Naturally PNW 1
THE PACIFIC NORTH WEST
Volume 1 - Jan 2020
Secrets from an undiscovered Natural Heaven
Naturally
PNW
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T a b l e o f c o n t e n t s
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The Pacific NorthWest
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The Coast
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The Quileute
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La Push
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Parks & Forests
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Douglas Fir
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Roosevelt Elk
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Deforestation 4
Nick Dunlap (prev), Jason Leem, Unsplash
The Pacific NorthWest 5
Justin Cron, Unsplash
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D E F I N I T I O N
The Pacific Northwest (PNW), sometimes referred to as Cascadia, is a geographic region in western North America bounded by the Pacific Ocean to the west and (loosely) by the Rocky Mountains on the east. Though no official boundary exists, the most common conception includes the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) and the U.S. states of Idaho, Oregon, and Washington. Broader conceptions reach north into Southeast Alaska and Yukon, south into northern California, and east to the Continental Divide to include Western Montana and parts of Wyoming. Narrower conceptions may be limited to the coastal areas west of the Cascade and Coast mountains. The variety of definitions can be attributed to partially overlapping commonalities of the region’s history, culture, geography, society, and other factors.
Timothy Rhine, Unsplash
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The Coast Cannon Beach, Oregon Whidbey Island, Washington Seaside, Oregon Westport Beach, Washington Pacific City, Oregon Alki Beach, West Seattle, Washington Rialto Beach, Washington La Push, Washington Ruby Beach, Washington
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Coastal features are defined by the interaction with the Pacific and the North American continent. The coastline of the Pacific Northwest is dotted by numerous fjords, bays, islands, and mountains. Some of these features include the Oregon Coast, Burrard Inlet, Puget Sound, and the highly complex fjords of the British Columbia Coast and Southeast Alaska. The region has one of the world’s longest fjord coastlines. The West Coast of the United States has an oceanic climate in its Northwestern, Northern, and Eastern edge towards the U.S.Canada border.
Slightly narrower fluctuations can be seen all through the coastline, and could partially be explained by the cold currents in the Pacific Ocean moderating coastal temperatures and the mountain ranges blocking the maritime air from moving farther inland than its foothills during summer. Coastal fog is also prevalent in keeping shoreline temperatures cool.
C L I M A T E Ryan Stone, Unsplash
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Many areas of the Washington coast are part of the Olympic National Park. These national park locations (Point of Arches, Shi Shi Beach, Ozette Triangle, Rialto Beach, and Kalaloch to name major areas) all require a National Park Pass for a day visit. Other beaches are on State Park land (Cape Disappointment, Westhaven State Park, etc) require a Washington Discover Pass for a day visit.
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C o a s t
Other locations are on Native American land, and you may visit according to the laws in those certain areas. The area of the Washington Coast on the Quinault Reservation also has very specific access instructions. Jeff Finley, Unsplash
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W E S T
The coastal portion of the park is a rugged, sandy beach along with a strip of adjacent forest. It is 60 miles (97 km) long but just a few miles wide, with native communities at the mouths of two rivers. The Hoh River has the Hoh people and at the town of La Push at the mouth of the Quileute River live the Quileute.
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C O A S T
The upper left corner of the country gets a bad rap because of all the rain, but for what the Pacific Northwest lacks in consistent sunshine, it makes up for with pristine wilderness, incredible seafood, and some of the most majestic scenery nature has to offer. The same is true of the Washington and Oregon coast.
And while the unforgiving weather may dampen days spent at the beach for much of the year, the abundance of nature, monolithic shorelines, and sunshine that accompanies the summer months make the Pacific Northwest coast a beach like no other.
Marisa Harris, Unsplash
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Country: United States State: Washington County: Clallam Physical characteristics Source: Olympic Mountains Coordinates: 47°54’50”N 124°32’31”W Mouth: Pacific Ocean Coordinates: 47°54’30”N 124°38’32”W Elevation: 0 ft (0 m)
The Quileute Enrolled members: 2.000
Related ethnic groups: Chimakum (extinct)
Jachan DeVol, Unsplash
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The Quillayute River (also spelled Quileute River) is a river situated on the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. It empties to the Pacific Ocean at La Push, Washington. The Quillayute River is formed by the confluence of the Bogachiel River, Calawah and the Sol Duc River. The Dickey River joins the Quillayute just above the river’s mouth on the Pacific Ocean. Although the Quillayute is one of the main rivers on the Olympic Peninsula and has a large drainage area, due to an unusual naming arrangement it is officially very short, being only about 4 miles (6.4 km) long. At the confluence of the Sol Duc and Bogachiel rivers the use of the Quillayute name ends, although the river continues far into the interior. The Quillayute River is the current, traditional, and ancestral center of the territory of the Quileute Native Tribe, which before European settlement occupied the entire drainage basin (plus that of the Hoh River).
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R I V E R
Presently the natives live at the town of La Push on their small treaty reservation which adjoins the south shore of the river at the mouth. The final 2 to 3 miles (3.2 to 4.8 km) at the mouth of the Quillayute pass through the narrow coastal strip of the Olympic National Park. Park roads lead to the Mora and Rialto Beach recreation area on the north side of the Quillayute. There are camping and picnicing facilities, public parking, and trailhead access to the coastal wilderness strip north of the river.
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The Quinault Reservation was founded in 1855 with the signing of the Treaty of Olympia (also known as the Quinault River Treaty) with the United States. The reservation covers 208.150 acres and includes 23 miles (37 km) of Pacific coastline, located on the southwestern corner of the Olympic Peninsula. It is bordered by the Olympic National Park to the northwest, which was established in 1909 as a National Monument by President Teddy Roosevelt. The reservation is in Grays Harbor and Jefferson counties, 45 miles (72 km) north of Hoquiam, Washington. The three largest rivers on the reservation are the Quinault, the Queets, and the Raft.
Sarandy Westfall, Unsplash
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R E S E R V A T I O N The Quinault Indian Nation is headquartered in Taholah, Washington. They ratified their bylaws on 24 August1922 and their constitution in 1975. The tribe is governed by an elevenmember Tribal Council, or “Business Committee�, which is democratically elected by the adult tribal membership (the General Council) at regular annual meetings.
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The Quileute, also known as the Quillayute, are a Native American people in western Washington state in the United States, currently numbering approximately 2,000. They are federally recognized tribe, Quileute Tribe of the Quileute Reservation. The Quileute people were forced upon the Quileute Indian Reservation after signing the Quinault Treaty in 1855. The reservation’s main population center is the community of La Push, Washington. The 2000 census reported an official resident population of 371 people on the reservation, which has a land area of 4.061 km². The Quileute language belongs to the Chimakuan family of languages among Northwest Coast indigenous peoples. The Quileute language is an isolate, as the only related aboriginal people to the Quileute, the Chimakum, were destroyed by Chief Seattle and the Suquamish people during the 1860s. This language is one of only six known languages lacking nasal sounds. Like many Northwest Coast nations, in precontact times the Quileute relied on fishing from local rivers and the Pacific Ocean for food.
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N A T I V E
The Quileute built plank houses (long houses) to protect themselves from the harsh, wet winters west of the Cascade Mountains. The Quileute, along with the Makah, were once also whalers. Nathaniel Foong, Unsplash
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La Push is a small unincorporated community situated at the mouth of the Quillayute River in Clallam County, Washington. La Push, 14 miles from Forks, is the largest community within the Quileute Indian Reservation, which is home to the federally recognized Quileute tribe. La Push is known for its whale-watching and natural environment. The name La Push is from French La Bouche, meaning “The Mouth” of the Quillayute River, adapted into Chinook Jargon language. Two beaches are nearby: Rialto Beach to the north of the river mouth and La Push Beach to the south. Tribal members traditionally built cedar canoes for a variety of uses; they ranged in size from two-man to ocean-going freight vessels capable of carrying three tons. The Quileute ranked second only to the Makah as whalers, and first among all the tribes as seal hunters. They bred special woolly-haired
dogs, and spun and wove their hair into prized warm blankets. According to the stories, the Quileutes’ only kin, the Chimakum, were separated from them by a great flood that swept them to the Quimper Peninsula on the other side of the North Olympic Peninsula. There they were attacked and destroyed in the 1860s by Chief Seattle and the Suquamish Tribe. The first treaty with European Americans occurred in 1855, when the Quileutes signed a treaty with representatives of Territorial Governor Isaac Stevens. A treaty a year later would have moved them to a reservation in Taholah, but the Quileute territory was so remote that it was not enforced. In February 1889, an executive order by President Grover Cleveland established a one-mile square reservation at La Push. At the time the town had 252 inhabitants. While villagers were picking hops in Puyallup, the town was destroyed by arson in 1889.
Kal Visuals, Unsplash
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La Push Country: United States of America State: Washington Population (2002) Total: 11,285 First Beach: (47.9039614°N 124.6332702°W) Second Beach: (47.8839°N 124.6155°W) Third Beach: (47.8761°N 124.5823°W) Time zone: UTC-8 Pacific (PST)
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Jimmy Cheng, Mike Throm, Joshua Earle, Unsplash
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F I R S T B E A C H
S E C O N D B E A C H
T H I R D B E A C H
First Beach, the northern-most beach, is 14 miles (23 km) from the town of Forks, Washington. It is the only beach of La Push that can be accessed with a vehicle. The crescent shape beach brings in driftwood that slows down the waves and makes it dangerous to stand in the water. Within walking distance are a few homes of members of the Quileute Indian Tribe which is where the beach is located, the Quileute Indian Reservation. The Oceanside Resort has a range of lodges for all budgets along First Beach. The tourist attractions most popular are surfing and fishing in the spring, hiking in the summer, and storm watching in the winter and fall.
Trails to Second Beach start at the Quileute Indian Reservation, and span 1 mile (1.6 km) before reaching the coast. Second Beach is the longest and flattest of the three beaches and is the most populated. Though within a mile of First and Third Beach in each direction, north and south, the other beaches are inaccessible because of protruding headlands and steep bluffs. 0.5 miles (0.80 km) offshore is an archipelago. Sea stacks are mixed throughout the small islands and are known as the Quileute Needle. They are part of a wildlife preserve called Quillayute Needles National Wildlife Refuge. The wildlife protects coastal creatures including seabirds, oystercatchers, and gulls.
Third Beach, the southern-most beach, is a 1.6-mile (2.6 km) hike from the road with views of Strawberry Bay. The hike is mostly level but can sometimes be slippery and somewhat dangerous due to the harsh coast weather. Third Beach is one of the Olympic Peninsula beaches which tend to consist of seastacks and driftwood. In the isolated non-developed cove at Taylor Point, there is a waterfall that falls directly onto the beach where tide pools are also featured on the north end, reached by a trail through the forest from near the Quileute Indian Reservation town of La Push. Being the Third Beach down La Push’ coastline, it is the most secluded.
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Parks & Forests 24
Gulf Islands National Park Reserve, Strait of Georgia
Mount Revelstoke National Park, Canada
Mount Rainier, Washington
Glacier National Park, Selkirk Range, British Columbia
North Cascades, Washington Redwood National and State Parks, Northern California Glacier Bay National Park, Alaska Wrangell–St. Elias National Park, Alaska Grand Teton National Park, Wyoming Glacier National Park, Montana Yellowstone National Park, Wyoming Pacific Rim National Park, Vancouver, Canada
Rogers Pass Kootenay National Park, Canada Yoho National National Park, Canada Gwaii Haanas National Park Reserve, Haida Gwaii Mount Olympic, Washington Columbia River Gorge, Washington Fraser Canyon, British Columbia, Canada Mount St. Helens, Washington Malaspina Glacier, Alaska
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Adrian Ows (also prev), Andrew Spencer, Unsplash
g e o g r a p h y
The Pacific Northwest is a diverse geographic region, dominated by several mountain ranges, including the Coast Mountains, the Cascade Range, the Olympic Mountains, the Columbia Mountains, and the Rocky Mountains. The highest peak in the Pacific Northwest is Mount Rainier, in the Washington Cascades, at 14,410 feet (4,392 m). Immediately inland from the Cascade Range are broad, generally dry plateaus.
In the US, this region is known as the Columbia Plateau, while in British Columbia, it is the Interior Plateau, also called the Fraser Plateau. The Columbia Plateau was the scene of massive ice-age floods, and as a consequence, there are many coulees, canyons, and the Channeled Scablands. Much of the plateau, especially in eastern Washington, is irrigated farmland. The Columbia River cuts a deep and wide gorge around the rim of the Columbia Plateau and through the Cascade Range on its way to the Pacific Ocean.
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Because many areas have plentiful rainfall and mild summers, the Pacific Northwest has some of North America’s most lush and extensive forests, which are extensively populated with Coast Douglas fir trees, the second tallest growing evergreen conifer on Earth.
The region also contains specimens of the tallest trees on earth, the coast redwoods, in southwestern Oregon, but the largest of these trees are located just south of the California border in northwestern California. Coastal forests in some areas are classified as temperate rain forest.
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Nick Herasimenka, Erik Ringsmuth, Yux Xiang, Unsplash
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Much of the Pacific Northwest is forested. The Georgia Strait–Puget Sound basin is shared between British Columbia and Washington, and the Pacific temperate rain forests ecoregion, which is the largest of the world’s temperate rain forest ecozones in the system created by the World Wildlife Fund, stretches along the coast from Alaska to California. The dry land area inland from the Cascade Range and Coast Mountains is very different from the terrain and climate of the coastal area due to the rain shadow effect of the mountains, and comprises the Columbia, Fraser and Thompson Plateaus and mountain ranges contained within them.
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The interior regions’ climates largely within eastern Washington, south central British Columbia, eastern Oregon, and southern Idaho are a northward extension of the Great Basin Desert.
This spans the Great Basin farther south, although by their northern and eastern reaches, dry land and desert areas verge at the end of the Cascades’ and Coast Mountains’ rain shadows with the
boreal forest and various alpine flora regimes, northern Idaho and western Montana roughly along a longitudinal line defined by the Idaho border with Washington and Oregon.
Adrian Ows, Unsplash
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Mount Olympus, at 7,980 feet, is the tallest and most prominent mountain in the Olympic Mountains of western Washington state. Located on the Olympic Peninsula, it is also the central feature of Olympic
National Park. Mount Olympus is the highest summit of the Olympic Mountains; however, peaks such as Mount Constance, on the eastern margin of the range, are better known, being visible from the city of Seattle.
Adrian Ows, Leon Lee, Unsplash
T H E
M O U N T
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Pseudotsuga menziesii is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae.It is native to western North America and is known as Douglas fir, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir, Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir and Mexican Douglas fir. The common name honors David Douglas, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. The common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, not a member of the genus Abies. For this reason the name is often written as Douglas-fir. The specific epithet menziesii is after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician and rival naturalist to David Douglas. Menzies first documented the tree on Vancouver Island in 1791.
Bobby Stevenson, Ryan Stone, Unsplash
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Douglas Fir Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes Division: Pinophyta Class: Pinopsida Order: Pinales Family: Pinaceae Genus: Pseudotsuga
The species is extensively used in forestry as a plantation tree for softwood timber. The timber is used for joinery, veneer, flooring and construction due to its strength, hardness and durability. It is also naturalised throughout Europe, Argentina and Chile (called Pino Oregรณn), and in New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a wilding conifer, and subject to control measures.
Species: P. menziesii Binomial name: Pseudotsuga menziesii
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Douglasfirs are medium-size to extremely large evergreen trees, 20–100 metres (70–330 ft) tall (although only coast Douglas firs reach such great heights). The leaves are flat, soft, linear, 2–4 centimetres (3⁄4–1 1⁄2 in) long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in fascicles; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. As the trees grow taller in denser forest, they lose their lower branches, such that the foliage may start high off the ground. Douglas firs in environments with more light may have branches much closer to the ground. The female cones are pendulous, with persistent scales, unlike those of true firs.
They are distinctive in having a long tridentine (three-pointed) bract that protrudes prominently above each scale (it resembles the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail). Douglas fir prefers acidic or neutral soils. However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites P. menziesii var. menziesii will generate deeper taproots. Pseudotsuga menziesii var. glauca exhibits even greater plasticity, occurring in stands of interior temperate rainforest in British Columbia, as well as at the edge of semi-arid sagebrush steppe throughout much of its range, where it generates even deeper taproots than coast Douglas fir is capable.
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F I R
Justin Cron, Zetong Li, Johnwestrock, Unsplash
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Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Cervidae Subfamily: Cervinae Genus: Cervus Species: C. canadensis
Roosevelt Elk 38
Subspecies: C. c. roosevelti
Ben Eubank, Unsplash
Olympic National Park is home to the largest unmanaged herd of Roosevelt elk in the Pacific Northwest. Named for President Theodore Roosevelt, they are the largest variety of elk in North America. Both males and females have dark brown heads and pale brown bodies. Males are larger than females, and identifiable by a set of antlers. Roosevelt elk are much larger than the black-tail deer that inhabit the same areas. Elk are relatively versatile, and often occupy a range of habitats, from montane meadows and forests down to the lowland rain forests, where there is ample food.
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E L K
An excellent place to see elk is the Hoh Rain Forest. These non-migratory herds stay in the Hoh area throughout the year, banding together in herds of around 20 and consisting of females and their calves. Male elk, or bulls, can be seen singly or in pairs. September is a great time to hear them bugling, as it is mating season and the males compete for groups of females.
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Austin Weherwein, Unsplash
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The desire to protect this deer was one of the reasons that contributed to the creation of Mount Olympus National Monument (later Olympic National Park) in 1909. Roosevelt elk feed mainly on ferns, shrubs, and lichens from the rain forest, as well as meadow grasses. Roosevelt elk are one of two subspecies of elk found in Oregon, with an estimated population of 59,000 in the state. “Rosies” are darker in color than other elk subspecies and the largest in terms of body size, with bulls generally weighing 700-1100 lb (300–500 kg). In the wild, Roosevelt elk rarely live beyond 12 to 15 years, but in captivity have been known to live over 25 years. This elk subspecies was reintroduced to British Columbia’s Sunshine Coast from Vancouver Island in 1986.
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Wood Logging 42
Country: United States Before statehood: Washington Territory Admitted to the Union: November 11, 1889 (42nd)
Width: 580 km Elevation: 1,700 ft (520 m) Highest elevation: (Mount Rainier) 14411 ft (4392 m) Lowest elevation: (Pacific Ocean) 0 ft (0 m)
Capital: Olympia Largest city: Seattle Largest metro: Greater Seattle Government Governor: Jay Inslee Lieutenant Governor: Cyrus Habib
Population Total: 7,535,591 (2018) Rank: 13th Density: 39.6/km2 Density rank: 25th Median household income: $70,979 (2017)
Legislature State: Legislature
Income rank: 11th
Upper house: State Senate
Demonym(s): Washingtonian
Lower house: House of Representatives
Language Official language: None (de jure) English (de facto)
U.S. senators: Patty Murray, Maria Cantwell U.S. House delegation: 7 Democrats 3 Republicans (list) Area Total: 184,827 km2 Land: 172,587 km2 Water: 12,237 km2 6.6%
Time zone: UTC08:00 (Pacific) Summer (DST) UTC-07:00 (PDT) USPS abbreviation: WA ISO 3166 code US-WA Trad. abbreviation: Wash. Latitude: 45° 33’ N to 49° N
Area rank: 18th Dimensions Length: 400 km
Longitude 116° 55’ W to 124° 46’ W 4 3
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I N D U S T R Y
For almost 200 years, the forest industry has played a central role in Washington’s economy. In the early days, the virgin forests that covered the state helped fuel Western expansion and turned small logging camps into flourishing communities. Today, the forest products sector is the third largest manufacturing industry in Washington, creating jobs and opportunities for companies and investors.
In an age where sustainability and stewardship are as important as yield, the state has led the way in reinventing the industry. From developing innovative worker’s compensation programs for loggers and sawmill workers at the turn of the 20th century to creating the world’s first tree farms, treating trees as an agricultural crop instead of a limited natural resource.
Despite many challenges faced over the years, the industry’s ability to innovate, modernize and diversify provides adequate proof that this major player in Washington’s economic past will continue to play a significant role in its future.
Leon Lee (prev), Dave Herring, Unsplash
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Washington State’s forest products sector covers a broad range of business lines, from traditional cutting and lumber production to chips, sawdust, wood flooring, shingles, tiles, millwork, laminated veneer and fencing. The industry also encompasses pulp and paper and value-added products such as doors, window frames and stairs, offering companies a wide range of opportunities for expansion and growth. About half of Washington is forested. In the Western part of the state, 75% of the trees are less than a century old and about half are less than 40 years old, considered the optimal harvest age. In 2014, more than 3.2 billion board feet of trees were harvested from private, federal and state lands, mostly Douglas-fir and western hemlock, accounting for 13% of total U.S. softwood lumber production and 7% of all plywood production in the United States. Private forest lands in Washington account for two-thirds of the state’s timber harvest. Washington has some of the strictest Forest Practices Rules in the nation.
W O O D
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Tobias Markmeyer, Jamie Morris, Unsplash
R U L E S
Forest practices are practices related to growing, harvesting, or processing timber, including but not limited to, road construction and maintenance, thinning, salvage, harvesting, reforestation, brush control and using fertilizers or pesticides. These activities have been regulated since 1974 when the state first adopted the Forest
Practices Act. The rules protect soils, water, fish, wildlife, and capital improvements (roads and power lines) from impacts related to forest practices on private, county and state forest land. The rules are enforced by the Washington Department of Natural Resources. Most forest practices require an approved permit from the
WA DNR. Since 1974, Forest Practice Rules have been amended and strengthened numerous times. In 1999, the Washington Legislature adopted the Forest & Fish Law as a result of federal listings of endangered salmon and impaired water quality on non-federal forested streams.
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213852, Skeeze, Pixabay, Tim Swinehart (next), Unsplash
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Credits Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Faculty of Design and Art
Fonts | Font Sizes & Leading: Body Text Univers LT Std 45 Light,10/12 pt
Bachelor in Design and Art – Major in Design WUP 19/20 | 1st-semester foundation course
Caption Text Univers LT Std 45 Light, 8.5/12 pt Univers LT Std 55 Oblique, 7/8,4 pt
Project Modul: Editorial Design
Title Text Didot Regular, 85/100 pt
Design by: Agnese Guerrieri Magazine | Naturally PNW
Subtitle Text Source Sans Pro Regular, 22 pt
Supervision: Project leader: Prof. Antonino Benincasa Project assistants: Maximilian Boiger, Andreas Trenker Photography: Peter Lloyd (Cover) (see pictures for inside pages) Paper: Inside pages – Color Copy uncoated, 160 g/m2 Cover – Color Copy uncoated, 300 g/m2
Layout Grid: 6 Columns 11 Grids Module proportion: 1.549 : 1 CPL | Character per line - Body Text: 40 characters Binding: Stitch binding Printed: Bozen-Bolzano, January 2020 Inside pages – Digital Print | Canon Cover – Digital Print | Canon
Format: 220 x 280 mm
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N A T U R A L L Y P N W
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Welcome to the Natural Heaven on Earth.
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PacificNorthWest - Vol 1 - Jan 2020