ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS OF CUSCO, PERU - URP

UNIVERSIDAD RICARDO PALMA FACULTAD DE ARQUITECTURA Y URBANISMO

THE INCA CITY Environmental Analysis

The Incas put the coca leaf to many different uses and it formed a fundamental part of their social, economic and spiritual structure, which is why they considered it a sacred plant.

Analysis

ENVIRONMENTAL

Peru’s geographic particularities condition a great environmental diversity. They determine the existence of unique climates, hardly conceivable in other latitudes. A cold dry climate of the Meso-Andean Valleys is not usually considered in studies or research related to architectural design due to the singularity of being located between the Andean mountain range.

The main objective of this study is the elaboration of a series of architectural design recommendations for the city of Cusco. These parameters seek to facilitate the identification of appropriate environmental conditioning strategies for any project based on the consideration of the climatic conditions of the site, climatic data, analysis of flora and fauna, landscaping of the site and environmental pollution.

Mansilla Romero, Sol Maria @28.03.97.23

Ramirez Escobar, Michelle Allison @__mxramirez

Garcia Salazar, Alison @ali_garcia_s

Fernández Solar, Julia Rosa @julia_fersol

Sucasaca Callata, Joseph @josephsuksk

Toro Vasquez, Deysi Margarita @arq.dtoro

ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS

INDEX

1. CLIMATE ZONE

• Climate equivalence table

2. CLIMATIC DATA

• Temperature

• Humidity

• Precipitation

• Rains

• Cloudiness

• Winds

• Solar Radiation

• Solar hours

3. GRAPHICS

• Solar charter

• Wind Rose

• Ombrothermal chart

• Givoni psychometric chart

4. FLORA

5. FAUNA

6. LANDSCAPING

7. ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

8. DESIGN RECOMMENDATION

9. REFERENCE

CLIMATE ZONE 4 - MESOANDEAN

01. GENERAL DESCRIPTION

DEPARTMENT OF CUSCO

Semi-cold to cold climate, semi-dry to rainy terrain with dry autumn, winter and spring (of the Meso-Andean valleys).

This climate is typical of part of our highlands, it generally extends between 3000 and 4000 MASL(meters above sea level) and represents 14.6% of the total surface of the country.

It is characterized by its average annual precipitation of 700 millimeters and average annual temperatures of 12°C.

02. ESPECIFIC DESCRIPTION

THE CITY OF CUSCO

According to Thornthwaite’s classification, the climate is semi-dry, temperate and with dry autumn and winter. It occupies 0.3% of the national area.

In summer, the weather is determined by Alta Bolivia, by the flow of humidity from the east and by local factors. While in the winter the cut-off low can generate isolated precipitations; in addition, frosts are frequent in this season due to the entrance of dry winds from the west at high altitude.

Source: Own elaboration based on information from SENAMHI, period 2017-2022 and Digital book, Notebooks 14, Martin Wieser R.

According to the percentage graph, July and August are the clearest months, with July being higher with 54%. While the least cloudy months are from December to February with an annual average of 7%.

Being 75.6% the Mean annual average of the sky covered with clouds.

CLIMATIC DATA

01. TEMPERATURE

The annual average maximum temperature is from July to November; while the coldest months are from June to August, reaching -1 °C.

03 . PRECIPITATION

The wettest season lasts from December to March, exceeding 100 mm, with January being the month of highest precipitation with an average of 143 mm, while the driest months are June, July and August with up to 4 mm. The average annual precipitation is 55.8 mm.

06. SOLAR RADIATION

The average daily incident shortwave solar energy per square meter does not vary considerably during the year and remains within a range of 0.4 to 5.4 killowatt-hours.

Source: Own elaboration based on SENAMHI data, period 2017-2021

04.. CLOUDINESS

The wettest months are from January to April, with the wettest month being February with an annual average of 79% and slightly less from July to September with an annual average of 66%.

The mean annual average humidity in Cusco is 71.7%.

The rainiest months start from December to March, reaching its highest level in January with an average of 21 days; while the months with the fewest rainy days are June and July with a monthly average of 3 days.

The mean annual average is 13 rainy days.

The wind speed is higher in the months of August to October, with September being the month of highest speed with a monthly average of 9.8 km/h and April, the lowest speed, with 7.4 km/h.

According to the Beaufort scale of wind strength, it is on the scale of 7-10 having the denomination of light breeze (light breeze).

07. HOURS OF SUN

The length of the day in Cusco does not vary considerably throughout the year.

The shortest days are in the months of June and July reaching 11 hours of sunlight; while the longest days are in December and January approaching 13 hours.

The mean annual average exposure to total natural light is 6.4 hours.

05. WINDS

04. RAINS

GRAPHICS

01. SOLAR CHARTER

Greater solar exposure on the north façade. During 7 months (March, April, May, June, July, August and September).

ADVANTAGES

The solar exposure on the east and west facades can be used to promote comfort, by means of a good choice of materials.

DISADVANTAGES

The current orientation of houses does not favor the use of solar exposure on longer facades.

DISADVANTAGES

The entry of winds from the north-east and north-west facades must be controlled to avoid cooling of the buildings. Winds from the north are moderate and regular, which causes cooling of the buildings that must be controlled.

02. WIND ROSE

Source: Own elaboration based on SENAMHI information, period 2017-2022.

Source: Own elaboration based on information from SENAMHI, period 2017-2022.

CHART

DIAGNOSTIC

The extreme months start in December until March, reaching rainfall of more than 100 mm, with January being the wettest month of the year, with temperatures ranging between 11-12°C.

The months of June and July are the ones with less precipitations, however the average temperature can reach up to 8 °C, while the average minimum temperature can reach -1°C.

The least extreme months are May and August, dry season with rainfall of up to 4 mm, with temperatures ranging between 9-10 °C.

Source: Own elaboration based on information from SENAMHI, period 2017-2022.

DIAGNOSTIC

Slight seasonal variation, during the day is hot and cold at night, effective precipitation semi-dry, temperate thermal efficiency, moisture concentration in autumn and dry winter.

In the months of June, July and August winter exceeds 0° in the night-morning hours. From July-November, summer comfort begins to be felt in some hours of the morning.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Heat losses should be avoided. Passive heat collection, storage and distribution systems should be implemented. Performance should be increased with support mechanisms by implementing collection, storage and distribution systems in the building.

01.

Source: Own elaboration based on information from SENAMHI, period 2017-2022.

04. GIVONI PSYCHOMETRIC CHART

FLORA

In general, the landscape in Cusco is characterized by a land surface that is the result of the interaction of different factors such as abiotic, biotic and anthropic factors present in it and that have a visual perception in space and time. The interaction of these agents will form a wide space of landscapes defined by their geographical characteristics. Cusco is located and developed entirely on a subtropical montane rainforest, whose geographical characteristics are predominantly steep as they form the edge or top of the slopes that frame the valleys of Coya, Lamay and Calca, becoming somewhat softer on the border with the moors. According to Pulgar Vidal, it is located between the Quechua and Suní regions.

LegendofthemainfloraintheCityofCusco

A Mirabilis postrata E Pinus radiata I Fresno

B Escallonia resinosa F Cactus maximiliana J Tecoma stans

C Magueys G Ambrosia K Iresine

D Cactus antorcha H Triumfetta - -

CLIMATE

Sandy places CARE

• Needs a lots of sun

• Light shade

• Little water

USES

• Antianemic

• Cicatrizant

CLIMATE No sub-zero temperaCARE

• Plenty of water

• Liquid organic fertilizer can be used

USES

• Diuretic

• Cicatrizant

CLIMATE

Wet CARE

• Needs a lot of sun

• Little shade

• Moderate watering

USES

• Roofing of houses

• Fuel

CLIMATE

Wet CARE Needs a lot of sun

Little shade

Moderate watering

USES

Roofing of houses Fuel

This natural area is home to species such as the Andean fox, puma, viscacha, spectacled bear, white-tailed deer, among others. In addition to more than 420 species of birds, most notably the cock of the rock and the Andean condor. Additionally, in Machu Picchu there are about 377 species of butterflies, 15 species of amphibians and 25 species of reptiles, of which 9 are types of lizards and 16 snakes.

LegendofthemainanimalsintheCityofCusco

BARCINO DUCK

HUMMINGBIRD

HABITAD Mountain ranges

FEEDING

• Invertebrates

• Plants

• Seeds

CHARACTERISTICS

• Perches in trees

• Aquatic environments

HABITAD: Temperate and tropical

FEEDING

• Flower nectar

CHARACTERISTICS

• Can fly backwards and in all directions

• Flapping 80 to 200 times per second

• They do not walk

HABITAD: Tempering

FEEDING

• Too little water

• Many plants

CHARACTERISTICS

• Herbivores

• Communicate by sounds

HABITAD: Field of cultivation

FEEDING

• Fruits

• Seeds

• Insects

• Rodents

CHARACTERISTICS

• They are diurnal

• Elongated body

• Small legs

MACHU PICCHU

Machu Picchu is the most outstanding Inca archaeological site due to its creative urban design, the beauty of its architecture and the fine stonework of its constructions. In its planning, the topography of the mountain top was used to great advantage, transforming it into an imposing llaqta.

TEXTURES, COLORS AND SHAPE // SPACE

In the space it is observed that they have wide and narrow paths in some areas. The stairways support vertical and horizontal circulation.

Colors that highlight the landscape and rough textures, some in trapezoidal shape. Presence of large stone blocks as decoration.

LANDSCAPING IN CUSCO

The importance of urban and historical areas are essential to be aware of the needs of public space and its deficiencies as well as the green areas that provide physical and mental well-being for the local user and visitor as well as purify the air with oxygen and reduce carbon dioxide to combat climate change.

VELAZCO ASTETE AIRPORT

VELAZCO ASTETE AIRPORT

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION

The pollution that occurs in the historic center of Cusco also results from the burning of vegetation around the city, not to mention the burning of tiles and bricks for the construction industry. The serious pollution recorded has led Cusco to be declared by the Ministry of Environment as one of the Priority Air Attention Zones (ZAP) along with 30 other cities in Peru. Air quality measurements in the historic center exceed environmental quality standards.

VISUAL POLLUTION

Some of them thave very agressive writings. It gives a bad apperance to the busy street.

VISUAL AND OLFACTORY POLLUTION

Garbage disposal out of place where it belongs cause bad odors

NOISE POLLUTION

Use of louder horns or horn than allowed

VISUAL POLLUTION

Poor treatment of green areas

DESIGN RECOMMENDATIONS

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS //

COMPREHENSIVE STRATEGIES //

Source: Digital book, Notebooks 14, Martin Wieser R.

THERMAL INERTIA

Capacity of building elements to accumulate heat inside or in the immediate vicinity.

INTERNAL GAIN

Ability to take advantage of the heat inside a building due to the operation of electrical or mechanical equipment.

Essential

Recommended

Indistinct

Not recommended

Dangerous

SOLAR CAPTURE

Capture of solar radiation during the day, transforming it into heat, and it is used for the night hours.

WIND PROTECTION

To avoid the presence of an external wind, whose temperatures are extreme .

Source: Digital book, Notebooks 14, Martin Wieser R.

SLOPE OF THE LAND

Exposed to the sun and take advantage of the thermoregulatory effect of the buried

CHOICE OF FORM

RELATIONSHIP WITH WATER

It heats up during the day and releases hot air at night (limited evaporation).

RELATIONSHIP WITH VEGETATION

Protects from wind without removing, or preventing sun exposure with low size, preventing cold wind from hitting the building.

COMPACT AND POROUS

Less compact and porous, to reduce the exposed area and minimize heat input.

INSULATION

Increased thermal insulation to conserve heat inside the building.

DRILLING

Minimum amount of perforation on building surfaces to conserve internal heat as much as possible.

SLENDERNESS

Medium slim to preserve compactness.

FLOORING

With thermal inertia and regular radiation and wind capture.

ADHERENCE

More adhesion than other climates to retain the heat of all variants.

LEVEL

Less slope development in order not to lose compactness and to have an area exposed to the exterior.

TEXTURE AND COLOR

More dark painted area to conserve heat and less roughness to avoid heat exchange.

THE SKIN OF THE BUILDING

THE SHAPE OF THE BUILDING

THE INTERIOR OF THE BUILDING

CHOICE OF FORM

SLOPE OF THE LAND

Exposed to the sun and take advantage of the thermoregulatory effect of the settled part, influences the wind leaving the temperature and wind speed does not affect the building, and it is recommended to face south to take advantage of the hours exposed to the sun.

RELATIONSHIP WITH WATER

It is heated during the day and the hot air is released to the environment at night, giving thermal stability to the building.

RELATIONSHIP WITH VEGETATION

It protects from the wind without removing or preventing sun exposure with the low and leafy size of the plant species preventing the cold wind from hitting the building, acting as a wind screen.

REFERENCES

Banco Interamericano de desarrollo. ( 2017). Plan de Acción Cusco: Para un crecimiento urbano sostenible. https:// issuu.com/ciudadesemergentesysostenibles/docs/2015_cusco_per_pub17_ces

Ministerio del ambiente (2020) Climas del PERU. Mapa de Clasificación Climática Nacional. https://www.senamhi.gob. pe/load/file/01404SENA-4.pdf

Ministerio de comercio exterior y Turismo /2’020( Cusco guía practica para el viajero. https://issuu.com/visitperu/ docs/gu_a_del_viajero_cusco__es_

Misterio de Educación, (2008). Guía de diseño bioclimático para Locales Educativos. https://www.studocu.com/pe/ document/universidad-catolica-santo-toribio-de-mogrovejo/bioecologia/guia-de-diseno-bioclimatico-para-locales-educativos-19may08/21981408

Retamozo, Y. (2021) PORTAFOLIO PAISAJISMO 2020-2 - BALBOA-.https://issuu.com/yamilet.retamozo/docs/revista_digital

Topographic (2023) Mapa topográfico Cusco. https://es-pe.topographic-map.com/map-mq8tp/Cusco/?center=-13.28359%2C-71.22938&zoom=13

Turismo Cusco (2010) NUEVO AEROPUERTO DE CUSCO DEMORARÍA 12 AÑOS. https://www.turismocuzco.com/nuevo-aeropuerto-de-cusco-demoraria-12-anos/

Villegas A. (2021) Arquitectura Paisajista.https://issuu.com/apvillegas/docs/revista_digital_1_compressed

Reyes, D.(2021)Paisajismo. https://issuu.com/dennissereyes.0/docs/grupo_1.-_entrega_final_de_portafolio_09-12-21

Weather Spark (2023) El clima y el tiempo promedio en todo el año en Cuzco Perú. https://es.weatherspark. com/y/25926/Clima-promedio-en-Cuzco-Per%C3%BA-durante-todo-el-a%C3%B1o

Wieser, M. (2009). Cuadernos 14. Arquitectura y Ciudad - Consideraciones. Bioclimáticas en el Diseño Arquitectónico: Caso Peruano. https://www.studocu.com/pe/document/universidad-catolica-santo-toribio-de-mogrovejo/ bioecologia/cuadernos-14-digital-de-arquitectura-sostenible/21981407