人權 2005年2月 Human Rights February 2005

Feb 2005 Vol 2

lnside this issue

Feature: Women and war Ë EE', t= -l- Éh¡ c-EI ¿f' +ÆE tm'¡< ¡c{+x+

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The largest human rights organisation in the world, with around 1 million members and supporters in 140 countries and territories.

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World Congress Against the Death Penalty

A democratic, membership-based organisation that

has been promoting human rights, as enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and other international standards, for the past 40 years.

âI*E'bTlJÊã* Sudan: Time to catch the criminals

. A campaigning organisation which works to fight discrimination; free prisoners of conscience; ensure fair and prompt trials for political prisoners; abolish the death penalty, torlure and other cruel treatment of prisoners; end political killings and "disappearances"; and oppose human rights abuses by opposition groups.

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Editorial Advisory Board

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16 lndian Ocean eafthquake & tsunami F[Ë;+'üE Ñ.)EFffi

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time. Please email admin-hk@amnesty.org or write to us at the address on the right.

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stands for human rights, the protection of which is the core ideal that Amnesty lnternational fights for. We have therefore decided to use it as the name of this bi-monthly newsletter of the Hong Kong Section. We hope the newsletter will be an effective means to communicate with our members and the oublic. You are most welcome to send any comments to us on its content or the work of Amnesty lnternational at any

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Amnesty lnternational Hong Kong Section was founded in 1976. The Human Rights Education Charitable Trust was established wth the Hong Kong Section and registered as a charity in Hong Kong in 1993. Our activities include: Human Rights Education Lobbying Governments Campaigning Fundraising @ p+Ìf+fr,{

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From I have been feeling rather disturbed lately because of both natural and human-made disasters.

At the end of 2004, a devastating tsunami triggered by a mega eafth-

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quake off the coast of lndonesia destroyed a region around the lndian Ocean in the blink of an eye. Many victims struggled to survive in the rapid current, and many Iives were taken effortlessly by the waves. The number of deaths had reached 220,000 at the time of writing. Many who survived, however, have lost their homes. lt is sorrowful, and has caused a ripple of lasting distress in my mind.

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Although natural disasters are frightening, they only happen over a limited period of time. Human-made tragedies, on the other hand, arefar more threatening, since they can continue, and are often more destructive than natural disasters.

While governments and people from different nations are combining their efforts to put together resources to help those victims in need, showing the kindness of human beings, some people are revealing the evil side of it. There are rumours that children were kidnapped from hospitals and were likely to be taken by traffickers in order to make money out of them. There are also rumours about some women who survived from the disaster. but suffered acts or threats of sexual abuse.

As a human rights group, Amnesty lnternational is monitoring the

rescue programmes, and requests that all governments and organisations involved in the rescue take heed of the basic values of human rights, set no differentiation in race, colour, sex, language, religion, religious beliefs and political views, and treat victims equally and distribute the rescue supplies according to their needs. Amnesty

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dict of the 1989 Tiananmen democracy demonstration and hunger strike that ended with the June 4 massacre - is shared by many

Hong Kong and mainland Chinese. Zhao has finally obtained a paradoxical f reedom f rom his 16 years of house arrest through his death.

Zhao impressed me the most with his speech on May 19, 1989 to the students who were protesting for democracy in Tiananmen Square.

He said, "Fellow students, we have come too late! So sorry ...."

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This anti-corruption campaign and demonstration for democracy took place in Beijing during the transitional period from Spring to Summer in 1989. This event might be considered as "political turbulence" by current China officialdom. l, however, would call it a turning point of political awareness. lt sowed a seed in my heaft to work for human rights.

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His words gave me hope that the issue could be resolved. And somehow believed that those students who were on hunger strike fighting for democracy would finally come out of the situation with grace. However, the later development proved that I was naive. At the break of day on June 4, 1989, bullets went through the bodies of those citizens of Beijing, and tanks crushed the dreams of those I

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Women patients atPwtzi Hospital, Bukavu, eastern DRC. The hospital treats up to 200 rape survivors a month, many of whom require reconstructive surgery. Only two hospitals in eastern DRC are able to provide this tleatment. O AI

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Lives Blown AparL, a new Amnesty lnternational repofi, reveals a systematic pattern of abuse occurring in conflicts worldwide.

Despite promises, treaties and legal mechanisms, governments are failing to protect women and girls from violence.

Rape, often accompanied by extreme brutality, is used in war to intimidate, control, and tofture. Even those mandated to protect civilians - aid workers and UN oeacekeeoers - have sexually abused women and girls under their care.

ln the lndian state of Jammu and Kashmir, widespread rapes by the lndian and Pakistani army have been repofied. After 20year-old Gulsham Bano and her mother, Raja Begum, were gang-raped by members of the lndian security forces in 1999, they filed a complaint. They were told that unless they withdrew their complaint, members of their family would be killed.

Many rape victims, pafticularly the very young, do not survive.

Those who do may be infected with HIV and suffer serious reproductive problems. They also suffer from the strong cultural stigma attached to rape.

Cherifa Bouteiba, a young Algerian woman, was abducted by seven armed men and repeatedly raped before she managed

to escape. She fell pregnant as a result and then had

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miscarriage. Her husband divorced her because she had "soiled his honour", and she subsequently became homeless as her relatives feared that her presence would put them in danger.

Attacks on women sometimes focus on their role as mothers of the next generation. During the 3O-year conflict in Guatemala, soldiers told Al that they had destroyed foetuses and mutilated women's sexual organs to "eliminate guerrilla spawn".

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Once fighting stafts, bereavement is inevitable. ln societies where a woman's status is determined by her relationship to a man, widowhood or separation has dire economic and social consequences, pafticularly if a woman cannot obtain official recognition that her padner is dead. ln Guatemala and in Jammu and Kashmir, the widows of the "disappeared" have been unable to obtain state benefits.

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because of destruction, environmental pollution or because they have had to abandon their homes. They may then be forced into illegal activities.

The toll on women's health War-related injuries; vulnerability to disease aggravated by

fatigue, malnutrition and displacement; damage to the healthcare system; inaccessibility of health centres and hospitals; and widespread sexual violence and the attendant transmission of HIV and other diseases all affect women in wartime. Health services may be under-resourced and

access to treatment may be manipulated for political reasons.

Fear and f light Women fleeing without the protection of their communities are at increased risk. Women and girls in flight may be forced to offer sex in return for safe passage, food, shelter or documentation. ln war-torn regions, they are sometimes trapped in areas where no aid can reach them. ln the Democratic Republic of Congo approximately 2.7 million people, mostly women and children, have been internally displaced.

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Camps - haven or horror? lf they reach a refugee camp, women and girls often find that resources are in short supply, and what is available is not distributed equitably, The UN Development Fund for Women, UNIFEM, warns that women and girls face discrimination in camps in the distribution of everything from food to plastic sheeting. Women and girls are also vulnerable to sexual exploitation by those who control access to supplies.

"l have to sleep with so many men to make 1500 They pay so that I can feed myself and my me 300 each time, but if I am lucky and I get an NGO worker, he can pay me 1500." Young refugee mother in Guinea,2OO2.

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The barriers to justice One of the key factors that allows violence against women to continue is the failure to hold those resoonsible account-

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and war able for their deeds. Rape and other forms of gender-based violence are rarely prosecuted. Rape has one of the lowest conviction rates in the world - around 10 per cent - during peacetime. ln conflict situations, the prospect of justice being served is even more remote.

Fear, intimidation and the stigma associated with sexual violence also deter women from pursuing justice. Women from marginalised communities may feel alienated from the legal system, and in some areas, the legal system may have broken down as a result of conflict.

Even when countries have legislation, they may not implement it. The issues of sexual slavery and the rape of war victims have been incorporated into Colombia's new Penal Code, for example, but no cases had been brought forward by the

beginning ol 2004, despite the submission of copious

testimonies.

Where the accused are government soldiers, a complaint may fall within military jurisdiction - an additional source of impunity.

Prosecuting members of armed opposition groups is even more difficult.

Women from across Asia who were used as sex slaves by the Japanese lmperialArmy during the Second World War have

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campaigned for justice for years. Their demands include a public apology from the government and prosecution of their

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abusers. To date, Japan has neither acknowledged legal liability nor prosecuted anyone in the matter.

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Genuine just¡ee Justice is the key to stopping the violence, and when the lnternational Criminal Court (lCC) begins its first prosecutions, it will open a new avenue for women to access justice. Justice confirms that rape and sexual violence are crimes, restores dignity, and delivers redress. Justice also sends a signal to

those thinking about committing violence that it will not be tolerated.

However, the success of an ICC prosecution depends on the co-operation it receives from governments, including their as-

sistance during investigations, the sharing of evidence, and the protection of witnesses who may be at risk.

Building for peace Despite the impact of conflict on women and girls, they are still

excluded from peace negotiations. lt is vital that women are made active pafiicipants in the decisions that affect their lives before, during and after conflicts. This is the only way to ensure that women's concerns get priority.

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control afmS campaign gathers momentum ing of innocent men, women and

children, in conflict in Africa and around the woild, I believe that it is time the global community establish an internationalframework on arms control. This will help limit the number of arms sold and used in wars and conflict and assist in m ing up the arms that are already in the community. We all need to support Amnesty lnternational, IAN and Oxfam in their ControlArms Campaign and help make the world safe from conflicts and armed violence." - Archbishop Desmond Tutu (Right) The ControlArms Campaign coalition (Al, Oxfam and IANSA) is calling for a legally binding international Arms Trade Treaty (ATT). An ATT would prevent weapons being sent to destinations where they undermine human rights, fuel crime and gen-

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One year after the launch of the campaign,

over 200,000 people in more than 90 countries have joined the Million Faces Petition calling for tough arms controls.

Finland, Mali and Cambodia, and some

significant arms exporters like the UK, have indicated their support for an ATT to

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UK Foreign Secretary Jack Straw recently announced the UK's support saying, "We will start to work soon with international paftners, drawing on experience from the EU, to build support for an international Arms Trade Treaty, furlher to extend the international rule of law". The UK is the fourlh largest expofter of weapons in the world, and this statement signals a huge success for the campaign.

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police firearms control is now on the agenda of the UN's human rights sub-commission regional bodies, such as the EU and the Organization of American States, are considering international human rights and humanitarian law standards to control arms supplies growing pressure in many countries to strengthen the UN's 2001 programme of action on small arms and light weapons, especially to make UN embargoes effective, to mark and trace illegal weapons, to curb illicit arms brokering and to encourage national arms control action olans.

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The Second World Congress Against the Death Penalty (WCADP) held on October 9,2004 in Montreal, brought

The movement should olan to find and build on a growing consensus within the academic community in China in a

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together a range of groups and individu-

bid for a reduction in the scope of the death penalty

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ing the death penalty as a flawed measure of penal policy.

Specific information on cases needed to be brought to the PRC

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The event, attended by AIHK Death Penalty Group co-ordinator and secretary of the section, Hugh Whitby, was also held to draft a text consolidate and international coalition against the death penalty, to boost public awareness of the issue, and to promote co-operation between different groups on the matter.

The congress also aimed to serue as a forum where Canadian and Eurooean experiences of abolition could be shared. While North America and Europe were well represented, delegates

from Africa and Asia were not. As a consequence, there was an inevitable a bias towards the American exoerience.

Dominant themes and points of interest

o o

The current global situation con-

tains much scope for optimism

Despite "terrorism", there has been no corresponding increase in the application of the death penalty o A more aggressive campaigning stance needs to be taken

o The movement should set the agenda and terms of the debate when it comes to the media

o

As could co-operation between

different human rights organisations

Discussions on Asia

o

An Al delegate from the Philip-

pines explained the impoftance of campaigning which is aimed at the general public to provide politicians with evidence of public support o ln Japan, legalgroups are increasingly active, and legislative pressure is mounting for a review . A depressing picture of wide-scale corruption and injustice combined with massive public antipathy was repoded from Thailand o lndia has little sense of a coherent abolilionist movement. Government secrecy is still a problem, but execution figures remain low HR

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The combination of experiences, information and enthusiasm made this a very successful event. lt was interesting to

learn from experiences even if they

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seemed remote from the situation which AIHK faces.

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AIHK is in a key position to raise its profile on the death penalty issue. Raising awareness should be a priority.

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Hong Kong's strategic position with China affords the possibilities of canvassing local politicians, lawyers and professionals to join in the opposition to the death penalty in China.

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The issue extends beyond China and throughout Asia. AIHK should aim to build more bridges with sympathetic groups throughout Asia - support adds credibility and motivation to everybody involved.

"Unusual susoects" such as celebrities and professionals such as doctors,

a

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government's attention o The WTO and the Beijing Olympics present an opponunity to exert international oressure in China

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lawyers and politicians could help generate public interest in the issue o The death penalty should be linked to broader human rights issues for effective campaigning o Linking the death penalty issue to questions of legal procedures could also be effective on the road to abolition

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ñ*fr: Ëæ+!J#/eô!o3{tÊT Despite 21 years of war crimes

and crimes against humanity not one single perpetrator has

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in

Sudan.

21 years of conflict. More than 2 million dead. 6 million forced to leave their homes. Thousands of women and children abducted and/or raped. Hundreds of villages destroyed and relatives still missing.

The whole world knows the horror of Sudan, yet despite these appalling figures, not one single perpetrator of war crimes or crimes against humanity has been brought to justice in Sudan. lf the perpetrators of war crimes, crimes

against humanity and other crimes under international law are not brought to account, they and others will be encouraged to commit further crimes.

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âËFË^iÉ'î[êÊñÐããËÉ!ru'l'fitrFÉ ' 7,*m lËËÉ-E'!-tffiÆ.1-iEÉ!Ë^Ef+ -lEHtF¡-eãB4EÅËîeàE+AËIæ#Uâ " in Sudan are hetd ino¡ü¡ou- lnRTËfHIFTIðE ' FÅË¡-¡ãEÍnHlüiËFEIl"-*;*îràEÉ!)tl+Ëlf É!ãÉ ' frlsl-wft. ,

We, as members of the international community must take action to ensure êÊFÐâll)gÉ that the perpetrators of the worst possibte crimes

ally criminally

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ACT NOW! Write to Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China, urging the UN Security Council to ensure that perpetrators of grave crimes in Sudan are now brought to justice.

[Sample letter] Dear Minister,

Ih writing to you to express my concern about the continuing failure to bring to justice those responsible for war crimes and crimes against humanity in Sudan. lmpunity has fuelled insecurity in Sudan for more than 21 years.

Send your appeal to: Minister of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China Ll Zhaoxing Buzhang Minister of Foreign Affairs 2 Chaoyangmen Nandalie Beijingshi 100701 People's Republic of China

I therefore urge your government, as a member of the UN Security Council, to: a Ensure the Sudanese government implements all human rights it has committed to respect under the Comprehensive Peace Agreement; a Ensure a comprehensive reform of Sudanese criminal law and the justice system in conformity with international human rights and humanitarian law. Legal provisions that give immunity to the security forces must be abolished; . ln view of Sudan's lack of compliance with previous Security Council's resolutions and the failure of the Sudanese legal system to bñng to justice those responsible for serious crimes E-mail: webmaster @ mfa.gov.cn under international law, the Security Council should refer the situation in Sudan, including Da¡lur, Telegram: Minister of Foreign to the Prosecutor of the lnternational Criminal Court, according to Article 13 (b) of the Rome Affairs, Beijing, China Statute: .

Give full consideration to the findings and recommendations of the IJN Commission of lnquiry on Dartur, created under Security Council Resolution 1564 and mandated to investigate reports of crimes committed by all parties and to identify the perpetrators of such crimes, with a view to ensuring that those responsible are held individually criminally responsible.

Yours sincerely, HR 9 www.amnesty.org.hk

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United Nations?

4. When were the ICESCR and the ICCPR ratified to Hong Kong?

5. Which article of ihe Hong Kong Basic Law guarantees

the ICESCR and the ICCPR remain applicable to Hong Kong?

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HB 10 www.amnesty.org.hk

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'Ê1._a The annual general meeting held on December 13.2004 was well attended.

The Executive Committee discussed major events of the section that took place during 2004, and also provided its financial forecast. A detailed annual report was given to the members in attendance, and a printed version of the reoort will be sent to members and do-

nors at a later stage.

Some highlights of the meeting included the announcement that AIHK's membership has increased more than 10 times

since 2003 lo 1,772. The budget has also doubled, and most impofiantly, the organisation has seen growth in activism.

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It

was an honour to have SisterAnn Gray

as guest speaker at the AGM. Sister Gray is the Research and Documentation Officer of Action For Reach Out, a non-governmental organisation that pro-

vides health and legal advice, particularly on HIV/Aids prevention, to local and migrant female sex workers. Sister Gary

shared the difficulties and discriminations which sex workers face when deal-

ing with customers and policemen. A vote of thanks is due to Sister Grav.

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seeks to build bridges with similar groups in Hong Kong and throughout

Asia. lt also hopes to organise more diverse campaign activities. We hope to encourage greater participation in these activities from AIHK members in order to ensure a greater impact.

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to develop the human rights work of the section and to serve AIHK members.

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who have devoted themselves to the work of AIHK for many years. The new Executive Committee's term will be for one year (2005). They will do their best

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This year the Death Penalty Group aims to raise the profile of the issue, and

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elected. Si-si Liu stands for another year as Chairperson, with Dominique Muller as Vice-Chair. Peter Mok also stands for another year as Treasurer, and Hugh Whitby will serve as Secretary.

Non-office bearers include Melissa K

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The new Executive Committee was

Neher, Tan Kong Sau, Medeleine Mok, Raquel Amador and Sarah Carmichael.

A vote of thanks is due to all those outgoing Executive Committee members

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in Asia recently. Moves in China to make the Supreme Courl the body of ultimate appeal in capital cases have been welcomed by AIHK. However Sri Lanka has reinstated the death penalty aller 26 years, and a recent decision in Pakistan may lead to minors as young as seven years old being executed.

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W øroup tEt'Jffi;Èffl The Death Penalty Group staged two events presenting two photographers' depictions of death rows in the United States. ln November, Toshi Kazama displayed his photos and gave an enthralling account of his travels across Ameri-

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greatly appreciated.

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ln December the work of Lucinda Devlin went on display at the HK Arts Centre.

On the opening night, the film 'From the Queen to the Chief Executive' was shown to an enthusiastic audience. Legislative Councillor Leung Yiu-chung was also there to host a livelv Q&A session.

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with ICERD values in mind.

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Legal practitioners with an interest in ternational human r¡gl'tts ¡.äüäJ;;;

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barristers, solicitors, academics and stu- Amnesty lnternational Hong Kong office dents interested in international human at admin-hk@ rights

The UN General Assembly launched the proposed World Programme for Human

Most recently, members of the group joined the Al lnternational Lawyers Network campaign to bring attention to the

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Rights Education on Human Rights Day, December 10, 2004. Amnesty lnternational supports the draft Plan of Action

plight of Guantanamo Bay detainees.

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Hundreds of individuals are detained in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, by the United

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States government, and held under questionable living conditions with no access to legal representation. Al supports the most basic tenets of interna-

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issues.

tional law which require due process for the individuals being detained, and the

Lawyers'Group will continue to write letters in the coming months to emphasise this position.

Members of the group also participated in the recent "Refugee and Migrant lssues Workshop" sponsored by the lnternational Secretariat of Al, AIHK and the Centre for Comparative and Public Law at the University of Hong Kong.

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internationally. During the interactive element of the workshop, participants examined the issues more closely, and developed strategies to address the needs of asylum seekers and migrants in Hong Kong. The workshop served as a stafting point for collaboration and action, and much work still needs to be done.

On the local legislative front, lawyers in the Al Group are currently developing an official submission in relation to the HKSAR government's proposed antirace discrimination legislation. AIHK is dedicated to promoting the objects and purposes of the lnternational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD), and is addressing the government proposals HR 12 www.amnesty.org.hk

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phase of the World Programme (20052007) is to achieve comprehensive human rights education in primary and sec-

ondary schools.

Amnesty lnternational produced a postcard which students can send it to the education minister to demand human rights education be taught in schools, ln Hong Kong, you can send your postcard to: Professor Arthur K. C. Li, Secretary for Education and Manpower, 15/F Wu Chung House, 213 Queen's Road East, Wan Chai, Hong Kong. lf you want a copy of the following postcards, please contact the AIHK office.

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cent elections held in Afghanistan. She

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Asian women groups and labour groups.

She gave an inspiring talk about violence against women in armed conflict or post conflict situations.

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fÅ^júËflËÊ48 The signature campaign in Tuen Mun

ïôfr.71Ffttu\ffiZiëÊJr Violence against women, whether perpetrated in public or in private, is a form

of human rights violation. The dates chosen for the campaign symbolically indicate this link: November 25 marks

lnternational Day Against Violence Against Women, and December 10 is lnternational Human Rights Day. The Hong Kong Section organised the following activities:

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Catholic Diocese and Kwan Fook Asso-

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organisations toured around Tuen Mun distributing pamphlets and collecting signatures for: 1. Local advocacy: the setting up of a

hotline specifically for handling domestic violence (currently, the SWD hotline

handles all kinds of inquiries which makes incoming calls difficult to be put

2

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game for children in order to convey messages about the issue of violence against women. We also collected signatures for the two appeals above, and

distributed leaflets covering cases of violence against women.

December 1O,2OO4:. Talk by MabelAu Mabel Au is an activist for women's issues. and was an observer of the re-

The representatives

ofAI

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Hong Kong speak for

the case of Irene Femandez

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2. lnternational advocacy: to continue

at Sai Yeung Choi Street South pedestrian precinct in Mong Kok. We had a

Studies pafiicipated in a student project competition.

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December 5,2004: Human Rights Day Carnival The Hong Kong section manned a stall

bitrarily detained by the Malaysian government. Two Pakistani nationals were invited to attend a racial discrimination legislation forum. And nine CCC Fung Leung Kit Memorial Secondary School seventh formers doing Liberal

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through), and requesting the Hong Kong government to review the mechanism of handling domestic violence.

the petition on Darfur, Sudan.

South pedestrian precinct in Mong Kok. Our theme was Stop Violence Againsl Women. We had booth games, petition signing, and an introduction to the case of lrene Fernandez who disclosed illegal foreign workers who were being ar-

,

2,800 signatures were collected demanding an end to violence against women on both a localand international level. Co-organised with the Justice & Peace Committee of the Hong Kong

ciation of Survivors of Domestic Violence, members of the three

Rights being adopted by the United Nations. AIHK and other NGOs organised a carnival on Sunday, December 5 at Sai Yeung Choi Street

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November 25,2004: Signature campaign

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This event marked the 56th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human

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HR 13 vwwv.amnesty.org.hk

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UCC bought itself civil and criminal immunity, despite its mismanagement of the site. The company's decision to store bulk ouantities of ultra-hazardous material (methyl isocyanate or MIC) in Bhopal without introducing corresponding safety precautions undermined any

possibility of effectively managing a breech. Residents in the surrounding area were not warned of the possibility of a leak, even though the company was aware, as early as two years prior to the

incident, that the plant was unsafe. After the event, UCC refused to divulge any information about the chemical content of the leaked substances making it very difficult to properly treat victims.

The Bhopal disaster is a case not only of corporate negligence, but also of the failure of the lndian government to stand

up for the concerns of its blighted citizens. Neither the local nor central government appear to have taken the necessary steps to evaluate the risk

-[lvo

tnonths c¿rt lier thc lllcli¿ur Bhopal l'csiclents tlemoltstrale lìl'cle¿ur w¿Ltcr', .lirl_V 200-1.

Supr'ernc C'ourt hircl ol'clered lhc Madhva l)r'aclcsll state Sovcl'rìt'rtcrìt to sLtl.rPl)'l't'r'sh ttrinkiug \\r¿rter Io ¡leo¡tlc rvhose sLrpplies Il¿rrl [rc:en cor]tlnlirt¡tlccl. O lllatrr'lc [)olr itrrn I lF:

lì

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" l^flli'illlÌiij ' l:tJt,t'rilrnì,lrl.,r:íIj.l r iiirt/lliliTttt"¡A/("ii'j?rLúlll,tl j(lt\tlJf ;?lrlli!í.t'Jl .

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Twenty years after the catastro-

phe in Bhopal, lndia, thousands of survivors are still struggling for justice and fair compensation "There were thousands of bodies," said Mohammed Owais, a volunteer at a local hospital in Bhopal. "There were bodies everywhere. And people were dying all round." The Bhopal gas leak of

Decemberl984 is acknowledged as one of the worst industrial disasters of

the 20th century. More than 7,000 people died in the immediate aftermath of the incident, and a further 15,000 died in the following years. Some 100,000

continue to suffer from associated illnesses, including respiratory disease, breast and cervical cancer, and anxiety and depression.

The leak devastated Bhopal's poorest communities. lts imoact reverberated across the globe, raising questions about government and corporate responsibility for large-scale industrial accidents. But two decades later, survivors of the tragedy have yet to receive

fair compensation or proper medical assistance and suppotl. The plant site, polluted since the 1970s, still has not HR 14 www.amnesty org.hk

been cleaned up, leaving toxic waste seeping into the eafih and contaminating water. No one has been held to account for the damage.

Union Carbide Corporation (UCC), then owner of the pesticide factory in Bhopal, and Dow Chemicals, which merged with UCC in 2001, have publicly denied all responsibility for the leak and the resulting damage. Attempts by survivors'organizations to bring the company to jus-

tice through US and lndian courts oroved fruitless. ln 1989, the lndian government, backed by the lndian Supreme Courl, cut shotl

any further attempts to pursue UCC through the courts by agreeing a settle-

ment of U5$470 million with the

company. The agreement was made without any consultation with survivors, and the amount, nominal given the ex-

posed to local communities by the UCC plant. UCC was not required to review its safety procedures. A decade after the disaster, the government ceased all medical research on the effects of the Bhopal disaster without explanation, and has refused to publish any results.

Although the government has taken steps to support victims, these have proved ineffective. Shamshad Bi was a trainee at a state-supported training centre set up for women victims of the Bhopal gas leak in 1985. She earned Rs320 (US$7) a month untillhe centre was closed in 1992. She told Al: "My husband is sick and is incapable of doing his carpentry regularly and the com-

pensation money is already spent on treatment and other domestic expenses.

Where do I go? And how does the government expect us to survive?"

ln its repoft, Clouds of injustice: Bhopal

disaster 20 years on (ASA 2OlO15/ 2004), Al is calling for the immediate clean-up of the groundwater and affected areas of the Bhopal site by UCC/ Dow, a detailed assessment of the dam-

age to health and the environment caused by the leak, and the payment of

full and fair comoensation to survivors.

tent of the catastrophe, still has not been

Al also recommends the implementation of an international human rights

fully distributed. About 30 per cent of claims for injuries have been rejected

framework, based on the UN Norms for Business, that can be applied to com-

by the government while around 16,000

panies directly. Al considers such a

are still outstanding. Successful claims

framework essential to guarantee victims effective access to iustice.

have resulted in minimal payments which began only in '1992. As late as September 2004, around US$330 million remained held by the Reserve Bank

of lndia. ln return for a small financial payment,

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HR 15 www.amnesty.org.hk

&

AP lssuEs Ht+

llorldw'ide issues

Indian Ocean earthquake & tsunami: Human rights at risk in the aftermath ln the aftermath of the tsunami disaster in the lndian Ocean, Amnesty lnternational (Al) is monitoring the relief effort to ensure that fundamental human rights

are respected. These include the prin-

ciple of non-discrimination in aid provision, principles guiding protection of human rights in situations of internal displacement and the right to protection from physical or mental abuse, including violence against women.

An Iraqi man comforts his four-year-old son at a US holding centre for prisoners of war, An Najaf, southern kaq, March 2004. The boy had become terrified when his father was hooded and handcuffed. The military said the bags were used to disorientate prisoners and to protect their identities. @ AP

jaf

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Na

USA shs',nls c&ntempt fon human dignitg ln the "war on terrod', the USA has failed

to practice what it has preached on the treatment of prisoners. Thousands of detainees and their families, as well as the rule of law. have suffered as a result of this two-faced strategy. ln public the US administration has proclaimed itself to be leading the global struggle against tofture. ln private it has discussed ways in which US agents can

escape criminal liability for torture. ln public the USA has promised that its commitment to human dignity is "nonnegotiable". Behind the walls of its detention facilities in Afghanistan, lraq, Cuba and elsewhere, human dignity has repeatedly been denied. A selective disregard for international law contributed to conditions ripe for torture and ill-treatment as the USA embarked on the "war on terror".

The now infamous Abu Ghraib photographs stand as an indictment of a government's failure to put human rights at its heart. While the official reviews and investigations conducted since the Abu Ghraib revelations are to be welcomed, they are not enough. The world still does

not know the full story of what torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment has occurred at the hands of US agents; or of who was responsible for authorizing, condoning or committing

such human rights violations.

What we do know is that interrogation techniques which violate the USA's inHR 16 www,amnesty.org.hk

ternational obligations have not been renounced by the administration. Detain-

ees remain in secret and incommunicado detention, in some cases amounting to "disappearance". ln other words, the conditions for torture and ill-treatment remain in place.

Al is calling on allthose involved in the relief effort to respect international human rights and humanitarian norms. Assistance should be provided on the basis of need, without discrimination based

on the race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status of recipients.

Al is looking into reports of adverse discrimination, with a focus on groups with particular protection needs, such as

indigenous and disadvantaged

communities, children, migrant workers and women in vulnerable situations. The organization is also concerned that relief should not be used as cover to force-

fully relocate populations, in order to clamp down on or undermine support for

opposition groups.

The full picture, and full accountability,

Any relocation of internally displaced

will only be achieved via an independent

persons from camps or other accommodation must be voluntary, and should not be coerced in any way, including through

and comprehensive commission of inquiry. Such a commission must inves-

tigate all aspects of the USA's "war on terror" detentions, including secret detainee transfers between countries. lt should have the power to investigate all agencies of government, and all levels of government, up to and including the President.

ln a recent 200-page report, USA: Human dignity denied - Torture and accountability in the 'war on terro/ (AMR 51114512004), Al provides a framework for change, the 12-Point Program for the Prevention of Torture by Agents of the State. Within this framework the report makes 65 recommendations to the US authorities.

Al's basic message is simple, however.

It is that the prevention of torture is primarily a matter of political will. From now on, when the US administration says it

is committed to the global struggle against torture and ill-treatment, it must

demonstrate through its actions that lt means what it says.

the susoension of assistance to those persons.

Human rights are most in jeopardy in situations of crisis and emergency. lt is therefore critical that governments and other actors recognize and support the central role of human rights defenders, including those engaged in humanitarian work and those monitoring violations,

in the relief and reconstruction process,

Specific areæ of concern:

Aceh Even before the earthquake/tsunami, the

lndonesian province of Aceh had been seriously affected by a conflict between the armed group Free Aceh Movement (Gerakan Aceh Merdeka, GAM) and the lndonesian military. At least 3000 people have been killed in this conflict since the

declaration of a military emergency in May 2003. Access for international humanitarian and human rights agencies was also severely restricted throughout that period. lt will be impodant to ensure

that the situation is not exploited by either party to perpetrate further human rights abuses.

Al is monitoring the lndonesian response

to the current crisis, including the leading role played in relief efforls by the lndonesian military. Al is closely monitoring any alleged human rights abuses associated with the continuing conflict

E

iÈ -,t-B ËA É É! ri ?F, tË g++ElJtR;ëÊ!tEEU' fr|J

Malaysia - mass deportation of migrant workers tutHl+R&EÈ+AlrÊ+. t¿Ë . ,t#k ãÉ from Malaysia tregtä,tÈ.# Ê\iñ k " lB f,ü /Ji Efi ;È *l +E r lET Æ+É ffi lFÍÊÊft 6fi ÉËi' E RÉ! +Fi' Il."*

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women in camps for the displaced. Al's

ongoing campaign to Stop Violence against Women has highlighted the spe-

cific risks faced by internally displaced

are undocumented. The authorities

^Í,L..Ê-E õElHIElf rårEfiffiriÉ!'lËtE ' ê+É regularly arrest suspected undocu-

Él,FÉ! ,

reports of sexual violence against

grant workers in Malaysia, half of whom

Elü li Ë tÊ Ë Ë Êt

in Aceh.

Of padicular concern are the emerging

There are an estimated 2.4 million mi-

.

mented workers and detain them orior

to deporting them. There have been

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of these circumstances.

investigate such complaints l+EllFf,;iÉrfüÊ' immediately, thoroughly and di,YÃ

Al is also concerned by reporls from Sri Lanka that orphaned children may be recruited as soldiers by the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam (LTTE), in the

north and east of the country and is monitoring this closely. Recruitment of children by the LTTE has been a longstanding concern. The organization is continuing to appealfor an immediate

halt to this practice and is urging that those children recruited to date are returned to their families or communities.

There were initially some positive signs of co-ooeration between the LTTE and the government, however there appears to be increasing disagreement between the two parties over the distribution of aid. Amnesty lnternational is concerned that these disagreements should not delay or obstruct delivery of essential aid and continues to monitor develooments.

Thailand Al is investigating reports of harassment by the Thai police of Burmese migrants

who have lost their identity cards.

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lrene Fernandez, the Malaysian defender of human rights who was featured in the last issue of "HR", was put on trial

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as a result of her exposure of such abuses in detention centres.

ln July 2004, government plans were announced for a new operation against undocumented migrant workers which

could potentially result in more than a and

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government to ensure that the rights of migrants are upheld at alltimes, including the right to adequate medical care,

organisation has urged the authorities not to proceed with the deportations until

such rights can be guaranteed.

The Malaysian authorities originally gave

undocumented migrants until October 31,2004 to leave the country voluntarily.

At the request of lndonesia, the country of origin for many of these migrants, this

amnesty was extended until December 31. The situation changed dramatically

after the tsunami struck on December 26. lndonesia was one of the worst affected countries, and almost immediately

calls came from within Malaysia to halt

the deportation on humanitarian grounds.

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treatment, and the right to a fair trial. The

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repatriated. Amnesty lnternational fears that the risk of human rights abuses will rise if such an operation takes place.

the right not to be subjected to ill-

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sufficient food and water, and lack of access to adequate health care in some

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women and the need for concrete measures to prevent sexual violence and independently.

periodic repofts of ill{reatment in detention and complaints of inhumane conditions including severe overcrowding, in-

A new amnesty has been announced, which is due to end on January 31. lf the mass depofiations do take place after that date, AIHK will step up its pro-

test action against the Malaysian authorities.

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Gurbandurdy Durdykuliyev (right), aged 63, has been forcibly detained in a psy-

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chiatric hospital since February 2004.

Al considers him a prisoner of con-

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science and is also concerned about his health.

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from using force against the participants.

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funded Badio Liberty, and had openly spoken about the need to form an opposition pafty in the country.

ln February 2004, Gurbandurdy Durdykuliyev was taken from his home

in the village of Suvchy, in western

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medical personnel and six plain-clothes police officers. He is now forcibly de-

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east of the country, hundreds of kilometers from his home.

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been pressurized by the authorities to diagnose him as mentally ill.

His wife was eventually given permission to visit him in April. However, she was warned by staff at the hospital that if she passed on information about her

him again. When she traveled across the country in October to see him she É

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Turkmenistan, reportedly by about six

media, she would not be allowed to visit

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Gurbandurdy Durdyku I i yev D! 2004

husband's case to the international

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urging them to authorize a peaceful demonstration critical of government policies. He called on them to refrain Niyazovís policies in interuiews with US-

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Gurbandurdy Durdykuliyev sent a letter in Janurary 2OO4,lo President Niyazov and the Governor of the Balkan region,

He had previously criticized President

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was refused access.

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The government of Turkmenistan does not tolerate any dissent. No opposition political padies or human rights groups can operate and dissidents are routinely oersecuted.

Please write, calling for the immediate and unconditional release of prisoner of conscience Gurbandurdy Durdykuliyev.

+EF=;Ëä Send appeals to Prezident Tu rkmen istana Saparmurad A. Niyazov Apparat Prezidenta 744000 Ashgabat Turkmenistan.

Fax: +993 1235 51 12

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conditionally released on 29 November 2004. He had been sentenced by a court in Moscow's Butyrskii district in August

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in July 2003 for three months, before being released pending trial.

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Several Russian human rights groups and Amnesty lnternational had campaigned on his behalf. ln November 2003, after his first release Bakhrom Khamroev said "After my release I found out that over 1400 letters were sent to the office of the public prosecutor and the Russian President on my behalf. Most of these letters were from Amnesty lnternational."

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