ဓမၼစၾကာနွင့္၀ိပႆနာတရားေတာ္

"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf "r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

þ"r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåefudk em,laeaom odkYr[kwf zwf½I aeaom olawmfaumif; wpfOD;onfvnf; aAGaqmfOD;w&m; jzpfonfh þ"r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåefü vm&Sdonfh opömav;yg;ESifh pyfaom w&m;pum;awmfwdkY tay:ü,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m; tjynfht0&SdzdkYum; vdktyfygonf/ r,Hkwpf0uf ,Hkwpf0uf rsufvHk;jzifh Munfh½Ijcif;ç em;jzifh em;axmifjcif;wkdYum; ausmufrsuf&wem tppftrSefudk twkty ausmufcJ[k xifum twktyjzpfonfh ausmufwHk; ausmufcJudk rGefjrwfonfh &wem tppf[k ,lqonfESifhvnf; wlayonf/ twkudk twkrSef;odum a&SmifMuOfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;&SdzdkYç tppfukd tppfrSef; odum odrf;ydkufxm;Ekdifonfh pGrf;tm;&SdzdkYum; txl; vdktyfvSayonf/ (pmrsufESm-5)

&[ef;wkdY ... igbk&m;onf ukd,fqif;&JrI 'ku©ESifhwuG pdwf rcsrf;omrI a'greóESifhwuG t&d,opömav;yg;wdkYudk xdk;xGif; odjrifjcif;udkum; a[mawmfrrlyg/ udk,fcsrf;omjcif; okcESifhwuG pdwfcsrf;omjcif; aomreóESifhwuGomvQif t&d,opömav;yg; wkdYudk xkd;xGif; odjrifjcif;ukdum; igbk&m;&Sifonf a[mMum;awmf rlyg\/ (pmrsufESm-26)

bk&m;&Sifonf or®moarÁm"d trnf&onfh &[wår*fÓPf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfBuD;udk &awmfrlonfh aeYrSpí y&dedAÁmef 0ifpH csKyfNidrf; 'ku©Zmwfodrf;awmfrlonfh aeYodkY wdkdifatmif av;qJhig;0gwdkY umvywfvHk; a[mMum;ñTefjy qdkqHk;r xm;awmfrl tyfaom w&m;awmf rSeforQonf a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;r awmf rlonfh twdkif; rSefonfomvQif jzpf\/ rrSef[laom tjcm; wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfay/ (pmrsufESm-2)

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

earm wó b*0awm t&[awm or®morÁK'¨ó/

ed'geuxm = rdwfqufvTm wxm*wtrnf&awmfrjl cif; oHk;avmuxG#fxm; oAÁnKor®morÁK'¨ bk&m;&Sifudk wxm*w[lí ac:qdk&jcif;ü taMumif;w&m;rsm; rsm;pGm&SdaeMu\/ ,if;taMumif; w&m;rsm;pGmwdkYteuf taMumif;w&m; wpfrsKd;rSm þodkYjzpf\/

,Íö bdu©a0 &wå ð wxm*awm tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"ð tbdorÁKZÑwd? ,Íö &wå ð tEkyg'daoom, edAmÁ e"mwk,m y&deAd mÁ ,wd? ,H {wo® ð tEÅa& bmowd vywd ed'o d´ wd? oAÁH wH wax0 a[mwd? aem tnxm/ wo®m ]]wxm*awm}}wd y0kpöwd/ ('D-3-111/ tH-1-332/) &[ef;wdkY ...wxm*wtrnf&awmfrlaom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m; onf tMuifnOfhüvnf; twkr&dS tjrwfqHk;jzpfonfh t&[wår*fÓPf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfBuD;udk xdk;xGif;í odjrifawmfrl\/ (r[m ouú&mZf 103-ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhaeY njzpf\/) tMuifnOfhüvnf; 0dygufur®Z½kyf t<uif;r&Sdaom tEkyg'daoo edAÁme"mwfjzifh y&dedAÁmef 0ifpHawmfrl\/ (r[mouú&mZf 148-ckESpf? uqkefvjynfhaeY njzpf\/) xkdnOhfESpfnOfhwdkY\ twGif;ü av;qJhig;0g umvywfvHk; tMuif w&m;awmfudk a[mMum;awmfrl\? >ruf[awmfrl\? ñTefjyawmfrl\/ xkda[majym->ruf[-ñTefjyawmfrltyfaom w&m;tvHk;pHkonf a[m Mum;awmfro l nft h wdik ;f ç >ruf[awmfro l nft h wdik ;f ç ñTejf yawmfro l nfh twdik ;f rSeo f nfomvQif jzpf\/ rrSe[ f al om tjcm;wpfrsKd;aom tjcif; t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfay/ xdkaMumifh oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;udk wxm*w [lí ac:qdktyfayonf/ ('D-3-111/tH-1-332/) bk&m;&Sifonf or®moarÁm"d trnf&onfh t&[wår*fÓPf oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfBuD;udk &awmfrlonfh aeYrSpí y&dedAÁmef 0ifpH csKyfNidrf; 'ku©Zmwfodrf;awmfrlonfh aeYodkYwdkifatmif av;qJhig;0gwdkY umvywfvHk; a[mMum;ñTefjy qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrltyfaom w&m;awmf rSeforQonf a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrlonfhtwdkif; rSefonfomvQif jzpf\/ rrSef[laom tjcm;wpfrsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh rjzpfay/ xd k a Mumif h "r® p uú y Ü 0 wå e ok w å e f w nf ; [l a om þw&m;a'oem awmf o nf v nf ; a[mMum;jyo qdq k ;kH rawmfro l nft h wdik ;f rSeo f nfom vQif jzpf\? rrSe[ f al om tjcm;wpfyg;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifu h m; rjzpfay/ t&d,molrGefwdkYom xkd;xGif;odjriftyfonfh opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfwdkYjzifh udk,fwdkifrsufarSmuf xGif;azmufodjrifvdkaom olawmfaumif; oljrwfavmif; rSeforQonf wxm*w trnf&awmfrlaom bk&m;&Sif tay:üaomfvnf;aumif;ç bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrlonfh "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåef t0iftygjzpfonfh w&m;a'oemawmf tay:üaomfvnf;aumif;ç bk&m;&Sif ñTefMum;jyo qdq k ;kH rawmfro l nft h wdik ;f r*¾i&f pS yf g; usiphf Of w&m;wdu Yk kd pepfwus ½dak ousK;d EGpH mG ,Hrk mS ;oHo,uif;&Si;f pGm usiMhf uH BuKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf wmfrMl uojzifh opömav;yg;udk xd;k xGi;f odjrifawmfrMl uonfh t&Siaf um@n trSL;&So d nfh t&d,moHCmwdkY tay:üaomfvnf;aumif; ,HkMunfcsuf o'¨gw&m; xif&Sm;&SdzdkYum; tvGef vdktyfvSayonf/ 3

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf tb,ftaMumif;aMumifyh genf;

wxm*wtrnf &&Sdawmfrlaom bk&m;&wemç r*fav;yg; zdkvf av;yg; edAÁmef[lonfh avmukwå&mw&m; udk;yg;ESifhwuG wxm*w bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rxm;awmfrltyfaom y&d,wfw&m; awmf[lonfh q,fwefaom w&m;&wemç t&Sifaum@n uJhodkYaom t&d,moHCm&wemç uH-uH\tusKd;w&m; ponfwdkYonfum; ,HkMunf rI o'¨gw&m; xif&Sm;jzpfay:vmzdkY&ef o'¨gw&m;\ wnf&m oa'¨,s 0w¬KwdkY jzpfMu\/ 11/ o'´g½kH = toHç 12/ *E¨m½Hk = teHYç 13/ &om½Hk = t&omç Ä azm|AÁm½Hk = tawGUtxd (= yx0D+awaZm+0ga,m)? bm0½kyf (2) yg; 14/ £w¬dbm0½kyf = trsKd;o®D; jzpfaMumif;½kyfç 15/ yk&dobm0½kyf = trsKd;om; jzpfaMumif;½kyf? [',0w¬K½kyf (1) yg; 16/ [',0w¬K½kyf = raem"mwf+ raem0dnmP"mwf[laom todpdwf wdkY\ rDS&m½kyf?

ZD0dw½kyf (1) yg; 17/ ZD0dwda`E´ = oufapmifh½kyf = oufapmifh"mwf? tm[m&Z½kyf (1) yg; 18/ uAVDum&m[m& = pm;rsKt d yfaom tpmtm[m&ü yg0ifwnf&dS aom tqDtap;MoZmvQif wnf&m0w¬K&adS om ur®ZMoZmç pdwåZMoZmç OwkZMoZmç tm[m&ZMoZm? (þusrf;pm pmrsufESm-373wGif Munfhyg/) þonfwdkYum; ½kyftppf (18)rsKd;wdkYwnf;/ vu©Pma&;oHk;wef wifum ½IyGm;oHk;oyfjcif;iSmxdkufaom or®oe½kyfwdkYwnf;/

tedyEæ ½é yk f = ½kyt f wk (10) yg; y&dapä'½kyf (1) yg; 1/ tmumo"mwf = ½kyfuvmyfwdkYudk ydkif;jcm;aMumif;jzpfaom y&dapä' ½kyf?

0dum&½kyf (5) yg; 2/ um,0dnwf = udk,fjzifhodapwwfaom ukd,ftrlt&mç 3/ 0pD0dnwf = EIwfjzifh = pum;oHjzifh odapwwfaom EIwf trlt&mç 4/ v[kwm = pdwfç Owkç tm[m&aMumifhjzpfaom pdwåZç OwkZç tm[m&Z½kyfwdkY\ ayghrIoabmç 5/ rk'kwm = pdwåZç OwkZç tm[m&Z½kyfwdkY\ El;nHhrIoabmç 6/ ur®nwm = pdwZå ç OwkZç tm[m&Z½kyw f \ Ykd xkx d akd uG;jcif; qefjY cif;paomtrIü aumif;rGecf n hH m;rIoabm?

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

vu©P½kyf (4) yg; 7/ Oyp, = (u) b0wpfckü ½kyftppfwdkY\ a&S;OD;tp jzpfjcif; oabm = tmp, ( c ) £a`E´ j ynf h p H k o nf h w d k i f a tmif = b0wpf c k ü &xk d u f orQaom ½k y f w d k Y \ tjynf h t pH k jzpfonfhwkdifatmif ½kyftppfwdkY\ txuftxufü wdk;wufí jzpfjcif; oabm = Oyp,?

8/ oEÅwd = b0wpfcük £a`Ej´ ynfph NkH y;D aemuf ½kyt f ppfw\ Ykd a&SUESihf aemuf tpOfrjywf qufpyfvsuf txyfxyf jzpfjcif; oabm?

9/ Z&wm = ½kyftppfwdkY\ &ifhjcif;ç tdkjcif;ç aqG;ajrUjcif;oabm = ½kyftppfwdkY\ XDumv?

10/ tedpöwm = ½kyftppfwdkY\ ysufjcif;oabm = bifumv/ þ½kyftwk (10)rsKd;wdkYum; vu©Pma&;oHk;wefodkYwifum 0dyóem r½Iaumif;aom ½kyfw&m;wdkYwnf;/ od k Y t wG u f 0d y óemyd k i f ; wG i f þ½k y f t wk w d k Y u d k csef v S y f x m;yg/ od k Y a omf ½k y f e mrf u d k od r f ; qnf ; onf h emr½lyy&dapä'ÓPfydkif;wGif ,if;½kyftwkwkdYudkyg a&maESmí odrf;qnf; &ef 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxm (0dok'¨d-2-225)ESifh rZÑrd edum,f r[m&m[kavm0g'okweå f t|uxm (r-|-3-97/)wku Yd ñTeMf um;xm;awmfrMl uonf/ tmumo"mwfukd ½I&ef r[m&m[kavm0g'okwåef ponfwdkYü ñTefMum; xm;awmfrl\/ vu©Pm[m&aewådenf;t& Oyg'g½kyfjzpfjcif; oabm vu©Pmtm;jzifh wlnD&um; Oyg'g½kyftm;vHk;udk tmumo"mwfü aygif;pkum a[mMum;oGm;awmfrljcif; jzpfonf[k taMumif;jyxm; awmfrl\/ (r-|-3-97/)

½kyw f \ Ykd jzpfyo kH abm þtxufwGif wifjyxm;aom ½kyfwdkYonf wpfvHk;csif; jzpfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm;r&dSbJ tkyfpkac:onfh ½kyfuvmyftvdkufom jzpfEdkifonfh pGrf;tm; &SdMu\/ uvmyfwpfcktwGif;ü wnf&Sdaom ½kyfw&m;wdkYudk uvmyfwl½kyfw&m;[k ac:\/ ,if;uvmyfwl½kyfwdkYonf 1/ {ukyÜg' = NydKifwljzpf\ç 2/ {ueda&m" = NydKifwlcsKyf\ç 3/ {uedó, = uvmyfwlr[mbkwfudk rSDojzifh rSD&mwl\/ ,if;½kyu f vmyfwrYdk mS ur®Zuvmyf (9)pnf;ç pdwZå uvmyf (8)pnf;ç OwkZuvmyf (4)pnf;ç tm[m&Zuvmyf (2)pnf; - aygif; (23)pnf; &Sd Mu\/ þum; trsKd;tpm;udkom qdkvdkonf/ wpfrsKd;wpfrsKd; ü ta&twGufum; rsm;pGm&Sdonfom jzpfonf/

ur®Z½kyu f vmyf (9) pnf; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/ 8/

pu©K'ouuvmyf = pu©KtMunfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfç aomw'ouuvmyf = aomwtMunfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç Cme'ouuvmyf = CmetMunfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &dS aom ½kyfuvmyfç Zd0gS 'ouuvmyf = Zd0SgtMunfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyf = um,tMunfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &dS aom ½kyfuvmyfç £w¬b d m0'ouuvmyf = £w¬dbm0½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf&dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç ykrÇmbm0'ouuvmyf = a,musfm;bm0½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç [','ouuvmyf = [',0w¬K½kyfvQif (10)ckajrmuf &dS aom ½kyfuvmyfç 5

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf 9/ ZD0dwe0uuvmyf

= ZD0dwvQif (9)ckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyf uvmyf?

pdwZå ½kyu f vmyf (8) pnf; 1/ pdwZå ok'|¨ uuvmyf = oufoufaom pdwZå MoZ|ruuvmyf = MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&adS om oufoufaom pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfç 2/ um,0dnwåde0uuvmyf = um,0dnwfvQif (9)ckajrmuf&dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç 3/ v[kwma'um'ouuvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf &dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç 4/ um,0dnwåv d [kwm'd'gG 'ouuvmyf = um,0dnwf v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&adS om ½kyu f vmyfç 5/ 0pD0dnwåd'ouuvmyf = 0pD0dnwf+ toHvQif (10)ckajrmuf &Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfç 6/ 0pD0dnwådv[kwm'daw&ouuvmyf = 0pD0dnwf + toH + v[kwmponfvQif (13)ckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfç 7/ tómoyómopdwZå o'´e0uuvmyf = tómoyómo pdwaf Mumifjh zpfaom toHvQif (9)ckajrmuf&adS om ½kyfuvmyfç 8/ tómoyómpdwåZo'´v[kwm'd'Gg'ouuvmyf = tómoyómopdwfaMumifhjzpfaom toHç v[kwmponfvQif (12)ck ajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyf?

OwkZ½kyu f vmyf (4) pnf; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/

OwkZok'¨|uuvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom oufoufaom MoZm vQif (8)ckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfç OwkZo'´e0uuvmyf = OwkaMumifhjzpfaom toHvQif (9)ck ajrmuf&dSaom ½kyfuvmyfç v[kwma'um'ouuvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf &Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfç o'´v[kwm'd'Gg'ouuvmyf = toHç v[kwm ponfvQif (12)ckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyf?

tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyf (2) pnf; 1/ tm[m&Zok'|¨ uuvmyf = tm[m&aMumifjh zpfaom oufouf aom MoZmvQif (8)ckajrmuf&adS om ½kyu f vmyfç 2/ v[kwma'um'ouuvmyf = v[kwmponfvQif (11)ckajrmuf &dSaom ½kyfuvmyf? tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½kHjzpfaom wPSm'd|dwdkYu ig-igh[m[k pJG,ltyfaom þ½kyfw&m;tm;vHk;udk ½lykyg'geu©E¨m[lí ac:qdktyf ayonf/

0dnmPkyg'geu©Em¨ tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½Hk,l&mjzpfaom wPSm'd|dwdkYu ig-igh[m [k pJG,l&mjzpfaom avmuD0dnmP"mwf (6)yg;onf 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m rnf\/

0dnmPf (6) yg; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/

pu©K0dnmPf = pu©K0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí ½lyg½Hkudk odaompdwfç aomw0dnmPf = aomw0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí o'´g½Hkudk odaompdwfç Cme0dnmPf = Cme0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí *E¨m½Hkudk odaompdwfç Zd0gS 0dnmPf = Zd0Sg0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí &om½Hkudk odaompdwfç um,0dnmPf = um,0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí azm|AÁm½kHudk odaompdwfç

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

6/ raem0dnmPf = [',0w¬Kudk rSDjzpfí "r®m½kHESifhwuG tm½kH (6)rsKd;vHk;udk odaompdwfç 0dyóemÓPf\ t½Ict H m½kjH zpfaom raem0dnmPfrmS avmuD jzpfaom ukov dk 0f n d mPfç tukov dk 0f n d mPfç yÍö0dnmPfrSwpfyg;aom 0dyguf0dnmPf (= y#doaE¨0dnmPfç b0if0dnmPfç pkwd0dnmPfç tm½kHukd vufcHaom orÜ#d pdä Kif;0dnmPfç tm½ku H pdk pHk rf;aom oEÅ&D P0dnmPfç aZm,lonfh tm½ku H dk qufvuf,al om w'g½k0H n d mPf)ESihf ud&d,m0dnmPf (= yÍöm½kHukd qifjcifaom yÍö'Gg&m0ZÆef;ç yÍöm½kHudk £| ted| ponfjzifh qkH;jzwfouJhokdYjzpfaom 0ka|mç raem'Gg&ü xifvmaom tm½kHukd qifjcifaom raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;)wkdY yg0ifMuonf/ r[mBud,m ½lyg0p&Bud,m t½lyg0p&Bud,mESifh jyHK;&TifrIudk jzpf apwwfaom [odwkyÜg'fpdwfwkdYum; &[EÅmt&SifjrwfwkdY\ oEÅmefüom jzpfMuojzifh ykxkZef aou©wkdY\ 0dyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½kH r[kwf Muay/ ukov dk w f &m;wkw Yd iG f ½lyg0p&psmef t½lyg0p&psmefwv Ydk nf; yg0ifMu \/ psmef&olwu Ykd m; ,if; psmefemrfw&m;wku Yd ykd g 0dyóem½I&\/ 0dnmPfESifh todpdwfrSm t"dyÜg,fwl y&d,m,fpum;vkH;wdkY jzpfMu \/ þ0dnmPf[lonfh todpdwfwkdYonf a0'Ekyg'geu©E¨m onKyg'geu©E¨m ocFg½kyg'geu©E¨m wnf;[laom apwodufwdkYESifh xdkufovkd ,SOfwGJjzpfMu\/ ,if;apwodufwkdYrSm (52) rsKd; &dS\/ ,if; apwoduf wdkYrSm atmufygtwkdif; jzpfMu\/

apwoduf (52) rsKd; pdwftm;vHk;ü,SOfaom oAÁpdwåom"m&Papwoduf (7) vHk; 1/ zó 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/ 7/

= tm½H k u d k awG U xd a om tjcif ; t&mtm;jzif h jzpf j cif ; oabm = tm½H k E S i f h tod p d w f u d k qufoG,fay;jcif; oabmç a0'em = tm½H\ k t&omudk cHpm;jcif;oabmç (okc-'ku-© aomreó- a'greó-Oayu©m[k ig;rsK;d jym;\/ ) onm = tm½Hkudk rSwfom;rIoabmç apwem = ,S O f z uf o rÜ , k w f w &m; = pd w f a pwod u f w &m;wd k Y u d k tm½H k a y:od k Y a&muf a tmif aphaqmfay;jcif;oabmç {u*¾wm = tm½Hw k pfcw k nf;ay:odYk pdwu f sa&mufjcif;oabmç (&ifu h suv f mcJah omf pJjG rv J mcJah omf orm"d[k ac: qdk\/) ZD0dw = emrfoufapmifh"mwfç reodum& = tm½Hak y:odYk orÜ,w k w f &m;wku Yd kd OD;vSnw hf eG ;f ydYk ay;jcif;oabm = tm½Hu k kd ESv;kH oGi;f jcif;oabm?

NyKd ;>yrf;,SOaf om yudP;f apwoduf (6) vH;k 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

0dwuf 0dpm& t"darmu© 0D&d, yDwd qE´

= tm½Hkay:odkY orÜ,kwfw&m;wdkYudk a&S;½Iwifay;jcif; oabmç = tm½Hkudk xyfumxyfum oHk;oyfqifjcifjcif;oabmç = tm½Hkudk qHk;jzwfcsufcsjcif;oabmç = BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;oabmç = tm½Hkudk ESpfoufjcif;oabmç = tm½Hkudk vdkvm;awmifhwjcif;oabm?

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf tukov kd af pwoduf (14) vk;H 1/ arm[

= tm½Hk (= opömav;yg;)ukd trSet f wdik ;f rodjcif; oabm (= a,mufsm;rde;f r ponfjzifh todrmS ;jcif; oabm)ç 2/ t[d&du = tukodkvfw&m; 'kp½kdufw&m;wdkYrS r&Sufjcif; oabmç 3/ taemwåyÜ = tukodkvfw&m; 'kp½dkufw&m;wdkYrS raMumufjcif; oabmç 4/ O'¨pö = pdwfysHUvGifhjcif;oabmç 5/ avmb = tm½Hkudk wyfrufjcif;oabm (= wPSm = &m* = eE´D) 6/ 'd|d = cH,lcsufrSm;jcif; = ,HkMunfcsufrSm;jcif;oabmç 7/ rme = ig[k axmifvTm;wuf<ujcif;oabmç 8/ a'go = pdwfcufxefMurf;wrf;jcif;oabmç 9/ £óm = ukd,fhxufom remvdkjcif;oabmç 10/ rpä&d, = ukd,fhpnf;pdrfudk 0efwdkjcif;oabmç 11/ ukuúKpö = jyKNyD;'kp½dkufç rjyKvdkufrdaom okp½dkufwdkYukd aemifw wpfzef ylyefjcif;oabmç 12/ 0dpu d pd mä = &wemoH k ; wef uH - uH \ tusKd ; w&m; ponf w d k Y ü ,H k r S m ;jcif ; oabm = qH k ; jzwf c suf rcsEdkifjcif;oabmç 13/ xde = pdwf\ av;vHxdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabmç 14/ rd'¨ = apwodufwdkY\ av;vHxdkif;rIdif;jcif;oabm?

aombPom"m&Papwoduf taumif;pdwftm;vHk;ESifh,SOfaom apwoduf (19) vHk; 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

o'¨g owd [d&D MowåyÜ tavmb ta'go

= &wemoH;k wef uH-uH\tusKd; ponfwdkYü ,HkMunfjcif;oabmç = tm½Hkudk trSwf&jcif;oabmç = tukodkvfw&m; 'kp½dkufw&m;wdkYrS &Sufjcif; oabmç = tukodkvfw&m; 'kp½dkufw&m;wkdYrS aMumuf jcif;oabmç = tm½Hkudk rwyfrufjcif;oabmç = pdwfrcufxef rMurf;wrf;jcif;oabmç (&ifhusufvmcJhaomf arwåm[kvnf; ac:qdk\/)

7/ wMwrZÑwåwm = tm½Hkü pdwfudk tv,ftvwf tnDtrQ xm;Edkifjcif;oabmç 8/ um,yó'¨d = apwodufwkdY\ Nidrf;at;jcif;oabmç 9/ pdwåyó'¨d = pdwf\ Nidrf;at;jcif;oabmç 10/ um,v[kwm = apwodufwdkY\ ayghyg;jcif;oabmç 11/ pdwåv[kwm = pdwf\ ayghyg;jcif;oabmç 12/ um,rk'kwm = apwodufwdkY\ El;nHhjcif;oabmç 13/ pdwårk'kwm = pdwf\ El;nHhjcif;oabmç 14/ um,ur®nwm = apwodufwdkY\ ('gerIç oDvrIç bm0emrI ponfh) xkdxdktrIü cHhnm;rIoabmç 15/ pdwåur®nwm = pdwf\ xdkxdktrIü cHhnm;rIoabmç 16/ um,yg*knwm = apwodufwdkY\ ('gerIç oDvrIç bm0emrI ponfh) xdkxdktrIü uRrf;usifvdr®mjcif;oabmç 17/ pdwyå g*knwm = pdwf\xkdxdktrIü uRrf;usifvdr®mjcif;oabmç 8

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

18/ um,kZkuwm = apwodufwdkY\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;oabmç 19/ pdwåKZkuwm = pdwf\ ajzmifhrwfjcif;oabm = (rm,m omaX,s = tvSnfhtywf tauGUtaumufwdkYrS uif;jcif;oabm/)

0d&wDapwoduf (3) vH;k 1/ or®m0gpm = 0pD'kp½kdufav;yg;rS a&SmifMuOfí aumif;rGefrSefuef aom pum;udk ajymqdkjcif;ç 2/ or®mur®EÅ = um,'kp½kdufrS a&SmifMuOfí 'ge-oDv-orx-0dyóemponfh aumif;aomvkyfief;&yfwdkYudk jyKvkyfjcif;ç 3/ or®mtmZD0 = rdpämtmZD0rS a&SmifMuOfí aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm toufarG;jcif;?

tyÜrnmapwoduf (2) vH;k 1/ u½kPm = oem;Muifemjcif;oabmç 2/ rk'dwm = olwpfyg;wkdY\ csrf;omudk 0rf;omjcif;oabm?

ynda`Ea´ pwoduf (1) vH;k 1/ ynm = opömav;yg; trSefw&m;udk uGJuJGjym;jym; odrIoabm = tm½Hkukd trSeftwdkif; xdk;xGif;odrIoabm? þynda`E´apwodufudkyif opömav;yg;udk aumif;rGefrSefuefpGm trSeftwdkif; odjrifwwfaomaMumifh or®m'd|d[lívnf; ac:qdk\/ opömav;yg;wnf;[laom tm½Hkudk rawGra0 trSeftwdkif; odwwf aomaMumifh tarm[[lívnf; ac:qdk\/ opömav;yg;wnf;[laom "r®wdkYudk pl;prf;qifjcif qHk;jzwfvsuf (= þum; yx0Dç þum; tmayg ponfjzifhç þum; ukodkvfç þum; tukodkvf ponfjzifh pl;prf;qifjcif qHk;jzwfvsuf) aumif;pGmxGif;azmuf odjrifwwfaomaMumifh "r®0dp, oarÁmZÑif [lívnf;aumif;ç y&rwfw&m;wdkYukd y&rwfoq Ykd u kd af tmif trSet f wdik ;f xd;k xGi;f odjrifwwfaomaMumifh ÓP = ÓPf[í l vnf;aumif; ac:qdak yonf/ tm;vH;k aygif;vku d af omf apwoduf (52)vH;k jzpfonf/ ,if; apwoduf (52)vH;k wdw Yk iG f a0'emum; a0'emu©Em¨ ç onmum; onmu©Em¨ ç useaf pwoduf tvH;k (50)um; ocFg&u©Em¨ w&m;pkwYdk jzpfMu\/ þapwoducf E¨moH;k yg;ESihf 0dnmPu©E¨mudk emrfcE¨mav;yg;[k ac: qdk\/ ,if;emrfcE¨mav;yg;wdkYonf tmoa0gw&m;wdkY\ tm½HkjzpfvQif wPSm'd|dwdkYu ig-igh[m[k pJG,lvQif ,if;cE¨mwdkYudk Oyg'geu©E¨mwdkY[lí ac:qdkayonf/

tb,faMumifh Oyg'geu©Em¨ [k ac:qdyk govJ¿ cE¨0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmf pmrsufESm (39) cE¨okwåefwGif bk&m;&Sifu þodkdY &Sif;jyxm;awmfrl\ --tmoa0gw&m;wd\ Yk tm½kjH zpfaom wPSm'd|w d u Ydk ig-igh[m (= ig&JUtusK;d )[k pJ, G t l yfaom twdwçf tem*wfç ypöKyÜefç tZÑwåç A[d'¨ç MoVm&duç okckrç [Deç yPDwç 'l&ç oEÅdu[laom (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom ½kyw f &m;tpktyHk a0'emw&m; tpk tyHk onmw&m;tpktyHk apwoduo f cFg&w&m;tpktyHk 0dnmPf w&m;tpk t yH k w d k Y u d k toD ; toD ; ½l y k y g'geu© E ¨ m a0'Ek y g'geu© E ¨ m onKyg'geu© E ¨ m ocF g ½k y g'geu© E ¨ m 0dnmPkyg'geu©E¨m[k ac:qdkaMumif;udk &Sif;jyxm;awmfrl\/ (oH-2-39/) oH c d a wå e yÍö K yg'geu© E ¨ m 'k u © m / (oH - 3-269/) [l a om þ "r® p uú y Ü 0 wå e ok w å e f ü bk & m;&S i f a[mMum;xm;awmfrlonfhtwdkif; (11)rsKd;aom tjcif;t&mtm;jzifh wnfaeaom Oyg'geu©E¨mig;yg; wkdYonf 'kuo © pömw&m;pkwYkd jzpfMuonf/ 0dyóemÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f od&rnfh yxropömw&m;pkwyYkd if jzpfMuonf/ (þusr;f pm 9

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf pmrsufESm 108 wGif Munfhyg/)

,if;pdwEf iS hf apwoduw f o Ykd nf pdwu å P © wkid ;f ü xdu k o f vdk ,SOw f GJ jzpfMuonf/ pdwu å P © wdik ;f ü emrfcE¨mav;yg;pD &Sd Muonf/ odkYaomf apwoduf ta&twGufum; uJGjym;rI&Sdayonf/ pdwåu©P wpfckwpfck twGif;ü wnf&Sdaom pdwfESifhapwodufwkdYonf 1/ NydKifwljzpf\?

2/ NydKifwlysuf\ = csKyf\?

3/ tm½Hkwl\?

4/ rSD&m0w¬K½kyf wl\? þt*Fg (4)csuEf iS hf jynfph MkH uonf/ pdwu å P © wpfcEk iS w hf pfck pdwaf pwodut f a&twGuf rwlnyD u kH kd yHpk w H pfcjk zifh jyqdkaytHh 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/

tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudk tm½HkjyKum jzpfay:vmaom yxrpsmef emrfw&m;pkwdkYrSm psmefpdwåu©Pwdkif;ü psmefpdwf - 1 tnormef;apwoduf - 13 aombPom"m&Papwoduf - 19 ynda`E´apwoduf - 1 tm;vHk;aygif;aomf psmefemrfw&m; - 34 - jzpfonf/ (þusrf;pm pmrsufESm-298wGif Munfhyg/)

a,bk,stm;jzifh ur®0#fwGif tusKH;0ifaom vlom;wdkY\ y#doaE¨ cE¨mig;yg;ponhf 0dygufcE¨mwkdYudk jzpfapwwfaom taMumif;&if; ukodkvfocFg& trnf&onfh emrfw&m;pkwdkYrSmvnf; ukodkvfpdwf wpfckESifh ,if;txufyg (33)rsKd;wdkYom jzpfMuonf/ udavo0#fwiG f tusK;H 0ifaom avmb'd|d OD;aqmifonfh emrf w&m;pkwrYkd mS tu,fí aomreóa0'emESihf ,SOfvQif 1/ todpdwf - 1 2/ tnormef;apwoduf - 13 3/ arm[ t[d&du taemwåyÜ O'¨pö avmb 'd|d - 6 tm;vHk;aygif;aomf - 20 þemrfw&m;pkwkdY jzpfMuonf/ (þusrf;pm pmrsufESm-378wGif Munfhyg??) þpdwfapwoduf emrfw&m;pkwkdYonf qkdif&mtm½kH (6)yg;wdkYwGif tm½Hkwpfyg;yg;udk tm½HkjyKum rdrdwdkYqdkif&m rSD&m0w¬K½kyfudk rSDí jzpfay: vmMuonf/

tm½Hk (6) yg; 1/ ½lyg½kH 2/ o'´g½kH 3/ *E¨m½kH

= ta&miftqif;ç = toHç = teHYç

10

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf 4/ &om½kH = t&omç 5/ azm|AÁm½kH = tawGUtxd (= yx0Dç awaZmç 0ga,m)ç 6/ "r®m½kH = "r®oabmw&m;rsm;?

"r®m½kH (6) tkypf k "r®m½Hktrnf&aom w&m;pkwkdYudk (6)rsKd;tm;jzifh tkyfpkcGJxm;\/ 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

yom'½kyf = tMunf½kyfig;rsKd;ç okckr½kyf = odrfarGUaom½kyf (16)rsKd;ç pdwftm;vHk;ç apwoduf (52)vHk;ç tocFw"mwf = edAÁmefç uodkPf;ynwfponfh ynwftm½kH trsKd;rsKd;? tm;vHk;aygif;aomf tkyfpk (6)rsKd; jzpfonf/

okcrk ½kyf ½kyf (28)yg;wGif tMunf½kyfig;rsKd; ½lyg½kHç o'´g½kHç *E¨m½kHç &om½kHç azm|AÁm½kH[lonfh tm½kH ½kyf (7)rsKd;- þ (12)rsKd ; aom ½k y f w k d Y u m; ½I a e aom a,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf \ tod Ó Pf ü xif v G , f j rif v G , f a omaMumif h MoVm&d u ½k y f r nf \ / <uif ; aom (16)rsKd ; aom ½k y f w Y k d u m; ½I a eaom a,m*g0p&yk * ¾ d K vf \ tod Ó Pf ü odrfarGUaomaMumifh t½Icuf&um; okckr½kyfrnf\/

rS&D m0w¬K½kyf (6) rsK;d 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

pu©K0w¬K aomw0w¬K Cme0w¬K Zd0Sg0w¬K um,0w¬K [',0w¬K

= pu©Kyom' = rsufpdtMunf"mwf? = aomwyom' = em;tMunf"mwf? = Cmeyom' = ESmtMunf"mwf? = Zd0Sgyom' = vQmtMunf"mwf? = um,yom' = ukd,ftMunf"mwf? = [',½kyf (rMunf)/

1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

pu©K0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf pu©K0w¬Kukd rSDjzpf\/ aomw0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf aomw0w¬Kukd rSDjzpf\/ Cme0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf Cme0w¬Kukd rSDjzpf\/ Zd0Sg0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf Zd0Sg0w¬Kukd rSDjzpf\/ um,0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf um,0w¬Kukd rSDjzpf\/ raem0dnmPf emrfw&m;pkonf [',0w¬K½kyfukd rSDjzpf\/

0Dxd (6) rsKd;ESifh tm½kH (6) rsKd; 1/ pu©K'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf ½lyg½kHukd tm½kHjyK\/ 2/ aomw'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf o'´g½kHukd tm½kHjyK\/ 11

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

Cme'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf *E¨m½kHukd tm½kHjyK\/ Zd0Sg'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf &om½kHukd tm½kHjyK\/ um,'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf azm|AÁm½kHukd tm½kHjyK\/ raem'Gg&0Dxd emrfw&m;pkonf "r®m½kHESifhwuG tm½kH (6)rsKd;vkH;ukd xkdufovkd tm½kHjyK\/

ork',opömykid ;f rnf o nf h w &m;awG u k d ork ' ,opö m [k ac:qk d o nf u k d þusrf ; pm pmrsuf E S m (118)wG i f &Si;f vif;wifjyxm;ygonf/ xkw d iG f aMumif;-usK;d qufE, G rf I y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'foabmw&m;awGuv dk nf; ork',opöm[k t*Fw k Kdå &f wduedygwf wdwm¬ ,weokweå f (tH-1-178) wGif bk&m;&Sio f nf a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl \ hJ / ,if;y#dpo ö rkygÜ 'f t*Fg&yf (12)ckwkdYrSm - t0dZÆmç ocFg&ç 0dnmPfç emrf½kyfç oVm,weç zóç a0'emç wPSmç Oyg'gefç b0ç Zmwdç Z&mr&PwkdYyif jzpfMu\/

0¥opömESihf 0d0¥opöm þ'ku©opömESifh ork',opömwkdYum; 0¥opömwnf;/ tocFw "mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefwnf;[laom avmukwå&m eda&m"opömESifh ,if; eda&m"opömukd tm½kHjyKaeonfh xkd;xGif;odaeonhf rsufarSmuf jyKaeonfh t&d,r*ftckduf r*¾ifw&m;ukd,f (8)yg;wnf;[laom avmukwå&m r*¾opömw&m;wkdYum; 0d0¥opömwnf;/

ww¬ yk&drmed a'G opömed 0¥H? ypädrmed 0d0¥H/ awok bdu©Kaem 0a¥ ur®|membdeda0aom a[mwd? 0d0a¥ ew¬d tbdeda0aom/ (tbd-|-2-109/)

xk d 0 ¥opö m 0d 0 ¥opö m ES p f r sKd ; wk d Y w G i f a,m*g0p& &[ef ; awmf t zk d Y 0¥opö m jzpf o nh f 'k u © o pö m ç ork',opömw&m;wküYd om 0dyóem ESv;Hk oGi;f jcif;onf jzpf\/ 0d0¥opömüum; 0dyóemESv;Hk oGi;f &ef r[kwaf y/ (tbd-|-2-109/)

þñTeMf um;csurf sm;ESit hf nD 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;ukd pD;jzef; yGm;rsm; tm;xkwv f adk om a,m*Dorl eG o f nf a&S;OD;pGm 0dyóemÓPf\ t½IcHtm½kHjzpfaom 0¥opömjzpfonfh 'ku©opöm ork',opömw&m;pk wkdYukd odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkw&f rnf jzpfayonf/ tm;xkwyf Hk enf; pepfrsm;ukd þusr;f pmwGif wpfqifNh y;D wpfqifh tpDtpOfwus wifjy xm;ygonf/ tb,f t aMumif ; aMumif h þ 0¥opö m w&m;ES p f y g;ud k a&S ; OD ; pG m 0d y óemÓPf j zif h od a tmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&ygoenf;[lrl - þ 0¥opömw&m; ESpfyg;wdkYudk vu©Pma&;oHk;wefodkY wifum wGifwGif BuD; 0dyóem½IymG ;oH;k oyfEikd yf grS xd0k yd óemÓPfrsm; &ifu h suf vmaomtcg xk0d yd óemÓPfw\ Ykd tqH;k ü avmukw&å m eda&m" opöm jzpfonfh tocFw"mwf tNird ;f "mwfeAd mÁ efw&m;awmfjrwfBu;D udk r*¾opömtrnf&onfh t&d,r*fÓPfjzifh rsufarSmufjyKEdkifrnfç xGif; azmuf odjrifEdkifrnf jzpfonf/ xdo k Ykd avmukw&å m eda&m"opömodYk qku d af &mufa&;twGuf þ0¥ opömw&m;ESpyf g;ukd a&S;OD;pGm 0dyóemÓPfjzifh odatmif jrifatmif BudK;pm;&jcif; jzpf\/ xkdodkYodygrS jrifygrSomvQifvnf; þ 0¥opöm w&m;ESpfyg;udk vu© P m,mOf wifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;oHk;oyf Ed k if rnf jzpf ayonf / 0d yóemÓPf rsm; &if h usuf v mygrS 0d0¥opömjzpfonfh eda&m"opöm r*¾opömodkY qdkufa&mufrnf jzpfayonf/

12

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf bk&m;&Si\ f rGejf rwfaom qE´awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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«bdu©LeH yÍö0*¾DeH? £odyweemrau/ rd*'ga, "r®0&H? ,H wH edAÁmeygyuH/ o[rÜwdemraue? r[mjAa[®e ,mpdawm/ pwkopöH yumaoaEÅm? avmuemaxm ta'o,d/ eE´dwH oAÁa'a0[d? oAÁorÜwådom"uH? oAÁavmu[dww¬m,? "r®puúH bPmr a[/» 1/ {uH or,H b*0g Am&mPoD,H 0d[&wd £odywae rd*'ga,/ wMw acg b*0g yÍö0*da¾ , bduL© tmraEÅod - a'Gar bdua© 0 tEÅm yAÁZad we e ao0dwAÁm/ uwar a'G? a,m pm,H umarok umrokcv’u d mEka,ma*g [Daem *ar®m aygxkZÆedaum te&da,m tew¬oH[dawm/ a,m pm,H twåudvrxmEka,ma*g 'kau©m te&da,m tew¬o[ H ad wm/ {aw acg bdua© 0 Oabm taEÅ tEky*r® rZÑrd m y#dy'g wxm*awe tbdorÁK'g¨ pu©Ku&PD ÓPu&PD Oyorm, tbdnm, oarÁm"m, edAÁmem, oH0wåwd/ 2/ uwrm p om bdu©a0 rZÑdrm y#dy'g wxm*awe tbdorÁK'¨g? pu©Ku&PD ÓPu&PD Oyorm, tbdnm, oarÁm"m, edAÁmem, oH0wåwd¿ t,ar0 t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g? ao,sxd'H -- or®m'd|d or®mouFayÜg or®m0gpm or®mur®aEÅm or®mtmZDa0g or®m0g,marm or®mowd or®morm"d/ t,H acg om bdua© 0 rZÑrd m y#dy'g wxm*awe tbdorÁK'g¨ pu©Ku&PD ÓPu&PD Oyorm, tbdnm, oarÁm"m, edAÁmem, oH0wåwd/ 3/ £'H acg ye bdu©a0 'ku©H t&d,opöH/ Zmwdyd 'ku©m? Z&myd 'ku©m? Asm"dyd 'kau©m? r&PrÜd 'ku©H? tyÜda,[d orÜa,ma*g 'kau©m? yda,[d 0dyÜa,ma*g 'kau©m? ,rÜdpäH e vbwd? wrÜd 'ku©H/ oHcdawåe yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m 'kum© / 4/ £'H acg ye bd u © a 0 'k u © o rk ' ,H t&d , opö H ? ,m,H wPS m aygaemAÇ 0 d u m eE´ D & m*o[*wm wMwwMwmbdeE´deD/ ao,sxd'H? umrwPSm b0wPSm 0db0wPSm/ 5/ £'H acg ye bdu©a0 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH? a,m wóm a,0 wPSm, taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m pma*g y#dedóa*¾g rkwåd temva,m/ 6/ £'H acg ye bdu©a0 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH? t,ar0 t&da,m t|*Øaum ra*¾g/ ao,sxd'H -- or®m'd|d or®mouFayÜg or®m0gpm or®mur®aEÅm or®mtmZDa0g or®m0g,marm or®mowd or®morm"d/

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

7/ ]]£'H 'ku©H t&d,opö}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd?

0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 8/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©H t&d,opöH y&dan,s}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 9/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©H t&d,opöH y&dnmw}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 10/ ]]£'H 'ku©ork',H t&d,opö}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 11/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH y[mwAÁ}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 12/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH y[De}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 13/ ]]£'H 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opö}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 14/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH opädumwAÁ}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 15/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH opäduw}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 16/ ]]£'H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opö}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 17/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH bma0wAÁ}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 18/ ]]wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH bm0dw}}EÅd ar bdu©a0 ykaAÁ teEkókawok "ar®ok pu©KH O'yg'd? ÓPH O'yg'd? ynm O'yg'd? 0dZÆm O'yg'd? tmavmaum O'yg'd/ 19/ ]],m0uD0Íö ar bdu©a0 £arok pwlok t&d,oapöok {0H wdy&d0¥H 'Gg'omum&H ,xmblwH ÓP'óeH e ok 0 d o k ' ¨ H ta[mod ? ae0 wm0g[H bd u © a 0 oa'0au avmau orm&au ojA[® a u oórPjAm[®Pd,m yZm, oa'0rEkóm, tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"d H tbdorÁKa'¨gwd ypönmod H/ 20/ ,awm p acg ar bdua© 0 £arok pwlok t&d,oapöok {0H wdy&d0¥H 'Gg'omum&H ,xmblwH ÓP'óeH ok0dok'¨H ta[mod? txm[H bdu©a0 oa'0au avmau orm&au ojA[®au oórPjAm[®Pd,m yZm, oa'0rEkóm, tEkwå&H or®moarÁm"d H tbdorÁKa'¨gwd ypönmod H/ ÓPÍö ye ar 'óeH O'yg'd? tukyÜg ar 0drkwåd? t,rEÅdrm Zmwd? ew¬d'ged ykeAÇa0g}}wd/ 21/ £'ra0gp b*0g twårem yÍö0*¾d,m bdu©L b*0awm bmodwH tbdeE´KEÅd/ 22/ £ro®dÍö ye a0,smu&Po® ð bnrmae tm,o®awm aum@nó 0d&ZH 0DwrvH "r®pu©KH O'yg'd ]],H udÍöd ork',"r®H oAÁH wH eda&m""r®}}EÅd/ 18

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

23/ y0wådaw p ye b*0wm "r®pauú bkr®m a'0g o'´rEkóma0okH ]]{wH b*0wm Am&mPod,H £odywae rd*'ga, tEkwå&H "r®puúH y0wådwH tyÜ#d0wåd,H oraPe 0g jAm[®aPe 0g a'a0e 0g rma&e 0g jA[®Kem 0g auepd 0g avmuo®d}}EÅd/ 24/ bkrm® eH a'0geH o'´H okwmG pmwkr[m&mZdum a'0g o'´rEkóma0okH ]]{wH b*0wm Am&mPod,H £odywae rd*'ga, tEkwå&H "r®puúH y0wådwH tyÜ#d0wåd,H oraPe 0g jAm[®aPe 0g a'a0e 0g rma&e 0g jA[®Kem 0g auepd 0g avmuo®d}}EÅd/ 25/ pmwkr[m&mZdumeH a'0geH o'´H okwGm wm0wd Hom a'0g/ y / ,mrm a'0g/ y / wkodwm a'0g/ y / edr®me&wD a'0g/ y / y&edr®dw0o0wåD a'0g/ y / jA[®um,dum a'0g o'´rEkóma0okH ]]{wH b*0wm Am&mPod,H £odywae rd*'ga, tEkwå&H "r®puúH y0wådwH tyÜ#d0wåd,H oraPe 0g jAm[®aPe 0g a'a0e 0g rma&e 0g jA[®Kem 0g auepd 0g avmuo®d}}EÅd/ 26/ £wd[ awe caPe awe va,e awe rk[kawåe ,m0 jA[®avmum oa'´g tAÇK*¾päd/ t,Íö 'oo[ódavmu"mwk oHurÜd orÜurÜd orÜa0"d? tyÜrmaPm p OVma&m Mobmaom avmau ygwk&a[mod twduúr® a'0geH a'0gEkbm0EÅd/ 27/ tx acg b*0g £rH O'geH O'gaeod ]]tnmod 0w abm aum@anm? tnmod 0w abm aum@anm}}wd/ £wd [d'H tm,o®awm aum@nó ]tnmodaum@anm} awG0 emrH ta[mod/ 28/ tx acg tm,o®m tnmodaum@anm 'd|"ar®m ywå"ar®m 0d'w d "ar®m y&da,m*gV§"ar®m wdP0Ö pd u d ad päm 0d*wuxHuaxm a0om&ZÆyÜawåm ty&yÜpöa,m ow¬Komoae b*0EÅH {w'a0gp ]]vab,sm[H baEÅ b*0awm oEÅdau yAÁZÆH? vab,sH OyorÜ'}}EÅd/ 29/ ]]{[d bdu©L}}wd b*0g ta0gp ]]oGmu©mawm "ar®m? p& jA[®p&d,H or®m 'ku©ó tEÅud&d,m}}wd/ om0 wó tm,o®awm aum@nó OyorÜ'g ta[moDwd/ (0denf;r[m0g- 17/)

"r®puúy0Ü wåeokweå yf gVdawmf-edó, pwkopöH = opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfa'oemudk/ yumaoaEÅm = om0uwdkY\ todÓPfü xif&Sm;vmatmif a[mMum;jyo qdq k ;kH r awmfrw l wfaom/ avmuemaxm = avmuom;wd\ Yk uk;d uG,f tm;xm;&m tppf tjzpfBu;D jzpfawmfrlaom bk&m;jrwfpGmonf/ o[rÜwdemraue = o[rÜwdtrnf&Sdaom/ r[mjAa[®e = tem*grfwnfNyD; jrwfaomjA[®mrif;Bu;D onf/ ,mpdawm = w&m;a[mpdrhf tHah omiSm awmif;yeftyfonfjzpfí/ £odyweemrau = a&S;cg acwfa[mif; bk&m;ç yapöuAk'g¨ ç t&d,mwdYk psmeftbdnmPfjzifh aumif;uifro S uf&m aumif;uifow Ykd uf&m Yd m; ab;rJah y;&m om;aygif;pHo k nfh rd*'g0kef awm&*Hük / jzpfjcif;aMumifh £odywe trnf&aom/ rd*'ga, = om;wkt yÍö0*¾DeH = ig;OD;tpk&Sdjcif;aMumifh yÍö0*¾Dtrnf&Sd ukefaom/ bdu©LeH = aum@nç 0yÜç b'´d,ç r[memrfç tóZd &[ef;wdkYtm;/ edAÁmeygyuH = edAÁmefodkY a&mufapwwfaom/ "r®0&H = rGefjrwfaom w&m;&wemjzpfaom/ ,H "r®puúH = tMuif"r®pMum a'oemawmfudk/ ta'o,d = a[mMum;jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrlavNyD/ oAÁa'a0[d = cyford ;f ukeaf om ewfjA[®mwdo d H = ESpo då m"uH = cyford ;f aom Yk nf/ eE´w f uftyfaom/ oAÁorÜwo avmuD avmukwå&m ypöKyÜef oHo&m tjzmjzmaom pnf;pdrfcsrf;om\ NyD;jynfhpHkjcif;udk NyD;pD;apwwfaom/ wH "r®puúH = xdk"r®pMuma'oemawmfudk/ oAÁavmu[dww¬m, = cyfodrf;aom avmuom;wdkY\ avmuD avmukwå&m tusKd;pD;yGm;tvdkYiSm/ a[ = tdk t&Sifolawmfaumif;wkdY/ r,H = igwkdYonf/ bPmr = &GwfMuygukeftHh/

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

(þ"r®pMumtrTef;*gxmrsm;um; q&mawmfBuD; OD;Ak"f pD&if a&;om;xm;awmfrlaom*gxmrsm; jzpfMuonf/) 1/ {uH = wpfyg;aom/ or,H= tcgü/ b*0g = bke;f awmf Bu;D jrwfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/ Am&mPod,H = Am&mPoDNrdKU\ teD;ü/ £odywae = a&S;cgacwfa[mif; bk&m;ç yapöuAk'¨gç t&d,molawmfaumif;wdkY psmeftbdnmPfjzifh aumif;uifrS ouf&m aumif;uifokdY wuf&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh £odywetrnf&aom/ rd*'ga, = om;wku Yd kd ab;rJah y;&m om;aygif;pHo k nfh rd*'g0kef awm&*Hük / 0d[&wd = oDwif;oH;k pHaeawmfr\ l / wMw acg = xkdtcgü/ b*0g = bkef;awmf BuD;jrwfawmfrlaom jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ yÍö0*¾da, = ig;OD;tpk &Sdjcif;aMumifh yÍö0*¾Dtrnf &SdMuukefaom/ bdu©L = &[ef;awmf wkdYudk/ tmraEÅod = rdefYMum;awmfrlNyD/ uð tmraEÅod = tokdY rdefYMum;awmfrloenf;¿ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ yAÁZdawe = udavomtnpftaMu;wkdYudk ESifxkwf&ef [laom OD;wnfcsufjzifh tdrf&mwnfaxmifonfh vlUabmifukd pGefYcGmvsuf tdrf&mraxmifonfh &[ef;abmifokdY 0ifa&mufum &Sif&[ef;jyKvmaomolonf/ £ar a'G tEÅm = þtpGef;ESpfbufwnf;[laom t,kwfw&m; ESpfyg;wkdYukd/ e ao0dwAÁm = rrSD0Jtyfukef/ uwar a'G = tb,ft,kwfw&m; ESpfyg;wkdYenf;[lrlum;/ [Daem = ,kwfnHhaom/ *ar®m = &GmolwkdY\ tavh t usif h jzpf aom/ aygxk Z Æ e d a um = ud a vomxl a jymonf h yk x k Z ef i rd k u f o m; wk d Y \ tavh t usif h o mjzpf a om/ te&d a ,m = t&d , mol a wmf aumif ; wd k Y \ tavh t usif h r [k w f a om/ tew¬o[ H ad wm = r*f zdv k ef Ad mÁ ef wnf;[laom tusK;d pD;yGm;ESihf rpyf,OS af om/ umarok = vkv d m; wyfrufp&m umr*kPfwkdYü/ a,m pm,H umrokcv’dumEka,ma*g = tMuif umr*kPfcsrf;omukd uyfNid wG,fwm ruf a rmaom pd w f x m;jzif h tzef w vJ v J avh v mvk d u f p m; yG m ;rsm; tm;xk w f j cif ; = umrokcv’dumEka,m*tusifhonfvnf;aumif;/ 'kau©m = udk,fpdwf\qif;&Jjcif;ukd jzpfapwwfaom/ te&d a ,m = t&d , mol a wmf a umif ; wk d Y \ tavh t usif h r [k w f a om/ tew¬ o H [ d a wm = r*fzkdvfedAÁmefwnf;[laom tusKd;pD;yGm;ESifh rpyf,SOf aom/ a,m pm,H twåudvrxmEka,ma*g = tMuif ukd,f yifyef;qif;&JrIukd tzefwvJvJ avhvmvkdufpm; yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf jcif; = twåudvrxmEka,m* tusifhonfvnf;aumif;/ £ar a'G = þESpfyg;wdkYwnf;/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ {aw acg Oabm taEÅ = þtpGef; ESpfbuf t,kwfw&m;ESpfyg;wkdYokdY/ tEky*r® = ruyfa&mufrí l / wxm*awe = (a&S;bk&m;&Siw f u Ydk o hJ Ykd aAm"dr@dKio f w Ydk idk af tmif aumif;aomvmawmfrjl cif;ç edAÁmefodkYwdkifatmif aumif;aom <uoGm;awmfrljcif;aMumifh) wxm*wtrnf&awmfrlaom oifwkdY q&m igbk&m;onf/ tbdorÁK'g¨ = xk;d xGi;f í odjrifawmfrt l yf aom/ pu©Ku&PD = t&d,opömav;yg;udk uJu G jGJ ym;jym; odwwf aom ynmrsufpdudk jyKwwfaom/ ÓPu&PD = t&d,opöm av;yg;udk xkd;xGif; odwwfaom ÓPftjrifudk jyKwwfaom/ rZÑdrm y#dy'g = tv,ftvwf usifhpOfjzpfaom rZÑdry#dy'g onf/ Oyorm, = udavomtyl Nidrf;&eftvdkYiSm/ tbdnm, = t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif;odjrif&eftvdkYiSm/ oarÁm"m, = t&d,opömav;yg;udk xk;d xGi;f odjrifwwfaom t&d,r*fÓPf udk &&S&d eftvdiYk mS / edAmÁ em, = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmef udk rsufarSmufjyK&eftvdkYiSm/ oH0wåwd = rkcsraoG jzpfygay\/ 2/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wdkY/ wxm*awe = wxm*wtrnf&awmfrl aom oifwkdYq&m igbk&m;onf/ tbdorÁK'¨g = xk;d xGi;f í odjrif awmfrt l yfaom/ pu©Ku&PD = t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xk;d xGi;f odjrifwwfonfh ynmrsupf u d kd jyKvkyfwwfaom/ ÓPu&PD = t&d,opömav;yg;udk xkd;xGif;odjrifwwfaom ÓPftjrifukd jyKwwfaom/ 20

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

,m rZÑdrm y#dy'g = tMuif tv,ftvwf usifhpOf jzpfaom rZÑdry#dy'gonf/ Oyorm, = udavomtyl Nidrf;&ef tvdkYiSm/ tbdnm, = t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif; odjrif&ef tvkdYiSm/ oarÁm"m, = t&d,opömav;yg;udk xkd;xGif; odjrifwwfonfh t&d,r*fÓPfukd &&Sd&eftvdkYiSm/ edAÁmem, = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwfedAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyK&ef tvdkYiSm/ oH0wåwd = rkcsraoG jzpfygay\/ om rZÑdrm y#dy'g = xkd tv,ftvwf usifhpOfjzpfaom rZÑdry#dy'gonf/ uwrm p = tb,fenf;¿ t&da,m = jzLpifjrifjh rwfaom/ t|*Øaum = t*Fg&Spyf g;ESihf jynfph akH om/ t,ar0 ra*¾g = þt&d,r*fyifwnf;/ £'H = þt&d,r*f[lonf/ ao,sxm = tb,fenf;¿ 1/ or®m'd|d 2/ or®mouFayÜg 3/ or®m0gpm 4/ or®mur®aEÅm 5/ or®mtmZDa0g 6/ or®m0g,marm 7/ or®mowd 8/ or®morm"d

= = = = = = = =

rSefuefaom tjrifvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom tMuHtpnfvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom pum;vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom vkyfief;vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom toufarG;rIvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vkHYv vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom atmufarhtrSwf& rIvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d vnf;aumif;wkdYwnf;/

bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ wxm*awe = wxm*wtrnf&awmfrl aom oifwdkYq&m igbk&m;onf/ tbdorÁK'¨g = xk;d xGi;f í odjrif awmfrt l yfaom/ pu©Ku&PD = t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xk;d xGi;f odjrifwwfonfh ynmrsupf u d kd jyKvkyfwwfaom/ ÓPu&PD = t&d,opömav;yg;udk xkd;xGif;odjrifwwfaom ÓPftjrifukd jyKwwfaom/ ,m rZÑdrm y#dy'g = tMuif tv,ftvwf usifhpOfjzpfaom rZÑdry#dy'gonf/ Oyorm, = udavomtyl Nidrf;at;&eftvdkYiSm/ tbdnm, = t&d,opömav;yg;ukd xkd;xGif; odjrif&eftvkdYiSm/ oarÁm"m, = t&d,opömav;yg;udk xkd;xGif; odjrifwwfonfh t&d,r*fÓPfukd &&Sd&eftvdkYiSm/ edAÁmem, = tocFw"mwf tNidrf;"mwf edAÁmefudk rsufarSmufjyK&ef tvdkYiSm/ oH0wåwd = rkcsraoG jzpfygay\/ om rZÑdrm y#dy'g = xkdtv,ftvwf usifhpOfjzpfaom rZÑdry#dy'g[lonf/ t,H acg = þonfyifwnf;/ 3/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wdkY/ £'H acg ye = þonfum;/ 'ku©H t&d,opöH = t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m;jzpfonfh 'ku©t&d,opöm wnf;/ Zmwdyd = y#doaE¨ wnfae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m = 'ku©wnf;/ Z&myd = tdk&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©m = 'ku©wnf;/ Asm"d Asm"dyd = zsm;em&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m = 'ku©wnf;/ r&PrÜd = ao&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kuH© = 'kuw © nf;/ tyÜad ,[d = rcspf rESpo f uftyfaom owå0gocFg&wkEYd iS /hf orÜa,ma*g = aygif; azmf ,SOfwJGí ae&jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m = 'ku©wnf;/ yda,[d = cspfESpfouftyfaom owå0gocFg&wdEYk iS /hf 0dyaÜ ,ma*g = auGuiG ;f &jcif;onfvnf;/ 'kau©m = 'kuw © nf;/ ,rÜpd Hä = tMuif tvk&d t dS yfaom t&mudk/ e vbwd = r&/ wrÜd = xkdtvkd&Sdtyfaomt&mudk r&&Sdjcif;onfvnf;/ 'ku©H = 'ku©wnf;/ oHcdawåe = tusOf;tm;jzifh/ yÍöKyg'geu©E¨m = Oyg'geu©E¨m ig;yg;wkdYonf/ 'ku©m = 'ku©wkdYwnf;/ 4/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ £'H acg ye = þonfum;/ 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = 'ku©\ taMumif;&if;jzpfaom d m t&d,mwd\ Yk trSef w&m; 'kuo © rk', t&d,opömwnf;/ ,m,H wPSm = tMuif wPSmonf/ aygaemAÇ0u = wpfzefb0opfudk jzpfapwwf\/ eE´D&m*o[*wm = ESpfoufwyfrufjcif; eE´D&m*ESifh twlwuG jzpf\/ wMw wMwmbdeE´deD = xdkxdkb0 xkdxdktm½kHü vGefpGm ESpfoufwwf\/ £'H = þ wPSm[lonf/ ao,sxm 21

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= tb,fenf;¿ umrwPSm = umrü wyfrufrI umrwPSm vnf;aumif;/ b0wPSm = oów'd|dESifh ,SOfwJGjzpfaom wyfrufrI b0wPSmvnf;aumif;/ 0db0wPSm = Oapä''d|dESifh ,SOfwJGjzpfaom wyfrufrI 0db0wPSmvnf;aumif;wnf;/ 5/ bdua© 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd £'H acg ye = þonfum;/ 'kue© ad &m"H t&d,opöH = 'ku\ © csKy&f m t&d,mwk\ Yd trSew f &m; 'ku©eda&m" t&d,opömwnf;/ a,m = ,if;'ku©eda&m"t&d,opöm[lonf/ wóma,0 wPSm, = xkw d yfrufrI wPSm\ yifvQi/f taoo0d&m*eda&ma"m = t<uif;rJh pJrG ufrI uif;aysmuf csKyf Nird ;f &mjzpfaom/ pma*g = pGefYvTwf&mjzpfaom/ y#dedóa*¾g = wpfzef pGefYvTwf&mjzpfaom/ rkwdå = vGwfajrmuf&mjzpfaom/ temva,m = ruyfNid&mjzpfaom w&m;wnf;/ 6/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ £'H acg ye = þonfum;/ 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&m eda&m"odkY a&muf aMumif; usifhpOfjzpfaom t&d,mwdkY\ trSefw&m; = r*¾t&d, opömwnf;/ t&da,m = jzLpifjrifhjrwfaom/ t|*Øaum = t*Fg&Spfyg;&Sdaom/ t,ar0 ra*¾g = þr*¾ifyifwnf;/ £'H = þr*¾ifonf/ ao,sxm = tb,fenf;¿ 1/ or®m'd|d 2/ or®mouFayÜg 3/ or®m0gpm 4/ or®mur®aEÅm 5/ or®mtmZDa0g 6/ or®m0g,marm 7/ or®mowd 8/ or®morm"d

= = = = = = = =

rSefuefaom ÓPftjrifvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom tMuHtpnfvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom pum;vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom vkyfief;vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom toufarG;rIvnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI vkHYv vnf;aumif;ç rSefuefaom atmufarhtrSwf&rIvnf; aumif;ç rSefuefaom pdwfwnfMunfrI orm"d vnf;aumif;wkdYwnf;/

£'H = þw&m;onfum;/ 'ku©H t&d,opöH = 'ku©t&d,opömwnf;}}/ £wd = þodkY/ ar 7/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]£'H = igbk&m;&Sif \ oEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ teEkókawok = rMum;tyfpzl;ukefaom/ "ar®ok = 'ku©opömw&m;wdkYü/ pu©KH = 'ku©opömudk odjrifwwfaom ynmrsufpdonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpf a y:awmf r l c J h a vNyD / ÓPH = 'k u © o pö m ud k xd k ; xG i f ; od w wf a om ÓPf o nf / O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhav NyD/ ynm = 'ku©opömudk uJGuJGjym;jym; odwwfaom ynmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 0dZÆm = 'ku©opömukd xGif;azmuf odwwfaom 0dZÆmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay: awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D tmavmaum = 'kuo © pömudk odatmif xGe;f vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ wH acg yed'H 'kuH© t&d,opöH = xkd 'kut 8/ bdua© 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd ]]wH © &d,pömw&m;uk/d y&dan,sH = ykid ;f jcm;odtyf\}}/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ ar = igbk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ teEkókawok = rMum;tyfpzl;ukeaf om/ "ar®ok = 'kuo © pömw&m;wküYd / pu©KH = 'kuo © pömukd odjrifwwfaom ynmrsupf o d nf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ y / tmavmaum = 'ku©opömukd odatmif xGef;vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJh avNyD/ 9/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]wH wH acg yed'H 'ku©H t&d,opöH = xkd 'ku©t&d,opömw&m;ukd/ y&dnmwH = ykdif;jcm;í odtyfNyD;NyD}}/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ y / tmavmaum = 'ku©opömukdodatmif 22

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xGef;jywwfaom ÓPfta&mif tvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 10 £'H acg ye = þw&m;onfum;/ 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = 'ku©jzpfaMumif;jzpfaom 10/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]£'H t&d,mwk\ Yd trSew f &m; = 'kuo © rk', t&d,opömwnf;}}/ £wd = þok/Yd ar = igbk&m;&Si\ f oEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ teEkókawok = rMum;pzl;ukefaom/ "ar®ok = ork',opöm w&m;wkdYü/ pu©KH = ork',opömukd odjrifwwfaom ynmrsupf d onf/ O'yg'd = xif&mS ; jzpfay:awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D ÓPH = ork', opömukd xkd;xGif;odwwfaom ÓPfonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ ynm = ork',opömukd uGJuGJ jym;jym; odwwfaom ynmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 0dZÆm = ork',opömukd xGi;f azmufojd rifwwfaom 0dZmÆ onf/ O'yg'd = xif&mS ; jzpfay:awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D tmavmaum = ork',opömukd odatmif xGef;vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&mif tvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ wH acg yed'H 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = xkd'ku©jzpfaMumif;jzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ 11/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]wH trSefw&m; = 'ku© ork',t&d,opömw&m;ukd/ y[mwAÁH = y,ftyf\}}/ £wd = þokdY/ y / tmavmaum = ork',opömudk odatmif xGef;vif; jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 12/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]wH wH acg yed'H 'ku©ork',H t&d,opöH = xkd'ku©jzpfaMumif;jzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ trSefw&m; = 'ku© ork',t&d,opömw&m;ukd/ y[meH = y,fNyD;NyD}}/ £wd = þokdY / y / tmavmaum = ork',opömukd odatmif xGef;vif; jy wwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpf ay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ £'H = þw&m;onfum;/ 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH = 'ku©csKyf&mjzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ 13/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]£'H trSefw&m; = 'ku©eda&m" t&d,opömw&m;wnf;}}/ £wd = þokdY/ ar = ig bk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ teEkókawok = rMum;pzl;ukefaom/ "ar®ok = eda&m"opömw&m;wkdYü/ pu©KH = eda&m"opömw&m;ukd odjrifwwfaom ynmrsufpdonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ ÓPH = eda&m"opömukd xk;d xGi;f odwwfaom ÓPfonf/ O'yg'd = xif&mS ; jzpfay:awmf rlcahJ vNy/D ynm = eda&m"opömukd uGJuGJjym;jym; odwwfaom ynmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 0dZÆm = eda&m"opömukd xGif;azmufodwwfaom 0dZÆmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ tmavmaum = eda&m"opömukd odatmif xGef;vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH = xkd'ku©csKyf&mjzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ trSefw&m; 14/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]wH = 'ku©eda&m" t&d,opömw&m;ukd/ opädumwAÁH = rsufarSmufjyKtyf\}/ £wd = þokdY/ y / tmavmaum = eda&m"opömukdodatmif xGef;vif; jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH = xkd'ku©csKyf&mjzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ trSefw&m; 15/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]]wH = 'ku©eda&m" t&d,opömw&m;ukd/ opäduwH = rsufarSmufjyKNyD;NyD}}/ £wd = þokdY/ y / tmavmaum = eda&m"opömukd odatmif xGef;vif; jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 16/ bdua© 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd ]]£'H = þw&m;onfum;/ 'kue© ad &m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH = 'kuc© sKy&f m = 'kue© ad &m"okYd a&muf aMumif;usifhpOfjzpfaom t&d,mwkdY\ trSefw&m; r*¾t&d, opömw&m;wnf;}}/ £wd = þokdY/ ar = igbk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefü/ ykaAÁ = bk&m;rjzpfrD a&S;tzkdYü/ teEkókawok = rMum;pzl; ukefaom/ "ar®ok = 23

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r*¾opömw&m;wkdYü/ pu©KH = r*¾opömw&m; ukd odjrifwwfaom ynmrsufpdonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpf ay:awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D ÓPH = r*¾opömukd xk;d xGi;f odwwfaom ÓPfonf/ O'yg'd = xif&mS ; jzpfay:awmfrcl ahJ vNy/D ynm = r*¾opömukd uGJuGJjym;jym; odwwfaom ynmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 0dZÆm = r*¾opömudk xGif;azmuf odwwfaom 0dZÆmonf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ tmavmaum = r*¾opömudk odatmif xGef;vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhav Ny/D 17/ bd u © a 0 = &[ef ; wk d Y / ]]wH acg yed ' H 'k u © e d a &m"*grd e D y#d y 'g t&d , opö H = xk d ' k u © c sKyf & m = 'kue© ad &m"okaYd &mufaMumif; usiphf Of jzpfaom t&d,mwk\ Yd trSew f &m; = r*¾t&d,opömw&m;uk/d bma0wAÁH = yGm;rsm;tyf\}}/ £wd = þok/Yd y / tmavmaum = r*¾opömukd odatmif xGe;f vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&mif tvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 18/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ]] wH acg yed'H 'ku©eda&m"*grdeD y#dy'g t&d,opöH = xkd'ku©csKyf&m 'ku©eda&m"okdY a&mufaMumif; usiphf Of jzpfonhf t&d,mwk\ Yd trSew f &m; = r*¾t&d,opömw&m;uk/d bm0dwH = yGm;rsm;tyfNy;D Ny}D }/ £wd = þokdY/ y / tmavmaum = r*¾opömukd odatmif xGef;vif;jywwfaom ÓPfta&mif tvif;onf/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm;jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 19/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wkdY/ ,m0uD0Íö = tMuifrQavmufaom umv ywfvkH;vQif/ ar = igbk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefü/ £arok pwlok t&d,oapöok = þt&d,mwkdY\ trSefw&m; (= t&d,opöm av;yg;)wkdYü/ {0H = þokdYvQif/ wdy&d0¥H = (opömwpfyg;wpfyg;ü opöÓPf udpöÓPf uwÓPf[k) okH;yg;aom tjyef&Sdaom/ 'Gg'omum&H = opömav;yg;vkH;ü wpfq,fhESpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m &Sdaom/ ,xmblwH = [kwfrSefwkdif;aom/ ÓP'óeH = ÓPftjrifonf/ ok0o d 'k H¨ = aumif;pGmoef&Y iS ;f pifMu,fonf/ e ta[mod = rjzpfao;/ bdua© 0 = &[ef;wk/Yd wm0 = xkdrQavmufaom umvywfvkH;/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ oa'0au orm&au = ewfç rm&fewfESifh wuGaom/ ojA[®au = jA[®mESifhwuGaom/ avmau = ewfavmuü/ oórPjAm[®Pd,m = orPjA[®PESihf wuGaom/ oa'0rEkóm, = or®Kwed wfwnf;[laom rif;ç <uif;aomvlom;ESihf wuGaom/ yZm, = vlUavmuü / tEkw&å H = twkr&Sad om/ or®moaAÁm"ð = t&[wår*fÓPfç oAÁnKwÓPfwnf;[laom or®moarÁm"d ÓPfawmfjrwfu/dk tbdorÁKa'¨gwd = xk;d xGi;f í odjrifNy[ D í l / ae0ypönmod = 0efcaH wmfrrlcahJ cs/ 20/ bdu©a0 = &[ef;wdkY/ ,awm p acg = tMuiftcgüum;/ ar = igbk&m;&Sif\ oEÅmefü/ £arok pwlok t&d,oapöok = þt&d,opömw&m; av;yg;wküYd / {0H = þokv Yd Qi/f wdy&d0¥H = (opömwpfyg;wpfyg;ü opöÓPf udpöÓPf uwÓPf[k) oHk;yg; aom tjyef&Sdaom/ 'Gg'omum&H = opömav;yg;vHk;ü wpfq,fh ESpfyg;aom tjcif;t&m&Sdaom/ ,xmblwH = [kwfrSefwkdif;aom/ ÓP'óeH = ÓPftjrifonf/ ok0dok'¨H = aumif;pGm oefY&Sif; pifMu,fonf/ ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/ tx = xdktcgü/ t[H = igbk&m;onf/ oa'0au orm&au = ewfç rm&fewfESifh wuGaom/ ojA[®au = jAm[®mESifh wuGaom/ avmau = ewfavmuü/ oórPjAm[®Pd,m = orPjAm[®PESifh wuGaom/ oa'0rEkóm, = or®Kwdewfwnf;[laom rif;ç <uif;aomvlom;ESifh wuGaom/ yZm, = vlUavmuü/ tEkwå&H = twkr&Sdaom/ or®moarÁm" ð = t&[wår*fÓPfç oAÁnKw ÓPfwnf;[laom or®moarÁm"d ÓPfawmfjrwfu/dk tbdorÁKa'¨gwd = xk;d xGi;f í o ð = 0efcHcJhavNyD/ ar = ig\/ 0drkwåd = udavomwkdYrS vGwfajrmufrI t&[wåzdkvf onf/ odNyD[lí/ ypönmmo tukyÜg = rysufpD;EkdifNyD/ t,H = þonfum;/ tEÅdrm Zmwd = aemufqHk;Zmwdwnf;/ £'ged = ,cktcgü/ ykeAÇa0g = wpfzefb0opfü jzpf&jcif;onf/ ew¬d = r&Sad wmhNy/D £wd = þodaYk om/ ÓP'óeH = ypöa0u©Pm ÓPftjrifonf/ ar = igbk&m;\ oEÅmefü/ O'yg'd = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ £wd = þokdY rdefYMum;awmfrl\/ 24

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

21/ £'H = þ"r®puúy0Ü wåeokweå f w&m;a'oemawmfu/dk b*0g = bke;f awmfBu;D jrwfawmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/ ta0gp = a[mMum;awmfral vNy/D yÍö0*¾, d m bduL© = yÍö0*¾D &[ef;awmf wko Yd nf/ b*0awm = jrwfpmG bk&m;\/ bmodwH = a[mMum; jyo qdkqHk;rawmfrltyfaom "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåef w&m;a'oem awmfudk/ tbdeE´KH = ½dkaopGm 0rf;ajrmufpGm OD;jzifh cH,lMuav ukefNyD/ £wd = þwGif "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåef NyD;\/ o ®ð p ye a0,smu&Po 22/ £r £ro a0,smu&Po®® ð = þ *gxmrzuf pum;ajy ouf o uf jzpf a om "r®"uúyÜ0wåeokwåefa'oemawmfudk/ bnrma bnrmaee = a[mMum;awmfrltyfonf&Sdaomf/ tm,o®awm aum@nó = toQiaf um@n\ oEÅmefü/ ]],HuÍd dö ork',"r®H = jzpfjcif;oabm&Sad om ork',"r®reS o f rQonf/ eda&m""r®H = csKyjf cif; oabm&Sad om eda&m""r®omwnf;/}} £wd = þokaYd om/ 0d&ZH = udavomjrL uif;aom/ 0DwrvH = udavomtnpf taMu; uif;aom/ "r®pu©KH = aomwmywård *fÓPfrsupf o d nf/ O'yg'd = xif&mS ; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 23/ b*0wm = jrwfpmG bk&m;onf/ "r®pauú = y#da0"ÓPfawmfç a'oemÓPfawmf wnf;[laom w&m;"r®pufu/dk "r®pauúwd y#da0"ÓaP ap0 a'oemÓaP p/ oH-|-3-328/)/ y0wådaw = vnf ywfapawmfrltyfonf&Sdaomf/ ("r® ]]b*0wm = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ Am&mPod,H = Am&mPoDNrdKU\ teD;ü/ £odywae = a&S;cg acwfa[mif; bk&m;ç yapöuAk'g¨ ç t&d,molawmfaumif;wkYd psmef tbdnmPfjzifh aumif;uifrS ouf&m aumif;uifoYdk wuf&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh £odywetrnf&aom/ rd*'ga, = om;wku Yd kd ab;rJah y;&m om;aygif;pHo k nfh rd*'g0kef awm&*Hük / avmuo®ð = avmuü/ oraP 0g = orPonfvnf;aumif;/ jAm[®aPe 0g = jAm[®Ponfvnf;aumif;/ a'a0e 0g = ewf o nf vnf ; aumif ; / rma&e 0g = rm&f e wf o nf v nf ; aumif ; / jA[® K em 0g = d H = a[mMum;jcif;iSm jA[®monfvnf;aumif;/ auepd 0g = wpfpkH wpfa,muf aom olrQaomfvnf;/ tyÜ#0d wå, rpGr;f Ekid af om/ tEkw&å H = twkr&Sad om/ {wH "r®puúH = þy#da0" ÓPfawmfç a'oemÓPfawmfwnf;[laom w&m;"r®pufukd/ y0wådwH = vnfywfapawmfrltyfNyD}}/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ bkr®ma'0g = bkr®Zkd0f;ewfwdkYonf/ o'´H = aumif;csD;ay;oHudk/ tEkóma0oHk = tqifhqifh a<u;aMumfMuukefNyD/ 24/ bkr®meH a'0geH = bkr®Zdk0f;ewfwdkY\/ o'´H = aumif;csD;ay;oHudk/ okwmG = Mum;Muukeí f / y / pmwkr[m&mZdum a'0g = pmwk r[m&mZfewfwo Ydk nf/ o'´H = aumif;cs;D ay;oHu/kd tEkóma0oHk = tqifq h ifh a<u;aMumfMuukeNf y/D 25/ pmwkr[m&mZdumeH a'0geH = pmwkr[m&mZfewfwdkY\/ o'´H = aumif;csD;ay;oHudk/ okwGm = Mum;Muukefí/ wm0 w ðom a'0g = wm0wðomewfwkdYonf/ y / ,mrm a'0g = ,mrmewf wkdYonf/ y / wkodwm a'0g = wm0w wkodwmewfwkdYonf/ y / edr®me&wD a'0g = edr®me&wDewfwdkYonf/ y / y&edr®dw0o0wåD a'0g = y&edr®dw0o0wåDewfwkdYonf/ y / jA[®um,dum a'0g = jA[®mwkdYonf/ o'´H = aumif;csD;ay;oHudk/ tEkóma0oHk = tqifhqifh a<u;aMumfMuukefNyD/ 26/ £wd = þodkYvQif/ awe caPe = xkdcPü/ awe va,e = xkdv,tcgü/ awe rk[kawåe = xkrd [ k w k u f mvü/ ,m0jA[®avmum = tued|jA[®mjynfow Ykd idk af tmif/ oa'´g = aumif;cs;D ay;aom toHonf/ tAÇK*¾päd = ysHUESHYí wuf\/ t,Íö 'oo[ódavmu"mwk = þwpfaomif;aom avmu"mwfonfvnf;/ ouFrdÜ = aumif;pGm wkev f yI \ f / orÜurÜd = jyif;xefpmG wkev f yI \ f / orÜa0"d = xkrd þ S rS xuf0ef;usif wkev f yI \ f / tyÜrmaPm = twkid ;f t&Snrf &Sad om/ OVma&m = jyefaY jym Bu;D us,af om/ Mobmaom p = oAÁnKwÓPfawmf jrwfBuD;aMumifh jzpfay:vmaom ÓPfta&miftvif;onfvnf;/ (Mobmaom bmaomwd oAÁnKwÓaPmbmaom/ (oH-|3-329))/ avmau = avmuü/ a'0geH = ewfwkdY\/ a'0gEkbm0H = ewfwkdY\ tmEkabmfudk/ twduúr® = ausmfvGefí/ ygwk&a[mod = xif&Sm; jzpfay:awmfrlcJhavNyD/ 25

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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27/ tx acg = xkdtcgü/ b*0g = jrwfpGmbk&m;onf/ ]]abm = tdk - &[ef;wkdY/ aum@anm = aum@nonf/ tnmod 0w = opömav;yg;w&m;ukd odavNyw D um;/ abm = tkd -&[ef;wk/Yd aum@anm = aum@nonf/ tnmod 0w = opömav;yg;w&m;ukd odavNyDwum;}}/ £wd = þodkY/ £rH O'geH = þ0rf;ajrmufjcif; O'gef;pum;ud/k O'gaeod = usL;&ifah wmfrNl y/D £wd = þokYd O'gef;usL;&ifah wmfral omaMumifh yifvQi/f tm,o®awm aum@nó = toQifaum@ntm;/ ]]tnmodaum@anmawG0 = tnmodaum@n}} [lí omvQif/ emrH = trnfemronf/ ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/ 28/ tx acg = xdktcgü/ tm,o®m tnmodaum@anm = toQif tnmodaum@nonf/ 'd|"ar®m = ÓPfjzifh odjriftyf NyD;aom opömav;yg;w&m; &Sdonfjzpfí/ ywå"ar®m = ÓPfjzifh qkdufa&muftyfNyD;aom d "ar®m = ÓPfjzifh xk;d xGi;f odtyfNy;D aom opömav;yg;w&m; &So opömav;yg;w&m; &So d nfjzpfí/ 0d'w d nfjzpfí/ y&da,m*gV§"ar®m = ÓPfjzifh ouf0iftyfNy;D aom opömav;yg;w&m; &So d ad päm = opömav;yg; d nfjzpfí/ wdP0Ö pd u w&m;ü ,HkrSm;jcif;0dpdudpämudk ausmfvTm; vGefajrmufNyD;onfjzpfí/ 0d*wuxHuaxm = opömav;yg;w&m;ü [kwfoavm r[kwf oavm[laom okdYavmokdYavm awG;awm,HkrSm;jcif; uif;onf jzpfí/ a0om&ZÆyawåm = opömav;yg;odrüI &J&ifjh cif;okYd a&muf&o dS nfjzpfí/ ow¬Komoae = bk&m;&Si\ f tqH;k tr omoemawmfü/ ty&yÜpöa,m = opömav;yg;w&m;udk odjrif jcif;ü udk,fwkdifrsufarSmuf or®m'd|dÓPfynmjzifh xGif;azmuf odjrifjcif;aMumifh olwpfyg;wkt Yd m; uk;d pm;,HMk unfrI r&So d nfjzpfí/ b*0EÅH = bke;f awmfajcmufpkH wefc;dk *kPEf iS hf jynfph akH wmfral om jrwfpmG bk&m;ud/k ]]baEÅ = bke;f awmfae0ef; xGe;f vif;awmufy awmfryl gayaom jrwfpmG bk&m;/ b*0awm = bk e f ; awmf B uD ; jrwf awmf r l a om bk & m;&S i f \ / oEÅ d a u = xH a wmf a rS m uf ü / t[H = bk&m;wynfah wmfonf/ yAÁZHÆ = &Sit f jzpfu/dk vab,sH = &csif yg\/ OyorÜ'H = &[ef;yÍöi;f tjzpfu/kd vab,sH = &csifyg\/ £wd = þokdYvQif/ {wH = þpum;ukd/ ta0gp = avQmufxm; vkdufavNyD/ 'u©dP[w¬H = vusfmvufarmif;awmfudk/ yoma&wGm = 29/ b*0g = bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf/ ('u© qefYwef;awmfrlí)/ ]]bdu©K = &[ef;/ {[d = vmavmh/ "ar®m = r*fzdkvfedAÁmef "r®u©ef[k q,fwefxifay: w&m;awmfjrwfudk/ oGmu©mawm = tpç tv,fç tqHk; oHk;yg;tpHk aumif;jcif;*kPfESifh jynfhpHk aumif;rGefpGm a[mMum;xm;awmfrltyfygay\/ or®m = aumif; rGefpGm/ 'ku©ó = oHo&m0#fqif;&J 'ku©\/ tEÅud&d,m, = tqHk;tydkif;tjcm;ukd jyKjcif;iSm/ jA[®p&d,H = oDv-orm"d-ynm odu©moHk;&yf tusifhjrwfjzifh odrf;usKH;a&wGuftyfaom omoemh jA[®p&d,ç txufr*foHk;yg;wnf;[laom r*¾jA[®p&d,ç þESpfrsKd; aom rGefjrwfaom jA[®p&d,usifhpOfudk/ p& = usifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfavavmh}}/ £wd = þokdY/ ta0gp = rdefYMum; awmfrlNyD/ wó tm,o®awm aum@nó = xk d t oQif a um@n tm;/ om0 OyorÜ ' g = xk d { [d b d u © K &[ef;yÍöif;tjzpfonf omvQif/ ta[mod = jzpfcJhavNyD/

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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tcef; (2) "r®puúy0Ü wåeokweå w f &m;awmfusr;f OD; "r®pMumESihf tewåvu©Pokweå pf wJh xdx k o kd w k af wGukd tdrrf mS &Gwzf wf ylaZmfaeMuw,fqw kd hJ owif;Mum;awmh bk e f ; BuD ; buf u vnf ; 'D " r® p Mum a'oemawmf ç tewå v u© P ok w å e f a'oemawmf a wG r S m vm&S d w J h teuft"dyÜg,fawGudk pepfwus em;vnfapcsifw,f/ 'gu taMumif;wpf&yf? 'D "r®pMuma'oemawmfç tewåvu©Pokwåef a'oemawmfawGrSm vm&SdwJh 0dyóem½IuGuf vkyfief;cGifawGESifh ywf oufvdkYvnf; wwf o d e m;vnf a pcsif w ,f / 'guvnf ; taMumif ; wpf & yf ? aemuf w pf c g 'D " r® p Muma'oemawmf ç tewåvu©Pokwåef a'oemawmfawGrSm vm&SdwJh enf;pepfawGu t&Sifaum@nç t&Sif b'´d,ç t&Sif0yÜç t&Sirf [memrç t&Sit f óZdac:wJh aemifawmfh aemifawmfrsm;jzpfMuwJh yÍö0*¾iD g;OD; trSL;&Sad ewJh a&S;a&S; t&d,m olawmfaumif;wkdY edAÁmefodkY <u0ifawmfrlwJh vrf;aMumif;BuD; jzpfygw,f/ xdk vrf;aMumif;BuD;twkdif; 'DaeY w&m;emy&dowfawGvnf; avhvm Ny;D usiMhf uBH uKd ;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf pcsiw f ,f/ 'guvnf; taMumif; wpf&yfç 'DtaMumif;ok;H &yfaMumifh bke;f Bu;D 'D"r®pMuma'oemawmfEiS hf tewåvu©Pokweå f a'oemawmfawGukd tajccHí orx-0dyóem usifhpOfawGudk a[mMum;zdkY&eftwGuf &nf&G,fxm;ygw,f/ 'Dorx 0dyóem usifhpOfawGukd ra[mrD remrD 'D"r®pMuma'oemawmfç tewåvu©Pokwåef a'oemawmf tp&SdwJh a'oemawmf t&yf&yf awGudk pwifNyD; a[mMum;jyo qdkqkH;rawmfrlwJh jrwfpGmbk&m;tm; a&S;OD;pGm &Sdcdk; ylaZmf uefawmhMu&atmif/ uJ - tm;vkH; vuftkyf csDxm;Mu .../

r[meruúm& - Ak'¨yPmr rkedE´auúm a,aum ',k',½kaPm ÓP0dw¬dPÖAdarÁm?

0dae,syÜgaPmCH urvuxdwH "r®&Hod0a&[d/ okaAma"od oka'¨ wdb0uk[a& AsmydwuúdwådeÍö? wdavmauupöu©KH 'kcro[eH wH ra[oð ermrd/ ',k',½kaPm = r[mu½kPmawmformywf wnf;[laom wufoufp aet½kPfvnf; &Sdawmfrlxaom/ ÓP0dwd¬PÖAdarÁm = oAÁnKwÓPfawmfjrwfwnf;[laom us,fjyefY aom puf0ef;awmfvnf; &Sdawmfrlxaom/ {aum = aomif;avmu"mwf wpfciG 0f ,f wkzufrjyL wpfqw l nf;om yGix hf eG ;f ay:aygufí vmawmf rlayaom/ a,m rkedE´auúm = tMuifbk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;onf/ oka'¨ = oefY&Sif;jzLpif at;jrMunfvifvSayaom/ wdb0uk[a& = umrç ½lyç t½lywnf;[laom b0oHk;xyf bHkoHk;&yfMumtdkifü/ edAÁwåH = yg&rDuH pDrHvIHUaqmfojzifh toifhjzpfxGef; ay: aygufí aeayaom/ urvuxdwH

= Mum[lí ac:qdkorkwftyfaom/

0dae,sygÜ aPmCH = uRwfxdkufool vl ewf jA[®m a0ae,sMum owå0gtaygif;udk/ "r®&Hod0a&[d

= "r®puúyÜ0wåeokwåefç tewåvu©Pokwåef uJhodkYaom r*faygufzdkvf0if edAÁmefudk jrifodap 27

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

wwfonfh olawmfaumif;w&m; wnf;[laom jrwfaom a'oema&mifjcnfawmfwdkYjzifh/ okaAma"od

= opömav;&yf w&m;jrwfudk xGif;azmufodjrif apvsuf aumif;pGm yGifhapawmfrlcJhavNyD/

AsmydwuúdwådeÍö

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wdavmauupöuK© H = jA[®m ewf vl oHk;yHkolwdkY\ wpfvHk;wnf;aom rsufpdozG,f jzpfawmfrlaywwfxaom/ 'kcro[eH

= r[myx0DajrBuD;ESifh wlpGm onf;cHEdkifcJaom t&mudk onf;cHawmfrlwwfxaom/

ra[oð

= oDvu©Eç¨ orm"duE¨ ç¨ ynmu©Eç¨ 0drw k u då E© ç¨ 0drw k Ó då P'óeu©E¨ wnf;[laom *kPaf us;Zl; txl;wdkYudk qnf;yl;&SmrSD; avhusufawmfrlNyD; aom/

wH rkedE´uúH

= xdkbk&m;wnf;[laom aerif;udk/

t[H

= w&m;a[m w&m;em[k ac:qdkorkwftyfaom wynfhawmfonf/

ermrd

= um,0pD raemcsDvsuf oHk;vDapwem oHk;jzm 'Gg& yPmrjzifh tÍövD½dkusKd; vufq,fjzm xdyfrSmrdk;í &Sdcdk;OD;ñTwfyg\ jrwfpGmbk&m;/ om"k? om"k? om"k ...ygbk&m;/

£odywe - rd*'g0kefawm {uH or,H b*0g Am&mPod,H 0d[&&w odywae rd*'ga,/ £o wd £ tcgwpfyg;ü bkef;awmfajcmufyg;ocif bk&m;&Sifonf Am&mPoD NrdKU\teD;ü bk&m;ç yapöuAk'¨g tp&Sdaom &aoholawmfaumif;wkdYonf aumif;uifrS psmeftbdnmPfjzifh qif;oufusa&muf&m jzpfjcif;aMumifh £odywe trnf & S d a wmf r l a om om;wk d Y u d k ab;rJ h a y;&m rd * 'g0k e f a wmü oD w if ; ok H ; pH a eawmf r l q J jzpf a yw,f / "r®pMuma'oemawmf jzpfay: vmwJh tcsdeftcgumvudk t&SiftmeE´mukd,fawmfjrwfu t&Sifr[m uóy rax&fjrwf ar;jref;awmfrlwJh tcsdeftcgrSm ed'gef;oG,fNyD;awmh avQmufxm;wJh pum;&yf jzpfygw,f/ tcsdefqdkwmvnf; bkef;BuD;wdkY r[mouú&mZftaeESifh ajymvQif awmh r[mouú&mZf (103)ckESpf? uqkev f jynfah eYrmS jrwfpmG bk&m;onf aAm"dr@dKirf mS oAÁnKw ÓPfawmfjrwfukd xk;d xGi;f odjrifawmfrcl hJ ygw,f/ &&Sad wmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ uqkefvjynfhaeYu aeNyD;awmh aAm"dr@dKifywf0ef;usifrSm jrwfpGm bk&m;onf owåowåm[ (7)&uf (7)vD - (49)&uf pH a eawmf r l N yD ; wJ h aemuf 0gqd k v jynf h a vmuf a&muf v mwJ h tcsd e f t cgrS m Am&mPoD j ynf Am&mPoDNrdKUteD;rSm wnf&SdaewJh 'D£odywetrnf&wJh rd*'g0kef awmokdY jrwfpGmbk&m; <ucsDawmfrlcJhygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm £odywe = &aohawG&JU psmeftbdnmPfjzifh qif;ouf usa&muf&mae&m qdkwmuawmh a&S;a&S;wkef;u bk&m;&SifwkdYudkvnf; ]£od}vkdY ac:ygw,f/ yapöuAk'¨gbk&m;&SifawGudkvnf; ]£od}vdkY ac: ygw,f/ &[ef;awmfawGuv kd nf; ]£od}vdYk ac:ygw,f/ omoemy t,ltq&Sad ewJh odrYk [kwf omoemwGi;f t,ltq&Sad ewJh a&S;a&S; olawmfaumif;ç &aoholawmfaumif;awGudkvnf; ]£od}vdkYyJ ac:qdk ygw,f/ 'Dawmh a&S;a&S;bk&m;&Sirf sm;u 'D £odywetrnf&wJh rd*'g0kef awmodYk <ucsaD wmfrw l t hJ cgrSm a,bk,stm;jzifh aumif;uifc&D;jzifh <ucsDNyD;awmh qif;oufNyD; "r®pMuma'oemawmfudk a[mawmfrljrJ "r®wmjzpfygw,f/

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oDvr*¾if (3) yg; or®m'd|dqdkwJh rSefuefaewJh ÓPftjrif&&Sda&;? or®mouFyÜac: wJh rSefuefaewJh awG;ac:rI &&Sda&;twGuf bmvdt k yfovJ¿ tajccH taMumif;&if;jzpfwhJ or®m0gpm = rSeu f efwhJ pum;av;udk ajymwwfzYdk vdw k ,f? or®mur®EÅ = rSeu f efaewJh vkyif ef;&yfav;awG jyKvyk w f wfzYdk vdw k ,f? or®mtmZD0 = rSeu f efaewJh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;av;&Szd Ydk vdt k yfygw,f/ 'DaeYw&m;emy&dowfawGudk Munfhr,fqdkvQifayghav - bkef;BuD;wdkY uawmh cefYrSef;ajct& ajymwmyg tm;vk;H vkv d u kd 'D or®m0gpmç or®mur®EçÅ or®mtmZD0ac:wJh 'Dov D r*¾io f ;Hk yg;udk jznfu h sirhf ,fqv kd Qif vG,v f , G af v; jyKusiv hf Ydk &Ekid w f hJ yk*Kd¾ vaf wGyJ rsm;Mur,fvYkd bke;f Bu;D ,lqygw,f/ Ny;D awmh or®m0gpmrSm eHygwfwpfu bmvJvaYkd r;awmh rkom0g'g a0&rPd = rkom;pum; ajymMum;jcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;? ydokP0gpm a0&rPd = ukef;wkdufpum;awG Ü myg ajymMum;jcif;rS a&Smif MuOfjcif;? z½ko0gpm a0&rPd = Murf;wrf;wJh pum;awG ajymqdjk cif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;? oræyv a0&rPd = Nydefzsif;wJhpum;awG ajym qdkjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif; qdkNyD;awmh a&SmifMuOfjcif; b,fESpfrsKd;&SdovJ¿ av;ck/ 'D0pD'kp½dkufav;rsKd;udk a&SmifMuOfum rSefuefwJhpum;udkom ajymcJhvQif or®m0gpmjzpfw,f/ aemuf or®mur®E-Å u rSeu f efwhJ vkyif ef;&yfuav;awG &S&d r,f/ ygPmwdygwm a0&rPd = olt Y oufowfjcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdw k hJ vkyif ef;&yf &S&d r,f/ t'dEmé 'gem a0&rPd = ykid &f iS u f ud, k Ef w I jf zifh MunfjzLpGm ray;wJh ypön;f udk rw&m;,ljcif;rS a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdkwJh vkyfief;&yf &Sd&ygw,f/ aemuf umarokrdpämpm&m a0&rPd = umrwkdYü rSm;,Gif; azmufjyefaewJh usifh0wfrS a&SmifMuOfjcif;qdkwJh vkyfief;&yf &Sd&ygw,f/ 'Dor®mur®EÅuawmh 'DaeY w&m;emy&dowfawG twGuf tvGefBuD; rcJ,Of;bl;vkdY bkef;BuD;uawmh ,lqygw,f/ aemufwpfck or®mtmZD0 = rSefuefwJh toufarG;rIwJh? rSefuefwJh toufarG;rIqdkwm bmawGvJvdkYar;awmh rdpämtmZD0 = rSm;,Gif;aewJh toufarG;0rf;aMumif;uae a&SmifMuOf&r,f/ Oyrm - rkom;ajymvdkY &&SdwJhypönf; rok;H bl; a&SmifMuOfw,f/ uke;f wku d v f Ykd uke;f pum;ajymqdv k Ykd &&Sw d yhJ pön;f rok;H bl; a&SmifMuOfw,f/ Murf;wrf;wJph um;awG ajymqdkvdkY &&SdwJhypönf;rsKd; rokH;bl; a&SmifMuOfw,f/ Nydefzsif;wJhpum;awG ajymMum; vdkY &&SdwJh ypönf;rsKd; rokH;bl;? a&SmifMuOfw,f/ 'gu or®mtmZD0yJ? olUtoufowfvdkY &&SdwJhypönf;rsKd; rokH;bl;? a&SmifMuOfw,f/ olrsm; ypönf; rw&m;,lNyD;awmh &&SdwJh ypönf;rsKd;ç ck;d 0Suv f &Ykd wJh ypön;f rsK;d udk rok;H pGb J EJ iS hf a&SmifMuOfw,f/ umarokrpd mä pm& vkyif ef;&yfawG jyKusiv hf Ykd &&Sw d hJ ypön;f rsK;d udk rok;H pGb J J a&SmifMuOfw,f/ qdv k &kd if;uawmh 0pD'pk ½du k f av;yg;ç um,'kp½du k o f ;kH yg;wku Yd kd rjyKrusihf a&SmifMuOfw,f/ 0pD'pk ½du k çf um,'kp½ku d w f aYkd Mumifh &&Sw d yhJ pön;f udv k nf; roH;k pJb G J a&SmifMuOfw,f/ 'Dum,'kp½ku d f 0pD'pk ½ku d w f aYkd Mumifh &&SdwJh ypönf;udk rokH;pGJbJ a&SmifMuOf um ukefoG,fjcif; v,fvkyfjcif;pwJh vkyfief;&yfawGaMumifh &&SdwJh ypönf; udo k m ok;H pGw J ,f/ &[ef;jzpfvQiv f nf; rdpmä tmZD0trsK;d rsK;d awGrS a&SmifMuOfNy;D qGr;f cHusi0hf wf ponfh tyfaomenf;jzifh &&SdwJh ypönf;udk okH;pGJw,f/ 'gwGifvm;qdkawmh ruao;bl;/ 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumr BuD;awGtwGuf uGufajymr,fqdkvQifawmh rtyfaom ukefoG,fjcif; ig;rsKd;&Sdygw,f/

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf rtyfaom ukeo f , G rf I (5) rsK;d

eHygwf (1)uawmh vlukd ukeo f , G jf cif;? vlukd ta&mif;t0,fvyk w f hJ pepf? tJ'v D u kd ek o f , G Nf y;D awmh &&Sw d yhJ pön;f udk roHk;pGJbl; a&SmifMuOfw,f/ eHygwf (2)uawmh tom;wkd;yGm;atmifqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufjzifh wd& pämefudk arG;jrLjcif;vkyfief;&yfawGudk jyKvkyfNyD;awmh &&SdwJhypönf;udk rokH;pGJbJ a&SmifMuOfw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (3)uawmh vufeufudk ukefoG,fvdkY &&SdwJh ypönf;udk rokH;pGJbJ a&SmifMuOfw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (4)uawmh tqdyfawGudk a&mif;0,fvkdY &wJh ypönf;rsKd;udk rokH;pGJbl; a&SmifMuOfw,f/ aemufwpfck eHygwf (5)uawmh rl;,pfaq;0g;awGukd a&mif;csvYkd &&Sw d hJ ypön;f rsK;d udk rok;H pGb J ;l a&SmifMuOfw,f/ rtyfaom ukefoG,frI ig;rsKd; jzpfygw,f/ (tH-2-183? 0PdZÆmokwåef/ 'D-|-1-210) 'DukefoG,frI ig;rsKd;uaeNyD;awmh vGwfuif;aewJh vkyfief;&yfawGESifh toufarG;cJhvQif 'gvnf; or®mtmZD0 jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh aygif;vku d f r,fqv kd Qif 0pD'pk ½ku d af wGudk vGeu f sL;jcif;aMumifh &&Sw d yhJ pön;f ? um, 'kp½ku d o f ;Hk yg;udk vGefusL;jcif;aMumifh &&SdwJhypönf;? ukefoG,frIig;rsKd; aMumifh &&SdwJhypönf;? 'Dypönf;awGudk rokH;pGJbJESifh rSefuefaom ukefoG,f jcif; v,fvkyfjcif; tp&dSwJh vkyfief;&yfawG jyKvkyfNyD;awmh &&SdwJhypönf; udk okH;pGJcJhvQif or®mtmZD0 jzpfw,f/ bkef;BuD;wdkY edAÁmefudk oGm;wJh tcsdeftcgrSm 'DjzLpifaewJh ukd,fusifhw&m;av;awG vkdtyfygw,f/

£ZÑwd bdu©a0 oDv0awm apawmyPd"d 0dok'¨wåm/ (tH-3-71/)

oD v pif M u,f a ewJ h yk * ¾ d K vf & J U awmif h w csuf [l o rQonf oD v pif M u,f a ejcif ; wnf ; [l a om taMumif;w&m;aMumifh rcRw{f uef Ny;D pD;jynfph w Hk ,f/ jzLpifaom uk, d u f siw hf &m;ay:rSm &yfwnfNy;D awmh or®m'd|çd or®mouFyÜqdkwJh ynmr*¾ifawGudk yGm;cJhr,f/ aemufxyf ajymrnfh or®m0g,mrç or®mowdç or®morm"dac:wJh orm"dr*¾if awGudk xlaxmifcJhr,fqdkvQif xlaxmifvdkY &Ekdifygw,f/ tu,fí ukd,fusifhw&m;awGu jzLpifrI r&Sdbl;qdkvQif orm"dxlaxmifvQifvnf; atmifjrifrI rjzpfEkdifbl;? ynmr*¾ifawGudk yGm;rsm;r,fqdkvQifvnf; atmifjrifrIuawmh rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ tJ'aD wmh orm"dxal xmifaewJh tykid ;f awGrmS ç ynmr*¾iu f kd yGm;rsm;aewJt h ydik ;f awGrmS uk, d u f siw hf &m;av;awG jzLpifzdkYqdkwm vdktyf ygw,f/ avmurSm udk,fusifhw&m; ysufpD;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU pdwf tpOfudk vSrf;NyD;Munfhyg/ udk,fusifhw&m; ysufpD;aewJh yk*¾dKvfawG&JU pdwf"mwfonf MunfvifrI r&SdwJhtwGuf orx-0dyóem bm0em vkyfief;&yfawGudk atmifatmifjrifjrif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfvdkY &&SdzdkY&ef twGuf BudK;pm;tm;xkwf&eftwGuf tvGecf ufcyJ gw,f/ orx 0dyóem bm0emawGudk usiw hf ,fqw kd mu jzLpifaom pdw"f mwfjzifh wu,fvufawGU BudK;pm;ygrSomvQif atmifjrifEkdifwJhoabm &Sdw,f/ jzLpifwJh pdwf"mwfjzifh wu,fvufawGU rusifhEkdifbl;qdkvQif atmifjrif zd&Yk eftwGuf tvGecf ufcyJ gw,f/ 'gaMumifh orx-0dyóemusiphf OfawG udk wu,fvufawGU usichf siw f ,fç rZÑdry#dy'gvrf;udk wu,f vdkufcsif w,fqdkvQif udk,fusifhw&m;av;awG jzLpifzdkY vdktyfw,f/ ud, k u f siw hf &m; ysupf ;D aewJh yk*Kd¾ vo f nf oHo&mc&D; usiv f nf r,fqv kd &Ykd v dS Qiv f nf; atmufwef;uswo hJ abm &Sdw,f? txufwef; uswJh b0awGudk &zdkY&efvnf; tvGefcufcJygw,f/ ukd,fusifhw&m; ysufpD;aewJh yk*d¾KvfawG jyKusiv hf u dk w f hJ 'gepwJh ukov kd af wG[m tqifh twef;jrifw h hJ b0awGukd jzpfapEdik w f phJ rG ;f tm; r&SMd uygbl;/ tqifeh rd w hf hJ b0awGrSmom tusKd;ay;EdkifwJhpGrf;tm; &Sdygw,f/ (tH-3-480/)

44

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

ud, k u f siw hf &m; ysupf ;D aewJh yk*Kd¾ vaf wGonf aoonf\tjcm;rJüh aumif;&mok*wd a&mufzq Ykd w kd m tvGecf ufcw J hJ vkyfief;wpfck jzpfyg w,f/ 'gaMumifh oHo&mc&D;usifvnfcdkufrSm udk,fusifhw&m;awG jzLpif zkdYqdkwm vkdtyfw,f/ edAmÁ ef&&Sad &;twGuf orx-0dyóem bm0em awGukd usiw hf t hJ csed t f cgrSmvnf; ud, k u f siw hf &m;av;awG jzLpifzq Ykd w kd m tvGef vdktyfygw,f/

or®m0g,mr aemufwpfckuawmh or®m0g,mr = rSefuefaom BudK;pm;tm;xkwf rIwJh/ bmawGvJvkdY ar;awmh --eHygwfwpf - rjzpfay:ao;wJh tukodkvfw&m;awGudk rjzpfatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? eHygwfEpS f - jzpfay:NyD;wJh tukokdvfw&m;awGudk y,fEdkif&ef BudK;pm; tm;xkwfjcif;? eHygwfokH; - rjzpfay:ao;wJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudk jzpfay:vmatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? eHygwfav; - jzpfay:NyD;wJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudk twdkif;xuftvGef wdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? qdkNyD;awmh rSefuefwJh BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI b,fESpfck &SdovJ¿ av;ck/ rjzpfay:ao;wJh tukov kd w f &m;awGukd rjzpfatmif BuKd ;pm; tm;xkw&f r,f qdw k mu oHo&mc&D;wpfavQmufrmS rjzpfay:zl;wJh tukodkvfqdkwmuawmh owå0gwpfOD;twGuf &Sm;yg;ygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm qdkvdkwmuawmh 'Db0rSm rjzpfay:ao;wJh tukodkvfawGudk rjzpfzl; ao;bl; qkdvQifawmh rjzpfatmifom BudK;pm;yg/ qddkvdkwmu rdrd[m 'Db0rSm olUtoufudk wpfcgrQ rowfzl;bl;qdkvQif rowfzl;atmifom BudK;pm;? olUypönf;udk wpfcgrQ rw&m;r,lz;l bl;qdv k Qiv f nf; rw&m; aemufxyfvnf; r,lrad tmifom BuKd ;pm;yg/ umarokrpd mä pm&uH awGuv kd nf; b,fawmhrS rvGefusL;zl;bl;qdkvQifvnf; aemufxyf b,fawmhrS rvGefusL;rdatmifom BudK;pm;yg ponfjzifh 'Dvdk oabm aygufyg/ rjzpfay:ao;wJh tukodkvfw&m;awGudk rjzpfatmif BudK;pm;& r,f/ b,fvkd BudK;pm;rvJvdkY ar;vQif oDvjzifh xdef;csKyf&rnfh ae&mrSm oDvjzifh xdef;csKyfvsuf BudK;pm;&r,f/ orm"djzifh xdef;csKyf&rnfh ae&m rSm orm"dESifh xdef;csKyfNyD; BudK;pm;&r,f/ ynmjzifh xdef;csKyf&rnfh ae&m rSmvnf; ynmjzifh xdef;csKyfNyD; BudK;pm;&rSm jzpfw,f/ tJ'Dawmh 'D orm"dESifhynm xdef;csKyf&rnfhtykdif;awGudk bkef;BuD; aemufydkif;usawmh wjznf;jznf; a[may;ygr,f/ aemufwpfck - jzpfay:NyD;wJh tukodkvfw&m;awGudk y,fEkdifatmif BudK;pm;&r,fqdkawmh b,fvdk y,f&rvJvdkY ar;awmhvnf; orx-0dyóem bm0emusiphf OfawGukd vufawGUusi&hf r,f/ bmay:rSm tajcwnfNy;D usi&hf rvJvYkd ar;awmh jzLpifaom udk,fusifhw&m;ç oDvw&m;ay:rSm &yfwnfNyD;awmh orx-0dyóem bm0emusifhpOf awGudk usi&hf r,f/ tJ'v D kd usiv hf u kd rf ,f qdv k Ukd &Sv d Qif jzpfay:Ny;D wJh tukov kd w f &m;awGuv kd nf; 'Dusiphf OfawGu z,f&mS ;ay;rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvdk BudK;pm;vdkufwJhtydkif;rSm rjzpfay:ao;wJh ukodkvfw&m;awG udkvnf; jzpfatmif BudK;pm;&r,f/ rjzpfay:ao;wJh ukov kd w f &m;awG qdw k mu rdrrd mS tu,fí psmefuo k v dk w f &m;awGu wpfcgrS rjzpfz;l ao;bl;qdv k Qif 'Dpsmefuo k v kd w f &m;awGukd &atmif rdru d BuKd ;pm;zkYd vkw d ,f/ 0dyóem ukov kd w f &m;awG rjzpfz;l ao;bl; qdv k Qiv f nf; 'D 0dyóem ukodkvfw&m;awGukd jzpfatmif BudK;pm;zdkY vdkw,f/ tu,fí rdrdu r*fukodkvfw&m;awG rdrdoEÅmefrSm rjzpfzl;ao;bl; qdkvQifvnf; 'Dt&d,r*fukokdvfw&m;awG rdrd&JUoEÅmefrSm jzpfay:vmatmif BudK;pm; zkdYvnf; vdt k yfygw,f/ tu,fí jzpfay:cJNh y;D Nyq D v kd Qif bmvky&f rvJ¿ 'Duo k v kd w f &m; awGukd twdik ;f xuftvGef wd;k yGm;atmif BuKd ;pm;zkYd vdkygw,f/ twkdif; xuftvGef wdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;zdkYvdkw,fqdkwmu yxrpsmef&NyD;wJh yk*¾dKvfu 'kwd,psmefukd &atmifç 'kwd,psmef &NyD;wJh yk*¾dKvfu wwd, psmefudk &atmif ponfjzifh txufwef;uswJh ukodkvfw&m;awGudk 45

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf twdkif;xuftvGef wdk;yGm;atmif BudK;pm;zdkYvdkw,f/

0dyóemukokdvfw&m;awGu rjzpfao;bl;qdkvQifvnf; jzpfay: vmatmifç jzpfay:vmNyD;vQifvnf; xyfumxyfum jzpfay:aeatmifç ckdifcHhaeatmif BudK;pm;zkdYvdkw,f/ tu,fí aomwmywådr*fÓPfqkdwJh ukov kd w f &m;awGudk &&SNd y;D NyD qdv k Qiv f nf; ou'g*grdr*fÓPfukd &atmif? ou'g*grdr*fÓPfudk &&SNd y;D Nyq D v kd Qiv f nf; tem*grdr*fÓPf udk &atmifç tem*grdr*fÓPfuo k v kd af wGukd &&SNd y;D Nyq D v kd Qiv f nf; t&[wår*fÓPfuo k v kd af wGukd &&Sdatmif BudK;pm;zdkYvkdygw,f/ 'Dvkd BuKd ;pm;wJt h ydik ;f rSm t½d;k <uif;apç ta&<uif;apç taMum <uif;apç tom;taoG;awG tukecf ef;ajcmufcsif cef;ajcmufygapç a,musfm;jrwfwdkY&JU ZGJ vkHYv 0D&d,ç rdef;rjrwfwdkY&JU ZGJ vkHYv 0D&d,jzifh &EkdifwJht&mom rSefygap? ig aemufudk b,fawmhrS rqkwfbl;vdkY 'Dvkd jyif;xefwJh t*Fgav;yg; jcH&Hvsuf&SdwJh vkHYv0D&d,jzifh BudK;pm;&r,fvdkY 'Dvdk usrf;*efrsm;u azmfjyxm;ygw,f/ 'Dvdk BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrI[m or®m0g,mrwpfck jzpfygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dor®m0g,mrESifh or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜwdkY b,fvdk qufpyfovJqdkwm udk bkef;BuD; wpfcgxyfNyD;ajymr,f? 'ku©opömudk xkd;xGif;odwwfwJh ÓPfu or®m'd|dç 'kuo © pömtm½kaH y:odYk pdwu f kd a&S;½Iwifay;aewJh oabmu or®mouFyçÜ 'kuo © pömudk odatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf ewJh oabmu or®m0g,mr/ r*¾if b,fESpfrsKd; jzpfoGm;ovJ¿ okH;rsKd;/ b,fr*¾ifudk tajccH&rvJvdkYar;awmh udk,fusifhw&m;jzLpifrIvdkY ac: qdktyfwJh oDvr*¾ifokH;ckudk tajccHygw,f/

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t0dZÆmeda&m"m ½lyeda&ma"m &ma"mwd t*¾r*¾ÓaPe t0dZÆm, tEkyÜg'eda&m"awm tem*wó ½lyó tEkyÜg'eda&ma"m a[mwd ypö,mbma0 tbm0awm/ y / wPSmeda&m"m ur®eda&ma"m &ma"mwd {w¬myd {ao0 ea,m/ (r[m#D-2-421/) y#dorÇd'gr*¾t|uxm pmrsufESm (236)rSmvnf; t"dyÜg,fwl pum;vHk;rsm;jzifh zGifhqdkxm;awmfrlygw,f/ 'Dusrf;*efrsm;&JU qdkvdk&if;uawmh tjrwfqHk;ÓPfvdkY ac:qdktyfwJh t&[wår*fÓPfaMumifh t0dZÆmç wPSmç Oyg'gefç ocFg&ç uH-qdw k hJ taMumif;w&m;awG[m aemifwpfzefrjzpfaom csKyjf cif;vdYk ac:qdt k yf wJh tEkygÜ 'eda&m" oabmtm;jzifh csKyNf ird ;f oGm;wJt h cg aemiftem*wf jzpfwhJ cE¨mig;yg;wkv Yd nf; y&deAd mÁ epkwu d kd aemufq;kH xm;Ny;D awmh

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'Dae&mrSm t*FkwåKd&f wduedygwfygVdawmf wdw¬m,weokwåef (tH-1-178/) rSm bk&m;&Sifu eda&m"opömudk 'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfrlyg w,f/

uwrÍö bdua© 0 'kue© ad &m"H t&d,opö?H t0dZmÆ ,awG0 taoo0d&m*eda&m"m ocFg&eda&ma"m? ocFg&eda&m"m 0dnmPeda&ma"m? 0dnmPeda&m"m emr½lyeda&ma"m? emr½lyeda&m"m oVm,weeda&ma"m? oVm,weeda&m"m zóeda&ma"m? zóeda&m"m a0'emeda&ma"m? a0'emeda&m"m wPSmeda&ma"m? wPSmeda&m"m Oyg'geeda&ma"m?

Oyg'geed a &m"m b0ed a &ma"m? b0ed a &m"m Zmwd e d a &ma"m? Zmwd e d a &m"m Z&mr&Paomuy&da'0'kua© 'greókyg,mom ed½Zk ÑE/dÅ {0arwó au0vó 'kuE© ó ¨ eda&ma"m a[mwd/ £'H 0kpw ö d bdua© 0 'ku©eda&m"H t&d,opöH/ (tH-1-178/) &[ef;wdkY ...'ku©eda&m"t&d,opömw&m;[lonf tb,fenf;¿ &[ef;wkYd ...t0dZmÆ \omvQif t&[wår*faMumifh t<uif;rJh csKyjf cif;aMumifh ocFg&csKy\ f ? ocFg&csKyjf cif;aMumifh 0d n mPf c sKyf \ ? 0d n mPf c sKyf j cif ; aMumif h emrf ½ k y f c sKyf \ ? emrf ½ k y f c sKyf j cif ; aMumif h oVm,wecsKyf \ ? oVm,wecsKyfjcif;aMumifh zócsKyf\? zócsKyfjcif; aMumifh a0'emcsKyf\? a0'emcsKyfjcif;aMumifh wPSmcsKyf\? wPSm csKyfjcif;aMumifh Oyg'gefcsKyf\? Oyg'gefcsKyfjcif;aMumifh b0csKyf\? b0 csKyfjcif;aMumifh ZmwdcsKyf\?

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ypö,awm 0,'óaee eda&m"opöH ygu#H a[mwd ypö,mEkyÜga'e ypö,0wH tEkyÜg'g0aAm"awm/ (0dok'¨d2-267/)

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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½kyfw&m;oufoufudkvnf; 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifh r*fÓPfodkY rqdkufEkdifbl;/ emrfw&m;oufoufudkvnf; 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifh r*fÓPfodkY rqdkufEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh &Hcg ½kyfw&m;ç &Hcg emrfw&m;awGudk 0dyóem½Iay;&w,f/ tvm;wlyJ tZÑwå½yk ef mrf A[d'½¨ yk ef mrfawGukd 0dyóem½Iay;&w,f/ tZÑwå ½kyaf wGemrfawGukd tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;vdv Yk nf; ac:ygw,f/ twlwlyJ/ A[d'½¨ yk af wGemrfawGukd A[d'c¨ E¨mig;yg;vdYk ac:ygw,f/ twlwlyJ/ tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;oufouf 0dyóem½Iae½HEk iS v hf nf; t&d,r*fÓPfodkY rqkdufEkdifbl;/ A[d'c¨ E¨mig;yg; oufoufukd 0dyóem½Iae½HEk iS v hf nf; t&d,r*fÓPfodkY rqkdufEdkifbl;/ (pmrsufEmS -177-178)

tcef; (8) tEkyóemykid ;f tEkyóem (4) rsK;d owdy|mefav;yg;qdw k mu um,mEkyóemowdy|mefç a0'emEkyóemowdy|mefç pdwmå Ekyóemowdy|mefç "r®mEkyóemowdy|mefwYkd jzpfMuygw,f/ tEkyóemav;yg;vdv Yk nf; twdak umuf tm;jzifh ac:a0:oH;k pGyJ gw,f/ 'DtEkyóemav;yg;taMumif;udk qufvufNyD; ajymMu&atmif ---

um,mEkyóemowdy|mef um,mEkyóem owdy|meftykdif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u eHygwfwpf taetm;jzifh tmemygeyAÁydkif; = tmemygetcef;u@ykid ;f qdNk y;D a[mxm;ygw,f/ tmemygeur®|mef;udk bk&m;&Siu f pwkwp¬ smeform"d qdu k af tmif xlaxmifyt kH ykid ;f udk y"mexm;Ny;D a[mMum;awmfrv l u dk f w,f/ a[mNy;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm ½kyaf wGemrfawG odr;f qnf;yHçk taMumif; w&m; tusKd;w&m;odrf;qnf;yHkç taMumif;w&m;ESifhwuG 'D½kyfemrfawG udk tedpöç 'ku©ç tewå 85

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

vu©Pma&;oHk;wefwifNyD;awmh t&[wåzkdvf ayguf 0dyóem ½IyGm;oHk;oyfyHk tydkif;awGudk wpfqifhNyD; wpfqihf a[mMum;oGm;awmfryl gw,f/ a[moGm;wJt h ydik ;f rSm 'Dum,mEkyóem owdy|mefukd yGm;aewJh yk*K¾d vaf wG&UJ pm&if;xJrmS tmemygeur®|mef; vnf; ygaew,f/ 'Dtmemygeur®|mef;onf pwkw¬psmeform"dqkdufatmif yGm;rsm; tm;xkwf&rnfh ur®|mef;wpfckvnf; jzpfw,fqkdwmudkawmh enf;enf; oabmaygufatmif rSwfom;xm;yg/ 'Dawmh 'D½kyfawGemrfawGudk odrf;qnf;wJhtydkif;rSm ½kyfudk OD;wnf NyD;awmh y"mexm;NyD; odrf;qnf;wJh tEkyóemvkyfief;&yfukd um,mEkyóemowdy|mefvkdY ac:ygw,f/ aemufwpfck 'Dum,mEkyóem owdy|mefxJrSm oHk;q,fhESpfaum|mowdkYuJhokdYaom aum|moawGudk y#duv l reodum& = &G&H mS pufqyk zf , G f taetm;jzifh ESv;kH oGi;f ½IymG ;yHt k ydik ;f awGuv kd nf; jrwfpmG bk&m;u xnfo h iG ;f Ny;D a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ oH k ; q,f E S p f a um|moud k y#d u l v reod u m& = &G H & S m puf q k y f z G , f taeES i f h ES v H k ; oG i f ; ½I y G m ;cJ h v Qif yxrpsmeform"dtxd qdkufEdkifygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dorxbm0em usifhpOfawGudkvnf; 'Dum,mEkyóem owdy|mefxJrSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u xnfhoGif;um a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f qkdwmukdawmh oabmaygufapcsifw,f/ tvm;wlyJ okomefocsKØif;ESifh qufpyfNyD;awmh olaoaumifudk;rsKd; ½IyGm;oHk;oyfyHk tydkif;awGudkvnf; um,mEkyóemowdy|mefxJrSm jrwfpGmbk&m; xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum; xm;awmfrlygw,f/ odkYaomf &[EÅmt&Sifjrwfwpfyg; jzpfawmfrlwJh r[mod0rax&f NrwfBuD;uawmh ]]r[mowdy|meokwåefrSm bk&m;&Si&f UJ &nf&, G af wmf rlcsuu f awmh psmefqu dk af tmif yGm;apvdw k hJ &nf&, G cf suf r[kwb f ;l ? tm'De0gEkyóemac:wJh rdrcd E¨mtdrf olwpfyg;cE¨mtdrrf mS wnf&adS ewJh tjypftm'De0awGukd ½IymG ;oH;k oyfz&Ykd eftwGuf OD;wnfNy;D jrwfpmG bk&m; u a[mMum;awmfrljcif;jzpfw,f}}vkdY 'Dvkdawmh qHk;jzwfxm;ygw,f/ (r-|-1-305/)

odkYaomf a&S;a&S; t|uxmq&mawmfrsm;&JU owfrSwfcsuft& ajymvQifawmh 'Dolaoaumifudk;rsKd;udk yxrpsmeform"dqdkufatmif yGm;r,fqkdvQif yGm;vdkY&ygw,f/ qkdvdkwmuawmh psmefawGudk yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfwJh vk y f i ef ; cG i f a wG o nf owd y |mef a v;yg;xJ r S m b,f v k y f i ef ; cG i f w G i f ygaeovJ v k d Y a r;vQif um,mEkyóemowdy|mefxJrSm ygae w,f/ 'Dtcsufudk em;vnfapcsifygw,f/

um,mEkyóemowdy|mefEiS hf r*¾i&f pS yf g; aemufwpfck ½kyyf &rw¬w&m;awGukd y"mexm;Ny;D odr;f qnf;½IymG ; wJh vkyif ef;cGi[ f mvnf; b,fowdy|mefxrJ mS ygovJ q d k v Qif um,mEk y óemowd y |mef x J r S m ygaew,f / 'D a wmh 'D t memygeur® | mef ; wd k Y u J h o d k Y orxur®|mef;wpfckukd pwkw¬psmef orm"dqdkufatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf wJh olawmfaumif;onf or®m0g,mrç or®mowdç or®morm"dqdkwJh orm"dr*¾ifoHk;yg;ukd xlaxmifNyD; jzpfygw,f/ xkdorm"dr*¾ifoHk;yg;ukd xlaxmifrnfh a,m*Doal wmfaumif;onf or®m0gpmç or®mur®EçÅ or®mtmZD0ac:wJh oDvr*¾io f ;kH yg; tay:rSm &yfwnfNy;D awmhrS yGm;rsm;tm;xkwf&rSm jzpfw,f/ orm"dpcef;awG atmifjrifvdkY 'Dorm"dudk tajccHNyD;awmh ½kyf y&rw¬w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;r,fç emrfy&rw¬w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;r,fqkdvQif or®m'd|dç or®mouFyÜqkdwJh ynmr*¾ifawGudk &&Sdatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwaf ejcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ ½kyw f &m;awGukd odr;f qnf;wJh tydik ;f rSm "mwfBu;D av;yg;u pwiford ;f qnf;&ef

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

"mwk r eod u m&yAÁ q d k w J h tyd k i f ; u@wpf c k u d k v nf ; um,mEk y óem owd y |mef y k d i f ; rS m bk & m;&S i f u a[mMum;xm;awmfrcl yhJ gw,f/ 'gaMumifh "mwfur®|mef;udk t&[wåzdkvfayguf tqifhqifh tm;xkwfoGm;jcif;onfvnf; - owdy|mefudk yGm;onfvnf; rnfw,f/ r*¾if&Spfyg;udk yGm;aeonfvnf; rnfygw,f/ um,mEkyóemowdy|mef ukd yGm;rsm;wJyh *k K¾d v[ f m ½kyw f &m;oufoufuo kd m ½Ionf r[kwyf gbl;/ emrfw&m;awGuv kd nf; qufvuf ½IymG ;&ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ bk&m;&Sifu oH,kwfygVdawmf ty&dZmeeokwåefrSm oAÁH bdu©a0 tebdZmeH ty&dZmeH t0d&mZ,H tyZ[H tbaAÁm 'ku©u©,m,/ y / oAÁH p acg bdu©a0 tbdZmeH y&dZmeH 0d&mZ,H yZ[H baAÁm 'ku©u©,m,/ (oH-2-249-250/) ponfjzifh tvHk;pHkaom cE¨mig;yg; ½kyfw&m;emrfw&m;awGudk Ówy&dnmç wD&Py&dnmç y[mey&dnmqdkwJh y&dnmÓPfynm oHk;rsKd; wdkYjzifh ykdif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; rodcJhvQif oHo&m0#fqif;&J'ku©\ukef&m edAÁmef udk b,fvdkrS ra&muf E k d i f b l ; vd k Y a[mMum;xm;awmf r l y gw,f / 'D a'oem awmf r sm;ud k OD ; xd y f & G u f y ef q if v suf t|uxmBuD;rsm;uvnf; -

,o®m ye e ok'¨½ly'óerawåae0 r*¾0k|meH a[mwd? t½lyrÜd '|AÁar0/ (tbd-|-1-271/) ½kyw f &m;oufoufukd 0dyóem½I½rkH Qjzifv h nf; t&d,r*fÓPfoYkd qdu k af &mufjcif; r*¾0|k meonf rjzpfEidk b f ;l / 'gaMumifh a,m*g0p& yk*d¾Kvf[m emrfw&m;udkvnf; 0dyóem½IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfom jzpfw,f- ponfjzifh qH;k jzwfxm;awmfrMl uygw,f/ 'gaMumifh a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfu "mwfBuD; (4)yg;udk OD;wnfum ½kyf w&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;NyD;wJhtcg emrf w &m;awG u d k v nf ; quf v uf od r f ; qnf ; &ygw,f / emrf w &m;awG u d k od r f ; qnf ; wJ h t yd k i f ; rS m vnf ; a0'emwpfcw k nf;ç todpw d w f pfcw k nf;ç zówpfcw k nf; odr;f qnf;½Hk ESihf r*fÓPfzv kd Ó f Pfukd rqdu k Ef ikd w f t hJ wGuf pdwåu©P wpfcktwGif;rSm twl,SOfwGJjzpfMuwJh pdwfapwodufawGudk pu©K'Gg&ç aomw'Gg&ç Cme'Gg&ç Zd0Sg'Gg&ç um,'Gg&ç raem'Gg&qdkwJh tm,we'Gg&tvkduf qufvufodrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ (tbd-|-2-241/ rlv#D-2-154/) 'gaMumifh r[mowdy|meokwåefudk zGifhqkdawmfrlMuwJh t|uxm BuD;rsm;u -

um,mEkyóemrkace a0'emEkyóemrkace ...(r-|-1-245/) ponfjzihf owfrw S Nf y;D ay;xm;ygw,f/ ½kyw f &m;udk tOD;rlí 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;jcif;ç a0'emukd tOD;rlí 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;jcif;ç pdwfudk tOD;rlí 0dyóembm0em ur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;jcif;ç "r®oabmw&m;awGudk tOD;rlí 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;jcif; ponfjzifh 'Dvkd emrnfwyfNyD;awmh owdy|mefav;yg;udk zGifhqkdxm;Muygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJqdkawmh-

&Hcg ½kyfw&m;ç &Hcg emrfw&m;ç &Hcg tZÑwåç &Hcg A[d'¨ ½kyw f &m;oufoufukd 0dyóem½I½EHk iS v hf nf; r*fÓPfrqdu k Ef idk b f ;l / emrfw&m;oufoufukd 0dyóem½I½EkH iS v hf nf; r*fÓPfrqdkufEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh -

aom umave ½lyH or®owd? umave t½lyH/ (tbd-|-1-271/) aom = xkda,m*Dyk*d¾Kvfonf/ umave = &Hcg/ ½lyH = ½kyfw&m;udk/ or®owd = vu©Pma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyóem½IymG ;oH;k oyfí aeav\/ umave = &Hcg/ t½lyH = emrfw&m;ud/k or®owd = vu©Pma&;oH;k wefwifum

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf 0dyóem½IyGm;oHk;oyfíaeav\ -

ponfjzifh 'Dvkd zGifhqdkxm;ygw,f/ ½kyfw&m;oufoufudkvnf; 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifh r*fÓPfodkY rqdkufEkdifbl;/ emrfw&m;oufoufudk vnf; 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifh r*fÓPfodkY rqdkufEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh &Hcg ½kyfw&m;ç &Hcg emrfw&m;awGudk 0dyóem½Iay;&w,f/ tvm;wlyJ tZÑwå½kyfemrf A[d'¨½kyfemrfawGudk 0dyóem½Iay;&w,f/ tZÑwå ½kyaf wGemrfawGukd tZÑwcå E¨mig;yg;vdv Yk nf; ac:ygw,f/ twlwyl /J A[d'½¨ yk af wGemrfawGukd A[d'c¨ E¨mig;yg;vdYk ac:ygw,f/ twlwlyJ/ tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;oufouf 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifhvnf; t&d,r*fÓPfodkY rqkdufEkdifbl;/ A[d'¨cE¨mig;yg; oufoufudk 0dyóem½Iae½HkESifhvnf; t&d,r*fÓPfodkY rqkdufEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumifh aom umave tZÑwåH or®owd? umave A[d'¨g/ (tbd-|-1-270/)

aom = xk d a ,m*D y k * d ¾ K vf o nf / umave = &H c g/ tZÑwå H = tZÑwå c E¨ m ig;yg;ud k / or® o wd = vu©Pma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyóem ½IyGm;oHk;oyfíaeav\/ umave = &Hcg/ A[d'¨g = A[d'¨cE¨mig;yg;ukd/ or®owd = vu©Pma&;oHk;wefwifum 0dyóem½IyGm;oHk;oyfvsuf aeav\/ &Hcg tZÑwåcE¨mig;yg;ç &Hcg A[d'¨cE¨mig;yg;udk vu©Pma&;oHk;wef wifNyD; 0dyóem½IyGm;oHk;oyf&r,f/ 'gu 0d y óem½I y G m ;rnf h yk * d ¾ K vf awG r S m tajccH o d x m;zk d Y pnf ; urf ; Oya'owpf c k jzpf y gw,f / 'gaMumif h um,mEkyóemqdak omfvnf; ½kyw f &m;oufoufu½kd w I hJ ur®|mef; wpfrsK;d awmh r[kwb f ;l / ½kyw f &m;udk y"mexm;Ny;D tOD;rlum 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhvQif um,mEkyóemowdy|mef jzpfw,f/

a0'emEkyóemowdy|mef tvm;wlyJ a0'emudk tOD;rlí 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJv h Qif a0'emEkyóemur®|mef; jzpfygw,f? a0'emEkyóem owdy|mefjzpfw,f/ odkYaomf 'Da0'emEkyóemur®|mef;udk ½Iawmhrnfh yk*d¾Kvfonf --eHygwfwpf - ½kyfur®|mef;udk odrf;qnf;xm;NyD; jzpf&rnf/ eHygwfEpS f - a0'emwpfvHk;wnf; ½I&onfr[kwf/ a0'emESifh ,SOfzuf pdwfapwodufawGudkyg tm;vHk; ½IyGm;oHk;oyf&rSm jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk ½IyGm;oHk;oyfygrSomvQif t&d,r*fÓPf zdkvfÓPfukd qkdufEdkif rSm jzpfygw,f/ (r-|-1-280-281/ 0dok'¨d-2226-227/)

'Dawmh 'DaeY a,m*DwpfOD;uvnf; ar;w,f/ emwmESifhywfoufvdkY yg/ emw,fqkdwmuawmh a0'emu©E¨m rSew f ,f/ pdwx f rJ mS rcHomwJh oabmuawmh a'greóa0'em jzpfygw,f/ cE¨mud, k x f rJ mS rcHomwJh oabmuawmh 'kua© 0'emwpfrsK;d yJ/ 'kua© 0'emwpfcw k nf; ½I&rSm awmh r[kwb f ;l / 'kua© 0'emESihf ,SOzf uf pdwf apwoduaf wGuydk g tm;vHk; yl;wJGNyD;awmh ½IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh vkyfief;cGif jzpfw,f/ 'Dpw d af pwoduaf wGu 0Dxad c:wJh ed,mrvrf;aMumif;twkid ;f jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwaf pwoduaf wGvnf; &Sw d ,f/ 0Dxrd w k af c:wJh 0Dx&d UJ tjyifbufrmS jzpfay:aewJh b0ifpw d w f v Ykd çdk y#doaE¨pw d w f v Ykd çdk pkwpd w d f wkv Yd kd pdwaf wGvnf; &Sdw,f/ txl;ojzihf tjzpfrsm;wmuawmh b0 wpfavQmufrSm pdwftpOf rjywfpJa&;twGuf b0&JU taMumif;w&m; taxmuftyHhtjzpfESifh jzpfay:aewJh b0ifpdwfqdkwm &Sdygw,f/ b0ifpdwfudkyJjzpfap odkYr[kwf 0DxdpdwftpOfawGudkyJjzpfap ½IyGm; oHk;oyfwJhae&mrSm a0'emwpfvHk;wnf;

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

½I&onfawmh r[kwfbl;/ a0'emESifh,SOfzuf pdwfapwodufawGukdyg tm;vHk;½I&rSm jzpfygw,f/ tJ'Dvkd ½IEkdifa&;twGufu bmvkdovJvdkYar;awmh a0'emEkyóem uJhodkYaom emrfur®|mef;udk ½IyGm;oHk;oyfvdkaom a,m*Dy*k K¾d vo f nf xkad 0'emESiw hf uG emrfw&m;wd&Yk UJ rS&D m0w¬KwEYdk iS hf pGrJ pDS &m tm½H½k yk af wGukd yl;wJo G rd ;f qnf;xm;wwfzYkd vdktyfygw,f/ (r-|-4-60/) 'Demrfw&m;awGu rsupf w d pfrw dS f vQyw f pfjyuftwGi;f rSm tBurd f uka# ode;f ESichf sND y;D jzpfysuaf ewJh obm0awGç vsifvsifjrefjref jzpfysuf aewJh obm0awG jzpfjcif;aMumifh 'Demrfw&m;awG&JU rSDwG,fjzpfay:aewJh ½kyfw&m;ç pGJrSDp&mjzpfwJh pGJudkifp&mjzpfwJh tm½Hk½kyfw&m;? 'D½kyfawGudk rodbJESifh olwdkYjzpfwJh ae&muae apmifhNyD; rMunfhcJhvQif 'Demrfw&m; awGukd pepfwus ,SOzf uf pdwaf pwoduaf wGEiS w hf uG 0Dxpd Oftwkid ;f odrYk [kwf 0Dxrd w k f obm0twkid ;f ½IyGm;oHk;oyfwwfzdkYqdkwm b,fvkdrS rjzpfEdkifbl;/ 'gaMumif h bk & m;&S i f u owd y |mef a v;yg;ud k a[mMum;awmf r l w J h tyd k i f ; rS m eH y gwf w pf um,mEkyóemowdy|mefudk a&S;OD;pGm a[mMum; xm;awmfrlygw,f/ NyD;awmhrS a0'emEkyóemowdy|mefudk qufvuf NyD; a[mMum;awmfrlygw,f/ 'Dvkd a[mMum;awmfrlcsufudk Munhfvdkuf vQif bk&m;&Sif&JU tmomqE´"mwfawmfrmS a0'emEkyóempwJh emrfur®|mef;ukd yGm;rsm;vdw k hJ a,m*Doal wmfaumif;ukd um,mEkyóemowdy|mef ur® | mef ; uk d a&S ; OD ; pG m ½I y G m ;apvd k w J h qE´ " mwf a wG u ay:vG i f N yD ; om; jzpf a eygw,f / um,mEk y óem owdy|mefxJrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sifu tmemygeuJhodkYaom psmeform"d xlaxmifyHk ur®|mef;awGudk yg xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;xm;Ny;D jzpfygw,f/ a[mxm;wJt h wGuf psmef orm"dukd xlaxmifjcif;onf um,mEkyóem owdy|mefukd yGm;aejcif; wpfrsKd;vnf; jzpfygw,f/

pdwmå Ekyóemowdy|mef tvm;wlyJ pdwåmEkyóemur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;rnfh olawmfaumif; u --eHygwfwpf - xkdpdwfwdkY&JU rDS&mjzpfwJh ½kyfw&m;awGukd odrf;qnf; xm;NyD; jzpfzdkYvkdw,f/ xkdpdwfw&m;awG&JU pGJudkifp&m tm½HkvkdY ac:qdk tyfwJh tm½Hk½kyfw&m;awGudkvnf; odrf;qnf;xm;NyD;jzpfzkdY vdkw,f/ eHygwfESpf taetm;jzifh pdwfwpfckwnf; ½I&onf r[kwfbl;/ pdwfESifh ,SOfzuf pdwfapwodufawG tm;vHk;udk ½I&rSmjzpfw,f/ (r-|-1-280-281/ tbd-|-2-252/) pdwfESifh ,SOfwGJNyD; jzpfay:oGm;wJh apwodufw&m; awGudkyg yl;wJGNyD; ½I&r,f/ ½Ivu dk w f hJ tcgrSmvnf; ckeu ajymcJw h t hJ wkid ;f yJ 0Dxad c:wJh pdweå , d mr vrf;aMumif;twkid ;f jzpfay:oGm;wJh pdwfawGudk vnf; ,SOfzuf apwodufawGESifh twlwuG xkdpdwåed,mrvrf;aMumif; twkdif;yJ vdkufNyD; ½IzkdYvdkw,f/ 0DxdrkwfpdwfawGudkvnf; 0Dxdrkwfpdwf obm0twkdif; ,SOfzuf apwodufw&m;awGESifhwuG twlyl;wJGNyD; odrf;qnf;½IyGm;zkdY vdktyfygw,f/

"r®mEkyóemowdy|mef aemufwpfckuawmh "r®mEkyóem/ "r®mEkyóemur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;rnfh a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf[mvnf; tvm;wlyJ ½kyu f r®|mef;udk ½Ixm;Ny;D jzpfzv Ykd w kd ,f/ "r®oabmvdYk ac:qdt k yfwhJ <uif;useaf eao;wJh zó-apwemOD;aqmifaewJh apwoduf (51)vHk; &Sdaeygao;w,f/ zóudk OD;wnfNyD;awmh ½IyGm;oHk;oyfcJhvQif "r®mEkyóempm&if;xJrSm tusKH; 0ifw,f/ tJ'D ,SOzf ufapwoduaf wGukd ½IymG ;oH;k oyfwahJ e&mrSm 'Dapwoduaf wG oufoufom ½I&onf r[kwb f ;l / apwod u f a wG E S i f h pd w å u © P wpf c k t wG i f ; rS m twl , S O f w J G N yD ; jzpf a y:oG m ;wJ h pd w f w &m;awG ud k a &m apwodufw&m;awGudka&m yl;wJGNyD;awmh ½IyGm;oHk;oyf&rnfh vkyfief;cGif jzpfygw,f/ (r-|-1-280? tbd-|-2-252/)

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

'gaMumifh eHygwfwpf - rS&D m0w¬K½yk Ef iS hf tm½Hak wGukd ½Ixm;Ny;D odr;f qnf;Ny;D jzpfzv Ykd w kd ,f/ eHygwfEpS f - zówpfcw k nf; ½I & onf r[k w f b l ; ? zóES i f h twl , S O f w J G N yD ; jzpf a y:oG m ;wJ h pd w f a pwod u f awGudkyg qufvufodrf;qnf;NyD; ½IyGm;&rnfh vkyfief;cGifjzpfw,f/ aemufwpfenf;tm;jzifh zGifhqdkxm;wmuawmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u "r®mEkyóemydkif;rSm eD0&Pig;yg;½IuGufç cE¨mig;yg;½Iuu G çf tm,we q,fEh pS yf g;½Iuu G çf "mwfwpfq,f&h pS yf g;½Iuu G çf aAmZÑicf ek pfyg; ½Iuu G çf opömav;yg;½Iuu G f pojzifh ½IuGufawGtrsKd;rsKd; a[mMum;xm;awmf rlygw,f/ 'Dawmh 'Dpw d af pwoduf ½kyw f &m;awGukd ig;yHyk NkH y;D awmh 0dyóem bm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;cJv h Qif cE¨mig;yg;enf; jzpfygw,f/ wpfq,fEh pS yf kH yHNk y;D awmh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef; pD;jzef;cJv h Qif tm,wewpfq,fEh pS yf g;enf; jzpfygw,f/ aAmZÑifckepfyg;udk OD;wnfum aAmZÑifjzpfaMumif; w&m;rsm;ESifh aAmZÑifESifh ,SOfzuforÜ,kwfw&m;wdkYudk wpf e nf ; ajymvQif awmh aAmZÑif c k e pf y g;ud k OD ; wnf u m taMumif ; w&m;ES i f h wuG a om ½k y f e mrf w d k Y u d k 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhvQif aAmZÑifckepfyg; enf; jzpfygw,f/ 'ku©opömwpfyHk ork',opömwpfyHktm;jzifh ESpfyHkyHkNyD;awmh 0dyóembm0emur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhvQifawmh opöma'oemawmfenf;t& 0dyóem½IyGm;oHk;oyfyHktydkif; jzpfygw,f/ aygif;vdkufawmh owdy|mef w&m; b,fESpfyg;vJ¿ av;yg;/ 'Dawmh 'Dowdy|mefw&m;av;yg;udk yGm;rsm;jcif;onf r*¾if&Spfyg;udk yGm;rsm;wmESifh twl w l j zpf w ,f q d k w mud k awmh Bud K wif N yD ; oabmayguf x m;yg/ a&S ; OD ; pG m 'D o wd y |mef a v;yg; xJ u um,mEkyóemowdy|mefyikd ;f rSm tusK;H 0ifaewJh tmemyge ur®|mef;taMumif;udk pwifum a[mMuemMu&atmif --

tcef; (9) tmemygeur®|mef;ydik ;f 'Dawmh 'Dowdy|mefw&m;av;yg;udk a[mwJt h ydik ;f rSm jrwfpmG bk&m; u a&SUykid ;f rSm um,mEkyóemowdy|mefukd pNy;D a[mMum;xm;awmfrl ygw,f/ um,mEkyóemowdy|mefyikd ;f rSmvnf; jrwfpmG bk&m;u tmemygeur®|mef;udk pwifNyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/ tmemygeur®|mef;udk a[mMum;awmfrlwJhtydkif;rSm um,mEkyóem owd y |mef ok d Y r [k w f owd y |mef a v;yg;ud k yG m ;rsm;tm;xk w f r nf h yk * d ¾ K vf awG r S m jynf h p H k & rnf h t *F g &yf ç ukdifpJG&rnfht*Fg&yfawGudkyg xnfhoGif;NyD; a[mMum;xm;awmfrlygw,f/

jynfph &kH rnft h *FgoH;k &yf 1/ tmwmyD = 0D&d, 'Dawmh w&m;bm0emwpfckudk yGm;awmhr,fqdkvQif odkYr[kwf owdy|mefw&m;udk yGm;awmhr,fqdkvQif xkyd *k K¾d vo f nf tmwmyDç orÜZmaemç owdrmqdNk y;D awmh jynfph &kH rnft h *Fg&yf b,fEpS cf k a[mxm; awmfro l vJqakd wmh oH;k ck a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/ tmwmyD = udavomawGukd ylyifapwwf avmifuRr;f apwwfwhJ tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJh vkHYv0D&d, &Sd&r,f/ trsm;tm;jzifh owå0gawG[m tacsmhBudKufwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ 90

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

rdrcd E¨mud, k u f v kd nf; rdrt d ifrwef iJn h m§ wJo h abm &Sw d ,f/ wpfa,mufwnf; w&m;tm;xkwv f u kd v f Ykd enf;enf;av; cg;uemvmNyD? wifyg;u emvmNyD? [dku emvmNyD? 'Du emvmNyDqdkvQifawmh bmvkyfovJ¿ enf;enf;av; avQmhvkdufw,f/ enf;enf;av; [kdxvkduf 'Dxvkduf jyKvkyfNyD/ tJ'Dvdk yHkpHrsKd;ESifhqdkvQifawmh tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJh vHkYv0D&d, [kwfovm;¿ r[kwfbl;/ w&m;tm;xkwfrnfh yk*d¾KvfonfeHygwfwpf - t½kd;<uif;apç eHygwfEpS f - ta&<uif;apç eHygwfo;kH - taMum<uif;apç eHygwfav; - tom;taoG;awG tukef cef;ajcmufcsif cef;ajcmuf ygap -a,musmf ;jrwfw&Ykd UJ ZJv G v YkH 0D&, d ? rde;f rjrwfw&Ykd UJ ZJv G v YkH 0D&, d ESihf &Ekid w f t hJ &mXmerSeu f ig aemufukd b,fawmhrS rqkwfbl;vdkY 'Dt*Fg av;yg; jcH&Hxm;wJh tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJh vkYHv0D&d,&SdzdkY vkdtyfaew,f/ 2/ orÜZme = orÜZOfÓPf rdru d orxydik ;f jzpfcv hJ Qif orxtm½Hek rd w d u f kd aumif;aumif; uGu J jJG ym;jym;odwwfwhJ orÜZOfÓPf&zdS v Ydk w kd ,f/ 0dyóemydkif;a&mufcJh vQifvnf; 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½HkjzpfwJh ½kyfemrfaMumif;-usKd; ocFFg&w&m;awGudkvnf; uGJuGJjym;jym; ydkif;ykdif;jcm;jcm; odwwfwJh orÜZOf ÓPf&SdzdkY vkdygw,f/ tck 'g,umBuD;awG 'g,dumrBuD;awGonf tmemygeudk tm;xkwfMuw,f/ rdrduawmh tmemygeur®|mef; tm;xkwfaewmrSefw,f/ 'gayrJh pdwfawGu [dka&muf'Da&muf a&mufaecJh r,fqdkvQif tmemygetm½Hkudk uJGuJGjym;jym; ususee odw,fvdkY ajym Edkifyghrvm;¿ rajymEkdifbl;/ tmemygeudk tm;xkwfvQif tmemygeudkyJ uGJuGJjym;jym; ususee odzdkYawmh vdktyfw,f/ 3/ owdrm = owdESifh jynfhpHkjcif; aemufwpfck owdrm/ owdu tjrJwrf; uyfaezdkY vdkw,f/ owdu tjrJwrf; uyfaew,fqdkwmu tckvdk tmemygeudk tm;xkwfNyDqdkvQif tmemygeac:wJh 0ifavxGufavtm½HkrSm owdav;u cdkifjrJae&r,f/ b,fvdk ckdifjrJ&ovJqkdwmESifh ywfoufvdkY pmayrSm azmfjyxm;wm uawmh bkef;BuD;wdkY Al;awmif;vdkYac:wJh t&m0w¬Kwpfck &Sw d ,f/ a&S;,cifwek ;f uawmh olaY cwfEiS o hf l toH;k cswo hJ abmawmh &Syd gw,f/ bl;oD;awGukd &ifah tmifxm;vdu k w f ,f/ tcGHu rmoGm;NyD? rmoGm;vdkufwJh tcsdeftcgusrS 'Dbl;oD;udk cl;vkdufw,f/ cl;NyD;wJhtcg xdyf0av;vSefNyD;awmh txJrmS &Sw d hJ tqHawGtom;awGukd tukex f w k f vdu k w f ,f/ xkwv f u kd Nf y;D awmh 'Db;l oD;tcGH rmaewmudk aevSr;f vku d f vQif ajcmufaoGUoGm;w,f/ ajcmufaoGUoGm;wJh 'Dbl;cGHudk a&xJypfcs vkdufvQif aygavmay:aew,f/ w&m;tm;xkwfNyDqdkvQif rdrdpdwftpOfu rdrd½IyGm;oHk;oyfaewJh ur®|mef;tm½Hkay:rSm aygavmaygavm ay:aewmrsKd;awmh rjzpfap& bl;/ a&ay:rSm bl;awmif;awG aygavmaygavm ay:ovkd ay:rae ap&bl;/ b,fvkdjzpf&rvJ¿ ausmufzsmBuD;wpfckudk a&xJcsvkdufvQif atmufajctxd x dqkdufNyD;awmh 'DausmufzsmBuD;u a&xJrSm Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeovdk rdrd½IyGm;oHk;oyfaewJh ur®|mef;tm½Hkay:rSm rdrd&JU bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD;awmh wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;&r,f/ tJ'v D kd wnfaeatmif BuKd ;pm;rIukd owdjrw J ,fvYdk ac:ygw,f/ w&m;tm;xkww f t hJ cg rdr&d UJ ur®|mef;tm½Hak y:rSm 'DvdkckdifchHwJh owd&SdzdkY vdktyfw,f/ 'Dawmh vdktyfwJht*Fg&yf b,fESpfcsufvJ¿ oHk;csuf/ eHygwfwpf - tjyif;txef BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJh vHkYv0D&d, &SdzdkY vkdw,f/ 91

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

eHygwfEpS f - rdrd½IyGm;oHk;oyfaewJh ur®|mef;tm½Hkukd uJGuGJjym;jym; ususee &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; odwwfwJh orÜZOfÓPf &SdzdkY vdkw,f/ eHygwfoHk; - rdrd ½IyGm;oHk;oyfaewJh ur®|mef;tm½Hkay:ü ckdifjrJ aewJh owd&SdzdkYvdkw,f/ owdqkdwmu rdrd½IyGm;wJh ur®|mef;udkom tjrJwrf; trSwf&ae zdkYyJ/ trSwf&zkdYu tay:,Hav; trSwf&zkdYudk rqdv k b kd ;l / cdik jf rw J hJ trSwf &zku Yd kd qkv d w kd ,f/ 'gu w&m;tm;xkwrf nfh yk*K¾d v[ f m b,fur®|mef; udyk J tm;xkwt f m;xkw?f jynfhpHkxm;&rnfh t*Fg&yfjzpfygw,f/ t*Fg b,fESpfcsufvJ¿ oHk;csuf/

y,f&mS ;&rnft h *Fg&yf ESpcf suf aemufwpfck y,f&Sm;&rnhf t*Fg&yfu ESpfcsufuawmh tbdZÑmç a'greójzpfygw,f/

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w&m;xdik yf pkH epf yv’uø tmbkZdwGm OZkH um,H yPd"m, y&drkcH owð Oy|aywGm (r-1-70/)

ponfjzifh ñTefMum;xm;ygw,f/ yv’uø tmbkZdwGm = wifyv’if acGygwJh? BudKufovdk acGEdkifygw,f/ OZkH um,H yPd"m, = tay: ydkif;jzpfwJh cE¨mudk,fudk cyfajzmifhajzmifhav;xm;yg/ y&drkcH owð Oy|aywGm = rdrdyGm;rsm;tm;xkwfrnfh ur®|mef;tm½Hktay:odkY owdudk a&S;½Iuyfxm;ygwJh/ 'Dawmh rdrdu tmemygeur®|mef;udk tm;xkwfr,f qdkvQif tmemygetm½Hkay:odkY owdudk a&S;½Iuyfxm;zkdY rvkdbl;vm;¿ vdkygw,f/ uyfxm;NyD;wJh tcsdeftcgusawmhrS jrwfpGmbk&m;u tm; xkwfyHkenf;pepfudk b,fvkd ñTefMum;awmfrlovJ¿

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf tmemygeur®|mef;tm;xkwyf pkH epfrsm;

oawmum&D aom oawm0 tóowd oawm0 yóowd/ (r-1-70/) aom = xkda,m*D&[ef;onf/ oawm0 = owd&SdvsufomvQif/ tóowd = 0ifoufavudk jzpfap\/ oawm0 = owd&Sdvsufom vQif/ yóowd = xGufoufavudk jzpfap\/ touf½LS yHk pepfuav;aygh/ bk&m;&Sif qkq d ;kH rawmfrw l t hJ wdik ;f touf½LS wwfr,fqv kd Qif t&[wåzv dk af yguf a&mufEdkifygw,f/ bk&m;&Sif ESpfNcdKufawmfrlwJh touf½SLenf;pepfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u pwifNyD; oifay;aew,f/ owdjzpfvsufESifh 0ifavudk jzpfapyg? owd jzpfvsufESifh xGufavudk jzpfapyg? owdav;uyfNyD;awmh touf½SLyg qdNk y;D awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u wdu k w f eG ;f xm;w,f/ owdjr&J rnft h csuu f b,fEpS cf suf &So d vJqw kd mESihf ywfoufvaYkd wmh [k d t memygeówd ok w å e f r sm;rS m jrwf p G m bk & m;u 0if a vrS m wpf q ,f h a jcmuf r sKd ; ç xG u f a v rS m wpfq,fhajcmufrsKd;qdkNyD;awmh 'Dvdk a[mxm;ygw,f/ 'Dr[mowdy|meokweå rf mS awmh jrwfpmG bk&m;u twdck sKyNf y;D awmhyJ psmeform"dqu kd af tmif yGm;rsm;yHt k ykid ;f ukd a[mvdu k w f ,f/ Ny;D awmhrS useaf ewJh pwkuo ú ;kH ckvYkd ac:qdt k yfwhJ 0ifavwpfq,fEh pS rf sK;d ? xGuaf v wpfq,fEh pS rf sK;d ?

'Dtjcif;t&mawGudkawmh 0dyóemtydkif;rSm aygif;pkNyD; awmh a[moGm;ygw,f/ twlwlyJvdkYom rSwfyg/ uJ 'Dawmh orxydkif;ESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh jrwfpGmbk&m;u owdjrJatmif ½IzdkY&eftwGuf av;csuf pwifNyD; a[mygw,f/ b,fvkda[mvJ¿

1/ 'DC = t&Snfudk odatmifusifhyg 'DCH 0g tóoaEÅm ]]'DCH tóomrD}}wd yZmemwd? 'DCH 0g yóoaEÅm ]]'DCH yóomrD}}wd yZmemwd/ (r1-70/)

eHygwfwpf - touf½SLvdu k w f hJ tcsed t f cgrSm &Snv f Qif &Snw f ,fvYdk odygwJ?h 0ifavrSmyJjzpfap xGuaf vrSmyJjzpfap touf½LS wm &Snv f Qif &Snw f ,fvYkd od&r,f/ &Snw f ,fqw dk mu bmvJvYdk ar;awmh tcsed f cyfMumMum touf½LS wmudk &Snfw,fvdkY ac:w,f/ wpfenf;ajymvQif touf½SLaES;wmudk &Snfw,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/

2/ &ó = twdkudk odatmifusifhyg &óH 0g tóoaEÅm ]]&óH tóomrD}}wd yZmemwd? &óH 0g yóoaEÅm ]]&óH yóomrD}}wd yZmemwd/ (r-1-70/)

aemufeHygwfESpf - touf½SLwm wdk&if wkdw,fvdkYodyg/ wdkw,f qdkwmu touf½SLjrefwmudk qkdvdkygw,f/ 'Dawmh touf½SL&Snv f Qif vnf; &Snw f ,fvo Ykd yd g/ touf½SLwdv k Qiv f nf; wdw k ,fvYdk odygqkw d mu touf½SLaES;vQif aES;w,fvdkYodyg? touf½SLjrefvQif jrefw,fvdkYodyg/ 'Dvdk qdkvdkygw,f/ touf½SLjrefatmifaES;atmif a,m*Du oufouf BudK;pm;&rvm;qdkawmh 'Dvdkawmh r[kwfygbl;/ 'Dt&Snftwdkudkodatmif tm;xkwfwJh vkyfief;cGifrSm touf½SL aES;oGm;atmif oufoufjyKjyifjcif;ç touf½S LjrefomG ;atmif oufouf jyKjyifjcif;qdw k hJ 'DjyKjyifrEI iS hf BuKd ;pm;&rSmawmh r[kwyf gbl;/ obm0 twdik ;f om touf½LS yg/ obm0½SLaeustwdik ;f touf½LS vdu k w f hJ tydik ;f rSm wpfcgwpf&H touf½LS u aES;csif aES;oGm;wwfw,f/ wpfcg wpf&H touf½S Lu jrefcsifvnf; jrefwwfw,f/ 'DESpfckrSm wpfckckuawmh tjrJwrf; touf½SLwdkif;

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

&Sdaewwfygw,f/ aES;vnf; aES;wJhtwdkif; odyg? jrefvnf; jrefwJhtwdkif; odaeygvdkY 'Dvdk qkdvdkygw,f/ odkYaomf 'D t yd k i f ; ud k wu,f v uf a wG U bk e f ; BuD ; wd k Y oif a y;wJ h t cgrS m aemuf wpf q if h E S i f h aygif ; NyD ; oif r S yd k N yD ; oabmaygufjrefwwfygw,f/ aemuf wpfqifhu bmvJ¿

3/ oAÁum, = 0ifavxGuaf v&JU tp-tv,f-tqH;k = tukev f ;kH udk xifxif&mS ;&Sm;odatmif usiyhf g/ ]]oAÁum,y#doHa0'D tóodómrD}}wd odu©wd? ]]oAÁum,y#doHa0'D yóodómrD}}wd odu©wd/ (r-1-7071/)

0ifavxGufav&JU tpç tv,fç tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif &Sm;&Sm;odvsuf touf½SLprf;ygwJh/ touf½SLyHkpepfwpfckudk jrwfpGm bk&m;u xyfwdk;NyD; oifay;w,f/ 'Dawmh 0ifavxGufav&JU tpç tv,fç tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; od&r,fqdkawmh b,fae&m u apmifhNyD;od&rvJvdkY ar;vQifawmh --zk|zka|mumao ye owð XaywGm bma0EÅaó0 bm0em orÜZÆwd/ (0dok'¨d-1-271/) 0ifavxGufav xdxdoGm;wJh ae&muapmifhNyD; xdrIxif&Sm;wJh ae&mu apmifhNyD;awmh 0ifavxGufav ur®|mef;tm½Hkü bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;ygrS tmemygeówd orm"d ur®|mef;u NyD;pD;jynfhpHkEdkifygw,f/ 'Dpnf;urf;uawmh tvGefta&;BuD; ygw,f/ 'Dawmh ESmoD;zsm;rSm 0ifavxGufav xdrIxif&Sm;vQif ESmoD;zsm;u apmifhNyD;awmh Munhfyg/ txufEIwfcrf;rSm 0ifavxGufav xdrIu xif&Sm;vQif txufEIwfcrf;u apmifhNyD;awmh Munfhyg/ xdvdkufwJh tcsdeftcgrSm bmudk Munf h & rvJ v k d Y a r;awmh 0if a vxG u f a vud k Munf h y g/ xd a ewJ h tod p d w f xd o d p d w f u d k v nf ; rMunf h E S i f h ? xdodvdkYjzpfay:vmwJh cHpm;rIudkvnf; rMunfheJY/ aemufwpfenf;uawmh tJ'DrSm "mwfawGvnf; rMunfheJY? rmwJh oabmç aysmhwJhoabmç Murf;wJhoabmç acsmwJhoabmç av;wJh oabmç ayghwJhoabmç ylwJhoabmç at;wJhoabmç axmufuefwJh oabmç wGe;f uefwo hJ abmpwJh 'D"mwfobm0awGvnf; rMunfeh ?YJ 0ifavxGuaf vqdw k hJ ynwftm½Hak y:rSmyJ bm0empdwu f kd Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD;wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;yg/ tJ'Dvdk BudK;pm;vdkufwJhtykdif;rSm 0ifavxGufavudk tp-tv,f-tqHk; tukefvHk; xifxif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif BudK;pm;vdkufwJhtcg wpfcg wpfav touf½SL aES;vQifvnf; &Snfw,fvdkY ac:ygw,f/ &SnfvQif vnf; tptv,f-tqkH; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif BudK;pm;yg/ wdkoGm;vQifvnf; - touf½SLjref&ifvnf; tptv,f-tqHk; tukefvHk;udkyJ xifxif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif BudK;pm;yg/

a&wGujf cif; = *Pemenf; tJ ' D v d k Bud K ;pm;vd k Y atmif j rif r I u r&bl ; ? pd w f a wG u xG u f a eNyD qd k v Qif a wmh bmvk y f & rvJ ¿ t|uxmq&mawmfrsm;u a&wGufwJh *Pemenf;udk 'Dae&mrSm ulay;zdkY oifay;xm;ygw,f/ 0ifavxGufav 0ifavxGufav 0ifavxGufav 0ifavxGufav 0ifavxGufav 0ifavxGufav

ESpfckaygif;udk wpf?

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0ifavxGufav &Spf? wpfuae &Spftxd ighpdwf b,frS rxGufap&? aemufwpfcgvnf; wpfuae &Spftxd b,frS rxGufap&qkdNyD; yHkrSefom touf½SLNyD;awmh a&wGufjcif; *Pemenf;jzifh ½IrSwfyg/ tJ'Dvdk ½IrSwfvdkuf&ifawmh bm0empdwfu NidrfNyD; uyfNyD; wnfaewwfygw,f/ odkYaomf 'Dvdk a&wGufwJhtydkif;rSm ig;xufvnf; renf;ygapESifh? wpfq,fxufvnf; rydkygapESifhqkdNyD; 'D o wf r S w f c suf a wmh &S d w ,f / ig;xuf enf ; &if v nf ; acguf w H k Y a cguf j yef cPcP jyef a e&wJ h t wG u f pdwfyifyef;rI&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh orm"djzpfzdkY&ef cufcJw,f/ wpfq,f xuf ydkoGm;vQifvnf; ocsFmaemufodkY pdwu f vdu k v f u kd Nf y;D oGm;wwfwhJ twGuaf Mumifh orm"djzpfzYkd cufcw J ,f/ tJ'gaMumifh ig;ESiw hf pfq,f ESpNf cKd uw f ahJ e&mrS &yfwefYNyD;awmh pdwfudk b,frSrxGufap&vdkY 'Dvdk yHkrSefxm;NyD;awmh touf½SLyg/ (0dok'¨d-1-270/) tJ'Dawmh touf½SLwJh tydkif;rSm 0ifavESifhxGufav ESpfck&SdwJh teufu 0ifavu rsm;aew,fç &Snfaew,f? xGufavu wdkaew,fç enf;aew,fqdkvQif wjznf;jznf; aemufyufvufvefoGm;wwfw,f/ acgif;BuD;armhNyD; oG m ;wwf w ,f / xG u f a vawG u rsm;aeNyD ? 0if a vu enf ; aew,f q d k v Qif v nf ; wjznf ; jznf ; acgif ; u a&SUpdu k Nf y;D awmhomG ; wwfygw,f/ owduvnf; tu,fí tm;aysmch rhJ ,fqv dk &Ykd v dS Qiv f nf; ezl;ESiMhf urf;ESihf xdwt hJ xd a&mufoGm;wwfw,f/ wcsKUd w&m;xkid af e&if;eJY aemufudk yufvufvefvefNy;D awmhvnf; vJomG ;w,f/ tJ'aD wmh bmjzpfvv Ykd v J aYkd r;awmh 0ifavu odyfrsm;ae w,f/ xGufavu tm;aysmhaew,f/ tJ'gaMumifh 0ifavESifhxGufavudk rQatmif½S Lwm ydak umif;ygw,f/ tJ'v D kd ½SLvku d w f t hJ cgrSm wjznf;jznf; ESihf pdwu f akd wmh ZJw G if;wif;av;ESiahf wmh zrf;ay;&ygw,f/ yxryd k i f ; awmh Bud K ;pm;rI u awmh enf ; enf ; vG e f u J a y;&ygw,f / 'D v d k Bud K ;pm;vk d u f wJ h t cgrS m bmBudK;pm;wmvJvdkYar;&if - 0ifavxGufavtay:ü pdwf udk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;wmyJ? orm"djzpfzdkY BudK;pm; wmyJ? bmrS axGaxGxl;xl; odyfNyD; xdk;xGif;odzdkYawmh r[kwfbl;/

r*¾io f ;kH yg; odkYaomf tJ'Dvdk BudK;pm;aewJhtydkif;rSm r*¾ifoHk;yg;awmh 0ifvmyg w,f/ pdwfudk apmifhpnf;aew,f/ 'Dvkd 0ifavxGufavtay:ü bm0em pdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;vdkufwJhtydkif;rSm pdwfudk jyify udavomjzpfEkdifwJh tm½HkawGbufodkY ra&mufatmif apmifhpnf;ae wJh oabmu t"doDvodu©m = oDvr*¾if jzpfygw,f/ bm0empdwu f 0ifavxGuaf vtay:rSm Nird Nf y;D uyfwnfomG ;NyD qdv k Qiaf wmh orm"dr*¾i0f ifvmNy/D t"dpw d o å u d m© jzpfw,f/ 0ifav xGufavukd tpç tv,fç tqHk; tukefvHk; xifxif &Sm;&Sm;od&ifawmh ynmr*¾if 0ifvmygw,f/ t"dynmodu©m jzpfygw,f/ oDvç orm"dç ynm r*¾ifoHk;yg; pHknDatmifjzpfay:aewJh vkyfief;cGif jzpfapcsifw,f/ 'gu bk&m;&Sif&JU qE´awmfyJ/ (0dok'¨d-1-266/)

oAÁum,y#doHa0'D tóodómrDwd odu©wd? oAÁum,y#doHa0'D yóodómrDwd odu©wd/ 0ifoufavxGufoufav&JU tpç tv,fç tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm;odatmif usifhygqdkNyD; odu©wdo'´gESihf 'Dvkd bk&m;&Siu f wdu k w f eG ;f xm;w,f/ b,fvkd usi&hf rvJ¿ oDvç orm"dç ynm odum© oH;k &yf pHo k mG ;atmifuydk J 95

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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em[H bdu©a0 rk|ówdó torÜZmeó tmemygeówdorm"dbm0eH 0'grd/ (oH-3-294/ 'kwd,bdu©Kokwf/) owdvufvw G af ewJyh *k K¾d vçf orÜZOfÓPfuif;rJah ewJh yk*K¾d vaf wG udk igbk&m;&Sif tmemygeówdorm"dbm0em ur®|mef;udk ra[mygbl; qdNk y;D jrwfpmG bk&m; a[mMum;xm;wJh okweå af wG &Syd gw,f/ 'gaMumifh tm;aumif;aewJo h wdç &Sif;&Sif;vif;vif; xdk;xGif;odwwfwJh orÜZOfÓPf tvGeftm;aumif;zkdYawmh 'Dae&mrSm vdktyfygw,f/ avudk xif&Sm;atmifqkdNyD;awmh oufoufawmh toufjyif;jyif; uav; r½S L&bll;/ odkYaomf wpfcgwpf&H wcsKUd aom a,m*Dy*k K¾d vrf sm;rSm orm"dawmh jzpfw,f? 'gayrJh avu rodraf rGUbl;? Murf;wrf;aeao; w,fqv kd Qiaf wmh bmvky&f rvJ¿ 'Davudk odraf rGUap&r,fqw dk hJ OD;wnfcsuu f av; pdwx f rJ mS xm;Ny;D yHrk eS yf J touf½LS aeyg/ oufouf odrfarGUatmif jznf;jznf;uav; touf½IwJhpepfawmh rvkyfeJY/ vkyf vdkufvQif armoGm;wwfw,f/ orm"d jyefysufoGm;wwfw,f/ tJ'g aMumifh 'Davonf odrfarGUap&r,fqkdwJh &nf&G,fcsufuav;udk pdwfrSm xm;NyD;awmhomvQif yHkrSefyJ touf½S Laevdkuf&if wjznf;jznf; orm"d u &ifhusufvmwJhtcg avonf odraf rGUoGm;ygvdrrhf ,f/

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf psmeft f *Fgig;yg;

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yórÇ,jzpfatmif usiyhf kH tmemygeusifhpOfudk yxrpsmeform"d qdkufatmifç 0oDabmf ig;wef Edkifeif;atmif avhusifhzkdYtxd tusO;f csKyNf y;D awmh ajymcJyh g w,f/ tmemygeusiphf Ofukd jrwfpmG bk&m;u yxrpwkuv ú Ykd ac:qdt k yf wJh usiphf Ofyikd ;f rSm tqifah v;qifh a[mxm;ygw,f/ eHygwfwpfu 0ifavxGuaf v&JU &Snrf u I o kd ad tmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwjf cif;? eHygwfEpS u f 0ifavxGufav&JU wdkrIudkodatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? eHygwfoHk;u 0ifavxGufav&JU tp-tv,f-tqHk; tukefvHk;udk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; odatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfjcif;? eHygwfav;uawmh 0ifavxGufavudk odrfarGUatmif Nidrf;atmif usifhjcif;qdkNyD;awmh tqifhav;qifh &Sdw,f/ 'DodrfarGUwJhtqifhudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u b,fvdk a[movJ¿

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

0ifavxGufavudkyJ um,ocFg& ac:ygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ um,qkdwmu cE¨mtdrfrSm wnf&SdaewJh uHpdwf-Owk-tm[m&ac:wJh taMumif;w&m;av;yg;aMumifh jzpfay:aewJh ½kyfw&m;awGukd um,vdkY ac:w,f/ xkdum,u jyKjyifay;vdkufrS jzpfay:vm&wJh 0ifavxGufav jzpfjcif;aMumifh 0ifavxGufavudk um,ocFg&vkdY ac:ygw,f/ bke;f Bu;D wd&Yk UJ cE¨mtdru f kd "mwfcMGJ unfrh ,fqv kd Qif uHaMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyu f vmyfawGvnf; &Sw d ,f/ pdwaf Mumifjh zpfwhJ ½k y f u vmyf a wG v nf ; &S d w ,f / Owk a Mumif h j zpf w J h ½k y f u vmyf a wG v nf ; &S d w ,f / tm[m&aMumif h jzpf w J h ½kyu f vmyfawGvnf; &Sw d ,f/ 'DcE¨mud, fk Bf u;D rSm 'D½yk t f rsK;d tpm; av;rsK;d yJ &Syd gw,f/ 'DuçH pdwçf Owkç tm[m&aMumifh jzpfay:wJh ½kyw f &m; awGukd ab;udk z,f&mS ;xm;vdu k rf ,fqv kd Qif touf½LS rIqw dk hJ vkyif ef; cGiw f pfck jzpfEikd yf ghrvm;¿ rjzpfEikd b f ;l / 'Dawmh 'DcE¨mtdrBf u;D udk rDw S , G Nf y;D jzpfay:vm&wJt h wGuaf Mumifh 'D0ifavxGuaf vqdw k hJ tmemygeudk um,ocFg&vdkY ac:w,f/ xdkum,ocFg&udk odrfarGUatmif usifh&rSmjzpfw,f/ oufouf Murf;wrf;oGm;atmif rjyKvkyfaumif;ygbl;/ orm"du &ifhusufvmvQif vnf; odrfarGUwwfw,f/ orm"d&ifhusufvmwJh tydkif;rSm rodrfarGUao; bl; qkdvdkY&SdvQifvnf; odrfarGUap&r,fqdkwJh OD;wnfcsufjzifh pdwfxJu ESvHk;oGif;"mwfcHav;xm;NyD; 0ifavxGufavudk yHkrSef touf½SLaecJh vQif orm"dtm;aumif;vmwJhtcg wjznf;jznf;eJY avu odrfarGUoGm; w,f/ odraf rGUvmwJt h cgrSm edrw d af y:vmr,f/ edrw d af y:vmvQif ay:vmwJeh rd w d f tay:rSm bm0empdwu f kd ajymif;Ny;D uyfEidk v f &Ykd v dS Qif y&dur®erd w d çf O*¾[edrw d çf y#dbm*edrw d q f Nkd y;D edrw d af wG tqifq h ifh ay:vmw,f/ ay:vmwJt h cgrSm 'Dy#dbm*edrdwfudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh orm"dudk &ifhusufatmif xlaxmifEdkifcJhvQif yxrpsmeform"dtxd qdkufyHkudk ajymcJhygw,f/ xkd yxrpsmeform"dudkyJ 0oDabmfig;wef Ekdifeif;atmif avhusifhEdkifwJh olawmfaumif;u 'kw, d psmeform"dç wwd,psmeform"dç pwkwp¬ smeform"dawGudk tqifq h ifh ul;r,fqv kd Qif ul;vk&Yd w,f/ tu,fí pwkw¬psmeform"dtxd qdkufoGm;NyDqdkvQif 0ifavxGufav[m vHk;0csKyfNidrf;oGm;wwfygw,f/

um,mEkyóemowdy|mefyJ jzpfygw,f tJ'D tcsed t f cgrSm tjynft h pHk yórÇ, jzpfomG ;Ny/D yórÇ, yxrpwkuv ú yk if ef;cGif Ny;D oGm;Ny/D Ny;D oGm;vdu k w f hJ tcsd e f t cgusawmh emzl ; xyf r H t aeeJ Y bk e f ; BuD ; ajymr,f q d k v Qif 'D t memygeusif h p Of u d k tck vd k pwkw¬psmeform"dqkdufatmif yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfaewm[m owdy|mefav;yg;xJu bmowdy|mefvJvdkYar;&if b,fvkdajzrvJ¿ um,mEkyóemowdy|mefjzpfw,f/ 'gaMumifh owdy|mefyGm;rS edAÁmef&r,f qdkwm bkef;BuD;wkdY vufcyH gw,f/ odaYk omf tmemygeonf owdy|mef av;yg;rS tvGwjf zpfaewJh usiphf Of vkyif ef;cGiaf wmh r[kwyf gbl;/ owdy|mefav;yg;xJrSm pwkw¬psmeform"dqdkufatmif yGm;rsm; tm;xkwfyHk usifhpOfygovm; rygbl;vm;vkdYar;&if b,fvkdajzrvJ¿ ygaeygw,f/

orxESihf 0dyóemvrf;ESpo f , G f uJ pwkwp¬ smeform"d qdu k Nf yyD J xm;Mupd?Yk qku d Nf y;D wJh tcsed t f cgrSm a&SU0dyóemvkyif ef;cGif oGm;csiw f ,fqv kd Qif b,fvkd oGm;&rvJ¿qdkwJh 'D tydkif;u@u wpfck&Sdw,f/ aemufu@wpfcku 'Dpwkw¬psmeform"d aMumifh vif;a&mifjcnfawGu tm;aumif;vmwwfygw,f/ 'Dvif;a&mifjcnf[m ÓPfaMumifjh zpfay:wJh vif;a&mifjcnfqNkd y;D jrwfpGm bk&m;u t*FkwådK&fygVdawmfrSm oHk;EIef;NyD;awmh a[mMum; xm;awmf rlygw,f/ (tH-1-456/ tmbmokwåefponf/ )

'DÓPfaMumifh jzpfay:vmwJh vif;a&mifjcnf&UJ tultnDukd ,lNy;D awmh wjcm;wjcm;aom orxur®|mef;awGukd 104

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

rdrw d u Ykd ajymif;Ny;D tm;xkwcf siw f ,fqv kd Qiv f nf; xkt d csed t f cgrSm vG,v f , G u f u l el YJ ajymif; Ny;D tm;xkwv f &Ykd ygw,f/ Oyrm - 'Dvif;a&mifjcnf tultnD,lNyD;awmh cE¨mtdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh (32)aum|mo tpkta0;awGudk ÓPf ESifh vSrf;NyD; Munfhr,fqdkvQif pu©Kyom' = yifudk,frsufpdjzifh vSrf;MunfhwJh tcgrSm jrifawGU&wJh yHkpHtwdkif; 'D (32)aum|moudk xifxif&Sm;&Sm; jrifEkdifw,f/ 'D (32)aum|moawGukd tZÑwå A[d'¨ ESprf sK;d vH;k rSm pepfwus odr;f qnf;wwf&if 'D (32)aum|mouaeNy;D awmh uodkPf;awGul;r,f qdkvQifvnf; ul;vdkY&w,f/ Oyrm - qHyifuJhodkY ndKwJhaum|moawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD; tndKa&mifuodP k ;f ul;r,fqv kd Qiv f nf; pwkwp¬ smeform"d txd qdu k Ef idk w f ,f/ tqDcw J v Ykd kd usiif ,fwv Ykd dk 0gaewJh aum|moawG udk tm½Hk,lNyD; t0ga&mifuodkPf; ul;r,fqdkvQifvnf; pwkw¬psmeform"d txd qdkufEkdifw,f/ aoG;vdk eDaewJh aum|moawGukd tm½H, k Nl y;D awmh teDa&mifuodP k ;f udk ul;r,fqv kd Qiv f nf; pwkwp¬ smeform"dtxd qdkufEdkifygw,f/ t½dk;pkwkdYvkd acgif;cGHwkdYvkd jzLaewJh aum|moawGudk tm½Hk,lNyD; tjzLa&mifuodkPf;udk ul;r,fqdkvQifvnf; pwkw¬psmef orm"dtxd qdkufEdkifw,f/ (tbd-|-1-232-233-234-235/ tbdbm,weuxm+0darmu©uxm/)

xdkpwkw¬psmeform"dawGudk tajccHNyD;awmh yx0DuodkPf; = ajr uokdPf;ç tmayguokdPf; = a&uodkPf;ç awaZmuodkPf; = rD; uodkPf;ç 0ga,muodkPf; = avuokdPf;? 'DuokdPf;awGudk ul;&ifvnf; vG,fvG,fululESifh ul;vdkY&wJhoabm&Sdw,f/ qDrD;wdkif za,mif;wdkif wdkYvdk tvif;a&mifwpfckudk tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh tmavmuuodkPf; yG m ; vnf ; &w,f / pwk w ¬ p smef o rm"d t xd qd k u f E d k i f w ,f / jyLwif ; ayguf w d k Y v k d tayguf u av;wpf c k u k d tm½Hk,lNyD;awmhvnf; tmumouokdPf; udkyGm;&if yGm;vdkY&w,f/ tckvdk uokdPf;q,fyg;udk pwkw¬psmeform"dqkdufatmif yGm;xm; EkdifwJh a,m*Dolawmfaumif;u xdpk wkwp¬ smeform"dawGukd t0g;0pGm avhvmNy;D wJt h cg t½lypsmefawGukd ul;r,fqv kd Qiv f nf; t½lypsmef av;yg;udk ul;vdkY&ygw,f/ ½lyg0p&psmefav;yg;ç t½lyg0p&psmefav;yg;? aygif;vdkufawmh psmef&Spfyg;udk ormywf&Spfyg;vdkY ac:ygw,f/ xdkormywf&Spfyg;udk uRrf;usifaewJh olawmfaumif;u arwåm ur®|mef;wdkYvdkç u½kPmur®|mef;wdkYvkdç rk'dwmur®|mef;wdkYvdkç Oayu©m ur®|mef;wdkYvkd jA[®pdk&fw&m;awGukd yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfr,fqdkvQif wpf xdkif ESpfxdkiftwGif;rSmyJ arwåmpsmefawGç u½kPmpsmefawGç rk'dwm psmefawGç Oayu©mpsmefawGukd vG,fvG,fululESifh wufv&Ykd ygw,f/ tu,fírsm; xkdorm"dawGudk tajccHNyD;awmh Ak'¨gEkówdur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;cJhr,f qdkvkdY&SdvQifvnf; Oypm&orm"dukd wpfxidk Ef pS x f ikd f twGi;f rSm vG,v f , G u f u l El iS hf qdu k o f mG ;Ekid w f o hJ abm&Sw d ,f/ tu,fí rsm; rdrw d u Ykd tokbbm0emur®|mef;awGukd yGm;rsm;csiw f ,fqv kd Qif jrifz;l wJh vdiw f o l al oaumif wpfcck u k kd = tavmif;wpfcck u k kd tm½H, k l Ny;D yGm;r,fqv kd nf; wpfxikd Ef pS x f idk t f wGi;f rSmyJ 'Dtokbbm0em ur®|mef;awGukd yxrpsmeform"dqu kd af tmif yGm;EdkifwJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ rdrd&JU aojcif;w&m;udk ESvHk;oGif;wJh r&PmEkówdur®|mef;udk pD;jzef;r,fqdkvQifvnf; vG,fvG,fululESifh pD;jzef;vdkY &Ekdifygw,f/ bmaMumifhvJ¿ a&S;a&S; bm0emorm"dwdkYu tm;BuD;aom rSD&m Oyedó, ypö,owdåESifh aus;Zl;jyKay;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf aemufaemuf bm0emorm"dawGonf vG,u f o l mG ;wJo h abm&Syd gw,f/ 'Dvkd vG,v f , G f ululESifh 'Dorxur®|mef;awGudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfEkdifwJh enf;pepfudk jrwfpGmbk&m;u oifMum;ay;xm;ygw,f/ 'Denf;pepfawGu vG,fuloGm;&jcif;onf rdrdwkdY&JU pdwf"mwfudk jyKjyifajymif;vJay;wJhtwGuf bk&m;&Sif 105

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

qdkqHk;rawmfrlonfhtwdkif; vdkufemusifhMuHBudK;ukwf yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfwJhtwGuf 'Dvdk vG,fuloGm; jcif;jzpfw,f/ wpfenf;ajymr,fqdkvQif pdwf"mwf&JUpGrf;tifudk toHk;csEdkif wJhtwGuf 'Dvdk vG,fvG,fululjzifh ur®|mef;awGudk yGm;rsm;tm;xkwfvdkY &jcif; jzpfygw,f/ 'DaeY w&m;emaewJh yk*d¾KvfawGrSm 'Dpdwf"mwf r&Sdbl; vm;¿ &Sdygw,f/ BudK;pm;r,fqdkvQif 'Dpdwf"mwfu bk&m;awmifjzpfEdkifwJh pGrf;tm; txd ykdYaqmifay;Edkifygw,f/ BudK;pm;vQif bk&m;jzpfEkdifw,fqdkawmh rBudK;pm;vQifawmh jzpfEkdifyghrvm;¿ rjzpfEkdifygbl;/ pdwf"mwf&JU pGrf;tif awGudk toH;k cswwfr,fqv kd Qif 'Dpw d "f mwfawGu edAmÁ ef&wJt h xd ydaYk qmifay;Edik w f hJ pGr;f tm;&Syd gw,f/ 'gayrJh 'Dpw d "f mwf&UJ pGrf;tifawGudk rD;zkdacsmifrSmyJ toHk;csaer,fqdkvQif rD;zdkacsmifu xGufEkdifyghrvm;¿ rxGufEdkifawmhbl;/ 'gayrJh rsm;aomtm;jzifh w&m;emy&dowfawGuadk wmh bke;f Bu;D ar;ar;Munfw h ,f/ tdyaf wG rjynfah o;bl;vm;vdYk ar;vQifawmh b,fvdk ajzMuovJ¿ jynfhw,fvdkY wa,mufrS rajymao;bl;/ tdyfawGu aygufaewJhtwGuf tdyfaygufESifh zm;aumufwJhyHkpH jzpfaeNyDqdkNyD; 'Dvdk tajzyJ xGufMuw,f/ 'Dawmh rD;zdkacsmifuae xGufcsifwJhqE´"mwf &Sdovm;¿ r&dSygbl;/ rD;zkdacsmifuae rxGufcsifao;vQif rD;zdak csmifuae vGwEf idk yf ghrvm;¿ rvGwyf gbl;/ rD;zkad csmifu xGucf siw f q hJ E´"mwf jyif;jyvmvQiaf um BuKd ;pm;r,fqv kd Qif rjzpfEdkifbl;vm;¿ jzpfEkdifygw,f/ 'Dpdwf"mwfrsKd;udk arG;jrLay;&w,f/ uJ pwkw¬psmeform"dqdkufvdkY uokdPf;awGudk ul;csif vnf; ul;yg? rul;csifvkdY 0dyóemoGm;csifw,f qdkvQifvnf; oGm;yg/

0dyóemodYk 0dyóemoGm;r,f qdv k &Ykd v dS Qif 0dyóemvkyif ef;cGiEf iS hf ywfoufvYkd jrwfpmG bk&m;u 'Dr[mowdy|meokweå rf mS tmemygeusifhpOfudk tckvkd pwkw¬psmeform"dtxd qdkufatmif yGm;rsm;NyD;wJh olawmfaumif;twGuf b,fvdk a[movJ¿

£wd tZÑwåH 0g uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? A[d'¨g 0g uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd? tZÑwåA[d'¨g 0g uma, um,mEkyóD 0d[&wd/ (r-1-71/) = tZÑwårSmvnf; um,udk um,vkdY tzefzeftxyfxyf ½IyGm; oHk;oyfNyD;aeyg? A[d'¨rSmvnf; um,udk um,vkYd tzefzeftxyfxyf ½IymG ;oH;k oyfNy;D aeyg? tZÑwAå [d'¨ ESprf sK;d vH;k rSmvnf; wpfvn S phf D cyf oGuo f u G u f av; um,udk um,vdkY tzefzeftxyfxyf ½IyGm;oHk;oyfNyD; aeygvdkY jrwfpGmbk&m;u 0dyóemvkyfief;cGifudk pwiftm;opfyHkudk a[may;ygw,f/

um,oH;k rsK;d 'Dawmh 'Dae&mrSm um,ESifhywfoufvdkY y#dorÇd'gr*fygVdawmfrSm um,oHk;rsKd; &Sif;xm;ygw,f/ eHygwfwpfu tómoyómoum,? eHygwfEpS u f ½lyum,? wpfenf;awmh u&Zum,? eHygwfo;kH u emrum,? aygif;vdu k af wmh um,oHk;rsKd;/ (y#doH-181/ r[m#D-1-320/) 1/ tómoyómoum, + 2/ u&Zum, tómoyómoum,qkw d mu 0ifavxGuaf v jzpfw,f/ bmjzpfvYkd um,ac:ovJ¿ y&rw¬w&m;awGu wpfckcsif; jzpfEkdifwJh pGrf;tm; r&SdMubl;/ tkyfpktvkduf aygif;pkNyD;rSomvQif jzpfEkdifwJhpGrf;tm; &SdMuw,f/ 0ifavxGufavudk "mwfur®|mef; vrf;pOftwkdif; pepfwus 0ifavxGufavrSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfav;yg;udk odrf;qnf;Ekdif&if uvmyf trIefuav;awGudk awGUr,f? 'DuvmyftrIef wpfckwpfckudk "mwfcGJ vdkuf&if yx0Dç

106

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

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raES;vnf; raES;vGef;ap&/ odyfaES;vGef;vQifvnf; ur®|mef;&JU vrf;qHk;okdY ra&mufEdkif &Sdwwfygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef;vrf;u b,frSm qHk;rvJvkdYawmh ar;p&m&Sdw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfawGudkjrifvkdY ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfckrSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfav;yg;udk odrf;qnf;EkdifvdkY tJ'D "mwfav; yg;tm½HkrSm bm0empdwfudk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfxm;EdkifvQif o'dolypm& tm;jzifh Oypm&orm"dtrnf&wJh orm"de,fajrodkY qkdufa&mufNyD jzpfygw,f/ 'Dae&mrSm o'dolypm&tm;jzifh Oypm&orm"d trnf&w,f qkdwm uawmh 'Dvkdyg/ psmefem;uyfaewJh orm"duo kd m Oypm&orm"dvYdk ac:qkd wmjzpfw,f/ ckvkd 'D"mwfur®|mef;vrf;u orm"dudk xlaxmifaewJh yk*K¾d vt f zdYk "mwfBu;D av;yg;ukd tm½H, k u l m orm"dukd b,fvykd if xlaxmifaomfvnf; psmefuawmh r&Ekid yf gbl;/ bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J tvGef vsifvsifjrefjref jzpf-ysufaewJh ½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfcktwGif;rSm wnf&Sd aewJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY&JU obm0vu©PmawGu eufeJwJhtwGuf y&rw¬"r®obm0awGudkom tm½Hk,lNyD;awmh orm"dukd xlaxmifae& wmjzpfvdkY psmefudkawmh b,fvkdrS rqkdufa&mufEkdifbl;/ 'gaMumifh 'D ½kyfuvmyf wpfckwpfckrSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfBuD;av;yg;wkdY&JU obm0 vu©PmawGukd tm½Hk,lNyD; orm"dudk xlaxmifEkdifvQif wu,f psmefem; uyfaewJh orm"duawmh rjzpfEidk b f ;l / Oypm&orm"dtppf rjzpfEidk b f ;l / 'gayrJh psmefem;rSm uyfaewJh wu,fOh ypm&orm"dEiS hf orm"d'D*&D pHcsdefcsif; wlnDaewJhtwGuf 'D"mwfur®|mef;vrf;uae ckvdk txGwf txdyfodkY a&mufatmif xlaxmifxm;wJh orm"dukd o'dolypm&tm;jzifh wifpm;um Oypm&orm"dvdkY ac:a0:jcif; jzpfygw,f/ (r[m#D-1436??)

"mwfav;yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pmudk tm½H, k u l m ckvkd orm"dudk xlaxmifaewJh tydik ;f rSm aES;aES;auG;auG;ESihf "mwfudk ½IaevQiv f nf; ckajymcJw h hJ "mwfur®|mef;vrf;qH;k odYk ra&mufEidk yf gbl;/ 'gaMumifh odyv f nf; aES;aES; r½IygESi/hf 4/ 0dau©yy#dAm[eawm = jyifytm½HkodkY pdwfysHUvGifhrIudk wm;jrpfay;yg"mwf B uD ; av;yg;ud k tm½H k , l u m orm"d u k d xl a xmif a ecd k u f r S m "mwf B uD ; av;yg;wd k Y & J U jyif y jzpf w J h "mwfBuD;av;yg;rSwpfyg; tjcm;tjcm; aom ynwftm½Hkç y&rwftm½Hk? b,ftm½Hkudkrqkd vdkufr½IygESifh/ ckajymcJhwJh "mwfav;yg;wdkY&JU jyifytm½Hk trsKd;rsKd;odkY pdwfa&mufrIudk wm;jrpfay;yg/ bmjzpfvdkYvJ¿ jyifytm½HkawGrSm pdwfu ysHUvGifhoGm;cJhvQif ur®|mef; qkwf,kwf ysufpD;oGm;wwfygw,f/ "mwfur®|mef;vrf;&JU OD;wnfcsufjzpfwJh ur®|mef;vrf;qH;k udk ra&mufEikd yf gbl;/ qdv k w kd mu awmh ½kyu f vmyfukd jrifwt hJ qifçh ½kyu f vmyf wpfcw k pfcrk mS &Sw d hJ "mwfav;yg;udk odrf;qnf;EkdifwJhtqifhç y&rwfodkY ÓPftjrifqdkufwJh tqifhudk b,fvkdrS ra&mufEkdifbl;/ bmjzpfvv Ykd ¿J jyifytm½Hk trsK;d rsK;d awGukd vdu k ½f aI evQif "mwfur®|mef;vnf; r[kwaf wmhb;l / "mwfav;yg; tm½Hrk mS om Nidrf0yfpGm wnfaewJh orm"dvnf; rjzpfEdkifawmhbl;/ 'gaMumifh ½kyfy&rwfe,fajrodkY ÓPftjrifqdkufa&;twGuf "mwfur®|mef;udk tm;xkww f hJ a,m*Dy*k K¾d v[ f m y&rwfoYkd ÓPftjrif qdu k cf siv f Qif 'Dpnf;urf;udk ½dak opGm vku d ef mzkYd vdyk gw,f/ 5/ yPÖwdåorwduúreawm = ynwfay:rSm aomifwifraeygapESifh"mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU udk,fydkifobm0vu©Pm (12)rsKd;udk rodbJ- yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf-qdkwJh trnf ynwfay:rSmom tm½Hk,lum yg;pyfu odkYr[kwf pdwfxJu yx0D"mwfç tmayg"mwfç awaZm"mwfç 0ga,m"mwf-vdkY qdk½Hkom qdkaewJh qdkur®|mef;awmh rjzpfygapESifh/ "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU trnfemr

118

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

ynwftay: rSmom aomifwifraeapbJ bm0empdwfukd "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;qdkwJh udk,fykdifobm0vu©Pm toD;toD; tay:rSmom uyfxm;yg/ orm"dudk xlaxmifyg/ 6/ tEky|merkÍöeawm = rxifr&Sm;aom "mwfobm0awGudk vTwfxm;yg ckvdk orm"dudk xlaxmifcdkufrSm wcsKdUwcsKdUaom "mwfobm0w&m; awG[m rxifr&Sm; jzpfvmwwfygw,f/ tJ'DtcgrSm rxif&Sm;wJh "mwf obm0wcsKdUukd vTwfxm;yg/ odkYaomf 'Dae&mrSm t,ltq rvGJzdkYawmh owdjyKyg/ "mwfur®|mef;qdkwm "mwfav;yg;vHk;udk tm½Hk,lum ½I&rnfh ur®|mef;jzpfwJhtwGuf tenf;qHk; yrmPtm;jzifh yx0D"mwfrSm rmrIoabm tmayg"mwfrSm ,kdpD;rIoabm awaZm"mwfrSm ylrIoabm 0ga,m"mwfrSm axmufuefrIoabm 'Doabmw&m; av;rsKd;avmufudkawmh xif&Sm;atmif½Iyg/ 'grSom vQif "mwfav;yg;udk tm½Hk,lum xlaxmifaewJh orm"djzpfEkdifygw,f/ odkYaomfvnf; oabmw&m; (12)rsKd;vHk; xif&Sm;ygu ydkaumif;ygw,f/ 7/ vu©Pawm = obm0vu©Pmudk OD;pm;ay;½Iyg oabmw&m; (12)rsK;d vH;k udk tm½H, k u l m orm"dukd xlaxmifEidk f aomfvnf; ykrd ekd uf½iId ;f wJh orm"dukd &&Sad &;twGuf "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU ukd,fykdifobm0vu©Pmudk OD;pm;ay;um ½Iaeyg/ qdkvdkwmuawmh rmrIoabm ,dkpD;rIoabm ylrIoabm axmufuefrIoabm 'Dobm0vu©PmawGukd OD;pm;ay;um orm"dukd qufvuf xlaxmifaeyg/ useo f abmw&m;awGukd r½I&bl;vdYk qdkvdkwmawmh r[kwfygbl;/ OD;pm;ay;½IzkdYom ajymwmyg/ 8/ t"dpdwåokwåef (tH-1-258/) 9/ tEkwå&oDwdbm0okwåef (tH-2-379/) 10/ aAmZÑ*Fokwåef = t*d¾okwåef (oH-3-98-99-100/) 'Dokwåef (3)ckrSm vm&SdwJhtwdkif; aAmZÑif (7)yg;ukd nDrQatmif usifhyg/

aAmZÑif (7) yg; 'Dae&mrSm "mwfur®|mef;ESihf qkid af ewJh aAmZÑif (7)yg;taMumif;udk enf;enf; ajymOD;r,f/ aAmZÑiq f w kd muawmh aAm"dac:wJh t&d,r*f ÓPfudk &&SdzdkY&ef taMumif;t*Fg&yfawGvdkY qdkvdkygw,f/ 'DaAmZÑifawGu (7)yg;&Sdygw,f/ 1/ "r®0dp,oarÁmZÑif = "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU udk,fydkif obm0 vu©Pm toD;toD;udk pl;prf;qifjcifwwfwJh xdk;xGif;odwwfrI oabm?

2/ 0D&, d oarÁmZÑif = "mwfBu;D av;yg;wd&Yk UJ obm0vu©Pm tm½Hk ay:rSm xd;k xd;k xGi;f xGi;f odatmif bm0empdwu f dk Nidrf0yfpGm uyfNyD; wnfaeatmif BudK;pm;tm;xkwfrIabm?

119

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

3/ yDwdoarÁmZÑif = "mwfBuD;av;yg;wdkY&JU obm0vu©Pmudk tm½Hk,l um ½IyGm;&m0,f "mwfav;yg;tm½HkrSm ESpfNcdKufaerIoabm?

'DaAmZÑif (3)yg;u wpftkyfpkjzpfw,f?

4/ yó'¨doarÁmZÑif = "mwfBuD;av;yg;tm½Hkü pdwfapwodufwdkY&JU Nidrf;at;aerIoabm?

5/ orm"doarÁmZÑif = "mwfBuD;av;yg;tm½Hkü bm0empdwf Nidrf0yfpGm wnfaerIoabm?

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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rD;ck;d a&mif twH;k tcJ tJ'Daemuf "mwfudkpkdufNyD; ½IvkdufvkdY "mwfav;yg;tm½Hkü bm0em pdwfu uyfoGm;NyDqkdvQif em&D0uf wpfem&Davmufom Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfaeygap/ cE¨mukd,fBuD; rawGUawmhbJeJY "mwftwHk;tcJ tpktyHkBuD; tjzpfeYJ xifvmr,f/ tJ'D tpktyHBk u;D rSmvnf; "mwfuo kd m jrifatmif quf½NI y;D awmh 'D"mwftm½Hrk mS om bm0empdwu f dk Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnf aeatmifom BudK;pm;vkdufcJhvQif rD;ckd;a&mifuJhokdY cyfazsmhazsmh tjzL a&mif twHk;tcJBuD;udk oGm;awGUygw,f/

tjzLa&miftwH;k tcJ tJ'D rD;ck;d a&mifuo hJ aYdk om tjzLtwH;k tcJrmS wnf&adS ewJh "mwf av;yg;udk jrifatmif wpfqifw h ufNy;D ½I&ygw,f/ ½IvkdufvkYd 'DrD;ckd;a&mif uJhokdYaom tjzLa&mif twHk;tcJrSm&SdwJh "mwfav;yg;udkjrifatmif pkduf½I EkdifNyDqkdvQifawmh 0g*Grf;pkdifuJhodkY qGwfqGwfjzLaewJh tjzLtwHk;tcJBuD; tjzpfESifh jrifwwfygw,f/ cE¨mukd,fBuD;ukd rawGUawmhbJeJY 0g*Gr;f pkid f uJo h Ydk tjzLvku d f twH;k tcJBu;D twkid ;f jrifNyq D v dk Qif xkt d wH;k tcJrmS wnf&adS ewJh "mwfav;yg;udjk rifatmif wpfqifhwufNyD;awmh ½I&ygw,f/ r½Iwwfb;l qdv k Qif bmvky&f rvJ¿ xkt d csed t f cgrSm rlvodr;f qnf; aeus ½Iaeustwdik ;f rmwmudk wpfu, dk v f ;kH rSm jrifatmif½v I u dk ?f tjzLtwH;k tcJrmS rmwmudk ½Ivu dk ?f wpfu, dk v f ;kH rSm rmwmukjd rifatmif jcKH i½kH v I u dk ?f tjzLtwH;k tcJrmS rmwmudk½Ivkduf? tJ'Dpepftm;jzifh Budrfzef rsm;pGm xyfumxyfum avhusifhvkdufvQif tjzLtwHk;tcJrSm rmaewJh oabmukd oGm;awGUwwfygw,f/ rmaewJhoabmudk ½IwJhyHkpHtwkdif; usefaewJh Murf;ç av;ç aysmhç acsmç ayghç ,kdpD;ç zJGUpnf;ç ylç at;ç axmufç 121

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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[',½kyu f kd ½IykH tJ'Dawmh 'DMunfaewJh ½kyfuvmyf rMunfwJh ½kyfuvmyfawGrSm tckvkd oabmw&m;awGudk &SmazGqef;ppfvdkY &NyDqdkvQif ZD0dwudkvnf; awGUNyD? bm0½kyfudkvnf; awGUNyDqdkvQif ESvHk;tdrftwGif;rSm pkdufMunfh vdkufvQif [','ouuvmyf a c:wJ h [',½k y f y gwJ h ½k y f a wG u d k v nf ; awG U Ed k i f y gw,f / tu,f í [',½k y f u d k rawGUEdkifjzpfaevQif b0ifraem tMunfudk odrf;qnf;NyD;Munfhyg/ tJ'D b0ifraemtMunf"mwfrSm pdwfudk pkdufxm;NyD;awmh vufn§dK;wpfacsmif;udk auG;csnfqefYcsnf jyKvkyfMunfhyg/ auG;csifwJhpdwf qefYcsifwJhpdwfawGudk jrifatmifMunfyh g/ tJ'D pdwfawGudk ÓPfjzifhjrifwJhtcg tJ'DpdwfawG&JU rSD&m½kyfudk wpfqifhwufNyD; ]]'DpdwfawGu bmudk rSjD zpfaeMuovJ}}vkYd qef;ppf Munfyh g/ 'Dpw d af wG&UJ rS&D m½kyu f kd awGUEdik yf gw,f/ 'Dr&DS m½kyu f kd [',½kyv f Ydk ac:ygw,f/ 'Draem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfac:wJh pdwfwkdY&JU rSD&m0w¬K jzpfvdkY [',0w¬K½kyfvdkYvnf; ac:ygw,f/ 'D[',½kyf = [',0w¬K½yk f yg0ifwhJ ½kyu f vmyfu [','ouuvmyf jzpfygw,f/ "mwfcMGJ unfh vQif yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç 0PÖç *E¨ç &oç MoZmç ZD0dwç [',qkdNyD; [',vQif q,fckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfoabmw&m;awG &SdMu w,f/ 'D½kyfawGukdvnf; qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ atmifjrifrI &&SdcJhaomf 'Gg&(6)yg;vHk;rSmyJ MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfawGrSm ½kyfoabmw&m; (10)rsKd;? rMunfwJh ½kyu f vmyfawGrmS vnf; ½kyo f abm w&m; (10)rsK;d wku Yd kd vSnv hf n S Nhf y;D odr;f qnf;yg/ Oyrm - rsupf q d w kd hJ pu©K'gG &rSm 128

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wnf&w dS hJ "mwfBu;D (4)yg;udk odr;f qnf;yg/ ½kyu f vmyfawGudk jrifwt hJ cg MunfaewJh ½kyu f vmyfrmS ½kyo f abmw&m; (10)rsKd;? rMunf wJh ½kyfuvmyfrSmvnf; oabmw&m; (10)rsKd;wkdYudk qufvuf odrf;qnf;yg/ em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fç ESvHk;wkdYrSmvnf; enf;wlyJ odrf;qnf;yg/

pu©K'Gg& = rsupf üd tMunf½yk u f vmyfrsm;udk cJjG cm;yHk Munf a ewJ h ½k y f u vmyf a wG x J r S m pu© K tMunf " mwf y gwJ h pu© K 'ou uvmyf ç aomwtMunf y gwJ h aomw'ouuvmyfç CmetMunfygwJh Cme'ouuvmyfç Zd0SgtMunfygwJh Zd0Sg'ouuvmyfç um,tMunf ygwJh um,'ouuvmyfqkdNyD; MunfaewJh ½kyfuvmyf trsKd;tpm; ig;rsKd; &Sdaeygw,f/ 'D i g;rsKd ; xJ r S m pu© K 'ouuvmyf u rsuf p d r S m yJ &S d w ,f ? aomw'ouuvmyf u em;rS m yJ &S d w ,f ?

Cme'ouuvmyfu ESmacgif;rSmyJ &Sdw,f? Zd0Sg'ouuvmyfu vQmrSmyJ &Sdw,f? odkYaomf um,'ou uvmyfuawmh rsufpdç em;ç ESmç vQmç udk,fç ESvHk;vkdY ac:qkdwJh 'Gg& (6)yg;vkH;rSmyJ &Sdaew,f/ 'gaMumih f rsuf p d q k d w J h pu© K 'G g &rS m pu© K 'ouuvmyf u vnf ; Munf a ewJ h ½ k y f u vmyf jzpf w ,f / um,'ouuvmyfuvnf; Munfae wJh½kyfuvmyf jzpfw,f/ MunfaewJh½kyfuvmyf ESpfrsKd; &Sdaew,f/ 'DESpfck udk olwdkY&JU obm0vu©PmESifh cJGjcm;½I&rSm jzpfw,f/ pu©K'ou uvmyfrSmygwJh pu©Kyom' (= pu©KtMunf = rsufpdtMunf)u -

½lygbdCmwm&[blwyÜom'vu©PH? (0dok'¨d-2-74/) ½lyg½kH a&S;½I½kdufcwfjcif; xdckdufjcif;iSmxdkufaom "mwfBuD; (4)yg; wdkYudk Munfvifapjcif; oabmvu©Pm &Sdw,f/ um,'ouuvmyf rSmygwJh um,yom' (= um,tMunf = udk,ftMunf)u -

azm|AÁmbdCmwm&[blwyÜom'vu©aPm? (0dok'¨d-2-74/) yx0Dç awaZmç 0ga,mqkw d hJ azm|AÁm½kH a&S;½I½u kd cf wfjcif;iSm xku d af om "mwfBu;D (4)yg;wku Yd dk Munfvifapjcif; oabmvu©Pm &Sdw,f/ 'Dvdk obm0vu©Pmcsif; uJGjym;rI &SdMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh rsufpdrSm MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfwpfckukd a&S;OD;pGm odrf;qnf;yg/ tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfrSm yg0ifwnf&SdMuwJh ½k y f o abmw&m; (10)rsKd ; wd k Y u d k quf v uf o d r f ; qnf ; yg/ wpf z ef tJ ' D (10)rsKd ; xJ u tMunf " mwf u d k qufvuford ;f qnf;yg/ cyfvrS ;f vSr;f wpfae&mrSm odrYk [kwf rvSr;f rurf; wpfae&mrSm&Sad ewJh ½kyu f vmyftrsm;pk&UJ 0PÖ"mwf (= ½lyg½kH = ta&mif)udk vSrf;NyD; tm½kH,lMunfhyg/ tJ'D ½lyg½kHta&mifu rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfudk a&S;½I ½kdufcwfaeygu tJ'D tMunf"mwfrSm pu©KtMunf"mwf jzpfygw,f/ tu,fí 'D½lyg½Hkta&mifu rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfudk a&S;½I ½du k cf wfrrI &Sv d Qif tJ'D tMunf"mwf[m pu©K tMunf"mwf r[kwb f J um,tMunf"mwfom jzpfaumif;jzpfEidk yf gw,f/ okdYaomf aocsmatmif awmh xyfumxyfum odrf;qnf;zdkY ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lzdkY vdktyfygw,f/ tu,f í ½l y g½k H t a&mif u a&S ; ½I ½ d k u f c wf a ewJ h pu© K tMunf " mwf u d k ÓPf E S i f h awG U jrif N yD q d k v Qif xdkpu©KtMunf"mwf yg0ifaewJh ½kyfuvmyfukd pu©K'ouuvmyf = pu©KtMunf"mwfvQif q,fckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyf uvmyfvkdY ac:ygw,f/ ½kyfoabmw&m; (10)rsKd;udk ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm; ,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/ tvm;wlyJ rsupf rd mS wnf&w dS hJ um,'ouuvmyfudk ½Ivykd gu rsupf rd mS &Sw d hJ MunfaewJh ½kyu f vmyfawGxu J

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½kyu f vmyfwpfcu k kd odr;f qnf;Ny;D vQif tJ'D ½kyu f vmyfrmS &Sw d hJ q,frsK;d aom ½kyw f &m;awGukd wpfcpk w D pfcpk D ÓPfEiS hf ykdif;jcm;,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/ tJ'D ½kyfoabmw&m; q,frsKd;xJu MunfaewJhyom'½kyf (= tMunf½kyf)ukd odrf;qnf;xm;yg/ tJ'D rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfESifh yGwfcsKyfxdckdufaewJh ½kyf uvmyftrsm;pkrSm &SdaewJh azm|AÁm½Hu k dk vSr;f Ny;D tm½H, k yl g/ azm|AÁ"mwf oH;k rsK;d xJu yx0D"mwfujdk zpfap awaZm"mwfujdk zpfap 0ga,m"mwf udkjzpfap "mwfwpfckckukd tm½Hk,lygu ydkí todÓPfoefY&Sif;ygw,f/ Oyrm - yx0D"mwf (6)rsK;d xJu ]rm}wJo h abmudk tm½k, H Ml unfyh g/ tJ'D ]rm}wJo h abmu rdro d rd ;f qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfudk a&S;½I ½dkufcwfaeygu xkdtMunf"mwfrSm um,tMunf"mwf jzpfygw,f/ 'Dum,tMunf"mwf yg0ifaewJh ½kyfuvmyfukd um,'ouuvmyf (= um,tMunf"mwf)vQif q,fckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfvkdY ac:qdk ygw,f/ ½kyfoabmw&m; q,frsKd;ukd ÓPfESifh cJGjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; odrf;qnf;yg/ tu,fí rdro d rd ;f qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfudk rdro d rd ;f qnf;xm; wJh ]rm}wJo h abm yx0D (= azm|AÁ"mwf)u a&S;½I½kdufcwfrI r&Sdwmudk ÓPfjzifh awGUjrifygu xkdtMunf"mwfrSm um,tMunf"mwf r[kwfawmhbJ pu©KtMunf"mwf jzpfaumif;jzpfEdkifygw,f/ pu©KtMunf"mwf [kwfr[kwfukdvnf; a&S;uajymcJhwJhtwkdif; ½lyg½kHta&mifudk tm½Hk,lum odrf;qnf;Munfhyg? qef;ppfMunfhyg/ rsufpdrSm pu©KtMunfESifh um, tMunf ESpfrsKd;om&SdwJhtwGuf 'D rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfrSm um,tMunf"mwf odkYr[kwf pu©KtMunf"mwf wpfrsK;d rsK;d om jzpfyg w,f/ ]bm}tMunf"mwf jzpfw,fqw dk mudk odatmif ½lyg½Ht k a&mifEiS hf azm|AÁm½kw H u Ydk kd tm½k, H u l m xyfumxyfum ½IMunhfyg/ Budrfzefrsm;pGm qef;ppfMunfhyg/

aomw'Gg& = em;ü Munfaom ½kyfuvmyfrsm; aomw'Gg&rSmvnf; Munfw½hJ yk u f vmyfu ESprf sK;d &Sad ew,f/ aomw'ouuvmyfEiS hf um,'ouuvmyfwYdk jzpfMuw,f/ aomwtMunf"mwf = em;tMunf"mwfvQif q,fckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyfu aomw'ouuvmyf jzpfygw,f/ em;rSm&Sad ewJh Munfw½hJ yk u f vmyf wpfcu k dk "mwfcu GJ m ½kyo f abmw&m; (10)rsK;d ukd odr;f qnf;yg/ xkad emif tJ'D q,frsK;d xJu tMunf"mwfukd odr;f qnf;xm;yg/ touf½SLoHuykd J jzpfapç tjyifA[d'u ¨ toHwpfcu k ydk jJ zpfap vSrf;NyD; tm½kH,lMunfhyg/ xdktoHu rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh tMunf"mwfudk a&S;½I½dkufcwf aeygu xdcwfaeygu xdktMunf"mwfrSm aomwtMunf"mwf jzpfyg w,f/ aomwtMunf"mwfyg0ifwJh ½kyfuvmyfu aomw'ouuvmyf jzpfw,f/ ½kyo f abmw&m; q,frsK;d udk "mwfcu JG m odr;f qnf;yg/ em;rSmvnf; um,'ouuvmyf&w dS t hJ wGuf rsupf rd mS ajymcJw h hJ enf; pepftwdkif;yJ ½IMunfhyg/ em;rSmvnf; tMunf"mwfESpfrsKd;&SdwJhtwGuf xyfumxyfum qef;ppfzdkY vkdygw,f/

Cme'Gg& = ESmacgif;ü Munfaom ½kyu f vmyfrsm; Cme'G g & = ES m acgif ; rS m vnf ; Cme'ouuvmyf um,'ouuvmyf q k d w J h Munf w J h ½ k y f u vmyf ESpfrsKd;&Sdaeygw,f/ teHY (= *E¨m½kH) a&S;½I½kdufcwfjcif; = xdckdufjcif;iSmxkdufaom CmetMunf"mwfvQif q,fckajrmuf&Sdaom ½kyfuvmyfrSm Cme'ouuvmyf jzpfygw,f/ ESmacgif;rSm&SdwJh MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfwpfckudk odr;f qnf;um ½kyo f abm w&m; q,frsK;d ukd ÓPfjzifyh idk ;f jcm;,lyg/ ,if;q,frsK;d xJrS tMunf"mwf udk odr;f qnf;xm;yg? tm½kH,lxm;yg/ ½kyfuvmyftrsm;pk&JU teHYukd vSrf;NyD;awmh tm½kH,lMunfhyg/ xdkteHY (= *E¨m½kH)u rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh ½kyftMunf"mwfudk a&S;½I ½dkufcwfaeygu rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh xkdtMunf"mwf[m CmetMunf "mwf jzpfygw,f/ CmetMunf"mwfyg0ifwJh ½kyfuvmyfu Cme'ou uvmyf jzpfygw,f/ ½kyfoabmw&m; q,fckukd ÓPfjzifh ykdif;jcm;,lyg? odrf;qnf;yg/ tu,fí rdrdodrf;qnf;xm;wJh 130

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tMunf " mwf u d k teH Y *E¨ m ½H k u a&S ; ½I ½ k d u f c wf r I r&S d y gu tJ ' D t Munf " mwf r S m um,tMunf "mwf jzpfaumif;jzpfEkdifygw,f/ um,tMunf"mwfudk txufu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; azm|AÁm½Hkukd tm½Hk,lum ½IMunfhyg/ aocsmatmif xyfumxyfum ½IzdkYawmh vkdtyfygw,f/ um,'Gg& = ukd,füum; MunfwJh½kyfuvmyfrSmu um,'ouuvmyf wpfrsKd;om &Sdw,f/ enf;rSD;NyD; ½Iyg/ tvm;wlyif raem'Gg& = ESv;kH tdrf twGi;f üvnf; Munfw½hJ yk u f vmyfrmS u um,'ouuvmyf wpfrsK;d om &Sw d ,f/ enf;rSD;NyD;om ½Iyg/ tm;vHk;aygif;vkdufaomf 1/ 2/ 3/ 4/ 5/ 6/

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'D½kyfuvmyfrsm;ESifh qufpyfwJh ½IuGufrsm;udk wifjyNyD;ygNyD/ 'D½kyf uvmyftm;vHk;uawmh twdwfu jyKpkysKd;axmifcJhwJh uHaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfuvmyfawGom jzpfMuygw,f/ taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh uHudkum; ypö, y&d*¾[ÓPfykdif; a&mufwJhtcg aMumif;-usKd;qufEG,fwJh y#dpöorkyÜg'f oabmw&m;rsm;udk ½IwJhtydkif; a&mufygrS ]]xdu k o H nf bmuHjzpfw,f}} qdw k mudk twdtus od&&Sd rSm jzpfygw,f/ ckaeawmh 'D½yk w f &m;awGudk uHaMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyaf wGvo Ydk m rSwo f m;xm;yg/ aemufwpfcu k awmh 'Gg& (6)yg;rSm wnf&adS ewJh pdwZå ½kyu f vmyftaMumif;ukd ajymMu& atmif ---

pdwZå ½ky½f u I u G f ESv;kH tdr&f UJ twGi;f rSm wnf&w dS hJ [','ouuvmyf½yk w f w Ydk iG f yg0ifwhJ [',0w¬K½yk u f dk rSw D , G jf zpfay:aewJh raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfqkdwJh pdwfwkdif;pdwfwkdif;uvnf; rdrdwkdY&JU Oyg'fumvwkdif; Oyg'fumvwkdif;rSm pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGudk jzpfapwwfygw,f/ orx bm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwfr[kwfwJh b0ifpdwf t0iftygjzpfwhJ ½d;k ½d;k umrm0p&pdwaf wG[m pdwu å P © wdik ;f &JU Oyg'fumvwdik ;f rSm ½kyf uvmyf tenf;i,favmufuo kd m jzpfapEdik af omfvnf; orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdww f v Ydk kd tqifjh rifw h hJ rGejf rwfwhJ pdwaf wGusawmh rdrw d &Ydk UJ Oyg'fumvwdik ;f Oyg'fumvwkid ;f rSm pdww f pfcw k pfc[ k m pdwZå ½kyu f vmyfaygif;rsm;pGmukd jzpfapEkid w f phJ rG ;f tm; &Syd gw,f/ 'DpdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh pdwåZ½kyfawGudk pdwåZMoZ|ru½kyfrsm;vdkY ac:qkdygw,f/ pdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfw&m; rsm;vYdk qdkvdkygw,f/ ½kyfuvmyfwpfckwpfckrSm yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç 0PÖç *E¨ç &oç MoZm qdkwJh ½kyfoabmw&m; (8)rsKd;pD yg0ifMuyg w,f/ 'D½kyfawG[mvnf; 'Gg& (6)yg;vHk;rSm tESHYtjym; jzpfaeMuygw,f/ 'D raem"mwf raem0dnmP"mwfac:wJh pdwfwkdif;pdwfwdkif;u pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfawGudk jzpfapwJhtykdif;rSm wpfcgwpf&o H m jzpfapNy;D awmh wpfcgwpf&u H sawmh rjzpfapEkid w f mrsK;d awmh r[kwb f ;l / tjrw J rf; b0wpfavQmufrmS Budrfzefrsm;pGm xyfumxyfum jzpfapygw,f/ vufn§dK;uav;udk auG;MunfhvQif auG;vdkY&w,f/ qefYMunfhvQif qefYvkdY &w,f/ xcsifvQif xvkdY&w,f/ xkdifcsifvQif xkdifvkdY&w,f/ 131

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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OwkZ½ky½f u I u G f a,bk,staeeJY ajymr,fqv kd Qif ur®Z½kyu f vmyfç pdwZå ½kyu f vmyfç OwkZ½kyu f vmyfç tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyfqw dk hJ ½kyfuvmyfwkdif; ½kyfuvmyfwdkif;rSm yg0ifaewJh awaZm"mwf[m rdrdwkdY jzpfNyD;aemuf XDumvodkY a&mufcdkufrSm ½kyfuvmyftopftopfudk jzpfapEdkifygw,f/ 'D½kyfuvmyfwkdif;rSm wnf&SdwJh awaZm"mwfukdyJ OwkvkdYvnf; ac:yg w,f/ avmurSm ]]'DaeY &moDOwk ylw,f? 'DaeY &moDOwk at;w,f}}qkdNyD; 'Dvdk ac:a0:oHk;pJGwm &Sdw,f/ ylwm at;wmukd awaZm"mwfvkdYvnf; ac:w,f/ ylwm at;wmudk OwkvkdYvnf;ac:w,f/ 'gaMumifh awaZm"mwfaMumifhjzpfwJh ½kyfawGudk OwkZ½kyfawGvkdY ac:qdkygw,f/ Oyrm - pu©K'ouuvmyf qkdMuygpkdY? pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh q,frsKd;aom ½kyfawGudk odrf;qnf;yg/ ,if;q,frsK;d xJu awaZm"mwf udk odr;f qnf;yg/ xdak waZm"mwfu XDumvokYd a&mufcu dk rf mS av;qifh ig;qifah om ½kyfuvmyfawGudk tqifhqifh jzpfapygw,f/ qkdvdkwmuawmh pu©K'ouuvmyfwGifyg0ifwJh awaZm"mwf aMumifh ½kyfuvmyfwpfck jzpfay:vmw,f? tJ'D ½kyfuvmyfu rMunfbl;? "mwfcGJMunfhvQif yx0Dç tmaygç awaZmç 0ga,mç 0PÖç *E¨ç &oç MoZmqdkNyD; oabmw&m; (8)ck &Sdw,f/ OwkZMoZ|ru½kyf = awaZm "mwf (= Owk)aMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmvQif &Spfckajrmuf&SdwJh ½kyfuvmyf jzpfw,f/ pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm&SdwJh awaZm"mwfu arG;vkdufwJh om;OD; &wem jzpfygw,f/ (1) ,if ; om;OD ; &wemjzpf w J h ½k y f u vmyf r S m yg0if w J h awaZm"mwf u vnf ; XD u mvod k Y a&muf c k d u f r S m OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ ajr;OD;uav; &jyefNyD/ (2) ,if;ajr;OD;jzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfrSmygwJh awaZm"mwf (= Owk) uvnf; XDumvodkY a&mufckdufrSm OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ ]jrpf}uav; &jyefNyD/ (3) ,if;]jrpf}jzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyfrSmygwJh awaZm"mwf uvnf; XDumvokdY a&mufckdufrSm OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ ]wD}uav; &jyefNyD/ (4) ,if;]wD}jzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyfrSmyg0ifwJh awaZm"mwf uvnf; XDumvodkY a&mufckdufrSm OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfudk jzpfapjyefw,f/ ]wGwf}&jyefNyD/ (5) 'Denf;twkid ;f ur®Z½kyu f vmyfwidk ;f rSmyg0ifwhJ awaZm"mwfwidk ;f u XDumvodaYk &mufwidk ;f av;qifh odrYk [kwf ig;qifah om ½kyu f vmyf topftopfawGudk jzpfapygw,f/ rsupf rd mS &Sw d hJ pu©K'ouuvmyfu awaZm"mwfaMumihf ,©Kvdk tqifq h ifjh zpfyu kH dk ½Iovkd rsupf rd mS &Sw d hJ um,'ouuvmyf bm0'ouuvmyfwrYdk mS yg0ifwhJ awaZm"mwfu vnf; tvm;wl jzpfapyHkukd jrifatmif½Iyg/ rsufpdrSm&SdwJh pdwåZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfawGrSmyg0ifwJh awaZm "mwfuvnf; XDumvodkY a&mufckdufrSm tvm;wlyJ ½kyfuvmyf topf topfukd jzpfapygw,f/ okdYaomf taMumif;&if;jzpfwJh pdwf[m orx bm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwf r[kwfwJh ½dk;½kd; umrm0p&pdwf jzpfr,fqkdvQif tJ'D ½dk;½dk; umrm0p&pdwfaMumifhjzpfwJh

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pdwåZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyfawGrSmygwJh awaZm"mwfu pGrf;tifenf;yg;wJhtwGuf ESpfqifhoHk;qifhaom OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfawGudkom jzpfapEkdifyg w,f/ 'gayrJh pdwå½kyfudkjzpfapwJh taMumif;&if;jzpfwJhpdwfu orx bm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdwfwdkYvdk tvGeftqifhtwef; jrifhrm;ae wJh pdwfjzpfr,fqdkvQif pdwfwpfckwpfckonf pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfaygif;rsm;pGm udk jzpfapEkid w f t hJ wGuf ,if;pdwZå MoZ|ru ½kyu f vmyfwidk ;f rSmygwJh awaZm"mwf Owkuvnf; XDumvodaYk &mufwikd ;f tvm;wlyJ ½kyf uvmyf tqifhaygif;rsm;pGmudk jzpfapEkdifygw,f/ 'Dvkd OwkZ½kyu f vmyfawGu ud, k w f iG ;f tZÑww å iG o f mru tjyif ty A[d'a¨ vmutxd ysUH ESu YH m jzpfEidk w f phJ rG ;f tm; &SMd uygw,f/ ynm a&mif = ÓPfa&mifqw kd m ckajymcJw h hJ pdwZå MoZ|ruuvmyf OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfawGrmS ygwJh 0PÖ"mwf ½lyg½k&H UJ awmufyrI ta&mif tvif; jzpfygw,f/ orxbm0empdwf 0dyóembm0empdww f EYkd iS hf ,SOw f aJG ewJh ÓPfu tmEkabmf BuD;vQif BuD;ovdk ao;vQifvnf; ao;ovdk awmufywJhoabm &Sdygw,f/ a,m*D y k * ¾ d K vf u rsuf p d r S m &S d w J h pd w å Z MoZ|ru½k y f u vmyf a wG r S m yg0if w J h awaZm"mwf a Mumif h OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf topftopf jzpfykHudk jrifatmif½Iyg/ usef'Gg& (5)rsKd;wdkYrSm&SdwJh pdwåZ½kyfuvmyfwGif yg0ifwJh awaZm"mwfaMumifh OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyf jzpfykHudkvnf; enf;rSD;NyD; quf½Iyg/

tm[m&Z½kyu f vmyf½u I u G f tu,fí a,m*Dyk*¾dKvfwpfOD;u ,ckvdk "mwfur®|mef;udk pepf wus ½IwwfwJha,m*D jzpfrnfqdkvQif ,ckvdk tpmpm;NyD;p tcsdefavmuf rSm tpmtdrftwGif;rSm wnf&SdaewJh tpmopfaum|moudk a&S;OD;pGm odrf;qnf;yg/ odrf;qnf;EkdifNyDqkdvQif 'Dtpmopfaum|morSm wnf&SdwJh "mwfav;yg;udk qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ tpmopf aum|morSm&Sw d hJ "mwfBu;D av;yg;udk ÓPfjzifh ykid ;f jcm;,lEidk rf ,fqv kd Qif xk"d mwfBu;D av;yg;udk tm½k, H u l m orm"dukd qufvufxal xmifyg/ orm"du tm;aumif;vmNyq D v kd Qif rMumrD tcsed u f mvtwGi;f rSm ½kyu f vmyftrIeaf v;awGukd awGUEdik yf gw,f/ 'D½yk u f vmyfawGu a&S;a&S;½kyu f vmyfawGrmS wnf&w dS hJ awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifh pOfquf rjywf xyfumxyfum jzpfaewJh Owkypö,-OwkZ½kyaf wG jzpfMuygw,f/ Owkypö,OwkZ½kyq f w kd mu Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfvQif taMumif; taxmuftyH&h adS om Owkac:wJh awaZm"mwfaMumifjh zpfwhJ ½kyu f vmyf awGvYkd qdv k ykd gw,f/ enf;enf; em;&Si;f atmif xyfajymr,f/ tpmopfaum|moqdkwmu rpm;rD oydwftwGif;ç tdk; cGuf yef;ueftwGif; ponfwdkYü wnf&Sdcdkufvnf; Owk Z MoZ|ru½k y f u vmyf wd k Y & J U taygif ; tpk o m jzpf y gw,f / pm;rsKd 0 g;rsKd w J h tcsd e f r S m vnf ; Owk Z MoZ|ru½kyu f vmyfw&Ykd UJ taygif;tpkom jzpfygw,f/ pm;rsK0d g;rsKNd y;D vdYk cE¨mtdrt f wGi;f odYk rysUH ESrYH D tpmtdrt f wGi;f tltwGi;f ponfwrYkd mS tpm opfaum|motjzpf wnf&cdS u dk rf mS vnf; OwkZMoZ|ru½kyu f vmyf wk&Yd UJ taygif;tpkom jzpfygw,f/ 'D½yk u f vmyfawG&UJ twGi;f rSm odrYk [kwf 'D½yk u f vmyf toD;toD;&JU twGi;f rSm wnf&w dS hJ ½kyo f abmw&m;awG[m jzpfNyD;wmESifh jzpfwJhae&m rSmyJ ysufoGm;Muygw,f/ oydwftwGif;ç tdk; cGuf yef;ueftwGif;ponfrS yg;pyfwGif;okdY? yg;pyfwGif;rS tpmtdrftwGif;ponfodkY a&muf&SdoGm;onfh wkdifatmif oufwrf;r&SnfMuygbl;/ odaYk omf 'D½yk u f vmyfawGxrJ mS odrYk [kwf ½kyu f vmyfwidk ;f ½kyf uvmyfwidk ;f rSm awaZm"mwf (= Owk) yg0ifvsuf &Sdygw,f/ 'DawaZm "mwf (= Owk)u XDumvokdY a&mufckdufrSm rdrdrysufrD twGif;rSm ½kyfuvmyftopfqkdwJh om;&wemukd arG;zGm;ay;cJyh gw,f/ 'Dom;&wem qdw k hJ ½kyu f vmyfxrJ mS ygwJh awaZm"mwf = Owkuvnf; XDumvokYd 133

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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a&mufckduf rdrdrysufciftwGif;rSm om;&wemwpfOD;ukd xyfNyD; arG;ay; jyefw,f/ 'Denf;tm;jzifh &SnfjrifhpGmaom t"GefYumvywfvHk;vnf; OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfawG[m qufumqufum jzpfaeMuygw,f/ 'gaMumifh 0dok'¨dr*¾t|uxmu Owkypö,Owkork|meH emr Owkork|mem awaZm"mwk XmeyÜawåm tnH MoZ|ruH ork|maywd? wMwmyd Owk tnEÅd {0H 'DCrÜd t'¨geH tEkyg'dPÖyau© XwGmyd Owkork|meH y0wåwda,0/ (0do'k -d¨ 2-252/)

Owkypö,Owkork|mef½yk q f w dk m awaZm"mwf = OwkaMumifjh zpf wJh Owkork|mef ½kyu f vmyfww Ydk iG f yg0ifwnf&w dS hJ awaZm"mwfOwk[m XDumvodkY a&mufckdufrSm tjcm;aom OwkZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyftopf udk jzpfapygw,f/ 'DtopfjzpfwJh OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfxJrSm yg0ifwnf&SdwJh awaZm"mwf (= Owk)uvnf; tjcm;wpfyg;aom OwkZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefygw,f/ 'Denf;tm;jzifh &SnfjrifhpGmaom t"GefYumvywfvHk;vnf; tEkyg'dPÖ = oufrt hJ zdt Yk pkü wnfíaomfvnf; Owkork|mef½yk u f kd jzpfaponfom jzpfygw,f/ 'Dvdk zGiq hf x dk m;ygw,f/ ckvkd tpmopfaum|movkdY ac:qdktyfwJh Owkypö, OwkZ½kyfxJrSm yg0ifwJh MoZm[mvnf; OwkZMoZm = OwkaMumifhjzpfwJh MoZmom jzpfygao;w,f/ 'DMoZmukd A[d'¨MoZm = jyifyMoZmvdkYvnf; ac:qdk ygw,f/ tJ'D A[d'¨MoZm = OwkZMoZmukd ur®Z0rf;rD;u tm;ay; axmufyHhwJhtcg 'DA[d'¨MoZm = OwkZMoZmu XDumvodkY a&mufcu dk rf mS MoZ|ru½kyu f vmyftopfukd jzpfapygw,f/ A[d'M¨ oZm = OwkZMoZm&JU om;OD;&wemav; jzpfygw,f/ (1) 'Dom;OD;&wemjzpfwJh MoZ|ru½kyfuvmyfuawmh A[d'¨MoZm = OwkZMoZmaMumifh jzpfwJhtwGuf tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyv f Ykd ac:yg w,f/ 'Dae&mrSm ur®Z0rf;rD; qkw d muawmh tpmtdr0f ef;usipf wJh xkx d akd e&mawGrmS wnf&w dS hJ ZD0w d e0uuvmyfawGrmS yg0ifwhJ awaZm "mwf jzpfygw,f/ 'DawaZm"mwfudk tpmudk aMuusuaf pwwfwhJ twGuf ygpuawaZm"mwfvdkY ac:qdkygw,f/ ckajymcJw h hJ om;OD;&wemjzpfwhJ tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½kyu f vmyfawG rSm yg0ifwnf&w dS hJ MoZmuvnf; XDumvodYk a&muf & S d c d k u f ygpuawaZm "mwf (= ur® Z 0rf ; rD ; )&J U taxmuf t yH h u k d &&S d w J h t cg aemuf t m[m&ZMoZ|ru½k y f u vmyf t opf u d k jzpf a pjyef y gw,f / ajr;OD ; uav; &&S d j yef N yD jzpf w ,f / 'D e nf ; twk d i f ; q,fqifhq,fhESpfqifhwkdifatmifaom ½kyf uvmyfawGukd jzpfapygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-251/)

tZÑwu då MoZm ck a jymcJ h w J h q,f q if h q ,f E S p f q if h w d k i f a tmif a om MoZ|ru ½k y f uvmyf a wG r S m yg0if w nf & S d w J h tm[m&ZMoZmESifhwuG [dka&S;ykdif;u ajymcJhwJh ur®Z½kyfuvmyfawGrSm yg0ifwnf&SdwJh ur®ZMoZmç pdwåZ ½k y f u vmyf a wG r S m yg0if w nf & S d w J h pd w å Z MoZmç Owk Z ½k y f u vmyf a wG r S m yg0if w nf & S d w J h Owk Z MoZm? 'DMoZmav;rsKd;udkawmh ukd,fwGif; tZÑwå oEÅmefrSm ysHUESHYjzpfyGm;aewJhtwGuf tZÑwåduMoZmvkdY ac:qkdygw,f/ 'DtZÑwåduMoZmudk tm[m&ZMoZmuvnf; tm;ay;axmufyhH vkdufwJhtcg ygpuawaZm"mwf (= ur®Z0rf;rD;)uvnf; tm;ay; axmufyHhvdkufwJhtcg 'DtZÑwåduMoZm toD;toD;u MoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyf topftopfukd jzpfapjyefw,f/ em;&Sif;atmif xyfNyD; ajymr,f/

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pu©K'ouuvmyfwpfck qkdMuygqdkY? pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm yg0ifwnf&SdwJh MoZmudk ckeuajymcJhwJh tZÑwådu MoZmtrnf & wJ h tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½k y f u vmyf r S m yg0if w J h MoZmu tm;ay;axmuf y H h vk d u f w J h t cg ygpuawaZm"mwf = ur®Z0rf;rD;uvnf; tm;ay; axmufyHhvkdufwJhtcg 'Dpu©K'ouuvmyfrSm wnf&SdwJh MoZmuvnf ; XD u mvod k Y a&muf c k d u f r S m tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½k y f u vmyf t opf u k d jzpf a pjyef w ,f / pu©K'ouuvmyfrSm yg0ifwnf&SdwJh MoZm&JU om;OD; &wem jzpfw,f/ 'Dom;OD;&wemjzpfwhJ tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyu f vmyfrmS yg0if wnf&w dS hJ MoZmuvnf; XDumvodYk a&mufcu dk rf mS tm[m&ZMoZm&J U taxmuf t yH h E S i f h ur® Z 0rf ; rD ; &J U taxmuf t yH h u d k &&S d w J h t cg tm[m&ZMoZ|ru½kyfuvmyftopfukd jzpfapjyefygw,f/ ajr;OD;uav; &jyefNyD/ 'Denf;twkdif; av;qifhig;qifhaom ½kyu f vmyfw&Ydk UJ jzpfjcif;ukd qufpyfapygw,f/ pu©K'gG &rSm&Sw d hJ um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ou uvmyfwrYdk mS yg0ifwhJ MoZmuvnf; pu©K'ouuvmyfu MoZm enf;wlyJ ½kyfuvmyf topftopf jzpfapyHkudk ÓPfjzifhjrifatmif quf½Iyg/ pdwåZMoZmç OwkZMoZmç a&S;a&S;aom tm[m&ZMoZmwdkYu vnf; tm[m&ZMoZ|ru ½kyfuvmyf topfopfudk jzpfapyHkukd yHkpHwl yJ½Iyg/

{u'd0oH y&dbkwåm[ma&m owåm[rÜd Oyw¬arÇwd/ (0dok'¨d-2-251??)

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'Gg&toD;toD;ü&Sad om ½kyrf sm; ck a jymcJ h w J h ½k y f u r® | mef ; ½I u G u f a wG u k d pepf w us½I w wf v Qif 'G g & wpf c k w pf c k r S m &S d w J h ½k y f a wG [ m b,favmufjzpfoGm;ovJ¿ trsKd;tpm; wl&mukd pkaygif;NyD; a&wGufvkdufvQif 1/ pu©K'Gg&rSm - pu©K'ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; = ½kyftrsKd; tpm; (54)?

2/ aomw'Gg&rSm - aomw'ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ru uvmyfç tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; = ½kyftrsKd;tpm; (54)?

3/ Cme'Gg&rSm - Cme'ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; = ½kyf trsKd;tpm; (54)?

4/ Zd0Sg'Gg&rSm - Zd0Sg'ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf(6)rsKd; = ½kyf trsKd;tpm; (54)?

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6/ raem'Gg&rSm - [','ouuvmyfç um,'ouuvmyfç bm0'ouuvmyfç pdwåZMoZ|ruuvmyfç OwkZMoZ|ruuvmyfç tm[m&ZMoZ|ruuvmyf? aygif; - ½kyfuvmyf (6)rsKd; = ½kyf trsKd;tpm; (54)? toD;toD; &SdMuygw,f/ (0dok'¨d-2-259/) tvm;wlyJ qHyifç arG;nif;ç ajconf; vufonf;ç oGm;ç ta& tp&SdwJh yx0Daum|mo (20)rsKd;? onf;ajcç ovdyfç jynfç aoG;ç acR;ç tqDcJtp&SdwJh tmaygaum|mo (12)rsKd;? oEÅyÜeawaZm tp&SdwJh awaZmaum|mo (4)rsKd;? txufokdY qefwufaomav tp&SdwJh 0ga,maum|mo (6)rsKd;? tm;vHk; (42)aum|mowdkYrSmvnf; wnf&SdwJh ½kyfw&m;awGudk qufvufodrf;qnf;yg/ 136

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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9/ 0dwuf = MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½Hk ay:odkY pdwfukd a&S;½Iwifay;jcif;oabm/ 'gpsmeft*FgwpfckyJ? odrf;qnf;wwfNyD;NyD/ aemufwpfcku 10/ 0dpm& = MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw d t f m½Hk ukd xyfumxyfum oH;k oyfqifjcifaewJo h abm? qkyfe,faewJh oabmyJ/ aemufwpfckuawmh 11/ t"darmu© = MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½Hkukd qHk;jzwfcsufcswJhoabm? 'gu MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfyJqkdNyD; qHk;jzwfwJh obm0uav;yJ/ 12/ 0D&d, = MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½Hk ay:odkY pdwfapwoduforÜ,kwfw&m;awGudk a&mufatmif BuKd ;pm; tm;xkwaf ewJo h abm? wpfenf;ajymvQiaf wmh orm"djzpfatmif BuKd ;pm;tm;xkwaf ewJh oabmyJ/ BudK;pm;tm;xkwfwJh obm0u 0D&d,/ aemufwpfcku 13/ yDwd --- yDwdu 'DMunfvifawmufyaewJh tm½Hkukd ESpfoufaewJh oabm/ aemufwpfcku 14/ qE´ = MunfvifawmufyaewJh 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½Hk ay:ü pdwfwnfMunfvdkwJh obm0wpfckyJ/ wpfenf;ajym&vQif awmh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½Hkukd vdkvm;awmifhwaewJh oabmyJ/ orm"dpcef; jzpfjcif;aMumifh orm"djzpfvkdwJh obm0 wpfckyJvdkY ajymjcif;jzpfw,f/ aygif;vkdufawmh pdwfapwoduf b,fESpfck &SdoGm;NyDvJ¿ (14)ck jzpfoGm;NyD/ todpdwfESifh aygif;vdkufvQifaygh? tJ'D (14)vHk;ukd Budrfzef rsm;pGm qufwkdufjzpfaewmudk jrifatmif ½I&ygw,f/ atmifjrifrI&NyD qkdawmhrS 15/ o'¨g = ,HkMunfcsufwpfckudk wkd;½Iyg/ bm,HkMunfovJvkdY ar;vQif awmh 'DrSm orm"dpcef;jzpfjcif;aMumifh orm"dusifhpOfESifh ywfouf NyD; ,HkMunfaewJh obm0yJ/ 'D0ifavxGufavudk ½IvkdY&SdvQif psmef& w,fqkdwm [kwrf [ S w k yf ghrvm; qkv d Qiaf wmh ,HMk unfcsu&f w dS ,f vkYd ajymEdik yf ghrvm;¿ rajymEdik yf gbl;/ tckvufawGU ½Ivu dk Nf y?D vufawGU MunfvifawmufyaewJh y#dbm*edrdwfvnf; awGUNyD? 'Dy#dbm*edrdwfrSm bm0empdwfukd NidrfoufpGm uyfxm;r,fqdkvQif vnf; uyfxm;vkdY&NyD? y#dbm*edrdwfxJrSm pdwfapwodufawGu epfjrKyfaerIudkvnf; ]ukd,f}udk,fwkdif ½IvkdY&NyD/ ]]pdkufpdkufpl;pl; txl;jrJjrH ½Itm;oef psmef[k ac:owwf}}qdkwJh v,fwDq&mawmf bk&m;BuD;&JU tqHk;trtwkdif;yJ tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkukd pdkufpkdufpl;pl; jrJjrJjrHjrH ½IvkdY&aeNyD? wpfem&D ESpfem&D ponfjzifh 'Dorm"dukd wnfwHhatmif xm;EdkifNyDqdkvQif tJ'D tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dpsmefemrfw&m;qdkwm wu,frSefw,fqkdwJh orm"dodu©mç orm"d usifhpOfESifh ywfoufwJh ,HkMunfcsufu xkdyk*¾dKvfoEÅmefrSm ckdifjrJ rvmbl;vm;¿ ckdifjrJvmw,f/ tJ'D ,HkMunfrIu o'¨gw&m;yJ/ 16/ [d&D = raumif;rI tukodkvf 'kp½dkufawGrS &SufwJhoabm/ 17/ MowåyÜ = raumif;rI tukokdvfw&m;awGrS aMumufvefYwJhoabm/ 'guawmh a&S;½Iwnf½HkwnfaewJh obm0awGyg/ xkdtcsdeftcgrSm &SufvScsnf&JU aMumufvScsnf&JUqdkNyD; 'Dvkd pdwftpOfawG jzpfae wmrsKd;awmh r[kwb f ;l / t&Sut f aMumuf&v dS v Ydk nf; aumif;rI ukov kd q f w kd m jyKvyk w f myg/ t&Sut f aMumuf r&Sw d yhJ *k K¾d vaf wG aumif;rIukodkvf qnf;yl;yghrvm;¿ rqnf;yl;ygbl;/ aemufwpfck18/ owd = MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrw d t f m½Hu k kd ckid cf idk jf rjJ rJ trSw&f aerI oabmyJ/ 'Dae&mrSm tvGeftm;aumif;ae wJh owdyg/ omref trSwf&½Hkuav;awmh r[kwfbl;/ pdwfu ausmufzsmBuD;wpfckukd a&xJrmS csxm;ovdk tmemygey#dbm*edrw d t f m½Hx k rJ mS epfjrKyNf y;D Nird 0f yfNy;D aeatmif trSw&f aewJh oabmyJ/ o'¨gç owdç [d&Dç MowåyÜ av;ck/ aemufwpfck 19/ tavmb = MunfvifawmufyaewJh 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrdwfudk tckvkd tm½Hk,laewJh tcsdeftcgrSm

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

'Derd w d t f ay:ü wG,w f m rufarmrI &So d vm;¿ r&Sb d ;l / rwG,w f m rrufarmwJh obm0wpfck jzpfay:aew,f/ 'Dtmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½Hkukd wG,fwmrIjzifh NiduyfaewJhoabm r&SdrI jzpfw,f/ 20/ ta'go --- xkdtcsdeftcgrSm a'goawGu xGufaeovm;vkdY ar;awmhvnf; rxGufygbl;/ pdwf"mwfawGu rjypfrSm;bl;/ 'D MunfvifawmufyaewJh y#dbm*edrdwfESifh ywfoufNyD;awmh a'gorjzpfwJh qefYusifbuf obm0wpfckyJ/ 'gukd arwåmvkdYvnf; wcsKdUae&mrSm oHk;ygw,f/ odkYaomf 'Dae&mrSmuawmh Munfvif awmufyaewJh y#dbm*edrdwfukd tm½Hk,laewm jzpfjcif;aMumifh rjypfrSm;vdkwJh obm0wpfckyJ/ pdwfrcufxef rMurf;wrf;wJh obm0wpfck jzpfygw,f/aemufwpfck21/ wMwrZÑwåwåm = 'DMunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½HkrSm pdwfukd tv,ftvwf wnfaeatmif xm;EdkifwJh obm0wpfckyJ/ aMumifhMurIawG awmifhwrIawGr&Sdawmh pdwfu obm0twkdif; Nird af ew,f/ tmZmenfjrif;aumif;awGukd armif; aewJh &xm;xde;f [m jrif;awGu olUyHrk eS v f rf;twdik ;f oGm;aeNyD qdv k Qif 'Djrif;awGukd Burd w f aYkd y;zdYk jyefqx GJ m;zkYd taMumif;r&Sb d J aMumifMh urIr&Sad wmhbJ jrif;awGudk tomuav; olwdkYoGm;jrJvrf; twdkif; oGm;cGifhay;xm;ovdk MunfvifawmufyaewJh 'Dtmemyge y#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkay:ü bm0empdwfu Nidrf0yfpGmuyfNyD; wnfae NyDqdkvQif xkdwnfaewJhtwdkif;yJ qufNyD; wnfwHhatmif pdwftpOf ukd xm;xm;wJh obm0wpfckyJ/ aMumifhMuvnf; rpdkufawmhbl;/ aMumifhMupdkufzdkYvnf; rvkdawmhbl;/ rvdkatmifvnf; 'Dae&mrSm avhusufxm;w,f/ aemufapwodufawGuawmh 22/ um,yó'¨d = apwodufwdkY&JU at;csrf;rIoabm?

23/ pdwåyó'¨d = pdwf&JU at;csrf;rIoabm?

24/ um,v[kwm = apwodufawG&JU ayghyg;aewJhoabm?

25/ pdwåv[kwm = pdwf&JU ayghyg;aewJhoabm?

26/ um,rk'kwm = apwodufwkdY&JU El;nHhwJhoabm/ 27/ pdwårk'kwm = pdwf&JU El;nHhaewJhoabm?

28/ um,ur®nwm = apwoduw f &Ykd UJ tmemygey#dbm*edrw d u f dk tm½H, k Nl y;D psmeform"dqu kd af tmif ½IymG ;rIqw kd hJ vkyfief;cGifrSm cHhnm;aewJhoabm?

29/ pdwåur®nwm = pdwf&JU cHhnm;rIoabm?

30/ um,yg*k n wm = tmemygeyxrpsmef o rm"d u k d ½I y G m ;oH k ; oyf w J h tyk d i f ; rS m apwod u f a wG & J U uRrf;usifaewJhoabm?

31/ pdwåyg*knwm = pdwf&JU uRrf;usifrIoabm?

32/ um,kZkuwm = apwodufwkdY&JU ajzmifhrwfaewJhoabm?

33/ pdwåKZkuwm = pdwf&JU ajzmifhrwfaewJhoabm? ajzmifhrwfaew,f qdkwmuawmh rm,mç omaX,s tauGUtaumufawG xkdtcsdef tcgrSm r&Sdawmhbl;? pdwfu rdrdukd,fukd rdrd vSnfhywfaewmwdkYç olwpfyg;udk vS n f h y wf v d k w J h oabmw&m;wd k Y ç tJ ' D tcsd e f t cgrS m r&S d b l ; / pd w f u 'D M unf v if a wmuf y aewJ h tmemygey#dbm*edrdwf tm½Hkwpfckwnf;ay:rSmyJ ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;aew,f/ tJ'D ajzmifhajzmifhoGm;aewJh oabmukd OZkuwmvdkY ac:ygw,f/ ckajymcJhwJh o'¨grS OZkuwmwkdifatmifaom apwodufawGukd aombPom"m&Papwoduf (19)vHk;vkdY owfrSwfygw,f/ aemufwpfckuawmh 150

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

34/ ynmyJ/ MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½Hkudk xdk;xGif;odaewJhoabm/ aombPapwodufu tvHk; (20)? ckeu tnormef;apwoduf awGu (13)vHk;? todpdwfu wpfvHk;? aygif;vkdufawmh (34)vHk; &Sdygw,f/ tJ'D (34)vHk;aom emrfw&m;uav;awGukd wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD wpfpwpfp wdk;NyD; (34)vHk;jynfhwJhtxd odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ odrf;qnf; vkdufvkdY (34)vHk;ukd NydKifwlvdkvkd ÓPfxJjrifwJh tcsed t f cgusawmhrS xkad ,m*Doal wmfaumif;u - 0Dxad c:wJh pdweå , d mrvrf;aMumif;twdik ;f 'Dpsmefemrfw&m;awGu jzpfaeawmh - 0DxdpdwftpOftwdkif; wpfzef jrifatmif jyefodrf;qnf;&w,f/ 0Dxdqdkwmuawmh 'Dpsmefemrfw&m;awG jzpfay:oGm;wJh vrf;aMumif;yJ/ raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;u wpfBudrf? y&duHç Oypmç tEkvHkç a*gMwbk ac:wJh umrm0p&Oypm&psmefaZmu av;Budrf - rsm;aomtm;jzifh jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D aemufyikd ;f usawmhrS tyÜempsmefaZmvkYd ac:qdt k yfwhJ ckeu bke;f Bu;D ajymwJh (34)vH;k aom emrfw&m;awG jzpfMuw,f/ raem'Gg&m0ZÆef;rSmuawmh pdwfapwoduf (12)vHk; &Sdygw,f/ todpdwfuae NyD;awmh 0dwufç 0dpm&ç t"darmu©ç 0D&, d txd pdwaf pwoduf (12)vH;k ? y&duçH Oypmç tEkvçkH a*gMwbkwu Ykd awmh psmefEiS hf tvm;wlyJ (34)vH;k yJ? ckeu ajymcJhwJh (34)vHk;yJ/ tJ'D emrfw&m;awGukd 0DxdpOftwdkif; jzpfay:oGm;wmudk jrifatmifMunfhvkdY odrf;qnf;vdkY &NyDqdkawmhrS 'Demrf w&m;tm;vHk;u MunfvifawmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwftm½Hk wpfckwnf;ay:odkY ñGwfudkif;½dIif;aewJh obm0wpfckjzpfwJhtwGuf tJ'D ñGwfukdif;½dIif;aewJh obm0ukd jrifatmifMunfhNyD; tJ'DtcgusawmhrS ]emrfw&m; emrfw&m;}vdkY odrf;qnf;&ygw,f/ (0dok'd¨-2-222-223/)

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151

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2/ orl[Ce = emrftaygif;tpk twH;k tcJ pdwaf pwoduaf c:wJh emrfw&m;awG[m wpfv;kH csi;f wpfcck si;f jzpfEikd w f phJ rG ;f tm; r&SMd uygbl;/ tkypf t k vku d o f m jzpfEdkifMuw,f/ yxr psmef emrfw&m;awGudk odrf;qnf;cJhpOfu ajymcJhwJhtwdkif; Munfvif awmufyaewJh tmemygey#dbm*edrdwfukd tm½Hk,laewJh yxrpsmef emrfw&m;awGudkMunfhvQif (34)vHk;txd &Sd aeygw,f/ 'Dvdk tkyfpktvkduf NydKifwl jzpfMuygw,f/ oEÅwdCe NydKoGm;vdkY a,m*Dyk*d¾Kvf&JU 0dyóem ÓPfu pdwåu©Pwpfckcsif; cJGjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; jrifwJhtjyif pdwåu©Pwpfck twGif;rSm wnf&SdwJh emrfw&m;awGudkvnf; ]]þum; zóç þum; a0'emç þum; onmç þum; apwemç þum; 0dnmPf}} ponfjzifh wpfvHk;pD wpfvHk;pD cJGjcm;pdwfjzmNyD; 0dyóemÓPfjzifh ½IjrifwwfzdkY vkdygw,f/ pdwåu©PwpfcktwGif;rSm NydKifwljzpfaewJh ck ajymcJhwJh yxrpsmef emrfw&m;uJhodkYaom (34)vHk;aom emrfw&m;awGukd wpfv;kH pD wpfv;kH pD cJjG cm;pdwjf zmNy;D rjrifbJ wpfaygif;wpfpw k nf; twH;k tcJvu dk f wpfpk wpfjyKH wnf; wpfckwnf;tjzpf 0dyóemÓPfu jrifaevQif 'Da,m*D&JU ÓPfukd orl[Ce = emrftaygif;tpk twHk;tcJBuD;u ydómav;ESifh zdxm;ovkd zHk;tkyfxm;NyDvdkY qkd&w,f/ 152

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

wjcm;wjcm;uHawG xif&mS ;&Sad eayr,fvYdk 'Duu H a&SUwef;u rsuEf mS rlaew,f/ tusK;d ay;zk&Yd ef tcgtcGio hf ifv h mw,f/ bmjzpfvkdY oifh&ovJvkdY ar;vQifawmh wjcm;wjcm; uHawGu 'DuHavmuf pGrf;tif rBuD;rm;bl;? olu pGrf;tiftBuD;rm;qHk; jzpfaew,f/ pGrf;tiftBuD;rm; qHk; jzpfaewJhtwGuf 'Dvdk 0dyóemaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfawGu aeNyD ; awmh b0wpf c k u k d jzpf a y:vmatmif jyKjyif a y;Ed k i f w J h pG r f ; tif tjynf h t 0 &S d j cif ; aMumif h 'D v d k ukodkvfw&m;rsKd;udkawmh ocFg&vkdY ac:ygw,f/ ocFg&qkdwmu b0opfudk jzpfay:vmatmif jyKjyifay;aewJh w&m;tkyfpkukd ocFg&vdkYac:w,f/ 'gayrJh 'DocFg&w&m;awGonf jzpfNy;D wmeJY ysuo f mG ;w,f/ jzpfNy;D ysuaf yr,fvYdk aemifwpfcsed rf mS olarQmv f ifh awmifw h aewJh vlb0ç &[ef;b0qkdwJh cE¨mig;yg;udk jzpfay:apEkdifwJh pGrf;tifur®owådudk ½kyfemrftpOfrSm jr§KyfESHNyD;rSomvQif csKyfysufoGm; w,f/ 'DpGrf;tifur®owådudkawmh bkef;BuD;wkdY y|mef;a'oemawmf ur® ypönf;ykdif;rSm jrwfpGmbk&m;u ememu©PduuHqkdwJh taeeYJ a[mxm; ygw,f/ urÇmwpfodef;uwnf;u jyKcJhwJhuHaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfygap? vGefcJhaom twdwfb0u jyKcJhwJhuHaomfvnf; jzpfcsifjzpfygap? &ifhusuf vmvdkY tusKd;ay;awmhr,f qdkvdkY&SdvQif tckvdk aocgeD;umv r&PmoEéaZm tcsdeftcgrSm 'Dtm½HkawGu xifvmjrJ"r®wm jzpfw,f/ (tbd-|-3-374/)

'Da,m*Doal wmfaumif;bufu Munfv h u dk af wmh uHtm½Hx k ifae w,f/ uHtm½Hk xifw,fqw kd mu topfwpfzef uHudk xyfjyKaewJh taetm;jzihf 0dyóemukodkvfaZm0Dxd pdwftpOfawGudk jyefNyD; tm½Hk jyKaew,f/ 'D0dyóem ukov kd af Zm0Dxd pdwt f pOfawGu bmtm½Hu k dk ,lNy;D jzpfay:ovJvaYkd r;awmh ½kyef mrf"r® ocFg&w&m;wd&Yk UJ tedpt ö csuçf 'kut © csuçf tewåtcsuaf wGukd tm½H, k Nl y;D jzpfay:vmwJh xk;d xGi;f odae wJh ukov kd af Zm0Dxd pdwt f pOfawG jzpfw,f/ xku d o k v kd af Zm0Dxd pdwf tpOfw&Ykd UJ tm½Hu k vnf; ½kyef mrf"r® ocFg&w&m;tm½Hak wG jzpfygw,f/ tJ'D ocFg&tm½Hak wGukd tm½H, k al ewJh 0dyóem ukov kd af ZmawGukd 'D yk*K¾d v&f UJ r&PmoEéaZmu tm½Hjk yKum apmoGm;wJt h wGuf 'D0yd óem uHuae 'Db0ukd tusKd;ay;wmudk olukd,fwkdif vSrf;Munfhawmh jrifae NyDwJh/

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aou©m 0g ykxkZÆem 0g ukovH tedpöawm 'ku©awm tewåawm 0dyóEÅd? ukoav ed½ka'¨ 0dygaum w'g&r®Pwm OyÜZÆwd/ (y|me-1-133/)

'DygVdawmf&JU qkdvdk&if;uawmh 'Dvdkyg aou©t&d,molawmfaumif;awGç ykxkZefolawmfaumif;awGu ukodkvfukd tedpövkdYç 'ku©vkdYç tewåvkdY 0dyóem½IMuw,f/ ukodkvfw&m; csKyfoGm;wJhtcg ukodkvfaZm&JUtqHk;rSm 0dygufpdwfu w'g½HktjzpfESifh jzpfay:vmw,fwJh/ 'DygVdawmft& 0dyóem ukodkvfaZmaemifrSm w'g½HkusEkdifw,fvkdY od&w,f/ odkYaomf Eke,faeao;wJh w½kP0dyóem aZmaemifrmS om usEikd w f ,fvYdk rSwyf g/ Av00dyóemvdYk ac:qkw d hJ tm;aumif;wJh vu©Pm&r®Pu d 0dyóemaZmrsm;&JUaemifrSm w'g½HkrusEdkifaMumif;udk oar®m[0daem'eDt|uxmBuD;u zGifhqkdxm;ygw,f/ (tbd|-2-147/)

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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ukoav ed½ka'¨wd 0dyóemZ0e0Dxd,m ypädEém,/ 0dygaum gaumwd umrm0p&0dygaum/ w'g&r®Pwm wmwd w'g&r®Pwm,? wH ukovó Z0eó tm&r®PblwH 0dyódwukovH tm&r®PH uwGm OyÜZÆwDwd taw¬m/ e au0vÍö w'g&r®P0aoae0? y#doE¨b d 0*Fpw k 0d aoemyd/ 0dygaum [d ur®H tm&r®PH uwGm *[dwy#doE¨u d ó ukovm&r®aPm a[mwda,0? aom ye 'kAÁdan,swåm £" e 'ódawm/ (tbd-|-3-436/) aou© odkYr[kwf ykxkZefyk*d¾Kvf wpfOD;OD;u aocgeD;umvrSm ukodkvfw&m;awGukd 0dyóem½Iaew,f/ 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½Hku ukodkvfw&m; jzpfaew,f? bmukodkvfvnf;vdkY ar;p&m&Sdw,f? 'ge ukokdvfvnf; jzpfEikd w f ,f? oDvukov dk v f nf; jzpfEidk w f ,f/ orx ukov kd v f nf; jzpfEikd w f ,f/ 0dyóemukov kd v f nf; jzpfEikd w f ,f/ tu,fí 0dyóemÓPf&UJ t½Ict H m½Hjk zpfwhJ ukov kd u f 0dyóem ukov kd jf zpfcv hJ Qif ½IwwfwhJ 0dyóemÓPfuvnf; ukodkvfjzpfw,f/ tJ'D 0dyóemÓPf&JU t½IcHtm½HkjzpfwJh 0dyóemukodkvfukd 0dyóemuH vdkYvnf; ac:qkdw,f/ a&S;a&S;0dyóem ukov kd af Zm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkudk aemufaemuf aom 0dyóemukov kd af Zm0Dxd emrfw&m;pku wpf z ef j yef í 0d y óem½I aejcif ; jzpf w ,f / r&PmoEé a Zmuvnf ; a&S ; a&S ; 0d y óemuk o d k v f q k d w J h 0dyóemukodkvfaZm0Dxd emrfw&m;pkukdyJ 0dyóem½Iaew,f qkdMupkdY/ tJ'D r&PmoEéaZmu 0dyóemaZm jzpfaewJhtwGuf tJ'D r&PmoEé 0dyóemaZm&JUaemifrSm w'g½HkuscJhvQif tJ'D w'g½Hkuvnf; r&PmoEé 0dyóemaZm&JU tm½HkjzpfwJh 0dyóemukodkvfuH = 0dyóemuHudkyJ qufvuftm½HkjyKw,f/ w'g½Hu k om tJ'D 0dyóemukov kd f = 0dyóemuHukd tm½Hjk yKwm r[kwaf o;bl;/ aemufxyf b0opfrmS jzpfrnfh y#doaE¨ç b0ifç pkwd wku Yd vnf; tJ'b D 0a[mif;u r&PmoEéaZm = r&PmoEé0yd óemaZm&JU t½Ict H m½HkjzpfwhJ 0dyóemukov kd f = 0dyóemuHuykd J qufvuf tm½Hjk yKMuygw,f/ 'Dvdk 0dyóemukov kd u f t H m½Hu k dk y#doaE¨ç b0ifç pkwd[laom 0dygufw&m;u tm½Hk jyKw,fqkdwJh 'Doabmw&m;[m odEdkifcJaom oabm&SdwJhtwGufaMumifh þy|mef;ygVdawmf yO§m0g& tm&r®Pypönf;t&mü bk&m;&Sifu rñTefjyawmfrljcif;yJ jzpfygw,f/ 'guawmh txufyg y|mef;t|uxm&JU qkv d &dk if; oabmw&m; jzpfygw,f/ 'DygVdawmfEiS hf t|uxmtzGiw hf rYdk mS vm&SdwJhtwkdif;yJ 0dyóemuHtm½Hk[mvnf; twdwfr&PmoEéaZm&JU tm½HkESifh ypöKyÜef y#doaE¨ç b0ifç pkwdwkdY&JU tm½HkjzpfEkdifw,fvkdY rSwfom;xm;yg/

apwemokweå af umufEw k cf suf 'Dae&mrSm 0dyóemuHawGuvnf; y#doaE¨tusK;d udk ay;Ekid yf EkH iS hf ywfoufí bk&m;&Sif a[mMum;xm;awmfrw l hJ a'oemawmfwpfckudk emMum;MunfhMu&atmif/ ed'ge0*¾oH,kwfygVdawmfrSm apwemokwåef qdkwJh okwåefwpfck &Syd gw,f/ xko d w k eå rf mS 0dyóemuHrsm;u y#doaE¨ tusK;d udk ay;Edik yf u kH dk bk&m;&Siu f 'Dvdk a[mMum;xm;awmfryl gw,f/

aem ap bdu©a0 apawwd? aem ap yuayÜwd? tx ap tEkaowd/ tm&r®ParwH a[mwd 0dnmPó Xdwd,m? tm&r®aP owd ywd|m 0dnmPó a[mwd? wo®ð ywd|daw 0dnmaP 0d½laV§ tm,wð ykeAÇ0gbdedAÁwåd a[mwd? tm,wð ykeAÇ0gbdedAÁwåd,m owd tm,wð Zmwd Z&mr&PH aomuy&da'0'ku©a'greókyg,mom orÇ0EÅd/ {0arwó au0vó 'ku©u©E¨ó ork'a,m a[mwd/ (oH-1-295/)

'D ck&GwfjywJh ygVdawmf&JU qdkvdk&if; teufoabmw&m;awGudk oH,kwf#Dumq&mawmfu 'Dvdk xyfrHNyD; &Si;f jyxm;ygw,f/

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zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf

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tEkoa, owd ur®0dnmPó OyÜwåd,m t0g&dwwåm {wH tEko,ZmwH ypöa,m0 a[mwd/ (oH-|-2-66/ )

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used ;f aowJu h H = *½kuuH tukodkvft&mrSm usdef;aowJhuHuawmh trdudkowfjcif;ç tzudk owfjcif;ç &[EÅmyk*d¾Kvftm; owfjcif;ç bk&m;&Sit f m; aoG;pdr;f wnfatmif jyKvyk jf cif;ç oHCmoif;cJjG cif;qkw d hJ uHBu;D ig;ck wpfcck k usL;vGecf rhJ ,f qdv k Qiaf wmh 'DuHawGu tusKd;ay;zdkY&m jrJwJhtwGuf olwdkYukd *½kuHvkdY ac:ygw,f/ erlemtaeeJY ajymr,fqdkvQifawmh 209

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

zm;atmufawm&q&mawmf 0dyóemuH

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"r®pMumESifh 0dyóemw&m;awmf

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