A tiny step towards helping the unsheltered.

HUMANITY, VULNERABILITY & COMMUNITY PART I RESEARCH PACK AARON TORRES, 16042010 THESIS STUDIO: 7CTA1140-0905-2021 PROJECT 4: OPERATING MANUAL FOR SPACESHIP EARTH TUTOR: IAN OWEN, SIMON KNIGHT A TINY STEP TOWARDS HELPING THE UNSHELETERED

Policies and initiatives are the main solutions used to impact the issue, The Homelessness Reduction Act (HRA) 2017 was the latest act introduced to respond to the alarmingly high number of cases.

Homelessness is a topic that stems from the creation of homes, beginning with cavemen finding a place to stay. It is a human instinct to find and have a place of safety and security, which can be seen with other animals that creates nests or dig holes to make a home. The lack of stable and appropriate housing has a ripple effect on a person’s life, it means the loss of security, privacy and basic needs. This affects your mental health and physical health with your state of mind, hygiene and well-being. The loss of a home means more than just the loss of a house. It is an issue that links humanity with the topic. As cases rise and fall, the responsibility lies not only with the government, or those experiencing homelessness but the general public who ridicule and stress the stigma associated with the homeless. This affects your mental health and physical health with your state of mind, hygiene and well-being. The loss of a home means more than just the loss of a house. It is an issue that links humanity with the topic. As cases rise and fall, the responsibility lies not only with the government, or those experiencing homelessness but the general public who ridicule and stress the stigma associated with the homeless. Homelessness isn’t someone else’s issue.

The design thesis pursues a humanitarian approach to the topic, emphasising the well-being of individuals who experience homelessness. It re-imagines a new type of homeless community aimed at not only providing housing but support with co-occurring facilities, emphasising the sense of community and people. The design programme focuses on education and training, healthcare and rehabilitation and a day centre providing advice and support for reintegrating into society. The key to the success of the community lies in the people that provide support. There is a need for not only supporting facilities but social and emotional support and care provided by the people in the facilities and the surrounding community. The proposal is not a solution but aims to improve homelessness and make it more humane.

ABSTRACT

Councils were given new legal duties to prevent people from becoming homeless in the first place and everyone who is homeless or at risk of homelessness. They will have access to meaningful help, irrespective of their priority need status, as long as they are eligible for assistance. However, policies and laws like the 1824 Vagrancy Act, making it an offence to sleep rough or beg are still active. Despite being the fifth-largest national economy in the world, the United Kingdom faces extremely high cases of homelessness, much more than it should be facing. Social forces such as addictions, family, and mental illness mixed with structural forces such as lack of affordable housing, poor economic conditions, and insufficient mental health services affect the issue. Research highlights that the lack of affordable housing is a core reason for the high number of cases. Together, the lack of political interventions impacts the levels of homelessness.

The thesis question focuses on the tiny home movement as a solution to the housing aspect of the homeless community. The tiny home concept aims to provide not only shelter, security or safety, but also give the users a sense of privacy and normality with their own personal space.

A Human Right to Homes

IT IS A SPACE YOU CAN CALL YOURS. A TINY HOME. IT IS OFF THE STREETS AND INTO AN ACTUAL HOME.

MANIFESTO

EVERYONE DESERVES A HOME. EVERYONE HAS A FUNDAMENTAL RIGHT TO HAVE A STABLE AND SECURE HOME.

IT IS THE LACK OF COMPASSION AND EMPATHY THAT HAS ALLOWED HOMELESSNESS TO DEVELOP TO THIS STATE.

IT IS MORE THAN JUST A CARDBOARD BOX, MORE THAN JUST A TENT, MORE THAN JUST A TEMPORARY SHELTER.

A home gives a sense of security and direction, it allows a person to focus on other aspects of their life knowing that they have a warm and physically stable place to sleep. Without it means no sense of security and no sense of home affecting their psychological statve, people without a home not only experience personal and economic hardship but face social exclusion and discrimination due to the stigma surrounding homeless people.

One of the main problems is that the views and perception towards homelessness are of disdain, that they caused it themselves, to get a job, they will only buy drugs or alcohol with the money they get and so forth. This stigma surrounding the homeless creates a divide between them and the rest of the com munity, leading to harsher consequences. The fear of stigma can lead individuals, most likely the youth, to keep their housing status secret, hindering their ability to enrol in services or find housing among their social networks. It leads people to avoid seeking help which prolongs homelessness. The stigma prevents a positive relationship between them and the public and reduces the chances of reintegrating back to society.

Homelessness, defined as the state of having no home signifies only one aspect of being homeless. It is more than just having a physical space; it is about the sense of security and feeling a home provides. It is about the individual’s health and well-being and the effects of the loss of a stable and secure place to call home. It goes deeper into health and well-being with their mental and physical health: how they became homeless, what is it like being homeless and what prevents them from having a place to call home.

Another issue is the change of perception when intertwined with other social groups, namely being homeless due to drug addictions or homeless because of domestic violence. One brings a more empathetic response while the other dismisses their issues. This way of perceiving homeless people is a small but significant aspect that is often overlooked. Homeless people are just one of the vulnerable groups being discriminated against such as racial minorities, LGBT people and disabled persons, but they are the most visible.

An impact to the issue could be the concept of tiny houses. It is a solution that can impact many issues such as overpopulation, the housing crisis and affordable housing. A tiny home is essentially a compact version of a traditional home designed to be highly functional and provide a more minimalistic living. They encompass an average of 60-400 square feet while traditional homes in the UK can range from 600 to 1500 square feet depending on the number of bedrooms and living spaces and whether it’s terraced or semi-detached. Some of the benefits of a tiny home include financial freedom, lower energy use, easier maintenance and less impact on the environment. Therefore, tiny homes offer a personal space that is not only a bed space or a shelter but an actual living space that individuals can personalise. It provides a sense of home, a sense of security and a sense of dignity. If done correctly and compassionately it will provide the first step into reducing homelessness.

WHY?HOMELESSNESS

Why choose homelessness and not other social issues? such as mental health or poverty, unemployment or substance abuse, and even domestic abuse or pollution. It is because homelessness encompasses and influences these social issues. Homelessness links with mental health, with 80% of homeless people in England reporting that they had mental health issues and 45% having been diagnosed with a mental health condition (Mental Health Statistics: Homelessness, 2014). Homelessness is a largely overlooked and stigmatised subject, especially from the general public. They are one of the most vulnerable groups and the most visible as they are found sleeping on the streets. It is easy to dismiss homeless people making it difficult to help them. It links with poverty, not being able to afford housing and basic living needs such as food, water and healthcare. It links with alcohol and drug abuse with addiction to drugs and alcohol being a cause and consequence. It is an issue which if solved, will significantly impact many social issues.

ThereHousingis a lack of social and affordable housing in the UK. Although affordable housing has been a focus in developing more homes, those experiencing homeless are not able to even go for those homes. Shelter states the number of social rented homes in England fell by 120,000 between 2012 and 2016, taking the total number of social rented homes below 4 million. Another 120,000 social rented homes are likely to be lost from the social housing stock between 2016 and 2020.

Shelter data shows that people who experience homelessness for three months or longer cost on average 4,298 per person to NHS services, £2,099 per person for mental health services. There is a significant financial burden from the healthcare aspect of homelessness. Those experiencing homelessness are not able to access these services that would help them, whether its general healthcare or specific needs for alcohol, drugs or mental healthcare.

Healthcare Statistics from Homeless Link state that: 73% of homeless people reported physical health problems. 41% said this was a long term problem. 80% of respondents reported some form of mental health issue, 45% had been diagnosed with a mental health issue. 39% said they take drugs or are recovering from a drug problem, while 27% have or are recovering from an alcohol problem. 35% had been to A&E and 26% had been admitted to hospital over the past six months.

Though families and some individuals may find themselves in homeless shelters for relatively short periods of time due to an economic or personal crisis, it is the long-term, chronic homeless population that runs up significant costs. These include hospitalization and emergency room visits, police intervention and incarceration, and use of mental health, poverty and homeless programs(L. Cassady, 2018).

With the housing crises currently affecting society as a whole, those experiencing homelessness are affected even more. Housing Benefit helps people on low incomes to pay their rent. As more low earners are living in either privately rented housing, or in social housing with “affordable rent” levels, more people need to claim Housing Benefit to help pay for their rent. The lack of housing and the needs of housing those without homes have grown more significant due to several forces like the Covid pandemic, Brexit and economy.

HEALTHCARE HOUSING INCARCERATION

There are various factors and aspects in how homelessness impacts society, whether its to the individuals or families of those experiencing homelessness, the general communities or agencies and government that try to help. The impact of homelessness to society can be felt through various aspects, with a few being healthcare, the economy, housing, incarceration or the stigma of homelessness.

IMPACTSHOMELESSNESSTOSOCIETY

Incarceration Homeless people spend more time in jail or prison than other populations, and part of this is a result of violating laws that specifically target homeless people, such as pan handling, loitering or sleeping in cars. The 1824 Vagrancy Act makes it an offence to sleep rough or beg, this act remains still remains today, there were 2,365 prosecutions under section three of the act in 2015–16. Being homeless and an offender makes it harder to get employment and move away from homelessness, £1,668 is the average cost per arrest; 7 out of 10 homeless ex-offenders are re-convicted within one year.

There is also the aspect that when intertwined with other social groups, the per ception towards those who are homeless changes. Such as being homeless due to drug addictions or because of domestic violence. For example ‘it’s their fault for taking drugs’ or ‘it’s not their fault because they got abused’ This way of perceiving the topic is a small but significant aspect of the problem.

“Fear of stigma may lead some individuals, especially youth, to keep their housing status secret, hindering their ability to enrol in services or find housing among their social networks. It may also keep individuals from entering public spaces, where they may be subjected to ridicule, harassment, or staring, further marginalizing a population that already struggles with meeting the basic human needs of food, clothing, and shelter” (Denise De Las Nueces,2016)

There is generally no single reason why people end up sleeping rough. High housing costs and welfare benefit changes can be a factor. However, in most cases people are struggling with a series of difficult and overlapping challenges that they need to overcome to move forward with their lives.

Individuals who are homeless are just one of the vulnerable groups that are discriminated against such as ethnic minorities, LGBT people or disabled persons, but they are the most visible. They are on the streets, in busy areas begging, on the alleys or by train stations.

THEHOMELESSNESSSTIGMA

Homelessness carries a stigma that drives the general public into avoiding and ignoring them. Homelessness carries a stigma that strongly blames the victim rather than understanding the forces that pushes them into that state, some being afforda ble housing, unemployment or their health. The stigma that ‘they caused it them selves, ‘just get a job’ and ‘they’ll only buy drugs with the money they are given’ creates a divide between the homeless and the general public, leading to a barrier that prevents reintegration with mainstream society.

Rather than victim-blaming and avoiding the homeless, it is important to recognize that as human beings they have legitimate needs and rights.

Humanity is what is needed on the topic of homelessness, only through approaching neighbours struggling with homelessness with compassion, empathy and understanding will it make an impact .

Krystal Marx, 35, Burien City Council member and homeless as a child: Richard McAdams, 50, search and rescue coordinator at Union Gospel Mission, homeless 2003-2013:

Brian Chandler, 50, director of outreach at Union Gospel Mission, homeless June -November 1990: “The easiest way to sum it up is, people. Not just any people — those that don’t judge you, they hold you accountable with grace and love, and they never give up on you, no matter what. That guy for me was Andy Brown. While sleeping on the streets of Wichita, Kansas, was holding down three jobs to feed my addiction. One of those was a bearing company where Andy was a district man ager. He soon found out that I was deep in my addiction to drugs and alcohol. literally spit on Andy, cussed him out, threatened his life, but he never gave up and never let go.

We cannot focus on committing to case management, securing employment, or making the decision to address substance-use disorder issues while wondering if we will have a place to sleep that night, a place to store our belongings, a place to collect our mail, to shower in safety, a place free from harassment or drug sales or exploitation. Until there are more housing-first options available with co-occurring services, other services become stressors to manage instead of solutions to attach to.”

PERSONAL STATEMENTS

Melissa Ryder, 18, student at Choice Alternative School in Shelton, homeless since 2014:

“I spent most of my life suffering from alcohol and drug addiction. hit my rock bottom around 11 years ago. burnt all my bridges, was alone and isolated away from my family and friends. found myself homeless on the streets of downtown Seattle. was hit with the realization that if I didn’t change I would soon end up a statistic. I entered a treatment centre, where I stayed for seven months. During that time I was able to begin healing; emotionally, mentally, physically, and most important, spiritually. I was supported by my wife who was kind enough to help me through these dark times... After getting out of the treatment centre stayed in a transitional home for 30 days. During that time my wife and I searched hard for a new apartment where we could start over. We eventually found something in Beacon Hill. Even 10 years ago the rents were unfair, but we seemed to manage with our newfound focus and dedication for each other...She is my main support and my rock in life. I often think about how many people have to suffer alone, and I often wonder, would be as successful today without her? I don’t think so. This humbles me greatly and makes me sad for others who have no one to support them. And it keeps me from being judgmental toward others. If we could come together as a society and be more supportive of one another, I totally believe there would be many more success stories.” Derrick Belgarde, 45, deputy director of the Chief Seattle Club and homeless until 2008: “I was homeless for six months when I was 8 years old in Aberdeen, Washington ... and what ended it for me and my mom was being able to stay with my mom’s sister. But not everyone has that option. The biggest thing ... is being given a chance at permanent housing, not tempo rary shelter, not case management, not job services, not drug treatment, but housing that they can rely on to access 24/7.

Annette Jones, 45, co-founder of Jones Community Solutions, homeless frequently as a child and from 2013-2014:

Permanent housing is important and a priority - not a shelter or temporary accommodations. More housing-first options available, with supporting services will provide a better impact, Krystal Marx states that “We cannot focus on committing to case management, securing employment, or mak ing the decision to address substance-use disorder issues while wondering if we will have a place to sleep that night, a place to store our belongings, a place to collect our mail, to shower in safety, a place free from harassment or drug sales or exploitation.”

Richard McAdams says dealing with his addiction was key. And in renting a room from a friend, he learned to navigate the routine of paying bills and being responsible.

Last but not least is the truly compassionate people, “those that don’t judge you, they hold you accountable with grace and love, and they never give up on you, no matter what.” Brian Chandler states. Unfortunately not everyone has people like them, but having people that support you is key in helping individuals experiencing homelessness.

Its important to hear peoples experience on being homeless directly from the source. Understanding their perspectives directly gives more reliable data than online research, we can find out what happened, what helped and what didn’t.

“I experienced poverty and homelessness intermittently for many years because of circumstances completely beyond my control, resulting in my participating in an extremely unhealthy lifestyle. When was 16, my father passed away and shook my world to its core.

The main things taken from reading these statements is that support from people, programmes and permanent housing helped those struggling with homelessness.

“I would say that this question implies that once someone is housed again all problems are over. I’ve been homeless multiple times throughout my life and ... all of the services that are there to help someone not be homeless anymore stop as soon as the person is housed. Putting a roof over my head did not resolve all of the issues that were contributing factors. I’ve been housed now since 2014. When I first moved into my place, a homeless friend of mine came for a visit and asked me how long I thought it would take me to lose my ‘homeless mentality’? It was a good question and one was unable to answer.

“For me there were a few factors that needed to be overcome before was able to get out of homelessness. Addiction was the first. My addic tion stems from a childhood trauma that never was truly addressed. used drugs throughout my life to cope with pain, and until learned how to deal with things in a healthy way, my addiction... led me to become homeless.Ienteredinto the Union Gospel Mission Recovery program, where learned healthy ways. When I graduated, I rented a room from a friend which taught me how to navigate through the daily routine of paying bills and being responsible for myself. After 10 years of living on the streets it was kind of overwhelming to move directly into my own place. I currently live in my own place and after two years of living there I am confident that I am going to be ok.”

KeAndra Radchenko, 24, case manager at Mason County Housing Options for Students in Transition (HOST), homeless off and on from childhood until 2016: began working on cleaning up my life; educationally, flew under the radar and easily went unnoticed, though I had been truant for years prior. The courts and the school system were set on forcing me to attend school, but not one person stopped to ask why I didn’t. I was finally identified as McKinney-Vento (homeless and eligible for federal aid) by the school district liaison, but wasn’t yet 18. couldn’t access services, nor could find information on resources that may have been available to me. On my 18th birthday, I was admitted into the HOST program and began receiving services that day. About a year after that, Kim [Rinehardt] began working with HOST. Kim saw past the face I put on for the world and began nurturing my potential. After graduated in 2014, she told me if enrolled in college, she would give me a job.

Another important aspect is the programmes, being part of a programme that really supports and cares for you is what helped Melissa Ryder and KeAndrea Radchenko, they talks about their positive experience with the HOST programme in Seattle, Washington. HOST prioritizes services to those who are highly vulnerable, lack service connections or other support and who are unwilling or unable to engage in traditional service models.

“I have been experiencing homelessness since the age of 13. I have lived in cars, tents, trailers and uninhabitable homes that had no water or power. had to take showers at friends’ houses where they and their families encouraged me to continue my education despite my circumstances. Soon, started my freshman year at Choice Alternative School in Shelton, which was the very first time got involved with Mason County Housing Options for Students in Transition (HOST). They helped me get all the little things needed, like shoes and hygiene products, but I didn’t participate in the program at the Threetime. years later, I found myself applying again for this amazing program, this time needing a home. I was placed in a host home about two months ago and could not be happier. I love the family live with; I couldn’t ask for anything better. Because of the HOST program, I now am able to focus on graduating from high school and move on to college. I plan to attend The Evergreen State College and get my master’s degree in secondary and elementary education.”

INHOMELESSNESSBRITAIN Target Users 6 out of 100 70 out of 100 72 out of 100 30 out of 100 56 out of 100 29 out of 100 26 out of 100 8 out of 100 Homeless In Employment Mental Health Issues Uses DrugsLong Term Physical Health Issues General Population 6 72 3070 2956 268 2016 Rough sleepers in Britain 2017 2018 Rough Sleeping Rough Sleeping Hidden Homelessness Hidden Homelessness AccommodationTemporary Temporary Accommodation Statutory HomelessnessStatutoryHomelessness

There are 4 main types of homelessness: Rough Sleeping, Temporary Accommodation, Hidden Homelessness and Statutory Homelessness. Although rough sleeping is the most visible and dangerous form of homelessness, the other types are just as important. For example, hidden homelessness, also known as sofa surfing, is virtually impossible to count as they stay at friends or relatives homes and are out of sight. They are the people who are not entitled to help with housing and aren’t counted in the official statistics. Statutory homelessness is often referred to as the main homelessness duty where local authorities must secure a home for some groups of people. Every year, tens of thousands of people apply to their local authority for homelessness assistance. My proposal will focus mainly on the rough sleepers.

Latest reports from Shelter estimated at least 320,000 people are homeless, which is more than the population of some cities around England such as Oxford, Cambridge and Brighton. The CHAIN database projected 11,018 are rough sleepers. 19 of the 20 local authorities with the highest concentrations of people living in temporary accommodation or rough sleeping in England are in London

11,018

Top ten boroughs with the highest rough sleeping population

Top 3 Boroughs EalingCamdenWestminister

INHOMELESSNESSLONDON

The number of Day Centres in each borough is significantly low compared to the rough sleeping population. Westminster has 6 day centres for 2162 people while Camden has 3 day centres for 630 people, for some boroughs to have 1 day cen tre or none when they have 18 to 624 rough sleepers is a big issue. Another big aspect is the housing first provision statistics. More than half of all the boroughs in London do not have a Housing First unit. It is the same with the number of winter shelters, only 18 out of 32 boroughs have winter shelters.

Total amount of rough sleepers:

From this data, we can observe that there is a large gap of services in certain boroughs and a variance in the number of services being provided compared to the population of rough sleepers such as Southwark; 567 rough sleepers, only 1 day centre, only 6 winter shelters and only 410 bed spaces. or Ealing; 624 rough sleepers, only 1 day centre, no winter shelters and 273 bed spaces. The Combined Homelessness and Information Network (CHAIN) database currently provides the most robust and comprehensive statistics on rough sleeping. This data shows that the rough sleeping levels have risen by 104% since 2010. Westminster borough is at the top with 2162, with Camden and Ealing after with around 600 with the lowest being 18. My site area will be chosen from the one of the top 3 boroughs with the highest rough sleeping population to provide more impact to the target users, which would either be Westminster, Camden or Ealing borough.

One solution is how Chris Hildrey created a database matching those without a home with addresses of the UK’s empty properties to allow them. The database provides rough sleepers with a means to access services and necessities that requires an address, for example a bank account, seeing a GP, benefits or even getting a library card.

PRECEDENCE STUDIES

These approaches are just some of the ways that Architects have tried to impact homelessness.

There are different ways that architects have approached homelessness, whether it was to improve the issue or deter the issue. By analysing these approaches, it will inform the thesis proposal by providing various ideas of approaching the topic.

Aspects can be incorporated from the different case studies to improve the project, by analysing and understanding what works and what doesn’t.

One approach explores parasitic architecture which attaches a structure to an existing building to provide protection against weather conditions in urban areas, which is a more affordable option. Then there is hostile architecture which uses elements of the built environment to restrict and deter those without a home. There is also the development of more affordable housing through modular construction, the use of tiny homes or pods or the use of shipping containers

Hostile ArchitectureParasitic Architecture Modular Construction Sleeping Pods Tiny Homes

Using the idea of ‘vertical space’ as the focal point, the scheme focuses on placing construction scaffolds as a frame on windowless façades of existing buildings and slotting the units inside. The use of scaffolding frames allows the design to be quickly erected or disassembled, making it flexible with access provided through staircases in the scaffolding frame.

Framlab’s explored parasitic architecture to introduce a set of prefabricated units that attach themselves to existing buildings in NYC. The proposal takes advantage of the verticle spaces available in its location, presented as a temporary housing solution.

However, one issue could be that the idea is proposed as a temporary housing solution.

Renderings proposing the range of layouts the pods can provide

From researching personal experiences of those experiencing homelessness, one aspect pointed out is the need for either permanent or long-term housing solutions, the idea that they could have to vacate the space at any time would pose an issue. Another aspect is that the solution only aims at the housing aspect of homelessness, those with support needs would need more support than just housing. This proposal also suits more urban areas like NYC with its abundance of high rise buildings providing vertical space, the proposal wouldn’t suit areas that lack these available spaces

The pods focus on privacy and safety, housing one person per pod contrasting the conditions in communal facilities of homeless shelters. These modular pods are 3D-printed from bioplastic to allow them to biodegrade during their disposal. The interior is lined with plywood to encourage a warm and friendly environment while the exterior is composed of oxidised aluminium cladding. The aluminium cladding combined with the bioplastic structure is intended to withstand harsh weather. Smart-glass windows are fitted to give views to the users, also doubling as space for artwork or advertisements.

Parasitic pods to sleep New York’s homeless

Interior Render of the Pods

The architecture firm states that the proposal would not solve the issue in its entirety but encourages designers to be a part of the conversation with the studio saying “The massive extent and complexity of the situation requires work on a broad regulatory and policy-making level,” said the studio. “But, it is critical that the design community is part of the process.”

As a housing solution for homelessness, it has great potential in providing spaces that are private, secure and safe, which is more than what a shelter provides. It is a more affordable option than creating whole buildings to accommodate rough sleepers. If integrated with facili ties to provide support and care, the solution could have a more thorough impact.

Conclusion

PRECEDENCE STUDIES PARASITIC ARCHITECTURE

Framlabs states that “the 3D-printed modules allow furniture, storage, lighting and appliances to be integrated into the structure – resulting in a minimal space, tailored to the specific needs and desires of its resident.”

This solution explores a different direction in the development of homes in general with the idea of using ‘vertical space’. Its proposal focuses on providing accommodation for those rough sleeping, considering the interior space with its plywood design and 3D printed bed frames and storage units. They use modular and prefabricated solutions to provide this design.

The solution considers the site well by understanding that there is a lack of plots to build with almost every square foot of space claimed. They noticed that an abundance of ‘vertical plots’ are available and decided to propose a solution that focuses on adding onto existing buildings and creating vertical spaces instead.

PRECEDENCE STUDIES MODULAR CONSTRUCTION

The village now acts a centre for a number of valuable social services for those struggling without a home in the city. The facility opened in April 2021 and reached full occupancy the following month.

The proposal includes 232 housing units: 132 units as permanent housing and the rest as mobile units used for interim housing. It provides a common building that houses dining and laundry facilities as well as support services. Each container holds 2 apartments with a bed, storage units, a heating and cooling system and a private bathroom. The rest of the village is comprised of prefabricated modular units and mobile units that were designed to meet the specific demands of the site. The scheme was greatly affected by the arrival of the Covid-19 pandemic. One is the addition of private bathrooms to the bed spaces. This allowed the need for isolation to prevent the spreading of Covid-19. Another factor influenced was the construction time being aggressively accelerated to meet the needs of those sleeping rough on the streets during the pandemic.

This project acts as a precedence in its response to homelessness in LA, with its efficiency, construction and cost. From start to finish, it took under five months with a cost of about $86,000 (£64,000) per permanent bed. The proposal shaved years and hundreds of thousands of dollars compared to a traditional homeless housing project. Through transforming shipping containers into prefabricated modular units, it decreased construction times and the project cost. The initial estimated project cost of $57 million was brought down to $48 million (£35 million).

This project has great potential in allowing those experiencing homelessness to get back on their feet. As long as the village stays active, treats the residents with dignity and compassion and does not reject those with support needs, the project will continue to help homelessness in LA.

The project is located on a 4.2-acre brownfield site in Downtown Los Angeles where the complex is named after Hilda L Solis, who chairs the LA County Board of Supervisors.

It gives those without a home a space that offers much more than typical homeless shelters and accommodation. It includes communal dining and laundry facilities, encouraging social interactions and allowing a sense of normality. Supporting services are also included indicating that the NAC design team understood the need for more than just housing, but a focus on ancillary services such as mental healthcare and rehabilitation.

Permanent housing on the left, Interim housing on the right

Firms NAC Architecture, Bernards and VESTA Modular explore the use of modular construction and shipping containers to produce both permanent and temporary accommodation for people experiencing homelessness.

Modular building consists of repeated sections called modules, involving off-site construction, delivery to site and completion and installation of prefab modules on site. Modular construction provides structurally strong buildings in less time than traditional construction methods. It ensures high levels of quality control, reducing site disruption and vehicular traffic as well as improves overall safety and security for workers.

This case study shows how dedication, commitment, joint effort and cooperation with funding from the government can produce a great project in combating homelessness. The scheme incorporates accommodation spaces that are private, safe and secure even including private bathrooms.

The Hilda L Solis Care First Village Apartments within the shipping container It also spreads awareness of the possibility of modular construction with its efficiency and cost in the direction of providing more affordable housing.

Conclusion

Conclusion Ulmer Nest, located in Germany Patrick Kaczmarek, Florian Geiselhart, Falko Pross, Manuel Schall, Dirk Bayer, and Kathrin Uhlig, an interdisciplinary team designed a timber solar-powered sleeping pod to serve as an emergency shelter for those cannot stay in homeless accommodations.

These pods can range from only containing bed spaces to providing living areas. The idea of pod spaces is very similar to the concept of tiny or micro homes with both usually having one single living space. All 3 proposals understand that their design would not solve homelessness but can provide some impact in their design, each design has a focus point.

PRECEDENCE STUDIES SLEEPING PODS

Wooden sleeping pods by Reed Watts Architects Parasitic Pod designed by James Furzer Interior render of parasitic pod

The team describes it as a last resort for those sleeping rough to protect them against the elements. Its made from solid timber for the body, powder-coated metal for the parts that require intensive cleaning. They would be fitted with the necessary technology, including a heat exchanger, GPS sensor, smoke alarm, motion detection system and a secure locking system. Architectural designer James Furzer combines modular and parasitic design in his proposal of pods that attach to the external walls of existing buildings. The pods are designed to be lightweight and accessible by a retractable ladder that leads to a timber sleeping platform.

They would be hung, elevated above street level and attached through a pair of metal brackets, the material for the pods could be made from scrap materials to reduce production costs and adapted to match the colour of their host buildings.

These pods show good solutions in providing temporary and emergency spaces for those needing a place to stay. Each proposal has its pros and cons but these designs itself with the creativity and approaches impacts the issue of homelessness by contributing an idea to preventing the increase of homelessness. The idea of sleeping pods are more effective when theres a large quantity due to its compact size, but depending on how its used, it could be an effective way in positively impacting homelessness.

A curtain offers users the option of privacy. Reed Watts has made the design available online to allow anyone with available space to reproduce these pods for those in need.

Reed watts Architects focused on easy-to-assemble wooden sleeping pods to provide temporary housing. This modular design consists of 18mm thick interlocking panels of fireproof birch plywood, which can be assembled by hand. Each pod comes with a mattress raised up on a platform that functions as a bed, a seat and a secure storage area.

These solutions explore the idea of using pods to provide accommodation to those experiencing homelessness. Pods are usually incorporated with different concepts such as modular, parasitic or sustainable pods. These small and condensed living spaces are increasing around the world in their way of providing affordable, efficient, sustainable and unique designs to those without a home place to stay.

The Ulmer nest focuses on those that cannot stay in homeless accommodations, providing emergency spaces for rough sleepers but not meant as an alternative to regular homeless housing. However, an issue could be that the units are only available during winter and that there is only a few available. It is a good emergency shelter idea but could be prone to destruction and vandalism from the public.

James Furzer focuses on providing pods flexible with their location with it being able to attach to existing walls. It combines the positive aspects of the previous two solutions. It includes safety and security with its own private space like the Ulmer nest but more privacy and space than Reed Watts solution. It is probably a more expensive solution compared to the other two but it’s a more long term solution. Although it’s proposed as temporary housing, the parasitic elements allow the design to be a feasi ble project as long as it can get find a ‘host building’. This aspect eliminates the needs and costs of finding land to build these pods and allows the money to focus on the pod itself.

Reed Watts Architects focuses on a very practical, affordable and easy to assemble design. But one issue could be that it needs enclosed spaces to accommodate the pods and cannot be placed outside. The pods also only provide semi-private spaces, they cant be locked or secured and can be seen as another homeless shelter which the users usually avoid.However it shows that a very simple and practical design can work.

PRECEDENCE STUDIES TINY HOMES PART 1

Occupy Madison Village (OM Village) is a tiny home eco-village that provides secure transitional housing for individuals and couples. It allows any residents to join as long as they agree and follow the community vision, are voted into membership and follow the rules of their contract, conduct rules and shop rules.

The emergence of tiny homes provided a new approach to helping those without homes. The idea of tiny home villages for those experiencing homelessness has become a popular solution in alleviating homelessness.

Such Villages include the Occupy Madison Village in Wisconsin, the Com munity First Village in Texas or Second Wind Cottages in New York.

Second Wind Cottages, Newfield, NY

Occupy Madison Village, Madison, WI

The cottages are 320 square feet and cost about $15,000 in materials to build. All of the building labour was completed by volunteers. Each single-room cottage has a bathroom, kitchenette, and bed area. They are now aiming to develop the Second Wind Dryden House, which will be a multi-unit residential facility to house and support homeless and at-risk adult women and their children. There are currently 18 cottages for men and are fundraising to build the multi-unit residential facility.

Occupy Madison, Inc first looked into buying an apartment building or a shared house for the homeless but ultimately settled on tiny houses as the most flexible and economical way to create homes for people. Each tiny home takes up 98 square feet. The SW Cottages is a affordable project as the cottages are built by volunteers on seven acres of donated land. Although the cost of materials were $15,000 in materials, a lot of the materials were donated, showing that there was a lot of compassion and empathy from the community to help.

Occupy Madison Village Second Wind Cottages

The Second Wind Cottages (SW Cottages) provides permanent, supportive housing and support to men who are at risk and without a home, and have alcohol and drug support needs. The SW Cottages mentor residents and build and sustain relationships with them. It is based on a community-first approach to impacting homelessness.

The SW Cottages is a place where men who are at risk or homeless can find a safe home with a supportive environment where they can learn the life skills necessary to reintegrate into society.

The village currently contains 5 tiny homes and currently working on phase 2 of their plan. After phase 2, they aim to move 4 more people to the village and focus on building 22 tiny houses to replace the huts at the Village on Aberg Avenue. The cost of building the tiny homes comes to around $5,000 each, funded by private donations and an online crowd-funding campaign. Each home will come with a propane heater, a composting toilet, and an 80-watt solar panel array. They currently have 8 showers, 4 washers and dryers and a new (non-commercial kitchen). As the village only got permission in October 2020, many of its plans are still in process and have only finished phase 1.

Quoxite Village, Olympia, WA Community Building

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The residents, who are self-governed, have developed a rulebook that prohibits illegal drugs and alcohol on the grounds and requires that each member put in a certain number of service hours per week.

Initial rendering of the proposed design

PRECEDENCE STUDIES TINY HOMES PART 2

Quixote Communities offers recovery housing, a drug and alcohol-free living environment for people in all stages of recovery. Residents can stay as long as they want and receive staff support, as well as peer mentorship and the benefits of living in a community.

Each 144 sq. ft. tiny home consists of: Twin bed with linen, pillow, and storage Half bath (toilet and sink) Closet Table and Intercom phone to call the office, neighbours, or 911 Full electricity (lights, heater, heat lamp in bathroom) Several windows for Porch with room for extra storage

The Case Manager and Program Manager work with different community members to offer activities residents are interested in such as weekly yoga, weekly chiropractic, a regular hair dresser, quarterly nursing interns from Saint Martins and much more.

Quoxite Village, originally Camp Quoxite provides permanent supportive housing for people experiencing homelessness with have drug and alcohol support needs. The village offers communal living with rich peer mentorship and support. Staff work side-by-side with residents to help them reach their individual goals and to connect them with various community services.

As the Village focuses on communal living, it offers various social and wellness activities as well as educational opportunities for residents.

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The residents have a common space with shared showers, a laundry, a garden space, and a kitchen. Sharing these amenities allowed the project to be more affordable and encourage a community-based village that would fit their needs to be more self-sufficient.

ventilation •

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The Case Manager works one-one-one with residents to help with goal setting, from getting a driver’s license or paying off fine to finding proper behavioural and physical health care, or helping with transportation. The aim is to support and guide residents towards whatever goal they are looking to reach.

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The houses are economically efficient, costing less than half of what it costs to build the average apartment, also leaving a smaller carbon footprint due to its simple 144 sq. ft. homes. The village currently houses 30 individuals. The Village is supported by Panza, a non-profit organization doing business as Quixote Communities. Including three full time staff: An executive director, program manager, and case manager/resident advocate. Village staff manage the admissions process and, with the advice of the Village Resident Council and its elected Village Life Committee.

Quoxite Village

The total cost to build Quixote Village, including 30 tiny homes, two of which are ADA compliant, and the community building was $3.05 million. However, the actual cost of construction (materials and labour) for each cottage was about $19,000. The total cost of the Village, excluding donated land and services, divided by the number of cottages yields a per-unit cost just under $88,000 per unit.

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Tiny Homes Traditional Mobile Homes 3D

homes • 330 Micro-homes • 12 Laundry/Restroom/Shower Facil ities • 12 Outdoor Kitchens • Capital Metro Bus Stop • Community Art House • Community Cinema • Community Concessions & Catering • Community First! Car Care • Community Forge • Community Inn • Community Market • Genesis Gardens Organic Farm • Goodness Press Screen Printing • Memorial Garden and Prayer Laby rinth • Topfer Family Health Resource Centre • Walking Trails • Woodworking Shop • Community Gardens • Community Works Entrepreneur Hub • Donor Recognition Park • Guest Parking Lot • Living Room • 3D Printed Office Building

Community First! Village is a 51-acre development that provides affordable, per manent housing for men and women coming out of chronic homelessness. The village follows an approach similar to the Housing First model. Their intent is that any individual who qualifies can live in the Village permanently, providing they pay their rent, abide by civil law and follow the rules of the community.

Community First Village, Austin, TX Printed Building

PRECEDENCE STUDIES TINY HOMES PART 3

Community First! Village is one of the villages that has a bus route connecting it to the community, it is one of the larger schemes that has been master planned with a large budget. Through providing micro-enterprise opportunities, emphasising community life with its supporting facilities, this project acts as a “pilot” project

There are plans for further expansion to grow the Village by an additional 127 acres, pro viding for 1,400 more homes across two properties and are currently in the site develop ment phase for the expansion. It is expected to cost about $119 million. When complete, Community First! Village will include a total of 178 acres and provide 1,900 permanent homes to those coming out of chronic homelessness, along with those who support and care for them. This Village is one of the more expensive tiny-house projects costing $6 million for phase and $20 million for phase II. The residents are given the opportunity to earn a dignified income working at the Village in various areas such as the maintenance department, the Community Gardens, the Community Cinema, or the Community Inn. With access to an “art house” and blacksmith shop, residents also have the opportunity to produce handmade goods, creating artwork and gifts for the com munity’s online store and in-person shop.

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Community First! Village Since Community First opened in 2015, its residents have earned more than $3 million by working on the property.

The village is designed to promote community living therefore there are is a lot of emphasis on communal facilities, programmes and activities to encourage residents to not just stay in their homes. Some of the amenities include the health centre, places for study and fellowship, community bicycles, walking trails, memorial gardens, and a bus stop for the residents and visitors.

The Village has completed phase 1 and 2 of their plan, covering 51 acres. It houses more than 500 formerly homeless men and women. Phase 2 includes a mix of tiny homes and RV/Parked homes with amenity spaces, communal buildings and facilities: The Village was started from Mobile Loaves & Fishes (MLF), a social outreach ministry helping those who are experiencing homelessness since 1998. RV/Park

Tiny home villages are a relatively new approach to homelessness, therefore there are various legal, social and financial barriers in developing these villages, trying to raise money, find land, and gain approval from local officials and members of the public. The nature of the small houses presents unique legal zoning limitations and barriers that limit where tiny houses can be stationed. Each village is set in different locations with different rules and aims affecting the success of the villages.

Each village has different features and minor differences in terms of either focusing on being affordable, sustainable or aimed at a specific group of people who are experiencing homelessness. OM Village is tiny home eco-village, SW Cottages is for at risk and homeless men with alcohol and support needs while Com munity First! Village is for those who are and have been chronically homeless. Quoxite Village and Community First! Village are projects that shows what it can do with planning, funding and support from the community. These 2 case studies are the larger projects compared to OM Village and SW Cottages, although OM Village is recent and only houses 9 people, there is poten tial in the project as they are planning to expand and move in more people. All 4 case studies are progressing well as they are all planning to expand but are in need of funding. This shows that there is potential and that the projects are doing what they are supposed to do. The main problems are funding, siting of the village, sanitation and build quality. Many smaller tiny home village projects would have funding, sanitation and build quality issues as they would most likely be DIY built. But larger master-planned projects like Quoxite Village and Community First! Village has fewer issues with sanitation and build quality. Funding and finding a location for the tiny home villages are the main issues in developing any of these projects.

• Those at Community First! Village follows an approach similar to the Housing First model. Their intent is that any individual who qualifies can live in the Village permanently, providing they pay their rent, abide by civil law and follow the rules of the community.

• For Quoxite Village, the admission process will include an initial interview with CAC and Village staff to determine eligibility, followed by an interview with the Resident Council’s Village Life Committee and an opportunity to meet Village residents. The wait list is prioritized based on vulnerability.

Although each village focuses on housing those who are homeless, only Quoxite Village provides permanent housing for those who are homeless. Community First! Village is aimed for those within Austin, Texas, SW Cottages is currently for men who have alcohol and drug support needs and OM Village provides transitional housing. OM Village is a newer project, started in 2020, still trying to get on its feet.

Each case study follows a community-based approach, acknowledging that helping those experiencing homelessness need to not only provide housing but supporting facilities and services. The 4 villages each have rules that the residents have to follow, to be allowed to stay:

PRECEDENCE STUDIES TINY HOMES PART 4

There is great potential in building tiny home villages for those experiencing homelessness. Tiny homes provide flexibility with their location and footprint. Even with the social and structural limitations, once addressed, the impact of a tiny home village can be significant, such as the Community First! Village. Tiny homes offer a personal space that is not only a bed space or a shelter but an actual living space that individuals can personalise. It provides a sense of home, a sense of security and a sense of dignity. If done correctly and compassionately it will provide the first step into reducing homelessness.

The villages may have their own setbacks, but in terms of housing those experiencing homelessness, tiny homes do provide a positive impact to housing those without homes. Many residents express the ability that a tiny home provides, with its privacy, safety and shelter. Housing is only the first step into helping those in need.

Conclusion

• Those residing in OM Village have to agree and follow the community vision, be voted into membership and follow the rules of their contract conduct rules and shop rules.

• Second Wind Cottages have to agree and sign a code of conduct (good neighbour policy), understanding there are restrictions on guests, and Second Wind is a clean and sober environment.

Parasitic Architecture Modular

PRECEDENCE STUDIES WHY?

Through researching and analysing existing approaches to influences the issue of homelessness, it will inform the project and improve it through understanding how the other solutions work, if it worked and the different ways it was implemented. As the project focuses on using tiny homes, the precedent studies utilized more case studies about tiny home villages from different locations to see how each study compared to eachother. It was still important to see the other approace such as modular construction, parasitic architecture and the aspect of sleeping pods or micro homes. These can help influence the project as the tiny homes can take inspiration from modular construction or parasitic architecture.

TinyConstructionHomes Sleeping Pods

This proposal can be a solution to providing housing with support and care to vulnerable groups in need of such facilities, not only the homeless but refugees, displaced people, undocumented migrants, domestic abuse victims and so forth.

The area of study focuses on the application of tiny homes as a part of the solution to homelessness. I say “a part of the solution” because there are many factors that can impact homelessness and tiny homes are aimed at the housing aspect of homelessness.

The thesis question focuses on the tiny home movement as a solution to the housing aspect of the homeless community. The tiny home concept aims to provide not only shelter, security or safety, but also give the users a sense of privacy and normality with their own personal space.

Homelessness

AREA OF STUDY

The key to the success of the community lies in the people that provide support. There is a need for not only supporting facilities but social and emotional support and care provided by the people in the facilities.

The proposal is not a solution but aims to improve homelessness and make it more humane.

Re-imagining homeless communities through the concept of tiny homes with co-occurring supporting facilities

The choice of tiny homes from the different approaches in the precedence studies is due to the idea of tiny home communities or village, not tiny homes as a singular space. but as a tiny home community with co-supporting facilities. This approach seem to be a more effective strategy in approaching the issue in a humane way. It provides more than shelter spaces but an actual home, that is private, secure and safe. It provides more than a home but supporting facilities to help in the other aspects of the users life to prevent them from coming back into homelessness. It provides a community, giving sense of humanity and kinship with other users that have been cast aside and neglected. This approach will be able to impact the users more thoroughly.

Can tiny home communities provide a more feasible solution to the housing aspect of homelessness for single and group households with co-occuring supporting facilities and programmes?

The proposal will re-imagine the homeless communities through the use of tiny homes with supporting facilities and programmes to provide a more thorough impact. For example, a tiny home community with an education and training facility, a healthcare and rehabilitation centre and a day centre providing advice and support. It will follow a housing first approach. The design thesis pursues a humanitarian approach to the topic, emphasising the well-being of individuals who are homeless. The design thesis re-imagines a new type of homeless community aimed at not only providing housing but support with co-occurring facilities. The design programme focuses on education and training, healthcare and rehabilitation and a day centre providing advice and support with reintegrating into society.

Tiny homes for those experiencing homelessness

TINY HOMES

Tiny House is a well-established concept in the United States, where the Tiny House movement originated. Simply put, it’s a movement of downsizing, simplifying and living less. It is more than living in a small space, it has various benefits such as financial freedom, sustainability with a small carbon footprint, more time and freedom to pursue hobbies and so forth. People are embracing the tiny life philosophy and the freedom that accompanies the lifestyle.

What is it?

Tiny homes are seen in a more positive solution to housing those without homes as they offer a personal space that is not only a bed space or a shelter but an actual living space that individuals can personalise. It provides a sense of home, security and dignity.

Tiny house villages broadly provide villagers with the ability to make their own decisions and control their own schedules However, sanitation is a tremendous issue for tiny house villages.

Tiny Homes originated as a minimalist lifestyle movement, giving several benefits to those who follow it. But the idea of using tiny homes as a method to alleviate homelessness has become more increasingly popular and evident. Whether its the Second Wind Cottages developed in 2013, Community First! Village established in 2015 or the Occupy Madison Village developed in 2020, they each have impacted the issue positively. Only recent years has it become more evident with further developments of Community First! Village and Quoxite Village being implemented.

Both case study results agree that the site location is important and the legalisation of building the tiny homes can be difficult. It is too early to tell if tiny homes are an effective tool in stabilizing those experiencing homelessness and that more data and observation is needed.

While Tiny House Villages for the Homeless: A Comparative Case Study By Catherine Mingoya conclusion is more advocative and supportive of the idea. Mentioning the power of even the simplest of housing is unde niable. Privacy, access to safe storage and a place to call home are just some benefits that can help a person experiencing homelessness stabilise and regain their physical and emotional strength. By reading the conclusions and summaries of these papers, I found out that tiny homes could work but there is a lot of other factors with building and maintaining the tiny home community that can cause potential problems. The Case Study of the Dwellings in Tallahassee, FL., The Dwellings was utilized as a case study to highlight the inadequacies of offering this affordable housing alternative for those experiencing homelessness. The Dwellings exists in a housing market Gray area. So, by definition, it is not considered to be affordable, transitional, or permanent housing. However, The Dwellings is still new, so its success and other outcomes remain to be seen in the long term. The Dwellings development have emphasized the need for flexibility in the design and implementation phases.

There is a lack of tiny home communities in the UK, whether it's for the lifestyle or the homeless, there does not seem to be any case study of a tiny home community to impact homelessness in the UK. The majority of the case studies of applying tiny homes for the homeless are in other countries such as the United States. Through analysing the case studies, I will be able to apply what works to my design and identify the issues and limitations of tiny homes.

Tiny homes in the UK

Tiny homes are essentially a compact version of a traditional home designed to be highly functional and provide a more minimalistic living. They encompass an average of 60-400 square feet while traditional homes in the UK can range from 600 to 1500 square feet depending on the number of bedrooms and living spaces and whether it’s terraced or semi-detached.

The tiny homes is a solution to tackle the main and immediate needs of those experiencing homelessness - housing. Then with supporting facilities it focuses on addressing their extra needs such as mental health issues and substance abuse. I wanted to emphasise the aspect of community, by using tiny homes I believe it works better in creating a sense of community that those experiencing homelessness do not usually have. just like a traditional community in a street with normal sized homes but with tiny homes. Communal living can also be an aspect to include with communal facilities like Quoxite Village. I could emphasise the aspect of communal living with the shared spaces but also have their privacy with the tiny homes.

• More than just shelter • Emphasise the idea of community • Potential of tiny homes I have chosen to pursue the use of tiny homes for my project rather than other approaches, tiny homes provide a simple yet versatile approach being able to incorporate modular or prefab construction in its design. It is a more human way of housing the users compared to traditional approaches like shelters or hostels, it aims to give the same environment as a traditional home but on a smaller scale. This allows the project to give the users an actual living space that individuals can personalise. It provides a sense of home, a sense of security and a sense of dignity.

Tiny homes can be flexible with their design and placement on the site, I could have different designs in different places with different orientations than if I was to do one big building. They are able to be spread out within a site, keeping the site more open that with a single large block.

Tiny homes do have a lot potential for the future, for issues like overpopulation, the housing crisis or affordable housing, but it is the aspect of downsizing and a minimalist lifestyle that others may not like. I wanted to explore how I could use a series of small spaces to tackle homelessness. In essence, believe the aspect of tiny homes does have potential in the topic of homelessness as well as in creating a unique project.

WHY?

TINY HOMES

The thesis project aims to ameliorate homelessness through the application of transitional tiny homes and communal facilities, aiming to reduce the barriers between those experiencing homelessness and the local community. Through providing a specific programme to support and reintegrate the homeless community, the thesis should produce a sustainable and innovative solution to housing those experiencing homelessness.

• Look into if the design is economically feasible in providing long term housing for single and group households.

• Through researching material choices, efficiency, orientation and green spaces, the design should influence different aspects that will provide a more sustainable solution.

I will be able to understand more of the life experiences of homeless people, key aspects and see if there are any aspects that correlate. A questionnaire will be used to gather statistical data rather than a survey. The questionnaire will focus on quantifying their opinions on the topic.

The objectives are:

• Create a programme consisting of supporting facilities and centres focusing on education and training, healthcare and rehabilitation and an area for support and advice with reintegrating back into society

• It will have a large focus on providing affordable and sustainable options for tiny homes

Thesis Question Aims Objectives

THESIS QUESTION, AIMS, OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY

I will be using simulations and modelling to analyse different aspects of the building and de sign. Design simulations such as solar studies, shading, radiation etc. will be used to optimise sustainable design aspects of the building. These simulations will aim to improve the design of the building in terms of its efficiency, orientation, layout and landscaping. Behavioural simulations will be used to validate the functionality of the design and conduct experiments on the site to see how people would move and react to each other around the site. These simulations will produce different solutions based on the behaviour of the users impacting the design. Through modelling the buildings, a clearer and 3D depiction of the design will allow me to notice any issues and flaws that a 2D view wouldn’t show therefore improving the design. A comparative approach will be used when analysing case studies to identify any relationships between different tiny home communities, if they were successful or not, why and if the reasons are similar to other communities. From this comparative approach, I will apply new information to my proposal, implement what worked, remove what doesn’t and understand how each community functions.

Semi-structured interviews will be used with the general public, the homeless and groups and individuals that have helped the homeless e.g. charity groups and programme leaders. This allows me to get their perspectives and views on the homeless, being homeless and different problems or solutions to homelessness I may not know from research. Through the interviews, I can get their opinions on my proposal, will it work, any issues and improvements. I will be able to record their answers as well as how they respond. It allows me to collect non-verbal data depending on if it’s audio or visual interviews.

• It will explore how tiny homes can impact homelessness, what aspects of the issue can tiny homes impact and what are the limitations.

Can Tiny Home Communities integrated with supportive facilities and buildings provide a better solution to the housing aspect of homelessness for single and group households?

Methodology

• It will explore the design and functions of a tiny home, looking into the layout and spaces.

• Analyse existing tiny home communities, I will be able to see what works and what doesn’t, any limitations and issues whether it’s by the design or community.

• Focus on various sustainable aspects that can be a part of the solution for example a focus on the use of materials and making the tiny home efficient with less impact to the environment, the use of green spaces and biomimicry to improve the sustainability of the design.

• Design a series of tiny home that is economically feasible for both individual and group household

The thesis will focus on qualitative methods with the use of some quantitative methods. It will also include simulations and modelling as well as the analysis of case studies. I will be following a Phenomenological, interpretivism and narrative approach.

I chose Ealing Broadway and Ealing Common for the location of my site as it was in the top 3 town centres with the highest number of rough sleep ers that is bedded down. Southall has the highest amount but by choos ing Ealing Broadway and Ealing common which is next to Acton, it could act as a central place to help those in both districts where the numbers are second only to Southall. By creating a project which can incorporate the facilities in both areas, it can allow those experiencing homelessness in Southall to come to the site. Out of the Westminster, Camden and Ealing, I have chosen Ealing Borough. The choices of the site are based on the data from the Lon don Housing Foundation (LHF) Atlas. Westminster has the highest rough sleeping population with the most accommodation services, shelters and day centres therefore I did not want to pick that area as my proposal would have less of an impact. I wanted to pick a site that has high cases of rough sleeping but limited services provided, this would make my project more impact to the site area.

Ealing Borough homelessness services summary Data source: Latest data from Homeless Link, MHCLG and London Councils Ealing Borough Map - Top 3 Districts with highest amount of rough sleepers Ealing Borough Map - Ealing District and Wards Day centres and accommodations, with their capacity 1 day centre 273 beds in 6 accommodation services 338 in ‘Everyone In’ emergency accommodation June ‘20 197 in ‘Everyone In’ emergency accommodation Feb ‘21 151 moved on to settled/supported accommodation by Jan ‘21 101-150 Clearing House Flats 10 Housing First Units 0 Winter Shelter Spaces 1. Centrepoint - Ealing Service 2. St Mungo’s - Ealing Accommodation Services 3. YMCA St Paul’s Group - Greenford 4. YMCA St Paul’s Group - South Ealing 5. YMCA St Paul’s Group - Ealing Common Hostel 6. YMCA St Paul’s Group - St Christopher’s (Hanwell) 7. Acton Homeless Concern - Day Centre 17 1511325 4126Site choice process London Westminster, Camden or Ealing Borough Ealing Borough Southall, Ealing or Acton District Ealing District Ealing is the third-highest borough of rough sleeping with 624 but only has 1 day centre, 6 accommodation services and no winter shelter. In the Borough of Ealing, there were up to 8,000 people seeking Council accommodation in 2018. Over 2,000 are in tem porary accommodation. (Acton homeless concern). By choosing Ealing, my proposal would have more impact than Westminster or AfterCamden.choosing the Ealing Borough, it came down to Southall, Ealing or Acton District. On the Ealing Borough map, the accommodation and day centre is spread mainly between the Ealing and Acton districts. The one day centre is in the Acton ward with the 6 accommodation services spread more towards South Ealing. There are 2 accommodation services in Ealing, 2 in Hanwell, 1 in Greenford , 1 by the boundary of Northolt.

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM ATLAS OF LONDON’S HOMELESSNESS SERVICES (LHAF ATLAS) EALING BOROUGH DATA SITE LOCATION - EALING BOROUGH

You can see from the line chart, the rise of the number of rough sleepers, rising from 219 to 625. Most rough sleepers seen by the Outreach Team are male (90%), but female rough sleepers are more vulnerable and as a result, tend to be far less visible. The vast majority (87%) of rough sleepers are aged between 25 and 55 years old. Rough sleepers tend to be found in urban centres in the borough. The main rough sleeping hotspots are Southall, Acton, Ealing Broadway and Greenford. In terms of nationality, the majority of rough sleepers are from Central and Eastern Europe, notably Poland (24%) and Romania (14%). Just under a third (28%) are from the UK and 23% are from Asia, mostly from India (19% of the total).

The CHAIN data also shows a very high prevalence of substance misuse; mental and physical illness; and previous criminal justice involvement- or a combination of more than one of these. This is shown in the table showing the support needs of rough sleepers in Ealing. In Ealing, The highest is a mix of all 3 with alcohol only the 2nd highest number. In 2017/18, 77% of people sleeping rough in London had mental health, drug or alcohol support need, with many people experiencing more than one of these issues. Ealing’s CHAIN data shows 92% of rough sleep ers whose needs were assessed had support needs Understanding the statistics and data will help to inform the target users for the project, An important aspect is the fact that two-thirds of rough sleepers in Ealing have no entitlement to public funds/benefits, which is probably a key reason in why they stay homeless. The project will have to incorporate a way to allow the users to support themselves as well as be integrated with the outreach and specialist services.

Support Needs No. % Alcohol Only 45 23% Drugs Only 27 14% Mental Health Only 19 10% Alcohol and Drugs 18 9% Alcohol and Mental Health 21 11% Drugs and Mental Health 12 6% Alcohol, Drugs and Mental Health 17 9% All Three No. 33 17% All Three No. (not known or assessed) 7 4% All Three (not known or assessed) 183 Total (exl. Not assessed) 199 100% Total (incl. Not assessed) 382 Support needs of those known rough sleeping Town Centre No. % Acton 28 18% EalingChiswickBroadway 27 17% Ealing Common 7 5% Greenford 22 14% Hangar HanwellLane 2 1% NortholtNorthfields 7 5% Park Royal 3 2 Perivale 2 1% South Ealing 3 2 Southall 48 31% West Ealing 6 4 Total 155 Locations of rough sleepers bedded down No. Bedded Down Contacts 1 3-5 11-20 26-1021+ Map of rough sleepers bedded down Gender Rough Sleepers seen by St Mungo’s 2018-19 Recourse to Public Funding, CHAIN data 2018-19Nationality of Rough Sleepers seen by St Mungo’s 2018-19 Number of rough sleepers America: 1 or 0% Asia: 81 or 23% UK: 98 or 28% Africa: 12 or 3% CEE: 143 or 41% Other Europe (Not known) 1 or 0% Other Europe (Non EEA) 11 or 0% Other Europe (EEA)16 or 5% Male: Female:90%10%? Recourse to public funds: 33% No recourse to public funds: 29% Not known: 38% DATA OF ROUGH SLEEPERS IN EALING EALING BOROUGH DATA EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 PART 1

Its important to point out that the statistics and data given is only of those experiencing homelessness that they were able to find and figure out. The data is only the tip of the iceberg and there is a lot more in terms of numbers that could alter the data.

A key issue in Ealing is that two-thirds of rough sleepers in Ealing have no entitlement to public funds/benefits. This makes it difficult to assist as it is challenging to secure any funding for support or accommodation. Those rough sleepers who do not have recourse to public funds are more reliant on the services provided by voluntary, community and faith organisations. It should be noted that the majority of the 38% whose eligibility for public funds is ‘Not known’ have no current benefits in payment but some may be able to make a case for future entitlement, based, for example on their employment history in the UK.

As the site was Ealing Borough, I looked into the existing strategy that is being used to help those rough sleeping which is called - Ealing Council Rough Sleeping Strategy 20202025. It gave more in-depth details for the demographics of those rough sleeping in Eal ing as well the details for their plans. The purpose of looking into this document is to use the data to inform the project, making sure the project corresponds with the goals of the Borough strategy. If the project follows some of the strategies and addresses the issues, it means the project will be more impacting to the area. This page highlights the data of those rough sleeping in Ealing Borough.

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 (STATISTICS ARE FROM 2018-19)

Problem of offering housing service to those with no recourse to public funds.

• Women appear to make up only 10% of those sleeping rough, but we know the real numbers are higher as they tend to be more vulnerable and less visible.

• Need for more assessment services, emergency accommodation and wom en-only services.

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• We value the work of our voluntary and charitable sector partners and will work to add value to the work they do, through working closely with them to optimise pathways and referral routes and to support them in funding bids they may make to government or other

Priority 2: Early intervention (where rough sleeping is identified)

• Lack of adequate service for those people with support needs.

The project will focus on the ones shown as it will not be able to impact all aspects of each priority, therefore the relevant ones and key information are only shown.

Government funding is issued on a short-term basis with no promise of continuation, making it difficult to plan and mobilise services which will provide a sustained response

•housed.Theprovision of tenancy sustainment is piecemeal and insufficient.

MAIN THEMES FROM PRIORITY 1

• It may not always be very clear how to access services and there may be gaps in the provision of information and advice.

The vast majority of rough sleepers have support needs (mental health, alcohol, drugs) and often a combination, which means that the route to recovery and independence can be more •Achievingchallenging.positiveoutcomes for those with dual diagnosis and complex needs is more challenging and there is a lack of specialist services.

• Most rough sleepers have support needs, and there is a lack of adequate provision for people with these needs.

• Need for more housing first provisions to help those with support needs.

• Many people are returning to rough sleeping, for reasons that include a lack of adequate support to enable them to live independently, the inability to access specialist services for substance misuse and mental health, and inconsistent approaches to eviction.

• Need for long time-specialist service for rough sleepers

• Lack of services to help rough sleepers into employment and training.

•

• Those who are housed, but are engaged in street activity, such as begging and street drinking, are particularly vulnerable to losing their accommodation.

•funders.Hostels do not work for everyone, so other options are needed.

•

• The interventions available for non-UK nationals sleeping rough are much more limited.

• The solutions for non-UK nationals sleeping rough are extremely limited.

• Need of support for non-UK nationals sleeping rough is extremely limited

• Lack of accommodation for those with health and substance use support needs.

•

KEY CHALLENGES

• Where rough sleepers have no recourse to public funds, the Housing Solutions Team is not allowed to offer them a housing service.

• Support services for rough sleepers is currently patchy and not very jointed up.

• Voluntary and charitable sector partners are important.

• Lack of interventions available for non-UK nationals sleeping rough.

•

The key challenges presented are only parts of the key challenges of each priority.

MAIN THEMES FROM PRIORITY 2 MAIN THEMES FROM PRIORITY 3

• Lack of long term funding making it difficult to plan and mobilise services.

•There is a general lack of supported accommodation options and move-on accommoda tion which can delay a person from living independently.

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 (STATISTICS ARE FROM 2018-19)

KEY CHALLENGES

Ealing has a high proportion of rough sleepers who have no recourse to public funds who may not speak English.

Priority 4: Sustainable Independence (preventing a return to the streets)

• A high proportion of rough sleepers return to the streets.

• Engagement of street activity such as begging and street drinking increase the chance of losing the accommodation.

Access to clear and organised information is needed to be able to help those in Theneed.information will be used to inform the project in terms of the programme and accommodation and supporting facilities. By knowing what’s lacking and what is needed, those aspects can be included in the design to make the project more targeted and impactful. For example, providing more housing for those with support needs, those only for women and children and the option for both long and short term. (preventing a return to the streets)

• Substance misuse issues decrease a person’s chances of sustaining a tenancy once

Tenancy insecurity, high rents and welfare reform are making it increasingly difficult to secure and sustain private rented sector (PRS) accommodation.

• Need to increase quality of support services.

KEY CHALLENGES

•Short-term accommodation options for non-UK nationals are extremely limited.

There is a lack of affordable long-term accommodation to provide a settled base, particu larly social housing.

Priority Focuses: • Work in Partnership to Stabilise Lives • Sustainable Independence

• The longer an individual remains on the streets, the more likely that secondary issues can become an issue.

• Lack of short term accommodation options for non-UK national.

Priority 3: Work in Partnership to Stabilise Lives

The Ealing Council Rough Sleeping Strategy 2020-25 highlights 4 main strategic priorities focusing on prevention, early intervention, stabilising and sustaining independence. My project will focus more on stabilising and independence which is priority 3 and 4 while also considering prevention and early intervention challenges. Focusing on stabilising and inde pendence works with the aspect of tiny home communities informing the project rather than trying to incorporate too many priorities.

Housing Considerations: • Long term • Short term • For Women Only • Affordable • Tenancy security • For non-UK nationals • Support needs • Housing First Main themes: • Housing options • Targeted services • Access to clear information • More overall support to non-UK nationals and those with support needs PRIORITIES AND KEY CHALLENGES EALING BOROUGH DATA EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 PART 2

To put it simply, there is a need for a lot more housing options and access to housing services, targeting support whether specialist medical support or housing first provisions for those with support needs. There is also a need for overall clear and helpful support whether housing, programmes and services or information for non-UK nationals that are rough sleeping.

MAIN THEMES FROM PRIORITY 4

• Need for bringing rough sleepers of the street, the longer they rough sleep the more likely secondary issues

• High proportion of rough sleepers return to streets.

• Lack of supported accommodation options and move-on accommodation which can delay a person from living independently.

• Need for clear information in accessing services as well as provision of informa tion and advice.

• Success of severe weather emergency provision (SWEP).

• Need for more specialist services and support for rough sleepers with extra support needs such as mental health, alcohol and drugs.

• Lack of support to enabling independence, inability to access specialist services for support needs.

• There is significant scope to build on the success of the 2017/18 Severe Weather Emer gency Provision (SWEP).

•

• Need for low rent and secure accommodation that can be sustained.

KEY CHALLENGES

• Lack of information on homeless women.

• There are insufficient services to help rough sleepers into employment and training.

Priority 1: Prevent Rough Sleeping

• There is a chronic shortage of assessment services, emergency accommodation and women-only services.

From the information on the main themes from each priority, there is an overall need for more housing whether its short term or long term, especially for those with support needs, women-only or emergency accommodations. Therefore my project will have to consider which ones to focus on and can include.

• Hostels do not work other options are needed.

• Lack of affordable accommodation.

• High portion of rough sleepers who have no recourse to public fund as well as those who may not speak English.

• There is a particular lack of accommodation for those with health and substance use support needs.

• Most rough sleepers will need to engage with mainstream services which can be problematic, particularly where a person has complex needs or has sleep rough for a long time-specialist services for rough sleepers are few and far between.

• Street Legal immigration advice service, in partnership with St. Mungo’s.

• Hope for Southall Street Homeless is an independent charity which offers emergency beds to rough sleepers with a Southall connection. It works very closely with St. Mungo’s.

2018-22 • Ealing Local

St. Mungo’s deliver outreach services on behalf of the council. They respond to reports of rough sleeping made via Streetlink and work to help all rough sleepers move away from the streets. Day centres Acton Homeless Concern is a charitable organisation which runs day centres for homeless people. Specialist services

• Ealing Churches Winter Night Shelters is an independent charity which provides rolling night shelters in participating churches in the borough between late November and March.

Knowing what services that is provided will help to know what aspects the project can focus on and work with. Although there is a day centre in Acton, its not in the Ealing Common area therefore information can be relayed between to help accommodate rough sleepers in both areas if any day centre gets full. My project will work with Outreach and Specialist services helping provide the support and services it can.

Borough Plan 2018-22 • Ealing Housing and Homelessness Strategy 2014-19 • Ealing Homelessness Reduction Strategy 2018-22 • Health and Well Being Strategy 2016-21 • Safer Ealing Partnership Strategy 2016-19 Verified Rough Sleepers Newly Verified RS No Second Night Out RSL Ealing Assessment Beds RSL Ealing Assessment Beds My project RSL Ealing Assessment Beds Local Bed Spaces PanProvisionsLondon TheRoomGreenReconnectionStagingPost(SafeSeats)NoLocalConnection Returners Women at RiskLiving on the Streets Severe Weather Figure 7: An Immediate Route off the Streets: initial referral routes

It will aim to focus on chronic rough sleepers more than first time rough sleepers as there are more services available for those first time rough sleeping. For those rough sleeping long time signifies that there is more sup port needed in helping them become independent and prevent them from returning to being homeless.

Proposed

My project will work with NSNO providing accommodation based on the service offer of NSNO to the users. Routes Routes

Night shelters

The majority of rough sleepers in Ealing are referred to one of three London Assessment Cen tres, part of the GLA’s funded No Second Night Out programme (NSNO). NSNO comprises three assessment hubs in Lewisham, Hackney and Shepherds Bush.

Good, genuinely affordable homes Opportunities and living incomes

Rough Sleeping is more prevalent amongst those who suffer from: • Mental health issues • Drugs and alcohol abuse • Learning and physical difficulties and disabilities • Autism It is therefore essential that hospitals, Public Health, GP’s and CCG’s work to improve outcomes for rough sleepers.

• Future Ealing Borough

Ealing Council’s Severe Weather Emergency Protocol (SWEP) comes into operation during periods of severe weather, providing shelter to rough sleepers. The outreach team carry out extra shifts to make sure that they can offer help to as many rough sleepers as possible.

Those who find themselves sleeping rough for the first time are more likely to get access to the service by outreach teams. Therefore there will be a focus on long term rough sleepers as it signifies that there is something that is allowing them to fall back into homelessness so there is a need for more support in sustainable independence.

Ealing Corporate Plan: Key Priorities Links to the Rough Sleeping Strategy

My project aims to work as another assessment centre as there is a lack of assessment hubs within Ealing. It will provide accommodation services, supporting facilities and a centre for information, advice and support. There will be a focus on women at risk, providing more focused services for them and accommodation for women with children or individuals.

Rough Sleeping Links with the Corporate Plan 2018-22 priorities Assessment hubs provide a safe, warm place for a short time, and ‘staging posts’ which provide accommodation for people who have an identified route out of the hubs and are waiting for that route to become available.

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 (STATISTICS ARE FROM 2018-19)

There are a number of services in Ealing that are aimed at helping those rough sleepers for example:

•

Existing

RISE Drug and Alcohol Service

Those living on the street face a range of inequalities, are usually are not in work and have very low incomes and often debt. Helping rough sleepers into employment, training and education helps rebuild people’s lives ena bling them to become independent.

A healthy great place Affordable accommodation is essential to prevent rough sleeping. A range of accommodation is required from emergency and short-term accommodation, whilst needs are being assessed and support is being provided, to specialist and permanent accommodation.

Outreach services

Through helping the rough sleepers in Ealing, it works with the corporate plans of Ealing Council which works to benefits other aspects of the Borough. Therefore by reducing the rough sleeping population in Ealing, it works to benefits the other plans and strategies by Ealing Council such as: Plan Strategic Partnership

STRATEGIES AND SERVICES EALING BOROUGH DATA EALING COUNCIL ROUGH SLEEPING STRATEGY 2020-2025 PART 3

• Referrals are only accepted via LB Ealing’s Gateway Team for applicants aged 18-25 and from LB Ealing’s Access to Resources Team for those aged 16-17.

There is one accommodation service in the site area boundary and another which is close to the boundary: No.5 YMCA St Paul’ Group - South Ealing and No.6 YMCA St Paul’s Group - Ealing Common The project scheme can work with their services as they would be close to each other making use of both services to accommodate more rough sleepers in the area.

• Holds 26 spaces.

• Accept referrals from Ealing SPOT (Street Population Outreach Team) Ealing DIP (Drug Intervention Project). Ealing Council’s Specialist Support Team.

Day Centre - provided in Ealing by Acton Homeless Concern

The 6 accommodation services shown on the map are the ones that are public, it does not show the confidential locations.

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM ATLAS OF LONDON’S HOMELESSNESS SERVICES (LHAF ATLAS)

• Targeted towards single homeless people with low, medium or high support needs, including non-UK nationals, single parents. Priority given to those with children or those chronically homeless and those with no recourse to public funds. Can accept some dogs.

• Targeted towards young single homeless people aged 16-25 with low-medium support needs. Must have a local connection to LB Ealing or come via social services from other Boroughs.

Accommodation - provided in Ealing by CentrepointMap of relevant Wards and Location of Services in LB Ealing

• Only accepts referrals via LB Ealing and Social Services.

• Targeted towards single homeless people aged 16-35 with support needs, including care leavers and single teenage par ents Must have local connection to LB Ealing.

• Targeted towards homeless people aged 16-35 with support needs such as mental health, drug or alcohol problems, learning difficulties or physical disabilities. Must have a local connection to LB Ealing.

• Targeted towards single homeless people with medium-high support needs. Can accept people with alcohol/drug support needs, mental health needs, ex-offenders and rough sleepers. Must have a local connection to Ealing. Can accept some dogs.

• 10

This information details the accommodation services with spaces they can hold, who their target users are and what referrals they accept. It’s important to understand their target users and where they get their users from, it can be used to inform the project in how they get their referrals as my project will have to follow a similar process as well as the location and proximity of these locations.

5. YMCA St Paul’s Group - South Ealing

• Total spaces: 273 spaces in 6 accommodation services 101-150 Clearing House flats Housing First

• Holds 151 spaces.

1. Centrepoint - Ealing Service

• Holds 17 spaces.

• All referrals via LB Ealing Specialist Support Team. Homeless applicants claiming benefits must be referred by LB Ealing Housing Options, Ealing SPOT or Social Services. Referrals from probation, prisons, mental health teams, schools and colleges. Self referrals are out on waiting list.

My Project: Tiny Home Community for those experiencing homelessness Ealing Services (LHAF Atlas)

Accommodation - provided in Ealing by YMCA St. Pauls Group

units DAY CENTRES AND ACCOMMODATION SERVICES EALING BOROUGH DATA ATLAS OF LONDON’S HOMELESSNESS SERVICES (LHAF ATLAS)

•

7. Acton Homeless Concern

• Targeted towards homeless people aged 16-35 with low-me dium support needs. Priority given registered with Ealing Social •Services.Onlyaccepts referrals from via LB Ealing Social Services. 11 bed spaces for Ealing Social Services referrals only.

• Holds 41 spaces.

• Accepts referrals from Ealing Social Services, NSNO and Streetlink.

The site will be located within a central area between Ealing Broadway and Ealing Common, acting as a central site that can work and connect with the other services. Although they may not be able to always access the other services physically, information can be shared between each service giving clear and organised information. Referrals can be given both ways spreading the number of rough sleepers, sending and receiving rough sleepers when spaces are limited.

4. St Mungo’s - Ealing Accommodation Services

6. YMCA St Paul’s Group - Ealing Common Hostel

• Targeted towards single homeless people with support needs, including care leavers and people with mental health issues. Can accept 3 parents with babies on parenting assess ment. Need local connection.

• Holds 25 spaces.

Accommodation - provided in Ealing by YMCA St. Pauls Group

Accommodation - provided in Ealing by YMCA St. Pauls Group Accommodation - provided in Ealing by St Mungo’s

Accommodation - provided in Ealing by YMCA St. Pauls Group

• Hold 25 tiny homes, tiny homes can be for sngle or couples.

• All referrals via Ealing Social Services.

2. YMCA St Paul’s Group - Greenford

3. YMCA St Paul’s Group - St Christopher’s (Hanwell)

Applicants must have a local connection the LB Ealing, more priority to those within Ealing Broadway and Ealing Common wards.

• Holds 13 spaces.

The map highlights the different services available nearby the outlined site area. The numbered areas are the different services provided, highlighting 5 services: 2 accommodation facilities, 1 service providing housing advice and assistant, 1 service providing legal advice and information on housing and 1 providing advice, information and support on alcohol and drug support

The site proximity was chosen to be in an location accessible to the main services in the surrounding wards. All services and shelters are within a 10 minute drive or bus and a 30 minute walk. It acts as a “base of operations” connecting the services. It provides opportunities with all services.

1:8000 MAP HIGHLIGHTING NEARBY SERVICES SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION - EALING COMMON WARD

1. RISE Drug and Alcohol Service 2. LB Ealing - Housing Solutions Inside 3. YMCA South Ealing 4. YMCA Ealing Common Inside 5.Acton Homeless Centre (Day Centre) The churches below are highlighted as they act as the venues for Ealing Churches Winter Night Shelter (ECWNS) A. International Presbyterian Church B. St Stephens Ealing C. St Benedict’s Ealing Abbey D. St Peters Ealing E. Haven Green Baptist Church F. Kingsdown Methodist Church G. Kingsdown Methodist Church H. St Mary’s Ealing J. All Saints Ealing Common J. All Saints Ealing Common K. St Mary’sHOMELESSNESSSITEActonAREA

SERVICES

Locatedneeds. in an urban area, the site will integrate with residential and commercial buildings, providing different opportunities and constraints.

The location, although being an open green space doesn’t affect the overall green spaces in Ealing Common Ward. Its not taking away something that is used daily such as a park or precious green space. Its a left over space strip that acts as more of an additional green space. Not isolated from the community Accessibility of site

Exploring how these strips of land can be used Uncommon size of site Several constraints

Sitting in an urban and suburban environment, the site presents several constraints with its location and shape of site: Conservation area, TPO’s and size being 400 metre long and 30 metres wide. Within its immediate setting, there is the Ealing Common park on the south with residential buildings surrounding the site. Towards the north west and south east is more busier with the train stations, commercial and retail buildings. It is within a shopping and residential area. The site location doesn’t isolate the users from the general community, but encourages interaction between the different groups.

WHY?SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION

Site location highlighted 1:8000 Site Map

The site will correspond with the overall strategy of Ealing Borough through addressing the strategies provided in the Ealing Council Rough Sleeping Strategy 2020-25, focusing on the main priorities and key challenges. The site location provides enough space to create the facilities needed from the 4 priorities: varied accommodation spaces, facilities for the extra support needs, information and advice centre, while also exploring different constraints and themes. While chosen to be in an area close to other accommodating services, the site location opens up a new approach of looking into housing those experiencing homelessness by choosing an uncommon and not normally perceived as suitable or viable place to build. It explores housing opportunities in ‘leftover’ strips of open land and the different possibilities these spaces can provide.

The location provides opportunities with the YMCA adjacent to the site, St Matthews Church and Ealing Broadway to the Northwest as well as the other services that are not highlighted in the map. That reason itself can cause issues due to the stigma stuck with those experiencing homelessness, and it being across residential buildings. This site location tackles to remove the negative connotations attached to those in need through integrating the different groups, pushing the idea of compassion and empathy.

postcodes within site area

The project points out the ethnic and wealth disparities of the site location and its surrounding to the overall ward and borough, exploring the differences between the upper and lower class, posing questions such as, what would happen if a pro ject was to develop in a very affluent area with the majority of the population being middle-upper class and predominantly white aimed at housing those experiencing homelessness. Would it increase awareness and become a start to integrating both the general community and the “homeless community” or cause an issue with the local community and negatively impact the issue?

The bar charts represent the demographics of the highlighted area immediately surrounding the site area, it highlights how affluent those living in the area are, with the social grade majority being AB at 59.9%, 56.8% of the population are full-time employees and the education and qualifications at a high average with those with a degree or similar at 62.1%. While at the same time, immediately nearby is an urban centre of the borough: Ealing Broadway, which is a hotspot for rough sleepers to gather with . This points out the clear difference of how different yet close these different groups of people are.

The project explores and asks difficult questions on how the topic of homelessness affects an affluent area rather than focusing on the planning aspect of the site with its feasibility and viability. The project is conceptual and focuses on re-imagining the homeless community in a commonly seen as an impractical site location.

In the site location, 889 out of 1287 are white (62.1%) while the rest (37.9%) are non-white with second highest ethnic group being other Asian at 99 out of 1287 (7.7%). The vast majority (87%) of rough sleepers verified are aged between 25 and 55 years old while the average age of the site location is similar ages with 30-44 years old. Ealing borough is ranked as 16th highest (out of 33) with some of the highest household income in Ealing Broadway and Ealing Common, all at over £40,000 per annum in 2016 which is higher than the average income in the UK being £31,461. This page focuses on analysing the demographics of the site area, ward and borough to that of the rough sleeping population highlighting the different aspects of the two different groups living in the same area.

Social RelationshipGrade Status Health Education & Qualifications Ethnic EconomicGroupActivity 322 or 59.9% 580 or 51.4% 711 or 55.2% 701 or 58588962.1%or69.1%or56.8%52or4%82or6.4%18or14.%34or2.6%99or7.7%21or1.6%37or2.9%8or0.6%47or3.7%70or6.8%132or12.8%37or3.6%73or7.1%53or5.1%53or5.1%24or2.3%31or3%365 or 32.4% 425 or 33% 19 or 1.7% 84 or 7.4% 66 or 5.9% 47 or 4.2% 78 or 6.9% 133 or 11.8% 117 or 9% 20 or 1.6% 14 or4735921.1%or8.2%or3.1%or4.2%9or0.8% 132 or 26.1% 50 or 8.7% 30 or 5.3%

In 2011, Ealing was the 3rd most diverse borough in England & Wales according the National Census, having the largest Polish population, high number of Afghans and Serbians and other ethnicities. However at the same time the majority of the rough sleepers are from Central and Eastern Europe, specifically Poland. Therefore even if the Borough is classified as a very diverse borough, it is because a high percentage of that diversity are rough sleepers being of non-UK nationality. Many of the rough sleepers are non-UK nationals with there being very limited services provided to support them. The site location works to confront social and economic disparities with the surrounding site area.

Those of the upper-middle class can be enjoying life in area with the average house price at £657,500, detached and terraced houses walking down the road and passing by someone sleeping in the streets. The average house price in the UK is £268,379, in London it is £516,285 and in the Ealing Borough it is £430,000. But in the site area of Ealing Common, it is £657,500, this just highlights how wealthy those in the area are.

DEMOGRAPHICAL DIFFERENCES WITHIN SITE SITE ANALYSIS SITE LOCATION

Demographics of highlighted postcodes as one Map highlighting

• Quality (design must be attractive & fit for purpose)

• Longevity (the urban realm must be maintainable & sustainable)

• Presumption against pedestrian guard-rails in residential areas. Generally, need for guard-rails to be determined using a suitable methodology that allows scope for broadly-based professional judgement is assessing key concerns, such as safety.

• Simplicity (design should be timeless; nothing should go in or out of the urban realm by default)

• Footways to be 600x600 ASP slabs, unless in Conservation Areas, other special character area, or industrial areas. Tarmac may be used where tree root damage is possible

• Street trading will be restricted to specifically designated and/or licensed areas. Overspill from such areas (including private forecourts) will be rigorously enforced against, especially where impact on available pedestrian width is unacceptable.

• Special treatments can be designed to enhance the setting of important buildings, ensuring this is integrated with design of the surrounding urban realm

• The character of the private realm that is visible from the public realm and/or regularly used by members of the public, should follow the other defaults established here

Borough-wideCharacter Application of Principles Activity Quality LongevitySimplicityInspiration URBAN REALM SITE ENVIRONMENTALANALYSISCONSIDERATIONS

• Public art & other features for public delight should be actively considered in town centres & other special areas, always through engagement with the intended beneficiaries

• Following on from the above, pedestrian refuges, splitter islands, etc., should generally be of very low profile.

• Urban realm design, including surface materials, should relate to and wherever possible enhance the local built environment, delivering a consistent visual environment

• Parking in industrial areas to be clearly designated and regulated appropriately, bearing in mind the needs of HGVs to move and also to park

• Tree pit design should encourage/protect growth & be easy to walk on; not necessarily maintenance-free. Value of trees to Ealing justifies necessary maintenance costs

With a focus on the environmental aspect of the area, the urban realm includes sustainable aspects such as cycling lanes. The design will also consider the trees with the leaves in terms of maintaining the site. Designing to keep the site maintainable and sustainable will allow the site to last longer. The design will incorporate the contextual common architectural elements in a modern take, therefore the design will be more contemporary as well as focusing on newer and sustainable materials. As a new build project the materials will be of higher and latest materials and technology. The design re-imagines a new concept of a homeless community, therefore all design elements would be considered to fit the purpose of the project. While re-imagining the homeless community, the project will not only develop a new design but consider the context of the area, there will be a strong consideration of the placement of contextual design elements before integrating traditional and modern design elements.

Seating enables people to stay & enjoy streets/spaces, not just move through them. Opportunities for new/improved seating in town centres should be under regular review

The project would have a positive effect to the Borough corresponding and addressing different aspects of their strategies, such as the Ealing Council Rough Sleeping Strategy 2020-25, Urban Realm Strategy, Development Strategy 2026.

• Materials to be selected on the basis of realistic assessment of future use; robust materials will minimise future maintenance burden

•agreementInallretail locations, private forecourts and adjacent public footway to be laid to the same materials if at all possible. Private/public boundary to be delineated by metal studs

• All materials to be sourced as locally as possible, to minimise carbon footprint

•

•maintainedConversion of gardens and other soft landscaped areas to hard-standing should be strongly resisted to avoid habitat loss, ‘heat island’ effect & rapid rainwater run-off

• Footways in all areas, but especially the busier locations like town centres, to be of robust construction and capable of withstanding vigorous cleansing regimes

• Trade refuse. Consider use of inset paving discs for each business to aid least obtrusive locations of waste and enforcement, if necessary.

With the site location as a public open space bordering residential boundaries , it is important to consider the urban realm of the site location, especially in an affluent area where there is a lot of history with the listed buildings. Considering the urban public realm will make my project be more conscious and integrate with the local environment more, the project should be able to incorporate aspects that are common in the characteristics of Ealing to make sure the project does not seem displaced but actually a part of the community. The quality of the public realm is important in creating an environment that people want to be a part of, especially with the issue of homelessness.

• Use solid sub-base and reinforced slabs for footways where these are likely to experience over-runs and/or two-wheels-up parking

Therefore the project aims to correspond with the Ealing Urban Realm Strategy considering the principles and applications of the strategy to the design. It will incorporate the Borough-wide application of the principles.

• ‘Keep left’ bollards (mountings for signs to Diagram 610 of the TSRGD) should only be deployed where there is genuine concern that the obstruction they are placed on will not be readily visible to drivers and where that obstruction would be likely to do harm to people if struck.

• Inspiration (design should take appropriate opportunities to promote beauty, interest & civic pride)

• Footways in industrial areas to be tarmac with granite or PCC kerbs; robust specification to withstand vehicle over-run and minimise need for protective bollards In Conservation Areas/other areas of special character, kerbs to be granite or ‘conservation’ style. Where granite kerbs exist, they should be retained/reused where possible

• No street furniture of any type, or painted markings, to be installed without a clear understanding of purpose and need in local context; established custom and practice is not a compelling justification

• Tactile paving: presumption against in residential areas; in other areas standard depth of 800mm to be provided at flush crossings, but no tails; non-standard colouring (i.e. not red or buff) can be considered in areas of special character

Urban realm design principles for Ealing:

A prioritised user list should be considered for each location, e.g. pedestrians first in town centres, then buses & cyclists; pedestrians then cyclists & local vehicular access in residential areas; general traffic first on A40 and also on A4020

•

• Bollards not to be used to prohibit footway parking as a substitute for enforcement measures (e.g. CCTV)

• Cycle parking provision should be made in response to actual and likely future need; the number of stands can be easily increased over time so ‘optimistic’ provision should be resisted. Stand spacing/grouping should reflect local need and available space.

In terms of Activity, the site area is demographically diverse and therefore has different activities and focuses around the site, the project has a focus on the movement within and around the site, opening new routes and considering social trails that currently exist. By creating more paths with in the site, it will eliminate the need for social trails. It will contain pavilion spaces to allow spaces for the communities to gather, market spaces also act as a attraction point and activity to allow different members of the community to gather and socialise.

• Bespoke/custom materials &/or colour schemes to differentiate locality should be avoided unless clearly justified by, and harmonious with, local character & context

• Maximise the number of street trees in all areas, to enhance bio-diversity, reduce impact of climate change, and strengthen Ealing’s green/‘Queen of Suburbs’ character

• Locate all street furniture (including trees) in a linear ‘furniture zone’ on the footway, usually alongside the carriageway (see diagram on p.15)

• Context-sensitive and carefully-located new street trees & other planting will help to increase the public value of specific streets/spaces & strengthen Ealing’s image • Resist removing seating due to concerns about ‘anti-social behaviour’; seek instead to relocate/redesign to encourage ‘pro-social’ activity.

In terms of character, the project will incorporate aspects that relate to the architectural elements of the listed and locally listed buildings of the site. The site contains many 19th century buildings which contribute to the character of the site and Ealing Borough. At the same time, with the site being an open green space and Ealing Common Park directly south of the site, the project has to consider the impact on the green spaces and natural elements of the design.

• In town centres and other areas of high demand for pedestrian movement & vehicle waiting/loading, low/no-kerb footway-level parking bays should become the norm

• Sustainable urban drainage systems should be investigated in association with all major new development proposals

• Install street trees of appropriate species wherever space allows, especially in residential areas, town centres and specific commercial/ industrial areas

• Crude/simplistic ‘gateway’ treatments should be avoided; more sympathetic/context-sensitive ‘threshold’ treatments, e.g. to mark town centre entrances, are preferable

• Street names, and waiting/loading restriction plates, to be located on walls wherever possible; low signs at back of footway as first fall-back; tall poles as last resort, except in industrial areas

• ‘Bespoke’ street furniture should be restricted to specific locations only, with a clear statement of reason, and supplies of spares should be

• Feature lighting should only be considered in areas of very special character, and also in locations such as important pedestrian routes under bridges/railway arches & in underpasses which are dark and particularly unattractive to users. Lighting design should always be part of the overall design for the street/space

• Where two-wheels-up footway parking is prevalent in view of demand relative to carriageway width, mark footway parking zone to ensure minimum effective footway of 2m

• Materials selection to consider continuity of future supply of replacement elements

• Agreement should be sought with private forecourts owners, where these are effectively part of the public realm, to allow use of a common palette of materials

•zoneSimilarly, provision of hanging baskets/flower boxes should be part of overall design for a street/space, not an ad hoc quick fix

• A Borough-wide regime should be introduced for the strictly-controlled licensing of advertising ‘A’ boards and the rigorous enforcement of unlicensed boards.

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With a focus on community and communal living, the project explores an interest in the development of left over strips of open green space, showing new opportunities in these spaces. The project provides something new and different with it being a new homeless community it gathers interest. It promotes humanity and compassion with the aim of removing the stigma of those experiencing homelessness and trying to integrate those of different social classes.

• Footway crossovers in residential streets (where allowed) should be formed of poured concrete or well-laid, reinforced concrete slabs

• Materials used should generally be robust and capable of being easily maintained; a limited palette of materials should be used to enhance visual quality

• For retail centres and other specific locations, opportunities should be sought to introduce/improve context-related entry threshold treatments. These can help to enhance both image & sense of place, which have benefits in terms of local civic pride, inward investment and attractiveness to visitors

• While bus stops should be conveniently located for local origins/destinations, the location of bus stop infrastructure should not obstruct easy pedestrian movement

• Natural materials should be used, if feasible, in areas of special character

• In commercial/office areas, there should be a clearly legible and direct connection between the public footway and the building entrances

• Minimise poles through co-locating signs, waiting/loading restrictions plates, etc. on the same pole or lamp columns; traffic signals and lamp columns should be combined in areas of special sensitivity to clutter, where wall-mounting lighting should also be considered

• In order to minimise cost & reduce energy consumption, Department of Transport special authority should be sought to avoid or minimise the need for ‘Keep left’ bollards to be internally or externally illuminated

• Character (design must respond to the kind of place it’s located in & strengthen local identity)

• The highest standards of workmanship should always be sought. Appropriate provision in capital budgets will reduce ongoing maintenance burden

• In town centres, recycling bins will be grouped and located off, but close to, the main thoroughfare, including in car parks

• Use of any furniture, signs and lines should be justified by need and deployed to avoid obscuring local built environment character

• Activity (design must respond to the local movement user hierarchy and aim to integrate the many and diverse other activities in the area)

• In residential streets without yellow-line parking controls, no further conversion of front gardens into parking forecourts with crossovers

• Litter bins to be located on clear demonstration of need. If necessary in industrial areas, litter bins to be provided on private forecourts by

Placement of new trees should be according to clear plan for street/space in question, not ad hoc usually be within the prevailing ‘furniture’

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM EALING URBAN REALM STRATEGY (JULY 2011)

• Character (design must respond to the kind of place it’s located in & strengthen local identity).

INFORMATION IS TAKEN FROM EALING URBAN REALM STRATEGY (JULY 2011)

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URBAN REALM SITE ENVIRONMENTALANALYSISCONSIDERATIONS

Simplicity (design should be timeless; nothing should go in or out of the urban realm by default). Quality (design must be attractive & fit for purpose). Activity (design must respond to the local movement user hierarchy and aim to integrate the many and diverse other activities in the area).

Urban realm design principles for Ealing: Inspiration (design should take appropriate opportunities to promote beauty, interest & civic pride). Longevity (the urban realm must be maintainable & sustainable).

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Example of what the six design principles might mean in practice

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Ealing Borough Map - Top 3 Districts with highest amount of rough sleepers Ealing Borough Map - Ealing District and Wards Map of relevant Wards and Location of Services in LB Ealing Ealing Borough Map - Ealing District and Wards 1:8000 Map Highlighting Nearby ServicesSite Location SITE ANALYSIS SITE CHOICE PROCESS

SITE ANALYSIS 1:8000 URBAN CONTEXT MAP

Thefeature.site is not maintained well with overgrown vegetation stretching along the north east side of the site. The pathway cutting from the north and south side is cracked and uneven affecting the accessiblity of the site.

The site area is an open green space between Uxbridge and North Common Road. It is currently not used as anything productive to the community besides as an open green

SITE BOUNDARY SITE ANALYSIS 1:500 EXISTING SITE PLAN

The trees and vegetation can enhance the appearance of a development whilst providing rich habitats for a range of wildlife. Therefore its important to consider the trees and vegetation with the shrubs within the site.

Chestnut tree Tree and Vegetation Types Location of Trees Hazel Trees English Oak Trees Kingcup Flowers Tall Fescue GrassFern Leaves Common Walnut LeavesWild carrot Flowers Large London Plane Trees Lime Trees Elm Trees Alder Leaves

SITE

EXISTINGANALYSISTREESANDVEGETATION

It is important to consider the trees and vegetation of the site as it can affect environmental aspects of the site.

I want the project to have a minimal impact on the number of trees within the site, however, after the site visit, maintaining the site would be an issue that became apparent in terms of the excess and overgrown vegetation. Therefore one of the focuses of the project is the vegetation and trees of the site, I want to incorporate the trees with the site and mainly “clean” up the vegetation within the site.

There are around 40 trees within the site with some having several trunks. There are 25 large main trees while the rest are medium and smaller sized trees, such as the smaller trees signifying the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Elizabeth II or a Memorial tree. There are 4 large trees spread across the pedestrian path adjacent to the south of the site.

The vegetation mitigates the urban- heat island effect by reducing the temperature in its surroundings. The solar radiation is absorbed by the plants, substratum, and is not stored in building materials, thus regulating the local climate. Trees Trees are a significant part in urban areas, it improves environmental quality of the area in a number of ways such as absorbing noise and air pollution, providing oxygen and moisture, privacy and stabilising the land. Trees can also provide cooling and shading during summer months and provide shelter from winds and rain during the winter months. Vegetation The vegetation follows similar benefits with improving the environmental quality. In urban areas they reduce noise pollution, since they absorb noise from vehicles and other elements. They also prevent the bounce of sound waves on the surface of the façades of the building. They act there fore as acoustic screens. They also absorb CO2 and produce oxygen. One square meter of plant cover generates the necessary oxygen for a person in a year.

SITE ANALYSIS AERIAL AND STREET VIEWS OF SITE

SITE BUSCYCLINGLOCALTRAINBUSPEDESTRIANVEHICLEBOUNDARYACCESSACCESSSTOPSSTATIONSCYCLINGROUTESLANESROUTES BUS STOPS AND ROUTES Gunnersbury Avenue (Stop EP) NorthN83483 Common Road (Stop EM) HangerN207N83N7E11483427207 Lane (Stop EL) N207N7427207 ItsDISABLEDORIENTATIONNortheasttosouthwestACCESSareasonablyflatland, no hills or slopes around the site boundary. The only issue, specifically for wheelchair users would be that the site is all grass which makes it harder for wheelchair users to move through. There is a pathway that cuts through in between the site but only 1. The rest of the site is grass, which dips in the middle. The site has good transportation links, there are 5 bus stops within 12 meters of the site boundary. There are 2 train stations: Ealing Broadway station and Ealing Common station. The site location is very accessible in terms of public transport with links to the bus routes going past the site location. In terms of vehicle access and pedestrian access, vehicles can pass through all sides of the site with the major road: Uxbridge road south of the site. Ux bridge road provides several transport links for commuters with its access to both bus and train stations. A few buses operate through the route such as bus routes 207,427,607 follow this road the entire route. There is parking directly north of the site which users pay per hour. The site is a 10 minute bus journey away from the nearest Day Centre. The train station are both within a 10 minute walk. It makes it accessible for the users to access the site as its not in an isolated location. There are also cycling lanes adjacent to the site with the local cycling route passing through the site. SITE ANALYSIS ACCESS AND ROUTES

SITE ANALYSIS GREENERY, CONSERVATION AREA, LISTED BUILDINGS/STRUCTURES AND TPOS

SITE TPO’STREESARCHAELOGICALCONSERVATIONARTICLELOCALLYLISTEDGREENERYBOUNDARYBUILDINGS/STRUCTURESLISTEDBUILDINGS/STRUCTURES4AREABOUNDARYAREABOUNDARYINTERESTAREABOUNDARYONSITE

The site location sits on a Conservation Area and an Archaeological Interest Area. An Article 4 Area is also close to the site but is not affected by the project. There are quite a few green areas with trees and vegetation by the site, mainly Ealing Common Park directly south of the site. There are also several open green spaces south and east of the site. There are a lot of Tree Preservation Orders (TPO’s) within the area but none directly on site.

As the site sits on a Conservation Area and an Archaeological Interest Area, there needs to be specific planning permission to be able to build on the site.

In terms of site location, it sits on a good location with access to transportation links within walking and bus distance. Ealing Broadway has various retail shops, commercial services, healthcare services and hospitality buildings. Ealing Common on the south-east has more retail and commercial shops with another train station.

The YMCA building is an important part as it is directly related to my topic of homelessness, they work with accommodating those experiencing homelessness, it contains 26 spaces for individuals aged 16-35 with low-medium support needs. It has a balance between urban and rural scenery with Ealing Common Park and surrounding open spaces with the buildings.

SITE BUILDINGANALYSISTYPOLOGY

SITE BUILDINGSRETAILCOMMERCIALRESIDENTIALBOUNDARYBUILDINGSBUILDINGSBUILDINGSSERVINGFOOD AND DRINKS HEALTHCARE SERVICES PERSONAL HEALTHCARE SERVICES EDUCATION AND TRAINING FACILITIES OFFICE COMMERCIALRELIGIOUSSPACESBUILDINGSRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS UNDER CONSTRUCTION/RENOVATION TRAIN STATIONS

YMCA (BUILDING RELATED TO PROJECT)

The majority of immediate buildings around the site are residential with some retail and commercial buildings towards the southwest of the site.

There is a Church and YMCA buildings directly north of the site. The site sits between two urban areas, Ealing Broadway is northwest of the site where the majority of the commercial, retail, healthcare and other buildings are. Commercial Residential buildings such as hotels, BnB’s and assisted living care are on the east of the site.

In 1901, Ealing was incorporated as the first municipal borough in Middlesex. The area escaped the worst of the bombing during the Second World War, which allowed Ealing to retain much of its original character, notably the grand old homes around Mount Park Road. Ealing is a site that has retained its history. As you can through the four images, from the 1870s to present day, its retained a lot of its natural landscape. From the addition of buildings in the early 1900’s, there hasn’t been more changes in terms of adding more buildings to the open green spaces. There is a focus on the characteristics and urban fabric of Ealing Borough. The same is said with Ealing Common, with many residential buildings still retaining original elements from the Victorian Period. Therefore when designing the site, considering the historical aspect of the site will be very important in how the site addresses the context of the area. All of this growth and change had a big impact on the local area as well as on the wider culture. In 1965, Ealing and its neighbouring municipal boroughs joined to become the London Borough of Ealing. The town had merged into Greater London and become one with the city that had shaped its growth for many centuries. Ealing was the first borough in Middlesex to receive a charter and to have aEalingmayor.continued to grow and change in the latter half of the 20th century. The last of the countryside was built over with council housing and people began to come to the area from far and wide. Ealing attracted immigrants from all corners of the world, particularly India, Pakistan, the Caribbean, and Poland.

SITE HISTORYANALYSIS

GIF Animation of file (Historic Maps)

SITE BOUNDARY

INITIAL MASTER PLAN 1 MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

GIF Animation of file (Initial masterplan site

1)

The initial masterplan focused on defining the circulation and access of the site with defining where the buildings will be located and outdoor spaces. It also explored the trees and location with what trees to remove and keep.

1. Site plan 4. Initial proposed curved route 7. Addition of building boundary to balance greenery and structures 8. Relocating, removal and maintenance of existing trees 9. Addition of elevated foot bridge following ground floor path 5. Revised proposed curved route 6. Site split into sections through curve route 2. Existing route access 3. Initial proposed route INITIAL MASTER PLAN 1 MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

GIF Animation of file (Initial Masterplan Site 2) This masterplan developed the initial masterplan 1 refining the boundaries for the buildings and outdoor spaces, exploring more boundaries. INITIAL MASTER PLAN 2 MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

1. Site plan 4. Proposed curved route 7. Relocating , reomval and maintenance of existing trees 8. Defining build boundarys into sections: residential, communal and green spaces 9. Addition of elevated foot bridge following the ground floor path 5. Site split into section through curved route 6. Addition of building boundary to section places to build, balancing greenery and structures 2. Existing route access 3. Initial proposed route INITIAL MASTER PLAN 1 MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

GIF Animation of file (Developed Masterplan)

This masterplan developed the initial masterplan 1 refining and developing the boundaries for the build ings and outdoor spaces. From the initial masterplans, the developed masterplan pursued option 1’ with its routes and circulation. From both initial masterplans, the circulation and route from option 2 took up too much floor space and minimized the building footprint therefore it became more viable to develop option 1 over option 2. The process of massing the buildings comes from the boundaries formed through the routes and access. The communal buildings are spread throughout the site opening up the space compared to centralising all the communal buildings in one location. The tiny homes are sectioned in strips through the site.

DEVELOPED MASTER MASTERPLANPLANPROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

1. Option 1 Curved Routes 4. Placement of trees and boundary of tree canopies 7. Rhino model of diagram 8. Defining buildings to sections with different functions 9. Final proposal of site 5. Build boundary to building masses - placement of communal buildings and tiny homes 6. Addition of elevated footbridge following ground floor path 2. Addition of paths 3. Addition of building boundary to section places to build, balancing greenery and structures DEVELOPED MASTER MASTERPLANPLANPROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

GIF Animation on file (Final masterplan)

There are services provided for those in need through the YMCA and the local council, therefore the project is intended to work side by side with the YMCA and local council and any relevant services available within the area. A community hub is vital for the project in providing communal spaces such as a kitchen, laundry and bathroom facilities, seating and recreational space, and a grocery and clothing shop. This masterplan developed initial masterplan 1 refining and developing the boundaries for the buildings and outdoor spaces. This masterplan developed initial masterplan 1 refining and developing the boundaries for the buildings and outdoor spaces. From the previous masterplans, the final masterplan pursued option 1 with its routes and circulation. From both initial masterplans, the circulation and route from option 2 took up too much floor space, minimizing the building footprint therefore it became more viable to develop option 1 over option 2.

The final masterplan was developed by simplifying and reducing the total of buildings within the site. The services and facilities to do with education and training, rehabilitation and healthcare as well as the emergency/winter spaces were moved off-site to be incorporated within the local community.

FINAL MASTER MASTERPLANPLAN PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

These diagrams show the different routes and access around the site. It highlights the transportation links with the location of the bus stops, routes of the bus and vehicle and pedestrian access. These diagrams help to show aspects of the site that relate to movement within, around and to the site. There is not one main entrance but multiple around the site to get move through the site. The site is meant to be open and free flowing with the gentle curved routes spanning across the site, contrasted by the linear paths from the north to south sides. The site is enclosed by the surrounding trees but is also open with the buildings spread through the site. The site is very accessible in terms of being able to travel to and from the site, with many buses available adjacent to the site and 2 train stations a walk away.

GIF Animation of file (Site routes and access) Pedestrian routes within the site Public transport: bus and train train routes Existing cycles routes and lanesRoutes within the site with elevated footbridge Vehicles and pedestrian accessEntrances to site

Cycling Pavementsroutes

ACCESS AND MASTERPLANROUTES PROPOSAL MASTER PLAN DEVELOPMENT 1:500 SITE PLAN

Entrances CyclingRoads Directonlanesoftrain stations BusBus

RoutesRoutes stops

• A rehabilitation and health centre to help those with drug and alcohol addiction, mental health issues and physical health issues.

Community Buildings Education, Training and Employment Facilities Emergency Winter Shelters (ECWNS)

The map highlights the location of the facilities relevant to the intended facilities needed such as rehabilitation and health, education and training, emergency winter shelters and community centres which are the offsite facilities to be incorporated into the project.

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL SERVICES TO ADDRESS THE USERS

• Emergency winter shelters for those that were not able to find accommodation and are rough sleeping during the winter cold.

Facilities like the employment and training centre, rehabilitation and health centre, and emergency winter shelters will be offered through off-site locations while the community hub, multi-purpose hall, communal laundry and shower spaces etc. will be on site.

• Multi-purpose hall which can be used for wellness activities, meetings, communal activities etc.

Rehabilitation and Healthcare Facilities

• Community hub which will incorporate the staff rooms, informa tion area, dining rooms, kitchen, toilets, etc.

The main ways for residents to access these services would be through public transport and walking. The map highlights the typical routes to these services through bus and walking highlighting bus and walking times.

• Communal facilities such as shower rooms and laundry rooms.

The proposal will tackle the issues identified in the research such as mental health, drug and alcohol addiction and physical health through the programme and facilities provided within and outside of the site.

RISE Drug and Alcohol Service LB Ealing - Housing Solutions Inside YMCA South Ealing YMCA Ealing Common Inside Acton Homeless Centre (Day Centre)

LHAF outlined services for the homeless: Left to Right

This will allow the site to be less isolated and enclosed where all interactions would only be on-site but instead encourage positive interaction within the local community with off-site facilities.

As the project aims to integrate those experiencing home lessness with the local community, a mix of on-site and off-site facilities will be provided to the residents, the use of off-site buildings will allow the master plan to integrate with the local community more so than if all the facilities were only on the site.

• Employment and training centre to help for acquiring jobs and getting the education and training needed.

Medical Centre - Ealing Park Health Centre - 195A S Ealing Rd, London W5 4RH Route 1: Busstop Ealing Broadway Station 65 - 7 minute walk to busstop, 9 minute bus and 1 minute walk Route 2: 30 minute walk Provides NHS services Ealing Hospital - 601 Uxbridge Rd, Southall UB1 3HW Route 1: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 21 minute bus and 1 minute walk Roue 2: Busstop Hanger Lane (EL) 427 - 20 minute bus and 3 minute walk Route 3: Busstop Ealing Broadway Station E8 7 minute walk to busstop, 11 minute bus and 10 minute walk Route 4: 18 minute walk

Healthwatch Ealing (Non-Governmenttal Organisastion) - 2nd floor, Rooms 15 & 16, 45 St Mary’s Rd, London W5 5RG Route 1: Bustop North Common Road (EM) E11 2 minute bus and 10 minute walk Route 2: Busstop Hanger Lane (EL) 427 4 minute bus and 11 minute Busstopwalk Ealing Broadway Station 65 - 7 minute walk to bustop, 5 minute bus and 2 min walk Route 3: 18 minute walk Provides information and advice to the public about accessing health and social care services and choice in relation to those services.

Rehabilitation and Healthcare Facilities Addiction Rehabilitation Centre 2 Ealing RISE - Central Hub West Ealing, 99-103 Broadway, London W13 9BP Route 1: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 13 minute bus and 1 minute walk Route 2: Bustop Hanger Lane(EL) 207 - 16 minute bus and 1 minute walk Roue 3: 30 minute walk Health Consultancy - 6 Ealing CCG - Perceval House, 14/16 Uxbridge Rd, London W5 2HL Route 1: Bustop Hanger Lane(EL) 207,427 - 5 minute bus and 2 minute walk Route 2: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 6 minute bus 2 minute walk Route 3: 14 minute walk Provides NHS Services - 4 Mattock Lane Health Centre (CLINIC) 78 Mattock Ln, London W13 9NZ Route 1: Bustop Hanger Lane(EL) 207,4277 minute bus 3 minute Routewalk 2: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 8 minute bus 3 minute walk Route 3: 21 minute walk Ealing GP Access Centres - 26 Florence Road, Ealing W5 3TX Route 1: 3-6 minute walk Access centre provides additional clinical times during a period when there are considerable pressures on the GP practice.

MASTERPLAN711210462 PROPOSAL ACCESS TO SERVICES TO ADDRESS THE USERS

Ealing Central Library - The Broadway, London W5 5JY Route 1: 483 - 2 minute bus then 3 mins walk Route 2: 9 minute walk

Ealing central library and the community resource centre are both buildings provided by the Council for the communtiy to use and is a building found in any community setting.

Community Buildings

These facilities are connected to the project due to what they provide and how it is used in a community setting. All saints Church Hall is the closest church hall that provides a hall space that can be used as a multipurpose hall. There are various others but this one has been higlighted due to how close it is to the site.

MASTERPLAN118 PROPOSAL ACCESS TO SERVICES TO ADDRESS THE USERS

All Saints Church Hall - Elm Grove Rd, London W5 3JH Route 1: 9 minute walk It is a community hall providing hall and event hire, clubs and activities for people. Ealing Communtity Resource Centre - 63 Mattock Ln, London W13 9LA Route 1: Bus: 483, 207,427 and E2 15 minutes by bus Route 2: Up to 25 minute walk. This place provides meeting rooms, copying and printing services, computers with internet Users have access to: Computer with Internet access and standard professional software packages. Direct-dial telephone Fax and mail franking Printing and copying (black and white or colour) Modern office environment with reception, library and kitchen facilities 3

Site will incorproate the multipurpose hall that will provide life skill sessions to give the necessary life skill that adults will need to be able to live independant ly. Sessions provided by educational and training companies can provide face to face sessions in the multipurpose halls. Multipurpose hall will be used to give pastoral care to the residents.

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL ACCESS TO SERVICES TO ADDRESS THE USERS

All education facilities around the site are schools such as sixth form colleges, independant and preparatory schools, primary schools, high schools, prep and nursery schools etc. Therefore in order to provide training for Those experiencing homelessness do not always have the right skills to match available jobs, and sometimes need assistance developing the life skills needed to reliably hold a job – and so job training programs help them overcome these challenges.

Training Providor, Skills Training UK - Ealing Centre 3rd floor, 52-53 The Mall, London W5 3TA Route 1: 3-5 minute walk Provides online and in person courses through the ealing skills training centre

There will be a building with computer rooms to access free online courses for traninig and education. Free online course can be from (Dhunay Corporation Ltd) or through the Ealing Council While having the oppourtnity of off site educational and training facilities, the multipurpose hall allows people to come in and help the homelesss through giving talks and training of their own initiatives.

Dhunay Corporation Ltd Dhunay Corps, Longfield House, Uxbridge Rd, London W5 2SR Route 1: Ealing Broadway Station (K) - 607 7 minute walk to busstop 4 minute and 1 minute walk Route 2: Busstop Hanger Lane (EL) 427 5 minute bus and 1 minute walk Route 3: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 7 minute bus and 1 minute Routewalk 4. 14 minute walk Ealing Council Adult Learning - 16 Uxbridge Rd, London W5 2HL Route 1: Busstop Hanger Lane (EL) 207 4 minute bus and 3 minute walk Route 2: Bustop Gunnersbury Avenue (ES) 483, 6 minute bus and 2 minute walk Route 3: Busstop Ealing Broadway Station (Stop F) E2, 7 minute walk to busstop 2 minute and 2 minute walk Route 4: 14 minute walk Education, Employment and Training Facilities 6 95

It is important to consider the sustainable aspects of the design, thinking about different approaches to how the project aims to incorporate sustainable elements whether through the design or existing landscape and site.

Trees are a significant part of urban areas, it improves the environmental quality of the area in several ways such as absorbing noise and air pollution, providing oxygen and moisture, privacy and stabilising the land. Trees can also provide cooling and shading during the summer months and provide shelter from winds and rain during the winter months.

The vegetation mitigates the urban- heat island effect by reducing the temperature in its surroundings. The solar radiation is absorbed by the plants, and substratum, and is not stored in building materials, thus regulating the local climate.

The vegetation follows similar benefits with improving the environmental quality. In urban areas, they reduce noise pollution since they absorb noise from vehicles and other elements. They also prevent the bounce of sound waves on the surface of the façades of the building. They act therefore as acoustic screens. They also absorb CO2 and produce oxygen. One square meter of plant cover generates the necessary oxygen for a person in a year. The project aims to integrate the site trees into the design but removes some trees relevant to the maintenance of the site. However, the amount of trees to remove is minimal. Branches of the larger trees would be trimmed to prevent them from clashing with the bridge rather than cutting down the trees. Due to the several benefits of the trees, the design keeps the majority of the trees.

1. Sustainable Building Materials

4. Passive Design, Orientation and Prevailing Winds

The design will consider the orientation of the buildings to maximise the energy efficiency from the sun and wind minimising the energy loads. The orientation will take advantage of the environmental conditions of the site location such as the prevailing wind direction, sun path and climate. It affects the heating and cooling of your building, and when done right will help you maintain an optimal temperature in your living environment, minimising the effect on the general environment.

3. Vegetation

In terms of the site, it is a leftover open green space where the open space is rarely used, it isn’t a large park or other kinds of precious green space that is being used. Therefore it doesn’t impact the overall green spaces in the Ealing Common Ward.

Sustainable Building Materials

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL SUSTAINABILITY PLAN

The environmental benefit of a tiny home is its small carbon footprint. Being a compact version of a traditional home. It can reduce the energy consumption by half as there is less space that may need to be heated or cooled. Through having minimal spaces and smaller sizes, there are fewer materials required to build these homes and fewer electrical appliances and fixtures to use energy.

The project will focus on using sustainable building materials and finishes that are easier to use for example reclaimed, or recycled wood such as scaffold boards. They are a popular choice in more industrial and rustic approaches to the building and its interior. Its become a more mainstream approach for cladding, flooring and furniture. Reclaimed scaffold boards are a flexible and reliable material.

2. Trees

5. Tiny homes

The project aims consider several aspects in making the project more sustainable such as:

Trees Vegetation Tiny Homes Passive Design Orientation and Prevailing Winds

A large part of the project focuses on creating a safe environment that can encourage a community atmosphere between the different user groups. 3 main design focuses will impact the success of the project. These factors are:

Circulation Visibility Accessibility

Circulation Creating a site that provides good circulation will improve the way users flow through the site. The project has a focus on vertical and horizontal circulation with multiple routes and an elevated footbridge opening up the vertical circulation. The site provides a large area of clear stable walking paths with a selected amount of green space which people can still walk through.

Each aspect can influence another with visibility affecting accessibility or circulation and accessibility. By integrating each of these factors, each one can further improve the other to provide a safer and more comfortable environment.

The site provides various access points to the site and is very accessible in terms of public transport. In regards to circulation, the paths are flat and smooth providing wheelchair users and any users with difficulties walking to flow through the site more smoothly. Making the site easily accessible to and throughout the site allows more users to be able to use the site and makes it safer and more comfortable.

Visibility Visibility is an aspect that creates a sense of safety and security due to what a person can see. Balancing the visibility of the site and making sure there are enough visible spaces within the site can allow the users to feel safer due to being able to see their surroundings unobstructed. Visibility links with the aspect of prospect and refuge where the theory links positive psychological benefits to how much a person can see within their location.

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL DESIGN FOCUSES

Accessibility

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 EXISTING CROSS SECTION PART 1

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 EXISTING CROSS SECTION PART 2

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 EXISTING CROSS SECTION PART 3

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 PROPOSED CROSS SECTION

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 PROPOSED CROSS SECTION PART 1

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 PROPOSED CROSS SECTION PART 2

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:1000 PROPOSED CROSS SECTION PART 3

MASTERPLAN PROPOSAL 1:500 HERO SHOT

A TINY STEP TOWARDS HELPING THE UNSHELETERED HUMANITY, VULNERABILITY & COMMUNITY PART II DEVELOPMENT PACK AARON TORRES, 16042010 THESIS STUDIO: 7CTA1140-0905-2021 PROJECT 4: OPERATING MANUAL FOR SPACESHIP EARTH TUTOR: IAN OWEN, SIMON KNIGHT

Characteristics of Victorian Architecture

Steeply pitched roofs Plain or colorfully painted brick Ornate gables Churchlike rooftop finials

Two to three stories

Sliding sash and canted bay windows

Asymmetry

Three to Four storeys

Stucco-fronted exterior Render painted white or cream CHARACTERISTICS

Symmetrical flat exterior and balanced interior layout

Gabled

Steep and

As the site area sits in a location where there are a lot of listed buildings, it is important to understand the characteristics of the building to create a project that works well with the community and does not blend in. The adjacent buildings are mainly Victorian and Georgian buildings therefore I highlighted the main features. The project aims to incorporate some of these features into the tiny homes. The site is characterised by Victorian and Georgian buildings.

Octagonal or round towers and turrets to draw the eye upward

Sash windows with smaller panes Tall windows on the first two floors and smaller windows on the top storeys

Characteristics of Georgian Architecture

Pitched Roofs Ornate gables

Octagonal or round towers Bay Windows

URBAN GRAIN BUILDING

The building arrangement follows the pathways set with linear and curved arrangements. The project will also follow a similar arrangement, where the tiny home’s layout will follow the curved pathways of the elevated footbridge, being a mix of within the pathway and on the boundary. The location of the tiny homes is spread across the site and split into smaller clusters to maximise the visibility from within the site to outside the site. By spreading the tiny homes over the site in clusters instead of condensing all the tiny homes into one long strip, it would make the site more spacious, and open and improve the amount of daylight on the site improving the visibility from within and outside the site.

URBAN GRAIN STREET LAYOUT RoadBuildingsRoutes Site Location Street Layout

TINY CONCEPTHOMESEXPLORATION

During the concept stages of design, various tiny home forms were explored which aimed at trying to incorporate the characteristics of the neighbouring buildings. Therefore the concept forms mainly follow a pitched steep roof, exploring asymmetrical forms and tall windows. The building charateristics were explored in Rhino, focusing on the roof and bay windows. Rhino Exploration Model

Developed

The footprint size of the building is based on the sizes of the tiny homes in other tiny home villages where some would be as small as 100 square feet or as large as 400 square feet.

4x4 meter block

Originally, the project aimed to contain various building typologies however it was more efficient and sustainable to develop one typology that can easily be replicated throughout the site. This would reduce the need for multiple sizes and materials for each tiny home, by having a single typology the materials and sizes would all be similar allowing a faster production and sourcing of these materials. The simple form takes consideration of the Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) where it would be more feasible with a simple shape. The tiny homes form and use of SIPs allow the tiny homes to be built more efficiently reducing the steps needed of building standard walls.

Removal of mass to form entrance patio

Removal of angled mass to form pitched roof Roof mass to provide shade to entrance patio

TINY MASSINGHOMESDEVELOPMENT

The footprint of the tiny home is 4x4 meters as it provides enough space to incorporate the necessary functions while not being too tight. Initial tiny home sizes explored were 3x3, 2x2, 3x2 and 3x4 meter homes eventually going into 4x4 meter homes at about 170 square feet or 15.8 square meters. This size was able to incorporate the necessary spaces while not being too tight with the space. As I wanted the site to be open and visible, I wanted the buildings to not take up a lot of the site space and be able to be spread throughout the site, therefore smaller square footage would be ideal, but still have enough space to include the necessary spaces.

Due to a simple form, a single typology and the use of SIPs, these aspects allow for a more efficient, affordable and simple construction process compared to traditional timber-framed buildings.

Building Form

The massing development ended up following a different form from the original concept forms. The form of the developed building focused on creating a shape that is more suitable for the Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) which was a more simple shape. Choosing a simple form that is easily replicable, improves the efficiency and affordability and sustainability of the tiny homes.

Concept Building Forms

TINY ISOMETRICHOMESCOLLAGE

The tiny houses will be made from Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs). The use of SIPs provides various benefits for the project ranging from sustainability and efficiency to being more affordable than traditional timber-framed construction (TTFC).

Therefore the main material for the tiny home focused on using SIPs. Build Benefts: Buildings constructed with SIPs are airtight and free of drafts and cold areas. SIP roof systems eliminate the need for trusses, allowing space more space under the roof and increasing the loft floor height. SIPs allow the construction to be faster and more efficient than traditional timber-framed buildings (TTFB).

Sustainable Benefits:

Main Benefits: • Excellent Thermal Performance • Low U-value walls and roof • Integral Insulation • Habitable Roof Space • Extra Floor Space • Environmental Sustainability • Low Wastage • Fast Construction Method • Improved Scheduling & Programme • Control • Design Flexibility • Robust and Solid Feel • Air-Tightness • Limited Cold Bridging Ground SIP Wall - 1 SIP Total Parts: 1 - 1 Panels 2 - 2 End Blocks 3 - 1 Top Plate (Double sole plate arrangement at base) 1 2 3 Seal void formed for bolt head using foam in a can Secure panel using galvanised ring shank nails Screw anchor (option from structural engineers design) Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant Screws + mudguard washers per structural engineers details Floor SIP sits on top of treated sole plate TINY HOMES SIP CONSTRUCTION

SIPs are factory built to exact specifications avoiding unwanted waste, SIPs use sustainably sourced timber and can use up to 30% less timber than TTFC, the well-insulated panel also makes the building airtight and insulated, providing increased thermal efficiency than TTFB. SIP construction minimizes the mate rial sourcing to one location where the SIPs are manufactured and distributed. SIP construction also has a lower embodied carbon than TTFC.

The simple form improves the efficiency and affordability of the project by easing the construction process and materials needed.

Animation on file The construction process follows a simple and efficient process where its mainly piecing the SIPs together after the foundation is set. It is a more simple and efficient process than timber-framed buildings with the SIPs arriving pre-cut and ready to be assembled.

SIP construction reduces the framing time by up to 60% due to the frame and insulation being one product making the overall construction process faster. Due to the tiny home using SIPs labour costs are down by up to 55%. There is also less on-site waste produced due to the pre-cut panels which also reduces landfill waste.

TINY CONSTRUCTIONHOMESPROCESS

• The

•

Roof 1 - Standing Seam Zinc Roof System 2 - SIP Roof Panels 3 - SIP Structure (Top and bottom plates, end blocks) 4 - Roof Rafters 4321 TINY HOMES ZINC ROOF

• Excellent Colour Stability •

Zinc

The roof is made from SIPs with a standing steam zinc roof on top. The standing seam zinc roof will be within the pigment blue to red range. is a sustainable eco-friendly metal roofing solution. It is amongst the most sustainable metals used in construction and has been used in roofing applications for over 200 years. Zinc is a material of choice for many Architects and has a number of beneficial properties that include: High degree of malleability allowing easy formation into complex shapes Performs well between 5 and 90 degrees means it is a perfect material for cladding long service life of Zinc makes it cost-effective Zinc is weatherproof, corrosion-resistant and UV light pigment series goes well the timber cladding. It fixes more easily to the SIP roofs making it a more efficient and affordable option. vary depending on Sliding Clip Zinc

•

stable The

Pigmento Blue and Green Roof Options (Color can

building)

for

8. Battens added to the exterior OSB of the structurally insulated panels to hold the timber cladding. Model shows vertical battens to hold vertical cladding but can be horizontal battens to hold vertical cladding.

6. Double sole plate arrangement to attach wall panels to foundation.

1. Standing seam zinc roofing system with structurally insulated wall panels for the roof.

9. Exterior timber cladding added to the timber battens. Timber cladding will either be western red cedar or siberian larch timber.

7. Continious strip foot foundation as the foundation choice for the tiny home. UP

TINY AXONOMETRICHOMESBREAK

2. 18 structurally insulated panels joint together to form the loft space walls.

5. 4 structurally insulated panels joint together to form the ground floor.

3. 5 Floor joists inserted to hold OSB floor decking.

4321 5 76 8 9

4. 17 structurally insulated panels and 1 interior wall joint together to form the ground floor walls.

The timber cladding has the opportunity to be vertical or horizontal and can vary with the timber material. The Zinc roof also presents different colour options ranging from a few Pigmento colours.

The purpose of keeping the panels exposed and not lined with plaster board or other materials in the interior reduces the costs of each tiny home and allows it to be some freedom for residents to personalise and customise the interior walls if they would want extra shelves, hanging space or not.

TINY MATERIALHOMESPALETTE

The material palette focused on mainly raw timber materials. The interior keeps the OSB of the SIPs creating a raw and unfinished feel to the home, which is then balanced by the furnishing and interior design.

As the site is south facing, the tiny home features a large square oriel window where it provides light into the house as well as seating. Wide awning windows are used on the north facade allowing light into the loft space, main living area of the home and half bathroom. The windows are frosted to protect the privacy of the residents while still providing light into the home. Natural daylight is an important part of the home that provides various benefits to the users in terms of mental health and the indoor environment. Therefore the window sizes play a large part in providing a good indoor environment.

TINY LIGHTINGHOMESANDPRIVACY

Sunlight on windows Views to the home

TINY WINDOWHOMESPLACEMENT

Provides light into the loft area. Provides light and ventilation to the ground floor. Provides light and to the ground floor. Provides light and ventilation into the half bathroom.

Axonometric highlighting windows

The window placement developed from balancing the natural daylight and privacy aspect of the tiny home. By using short and wide awning windows, it allows ventilation and light into the home without compromising privacy. The large oriel window also emphasises the aspect of natural daylight but remains frosted to also consider the privacy as it would show the entire ground floor.

South Facade East Facade North Facade

As the project aims to reimagine the tiny home community, one aspect focuses on the domestic actions of the intended users.

floorplan of Tiny Home exploring flow and spatial needs Half Bathroom Extended Seating Area Ladder to Loft Area 3000mm 1200mm 1900mm2370mm Desk SpaceStorageKitchenetteStorage 3400mm Total floor area - 10m2

TINY HOMES THE DOMESTIC SPACE

Concept

Investigating the typical needs and actions of the users whether its day to day or domestic actions will help to inform the layout of the tiny homes, therefore, providing a more user-centric approach to the internal spaces of the homes.

The tiny home took an influence of the Quixote Village and Community First! Village with the spaces they incorporated. From the research, the tiny homes would need to include a bed space, storage spaces, and a half bathroom with a toilet and sink, kitchenettes are optional but a countertop with a kettle would be necessary. A desk space would be benefi cial to help with educational and recreational purposes and space for leisure. Therefore the tiny home arrangements focused on providing these functions.

As the project features a series of tiny homes with communal facilities like shared bathrooms and kitchens, the tiny home does not need to include a full-size bathroom and kitchen, therefore the square meterage of the home could be smaller.

Option 1 splits the floor into 3 spaces whereas option 2 divides the floor into 2 spaces. Each option works to provide the necessary function spaces while still providing enough space to move freely on the ground floor.

Layout can be to accommodate 1 or 2 people

Option 1 Option 2

Total floor area - 10m2

Placing a dividing wall allows the space to feel more of a traditional home where each function is generally separated by interior walls. It is a half wall that does not enclose the space and can be placed in 2 different ways, opening up different layout options.

To increase the living and recreational space of the ground floor, the bed space is being elevated onto a loft area which reduced the square footage of the home.

By focusing on space-saving details such as pocket doors and folding tables, it increases the circulation space on the ground floor. The desk table can fold up, and the pocket door to the bathroom removes the space needed for a swinging door.

TINY INTERNALHOMESSPACEPLAN

Ground Floor Plan View TINY INTERNALHOMESSPACEFLOOR PLANS

TINY INTERNALHOMESSPACEAXONOMETRICS

• A dividing wall mimics the traditional home where living spaces are split into sections.

TINY INTERIORHOMESFEATURES AND DETAILS

As the tiny home needs to incorporate several functions while providing enough space to be able to live comfortably, the home would need space-saving features. The tiny makes use of:

• A loft area where the bed would be, increasing the main area space on the ground floor

• Storage spaces are made taller rather than wider to reduce ground floor footprint.

• Folding desk mounted on dividing wall to allow the circulation space of the ground floor.

• Large Opial Window provides additional seating.

Pocket Door Dividing Wall and Folding Desk Bed space in loft Ladder to loft Vertical storage spaces with kitchenette Large opien window providing additional seating

• Pocket door to the half bathroom to reduce the space needed for a door to swing.

Arquitectura - OSB House

The OSB house represents how the OSB panels, typically not seen as an interior material can create a beautiful and simple home.

The tiny home took an influence on the OSB house from Soma Architects. The OSB house is a project based on economy, self-construction, home and play which had the entire interior covered in OSB panels. As the tiny homes are made from structurally insulated panels (SIPs) they incorporated OSB panels as the substructure. I wanted to reduce the costs and carbon emissions of the project by keeping any interior wall finishes to a minimum, therefore, keeping the OSB substructure as the interior wall.

- Pablo

Soma

TINY PRECEDENTHOMESSTUDY

Image credits Mella

This house followed a minimalistic approach to the interior which I wanted the tiny homes to incorporate. The blending of the floor, walls and ceilings through a single material allowed the spaces to become warm and welcoming, emphasised by the natural daylight provided by the large windows.

TINY INTERIORHOMESRENDER

TINY INTERIORHOMESRENDER

TINY INTERIORHOMESRENDER

Concept Building Forms

COMMUNITY HUB MASSING DEVELOPMENT

The community hub mass followed a simple approach of developing to fit within the boundary set from the masterplan. A section of the mass is extruded towards Ealing Common Park. The angle is based on the providing a clear view and that angle provides views not blocked by the site trees.

Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 4Stage 3 The diagram splits the massing into 4 phases. Stage 1 has the rectangular shape angled to the site orientation. Stage 2 is the addition of the extruded shape angled towards Ealing Common park. Stage 3 is the addition of the first storey where it contains extra staff facilities, a rooftop seating and garden area. Stage 4 is the addition of extra space for the laundry space for the building. The form follows a simple approach that works well with structurally insulated panels (SIPs). The SIPs work well with a geometric simple form rather than a more complex form. Like the tiny homes, it becomes a more efficienct, affordable and sustainable approach through the SIPs and building form. Stage 1 incorporates the main part of the building, the reception, coffee shop/cafe, communal kitchen, communal shower room and toilets. Stage 2 is the grocery and clothing shop, it is where the donated clothes and food is located and stored, giving the oppurtunity for residents to get them. Stage 3 is the staff area where they have their own area and workspace. Stage 4 is the laundry area where residents can wash their clothes. The community hub was developed up to the schematic stage focusing on the functions needed and how they space will be used.

Communal Laundry Room Grocery Shop Clothing Shop

The first floor contains the staff rooms and a rooftop garden and seaing area.

COMMUNITY HUB INTERNAL SPACE PLANS

Coffee shop / Cafe and Seating ReceptionCommunal Kitchen and Seating

The Community Hub incorporates several facilities which is available for both the residents and the local community to be given the chance to interact.

A communal kitchen allows the residents to have weekly or biweekly dinners together. The on-site coffee shop/ cafe encourages the local community to have a coffee in the building where seating can be used by both the residents and local community.

Communal Toilet and Showerooms Additional Seating for Residents

A grocery and clothes shop provide the opportunity for residents to get essentials nearby. The clothes are donated by charities and can either be sold or given to the residents. The grocery shop can be donated food for the residents.

Communal facilities like the laundry room and shower rooms are available for the residents to use, however the laundry room will use a card system to function and not be abused.

COMMUNITY HUB INTERNAL SPACE AXONOMETRIC

COMMUNITY HUB RECEPTION/MAINRENDERS ENTRANCE

COMMUNITY HUB COFFEERENDERSSHOP/CAFE

COMMUNITY HUB COMMUNALRENDERS KITCHEN/SEATING

COMMUNITY HUB COMMUNALRENDERS KITCHEN/SEATING

COMMUNITY HUB ADDITIONALRENDERS RESIDENTS SEATING

COMMUNITY HUB LAUNDRYRENDERSROOM

COMMUNITY HUB GROCERY/CLOTHESRENDERS SHOP

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING MASSING DEVELOPMENT Stage 1 Stage 2 Stage 3

The form, like the Communty Hub followed a simple approach. The max height is 2 storeys as to not tower over the adjacent residential buildings. The building is orientated to follow the site Stageorientation.1israising the height to one storey, stage 2 cut out a section, changing the direction of the view from the within the building and to open up walking space outdoors. Stage 3 adds the first storey with a different angle. Overall the massing is 2 storeys with an angled cut. The angle is based on the providing a clear view and that angle provides views not blocked by the site trees.

The multipurpose hall was developed up to the schematic stage focusing on the functions needed and how they space will be used. Stage 1 incorporates the reception, toilets, main wellness studio and small meeting rooms. Stage 3 is the addition of larger meeting rooms. The meeting rooms can be used for teaching the residents, indoor activities, mentoring sessions and more.

The spaces are presented as meeting, lecture or yoga rooms but have the opportunty to be used for other activities. Indoor activities can be available during rainy days for residents and the local community.

INTERNAL SPACE MULTIPURPOSEPLANS BUILDING

The multipurpose building features spaces for wellness activities such as studio room where activities such as yoga, zumba, dance can be done. Meeting rooms for mentoring sessions, either one on one or group sessions are available.

MeetingReceptionRooms Toilets Wellness Activity Studio

While the Community Hub provides facilities for both the local community and residents to use the spaces, the multipurpose building is mainly for the residents. On certain days it can provide activities for both the local community and residents alike, bu it is mainly for the residents to use.

Ground Floor First Floor

While the Community Hub provides opportunities for both the local community and residents to use the spaces, the multipurpose building is mainly for the residents. While on certain days it can provide activities for both the local community and residents alike, it is mainly for the residents to use. The rooms provide wellness activities, mentoring sessions, employment and training sessions, it provides indoor spaces which can be used for various functions.

INTERNAL SPACE MULTIPURPOSEAXONOMETRICBUILDING

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING RECEPTIONRENDERS

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING WELLNESSRENDERSSTUDIO ROOM

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING MEETINGRENDERSROOM 1

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING MEETINGRENDERSROOM 2

MULTIPURPOSE BUILDING MEETINGRENDERSROOM 3

The Multipurpose hall focuses on group activities such as wellness activities, meetings and talks from external visitors and any indoor group activities. The communal facilities will be incorporated into the two main buildings.

The site will hold a community hub acting as the central point for helping those experiencing homelessness. The community hub will hold the staff facilities, information area, dining rooms for weekly dinners, kitchen and recreational spaces.

SPACES

Having facilities offsite allows the site to be able to have more open and visible spaces and allow more chances for interaction between the different groups through the public space.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION INTEGRATION

The site focuses on not only the tiny homes and main buildings but the public spaces created in the site, the elevated footbridge, the spatial nodes throughout the site and the aspect of nature with the trees and vegetation provide a safe and open environment to encourage different user groups to interact.

As all of the facilities related to the health, employment and education aspects are off-site, the site focuses on the accommodation and communal building and facilities.

Community Hub Building Multipurpose Building THROUGH SITE FACILITIES AND

William H. Whyte in The Social Life of Small Urban Spaces (1980) Coffee shops are often in central and accessible locations, ideal spots for connecting people. The site cafe will be located in the main building which is the most accessible space with outdoor and indoor spaces to relax and drink.

Routes to Community Building Outdoor Seating Community Hub Building Multipurpose Building

Circled Community Hub is where the coffee shop/cafe will be located, it is the main building of the site. Outdoor seating area nearest the community building

Facilities like coffee shops, cafes or market stalls allow different members of the community to congregate. With the diverse cultures in Ealing, different people of different cultures can sell their products creating a more diverse profile of people on the site. Market stalls have long been a great way to encourage community interactions bringing different people to the location to see what’s on sale, whether it’s food or products, especially in a socially diverse area.

The multipurpose hall also provides multi-functional spaces where events can be hosted, once again providing opportunities for the local community to be together.

INTEGRATION INTEGRATION THROUGH SITE FACILITIES AND SPACES

Through the facilities and spaces provided, it aims to involve the different members of the community.

From an anthropologist’s view, the aspect of incorporating food and drink facilities and parks are a good way to encourage different user groups to use the same space. Food and drinks facilities such as coffee shops pull different people into a central space while the open spaces of parks allow more opportunities for people to sit and talk on the site.

COMMUNITY

“What attracts people most, it would appear, is other people.”

Ground Routes Buildings on site

By incorporating these spaces it will allow a better chance of different people using the site, the various site users will make the site become known as a safe environment.

Open green space with seating

Visibility with good access and circulation is key in providing a safe environment where it will allow the local community to feel safer due to the stigma of homelessness. Good Visibility will reduce the chances of antisocial behaviour, therefore easy access to and from the location and easy movement within the location is needed with good lighting. A safe and interactive environment will allow members of the broader community to interact with the site more.

While incorporating accommodation spaces and communal buildings and balancing the public and shared spaces, the site aims to slowly integrate the different user groups in an open, visible and safe environment. As such, the scattered location of the tiny homes creates a more open and visible environment with only one strip of tiny homes in the central area The nodes created throughout the site provide the opportunity for the different user groups to interact.

The site prioritises public and shared spaces making the project as community-friendly as possible with open areas to sit, chat and converse with several nodes throughout the site combining open green spaces with seating areas and pathways. These nodes will allow provisions for different seasons and provisions for young children and the elderly which are important in providing accessible and comfortable spaces for the different ages in the local community.

Bridge Route Space to provide opportunity for market stalls and seating Clusters of tiny homes

Outdoor Spaces

Open space to provide seating Clusters of tiny homes

Visual connections: the tiny houses follow the curves of the footbridge and the tiny houses are split into section across the site

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION TINY HOME LAYOUT AND SPATIAL NODES

Clusters of tiny homes Buildings on site By incorporating the cluster method, it aims to improve the communication and interaction of the residents. Learning to interact and engage with the residents or local community is a necessary skill to learn during the resident’s stay. Another aspect is that each member is responsible for helping each other, by doing this it provides a role of support from not only the staff but the residents in helping each other develop practical skills to live independently.

The buildings are split into sections of 3 or 4s with the exception of the strip of tiny houses however the strip of tiny homes will also be split into 3 clusters. The goal of each cluster is to encourage supportive relationships between the residents of that cluster where when it comes to group activities, meetings and such, that cluster would be your group. As the project follows a community approach, there are two main goals to the clusters.

TINY HOME COMMUNITYCOMMUNITYCLUSTERSINTEGRATIONWITHTHERESIDENTS

The theory of prospect and theory seeks to describe why certain environments feel secure and thereby meet basic human psychological needs. Environments that meet such needs will often provide people with the capacity to observe (prospect) without being seen (refuge) - 1. The theory explains how certain spaces that let its users observe and assess their surroundings without being seen provide a sense of innate security and safety in people as opposed to others - 1. Exploring how people perceive a safe space through prospect and refuge will be able to improve the aspect of a safe environment for the project.

Obstructions such as dense trees or large objects can limit the prospect

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION PROSPECT AND REFUGE

Prospect and refuge work to enable a sense of safety for both the users and the local community.

By using design elements such as reducing or increasing the pathways within the site, it can be used in the design to guide the users in a specific route and direction such as directing them towards the main spaces or redirecting them away from undesired spaces.

1 - https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286123657_Prospect_and_refuge_theory_Constructing_a_critical_definition_for_architecture_and_design

There are various aspects in the theory, one is what affects the aspect of prospect, this would be aspects such as trees or buildings that can obstruct a person’s view. Another would be the terrain and inanimate objects such as fire or water. It is important to consider what can reduce and block the views and if you would want specific views to be obstructed.

Unstable and uneven grounds, sudden and steep changes in levels can cause hazards

Prospect and refuge focus on visibility and circulation, being able to see around the space increases the amount of prospect. In the case of the project, due to the intended users being those experiencing homelessness, it is important to be able to provide a safe environment, which can be explored through the prospect and refuge theory.

Key elements of prospect and refuge:

The diagram shows examples of views highlighted from specific positions. The buildings and trees are obstructions but can be positive and negative obstructions. The majority of the trees are thick with large canopies but do not obstruct views, unless on the bridge. The buildings provide refuge for the residents and the communal buildings can provide refuge for both the residents and the local community.

COMMUNITY INTEGRATION PROSPECT AND REFUGE

Areas: We perceive areas as either prospect or refuge. Changes: Our need for prospect or refuge can change over time. The time of day, season, year, and/or our life situation all influence our need for prospect or refuge.

ObstructionsViews

Light levels: Light levels play an intricate part in our perception of prospect and refuge. Ceiling height: Ceiling height also has a big influence on our perception of prospect and refuge.

Transitions: Transitions enhance our perception of prospect and refuge, e.g. a terrace in front of a house. Sexes: Men tend to prefer prospect more, while women’s over all preference tends to lean more to refuge.

Stage

VISIBILITY FROM WITHIN THE SITE 2 4 6 8

Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 5 Stage 7 Stage

A visibility simulation was run on the masterplan to analyse how visible the views from within the site to the public are. The site focuses on being open and visible to encourage a safe environment therefore by using the simulation, it evaluates how visible it really is.

Red indicates minimal views that are obstructed near from their location, in this case the red parts are mainly by the main buildings.

VISIBILITY

AND PROSPECTCOMMUNITYCIRCULATIONINTEGRATIONANDREFUGE

Stage

Stage

Yellow/Orange specified a medium percentage of visibility where the views are good but is obstructed halfway. Green illustrated clear views being able to see far enough from the specified locations (Prospect). The stages are the 8 snapshots taking from the simulation animation, stage 1-4 highlights the ground floor views while stage 5-8 highlights the views from the elevated footbridge. Stages 1-4 has a majority of clear views, only being obstructed mainly by the two main buildings. Stages 5-8 produced similair results but also being blocked by several trees as they are large trees. Overall visibility from within the site to the outside is mainly good with the obstruced views mainly being the communal buildings. The tiny homes allow refuge for the residents when in the site while the main buildings allow refuge for both the residents and local users at hand. The trees and tiny homes can provide both a sense of refuge or hazard to the prospect of users. It important to be able to balance the prospect and refuge by being visible but also providing refuge. By being a visible site it increase the safety aspect of the site.

Stage 1 Stage 3 Stage 5 Stage 2 Stage 4 Stage 6

The results are similair to the previous simulation with majority of the analysis being green. It is mainly where the main buildings are where it becomes red and orange. The trees are counted as being obstacles however from the ground floor only the tree trunk obstructs the view as its mainly large trees except for 2-3 smaller trees towards the multipurpose building.

This simulation highlights the visibility from the public realm following the vehicle route around the site and looking into the site. The images split the simulation into 6 stages entering from the north west to south east on uxbridge road.

VISIBILITY FROM THE PUBLIC SPACE TO THE SITE

The simulation proves that the site is visible with aspects of refuge within the site. Trees are spread over the site and are not clustered therefore not obstructing the views. from the elevated footbridge perspective, certain views may be blocked however it does not pose any safety risks from the elevated footbridge.

The visibility works together with the circulation and access to improve the aspect of providing a safe and sustainable environment for the residents and local community alike.

VISIBILITY AND PROSPECTCOMMUNITYCIRCULATIONINTEGRATIONANDREFUGE

The section images below highlight how much space would be needed to accommodate different amounts of people. As the site has curved pathways, it transitions from thinner to wider routes, changing the amount of traffic that flows through the site and providing more and smoother routes. meters meters

30

The site provides a substantial amount of walking space throughout the site with the thinnest paths at the north and south entrances at 2.5 meters to as wide as 20 meters. The concrete ground floor provides an even transition from the public pavement to the site allowing wheelchair users to smoothly enter. The site incorporates a road pavement which aims to limit the vehicle flow through the north of the side, encouraging more pedestrian access and flow through the site. It is a common concept in urban areas where there is a lot of pedestrian and vehicle traffic. It still allows vehicles to pass through but it provides the opportunity for community events to happen outdoors with the designated outdoor spaces adjacent to the road pavement.

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS PATHWAYS Site Ground Floor Public Pavement Road Pavement 47 meters 6

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

ELEVATED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGE

Pedestrian Bridge Site Buildings The bridge allows two people to walk through the bridge at 2 meters wide.Bridge at the Nanton Golf Course in Alberta. The addition of the elevated footbridge gives a different experience walking through the site, giving different views within and outwards of the site while also providing access to the community hub staff area. Residents can access the bridge through the 2nd floor of the main central hub. The rooftop garden on the Community Hub allows residents and the general community alike to have a space to sit and relax on the bridge. The bridge follows the curves of the ground floor path providing shelter from the rain or sun for those on the ground floor. The bridge will be a truss bridge supported by supporting posts spread evenly throughout the site. The bridge is made from a mix of timber and steel materials. Structural steel forms the base of the bridge where timber planks are laid on top, the structure forms the railing providing a more simple and cleaner look, much like the bridge below.

The bridge has been developed to the schematic stage where the materials, basic structure and fucntion has been developed.

The elevated bridge is a monument feature of the site. It will cut through the site adding a new path and elevation for both the general community and residents to walk through. It opens up the space vertically adding new views to outside the site such as Ealing Common Park.

The bridge is 2 meters wide, providing enough space for 2 users to pass both ways.

(Intention of pedestrain footbridge)

The tiny home follows a sustainable approach with the use of SIPs for the construction material and finishing with a simple timber cladding. The timber cladding is a renewable material and will be sustainably sourced. The cladding is also carbon neutral and helps to reduce the amount of CO2 produced from the tiny home. Zinc roofing also is one of the more sustainable metal roofing solutions and is very cost-effective, zinc cladding was also an option but the timber cladding was more contextually beneficial, blending in with the site more and providing more environmental benefits.

The communal buildings follow the SIP construction but can use different cladding options for the aesthetics of the building. The buildings use a mix of timber and brick cladding to give a more modern and contemporary look to a more traditional and historic local area. Brick cladding allows the building to consider the local environment and history, paying homage to the Victorian and Georgian buildings with the exterior material but also is a more sustainably built and modern looking building. The brick cladding provides the aesthetic of a brick building without the same CO2 consumption as a typical brick building.

Grey Timber Cladding

Timber Cladding

The main way of approaching the aspect of sustainable materials is the use of SIPs for the construction, minimal interior materials and finishes, reducing the sourcing locations and the choice of cladding.

The interior joists and rafters are also kept visible and exposed to reduce the extra materials needed to cover them.

SUSTAINABLE CONSIDERATIONS MATERIALS Sustainable Building Materials OSB Interior

Grey Bricks

Zinc Roofing/Cladding

The interior is kept as minimal and simple as possible reducing the need for extra interior finishes and walls like plasterboard or gypsum walls. By using the SIPs it provides an interior wall already.

Vegetation absorbs car noise and CO2 pollution

Clusters of tiny homes Buildings on site

Trees and Vegetation

The trees and vegetation on site provide various environmental and mental health benefits with links to nature being a mental health boost and the CO2 reducing propoerties of the trees and vegetation.

The vegetation on the site also reduces noise and air pollution. It absorbs the noise from vehicles and prevents the sound waves bouncing from the building facades, acting as acoustic screens. One square meter of plant cover generates the necessary oxygen for a person in a year.

SUSTAINABLE CONSIDERATIONS TREES AND VEGETATION

Trees provide shading and absorbs CO2

The trees absorb the noise and air pollution which is important due to the site being adjacent to a busy road. It also provides shade during the summer months and additional shelter from rain during the winter months.

An annual windrose simulation of the prevailing winds dictated that the prevailing winds were mainly directed between the south and west direction, which can be seen in the diagram below. The buildings are orientated along the bridge curves but are mainly orientated towards either the south or west direction with the windows facing the north and south side of the building. Therefore the prevailing winds follow the orientation of the building allowing more passive ventilation as the winds pass from the north facade to the south facade windows.

SUSTAINABLE CONSIDERATIONS ORIENTATION AND PREVAILING WINDS Orientation and Prevailing Winds Building Orientation Wind rose simulation: Annual prevailing wind direction Prevailing Wind Direction

Reduced energy expenses

Most tiny houses use renewable energy sources CommunityTinyBuildingsHomes

Through having minimal spaces and smaller sizes, there are fewer materials required to build these homes and fewer electrical appliances and fixtures to use energy.

Reduced waste consumption

According to Colby College, an average sized house can use over 12,000 kilowatt hours of energy per year when compared to 194 kilowatt hours for a micro house. Tiny homes provide a more affordable and sustainable option.

SUSTAINABLE CONSIDERATIONS TINY HOMES Tiny Homes

Environmental benefits:

The environmental benefit of a tiny home is its small carbon footprint. Being a compact version of a traditional home. It can reduce the energy consumption by half as there is less space that may need to be heated or cooled.

Reduced carbon footprint

Through the facilities, design and programme, the community aims to improve and create a connected community that is not disconnected or separated from one another. It aims to improve the issue of homelessness within the Ealing community while also considering the diverse members of the community. It is acknowledged that realistically, such a project would be difficult to implement due to various reasons such as the site location, NIMBYism, the stigma associated with homelessness, funding, etc. However, the project explores the possibility of developing a community-based approach using tiny homes as a base for those in need. It is a solution more humane, efficient and sustainable than traditional solutions like hostels, shelters or temporary housing.

Key CommunityTinythemes:homesand Community Integration VisibilityCirculation Access

While being a project that focuses on homelessness, one of the main aspects was community, developing and connecting the different people within that community.

This is followed by balancing the design elements of the project with the social needs and considerations of the intended users. Considerations such as circulation, visibility and access were important in developing a safe and user-friendly environment for the users and local community to interact in, which affected the number of tiny homes, the placement and what communal buildings were needed in the masterplan. On the other hand, understanding and providing the different services needed to help those in need were just as important in being an effective solution for the intended purpose of helping those experiencing homelessness.

SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY QUALITY, INTEGRATION AND RESILIENCE

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TINY HOME CONSTRUCTION SIP CONSTRUCTION Aaron Torres, 16042010 Thesis Studio: 7CTA1140-0905-2021 Project 4: Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Tutor: Ian Owen, Simon Knight

TINY HOME CONSTRUCTION CONTENTS 125-114321Title Page Content SIPTransportationSourcingPageconstructionTimbercladding Plan TinyDetailedSipAxonometricCrossviewssectionsBreakupswallbreakupsConnectionsHouseCollage33-3826-3223-2519-2213-839

1. The OSB uses 35% less timber used compared to traditional build ing methods. Timber uses 20% of the energy needed for concrete to make a product with equal strength.

3. Building is nearly entirely made of SIPs, reducing sourcing different materials.

4. SIPs improve the airtightness and reduce cold bridging therefore the amount of energy used to heat and cool a room can be cut by up to 50%.

6. Specialist design and cutting systems ensure that minimal waste, any excess materials can be recycled or re-purposed.

5. SIPs reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency.

TINY SOURCINGHOMES Ealing Common, London 1h30 minute drive Ranges between 70-80 Miles depending on route Carbon Dioxide Output The location of the distribution centre of the SIPs is based in Rushden, between 70-80 miles from the site location in Ealing Common. SIPs UK Limited, Unit 1, Sanders Lodge Industrial Estate, Wellingborough Rd, Rushden NN10 6BQ SipsUK is a reliable company that has been manufacturing and distributing SIPs for 13 years. The Structurally insulated panels design and connection details are based from the companies available panel dimensions. CO2 Emission Calculation Weight-based Truck Emission x Tonne-Miles 161.8 x 1540 = 249,172g of CO2 or 249kg of CO2 Mileage x Tonnes = Tonne-Miles 70m x 22 = 1540 tonne-miles 249kg of CO2 per lorry to transport materials. Although the CO2 emissions are high , the SIPs provide various benefits to offset the CO2 emissions produced during transport:

2. The SIPs have a U-value of 0.13 which is a Passivhaus standard.

A standard semi trailer truck for transportation holds a volume of 82m3 and 22 tonnes. The volume is of a 13.6m x 2.4m x 2.45 semi trailer truck.

TINY TRANSPORTATIONHOMES

The materials for a single tiny homes packed together fill a volume of 25m3 which is 30% of the total volume, meaning one transport truck can hold 3 tiny home units packed together. Measurements are rounded to the nearest whole digit 25m3 - 30% 57 m3 - 70%

TINY FOUNDATIONHOMES

4410mm

The foundation used for the tiny homes will be concrete strip footing. It will be a shallow foundation with a full depth of 900mm. It will raise the tiny house 200mm above ground level to allow ventilation beneath the SIP flooring and be 700mm below ground level. As the site soil is silt soil which is not a great soil type for buildings, the foundation goes deeper than the typical concrete slab foundation for this size. 1250mm 796mm 2215mm 700mm200mm3410mm Concrete wall is 400 mm wide, 700mm deep. Concrete footing is 690mm wide and 200mm deep. 2195mm

TINY HOMES SOLE PLATES

Sole plate attached to foundation through anchor plate anchors.

A double Sole plate arrangement will be used for the SIPs to attach to the foundation. The double sole plate arrangement provides more stability and connection between the foundation and SIP walls, especially in a more windy and rainy environment.

Bottom plate attached through screw anchor.

Bottom plate have chamfered top edge for anchor screw and bolt head. The sole plate will be attached to the foundation wall through anchor plate anchors with a breather and damp proof membrane in between. The bottom plate attaches to the sole plate and foundation through a screw anchor according to a structural engineer’s design.

TINY HOMES FLOOR JOIST & SIP FLOORING SIPs are used as the ground floor due to their structural and thermal qualities. It provides structural framing, insulation and an air barrier. The SIP floor improves the buildings energy efficiency and reduces heat loss and thermal bridging. Using SIP flooring allows the tiny home to be built with the same materials making it more efficient and affordable. 2 Individual panels connected through SIP block splines. 2 Individual panels connected through SIP block splines. Panels measure 4101.6 x 902.5 x 195mm Panels measure 3000x 1097.5 x 195mm The floor panels are placed on top of the of the sole plates. The floor panels are the same thickness as the wall at 195mm.

TINY GROUNDHOMESFLOORSIPS The ground floor SIPs are attached through the double sole plates (refer to detail connections 1-2 on pg. 33). A D E F G H 3000mm 3000mm 2195mm 2195mm 2500mm1805mm 906mm 906mm 4390mm SIPs to come with window systems as required B C A breakup of each labelled panel is on pages 26-29. 195mm thick SIP walls are connected together to form the ground floor walls.

18mm OSB floor decking to be placed on top of SIP top plate

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR & JOISTS

Loft floor space for bed space area

There are 5 floor joists with a 18mm OSB floor decking on top.

The floor joists are added to hold the additional loft space. The loft space opens up the vertical space as a bed area where the residents can sleep, increasing the recreational footprint on the ground floor.

Open web metal floor joists to be used for flooring as they are more cost effective and sustainable than traditional timber joists. However they are protrayed as timber joists for simple illustrative purposes.

Top flange joist hangers for floor joists

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR SIPS Slots for 173mm wide rafter beams 2000mm The loft floor SIPs are attached to the top plates of the ground floor SIPs through the necessary nails and screws. 195mm thick SIP walls are connected to form the loft floor walls which will hold the rafter beams for the roof panels. 800mm A breakup of each labelled panel is on pages 30-32. A C D E F B 74.7 degree angle G

TINY HOMES ROOF 5151mm Roof rafters are 101.6mm x 173mm x 5151mm 4611mm Zinc Roof SIP Roof Panels SIP Block SplineSIP Plates The roof is a pitched roof and is created using the SIP walls as the main part of the roof, which is held by 5 rafters and finished with a standing seam zinc roofing system. Roof breakup on pg. 25.

The tiny home uses timber cladding where the material and colour can vary depending on the section of the tiny homes. The orientation of the cladding can be changed with the rotation of the timber battens, different sections can have different orientations of the cladding to create aesthetic varieties of the tiny homes with minimal changes.

The total thickness of batten and cladding is 58mm, while corner blocks are 60mm.

TINY HOMES TIMBER CLADDING Timber framing around windows to seal cladding edges by windows Standing seam zinc roof Corner block for timber cladding - 60mm x 60mm Vertical cladding - 20mm thick and 100mm wide Timber battens - 38mm x 50mm

2215mm 2195mm 3410mm 4410mm 1105mm 4511mm 400 x 3610 x 750mm 701mm 1105mm

TINY FOUNDATIONHOMESPLAN VIEW

The concrete foundation wall is 400mm wide to fit the double sole plate and hold the SIP flooring. The concrete wall is 700mm deep and the concrete footing is 200mm. The total depth of the foundation is 900mm with 200mm above ground. The highlighted wall acts as a concrete sleeper wall to support the SIP floors.

TINY HOMES SOLE PLATES PLAN VIEW Sole Plates Only Sole and Bottom Plates 47mm gap at end of bottom plate to allow space for end blocks 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 1. 3390 x 400mm 2. 2610 X 400mm 3. 4390 x 400mm 4. 3711.6 x 400mm 5. 2195 x 400mm 6. 701.6 x 400mm 7. 3160 x 400mm All Sole Plates are 47mm in height. 1. 636.5 x 400mm 2. 2906 X 400mm 3. 4296 x 400mm 4. 4007.6 x 400mm 5. 2101 x 400mm 6. 812.6 x 400mm 7. 631.5 x 400mm All Bottom Plates are 47mm in height.

Total of 4 panels used for the ground floor. 4321 195 x 515mm 3000mm 195 x 325mm Panels 1-2 are joined together by a SIP block spline.Panels 3-4 are jointed together by a SIP block spline. Panel Dimensions: All Panels are 195mm thick. 1. 3000 x 1097.5mm 2. 3000 x 1097.5mm 3. 4101.6 x 902.5mm 4. 41016 x 902.5mm

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR AND JOISTS PLAN VIEW 3000mm OSB for floor is 18mm thick 2000mm 3011mm450mm 3011 x 90 x 195mm Top flange joist hanger

TINY GROUNDHOMESANDLOFT FLOOR WALLS PLAN VIEW Letters correspond to ground SIPs breakup pages Letters correspond to Loft floor SIPs breakup pages Ground Floor View Loft Floor View H B A A B G C F D F D G C E E

Zinc Panels - 572.5mm x 515mm Standing seam height - 25mm SIP Block Splines 94mm x 2478mm x 173mm 2 End 5151.6mmBlocksx 173mm x 47mm 2 Top and Bottom Plates 4517.6mm x 173mm x 47mm Engineered timber beams for rafters 5151.6mm x 173mm x 151.6mm 8 Individual Panels with 195mm thickness - 1259.1mm x 2575.5mm 928.6mm 924.5mm 827mm 924.5mm TINY HOMES ROOF BREAKUP PLAN VIEW

TINY HOMES EAST FACADE CROSS SECTION

TINY HOMES WEST FACADE CROSS SECTION

TINY HOMES SOUTH FACADE CROSS SECTION

TINY HOMES NORTH FACADE CROSS SECTION

2. 18 structurally insulated panels joint together to form the loft space walls.

9. Exterior timber cladding added to the timber battens. Timber cladding will either be western red cedar or siberian larch timber.

TINY AXONOMETRICHOMESBREAK UP

6. Double sole plate arrangement to attach wall panels to foundation.

3. 5 Floor joists inserted to hold OSB floor decking.

1. Standing seam zinc roofing system with structurally insulated wall panels for the roof.

7. Continious strip foot foundation as the foundation choice for the tiny home.

4. 17 structurally insulated panels and 1 interior wall joint together to form the ground floor walls.

5. 4 structurally insulated panels joint together to form the ground floor.

7654321

8. Battens added to the exterior OSB of the structurally insulated panels to hold the timber cladding. Model shows vertical battens to hold vertical cladding but can be horizontal battens to hold vertical cladding.

TINY AXONOMETRICHOMESBREAK UP 8 9

TINY HOMES ROOF BREAKUP 21 3 4 5 6 6 5 4 7 Details on connection to SIP roof on pg. 38. ROOF PARTS Total Parts: 1 - Standing Seam Zinc Roof System - 8 Zinc Panels 2 - 8 Roof Panels 1259.1mm x 2575.5mm 3 - 6 SIP Block Splines - 94mm x 2478mm x 173mm 4 - 2 End Blocks - 5151.6mm x 173mm x 47mm 5 - 2 Top Plate - 4517.6mm x 173mm x 47mm 6 - 2 Bottom Plate - 4517.6mm x 173mm x 47mm 7 - 5 Roof Rafters - 5151.6mm x 173mm x 151.6mm Rafter dimensions may vary depending on structural engineer.

TINY GROUNDHOMESFLOORSIPS BREAKUP PANEL A Total Parts: 1 - 3 Panels 2 - 2 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Top Plate 5 - Window Frame Structure 6 - Window - 700mm x 627mm (Double sole plate arrangement at base) PANEL B Total Parts: 1 - 4 Panels 2 - 3 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Top Plate (Double sole plate arrangement at base) 2 1 3 2 3 1 4 4 5 6

TINY GROUNDHOMESFLOORSIPS BREAKUP PANEL C Total Parts: 1 - 4 Panels 2 - 4 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Top Plate 5 - Window Frame Structure 6 - Window - 1600mm x 1600mm (Double sole plate arrangement at base) PANEL D Interior wall frame with OSB as the exterior. Total Parts: 1 - Interior Wall Strucure with pocket door system 2 - OSB as the exterior 3 1 2 2 1 4 5 6

TINY GROUNDHOMESFLOORSIPS BREAKUP PANEL F Total Parts: 1 - 2 Panels 2 - 2 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Top Plate 5 - Window Frame Structure 6 - Window - 400mm x 1495mm (Double sole plate arrangement at base) PANEL E Total Parts: 1 - 1 Panels 2 - 2 End Blocks 3 - 1 Top Plate (Double sole plate arrangement at base) 1 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 3

TINY GROUNDHOMESFLOORSIPS BREAKUP PANEL G Total Parts: 1 - 1 Panels 2 - 2 End Blocks 3 - 1 Top Plate (Double sole plate arrangement at base) PANEL H Total Parts: 1 - 2 Panels 2 - 1 Header Panel 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Top Plate 5 - Pre-framed Lintel (Double sole plate arrangement at base) 3 2 1 3 245 1

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR SIPS BREAKUP PANEL A Total Parts: 1 - 4 Panels 2 - 4 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 3 Top Plate 5 - 1 Bottom Plate 6 - Window Frame Structure 7 - Window - 400mm x 2600mm PANEL B & G Total Parts: 1 - 4 Panels 2 - 3 SIP Block Splines 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Bottom Plate 3 3 1 1 2 2 4 4 5 6 7

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR SIPS BREAKUP PANEL C Total Parts: 1 - 1 Panel 2 - 2 End Blocks 3 - 1 Top Plate 4 - 1 Bottom Plate PANEL D Total Parts: 1 - 2 Panels 2 - 1 SIP Block Spline 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 1 Bottom Plate 3 3 4 4 1 1 2 2

TINY HOMES LOFT FLOOR SIPS BREAKUP PANEL E Total Parts: 1 - 1 Panel 2 - 2 End Blocks 3 - 1 Top Plate 4 - 1 Bottom Plate PANEL F Total Parts: 1 - 3 Panels 2 - 2 SIP Block Spline 3 - 2 End Blocks 4 - 3 Top Plates 5 - 1 Bottom Plate 3 14 2 3 5 4 1 2

1. DOUBLE SILL PLATE CONNECTION 2. GROUND FLOOR SIP TO FOUNDATION CONNECTION Seal void formed for bolt head using foam in a can Seal void formed for bolt head using foam in a can Secure panel using galvanised ring shank nails Secure panel using galvanised ring shank nails Screw anchor (option from structural engineers design) Screw anchor (option from structural engineers design) Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant Treated sw sole plate Treated sw bottom plate with chamfered top edge 47mm47mm TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS Screws + mudguard washers per structural engineers details Floor SIP sits on top of treated sole plate

TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS 3. CORNER CONNECTION 4. SIP BLOCK SPLINE CONNECTION Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant 47mm treated softwood blocking glued and nailed in place Fasten blocking using galvanised ring shank nails Screws + mudguard washers per structural engineers details Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant SIP Block spline glued and nailed in place 47mm Fasten blocking using galvanised ring shank nails

5. LOFT FLOOR CONNECTION TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant Secure wall panel using galvanised ring shank nails 18mm OSB floor decking between header and bottom plate Breather membrane Vertical Battens Exterior Vertical Cladding Batten and Cladding can switch direction to allow horizontol or vertical cladding. Secure bottom panel using galvanised screws Open metal webbed floor joist, Eco joist or Engineered wood I-joist to be used Top flange joist hanger to be used

6. ROOF SPLINE CONNECTION 7. T-JUNCTION CONNECTION TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant Areas for MCPU Adhesive sealant 47mm treated softwood glued and nailed in place Engineered timber beam for roof rafter (to be designed by structural engineer) Screws + mudgaurd washes to structural engineers recommendations Screws + mudgaurd washes to structural engineers recommendations Minimum 75mm support required below panel joint and continous below top spline Fasten SIP Block Spline using galvanised ring shank nails Fasten SIP Block Spline using galvanised ring shank nails SIP Block Spline

Sole plate fixing to concrete foundation wall using anchor plate anchors. 8. SOLE PLATE CONNECTION TO FOUNDATION TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS Breather membrane Anchor plate anchors Treated sw sole plate Concrete foundation

TINY CONNECTIONHOMESDETAILS 9. ZINC ROOF TO ROOF PANEL CONNECTION Seamlock stainless steel clips and stainless steel self-drilling fixings. Seamlock external sheet with 454mm cover Breather membrane with 150mm laps. Structural Insulated Panel (SIP).

TINY ISOMETRICHOMESCOLLAGE

TECHNICAL DISSERTATION CARBON ANALYSIS Aaron Torres, 16042010 Dissertation: 7CTA1141-0905-2021 Assignment 4: TechnicalTutor:DissertationIanOwen 0.455 KgCO2/Kg 0.263 KgCO2/Kg 4.26 KgCO2/Kg

Title Page Content EmbodiedIntroductionPageCarbon Offsetting Carbon GroundDoubleFoundationEmissionsSolePlateFloorPanelsGroundFloorWallsLoftFloorandJoists 10987654321 Loft Floor Walls TimberRoof ReferencesCarbonCarbonEPSHeatingTotalWindowsCladdingEmbodiedCarbonandCoolingvsPUInsulationAnalysisFindingsCalculations18-21171615141312112223 CARBON ANALYSIS CONTENTS

The dissertation is split into 3 sections. The first section is the context explaining what embodied carbon is and the different ways to offset it. The second is the EC calculations of the tiny home, breaking down the analysis into the different layers of the tiny home. The third section is exploring the findings of the calculation with the conclusion and ways to offset the findings.

The EC analysis uses the carbon emissions of each material from The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) database. One of the limitations can be that the data is from 2019 while the other is that the tiny home is constructed mainly from Structurally Insulated Panels (SIPs) which the ICE database does not include. Therefore the calculations have split the SIPs into its different materials which could affect the actual embodied carbon of the tiny homes.

AIMS,INTRODUCTIONOBJECTIVESANDQUESTION

Aims QuestionObjectives Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.18 33 5.94 25.3044 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.05 390 19.5 5.1285 Total Embodied Carbon 865.886

The technical dissertation aims to understand how much carbon the tiny homes embody and explore the ways to offset the amount of embodied carbon. How much carbon is embodied in the tiny home construction and how can the project offset or reduce it?

1. Conduct the carbon calculations on the tiny homes. 2. Analyse the results from the calculations

ICE Database

3. Explore the ways to offset the embodied carbon. This technical dissertation explores the embodied carbon (EC) aspect of the thesis project. It will investigate the EC of the entire tiny home, breaking it down into its various pieces. This will then be used to calculate the total embodied carbon (TEC) for all the tiny homes. Doing an EC analysis will inform the project on how much carbon is incorporated to which the project can work to offset that amount of carbon.

To achieve the aims, the objectives include:

Diagram from Carboncure

Diagram from RIBA’s Embodied and whole life carbon assessment for architects

This analysis aims to understand the total embodied carbon of the tiny homes which will help to highlight how much embodied carbon the project produces. By understanding the amount of embodied carbon there is, the project can then figure out different methods to offset the embodied carbon.

Embodied carbon refers to the carbon emissions released during the extraction, manufacturing, transportation, construction and end-of-life phases of buildings; it accounts for around 11 per cent of all global carbon emissions. Embodied carbon may refer to the embodied carbon of a whole building or the embodied carbon of a single building material. It considers how many greenhouse gases (GHGs) are released throughout the supply chain and includes the extraction of materials from the ground, transport, refining, processing & assembly, in use and end of life. The embodied carbon does not include the operational carbon.

Finding out the embodied carbon allows people to be able to understand how much carbon the project really emits, rather than just the operational carbon emissions. From knowing how much embodied carbon the project emits, then can you start to reach net zero carbon buildings.

CARBON ANALYSIS EMBODIED CARBON

“Buildings are currently responsible for 39% of global energy related carbon emissions: 28% from operational emissions, from energy needed to heat, cool and power them, and the remaining 11% from materials and construction [also known as embodied carbon]...” - World Green Building Council.

There are various ways to offset and reduce the carbon emissions produced by a building. One is to focus on reducing the operational carbon such as using renewable technology within the domestic household or in creating the building. Another is to use low carbon and sustainably sourced materials. The main way of reducing carbon emissions is by repurposing or reusing existing buildings and materials.

Another way to reduce carbon emissions is by using low-carbon concrete mixes. In this case, the foundation calculations specified 3 different concretes, one standard cement with no mix, concrete with fly ash mix and concrete with blast-furnace slag mix. By using the concrete with either fly ash or blast-furnace slag, it reduces the embodied carbon for the foundation drastically.

ANALYSIS

CARBON

Timber has a lower embodied energy than all other mainstream construction materials. Curing, cutting and sourcing timber and using it in construction requires only basic tools and very little energy compared to materials such as brick, metal or plastic which must be heated to extract the raw materials therefore by mainly using timber-based materials like SIPs and OSB will reduce the carbon emissions.

REDUCING AND OFFSETTING CARBON EMISSIONS

SIPs can drastically reduce the waste generated during construction by using advanced optimization software and automated fabrication technology to ensure the most efficient use of material. From the OSB production process to the use of the insulation, all materials used for the SIP are recycled or can be recycled. Offsite manufacturing results in less waste on-site, reduced build time and better quality. Timber has a lower embodied energy Low carbon concrete Reduce waste

For this project, the main way of reducing carbon emissions is the use of structurally insulated panels (SIPs). SIPs main benefits are their airtightness and insulation, with the main aspect of reducing carbon through reducing the energy consumption for heating and cooling.

The Foundation calculations EC of the

CARBON

By using Concrete mixed with 70% blast-furnace slag, it reduces the material emissions from 0.112 and 0.119 to 0.053 and 0.056 which brings the EC to 1052.595 KgCO2/Kg. However GGBS concrete takes longer to set than traditional concrete.

Rebar of Reinforced Concrete EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions 20/25 MPa Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.112 25/30 Mpa Concrete (Foundation Footing) 0.119 RC 20/25 Mpa 40% Fly Ash Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.088 RC 25/30 Mpa Fly 40% Ash Concrete (Foundation Footing) 0.093 RC 20/25 Mpa 70% Blast Furnace Slag Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.053 RC 25/30 Mpa 70% Blast Furnace Slag Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.056

end

The chart below shows the calculations of each concrete type. Therefore to make the foundation as low carbon as possible while still considering sourcing the replacement materials of the concrete, choosing concrete mixed with fly ash is more suitable considering the material is more abundant and available. The EC of the foundation would be 1747.82 Kg of CO2.

data

by road

FOUNDATION EMBODIED CARBON Emissions Calculations

The calculations only include material sourcing to the of the factory processes and not the but the average delivery distance of ready mix concrete is 8.3km

exclude the

Carbon

There are different thresholds on the upper limits of the replacement materials of blast-furnace slag and fly ash. The thresholds are linked to the strength class of the concrete. Fly ash has lower embodied energy and carbon but is limited to a 40% threshold, blast-furnace slag has a higher embodied carbon than fly ash but is able to replace up to 70-80% of the concrete which brings the overall embodied carbon lower. Despite the advantage of GGBS, fly ash is encouraged to be used as the replacement material as fly ash is abundant in supply and large quantities are land filled each year.

transportation

By using Concrete mixed with 40% Fly Ash, it reduces the material emissions from 0.112 and 0.119 to 0.088 and 0.093 which brings the EC to 1747.82 Kg of CO2.

The foundation uses 20/25 MPa concrete for the foundation walls and 25/30 MPa concrete for the foundation footing which brings the carbon emissions to 2228.35 Kg of CO2. To reduce the embodied carbon (EC) of the foundation, it can use concrete that has either a percentage of blast-furnace slag or fly ash mixed into the concrete.

ANALYSIS

CARBON ANALYSIS DOUBLE SOLE PLATES EMBODIED CARBON The treated sole plates embodied carbon uses C16 timber for its calculations. The calculations split the sole and bottom plates into 2 categories and then added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon Carbon Emissions Calculations The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation. The sole plates have a embodied carbon of 42.08 KgC02/Kg. The bottom plates have an embodied carbon of 19.725 KgCO2/Kg. Total embodied carbon is 61.8 Kg of CO2. EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Timber, C16 Soft Wood (Sole Plates) 0.263 0.32 500 160 42.08 Timber, C16 Softwood (Bottom Plates) 0.263 0.15 500 75 19.725 Total Embodied Carbon 61.805 The chart below shows the calculations of each plates.

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material

Planning App.

The top, bottom and end plates have an embodied carbon of 17.44 KgCO2/Kg.

The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation. The OSB of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 90.27 KgCO2/Kg.

Carbon Emissions Calculations

In terms of timber floor construction, it would be similar to the SIP floor structure however joists would be needed to hold the floorboards and insulation. There would also be timber studs in between the insulation creating more chances of thermal bridging. Therefore a traditional timber floor structure would result in a higher embodied carbon since more parts would be needed and be less effective than a SIP floor, it would not reduce thermal bridging or be as airtight as a SIP floor would be.

If the ground floor was made from concrete with the concrete base, insulation and screed, it would already has a higher embodied carbon than the SIP flooring at 1960.04 KgC02/Kg exlcuding any other necessary parts.

(kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project

(kg) = Mass x material emissions Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.31 640 198.4 90.272 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 2.15 33 70.95 302.247 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.17 390 66.3 17.4369 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.015 640 9.6 4.368 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.1 33 3.3 14.058 Total Embodied428.3819Carbon EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions 20/25 MPa Concrete (Concrete Slab) 0.112 1.42 2243.4 3185.628 356.790336 Polyurethane Insulation (Insulation) 4.26 0.35 33 11.55 49.203 CEM I, Ordinary Porland Cement (Screed) 0.912 0.71 2400 1704 1554.048 Total Embodied 1960.041336Carbon The chart below shows the calculations of the SIP floor compared to a concrete floor. 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 SIP Ground Floor Concrete Ground Floor Chart Title 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 SIP Ground Floor Concrete Ground Floor Chart Title 0.00 500.00 1,000.00 1,500.00 2,000.00 2,500.00 SIP Ground Floor Concrete Ground Floor Chart Title

The calculations split the ground floor SIPs into 5 seperate categories and then added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon

ANALYSIS GROUND FLOOR PANELS EMBODIED

The Insulation of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 302.25 KgCO2/Kg.

Total embodied carbon is 428.38 Kg of C02. (KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Volume (m3) Density Emissions

CARBON CARBON

The SIP Block Splines have an embodied carbon of 18.43 KgCO2/Kg.

The calculations uses OSB, C16 Timber and Polyurethane Insulation for its calculations.

Therefore using the SIP as the floor is more effective in reducing the EC of the tiny house.

The Window Frames have an embodied Carbon of 12.3084 KgCO2/Kg. Total embodied carbon is 1125.9825 Kg of C02.

CARBON ANALYSIS GROUND FLOOR WALLS EMBODIED CARBON

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Ground Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.87 640 556.8 253.344 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 5.41 33 178.53 760.5378 ber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blo 0.263 0.41 390 159.9 42.0537 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.27 33 8.91 37.9566 Timber, C24 Softwood (Door Frame) 0.263 0.1 420 42 11.046 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.12 390 46.8 12.3084 Total Embodied 1125.9825Carbon The chart below shows the calculations of the ground floor sip walls.

The Door Frames have an embodied carbon of 11.046 KgCO2/Kg.

The SIPs have a U-value of 0.13 which is a Passivhaus standard. Timber uses 20% of the energy needed for concrete to make a product with equal strength. The OSB of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 253.344 KgCO2/Kg.

The Insulation of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 760.5378 KgCO2/Kg.

The SIP Block Splines have an embodied carbon of 46.6926 KgCO2/Kg.

Carbon Emissions Calculations

The OSB uses 35% less timber used compared to traditional building methods. Compared to a traditional timber frame construction, the SIP wall uses less embodied carbon, from sourcing to processing and transportation, the SIP system uses fewer variety of materials and less timber, with 11mm thick OSB covering the most surface area. The SIP walls contain only 3 materials to manufacture and can be manufacatured and transported from one location reducing the need of various sourcing locations.

The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation. The calculations uses OSB, C16 and C24 Timber and Polyurethane Insulation for its calculations. The calculations split the ground floor SIP walls into 7 seperate categories and then added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon

The Top, Bottom and End plates have an embodied carbon of 42.0537 KgCO2/Kg.

The below

CARBON ANALYSIS LOFT FLOOR AND JOISTS EMBODIED CARBON Carbon Emissions Calculations

The calculations uses OSB, C24 Timber and Hot-Dip Galvanized Steel for its calculations.

The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation.

Total embodied carbon is 1125.9825 Kg of C02.

The Timber Joists have an embodied carbon of 52.7436 KgCO2/Kg. The Joist Hangers have an embodied carbon of 46.2231 KgCO2/Kg.

The OSB floor have an embodied carbon of 52.416 KgCO2/Kg.

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Loft Floor OSB (Loft Floor) 0.455 0.18 640 115.2 52.416 Timber, C24 Softwood (Floor Joists) 0.483 0.26 420 109.2 52.7436 Steel, Hot-dip galvanized (Joist Hanger) 2.76 0.0021 7975 16.7475 46.2231 Total Embodied151.3827Carbon EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Extra OSB to cover Joists 0.455 0.12024 640 76.9536 35.013888

By keeping the joists exposed and not covered, it reduces the need for more OSB needed to cover the joists therefore reducing the EC by 35.014 KgC02/Kg.

The calculations split the loft floor and joists into 3 seperate categories and then added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon.

Its important to note that the actual joist would be an open web joist however a timber joist was used for the calculations.

chart

shows the calculations of the OSB floor, joist and extra OSB to cover joists.

CARBON ANALYSIS LOFT FLOOR WALLS EMBODIED CARBON Carbon Emissions Calculations

data

split the loft floor SIP walls into 6 seperate categories and

SIP

top, bottom

Window

Total embodied carbon is 865.886 Kg of C02.

added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon

The Block Splines have an embodied carbon of 28.2243 KgCO2/Kg.

The calculations

The calculations

The OSB of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 334.88 KgCO2/Kg.

The Insulation of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 472.3488 KgCO2/Kg.

only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation.

The calculations then

uses OSB, C16 Timber and Polyurethane Insulation for its calculations.

The Frames have an embodied Carbon of 5.1285 KgCO2/Kg.

end plates

The and have an embodied carbon of 19.4883 KgCO2/Kg.

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Loft Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 1.15 640 736 334.88 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.36 33 110.88 472.3488 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.19 390 74.1 19.4883 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.18 33 5.94 25.3044 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.05 390 19.5 5.1285 Total Embodied Carbon 865.886 The chart below shows the calculations of the loft floor walls.

The calculations uses OSB, C16 and C24 Timber, Polyurethane Insulation and Zinc for its calculations. The calculations split the roof into 7 seperate categories and then added the total of each category to get the total embodied carbon

A traditional pitched roof can have up to 8 different parts from the tiles, tile battens, counter battens, insulation, service void, rafters and plasterboard. Compared to a traditional pitched roof the SIP roof is able to provide the same and even better structural and thermal qualities within one product which reduces the carbon emissions from sourcing different materials. The tiny home roof system only needs the rafters, Roof SIPs and Zinc roofing system.

The Zinc Sheets have an embodied carbon of 0.6084 KgCO2/Kg. Total embodied carbon is 789.1782 Kg of C02.

Carbon Emissions Calculations

The chart below shows the calculations of the roof buildup. The OSB of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 334.88 KgCO2/Kg.

The Top, Bottom and End plates have an embodied carbon of 19.4883 KgCO2/Kg.

The Roof Rafters have an embodied carbon of 47.4978 KgCO2/Kg.

CARBON ANALYSIS ROOF EMBODIED CARBON

The SIP Block Splines have an embodied carbon of 28.2243 KgCO2/Kg.

The Insulation of the SIPs have an embodied carbon of 472.3488 KgCO2/Kg.

roof (FirstInArchitecture) EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Roof OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.48 640 307.2 139.776 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.84 33 126.72 539.8272 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.24 390 93.6 24.6168 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.2 33 6.6 28.116 Timber, C24 Softwood (Roof Rafters) 0.263 0.43 420 180.6 47.4978 Zinc (Roof) 3.9 0.02 7.8 0.156 0.6084 Total Embodied789.1782Carbon

The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation.

Traditional pitched

CARBON ANALYSIS TIMBER CLADDING EMBODIED CARBON Carbon Emissions Calculations The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation. The calculations use C16 Timber and is split into 2 categories. The Cladding Battens have an embodied carbon of 44.1051 KgCO2/Kg. The Cladding have an embodied carbon of 127.1868 KgCO2/Kg. Total embodied carbon is 171.2919 Kg of C02. The chart below shows the calculations of the timber cladding. EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Timber Cladding Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding Battens) 0.263 0.43 390 167.7 44.1051 Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding) 0.263 1.24 390 483.6 127.1868 Total Embodied171.2919Carbon

CARBON ANALYSIS WINDOW EMBODIED CARBON Carbon Emissions Calculations The data calculations only include material sourcing to the end of the factory processes and not the transportation. Double Glazed Glass is used for the calculations. The calculations only include the glass and does not take into account the window frame materials. The glass have an embodied carbon of 126.1131 KgCO2/Kg. Total embodied carbon is 126.1131 Kg of C02. While the embodied carbon is 126.11 Kg of CO2, the placement of the window can be used together with the orientation to take advantage of the prevailing wind direction and passively cool the house reducing the carbon emissions used for cooling the home. EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Windows Glass, Double Glazing (Windows) 1.63 0.03 2579 77.37 126.1131 The chart below shows the calculations of the timber cladding.

CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS TOTAL EMBODIED CARBON

CO2 Transmission Emission Calculation Weight-based Truck Emission x Tonne-Miles 161.8 x 1540 = 249,172g of CO2 or 249kg of CO2 Mileage x Tonnes = Tonne-Miles 70m x 22 = 1540 tonne-miles

The charts highlight the embodied carbon for one tiny home excluding transport.

The carbon emissions to transport the materials, based on a standard semi-trailer truck is 249Kg of CO2 per lorry. One transport truck is able to hold materials for 3 tiny homes excluding the concrete for the foundation.

The total embodied carbon for 25 tiny homes including the transportation emissions for both ways is 141,178.03 Kg of CO2 or 141.178 tonnes of CO2. In the UK, the average masonry house takes between 50 and 80 tonnes of CO2 to build, therefore the TEC of all tiny homes including transportation is equal to building 2-3 average masonry homes in the UK. Therefore to transport the 25 tiny homes needed for the site would take 9 trucks to transport the necessary amount of materials for all the tiny homes which would be 2241Kg of CO2 one way and 4482 Kg of C02 two ways.

Using concrete mixed with fly ash will reduce the total embodied carbon (TEC) of one tiny home to 5467.841Kg of CO2, reducing the EC by 480.89 Kg. With a total of 25 tiny homes, it would be a total of 136,696.03 Kg of CO2. Comparing the two, using a lower carbon concrete for the foundation will reduce the TEC for 25 tiny homes by 12,013.32 Kg of CO2.

The tiny home is mainly composed of structurally insulated panels (SIPs) with it accounting for the walls, ground floor and roof. The total EC based on the EC calculations from The Inventory of Carbon and Energy (ICE) excluding transport is 5948.374 Kg of CO2. The site holds 25 tiny homes meaning the EC for all the tiny homes would be 148,709.35 Kg of CO2.

Rather than offsetting the carbon emissions and energy usage directly through domestic technology, the SIPs focus on reducing the heating and cooling needs of the building through its airtightness, reduced thermal bridging and insulation. Heating and cooling account for 50% of energy use in the average home, making insulation the natural starting point to profoundly impact a structure’s energy performance. SIPs provide high-performance continuous insulation that maintains its stated R-value for the lifetime of the structure.

Based on the Insulation for Environmental Sustainability A Guide by XCO2, Buildings are responsible for 50% of EU energy use. The diagram highlights that insulation is the greatest potential in saving C02 emissions compared to other building measures. Using the SIPs significantly improves the thermal insulation of the building compared to traditional timber frame construction. The SIPs have a U-value of 0.13 which is within the Passivhaus standards.

CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS

HEATING AND COOLING SIP Block Spline highlighted

The external walls and roof panels contain SIP block splines to connect the panels with minimal timber only on the top, bottom and endplates. The block splines lower the chances of thermal bridging and heat loss by being an insulated block rather than a timber stud. Shading and cooling can be reduced by 10% during the summer through the trees on the site. The shade from the trees is able to reduce the cooling costs typically used during summer.

Diagram from Insulation for Sustainability: A Guide, XCO2 Conisbee – 2002

Diagram from Insulation for Sustainability: A Guide, XCO2 Conisbee 2002

Most SIPs today use two types of insulation - polyurethane (PU) or expanded polystyrene (EPS). Depending on the SIP manufacturers and experts there are different arguments on the benefits of each insulation. While PU insulation provides better insulation qualities than EPS, EPS insulation has the lowest energy consumption of the entire plastic life cycle and is more affordable. Therefore it’s a matter of balancing affordability, efficiency and sustainability aspects. In the case of this project, the manufacturer and distribution centre of the SIPs are located in one location reducing the transport emissions. The chosen SIP manufacturer also uses PU insulation as their core, therefore the calculations use PU insulation for the core of the SIP walls, floor and roof. In terms of insulation, the energy saved over the building lifetime due to the insulation outweighs the embodied carbon of the insulation.

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.31 640 198.4 90.272 Expanded Polystyrene Insulation (SIP Insulation) 3.29 2.15 33 70.95 233.4255 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.17 390 66.3 17.4369 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.015 640 9.6 4.368 Expanded Polystyren (SIP Block Insulation) 3.29 0.1 33 3.3 10.857 Total Embodied356.3594Carbon EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3) Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.31 640 198.4 90.272 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 2.15 33 70.95 302.247 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.17 390 66.3 17.4369 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.015 640 9.6 4.368 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.1 33 3.3 14.058 Total Embodied428.3819Carbon

Although the EC of using EPS insulation is lower than Polyurethane (PU) insulation, PU insulation has a higher R-Value and better chemical, fire and moisture resistance compared to EPS insulation making it a more efficient option than EPS insulation. PU can also be used to glue the insulation and OSB boards together while EPS insulation has to use poly-based adhesive which would increase the EC of the EPS SIPs.

Insulation is key in reducing the operational carbon emissions of the building. By insulating the homes and buildings properly with an appropriate thickness, it reduces the need to use air conditioning and heating devices. In this case, choosing the right insulation is also key taking into consideration the embodied carbon of the insulation and its performance qualities.

EPS PolyurethaneInsulationInsulation

–

Chart comparing EPS and PU Insulation INSULATION: EPS VS PU CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS

The total embodied carbon excluding the carbon storage of the timber is 5467.841 Kg of CO2. With the carbon storage, it is 3996.437 Kg of CO2 reducing the embodied carbon by 14071.404 Kg of CO2 per tiny home. With a total of 25 tiny homes, the total embodied carbon (TEC) including carbon storage is 99,910.925Kg of CO2 compared to 136,696.03 Kg of C02. Therefore the carbon storage aspect of timber reduces the TEC of all the tiny homes by 36,785.11 Kg of CO2 or 36.785 metric tonnes.

390 93.6 -145.08 OSB (SIP Block Spline) -1.5 0.03 640 19.2 -28.8 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.2 33 6.6 28.116 Timber, C24 Softwood (Roof Rafters) -1.55 0.43 420 180.6 -279.93 Zinc (Roof) 3.9 0.02 7.8 0.156 0.6084 Timber Cladding Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding Battens) -1.55 0.43 390 167.7 -259.935 Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding) -1.55 1.24 390 483.6 -749.58 Windows Glass, Double Glazing (Windows) 1.63 0.03 2579 77.37 126.1131 Total Embodied -1471.40468Carbon EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3)Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) Mass material emissions Foundation RC 20/25 Mpa 40% Fly Ash Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.088 6 2243.4 13460.4 1184.5152 RC 25/30 Mpa Fly 40% Ash Concrete (Foundation Footing) 0.093 2.2 2753.2 6057.04 563.30472 Double Sill Plates Timber, C16 Softwood (Sole Plates) 0.263 0.32 500 160 42.08 Timber, C16 Softwood (Bottom Plates) 0.263 0.15 500 75 19.725 Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.31 640 198.4 90.272 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 2.15 33 70.95 302.247 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.17 390 66.3 17.4369 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.015 640 9.6 4.368 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.1 33 3.3 14.058 Ground Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.87 640 556.8 253.344 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 5.41 33 178.53 760.5378 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.41 390 159.9 42.0537 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.27 33 8.91 37.9566 Timber, C24 Softwood (Door Frame) 0.263 0.1 420 42 11.046 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.12 390 46.8 12.3084 Loft Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 1.15 640 736 334.88 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.36 33 110.88 472.3488 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.19 390 74.1 19.4883 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.18 33 5.94 25.3044 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.05 390 19.5 5.1285 Loft Floor OSB (Loft Floor) 0.455 0.18 640 115.2 52.416 Timber, C24 Softwood (Floor Joists) 0.483 0.26 420 109.2 52.7436 Steel, Hot-dip galvanized (Joist Hanger) 2.76 0.0021 7975 16.7475 46.2231 Roof OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.48 640 307.2 139.776 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.84 33 126.72 539.8272 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.24 390 93.6 24.6168 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.2 33 6.6 28.116 Timber, C24 Softwood (Roof Rafters) 0.263 0.43 420 180.6 47.4978 Zinc (Roof) 3.9 0.02 7.8 0.156 0.6084 Timber Cladding Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding Battens) 0.263 0.43 390 167.7 44.1051 Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding) 0.263 1.24 390 483.6 127.1868 Windows Glass, Double Glazing (Windows) 1.63 0.03 2579 77.37 126.1131 Total Embodied 5467.84122Carbon

Timber parts highlighted Total Embodied Carbon with storage is 5467.841 - 1471.404 Kg of C02.

Joists) -1.55 0.26 420 109.2

Steel, Hot-dip galvanized

Hanger) 2.76 0.0021 7975 16.7475 46.2231 Roof OSB (SIP Exterior) -1.5 0.48 640 307.2 -460.8 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.84 33 126.72 539.8272 Timber, C16 Softwood

SUSTAINABLY SOURCED TIMBER AND CARBON STORAGE CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS OFFSETTING THE EMBODIED CARBON Emissions Calculations Including Carbon Storage Material Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3)Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) Mass material emissions Foundation RC 20/25 Mpa 40% Fly Ash Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.088 2243.4 13460.4 1184.5152 RC 25/30 Mpa Fly 40% Ash Concrete (Foundation Footing) 0.093 2.2 2753.2 6057.04 563.30472 Double Sill Plates Timber, C16 Softwood (Sole Plates) -1.55 0.32 500 160 -248 Timber, C16 Softwood (Bottom Plates) -1.55 0.15 500 75 -116.25 Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) -1.5 0.31 640 198.4 -297.6 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 2.15 33 70.95 302.247 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) -1.55 0.17 390 66.3 -102.765 OSB (SIP Block Spline) -1.5 0.015 640 9.6 -14.4 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.1 33 3.3 14.058 Ground Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) -1.5 0.87 640 556.8 -835.2 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 5.41 33 178.53 760.5378 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) -1.55 0.41 390 159.9 -247.845 OSB (SIP Block Spline) -1.5 0.03 640 19.2 -28.8 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.27 33 8.91 37.9566 Timber, C24 Softwood (Door Frame) -1.55 0.1 420 42 -65.1 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) -1.55 0.12 390 46.8 -72.54 Loft Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) -1.5 1.15 640 736 -1104 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.36 33 110.88 472.3488 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) -1.55 0.19 390 74.1 -114.855 OSB (SIP Block Spline) -1.5 0.03 640 19.2 -28.8 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.18 33 5.94 25.3044 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) -1.55 0.05 390 19.5 -30.225 Loft Floor OSB (Loft Floor) -1.5 0.18 640 115.2 -172.8 Timber, C24 Softwood

160,000.00140,000.00120,000.00100,000.0080,000.0060,000.0040,000.0020,000.000.00

Total Embodied Carbon of 25 Tiny Homes, exluding Carbon Storage Total Embodied Carbon of 25 Tiny Homes including Carbon Storage

Chart TitleGraph comparing the TEC of the total tiny homes with and without carbon storage Carbon calculations of a single tiny home with and without carbon storage

In terms of offsetting the embodied carbon, one way is the carbon storage of timber. The OSB and softwoods used in the tiny homes can store carbon which reduces the carbon emissions of the project. Based on the ICE Database, carbon storage can only be claimed if the timber is sustainably sourced. As the project aims to be as environmentally friendly as possible, sustainably sourced materials will be used. Therefore the carbon calculations have also been done including the carbon storage. (Floor -169.26 (Joist (SIP 0.24

Top, Bottom and End Blocks) -1.55

TREES AND CARBONVEGETATIONANALYSIS FINDINGS OFFSETTING THE EMBODIED CARBON

Chestnut tree Hazel TreesLarge London Plane Trees Lime Trees English Oak Trees Elm Trees

Chestnut, English Oak trees and London Plane trees are the large trees which are the ones more likely to absorb more CO2 than the rest. Shading and cooling can be reduced by 10% during the summer through the trees on the site. The shade from the trees is able to reduce the cooling costs typically used during summer.

Trees are a large part of the site with many trees spread throughout the site. They are also key in absorbing surrounding carbon emissions and offsetting the carbon emissions. Trees are good at holding onto carbon for long periods, even after the tree stops growing. Roughly 50% of the dry mass of a tree is carbon, much of which is stored in the wood fibres.

There are around 40 trees on the site with some having several trunks. There are 25 large main trees with the rest being medium and smaller-sized trees. The average carbon storage of a tree in the UK is 21 Kg of CO2 per year. In terms of the site with 40 trees, approximately 840 Kg of carbon is stored per year. Based on how much the trees alone absorb carbon with an average of 21kg of CO2 per year it would take 118 years to offset the total embodied carbon of the tiny homes.

The SIPs provide various benefits in offsetting the embodied carbon through:

SIPs can drastically reduce the waste generated during construction by using advanced optimization software and automated fabrication technology to ensure the most efficient use of material. From the OSB production process to the use of the insulation, all materials used for the SIP are recycled or can be recycled. Offsite manufacturing results in less waste on-site, reduced build time and better quality.

1. The OSB uses 35% less timber used compared to traditional building methods. Timber uses 20% of the energy needed for concrete to make a product with equal strength.

Another crucial aspect is that the tiny homes can be build reusing previous SIPs meaning the reused or recycled SIPs have a lower carbon footprint as the carbon used to make them has already been spent.

For this project, the main way of reducing and offsetting the carbon emissions is the use of structurally insulated panels (SIPs). SIPs main benefits are their airtightness and insulation, with the main aspect of reducing carbon emissons through reducing the energy consumption for heating and cooling.

Comparing a SIP building to a traditional timber frame building or brick and masonry buildng, the SIP building provides various benefits over the two. One being a lower embodied carbon, another is the efficency of consruction labour and cost.

STRUCTURALLY INSULATED PANELS CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS

OFFSETTING THE EMBODIED CARBON

2. The SIPs have a U-value of 0.13 which is a Passivhaus standard.

3. Building is nearly entirely made of SIPs, reducing sourcing different materials.

5. SIPs reduce heat loss and improve energy efficiency.

6. Specialist design and cutting systems ensure that minimal waste, any excess materials can be recycled or re-purposed.

4. SIPs improve the airtightness and reduce cold bridging therefore the amount of energy used to heat and cool a room can be cut by up to 50%.

ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS CARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS

Different materials can be used to provide a lower embodied carbon for the tiny homes such as straw, hemp, rammed earth or bamboo. Each one comes with its pros and cons and has been considered however while it can provide a lower carbon impact in terms of the construction materials for the project, it would not be as appropriate and fitting to the context and location of the site as structurally insulated panels (SIPS) are.

Bamboo Therefore the use of SIPs as the main material over materials like straw, hemp, rammed earth or bamboo is more appropriate in providing a design that could blend in more with the site area with their characteristics and materials. The local area has an emphasis on the historical features of their buildings with the design proposal taking influence from them, aiming not to be too visually contrasting in terms of materials or shape. Straw construction is not a common construction material therefore finding a construction specialist will be more difficult and more expensive. Like any natural material like rammed earth and bamboo, it is relatively newer, especially in the UK than in the US, therefore, is more currently done as a self-build unit and not as a commercial or larger-scale residential project. Sourcing these materials can be an issue, SIPs are a more local and available material than procuring straw, hemp or bamboo as a construction material in the UK. Building the tiny homes out of rammed earth would dramatically increase the labour costs of the tiny homes as it would need specialists for it. It is more widely created as a self build project. Climate wise, it is not as appropriate due to a colder climate, it would require more insulation than typically needed such as a foam wall with stucco on the outside. Rammed earth would increase reduce the affordability and increase the construction costs and time.

Rammed Earth Straw

HempcreteBale

0 20000 40000 60000 80000 100000 120000 Total Embodied Carbon for 1 Tiny Home Total Embodied Carbon for 25 Tiny Homes Total Embodied Carbon for 25 Tiny Home and Transport Embodied Carbon for 1 Typical UK 2 Bedroom House Chart TitleComparison Graph

Overall the design proposition follows a simple and minimalist design to provide a more efficient and sustainable construction process and result using structurally insulated panels. Each design element from the building form, construction, and materials to the interior ensures a low carbon impact whilst still considering the user in the design. The carbon analysis also support that the tiny homes do provide a lower embodied carbon by comparing the TEC of 25 tiny homes to 2 traditional masonry homes.

There have been several methods to reduce the embodied carbon of the tiny homes, from using sustainably sourced timber and Structurally Insulated Panels to low carbon concrete and using the natural carbon-capturing properties of the site trees. The main aspect of reducing and offsetting the carbon would be the SIPs, low carbon concrete and timber materials of the tiny homes.

The total embodied carbon of all the entire homes can be said to have a low embodied carbon with the overall final TEC of the 25 tiny homes including the transport is 104,392.914 Kg of CO2, which is equivalent to 1-2 typical UK masonry homes.

CONCLUSIONCARBON ANALYSIS FINDINGS

However, the main way of reducing carbon for the tiny homes is by reducing their operational carbon rather than the embodied carbon. The operational carbon is drastically reduced due to its small footprint, building materials and appliances. The SIPs with their airtightness and thick insulation reduce the heating and cooling costs of the home with the large windows reducing the need for lighting during the daytime. The design of the tiny home focused more on reducing the operational carbon than the embodied but can still be considered to have a low embodied carbon for the project.

While the trees provide carbon storage and carbon sequestering properties, it is difficult to calculate exactly how much carbon they can absorb due to not knowing the age of the trees, hence why the average of 21kg of CO2 was used for the calculations.

EmissionsMaterialCalculations Material(KgCO2/Kg)Emissions Planning App. Volume (m3)Density (kg/m3) Mass (Kg) Project Emissions (kg) = Mass x material emissions Foundation RC 20/25 Mpa 40% Fly Ash Concrete (Foundation Walls) 0.088 6 2243.4 13460.4 1184.5152 RC 25/30 Mpa Fly 40% Ash Concrete (Foundation Footing) 0.093 2.2 2753.2 6057.04 563.30472 Double Sill Plates Timber, C16 Softwood (Sole Plates) 0.263 0.32 500 160 42.08 Timber, C16 Softwood (Bottom Plates) 0.263 0.15 500 75 19.725 Ground Floor SIP Panels OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.31 640 198.4 90.272 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 2.15 33 70.95 302.247 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.17 390 66.3 17.4369 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.015 640 9.6 4.368 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.1 33 3.3 14.058 Ground Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.87 640 556.8 253.344 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 5.41 33 178.53 760.5378 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.41 390 159.9 42.0537 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Insulation) 4.26 0.27 33 8.91 37.9566 Timber, C24 Softwood (Door Frame) 0.263 0.1 420 42 11.046 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.12 390 46.8 12.3084 Loft Floor SIP Walls OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 1.15 640 736 334.88 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.36 33 110.88 472.3488 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.19 390 74.1 19.4883 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.18 33 5.94 25.3044 Timber, C16 Softwood (Window Frame) 0.263 0.05 390 19.5 5.1285 Loft Floor OSB (Loft Floor) 0.455 0.18 640 115.2 52.416 Timber, C24 Softwood (Floor Joists) 0.483 0.26 420 109.2 52.7436 Steel, Hot-dip galvanized (Joist Hanger) 2.76 0.0021 7975 16.7475 46.2231 Roof OSB (SIP Exterior) 0.455 0.48 640 307.2 139.776 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Insulation) 4.26 3.84 33 126.72 539.8272 Timber, C16 Softwood (SIP Top, Bottom and End Blocks) 0.263 0.24 390 93.6 24.6168 OSB (SIP Block Spline) 0.455 0.03 640 19.2 8.736 Polyurethane Insulation (SIP Block Spline) 4.26 0.2 33 6.6 28.116 Timber, C24 Softwood (Roof Rafters) 0.263 0.43 420 180.6 47.4978 Zinc (Roof) 3.9 0.02 7.8 0.156 0.6084 Timber Cladding Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding Battens) 0.263 0.43 390 167.7 44.1051 Timber, C16 Softwood (Cladding) 0.263 1.24 390 483.6 127.1868 Windows Glass, Double Glazing (Windows) 1.63 0.03 2579 77.37 126.1131 Total Embodied CarbonCarbon Storage 5467.84122 -1471.40468 Total Embodied Carbon with Carbon Storage 3996.437 Kg of CO2 The carbon calculations only includes sourcing to final processing and excludes transport carbon emissions. CARBON ANALYSIS CARBON CALCULATIONS The carbon calculations specify the embodied carbon for a single tiny home. It only includes cradle to gate embodied carbon. For specific calculations relating to a different parts of the tiny home, refer to the corresponding pages. For the total embodied carbon of all the tiny homes including transport refer to pg.18.

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CARBON ANALYSIS

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