinbmbpw AwKoIcn¨p sIm­v apt¶m«pÅ Hcp XoÀYbm{X. CsXmgnsIbpÅXpw kaqlw hnip²hÂIcn¡p¶sXÃmw shdpw AkXyw-am{Xw. AXmbXv Ckvemansâ kv Xw`§sf, AXnsâ \nÀ_Ôhn[nIsf, s]cpam䨫§sf þt\m¼v \akvImcmZn IÀa§Ä apdpsI]nSp¨psIm­pÅ apt¶m«pÅ Ka\w.

AsX C¯cw Hcp kwkvIcW ip²oIcW {]{InbbpsS X¦civanIfmWv 18þmw \qäm­n Pkodbn DZbw sIm­v B {]t_m[ImÀ¡\n \n¶v hnizw apgph³ ImWm\nSbmbXv.Ah `qJWvU§sf t`Zn¨psIm­v AÔhnizmk§fpsSbpw A\mNmc§fpsSbpw AÔImcs¯-X IÀ¯p sIm­v \nc´cw apt¶dns¡m­ncp¶p. C¶pw Xu loZn {]t_m[\w AXnsâ e£y¯n ]XdmsX apt¶m«p IpXn¡p¶p. AÃmlphnsâ A\p{Klap­mIs«.

(F^v) tlmfâpImc\mb Hmdnbâvenkväv {Ikväy³ kvt\Iv tlmUv t{Im\nbpsS A`n{]mbw C§s\- hmbn ¡mw. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Atd_y³Zzo]nsâ Ing¡p`mK¡v Hcp CkvemanI ] cnjvImÀ¯mhp {]Xy£s¸«p. Xsâ {]t_m[kcWnbn Xs¶ ]n´pW¡p¶ ZÀC¿bnse `cWIÀ¯m¡Ä At±ls¯ klmbn¨p.{Iam\pKXambn At±l¯nsâ {]t_m[\w Pkod apgph³ hym]n¨p. Pkodbn am{Xaà X¶m  Ignbpw-hn[w F¯pt¶SsaÃmw AsX¯n¡pI,Ckveman¶v AXnsâ \jvSamb ssNX\yw XncnsI sIm­phcnI F¶Xmbncp¶p At±l¯nâ Xmev]c -yw.

CÉmanI hnPvRm\ob§Ä t\Snb, AXnsâ e£y hpw kmchpw {Kln¨ Hcp]WvUnXs\¶ \nebv¡v k[ocw, Ckvemans\ AXnsâ ZrVXchpw kwip²hpamb coXnbn  {]hmNI³() sIm­p-h¶Xpt]mse {]Imin¸n¡m\m bn F¶Xv aql½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\¯nsâ {]tXyIXbmWv. {]hmNI³() sIm­ph¶ Ckveman\pw Xsâ Ime ¯v P\w A\phÀ¯n¨phcp¶ Ckveman\panSbnse ssh]coXyw At±lw sXm«dnªp. kwkvIcW¯n\p-th­nbpÅ {]t_m[\w ssiJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZp hlm_v Xsâ e£yambn¡­p. hmKvIÀa§fnse \njvIf¦X At±ls¯ apt¶m«p \bn ¨p sIm­ncp¶p. Xsâ \mhpw t]\bpw AXn\mbn hn\n tbmKn¨p. Ckvemlo {]Øm\¯nsâ BZÀi¯n\v klm bIambn C_v\p kDuZnsâ iànbpw JUvKhpw \nesIm ­p. Al½Zv_v\p l¼ensâ Nn´m[mcbpsS ]XmI At± lw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨p. kwkvIcW{]{Inbb - psS ASn¯d A Xnt·Â Dd¸n¨p \nÀ¯n. Cu Nn´m[mc AXnsâ emfnXyhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¯n {it²bhpw Xt±iobc -psS a\Ênt\mSv thK¯n CW§p¶Xpambncp¶p. an¡hcpw AhnsS k¼qÀ® A ÚXbnepamWv Pohn¨p h¶ncp¶Xv. Gsd¡psd {]hmNIsâ Ime¯p­mbncp¶ AÚXsbt¸mse¯s¶. ] s£ {]ISamb A´cw C¡me¯v AhÀ AhcpsS {ihW ]pS§Ä AS¨p-sh¨ncp¶nÃsb¶XmWv, {]tXyIn¨pw efnXhpw X\nabmÀ¶Xpamb B aX{]t_m[\ kcWnbp sS kzm[o\¯n\p-ap¼n AhÀ¡Xn\p IgnªnÃ. ke^n {]t_m[\¯nsâ kwc£Icmb kDuZv Ip Spw_¯nse `cWm[nIfn I­ph¶ X·bt¯msSbpÅ \oXn-t_m[w {]t_m[\ hnPb¯n\p Icpt¯IpIbp­mbn. A\pbmbnIÄ¡p \ÂInbncp¶ `uXnI klmb§Ä Nne \nÀWmbI-cwK§fn {]Øm\¯n\p klmbambncp¶psh¦nepw aäpNne kµÀ`§fn `b¸mSn\pff Imc Whpambncp¶p. hfsc IpdªImew sIm­v Atd_y³ Zzo]nse \nÀWmbI cmjv{Sob iànbmbn kuZn `cWIq Sw ]ptcmKXn {]m]n¨p. ke^n{]t_m[\¯nsâ hnPb¯n\v hfsc {lkzamb Hcp Imebfth Bhiyambn h¶n«pÅq. c­p hnip ² \Kc§fnepÅhcmIs« aäpÅhsc At]£n¨p {]mtb W Ipdª ]n´pWbmWv \ÂInbXpw. {]t_m[\ {]Øm \w XnckvIcn¡Wsa¶mhiys¸Sp¶ Imcy§Ä Ccp\Kc§fnsebpw \nhmknIfn PohnXmhiy§fmbn amdnbn«p­mbncp¶p. ivaim\§fn \n¶v, Pmd§fn \n¶v hnip ² `h\§fn \ns¶Ãmw ]Whpw t\«§fpw e`n¨p-sIm ­ncn¡p¶p. AXnsâ Im¯p-kq£n¸pImcmhp¶Xv F´v am{Xw BZmbIcw.FÃm BtLmjkµÀ`§fnepw \_nbp hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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sS t]cpÅ {]iwkmKm\§Ä ]mSns¡m­v J_dnS¯n kµÀi\w \S¯p¶Xv Gähpw henb ku`mKyambmWv I W¡m¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. kaql¯n amäw B{Kln¡p¶ t\ Xm¡·mcpsS CwKnX¯n\p t\Àhn]coXambncp¶p Imcy§Ä. ]e-tZi§fn \n¶pw h¶v a¡bn A[nhkn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶hcpsS PohnX¯n At\Iat\Iw _nZvA¯pIÄ \S\w sN¿p¶Xv AhÀ ZÀin¨p. ]e ]WvUnX·m cpw AsXms¡ AhKWn¨p- sIm­v ]p¯\mNmc§sf ssI \o«n kzoIcn¡p¶Xpw AhÀ I­p.

1921  \PvZn ]cyS\w \S¯nb kvs]bn³ Hmdnb âvenkväv AÀams\m ]dbp¶p. hlm_n {]Øm\s¯¡pdn¨v D¶bn¡s¸« Zpcm tcm]§Ä¡pw Iůc§Ä¡pw bmsXmcp ASnØm\ hpw ImWp¶nÃ. apl½Znsâ A\pbmbnIfpsS Ime¯p ­mbncp¶ Ckvemante¡p Xncn¨pt]mIpIbmWv th­sX ¶v AhÀ B{Kln¡p¶p. AhcpsS Cu ]hn{X e£y¯nte¡p \bn¡m³ hninjvS ]WvUnX·mcpsS F®¡pdhv AhÀ¡p­v.Hcp sNdp]äw am{Xta AhÀ¡pÅq. AXpt]mse¯s¶ AhcpsS \nc]cm[nXzw sXfnbn¡p¶Xn\pÅ {]Nmctheb - nepw AhÀ ]n¶nemWv ke^n BZÀiw, AXnsâ BhnÀ`mh L«¯nepw AXnsâ hnImk Ime¯pw GXpe£ - yambncp¶p ap¶n I­ncp¶sX¶v Hcp Ncn{XhnZymÀ°n¡p {Kln¡m\pw {] Øm\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ sXäp²mcWIÄ AIäm\pw Cu A `n{]mb§Ä Hcp thf klmbn¡mXncn¡nÃ.{]tXyIn¨pw Cu A[ymb¯n AapkvenwIfmb k©mcnIfpsStbm Fgp¯pImcpsStbm A`n{]mb§ - fmWv D²cn¨n«pÅXv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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F¶m hfsc ]hn{Xe£y§Ä¡mbn {]hÀ¯n¨ Hcp alm{]Øm\w temI¯nsâ hnhn[ tZi§fn ]SÀ ¶p ]´en¡pt¼mgpw AXns\¡pdn¨pÅ i{Xp¡fpsS Zp cmtcm]W§Ä¡pw B¡hpw Bghpw hÀ[n¨phcp¶p. A Xn\m Xs¶ C¯cw BtcmKyIcamb hnebncp¯epIÄ ASª ImXpIÄ Xpd¡m³ klmbamIs« F¶ {]Xymin¡pIbmWv.

A²ymbw 7 Ckvemln {]Øm-\-¯nsâ t\«-§Ä Cu A\p{KloX {]t_m[IkcWn kXyaX¯nsâ ASn¯dbn þZnhyktµi§fmb JpÀB\nepw {]hmNI hN\§fnepwþ kpØm]nXamhpIbpw XuloZnsâ ]XmI sb DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ,P\§fn \nÀ`bXzw, \oXn, sFIyw Ch iàns¸«p.hnÚm\w hym]n¡pI bpw `n¶n¸nsâbpw AÚXbpsSbpw AÔhnizmk¯n sâbpw AÔImc¯nsâbpw ASbmf§Ä amªpt]mhpIbpw sNbvXp. AXneqsS kaql¯n\v hninjvSamb ^ew e`yambn. ""em Ceml CÃÃmlv, apl½Zp³ dkqepÃmlv'' F¶ kZzN\¯neqsS AÃmlp hmKvZm\w \ÂInb Xv kmÀYIambn "AÃmlp \à hN\¯n\v F§s\bmWv D]a \ Inbncn¡p¶Xv F¶v \o I­ntÃ.AXv Hcp \à acw t]msebmIp¶p. AXnsâ apcSv Dd¨v \n¡p¶Xpw AXnsâ c hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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£nXmhnsâ D¯chn\pkcn¨v AXv FÃmIme¯pw AXn sâ ^ew \ÂIns¡m­mbncn¡pw.' (C{_mlow 24,25) AÃmlp Xsâ kq£vaXmt_m[apÅ ZmkamÀ¡p \ ÂImsat¶ä hmKvZm\hpw AtXmsS bmYmÀYyambn.

Xs¶ klmbn¡p¶Xmtcm Ahs\ XoÀ¨bmbpw A Ãmlp klmbn¡pw. XoÀ¨bmbpw AÃmlp ià\pw {]Xm]nbpamIp¶p. `qanbn \mw kzm[o\w \ÂInbm \akv Imcw apd t]mse \nÀÆln¡pIbpw kIm¯v \ÂIpIbpw kZmNmcw kzoIcn¡m³ IÂ]n¡pIbpw ZqcmNmc¯n \n ¶p hne¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hcs{X AhÀ. Imcy§fpsS ] cyhkm\w AÃmlphn\pÅXmIp¶p. (lÖv: 41) XuloZnsâ D¶a\¯n\pw inÀ¡pþ_nZvA¯pIfp sS D·qe¯ - n\pw bXv\n¨psh¶Xn\mepw, \akvImcw, t\m ¼v, kIm¯v, lÖv \· IÂ]n¡pI, Xn· hntcm[n¡pI XpS§nb hnjb§sf AP­bmbn kzoIcn¨Xn\mepw Cu {]Øm\¯n\v A¶p apX C¶phsc At\Iw i{Xp¡fp­mbn¯oÀ¶p. {]Xm]-imenbpw kvXpXyÀl\pamb AÃmlphn AhÀ hnizkn¨Xp-sIm­pam{XamWv AhÀ Ah tcmSv {]XnImc \S]Sn kzoIcn¨Xv.(_pdqPv:8) CkvemanI kaql¯nsâ KXnhnKXnIÄ amänadn¡m \pw Ncn{X¯nsâ Zniamän¡pdn¡m\pw Cu {]Øm\¯n \p km[n¨n«p­v. aX]chpw sshÚm\nIhpw cmjv{Sob hpw kmaqlyhpamb cwK§fn kapZmbs¯ ]ptcmKXnbnse¯n¡phm\pw Cu {]Øm\¯n\v Ignªp. \PvZntem ]cnkc§fntem am{Xw ]cnanXs¸«nà CXn sâ kzm[o\w.D]Zzo]nsâ aäp Zn¡pIfnte¡pw apkvenw cm hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Py§fnte¡pw XuloZnb³ BZÀi§Ä AXnthKw hym ]n¨p ]teS¯pw ]WvUnX·mcpw ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡fpw cwK ¯v h¶p. [mcmfw {]Øm\§fpw kwL§fpw Cu Zo]inJ Gäphm§ns¡m­p kwip² ke^n kcWnbneqsS PohnX¯n\v DuSpw ]mhpw \ÂIn. lnPmkv, AkoÀ, ba³, kndnbm, CdmJv, CuPn]vXv, kpUm³, B{^n¡³ cmPy§Ä, ]mInØm³, A^vKm\n Øm³, C´y, _wKmÄ, Pmh, kpam{X, Ct´mt\mjy Zzo]v kaql§Ä F¶nhnS§fnseÃmw Cu BZÀi {]Øm\w AXnsâ iàamb AesbmenIÄ krjvSn¨p-hn«p.

P\a\ÊpIfn Kmw`ocyhpw al¯zhpw Cuam\nImthihpw ]IÀ¶p-sIm­v kDuZv IpSpw_¯nsâ t\XrXz¯nepÅ cmjv{Sw XuloZns\ apJap{Zbmbn AwKoIcn¨p DbnÀs¯gpt¶äpsh¶Xv B[p\nI CkvemanI \h PwKc W¯nsâ ZimkÔnsb Ipdn¡p¶p.kapZmb¯nse C¯n¡®nIfpsS hnXWvUhmZ§Ä iànbpàw JWvUn¡m ³ IÀa]cambpw sshÚm\nIambpw aX]cambpw bpàn bneqsSbpw AXn\p km[n¡p¶p. {]Øm\ t\«-§sf \ap¡v C§s\ kwt£-]n-¡mw 1. Bcm-[\ AÃm-lp-hn-\v am-{X-am-¡pI: a\pjy³ krjvSn¡s¸«Xv krjvSnIÀ¯mhn\v am{Xw Bcm[\ AÀ ]n¡p¶Xn\p-th­nbmWv, {]hmNI·mÀ \ntbmKn¡s¸« Xv CXp ]Tn¸n¡phm\mWv. AÃmlpam{Xsa Bcm[\¡Àl\mbn«pÅq F¶ ktµiw P\a\ÊpIfntes¡¯n¡m³ {]Øm\¯n\p Hcp ]cn[nhsc km[n¨p."\n§Ä AÃmlp hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hns\ Bcm[n¡pI, XzmKq¯ns\ shSnbpI F¶ ktµi ambn \mw FÃm kaql¯nte¡pw {]hmNIsc \ntbmKn¨n«p­v' (\lv : 36) P\a\ÊpIsf Cu Znibnte¡p Xncn¨phnSm\pw C _mZ¯pIÄ Ah\p am{Xam¡n amäphm\pw Ah³ \nÝbn ¨ \nebv¡v am{Xw C_mZ¯pIÄ \nÀÆln¡m\pw kaql s¯ DZvt_m[n¸n¡m³ Cu BZÀi{]Øm\¯n\p km[n¡pIbp­mbn.

2. kp¶-¯nsâ hym]-\hpw _nZvA-¯nsâ Xnc-kvImchpw: hnizmkcwK¯pw hm¡nepw IÀa¯nepw kp¶¯n s\ DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡m\pw AXpt]mse XÂØm\¯v It¿ dnbncp¶ _nZvA¯pIsf \o¡w sN¿m\pw km[n¨p. CXv B[n]Xyhpw kzm[o\hpw.DÅbnS§fn am{XaÃ. {]Øm\¯nsâ i_vZw tI«hcnseÃmw amä¯nsâ Imäphoin. A §s\ ]pWy-tI{µ¯nte¡pw, aJv_dIfnte¡pw Pmd§fnte¡papÅ P\{]hmls¯ Hcp ]cn[nhsc XSªp\nÀ ¯m\mbnsb¶Xv \nÊmcImcyaÃ.kq^nIÄ, inbm¡Ä, J _À ]qPIÀ, XpS§n FÃm _nZvCu I£nIfpsSbpw hmZKXnIsf \nÀhocyam¡n.

3. ke^n amÀKw apdpsI ]nSn-¡p-¶p: {]hmNINcy ]p\xØm]n¡m\mbXpt]mse¯s¶ k¨cnXcmb ke^n sâ (ap³KmanIÄ)amÀKw,AXmbXv klm_nIfpsSbpw Xm _nDIfpsSbpw AhcpsS A\pbmbnIfpsSbpw \mep CamapIfpsSbpw PohnXamXrI DÄs¡mÅpI AhcpsS ]mX Ahew_n¡pI. Cu Znibnepw {]Øm\¯n\v hnPbw h cn¡m\mbn. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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4. aX-¯nsâ t{kmX-Êns\ a\-Ên-em-¡ns¡m-Sp-¡p I: kapZmbs¯ Baqem{Kw {Kkn¨ncp¶ ]p¯³ BNmc §fpsS ZpxÊzm[o\w ImcWambn aX¯nsâ aqet{kmXÊpIÄ ]eÀ¡pw AÚmXambncp¶p. Dul§fpw, A`n{]mb§fpw,k¦Â]§fpw,]mgvIn\mhpIfpw,AicocnIfpw, s]m Å¡YIfpw,ZpÀ_e lZokpIfpsams¡bmbncp¶ Ahcp sS IÀa§fpsS B[mc§Ä. CsXm¡bpw XrWhÂKWn t¡­XmsW¶v kaqls¯ t_m[ys¸Sp¯pIbpw bYmÀ Y t{kmXÊmb JpÀB\nte¡pw Xncpkp¶¯nte¡pw A hsc Xncn¨phnfn¡m³ Ignªp.

5. sXfnhv Is­-¯p¶ coXnsb ip²o-I-cn¨p: A`o jvS¡mcpw ]p¯³ BNmc¡mcpw AhcpsS Xmev]cy kwc£W¯n\v A\pIqeambn ]e sXfnhpIfpw kzoIcn¡mdp­mbncp¶p. Dul¯ne[njvTnXamb A`n{]mb§Ä, k¦ ¸\§Ä, ]nÂIme-]WvUnXsc AÔambn A\pIcn¡pI, ZpÀhymJym\§Ä \ÂIpI, CsXms¡bmbncp¶p {]Nmc¯nencp¶ coXnIÄ. AXn\p]Icw JpÀB\n \n¶pw l ZokpIfn \n¶pw ]qÀÆ kqcnIfmb ]WvUnX·mcpsS A `n{]mb§ - Ä ap¶n sh¨pw B\pImenI {]iv\§Ä¡p Å sXfnhpIÄ kwtim[ns¨Sp¡m³ kaqls¯ ]Tn¸n ¡pIbmbncp¶p Cu {]Øm\w.

6. Adnhv {]N-cn-¸n-¡p-I, AÚX AI-äp-I: JpÀB \nte¡pw {]hmNINcybnte¡pw aS§m\pÅ Blzm\hpambn cwK{]thiw sNbvXt¸mÄ Ah P\§Ä¡p ]Tn¸n¨p-sImSp¡Â A\nhmcyambncp¶p. hnPRm\m`yk\w B Wn\pw s]®n\pw Hcpt]mse _m[IamWsÃm. {]tXyIn ¨pw aX]camb Adnhvt\S JpÀB³hymJym\w (X^vko hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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À), lZokv]T\w, hnizmk ]T\w, IÀaimkv{Xw, Ad_n `m j, aäp A\p_Ô AdnhpIÄ FÃmw kzmb¯am¡m³ k aqls¯ DZvt_m[n¸n¨p-sIm­ncp¶p.

7. B[p-\nI sshÚm-\nIþ\thm-°m-\-¯n ]¦m fn-bm-hp-I: Ne\aäp- InS¶ncp¶ sshÚm\nI aWvUe ¯n ]p¯\pWÀÆp-]IÀ¶p sIm­p {]tbmP\{]Zamb AdnhpIÄ kzmb¯am¡n hnÚm\]ptcmKXn ssIhcn ¡phm³ kapZmbs¯ kÖam¡n. AXn\mbn {KÙ§fpw eLpIrXnIfpw,IhnXIfpw,{]`mjW§fpw BtcmKyIcam b kwhmZ§fpw ]camh[n NqjWw sN¿m³ {]Øm\ ¯n\v km[n¨p.

8. aX-Nn-Ó-§Ä DbÀ¯n-¸n-Sn-¡p-I: aXm\pbmbnIÄ ¡p X§fpsS aXs¯¡pdn¨v A`nam\t_m[w thWw. A Xn\p aX¯nsâ Nn DbÀ¶p \nÂt¡­Xp­v. inÀ ¡vþ_nZvA¯pIfn \n¶p AI¶p \n¡Ww. XuloZpw kp¶¯pIfpw PohnX¯n {]ISamhpIbpw thWw.\akv ImcaS¡w CÉmansâ ASnØm\ kvXw`§Ä kpØm]nXamIWw. \· D]tZin¡Ww, Xn· hntcm[n¡Ww, kZvIÀ ½§Ä ]ckyam¡pIbpw ZpjvIÀa§Ä CÃmbva sN¿pI bpw thWw. Cu cwKhpw {i²m tI{µam¡n amän.

9. Ckvem-anI cmjv{Shpw kaq-lhpw bmYmÀYy-ambn: D¯a\qäm­pIÄ¡ptijw Hcp CkvemanI cmjv{S¯nsâ AkvXnXzw ]ecpw Xmtemen¨ Hcp kz]v\ambncp¶p. auenIXbpw kaImenIXzhpw kaÚkambn kwtbmPn¨ Hcp kaqls¯ bmYmÀYyam¡n¯oÀ¡m³ ke^n {]t_m[\¯n\v km[n¨psh¶Xv \nÊmcamb ImcyaÃ. A§s\ Xu loZn A[njvTnXamb, kp¶¯ns\ amÀKtcJbmbn Aw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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KoIcn¡p¶, ssZhnI \nba§Ä \S¸nem¡p¶,sshbàn IþkmaqlnI aWvUe§fn aXw apdpsI ]nSn¡p¶ Hcp kPohkm¶n[yambn Cu BZÀi Ip«mbva cq]w {]m]n¨p. ssiJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZpÂhlm_nsâbpw apl½Zv_v\p kDuZnsâbpw {ia^ea -mbp­mb alm t\«§fn  H¶t{X ke^n BZÀi¯nepff kDuZn `cWIqSw. 10. aX-Iob Iq«m-bvabpw `c-W-Iq-Ss¯ A\p-k-cn-¡ epw: kaql-t\XrXzw I¿mfp¶ `cWm[nImcnIfpw (Dadm¡Ä) aXt\XrXzw \nb{´n¡p¶ ]WvUnX·mcpw (Deam ¡Ä) ]ckv]c klhÀ¯n¯¯neqsS \o§nbm am{X ta Hcp D¯akaql krjvSn km[yamIq. P\w `cWm[nIm cnIsf AwKoIcn¡pIbpw Ahsc A\pkcn¡pIbpw th Ww. ]WvUnX·mÀ, `cWm[nIsf D]tZi\nÀtZi§fneq sS k ]mÙmhnte¡p \bn¡Ww. \nc´cw ]ckv]c Iq SnbmtemN\IÄ A\nhmcyamWv. CkvemanI kaqlImgvN¸mSnse Cu Bib§Ä h À¯am\-temI¯v bmYmÀYyamsW¶v sXfnbn¡m³ ku Zn BZÀi`cWIqS¯n\p km[n¡pIbp­mbn.

11. kam-[m\w Dd-¸p-h-cp¯n: CkvemanI Xmev]c -ya\pkcn¨v Hcp D¯a kaql krjvSnbv¡p A\nhmcyambpw A©v Imcy§Ä kwc£n¡¸tS­Xp­v. aXw, a\pjy_p²n, Poh³, k´m\w, kz¯v. Cu ]©kvXw`§Ä Hcn¡ epw It¿äw sN¿s¸Smt\m Ahbv¡pt]md GÂ]n¡m t\m ]mSpÅXÃ.AXv kam[m\`wK¯n\pw,P\¯nâ sskz c-PohnXXIÀ¨bv¡v ImcWam¡pw.

BZÀim[njvTnX `cWIqSw \nehn h¶t¸mÄ C hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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sXms¡ hÀ¯am\temI¯pw kpkm[yamb Imcy§Ä X s¶ F¶p B[p\nI bpK¯n\p t_m[ys¸Sp¯m³ Ign ªp.

12. a\-Ên\pw _p²n¡pw hntam-N\w: km¦Â]nI I YIÄ, Dulmt]ml§Ä, AÔhnizmk§Ä, AXymNmc§Ä,amÀKw {`wi§Ä F¶nh kaqls¯ aYn¨ncp¶t¸m Ä am\h a\ÊpIsf AhbpsS sI«p]mSpIfn \n¶v kz X{´am¡n, AÃmlp AÃm¯X - n \n¶pÅ _豈 th Às]Sp¯n. [njWbv¡pw a\Ên\pw ]qÀWhntamN\w km [yam¡m³ Ckvemln{]Øm\¯n\v km[n¨p.A§s\ A kzØXbpw ZuÀ`mKyhpw ZpÀhn[nIfpw Ahcn \n¶p am änsbSp¯p.

13. ssZhnI \nb-aw- sIm­v hn[n-IÂ]n-¡pI: aXþcm jv{S hn`P\§Ä¡XoXambn Ckvemansâ A[ym]\§Ä a\pjyPohn¯nsâ kÀÆam\ aWvUe§ - sfbpw kv]Àin¡p¶XmIbm BZÀi {]t_m[Icpw AXnsâ hàm¡ fpw aX\nba§Ä FÃm cwK¯pw {]tbmKhÂIcn¨p.

14. {]am-W-§Ä P\-§Ä¡p kaÀ¸n-¡Â: Ckvem lo {]Øm\w cq]s¸Sp¯nb kaql¯nsebpw cmjv{S¯nsebpw ]WvUnX·mcpw AXnsâ Aac¡mcpw A\pbmbnI fpw A\q`mhnIfpw Ignbpwhn[w kXykÔamb Ckveman sâ BZÀiw P\§fntes¡¯n¡m³ th­ kÖoIcW§Ä Bhnjv¡cn¨p. aXs¯ IrXyambn {Kln¡mXncp¶ AapkvenwIÄ¡pw Ckvemansâ ktµiw F¯n¡m³ hÀ ¯am\ Ime¯v AhÀ _²{i²cmbn."Fsâ kapZmb¯n se Hcp kwLw kXy¯n \nesImÅpsa¶v' {]hmNIXnhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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cpta\n()bpsS {]kvXmh\ AhÀtem`w IqSmsX \S¸nem ¡n h¶p.

15. Pmlneo NnÓ-§-fpsS Xnc-kvImcw: tKm{Xhn`mKobX, IpSpw_mNmc§Ä, XÀ¡hnXÀ¡§Ä, kwL«\§ Ä `n¶n¸pw On{ZXbpw, A{Iahpw A\oXnbpw, sImÅbpw sImÅn-shbv]psaÃmw \nÀ¯Â sNbvXpsIm­v kIeam \ Pmlneo k{¼Zmb§fpw tX¨p ambv¨p IfªpsIm­v \_nNcybpsS ASnØm\¯nepÅ Hcpkaqls¯ hmÀ s¯Sp¡m\pw ke^n {]t_m[\ -kcWn¡p km[yambn. C ¶pw AtX ]mXbn AXnsâ {]bmWw XpScp¶p.

Xo{h- hm-Zm-tcm-]-Ww Ckvemln {]Øm\hpw AXv {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ `cWIqShpw Xo{hhmZ¯n\v t{]mÕml\hpw B¡hpw \ ÂIp¶p F¶v NnehmÀ¯mam[ya§fpw {]Øm\ i{Xp¡ fpw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p­v. `oIchmZw, Xo{hhmZw XpS§nb kwÚIÄ BÀ D ¨cn¡p¶pthm AbmfpsS at\mKXn {]ISn¸n¡p¶ Hcp kw Úbmbpw AbmfpsS A`n{]mbamWv AXnsâ Dt±iysa ¶ AhØbnte¡pw hÀ¯am\ temIw F¯n¡gnªncn ¡p¶p. AXv ad¨psh¨n«v ImcyanÃ.

Ip{]NcWw \S¯p¶hÀ AhcpsS Cc«¯m¸p-\ bw {]ISn¸n¨p-sImt­bncn¡p¶p.aX]camb \nba§Ä \ S¸n hcp¯p¶Xpw Xn· \ntcm[n¡p¶XpsaÃmw ChÀ `o IcXbpw Xo{hXbpambn hymJym\n¡p¶p.ChÀ Bscbm Wv e£yam¡p¶sX¶p hyàw.CkvemamWv AhcpsS D ¶w. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hmkvXh -¯n kDuZn Atd_ybn \nehnepÅ ØnXn t\sc adn¨mWv. \m«n Ipg¸w krjvSn¡p¶Xnt\m Spw bYmÀY `oIchmZt¯mSpw bYmÀY Xo{hhmZ¯nt\m SpwB cmjv{S¯nsâ kao]\w cmjv{Sm´cob cwK¯pw A d_n CkvemanIcwK§fnepw kwLS\m kt½f\ cwK¯psaÃmw F¶pw hniZoIcn¡s¸«p-sIm­ncn¡p¶p. ]WvUnXcpsS \ne]mSpIfnepw AhcpsS ^XvhIfn \n¶pw C¡m cyw {Kln¡mhp¶XmIp¶p.]mTy]²XnbnemIs«, hmÀ¯m hnXcW cwK§fnemIs« kXyw, \oXn, anXXz-kao]\w C h ssIhnSmsXbpw ZpÀamÀ¤§fpsSbpw ZpÈmTy§fpsSbpw ]mX kzoIcn¡msXbpw AXv apt¶m«v t]mbns¡m­ncn¡p¶p. `cWIqShpw P\Xbpw ]WvUnX·mcpw D¯chmZs]« hcpw Cu ZnibnemWv Ncn¡p¶Xv. \· IÂ]n¡p¶Xnepw Xn· hntcm[n¡p¶Xnepw Ip äw-Is­¯p¶hcpw icoA¯v \nba§sf `oIcambn¡mWp¶hcpw apkvenw kaql¯n\v ]pXnb i{Xp¡fÃ. Ah À¡p Xn·bpsS AXn{]kctam, kmaqlnI ssiYneytam, {]iv\aÃ, adn¨p kv{XoIfpsS ]À±bpw Ckvemanse A\´ cmhImihpw IÀi\amb XuloZn kao]\hpw H¶pw I ®n ]nSn¡p¶nsöp am{Xw. A¯cw BfpItfmSpw I £nItfmSpw \ap¡p klX]n¡mw. `qanbn Ipg¸pap­m¡p¶Xv \ntcm[n¡p¶ Ckv emw, A{Iaw XSbp¶ Ckvemw, Ct§m«v kwL«\¯n\v h cp¶htcmsSÃmsX At§m«v kwL«\¯n\v ]pds¸ScpsX ¶v \nÀtZin¡p¶ Ckvemw F§s\bmWv \nc]cm[nIsf sIms¶mSp¡p¶ `oIchmZhpambn klIcn¡pI. A¯c ¡mtcmSv "CÉmw F´msW¶p \n§Ä ]Tn¡Ww'F¶p am hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{Xsa \ap¡p ]dbphm\pÅq.hmkvXh¯n Ckvemln {] Øm\hpw Xo{hhmZhpambn bmsXmcp _Ôhpansöv \ ap¡v XoÀ¯p-]dbmw.

A²ymbw 8 temI- C-kvemln Ne-\-§-fn-te¡v Hsc-¯n-t\m«w Hmt«ma³ XpÀ¡nIÄ¡p cmjv{Sobamb £oWta ¡m³ XpS§p¶Xn\v ap¼mbn bqtdm]y³ km{amPyXzw ap kvenw-\mSpIsf IogS¡m\mcw`n¨p. s\t¸mfnb³ AD 1798  CuPn]vXnsâ a®n Imeq¶ns¡m­v AXn\v \mµn-Ipdn¨p. apkvenw temIw A´On{Z¯nepw AÚXbnepw B eky¯nepw ap§n¡nS¡pIbmbncp¶p B L«¯n Cu kµÀ`¯nemWv Atd_y³ D]Zzo]ns\ tI{µoIcn¨p apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\ {] Øm\w DbnÀs¯gpt¶Â¡p¶Xv.B {]tZi§fn tImf \n hmgvN¡mcpsS A[n\nthi¯n\v {]Xntcm[w krjvSn¡m³ B almhn¹h {]Øm\¯n\p Ignªp. am{XaÃ, C kvemanI temI¯nsâ `n¶Zn¡pIfnte¡p Ckvemlnsâ {]Imiw IS¯nhn«p AhnS§fn t{]mÖzen¨p \n¡m \pw]eXcw kwkvIcWþ]cnjvIcW{]Øm\§Ä¡p B hnÀ`mhw \ÂIm\pw Cu BZÀi¯n\p Ignªp. A§s\ kuZn tI{µoIcn¨pÅ Ckvemlo {]hÀ¯\§Ä aäp Zn ¡pIfnte¡p \o§p¶ \b\taml\ ImgvNbmWv 18þmw \q äm­p-apX Ct¶mfw \mw I­p sIm­ncn¡p¶Xv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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temI Ckvemln Ne\§fnte¡pÅ HcphmXn Xp d¶p t\m¡m\mWv Cu A[ymb¯n {ian¡p¶Xv. Ckvemln Ne-\-§Ä ba-\n Atd_ytbmSv `q{]tZi]cambn _Ôs¸«p InS¡p ¶Xv sIm­v Xs¶ AhnsS \S¡p¶ cmjv{Sobhpw aX]chpamb amä§Ä IqSpX kzm[o\n¨Xv ba\n Bbncp ¶p. aX]cambn ho£n¡pt¼mÄ atäsXmcp cmPys¯t¸mse¯s -¶bmbncp¶p ba\nsâ ØnXnbpw. acWs¸«htcmSpÅ klmb`yÀY\, J_vdnS§fnte¡pÅ XoÀYbm{X, t\À¨ t\c AXn\pth­n kz¯v hJv^v sN¿Â,AhnsS hnf¡p I¯n¨p BtLmjw, CXnsem¶pw AhÀ H«pw ]n ¶nembncp¶nà F¶v Ncn{XImc·mÀ A`n{]mbs -¸Sp¶p.

C¯cw amÀ¤{`wi§tfmSv ]Ss]mcpXnb c­p hy ànXz§Ä lnPvd 12þmw \qäm­n AhnsS hfÀ¶p h¶p. ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p CkvamCu A Aaodpw(1099þ1182) ssiJv lpssk³ _v\p alvZo A³ \Aaypw (acWw ln 1187)lnPvd 1161/1748 apX Aaodnsâ \ne]mSv hfsc [ocam bncp¶p. ba\nse `cWm[nImcntbmSv aJm F¶ Øe¯p Å XoÀYmS\ tI{µw s]mfn¨p Ifbm³ \nÀtZin¡pIbpw AXn\pth­n am{Xw Hcp eLp{KÙw X¿mdm¡pIbpw sN bvXp. \Aanbpw CXpt]mse hnizmkImcy§fn {KÙ c N\ \S¯nbn«p­v.

Cu ]WvUnX³amÀ¡v apl½Zv _v\p A_vZpÂhlm_pambpÅ kzm[o\w hfsc hyàamWv.AaoÀ ]dbp¶Xv ImWpI."lnPvd 1160 apX \PvZn Hcp hyàn {]hmNINcy-apdpsI ]nSn¡m³ Bhiys¸«pw _nZvA¯pIÄ Hgnhmhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¡Wsa¶v \nÀt±in¨pw cwK¯vh¶ hmÀ¯ R§Ä¡p e `n¨ncp¶p. Pohn¨ncn¡p¶hcntem acn¨p-t]mbhcntem {] Xo£bÀ¸n¡p¶Xpw J_vdpIÄ¡p-aosX sI«nSw ]Wnbp¶Xpw aäpw At±lw hne¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p­v. aBcnPp J_q F¶ {KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmWv ssiJv \Aao. sXm«Sp¯ hÀj§fn C_vdmlow _v\p apl½Zv A Aao\pw apl½Zv_v\p Aen iuIm\nbpw (1141þ1213) (1173þ1250) Jp_qcn hmZnIÄs¡Xn iàamb hnaÀi\ ic§Ä sXmSp¯phn«p. ChscÃmw {KÙcN\cw K¯v hyànap{Z ]Xn¸n¨hcmWv. lnPvd 13þmw \qäm­nse c­mw ZiI§fnemWv IÀacwK¯v Ckvemln {]Øm\w {]thin¡p¶Xv. ba\nIÄ XuloZn BZÀiw a¡bn \n¶pw ]cnkc {]tZi§fn \n¶pw ]Tn¨p-h¶p.XXv^eambn ba\nIfpsS a\Ên A Xv tImfnf¡ap­m¡n.AhnSps¯ ]WvUnX k¼À¡§Ä AXn\p shÅhpw hfhpw \ÂIns¡m­pancp¶p. hnizmkip²oIcW¯n\v AhnSps¯ ]WvUnX³am À Xs¶ t\XrXzw \ÂInbX - n\m "k³BCÂ, ]cnkc-Zn¡pIfnÂ, ZnamÀ `mK§fn Hs¡bp­mbncp¶ J_dpI Ä¡p-aosX \nÀan¡s¸«-sI«nS§Ä s]mfn¨p \o¡pIbp­mbn.Atd_ybpsS sX¡³ {]tZi§fn \S¶ph¶ hn izmk ip²oIcWw t\sc ba³ `mKt¯¡p \o§pIbm Wp­mbX - v.AXpt]mse 1221  Xnlmabnep­mbncp¶ sI «nS§Ä Akodnse `cWm[nImcnIfpw \o¡w sN¿pIbp ­mbn. AaoÀ Aen_v\p anPvkepw ]e kwkvIcW {]hÀ ¯\§Ä¡pw t\XrXzw \ÂIn. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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F¶m XpÀ¡nbpsS taÂt\m«¯n CuPn]vjy³ ssk\yw \PvZn DbÀ¶p h¶ ]pXnb cmjv{SobþaXiànbmb ke^n {]Øm\s¯ D·qe\w sN¿m³ {ian¨Xn³ ^eambn ba\nepw AXnsâ A\pcW\w Zriyambn. DÖz eXtbmsS apt¶m«p\o§nb Ckvemln {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p AhnsS a§teäp. IÀa-taJeIÄ ipjvIambn. kzÀ®hpw shÅnbpw In«m³ th­nbmWv ke^nIÄ J_dpIÄ¡p aosXbpÅ FSp¸pIÄ s]mfn¡m³ {ian¡p¶sX¶p-hsc AhnSps¯ Xs¶ Nne ]WvUnXthj[mcnIÄ A¡me ¯v {]Ncn¸n¨p. ]n¶oSv Hcp \o­ CSthfbv¡ptijw lnPvd 14þmw \qäm­nsâ D¯cmÀ[¯nemWv ]p¯\pWÀhpambn Ckv emlo BZÀiw ho­pw kPohambXv F¶v Ncn{XImc·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. aX-cwK¯v ]pXnb DÄ¡mgvNtbmsS A hnSps¯ ]WvUnXÀ cwK{]thiw sNbvXp. \PvZnepw aänS §fnepambn AhÀ _Ôw iàns¸Sp¯n. k³BCepw ] cnkc{]tZi§fnepw ImWp¶ ]ÅnIfpw ]mTimeI -fpsa Ãmw ke^o BZÀi¯nsâ \nZÀi\ambn \nesImÅp¶p.

At\IamfpIÄ hnZy-t\Sm\mbn \PvZnte¡pw aäpw \o§nbXp aptJ\bmWv c­maXpw AhnsS BZÀi{]Øm\¯n \v thtcm«w e`n¨Xv. kuZn `cW¯nsâ ASn¯d `{Zam¡n bA_vZp Akokv cmPmhnsâ {i²bpw klmbhpw Cu cwK¯v KW\ob t\«§Ä D­m¡nbn«p­v.

C´y³ apkvenw-I-fn ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v \PvZn X sâ BZÀi {]t_m[\w \S¯p¶ AtX Ime¯v C´ybn  Hcp ]cnjvIÀ¯mhmb alm]WvUnX³ cwK{]thiw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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sNbvXncp¶p. Camw imlv henbpÃmlv(1703þ1763) XXz¯n epw BZÀi¯nepw ChcpsS {]t_m[\coXnIÄ¡p ]e kmay§fpap­mbncp¶p. ]s£ AhÀ X½n I­n«nsà ¶mWv Ncn{X¯n \n¶p hyàamIp¶Xv. J_À]qP, inÀ ¡³ {]hÀ¯\§Ä, _nZvA¯pIÄ, XJveoZv ChtbmsSm s¡bpÅ kao]\¯n Ccp]WvUnXcpw Gsd¡psd tbm Pn¡p¶Xp ImWmw.AhÀ Ccphcpw X½nse Hcp XmcXayw Cu sIm¨p \n_Ô\¯nsâ ]cn[nbn AÃm¯Xp sIm ­v X¡mew amänshbv¡s«.

C´ybn Ckvemln{]Øm\¯nsâ BZÀiw BZyambn ]cnNbs¸Sp¯m³ Ahkcw In«nbXv. k¿nZv Alva Zv iloZv (1786þ1831) BWv imlvhenbpÃmlv D­m¡nb sshÚm\nI ASn¯dbnemWv k¿nZv AlvaZv Xsâ hn¹ h {]Øm\w sI«n¸Sp¯Xv. k¿nZv AlvaZv icnbmb Hcp CkvemanI `cWw C ´ybn Øm]n¡m³ {ian¨p. apJyi{Xphmbn¡­Xv {_n «ojpImscbmbncp¶p. AXn\m AhÀ At±ls¯ Icnhmcnt¯¡m³ Ignbp¶ GXpamÀ¤hpw D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n.

Nne apÃamÀ AXv Gäp]nSn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. At±lw "h lm_n' bmbXp sIm­mWv CsXÃmw Act§dnbXv F¶v hcp¯m³ AhÀ InWªp ]cn{ian¨p. Ncn{X-hkvXpXI Ä IrXyambn ]cntim[n¨ ]ecpw, Hmdnbâenkväv Fgp¯pImcpsS ImgvN¸mSpIÄ XÅn¡fbp¶p­v. C´ybn \n ¶v Xs¶ hninjym kÀlnµnbpsSbpw imlvhenbpÃmln bpsSbpw BZÀi§Ä kzoIcn¨p hfÀ¶ k¿nZv AlvaZv lÖv thfbn kzm`mhnIambpw \PvZn cq]s¸« BZÀ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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i {]Øm\s¯ {Kln¡pIbpw IrXyambn DÄs¡mÅpI bpw sNbvXncn¡mw. {_n«ojpImcpsS Ip{]NmcW§Ä apÃamÀ¡p klmbIambn. AhÀ k¿nZv AlvaZns\Xnsc Ip^vdv ^XvhIÄ Cd¡n. `uXnIambn alm-kÖoIcW§fpÅ {_n«t\mSv s]mcpXm³ Bhiyamb Icp¯v At±l¯nsâ {]Øm\¯n\v CÃmbncp¶p. CsXms¡bmWv At±l¯nsâ ]cmP b-ImcW§Ä.

C´ybn ]e-Zn¡nepw Npän \S¡m\pw apkvenw a\ÊpIfn Ne\w krjvSn¡m\pw At\ImbncwA\pbmbnI sf D­m¡m\pw Ahcn Cuam\nImthiw Icp¸nSn¸n¡phm\pw B [oc apPmlnZn\v km[n¨p. 1831  At±l¯n sâ cà km£nXzm\´cw Ckvemlo BZÀiw C´ybn thcäp t]mbn«nÃ. ]n¶oSv 1857  D­mb H¶mw kzmX{´kac thfbn AXnsâ hàm¡Ä {_n«ojpImÀs¡XncnepÅ t]mcm«¯n \nkvXpeambn ]¦phln¨n«p­v.

20þmw \qäm­nsâ {]mcw`¯n \mw ImWp¶Xv D ¯tc´ybn 1906  k\mDÃm AarXkcnbpsS t\XrXz¯n Alvte-lZoknsâ cq]oIcWamWv.kuZn Atd_ybnemIs« A_vZp Akokv cmPmhnsâ ]pXnb kmcYy hpw. C´ybn {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡Ä¡p cmPmhv I ¯pIÄ Ab¨ncp¶p.

A¡me¯v {][m\ambpw C´y³ apkvenwIÄ \mephn`mKambmWv Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. ke^nIsf¶p hntijn¡s¸Sp¶ Alvse lZokpIÄ, dm^nZnIfmb inbm¡Ä, Jp_qcn-hmZnIfmb _tdÂhnIÄ Zbq_µv ]WvUnX·mcp sS Iq«mbva. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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CXn Alvse lZoknsâ hàm¡fÃm¯ Bcpw Ckvemln {]Øm\¯nâ BZÀiw kzoIcn¨hcmbncp¶n Ã. AhÀ JpÀB\pw {]hmNINcybpw apdpsI-]nSn¡m\pw apl½Zv _v\p AÐn hlm_nsâ {]t_m[\kcWbn kwØm]nXamb A_vZpÂAkokv cmPmhnsâ t\XrXz ¯n\v kÀÆhn[ ]n´pWbpw hmKvZm\w sNbvXncp¶p. cm PmhmIs« Alvse lZokv kmcYnIÄ¡p BiwkIÄ A À¸n¨p-sIm­p I¯pIÄ hsc Ab¨ncp¶Xmbn 1931 se Alvse lZokv ]{X§Ä hyàam¡p¶p. imlv henbpÃmln¡ptijw apl½Zv CkvamCu iloZv iàamb coXnbn ke^n BZÀi¯nsâ ]XmI C´y³ D]`qJWvU¯n DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡pIbp­mbn. A t±lhpw aät\Iw [ocapPmlnZnIfpw _metIm«p bp²¯n  càkm£nIfmbn. AhÀ¡v AÃmlp AÀln¡p¶ {] Xn^ew \ÂIs«, Bao³. ]n¶oSv At\Iw ]WvUnX³amÀ cwK¯v h¶p.

Ahcn {]apJ\mWv ssiJv aplZokv \ZoÀ lp ssk³ Zlveho (acWw 1320 lnPvd) ZÂln tI{µam¡n A t±lw Øm]n¨ ]mTime C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶p. ]ns¶ C amw XnÀapZnbpsS lZokp{KÙ¯n\v hymJym\sagpXnb A Ãma A_vZpdÒm³ ap_mdIv ^qcn (acWw 1353)A_qZmhqZn\v hymJym\w \ÂInb AÃma iwkpÂlJv AZoam_mZn (acWw 1329)Zlvem\v JWvU\{KÙsagpXnb AÃma _jo À klvkphm\o (1326), AaoÀ kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ (1307) auem\m A_vZp leow eIv\ho XpS§nb At\Iw {] Xn`mimenIfmb ]WvUnXcmWv {]Øm\¯n\v XpWbmbn hÀ¯n¨Xv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ckvem-lnsâ Xncn-\mfw þ tIc-f-¯n ssiJv AlvaZv kÀlnµnbpw imlvhenbpÃmln Zlv ehnbpw C´ybn XpS¡w Ipdn¨ Ckvemlo {]hÀ¯\§Ä k¿nZv AlvaZv iloZneqsSbpw imlvCkvamCu i loZnepsSbpw _lpZqcw apt¶m«p t]mhpIbp­mbn. Gsd¡psd sXm«Sp¯ Ime¯v Xs¶ tIcf¯nepw Ckvemln sâ \m¼pIÄ Xfncn«p. BZyambn Cu cwK¯v {]Xy£s¸Sp¶hcn {][m\n 1847  shfnbt-¦m«p P\n¨ k¿nZv k \mDÃm aàn X§fmWv. At±l¯nsâ XqenIbneqsS hm À¶phoW teJ\§Ä C¶pw NnckvacWob§fmWv. ]n ¶oSv laZm\n X§Ä (acWw 1922) cwK¯v h¶p. XpSÀ¶p ]{X{]hÀ¯I\pw kzmX{´y {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p t\XrXzw \ÂInb almhyànXzhpamb h¡w auehn cwK¯ph¶p. (acWw 1932) ho­pw Ckvemlo cwKwkPoham¡n apt¶m «p \bn¨ ]cnjvImÀ¯m¡fmWv sI.Fw. koXnkmln_v (1961) Fw.kn.kn. ktlmZc·mÀ, sI.Fw auehn(1964)-sI.sI. Fw. Pameq±o³ auehn (1955) A_pÊ_mlv auehn (1971) C.sI. auehn (1974) F.Aehn auehn(1976) XpS§n b aät\Iw al¯p¡fpw t\Xm¡fpw.

AhÀs¡Ãmw AÃmlp ]m]apàn \ÂIs« kndn-b-bnepw Cdm-Jnepw {]Øm\¯n\v Ht«sd A\pbmbnIÄ kndnbbnepw D­mbncp¶p. Ahcn {]apJ\mWv ssiJv Pamep±o³ Jm knan. Ignª \qäm­nsâ {]mcw`¯n At±lw Xsâ \n e]mSv P\ka£w AhXcn¸n¨t¸mÄ XpÀ¡n`cWIqSw A t±ls¯ kwib¯nsâ apÄap\bn \nÀ¯pIbp­mbn. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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AXpt]mse ssiJv A_vZpdkmJv A ss_XzmÀ, Xmln À PkmCco, apl½Zv Iman JÊzm_v, lpssk³ Pnkvdv, A_vZp JmZnÀ aKvcn_o, AaoÀ iIo_v Cankvem³ XpS §nb alm·mÀ ke^n {]Øm\s¯ ASp¯d-nªh - cpw Hcpthf AXnsâ klbm{XnIcpambn kndnbb - n BZÀi {]NcW¯n\p apt¼ \S¶p.

CdmJn ke^n{]Øm\¯nsâ {][m\\mbIcmbn BZyw cwK{]thiw sNbvXXv c­p BeqknamcmWv.inlm_p±o³ alvaqZv A Beqkn (1802þ1853) bmWv H¶mas¯ {]KÛ hyànXzw. {]kn²amb "dqlp aA\n' F¶v hnip ² JpÀB³ hymJym\¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmWt±lw. aX¯n  Ibdn¸änbn«pÅ C¯n¡®nIÄ hens¨dnªp Ckvemansâ ip²Xnbnte¡v aS§m³ Blzm\w sNbvX At±lw hnizmk-Imcy§fnepw XhÊpÂ, acWs¸«htcmSpÅ ip ]mÀi tXS XpS§nb hnjb§fnepw IÀi\ \ne]mSv kzo Icn¡pIbp­mbn. c­mas¯ hninjvS-hyànXzw At±l¯nsâ ]u {X\pw aX]cnjvIÀ¯mhpw kmlnXy¯nepw Ncn{X¯nepw hyIvXnap{Z-]Xn¸n¨ alvaqZv ip{Io A Beqkn (1856 þ 1924)bmWv. sshÚm\nI \thm°m\w hgn apÉnw kaql¯n amä¯nsâ sImSp¦mäv krjvSn¡m³ X¶memhpw-hn [w At±lw ]cn{ian¨p. Ncn{X¯nepw tKmfimkv{X¯nepsaÃmw {KÙcN\ \S¯n."\PvZnsâ Ncn{Xw'F¶ Xsâ kp {]kn² {KÙw hÀ¯am\Ime \PvZnsâbpw ssiJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZnÂhlm_nsâ {]t_m[\ -¯nsâbpw Ncn{XamIp¶p. ]p¯\mNmc§tfmSpw kq^oXzcoJ¯pItfm Spw iàamb \ne]mSp kzoIcn¨ At±lw hnip²JpÀBhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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\nte¡pw {]hmNI PohnXNcybnte¡pw Xncn¨pt]mIm³ kaqlt¯mSv iàamb `mjbn Blzm\w \S¯pIbp­mbn. kpUm-\nepw D¯-cm-{^n-¡-bnepw Ckvem-lo -{]-Øm-\-¯n sâ kzm[o\w ke^n BZÀi§Ä lÖn\p-th­n a¡bn F ¯nbhÀ ]etZi§fnepw {]Ncn¸n¨Xp-t]mse AÄPocn bbn \ns¶¯nb k¿nZv apl½Zv_v\p Ben AÊ\qÊn (1787þ1858) Xt±iobcn {]Ncn¸n¨p.]s£ ]n¶oSt±lw en_nbbnse _ÀJnb F¶ Øet¯¡p-\o§n kq^namÀK¯n BIrjvS\mbn k\qkn {]Øm\w sI«n¸Sp¯p. ke^n {]Øm\¯nsâbpw k\qÊn {]Øm\¯n sâbpw {]t_m[\ ssienbn kmcamb hyXymkw Zriy amsW¦nepw ]etaJebnepw kmZriyhpw ImWmw. Ckvemansâ XpS¡¯nep­mbncp¶ emfnXy¯nte¡p Xncn¨pt]m¡v, AXns\ hnIrXam¡nb AXymNmc§fpw AÔhnizmk§fn \n¶pw AXns\ kwiq²oIcn¡pI,KthjW¯nsâ (CPnXnlmZv) BhiyIX, _nZvA¯pItfmSpÅ k ao]\w F¶nhbnsems¡ Cu kmZriyw \ap¡p a\Ênem ¡mw. F{Xt¯mfsa¶m admIninse kp¯m³ koXn aql½Zv Hcn¡Â {]kvXmhn¨p.Rm³ amenIv aZvl_pImc \pw hlm_n B ib¡mc\pamIp¶psh¶v (acWw 1885) C Xn\p kam\ambn Nn´n¨ hyànbmbncp¶p AÄPocnb³ Fgp¯pImc\mb amenIv_v\p \_nbpw. aäpNne ]cnjvIcW {]Øm\§Ä `mKnIamtbm ]q À®amtbm ke^n kcWntbmSv ASp¸w ]peÀ¯nt¸mIp hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¶p.Ahb{-Xbpw hyànIfnte¡p tNÀ¯n¸dbp¶ {]Øm\§fs{X. kpUm\nse alvZn {]Øm\w, D¯cm{^n¡bn se k\qkn {]Øm\w, Dkvam\p_v\p ^uZnbpsS {]Øm \w, CuPn]vXnÂapl½Zv A_vZphnsâ t\XrXz¯n DbnÀ sIm­p {]Øm\w XpS§nbh.C´ybnse Ckvemln Ne\§fpw kpUm\nsebpw CuPn]vXnsebpw A³kmdpÊp¶ {]Øm\hpw Alvep lZokv {]Øm\hpw Gsd¡psd ]qÀ®ambpw Ckvemlo BZÀiw kzoIcn¨p-hcp¶hcs{X. 1803þ1821 ImeL«¯n kpam{Xbn {]Øm\¯n sâ BZÀiw hfsc s]s«¶p {]Ncn¨p. tlmf­pImcmb km{amPyXzhmZnIfpsS CSs]epIfpw XSʧfpw CÃmbncp¶psh¦n {]Øm\w AhnsS sh¶ns¡mSn ]mdn¡pambncp¶p. F¦nepw Xt±iobcn h¼n¨ amä§Ä hcp¯m ³ {]Øm\¯n\p km[n¨p. apkvenw temIs¯ AXv B]Xn¨ ZuÀ_Ãy§fn \n¶p ssI]nSn¨pbÀ¯n _p²n]chpw sshÚm\nIhpw aX]chpamb DWÀ¨ \ÂInb At\Iw aX{]Øm\§Ä ¡p \mµnIpdn¡phm³ ke^n {]Øm\¯n\v km[n¨psh¶Xv Hcp Ncn{X kXyamWv. tIcf¯nse Nne ]ptcmlnXÀ AXv AwKoIcn¡p hm³ X¿mdsænepw HcpNcn{X hnZymÀYn¡p Hcn¡epw \n tj[n¡m\mhm¯ kXyambn AXv Ahtijn¡p¶p.

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A²ymbw 9 Ckvemlo {]Øm-\hpw {_o«njv Nmc-hr-¯nbpw Cu hnjbw NÀ¨-sN¿pw ap¼mbn Hcp Imcyw hmb\¡mcs\ DWÀ¯s«. GsXmcp hn`mK¯nt\tbm I£n tbm \mw ]cntim[n¡pt¼mgpw Ahsc¡pdn¨v t_m[]qÀ Æw AkXyw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xpw AdnhnÃm¯hs\ sXän² cn¸n¡p¶Xpw a\Êm£n¡p \nc¡m¯Xpw A\nkvemanIhpamWv. temImSnØm\¯n cq]s¸« Ckvemlo {]Øm\s¯¡pdn¨v kwkmcn¡pt¼mÄ C¡mcyw Hcn¡epw hn kvacn¡cpXv. AÃmlp ]dbp¶p.“Hcp P\XtbmSpÅ hntZzjw, A htcmSv A\oXn ImWn¡m³ \n§sf t{]cn¸n¡mXncn¡s«. \n§Ä \oXn ]men¡pI. AXmWv [Àa\njvTtbmSv Gähpw ASp¯Xv. \n§Ä AÃmlphns\ kq£n¡pI. (amCZ :8) Ckvemln {]Øm\s¯ apJyi{Xphm¡n {]kn²oIcn¡s¸« Hcpaebmf IrXnbn FgpXp¶Xv ImWpI: "{_n «ojv Nmc\mb lw^À shÅhpw hfhpw \ÂIn hfÀ¯n sbSp¯ ]pXnb aXamWv hlm_nkw (hlm_n) {]Øm \wþ Hcp ka{K ]T\w' F¶Xnsâ A`n{]mb¡pdn¸nÂ. A tX ]pkvXI¯n Xs¶ F´mWv Gähpw henb kZvIÀ aw F¶v hniZoIcn¡p¶Xv C§ns\. "B hlm_nIsf¡p dn¨v Fs´¦nepw A`n{]mbw \n§Ä¡pw ]dbm\ntÃ. F ¦n B A`n{]mbw \n§fpsS \m«nepw ho«nepw {]Ncn¸n ¡p.\mw ]ctemIt¯¡p th­n sN¿p¶ Gähpw al¯m b kZvIÀ½w AXmbncn¡pw. (t]: 311) AtX ]pkvXI -¡mc hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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³ asämcnS¯v FgpXp¶p. "Npcp¡¯n Ckvemans\ \in¸n¡m³ {_n«ojv `cWIqSw \ntbmKn¨ lw^À F¶ Nmc ³ C_v\p B_vZn hlm_v F¶...........? Hcp Pmck´XnbmWv hlm_nkw' (hcn apgph³ FgpXp¶Xv kwkvImc iq\yamIpw) tIcf¯nse bYmÀY "kp¶¯v PamA¯n sâ' in Yne a{´§Ä! ChcpsS Gähpw henb ]pWyIÀ½w LSnImc¯nsâ kqNn ]n¶m¡w Xncn¡emWv. Ckvemln {]kv Ym\¯n\v {_n«njv _Ôap­mbncpt¶m F¶dnbm³ B Zyambn th­Xv Ncn{X ]cntim[\bmWv. kXykÔambn Ncn{Xw ]Tn¡p¶XneqsS Xs¶ CÆnjbIambn Hcp XoÀ¸nse¯mw.

KthjIÀ, Ncn{XImc·mÀ, ]TnXm¡Ä Hmdnbâenkv äpIÄ, `mjm ]WvUnXÀ, cmjv{Sob hniIe\¡mÀ, \thm °m\ Ncn{Xw Ipdn¨hÀ, hnÚm\tImicNbnXm¡Ä, A \pbmbnIÄ, i{Xp¡Ä F¶o hnhn[taJeb - nepÅhÀ ap l½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_ns\ hnebncp¯nbn«p­v. akvXnjvIw ]Wbs¸Sp¯m¯ klrZb\mb G sXmcp kXymt\zjn¡pw Cu Znibn shfn¨w \ÂIemWv Cu IrXnbpsS e£yw.Ncn{X¯nsâ I®mSnbneqsS Hcp a lm{]Øm\w F§s\ ho£n¡s¸Sp¶p F¶v ]cntim[n ¡Ww.A§s\ aXbmYmØnXnIcpw AhcpsS IuSneykq{X§fpw _p²nam·mcpsS ap¼n hnNmcW sN¿s¸SWw ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_n\v {_n«ojv _mÔhw D­mbncp¶pthm?

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bYmÀY¯n ssiJv {_n«ojv `cW¯nsâ i{Xp¡fpsS ]«nIbnemWp­mbncp¶Xv. CXmWv {]Øm\¯nsâ an{X§fpw i{Xp¡fpamb \njv]£ Ncn{XImc·mcpsS G tIm]nXm`n{]mbw. CXn\v Dt]mZv_eI -amb sXfnhpIÄ \ ap¡p ]cntim[n¡mw. AXnte¡p IS¡pw ap¼v km{amPys¯¡pdn¨v AÂ]w {]Xn]mZnt¡­Xp­v. bqtdm-]y³ km{am-PyXzw apkvenw cmPy-§-fn Ipcnip bp²m\´cw CkvemanIcmPy§sf IogS ¡m³, ssk\nI apt¶ä§fneqsS-km²yasöp a\Ênem¡nb bqtdm]y³amÀtImf\n h¡cW¯nsâ ]pXnb am ÀK§Ä tXSns¡m­ncp¶p. I¨hS hym]mc amÀK§fmWhÀ {][m\ambpw B{ibn¨Xv. hymhkmbnI hn¹hw DbÀ ¯n hn« \ho\ DÂ]¶§sf ]p¯³ tImf\nIfn hnä gn¡pI F¶Xn\p]pdsa X§fpsS kwkvImchpw aXhpw temIs¯ÃmbnS¯pw {]Ncn¸n¡epw tImf\nh¡cW¯nsâ e£y§fn s]«Xmbncp¶p.F.Un. 15þmw \qäm­n \p tijw ]Snªmdp-\n¶p Ingt¡m«pÅ bqtdm]ycpsS H cp Ips¯mgp¡mWv Ncn{X¯n \mw ImWp¶Xv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ, {^©pImÀ, Cw¥ojpImÀ, PÀa³ImÀ, Cdden ¡mÀ,U³amÀ¡pImÀ, kzoU³ImÀ XpS§nbhscÃmw CXn  AWn\nc¶p. A¡me¯v iàamb aq¶v apkvenw `cWIqS§fmWp­mbncp¶Xv. Jnem^¯nsâ {]Xn\n[nbmbp Å Dkvam\n `cWIqShpw, C´ybn apKnf km{amPyhpw t]Àjybn kYho(ioCu) `cWIqShpw.

Cu `cWIqS§sf BZyw ]tcm£ambpw ]ns¶ {] Xy£ambpw XIÀ¡pI F¶ KqVe£yw tImf\nh¡cW¯n HfnªpInS¶ncp¶p. Iebpw kmlnXyhpw hyhhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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kmbþhmWnPy§fpsaÃmw Cu amÀ¤¯n D]tbmKs¸Sp¯s¸«p. "]mÝmXysc \½fmbpw,]uckvXysc A\ycmbpw Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«p. CXnsâ `mKamWv XpÀ¡n "bqtdm¸nsâ tcmKn''bmIp¶Xpw B{^n¡ "Idp¯-h³Icbmhp¶Xpw' C´y¡mÀ kmwkvImcnIambn ]n¶m¡¡mcmIp¶Xpw. bqtdm¸nsâ s]mXphmb at\m\ne a\Ênem¡m³, {]apJ Ncn{XImc³ ssd\msâ Hcp hmNIw FtUzÀUv sskZv FSp¯p²cn¨Xv hmbn¨m aXnbmIpw."\½psS Im e¯nsâ hnjb§fpambn hfsc¡pd¨p _Ôs¸Sp¶ H cmÄ¡p-t]mepw hyàambn a\Ênemhpw, saml½Zob cm Py§Â \t½¡mÄ F{Xtbm Xcw Xmgv¶hbmsW¶v.'

F´n\v kmlnXyw-t]mepw IogS¡ensâ h{Pmbp[§fmbncp¶psh¶mWv sskZnsâ aXw."ImÀsseepw dkvIn \pw Un¡³kpw Xm¡sdbpw t]mepÅ Fgp¯pImÀ tIm f\n hÂIcW¯nsâ ]£¯mbncp¶p. Xmtg¡nS-hwiw F¶ [mcW AhÀ ]etcbpw Ipdn¨p kq£n¨ncp¶p. F ¶n«pw Ahsc kmwkvImcnIXbptSXmb Hcp hyXykvX h Ip¸nemWv DbÀ¯n {]XnjvTn¨Xv. kwkvImcamWp t]mepw AhcpsS bYmÀY taJe. C¯cw k¦oÀWamb kmlNcy¯n AYhm an¡ CkvemanI cmPy§fnepw bqtdm]y³ Cw]ocnbenk¯nsâ Zwjv{SIÄ Du¶nbt¸mÄ, CkvemanI N{Ihmf¯n Hcp ip{I-\£{Xambn apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v Atd_ybn DZn¨ps]m§p¶Xv CkvemanIw F¶phnfn¡mhp ¶ GtXXp taJeIfnepw AhÀ ssIsh¨p. `cWw, \nba\nÀ½mWw, ]ÀZ, hnZym`ymkw, kwkvImcw., PnlmZv,kmaq lnI ImgvN¸mSv, FÃmänepw.... Bcm[\Ifn AhÀ CSs]hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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«nsöp ]dbmw.Bcm[\ cwK¯v aXhncp²amb Imcy§ Ä apkvenwIfn Xs¶ th­pthmfap­mbncp¶tÃm.

AXpsIm­p Xs¶ Ckvemant\m apkvenwIÄt¡m t\«ap­m¡p¶ GsXmcp LSIs¯bpw CÃmbva sN¿m \mWv i{Xp¡Ä DZyan¨ncp¶Xv.A¡q«¯n Ckvemln {] Øm\s¯bpw AXnsâ kmcYnIsfbpw Zpjv{]NcWw h gn¡pw Bbp[_ew sIm­pw \in¸n¡m\pÅ-X{´§Ä Bhnjv¡cn¡pIbmWv {_n«\pwAhcpsS {]`rXnIfpw sN bvXXv. AÃmsX "hlm_n {]Øm\'s¯ hfÀ¯ns¡m­phcm³ AhÀ Fs´¦nepw {]hÀ¯n¨Xmbn hnizmktbmKyamb Ncn{XtcJIfn ImWp¶nÃ.F¶m {]Øm\ i{Xp¡fmb inbm¡fpw Jq_qcnIfpw C§ns\ IÅ{]NcWw \S¯p¶psh¶p am{Xw. Ncn-{X-Im-c-\mb alvaqZv imInÀ Fgp-Xp-¶p.

"Ing¡³ CkvemanI temI¯v aq¶v iànIfmWp ­mbncp¶Xv. ZuÀ_ey¯nepw PVmhØbnepw F¯n\n ¡p¶ Jnem^¯ns\ {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ Dkvam\o`cW-IqSamWv H¶mat¯Xv. CuPn]vXns\ Hcp \hiànbm ¡n DbÀ¯ns¡m­phcm³ InWªp ]cn{ian¡p¶ apl½Zen ]mjbpsS t\XrXz¯nemWv c­mat¯Xv. aq¶ma s¯ iàn Atd_ybn hfÀ¨bpsS L«¯nse¯nb k DuZn `cWIqShpw. ke^n ss]XrIw ]n³]änbpw [Àak acmthiw apkvenwIfn \«p]nSn¸n¨pw apt¶m«p\o§nb AhÀ¡p kapZmb ]n´pWANntcW e`n¨p sIm­ncn¶p.

A_vZp Akokv cmPmhnsâbpw aI³ kDuZp I_odnsâ ImeL«¯n D­mb `cW¯nsâ hfÀ¨bpw hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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hnImkhpw Dkvam\o `cWIÀ¯m¡sf sR«n¨p. _KvZmZnsebpw AXpt]mse kndnbbnsebpw KhÀWÀamÀ¡v Cu \hiàn¡pap¶n ap«paSt¡­n h¶p. apl½Zen¡mI s« Xsâ A`nemj§ - Ä¡pw taml§Ä¡pw ChÀ hne§pXSnbmhptam F¶ t]Snbpw DSseSp¯p. F¶m ss{Ikv Xh cmjv{S§fpsS `bw, Dkvam\nIfpsS Zu_ey¯n\pti jwho­pw apkvenwIfn [Àakacmthiw DSseSp¡ptam F¶Xpambncp¶p. AXpsIm­p Xs¶ Cu {]t_m[I kw cw`s¯ XIÀ¯pIfbm³ apl½ZenbpsS klmbw tXSn s¡m­p Dkvam\o Jeo^bv¡p AhÀ t{]cW \ÂIn. Cu \hiànbpsS kzm[o\w Dd¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ t`Zw apl½Zen ]mj¡p IqSpX kzmX{´yw e`n¡p¶Xmbncn¡psa ¶hÀ IW¡pIq«n. Jeo^bmIs« Xsâ Hcp FXncmfnsb s¡m­p asämcmsf hIhcp¯m\pw Dd¨p.A§s\ apl½ Zen, Jeo^bpsS BÚ \S¸nem¡p¶Xnt\m AXsæn  Xsâ Xmev]cyw kwc£W¯nt\m cwK¯nd§n. (Ckv emanI Ncn{Xw, hm. 8, t]Pv. 260, alvaqZv imInÀ) Ckvem-ln-{]-Øm-\-¯nsâ c­p i{Xp-¡Ä "t]\sIm­pw \mhpsIm­pw Bkq{XWw sN¿s¸ « Zpjv{]NmcWambncp¶p Dkvam\nIfn \n¶v {]Øm\ ¯n\v t\cntS­n-h¶Xv. \nIrjvSamb ]p¯³hmZhpw {] ISamb hyXnbm\hpamWv AXnsâ Bib§sf¶pw Ckv emanItemI¯nsâ sFIy¯n\pw ]cnip² aµnc§fpsS \ne\nÂ]n\pw FXncmsW¶pw Ahsc¡pdn¨p Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«p. hlm_n {]Øm\¯nsâ asämcp i{Xp XÕabw cw K¯ph¶ {_n«ojv tImf\n hmgvNbmbncp¶p. AhÀ¡p K hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Ä^n hÀ[n¨ XmÂ]cyap­mbncp¶p. D]Zzo]n ZpÀºe iànIÄ `cn¨mte AhcpsS Xmev]cykwc£Ww km[y amIq. kDuZnIÄ sI«ns¸Sp¯psIm­ncn¡p¶ iàhpw {]hnimehpamb `cWw X§fpsS cmjv{Sob XmÂ]cy¯ns\XncmsW¶hÀ a\Ênem¡n. h©\bneqsSbpw `ojWn aptJ\bpw BhiyL«§fn ssk\yw aptJ\bpw AhÀ X¡kab¯p CSs]«p-sIm­ncp¶p.A§s\bmWv akvI ¯v `cWm[nImcn kDuZv _v\p kp¯m\pw {_n«ojv tIm f\n¡mcpw X½n ssItImÀ¡p¶Xv AXn\m Xs¶ akv I¯vhsc AhcpsS A[nImc taJe hn]pea -mhpIbpw sN bvXp. (CkvemanI Ncn{X hnÚm\ tImiw, hm. 7, t]. 125, tUm. AlvaZv ie_n) Htc kabw c­p i{Xp¡fmWv Ckvemln {]Øm\¯nt\mSv Gäpap«m³ {]m]vXambncp¶Xv. C{Xt¯mfw {]ISamb i{XpXbpw sImSnb h©\bpw A\phÀ¯n¡p¶ {_n«t\mSv Dkvam\n `cWamWv N§m¯w ]peÀ¯nbsX¶mWv ChnsS \ap¡v a\ÊnemIm\mIp¶Xv. hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«o-jp-Imcpw kÀhXv kueXv FgpXp¶Xv ImWpI. ""Dkvam\nb kp¯m\¯pw, {_n«ojpImcpw kDu Zn KhÀsaâns\ btimlXy-sN¿p¶Xn henb ]¦phln¨n«p­v. AhÀ sXän²mcWmP\Ihpw AXnitbmàn]chpamb hmÀ¯IÄ temIs¯§pw {]Ncn¸n¨p. {_n«ojpIm cpw Dkvam\nIfpw kDuZnIfpsS i{Xp¡fmbncp¶phsÃm.

Dkvam\nIfpambn AhÀ t\À¡pt\sc¯s¶ kwL«\¯nembncp¶p. t]Àjy³ KÄ^v Xoc§fpsS taepÅ kDuZn hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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B[n]Xyw ChnsS hÀ[n¨phcp¶ {_n«ojv kzm[o\¯n\p XSÊamsW¶v I­ {_n«ojpImÀ Ham\nse Aaodmb k DuZn\p ]WwsImSp¯psIm­v kDuZn IpSpw_t¯mSv bp ²w sN¿n¨ncp¶p. Cu Ime¯mWv C´ybn apPmlnZo sâ {]Øm\w iàn{]m]n¨Xv. apPmlnZo³ {]Øm\¡m sc XIÀ¡p¶Xn\p th­n {_n«ojpImÀ apl½Zv _v\p A _vZn hlm_nsâ Nn´Isf¡pdn¨v ]eXc¯nepÅ-sXän²mcWIÄ ]c¯pIbpw apPmlnZp {]Øm\¡msc hlm_nIfmbn Nn{XoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. apl½Zv_v\p A_v Zn hlm_ns\ hlm_n F¶ ]pXnb I£nbpsS Øm]I\mbn {_n«ojpImÀ AhXcn¸n¨p. hmkvXh¯n At± lw Hcp ]pXnb I£nbpsS Øm]It\ AÃ. AlvepÊp¶ ¯n h PamA¯nse l¼en-aZvl_pImc\mbncp¶ A t±lw JpÀBsâbpw kp¶¯nsâbpw A[ym]\§Ä ]p \cpÖohn¸n¡m³ {ian¡pI am{Xta sNbvXn«pÅq. (Ckv emanI kaqlwþNcn{X kw{Klw hmfyw 2, t]m. 531 F¶ IrXnbn \n¶v) Atd_y km{am-Py-Xz¯n¶v Iogvs]-«n-à {_n«ojv tImf\n hmgvN CkvemanI {]hniyIfn F{Xam{Xw kzm[o\n¡pIbp­msb¶v(F³sskt¢m]oUnb Hm^v {_n«m\n¡) ]dbp¶p.{]Xntcm[n¡mt\m ]cnjv¡cn¡mt\m DÅ {ia§Ä an¡Xpw ]cmPbs¸«p. 1818 Bbt¸mÄ C´ybpsS taepÅ {_n«ojv B[n]Xyw Gsd¡psd ]qÀWambn¡gnªncp¶p. ]n¶oSt§m«v H«t\Iw tImf\nIÄ AtXhgn XpSÀ¶v sImt­bncp¶p. H¶mw temIbp²¯n\p tijhpw AXv XpSÀ¶p. FÃm CkvemanI cmPy§ fpw ]qÀ®ambn tImf\nIfmbnsænepw HcpXc¯nesæn hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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 asämcp Xc¯n AhÀ B{inXcmPy§fmbn¯oÀ¶p. a\Èmkv{X]camtbm, cmjv{Soba -mtbm, kmt¦XnIamtbm, kmwkvImcnItam, km¼¯nItam Bbn«mbncp¶p Cu B {inXXzw. A§s\ HcpXc¯nepÅ B{inXXz¯nepw hcm sX hgpXn c£s¸«Xv Atd_y³ D]Zzo]nse kuZn `cWtaJe am{Xambncp¶p. F¶m 1930 IÄ¡ptijw F® bpsS I­p]nSp¯t¯msS ØnXnKXnIÄ amdn-hcp¶p­v. \qäm­pItfmfw apkvenw cmPy§sf apgph³A[o\s¸Sp¯nb i{XpcmPy§fpsS ]nSnbn \n¶v c£s¸Sm³ km[n¨Xv Ckvemans\ PohnX {]amWambn AwKoIcn¨ k DuZn Atd_y¡p am{Xambncp¶p.þCsXmcp Ncn{XkXyamW.v CkvemanI Jnem^¯nsâ ]X\w Bk¶ambt¸m Ä 18þmw \qäm­n aq¶v iànIÄ \hPmKcW¯nsâ Im lf [z\nbpambn cwK¯ph¶p."Pkodbn apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâ Ckvemln {]Øm\w,AÄPocnb, en _nb tI{µoIcn¨p B{^n¡bn k\qkn {]Øm\w kp Um\n alvZn {]Øm\w F¶nhbmWh. Chsb ]cmaÀin¨psIm­p tUmIvSÀ Pao A_vZp à ankvco FgpXp¶Xv ImWpI. "Cu aq¶v {]Øm\§sf bpw hnIrXam¡n Nn{XoIcn¨p Ahsb ap¨qSpw \in¸n¡m ³ Xp\nªp, ]Snªmd³ tImf\n hmgvN¡mÀ. AXpt]m epÅ aäp CkvemanI {]Øm\§sfbpw, sImÅ¡mcmb tImf\n hmgvN¡mÀs¡Xnsc AhÀ PnlmZv \S¯p¶psh ¶ ImcWw sIm­mWn{]Imcw sNbvXXv.CkvemanI temI (8) ¯v aXþcmjv{S hn`P\¯n\pw AhÀ acp¶n«p.

(8)

B[p\nI CkvemanI temIhpw {]iv\§fpw `mKw 1, t]. 184)

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{_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS A]-hm-Z-{]-N-c-W-§Ä C´y³ D]`qJWvU¯n Dcphw sIm­ k¿nZv A laZv iloZnsâ hlm_n {]Øm\hpw {_n«ojv D]Pm]§ fpw F§s\bmbncp¶p F¶p t\m¡mw.

"Hcp `mK¯v A[nImcnIÄ A{Iaw Agn¨p hn«t¸m Ä adp`mK¯v {]Øm\¯ns¶Xncn A]hmZ {]NcW§ Äþ\S¯p¶Xn\v A[nImcnIÄ InWªp-]cn{ian¨p. ap kvenw kapZmbs¯ {]Øm\hpambn AIäpI F¶Xmbncp¶p CXnsâ Xmev]cyw. Hcp {]Øm\s¯ XIÀ¡m³ G ähpw Bhiyambn«pÅXv AXnsâ P\]n´pW \jvSs¸Sp¯pIbpw P\]n´pW BÀPn¡p¶Xn \n¶v AXns\ XSbpIbpw sN¿pIbmWv.A{Iahpw aÀ±\hpw am{Xw-sIm­v CXv km[yambncp¶nÃ. AXv sIm­hÀ A]hmZ{]NcW§fn A`bw tXSn. CXn Gähpw amcIambn¯oÀ¶Xpw {it²bhpamb {]NmcWw k¿nZv AlvaZv iloZv"hlm_n' bmsW¶pw PnlmZv {]Øm\w hlm_n {]Øm\amsW¶p Å Btcm]Whpambncp¶p. ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn Âhlm_v \PvZn Bcw`n¨ncp¶ ]p\cp°m\ {]Øm\ ¯nsâ C´y³ ]Xn¸mbn A[nImcnIÄ CXns\ ap{ZIp¯pIbpw AXv ]camh[n {]Ncn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXpw CXn¶mhiyamb Ipsd IÅ¡YIfpw AhÀ sa\ªp­m¡n. hlm_n \ma-I-c-W-¯n\p ]n¶n "C´ybn apkvenwIÄ \PvZnse {]Øm\s¯¡pdn ¨v [mcmfw sXän²mcWIfpw AÔ[mcWIfpw sh¨p ]pe À¯p¶hcmsWs¶dnªXp-sIm­mbncp¶p. A[nImcnI Ä Cu Btcm]Ww Na¨Xv. CJv_mensâ at\mlc-ssienbn ]dªm \PvZnse {]Imi¯nsâ {]Øm\¯n\v i hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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{Xp¡Ä hlm_n {]Øm\sa¶v t]cn«Xv Zpcpt±iy]qÀÆambncp¶p. ssiJn Ckvemansâ t]cnt\mSÃtÃm {]Øm\ s¯ AhÀ _Ôs¸Sp¯nbXv. At±l¯nsâ ]nXmhnsâ t]cnt\mSmWv {]Øm\s¯ Iq«ns¡«nbXv.CsXmcp KqVmtemN\bpsS ^eambncp¶p.

C´y³ hlm-_n-I-tfmSv {_n«o-jp-Im-cpsS {IqcX Atd_ybnepÅ {]Øm\¯nsâ hàm¡sf am{Xa à ]mÝmXycpsS i{Xp¡fmbn AhÀ \nco£n¨Xv. temI ¯nsâ GXp tImWnepw Cu BZÀi¡mtcm CXn\p kam \ BZÀiapÅhtcm,FÃmhcpw AhcpsS I®nse IcSmbncp¶p. H¶mw kzmX{´ykacw F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ 1857 se hn¹h¯n\p tijw AhÀ {]Øm\hpambn \q _Ôw D ÅhtcmSp-t]mepw F§s\bmWv s]cpamdnbsX¶dnbm³ k¿nZv A_vZp lk³ Aen \Zvhn FgpXnbXv. hmbn¨p t\m¡pI. k¿nZv AlvaZv iloZpambn t\cnb _Ôap­mbncp¶hsct¸mepw C´ybn AhÀ hnNmcW sN¿pIbp­m bn. A§s\ 1864  ]mäv\bnepw emtlmdnepw Xmt\kdn epw sh¨v alm]WvUnX·mscbpw hnZymk¼¶scbpw k apZmb {]amWnamscbpw hym]mcnIsfbpsaÃmw AhÀ hn NmcW sNbvXp. apkvenwItfmSv s]mXphn AhÀ sh¨p]peÀ¯nbncp¶ hntZzjw hyàam¡p¶ hnNmcWbmbncp ¶p AXv. Cw¥ojpImÀ Xs¶ hlm_nIsf¶p ap{ZIp¯nbhscbpw AhcpsS klmbnIsfbpw {]tXyIamb hnNmc (9) W \S¯n.

(9)

C´y³ apkvenwIÄ þ k¿nZv A_p lk³ \Zvhn, t]. 174)

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Cu Ncn{XkXy§Ä F´p ]mT§fmWv \ap¡p \ ÂIp¶Xv?{_o«ojpImÀ Hcn¡epw Ckvemln {]Øm\s¯ tbm AXnsâ t\Xm¡sftbm AwKoIcn¨ncp¶nÃ.Atd_ybn AhcpsS B[n]Xyw \in¸n¡m³ ]eX{´§fpw B hnjvIcn¨p. AXnsâ `mKambn Ham\nse Aaodn\v ]Ww sImSp¯psIm­p AhtcmSv bp²w sN¿n¨p. Dkvam\o J eo^tbmSv apl½Zensb {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯n kDuZn `cWIqSt¯mSv Gäpap«n¨p AhcpsS BØm\tI{µw \mamhtijam¡n. {_n-«o-jp-Im-cpsS A\p-tam-Z-\-k-tµ-iw H¶mw kDuZn `cWIqSw AXnsâ hnImk-L«¯nte¡p {]thin¡p¶Xv A_vZp Akokv _v\p apl½Zv _v\p kDuZnsâ (1765 þ1803) Ime¯mWv. \PvZnsâ AXnÀ ¯nIÄ IS¶p AÂAlvkm, JXzo^v F¶nhnS§fn B [n]Xyapd¸n¨p. XpSÀ¶p KÄ^nepw Ham\nepw. 1801  IÀ _em, A[o\s¸Sp¯n. XpSÀ¶p aI³ kDuZp_v\p B_v Zn Akokv (1803þ1814) A[nImc¯n h¶p. C¡me¯ - m Wv apl½Zen ]mjbpsS ssk\yw kDuZnsb B{Ian¡p¶Xv. BZyw aI³ Xqkpsâ t\XrXz¯n ]ns¶ apl½ZenbpsS asämcp-aI³ C{_mlnw ]mjbpsSbpw Nne kµÀ `§fn apl½Zen ]mjbpsS kz´w t\XrXz¯nepambncp¶p B{IaWw. {]Ya B{IaWw 1812 apX 1818 hsc G ItZiw \o­p \n¶p. 1818  AhcpsS tI{µw ZnÀC¿ ]m sS XIÀ¯p Xcn¸Wam¡n¡fªp.CuPn]vjy³ ssk\y ¯nt\mSv kDuZn t\XrXzw kÔn¡p X¿mdmhpIbpw sN bvXp. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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Cu \nÀWmb kµÀ`¯n C´ybnÂ, {_n«ojv Cu kvän´ym-I¼\n `cWw I¿S¡n ¡gnªncp¶p. At¸mÄ AhcpsS t_mws_bnepÅ ssk\y¯nse 47 þmw sdPnsa ânsâ ssk\ym[n]³ Pn. F^v. kmUveyÀ¡p Hcp t_m t[mZbw.Ct¸mÄ ssIh¶ kphÀWmhkcw H«pw ]mgm¡m sX Hc\ptamZ\w Adnbn¡pI. `mhnbn ssk\nI klm bw thWsa¦n AXpw hmKvZm\w sN¿pI. AXn\pth­n t_mws_bn \n¶pw 1819 Pq¬amkw 28þmw XnbXn At±l¯nsâ kwLw I¸Â amÀKw Atd_ybnte¡p ]pds¸ «p. ]s£ C{_mlow ]mjsb ZnÀC¿b - ntem ]cnkct¯msh¨v ImWm³ IgnªnÃ. A§s\ 1819 sk]vXw_À am kw 8,9 Xn¿XnIfn aZo\bn sh¨p-I­p. hlm_nIfpsS XeØm\amb ZnÀC¿sb k¼qÀ® ambn \mamhtijam¡nbXnsâ D]lmc kaÀ¸Ww. CXm Wv Ncn{X km£y§Ä. BscbmWv {_n«ojpImÀ Xm§nb Xv? apl½ZenbpsS ssk\ys¯bmIs« hlm_nIsf \n ew-]cnim¡m³ \ntbmKn¡p¶Xv Dkvam\o Jeo^bpw.

CÆnjbIamb tUm:apl½Zv_v\p kAXv AÈpssh (10) CÀ FgpXp¶p : C{_mlow ]mjsb t\cn I­p Xsâ kt´mjw Adnbn¡m³ 1819 BKÌv 13þmw Xn¿XnbmWv kmUvenb³ ZnÀC¿bnse¯p¶Xv. A§s\ aZo\¡p kao ]w "B_mÀ Aen' F¶nS¯p sh¨p I­pap«n. hnPb¯n  A\ptamZn¡pI, {_n«ojv CuÌv C´ym I¼\nbpsS k ½m\w ssIamdpI CXmbncp¶p e£yw. lnPvd 1233þÂ(1818) (10)

"Btcm]W hnt[b\mb sskJv apl½Zv_v\p A_vZn hlm_v' F¶ akvDuZv Bew \ZvhnbpsS IrXnbn \n¶v. Cw¥ojv ]Xn¸v, t]. 74)

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{]Øm\¯nsâ BØm\tI{µw F´p-am{Xw \new]cnim¡nbn«ps­¶v hnebncp¯pIbmbncp¶p asämcp \nKqU e£yw. ImcWw Cw¥ojpImcpsS B[n]XyapÅnS§fnse Ãmw AhÀ¡v "hlm_nIÄ' `ojWnbmbncp¶p. kmUvenb³ ]dbs« : ""A_vZpÃbpsS ]emb\t¯m sSbpw ZnÀC¿bpsS ]X\t¯mSpw IqSn hlm_nIfpsS th cv Aäv t]mbncn¡p¶p. \PvZn sh¨v Rm³ I­p kwkmcn¨ _Zp¡fn \n¶pw F\n¡v a\ÊnembXv AhÀ kp¶nIfmsW¶pw ZoÀLbm{XIfn At§bäw ""{]bmkIcam b kmlNcy¯n t]mepw \nÀ_Ô \akvImcw Dt]£n¡m¯hcpamWv AhÀ F¶mWv'' F¶n«pw aebmfn "kp ¶¯v PamA¯nsâ' `mjbn hlm_n {]Øm\amWs{X {_n«ojpImcpsS Z¯p]p{X·mÀ! AÛpXta AÛpXw! Ncn {XkXy§Ä ChÀ¡p ap¼n Xe Iogmbn adnbp¶p.!

C\nbpw ImWpI, {]apJ {^©v HmdnbâenÌmb Pm ³ PmIv knZntbm (1777þ1832) hlm_n {]Øm\s¯ Ipdn¨v FgpXnbX - mbn ""\Zoap AZv_v'' F¶ IrXnbn AlvaZv _v\p kDuZv AÂ_KvZmZn D²cn¡p¶p.""apl½Zv _v\p A _vZp hlm_pw apl½Zv_v\p kDuZpw cwK¯p hcnI bpw, AhÀ aX ]p\cpÖoh\¯n\v {ian¡p¶psh¶Xnsâ t]cn Ad_nIÄ Ahsc ]n´pW¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸m Ä, {_n«\pw {^m³kpw AXns\ `b¸mtSmsSbmWv ho£n¨Xv. apkvenwIÄ C\nbpw DWÀs¶Wo¡psa¶pw Ahcnte¡p tNÀ¶m apkvenwIsf Nqgv¶p \n¡p¶ A{i²bpsS ]pIad \o§psa¶pw A§s\ Dadnsâ Ime¯p­m bncp¶Xp-t]mepÅ DWÀÆv Ahcnte¡p Xncn¨p-hcpsa ¶pw AhÀ IW¡pIq«n. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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XZzmcm aX]camb bp²§fpw CkvemanI hnPbhpw BhÀ¯n¨m AXv bqtdm¸n\v Xocm\jvSambncn¡psa ¶pw AhÀ `b¶p. A§s\bmWv AhÀ XpÀ¡n `cWIqS¯ns\ hlm_nIsf \in¸n¡m³ th­n Cf¡n hn«Xv. A hcmIs« B D¯chmZnXzw apl½Zen ]mjbv¡pw \ÂIn. hnhctZmjnIÄ Ahsc¡pdn¨p¶bn¡p¶ Btcm]W§fpambn hmkvXh¯n AhÀs¡mcp _ÔhpanÃ.

BcmWnhnsS {_n«ojpImÀ¡p H¯miIÄ sNbvXp sImSp¡p¶Xv? BscbmWhÀ A\ptamZn¡p¶Xv. "kp¶n' Isf kwc£n¡m³ th­nbpw IqSnbmWtÃm "kp¶¯v P amA¯nsâ Imh¡mÀ H¶mw kDuZn `cWs¯ A«nadn¨Xv? ]s£ AÃmlphnsâ Xocpam\w asäm¶mbncp¶p. \ap¡v C´y³ ]Ým¯e¯nte¡p Xncn¨p hcmw. H lm_nIfpw Cw¥ojpImcpw \à _Ôw D­mbncp¶Xv A tXm {]Øm\¯nsâ i{Xp¡Ä¡mtWm Ahcpambn clky_Ôap­mbncp¶Xv? Hcp hnlKho£Ww \S¯n t\m ¡mw. hÀjw 1865. aZncminbn A¶s¯ KhÀWdpsS D]tZikanXn AwKhpamb ipdq^p Dadm _lmZqÀ F¶p t]cpÅ HcmÄ {_n«njv Khs×ân\v Hcp\nthZ\w sImSp¡p¶p. Cu kp¶¯v PamA¯pImcsâ Dt±iyamIs« Cw ¥ojpImcpsS {]oXn-]nSn¨p ]äepwþ {]kvXpX \nthZ\¯n C§ns\ ]dbp¶p : "C´ybn \S¶n«pÅ apgph³ Iem]§Ä¡pw D ¯chmZnIÄ hlm_nIfmsW¶pw ChÀ bYmÀY apl½ZobÀ Asöpw ]«mf¯n ChÀ IS¶p IqSp¶Xv {i²n hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¡Wsa¶pw {_n«ojv ssk\nI ta[mhnItfmSv ]«mf¯n ChÀ Ibdn¡qSnbn«pt­m F¶v ]cntim[n¡Wsa¶pw A `yÀY\ \S¯p¶ B \nthZ\¯nÂ. Cu "hnizkvX tkhIsâ' A`yÀY\ am\n¨v AXns\¯pSÀ¶p X¿mdm¡nb dn t¸mÀ«n ]cnanXambns«¦nepw "hlm_nIÄ' Xt±iob ] «mf¡mcneps­¶pw AhÀ GXp kab¯pw Iem]ap­m¡m\pÅ km[yX XÅn¡fbmhXsöpw Is­¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p.

ChnsS "kp¶¯v PamA¯mWtÃm {_n«ojpImc sâ hnizkvX A\pbmbn.]ns¶ F§s\bmWv AhÀ¡v h lm_nItfmSv kvt\lap­mhpI? "kuZn-bn CS-s]-SW'sa¶v : sImÃ§Ä ]ns¶bpw IS¶p t]mbn. "kp¶¯v PamA¯n'\pt­m hà amähpw, Atd_ybn aq¶mw kDuZn IpSpw_¯nsâ apJy kmcYn B[p\nI Atd_ybpsS inÂ]n A_vZp Akokv cmPmhnsâ Imew.FÃmXcw inÀ¡p _nZvA¯pIfn \n¶pw P kodsb ip²oIcn¡p¶ kµÀ`w. AXv apkvenw kaql¯n  h¼n¨ amä§fpw AesbmenIfpw krjvSn¨p. Cu kµ À`¯n {]Øm\¯nsâ i{Xp¡Ä IÅ{]NcWw ]Xn·S §v hÀ²n¸n¡pI am{Xaà {_n«ojv `cWIqS¯nt\mSv ku Znbn CSs]Sm³ Bhiys¸Sp¶ {]tab§Ä hsc ]mkm¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Ckvemlo BZÀi¯nt\mSpÅ i{XpXbn C´y³ D]`qJWvU¯nse apkvenwIÄ H«pw ]n¶nembncp¶nÃtÃm. ""Ben ktlmZc·mcpw AhcpsS ImeL«hpw'' F¶ IrXnbn k¿nZv apl½Zv lmZn FgpXp¶p : hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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""apJÃnZpIfÃm¯hÀs¡Xncn ""l\^nIfpsS ]m À«n'' Fs¶mcp kwLw hSs¡ C´ybn cq]s¸«p.Ahcmbncp¶p kt½f\w kwLSn¸n¨ncp¶Xv. DdpZp ]{X§fmI s« kw`h§Äs¡Ãmw ZrIvkm£nIfmsb¶ t]mse hf sc AXypàntbmsS Xo{hamb dnt¸mÀ«pIÄ FgpXns¡m ­ncp¶p. ""kaoµmÀ'' ]{Xw C_v\p kDuZv cmPmhns\ ]n ´pW¡pIbmWp­mbXv. asäÃm DdpZp ] -{X§fpw hncp²tNcnbnepw. {]hmNIsâ duf¡p t\sc D­IfpXnÀ¯psh¶Xn\v tdmbnäÀ {]Ncn¸n¨ AkXyPSnea -mb hmÀ¯ am{Xambncp¶p AhÀ¡m[mcw.'' ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nt\mSpw A t±l¯nsâ BZÀit¯mSpw kDuZn `cWIqSt¯mSpw A Ôamb hntcm[hpw AhÀs¡Xncn AkXy{]NmcWhpw ChnsSbpÅhÀ AXniàam¡n. {]kn²oIcW§fpw A Xn InSaÕcw ImWn¨p. eIvt\m \KcamWv IqSpX k t½f\§Ä km£yw hln¨Xv. apkvenw lnPmkv tIm¬{^³kv 1926 ""c­p ldw tkhIcpsS kwLS\'' (PwC¿¯p Jp ±ma ldssa³) F¶ kwLS\bpsS t\XrXz¯n eIv t\mhn BWv kt½f\w tNÀ¶Xv.GI e£yamWv kt½f\¯n\p­mbncp¶Xv. AXmbXv A_vZp Akokv cmPmhnsâ `cW¯n \n¶v a¡sb tamNn¸n¡pI, At±l¯n sâ B[n]Xyw Ahkm\n¡p¶Xphsc apkvenwIÄ lÖv \nÀ¯n sh¡pI. CXpw CXpt]mepÅ aäp {]tab§fpw \ S¸nem¡m³ th­n Cdm³ Khs×ânt\mSv kt½f\w Bhiys¸Sp¶p. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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1926 sâ Ahkm\¯n eIvt\m \Kcw asämcp k t½f\¯n\p IqSn km£yw hln¨p.tbmK¯n A_vZp Akokv cmPmhns\XncnepÅ {]tabw Xs¶ apJy hnj bw. Hcp hyXymkap­v. BZytbmKw Cdm³ `cWIqS¯n t\mSv kuZnbn CSs]Sm³ Bhiys¸Sp¶psh¦n c­mas¯¯n {_n«ojv Khs×ânt\mSmWv AtX Bhiyw D¶bn¡p¶sX¶v am{Xw. C´y³ apkvenwIÄ¡p th­n A_vZp Akokv cmPmhns\Xncn {_n«³ a¡bpw aZo\bpapff lnPmkn CSs]SWsa¶mbncp¶p Bhiyw. I ¼n ktµi¯neqsS C¡mcyw {_n«t\mSv kt½f\¡mÀ Bhiys¸SpIbp­mbn. {_n«ojv `cW¯n\p th­n apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_v hà Nmchr¯nbpw \S¯nbn«pt­m F¶v Hcp k Xymt\zjnbmb hmb\¡mc\v Adnbm³ AhImiap­v.B AhImi kwc£W¯n\v th­nbmWv C¡mcyw ChnsS {]Xn]mZnt¡­n h¶Xv. "kp¶¯v PamA¯nsâ' Imh¡mcpw {_n«ojv `cW¯nsâ "Imh¡mcpw' C´ybnepw ]pd¯pw ssItImÀ ¯p tXmtfmSp-tXmÄ tNÀ¶p\n¡p¶ AXnibIcamb ImgvNbmWnhnsS ImWp¶Xv. AÃmsX apl½Zv_v\p A_v Zn hlm_nt\m At±l¯nsâ A\pbmbnItfm {_n«o jpImÀ H¯mi sNbvXpsImSp¡p¶Xp t]mIs« am\yhpw a\pjyXz]chpamb Hcp kao]\w t]mepw Ahcn \n¶pw e`n¨n«nÃ.

ChnsS s]mXpi{Xphmb {_n«ojpImÀ ¡p]mZtkh sN¿p¶XmcmWv. "hlm_nItfm' AhcpsS i{Xp¡tfm? hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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C´y³ ]WvUnX\pw {]ikvX apl±nkpamb AÃm am apl½Zv _jnÀ klvkphm\n (1245þ1326)Zlvem³ D¶bn ¨ hmZ§Ä¡v hfsc {]kn²amb Hcp JWvU\w FgpXn bn«p­v. ""knbm\¯p C³km³'' F¶ Cu IrXn BZyw {]kn²oIcn¡s -¸«Xv {KÙImcsâ t]cv sh¡msXbmbncp¶p. ImcWw hlm_n {]Øm\¯nsâ hmZ§Ä hniZoI cn¡p¶ {]kvXpX IrXnbpsS IÀ¯mhv {_n«ojpImcpsS I\¯ ]oV\¯n\ncbmIpambncp¶p ! H¶pIn Pbnen Â; Asæn \mSpIS¯Â, AXsæn inctOZ\w.C{X ITn\amb kmlNcyamWv {_n«ojv C´ybn D­mbncp¶Xv. {_n«ojpImcn \n¶pw F´v HmimcamWv "hlm_nI Ä' kzoIcn¨Xv F¶dnbm³ a\Êv aen\s¸Sm¯ BÀ¡pw AhImiap­v. asämcp ke^n ]WvUnX\mb kn±oJv lk³ Jm\n \v ""XÀÖpam\n hlm_n¿'' F¶ Hcp IrXn Xs¶ FgptX­n h¶p. AhÀ s¡XnscbpÅ {_n«ojv Khs×ânsâ sXän²mcW AIäm³. {_n«ojpImÀ "hlm_nIÄ F¶p kwibn¡p¶hsc FÃm\nebv¡pw D]{Zhn¨p sIm­ncp¶p. ""Alvep lZo kv' hn`mK¯nepÅ ]WvUnX·mÀ¡p Hcp kzØXbpanÃmsXbmbn, C´ybnÂ. kapZmb¯nsâ DÅnepÅhÀ Ahsc¡pdn¨v {_n«ojpImÀ¡p HäpsImSp¯Xnsâ DZmlcWw t\cs¯ I­phtÃm.Cu k¦oÀW kmlNcy¯n "hlm _n' {]Øm\sa¶Xv {_n«ojv Khs×âns\ FXnÀ¡m³ th­n cq]s¸«Xsöp hsc AXnsâ kz´w hàm¡Ä ¡p]dtb­n hs¶¦n F´p am{Xw ZmcpWambncp¶p C kvemln {]Øm\¯nsâ AhØ F¶p Duln¡mhp¶ hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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tXbpÅp. kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ Xsâ{KÙamb XÀPpam\p h lm_n¿bn ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp Akokns\ ¡pdn¨psaÃmw hfsc \à \nebn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶tXmsSm ¸w X§fpsS {]t_m[t\mt±iyw {_n«ojpImÀ s¡Xncsà ¶pw kaÀYn¡p¶p.

Npcp¡¯n {_n«ojpImÀ s]mXphnepw {_n«ojv C ´y {]tXyIn¨pw Ckvemln {]kvYm\s¯ AhcpsS Xm ]cy¯n\p Gähpw henb hne§pXSnbmbpw AXn\m A hsc i{Xphmbn«pamWv ImWpIbp­mbXv. CXs{X Ncn{X hkvXpXIÄ \s½ ]Tn¸n¡p¶-]mTw.

A²ymbw 10 {]Øm-\s¯ hne-bn-cp-¯nb ]WvUnX t{iWn tIcf¯n Nne AÂ] _p²nIÄ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xv, GtXm PmXntbm aXtam Adnbm¯ Hcp lw^dnsâ krjv SnbmWv ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZp hlm_v F¶mWv. F¶m temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn \n¶pw apkvenw Ifpw AapkvenwIfpamb At\Iat\Iw Fgp¯pImcpw k ©mcnIfpw Nn´I·mcpw ssiJnsâ {]t_m[I {]Øm\ s¯¡pdn¨v kpZoÀLambpw {lkzambpw {]Xn]mZ\§Ä \S¯nbn«p­v, F¶XmWv kXyw. A§s\ XnI¨pw btim[hfamb Ncn{Xhpw ]mc¼cyhpw BÀ¡pw sXfnªp Im Wmhp¶ \ne¡mWv At±lw Pohn¨sX¶v I®S¨p Ccp«mhlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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¡m¯ GXv kXymt\jn¡pw a\Ênem¡mw.AXn\v klmbIamb ]WvUnX·mcpsS Hcp t{iWn Xs¶ ChnsS sIm Sp¡p¶p. Chcn A[nIhpw kDuZn Atd_y¡mÀ AsöXp-t]mse Xs¶ ]ecpw {]Øm\¯nsâ A\pbmbnI fpaÃ.

(A) Ad_n ]WvUn-X-·mcpw Nn´-I-·mcpw : þ 1. A_pÊwlv A_vZp±mlnÀ ankvcn (CuPn]vXv) 2. AlvaZv Aao³ (CuPn]vXv) 3. AlvaZv lpssk³ (CuPn]vXv) 4. AlvaZv ie_n (CuPn]vXv) 5. Aao³ kAZv (kndnb) 6. lm^nZv hl_ (CuPn]vXv) 7. lpssk³ _v\p alvZo \Cuan (ba³) 8. kmenlv _v\p Zpssl PmdpÃmlv (CdmJv) 9. Xzmlm lpssk³ (CuPn]vXv) 10. A_vZpdlvam³ P_ÀXn (CuPn]vXv) 11. A_vZpÂdÊmJv AÂss_XzmÀ (kndnb) 12. A_vZp ^¯mlv BÂK\oan (ba³) 13. A_qdmkv BÂaKvcn_n (samtdmt¡m) 14. AlvaZvÊ_mCu (lnPmkv) 15. AlvaZv kCuZv AÂ_KvZmZn (CdmJv) 16. AlvaZv A_vZpÂK^qÀ A¯zmÀ (lnPmkv) 17. Pamep±o³ Jmknan (kndnb) 18. ssJdp±o³ kÀIeo (kndnb) 19. XzmlnÀ A PkmCco (kndnb) 20. Aºmkv alvaqZv AÂAJmZv (CuPn]vXv) 21. A_vZp Akokv AÈmho (CdmJv) hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A_vZp Icnw AÂJXzo_v (CuPn]vXv) A_vZp apXB AÊCuZn (CuPn]vXv) Ben ÊpsshZn (CdmJv) Aeo A_vZp leow alvaqZv (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv A_q kplvd (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv CkvamCu k³B\n (ba³) apl½Zv _v\p Aen iuIm\n (ba³) apl½Zv _lvP (CdmJv) apl½Zv Pao (CdmJv) apl½Zv lmanZv ^Jo (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv dioZv dnZm (kndnb, CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv ZnbmD±o³ dokv (CdmJv) apl½Zv A_vZp (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv ^Zvlo Dkvam³ (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv apl½Zv lpssk³ (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv ipIvco AÂBeqkn (CdmJv) ap\oÀ APem\o (kndnb) AaoÀ iIo_v Acnkvem³ (kndnb) Dkvam³ A _kco (CdmJv) AenXz³ Xzmhn (kndnb) DaÀ A_q\kvÀ (CuPn]vXv) aplnºp±o³ JXzo_v (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv _v\p AlvaZv AÂln^vZn (ba³) apl½Zv _v\p Aen k\qkn (lnPmkv) apl½Zv _v\p \mknÀ Xnlmen (lnPmkv) apl½Zv XJvbp±o³ lnemen (samtdmt¡m) apl½Zv Jen lÀdmkv (CuPn]vXv) apl½Zv A_vZpÃmamZo (CdmJv)

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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apl½Zv A_vZp\mknÀ (ba³) apl½Zv Iman JÊm_v (kndnb) apl½Zv \mkndp±o³ AÂ_m\n (kndnb) apl½Zv alvZo CkvXm³_qen (kndnb) a¶mD J¯zm³ (CuPn]vXv) hlv_ kpsslen (kndnb) apl½Zv IpÀZv Aen (kndnb)

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Ad-_n-I-f-Ãm¯ Fgp-¯p-ImÀ kn±oJv lk³ Jm³ (C´y) apl½Zv CJv_m (C´y) PuZXv ]mjmXpÀIo (XpÀ¡n) Dkvam³ _v\p ^uZo (B{^n¡) apl½Zv _ioÀ klvkphm\o (C´y) Kpemw dkq alvÀ (C´y) akvDuZv Bew \Zvho (C´y) apl½Zv bqkp^v (C´y) a³lv lmdq³ (C´y) Aapkvenw Fgp-¯p-ImÀ :

Knºv, temXvtdm¸v ÌzUmÀUv, tUmkn, lnän, tKmÄ Uv kolÀ, ImÄ t{_mI am³, \o¼À, hnÂ{^Uv F¶p XpS§p¶ HmdnbâenÌpIfpw AÃm¯hcpamb ]ecpw ssiJv apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_ns\ kw_Ôn¨p tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. HmdnbâenÌpIfn ]ecpw tamiambn FgpXnbhcpw hnaÀin¨hcpw Hs¡ ImWmw. Ckvemansâ kzOXbnte¡p Xncn¨pt]mIphm\pÅ Blzm\ambncp¶p At±lw GsäSp¯Xv F¶mWv AhcpsSsbÃmw A`n{]mb§Ä hyàam¡p¶Xv. hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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A\p-_Ôw (A) {][m\ hkvXp-X-Ifpw kw`-h-§fpw 1300 ln: 699 Dkvam³ Jmsâ kzX{´ `cW¯nsâ Bcw`w 1453 : Dkvam\nIÄ tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nÄ IogS¡p¶p.

1516 þ 1703 XpÀ¡n h³iànbmIp¶p.

1502 þ 1722 Cdm\n k^ho `cWw 1526 _m_À C´ybn apKÄ km{amPyw Øm]n¡p ¶p.

1564þ1624 apP±nZv AÂ^pÊm\nbpsS Imew 1633 þ  Cw¥ojpImÀ C´ybn tImf\n Øm]n¡p¶p.

1673 þ  {^m³kv t]m­nt¨cnbn tImf\n Øm]n¡p¶p.

1657 þ 1707 HudwKko_nsâ Imew 1703 þ 1763 imlvhenbpÃmlnbpsS ImeL«w 1720 þ 1858 apKÄ`cW¯nsâ ]X\Imew 1831 þ  _met¡m«nse bp²¯n k¿nZv Alva Znsâ càkm£nXzw 1857 þ  aod«n \n¶v H¶mw kzmX{´ykac¯nsâ XpS¡w.

1857 þ Â {_n«ojpImÀ UÂln ]nSn¨S¡p¶p.

1858 þ Â {_n«ojv CuÌn´ymI¼\n ]ncn¨phn«p C´ybpsS `cWw {_n«³ t\cnt«säSp¡p¶p.

1703 þ 1791 apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_nsâ Ime L«w hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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1744 þ  apl½Zv _v\p A_vZn hlm_pw apl½Zv _v\p kDuZpw ]ckv]c [mcWbnse¯p¶p.

(B)

1798 s\t¸mfnb³ CuPn]vXv IogS¡p¶p.

1802 CuPn]vXn \n¶p {^m³kv ]n³hm§p¶p.

1703 þ 1924 XpÀ¡nbpsS ]X\ ImeL«w 1791 þ 1851 Sn¸pkp¯msâ kaImenI\mb apl ½Zv _v\p Aen k\qÊnbpsS Imew.

1805 þ Â apl½Zen ]mj CuPn]vXnse KhÀWdmbn \nban¡s¸Sp¶p.

1787 þ 1807 keow aq¶ma³ XpÀ¡nsb XIÀ¨bpsS h¡n \n¶p]ptcmKXnbnte¡p \bn¡p¶p.

1808 þ 1839 alvaqZv c­ma\pw kp¯m³ keoansâ ]mX Ahew_n¡p¶p. Ct±l¯nsâ kDuZv `cW IqS¯ns\Xnsc CuPn]vjy³ ssk\y s¯ \ntbmKn¡p¶p.

1811 þ 1818 kuZn þ CuPn]vXv bp²§Ä Act§dp¶p.

1818Â hlm_n BØm\amb ZnÀC¿ XIÀ ¡p¶p.

1839 þ 1897 Pamep±o³ A^vKm\nbpsS Imew.

1876 þ 1909 kp¯m³ A_vZpÂlaoZv c­ma³ A[nImc¯n 1909 þ 1918 apl½Zv A©ma³ 1918 þ 1922 apl½Zv Bdma³ 1912 þ 1913 _mÄ¡³ bp²w 1914 þ 1918 H¶mw temIbp²w 1922 A¯m XpÀ¡v A[nImc¯n hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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(c) H¶mwL«w 1. 1735 þ 1765 apl½Zv_v\p kDuZv 2. 1765 þ 1803 A_vZp Akokv _v\p apl½Zv 3. 1803 þ 1814 kDuZv_v\p A_vZn Akokv 4. 1814 þ 1818 A_vZpÃmln _v\p kDuZv Ct±ls¯ apl½ZenbpsS ssk\yw ]nSnIqSn Cu Pn]vXnte¡v sIm­pt]mbn. AhnSp¶p CkvXmw_qfnte ¡pw kp¯m³ At±ls¯ h[n¨p Ifªp. CtXmsS H ¶mw kDuZn `cWIqS¯n\p A´yw Ipdn¨p. c­mw L«w : XpÀ¡n_v\p A_vZpà F¶ kDuZn IpSpw_mwKw c­maXpw `cWw ]p\kwLSn¸n¡p¶p. aI ³ ss^k _v\p XpÀ¡n (acWw 1865). At±l¯n\p \m ep a¡Ä, A_vZpÃ, apl½Zv, kDuZv, A_vZpdÒm³ ChÀ amdn amdn `cn¡pIbpw ChÀ¡nSbn B`y´c Ielw \n e\n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. c­mw kDuZn ImeL«¯nÂ. aq¶mw L«w: 1. 1902 þ 1953 A_vZp Akokv _v\p kDuZv 2. 1953 þ 1964 kDuZv _v\p A_vZp Akokv 3. 1964 þ 1975 ss^kep_v\p A_vZp Akokv 4. 1975 þ 1982 JmenZv _v\p A_vZp Akokv 5. 1982 þ 2005 ^lvPp_v\p A_vZp Akokv 6. 2005 þ A_vZpÃln_v\p A_vZp Akokv

hlm_nkw anYybpw bmYmÀYyhpw

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