A Self-Building Community // Living and Working in Granton [R&D Booklet]

RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT BOOKLET

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A SELF-BUILDING COMMUNITY LIVING AND WORKING IN GRANTON, EDINBURGH UNIT 1: THE PRODUCTIVE CITY ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN: TECTONICS

AIMAN BIN AZMAN

S1629586 B104078 ESALA, University of Edinburgh

// SUMMARY

By anchoring itself to Granton’s industrial place identity of its iconic Gasholder, A Self-Building Community establishes a new community hub that integrates /Working and /Living through the juxtaposition of a self-build manufacturing business, residential units and leisure facilities within one architectural complex.

Ultimately, A Self-Building Community would transform Granton, a neglected part of Edinburgh, into a productive and lively area whilst enhancing circulation towards its Waterfront.

This self-build manufacturing business is a productive activity that manufactures modular timber components for self-building furniture and pods. Utilising digital fabrication, the service allows mass customisation for individuals, allowing them to create their own furniture/ pods. The integrated living units would be furnished by the self-build products, directly benefitting from the productive activity itself.

In terms of the productive activity’s impact to the wider context of Granton, its people and the public, the selfbuild pods are to be utilised for /Leisure uses alongside the roads towards the waterfront. As these self-build pods and furniture are easily dismantled, the pods can be customised, assembled and disassembled by anyone. This allows the Granton community to create their own unique community hub, through pop-up retail booths, gaming pods, playgrounds, meeting pods, garden houses, etc. These pods will also be used for events like the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August and for Christmas markets, marking Granton’s Waterfront as a new, productive leisure spot within the city of Edinburgh.

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CONTENTS Summary 1 1/ The Productive City 3 Granton 4 Sense of Place Identity 5 Urban Analysis 6 Conclusion 9 2/ Working: The Productive Activity 11 Productive Activity Research 12

A Self-Build Manufacturing Business 20 Impact to Granton 25 3/ Living: Dwelling Prototypes 27 Ribbonised Furnished Living 28 “Imagine If...� Workshop 35 4/ The Topos 37 Issues of Site 38 Urban Strategy 39 5/ The Typos 41 Programmatic Exploration 42 Typological Exploration 43 6/ The Tectonics 51 Design Proposal 52 Tectonic Overview 53 Plans & Sections 61 Circulation 75 Structural Strategy 77 Structural Handling Logistics 79 Environmental Strategy 81 Dwelling Strategy 83 Details 87 7/ A Self-Building Community Lifestyle 103 Scenes 104 Elevation 109 8/ Reflection 111 Bibliography 113

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1/ THE PRODUCTIVE CITY

“Studio Unit 1: The Productive City – Living and Working in Edinburgh aims to elaborate a series of projects that speculate on what living in the contemporary city means, by experimenting with unconventional programmatic distributions and envisioning forms of life that propose original spatial distributions and arrangements.

Aiming to challenge conventional architectural typologies and socio-economic patterns, the projects will merge productive activities with living units within one architectural complex. Each individual project will be seen as a contribution to the overall research on contemporary forms of life that the studio aims to elaborate as a collective endeavour.”

- Unit 1 Project Brief

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/Granton Gasholder

// GRANTON

/Aerial View of Granton Granton, one of the Northern districts of Edinburgh, includes abandoned warehouses, decommissioned industrial grounds, and undervalued public spaces. Granton is currently going through a process of redevelopment, being part of Edinburgh’s large-scale Waterfront Regeneration Programme. New developments and economic activities would create a potentially dynamic tension across the site and opportunities for imagining new programmatic and spatial synergies.

Historically, Granton has accommodated low-income working class communities related to port and industrial activities. From the 1960s, it experienced a process of de-industrialisation in which lack of job opportunities led to high levels of unemployment and a consequent reduction of inhabitants. During the 80s, due to high land contamination and poor transport system, the area contained over fifty per cent of all vacant land within the city of Edinburgh. By the end of the twentieth century, Granton Waterfront was finally identified as an ideal place for the future city expansion. Although an overarching vision for the redevelopment of the whole area was envisioned in 2000, the still ongoing process of redevelopment has been fragmented and disarticulated.

Hence, before analysing the site through both /Living and /Working perspectives, my first response to the site was to explore Granton’s sense of place identity.

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// SENSE OF PLACE IDENTITY When analysing Granton, the theory of ‘sense of place’ comes to mind. The theorist David Canter defines ‘place’ as a “quality of a location.”1 Through a visual metaphor of a Venn diagram below, Canter explains the nature of places as a composition of the resulting relationship between activities, conceptions and physical attributes of the environment.2 Thus, through the three constituents, Canter considers the relationship between people and the physical environment.

/David Canter’s visual metaphor A place is created when the three constituents of place is identified: 1/

the associated behaviour the setting has or anticipated to have (activities),

2/

the physical boundaries the setting possess (physical attributes), and

3/

the descriptions people have on such behaviour in that setting (conceptions)

Canter’s visual metaphor suggests that identifying any one of the three elements leads in discovering the psychological significance of a ‘place’. Canter further explained how this can work in designing; In design stages without existing physical structure, designers can start identifying the grouping of activities to be harboured in the design, then proceed with the conceptions people have on said activities, which can be linked to create physical forms.3 Meanwhile, in design stages with existing physical structure such as a redevelopment project, designers can start with distinguishing the area’s physical attributes to be redeveloped, followed by identifying their associated conceptions, and then the activities tied to them.4

1 David Canter, “The Facets of Place,” in Psychology in Action, Dartmouth Benchmark Series (Hantshire: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1996), 112.

2 David Canter, The Psychology of Place (London: Architectural Press, 1977), 158.

3 Canter, The Psychology of Place, 159.

4 Canter, The Psychology of Place, 159.

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// URBAN ANALYSIS Moving on, I gathered relevant /Living and /Working data from both macro and micro scales.

Macro-analysis:

Micro-analysis:

/Living Data has shown that Scotland’s number of single-person households have increased throughout 2001-2016.

Specifically in Granton, the age distribution indicates that there are more residents within the working age, with full-time employees dominating Granton Residents’ Employment Status.

/Working Granton houses various activities and facilities, with its employment industry ranging from commercial to education, and from health to manufacturing and construction. This may indicate for potential mixed-use developments in Granton.

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Based on the data, several mapping diagrams are created:

Increasing % /Single-Person Households (%)

5% 10& 15% 20% 25%

Public Admin & Defence Self-Employed Pro, Science & Tech Construction Finance Retail

/Residents Employment Industry (%)

/Living In Granton, the density of single-person hosueholds are high. However, this may be due to the low overall population density in Granton. From the Residents Employment Industry mapping diagram, it is interesting to see that the self-employed industry is quite prominent within the residents of Granton.

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Leisure Industrial Business Cultural Historical Commercial Education Mixed-Use

/Activities & Facilities

Ready-Mixed Concrete Hanson

Construction Equipment Supplier Actavo

Garden Building Supplier Forest Craft

Timber Treatment & Preservation

Premier Services Scotland

Wirecloth Manufacture United Wire

Timber Recycling

Move On Wood Recycling

/Industrial & Manufacturing Businesses /Working While looking at the various activities and facilities Granton provides, I opted to map out the industrial and manufacturing businesses in Granton due to its industrial history, trying to test out how the concept of sense of place can be applied. To conclude, the industrial and manufacturing industry in Granton is maintained and thriving with a variety of businesses, ranging from metal wire manufacture to timber recycling.

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// CONCLUSION Visiting the site, I got to experience physically, the living and working environment of Granton. I was able to visit the landmarks of Granton; the Gasholder, Disused Granton Gas Works Station, the Madelvic Car Factory, and many more.

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/1 /2 /3 /4 /5 /6 /7 /8 /9

/4

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Granton Gasholder Scottish Gas HQ Edinburgh College (Granton Campus) Disused Granton Gas Works Train Station National Museums Collection Centre Madelvic Car Factory Madelvic House Granton Harbour Granton Waterfront

Area of Interest

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/GRANTON 9

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Thus, after thorough analysis and the site visit, I may conclude that Granton’s Sense of Place Identity can be described as such, according to David Canter’s three constituents of place:

/1 Activities:

The industrial history of Granton and the current ongoing industrial businesses reflect the activity of the place itself, marking its industrial identity.

/2 Physical Attributes:

Having a waterfront, Granton possesses high potential for leisure purposes, but lacks the facilities and circulation towards it.

/3 Conceptions:

The Gasholder remains the main landmark of Granton for over a century, and therefore has always been the public conception towards Granton.

All in all, I am interested in continuing the industrial identity of Granton, as well as enhancing circulation towards the Waterfront. In topological terms, both of these approaches seem to direct my attention towards Granton’s Gasholder, where it is the main landmark for a long time. Hence, I am moving forward with the Gasholder’s area as my project location.

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2/ WORKING: THE PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY

As a response to proposing a productive activity in Granton, I committed in maintaining Granton’s sense of place - its industrial identity. Therefore, a self-build manufacturing business is proposed.

/Self-Building Logo

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// PRODUCTIVE ACTIVITY RESEARCH / What is a Manufacturing Business?

Manufacturing often indicates a large-scale production of goods; converting raw materials, parts and components into end-products/finished merchandise by using manual labour and/or machines. These finished products can be directly sold to consumers, or to other manufacturers for further production of complex products, or also to wholesalers that distribute the goods to retailers.

On the other hand, a manufacturing business uses the raw materials, parts and components to assemble finished goods. Manufacturing businesses usually employ machines, computers, and humans to produce the goods and typically use an assembly line, allowing the product to be assembled step by step, advancing from one workstation to the next.

Manufacturing business types:

Make-to-Stock (MTS): • •

A traditional manufacturing strategy relying on past sales information to forecast consumer demand and plan the production activity in advance.

However, the drawback is the high probability of the forecasts being off, resulting in a stock surplus or deficit.

Make-to-Order (MTO): • •

This strategy allows customers to order customised products that are manufactured to their specifications.

As the manufacturing process starts only after the order is received, the waiting duration is much longer. However, the risks of stock surplus is eliminated.

Make-to-Assemble (MTA): •

• •

Relying on demand forecasts to stock the components of a product, assembly begins only after the order is received. Thus, MTA is a hybrid strategy of both MTS and MTO. Waiting times for customers are substantially reduced as the manufacturer has the components ready when ordered.

However, if orders are decreasing, a stock surplus of unwanted components would occur.

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/ Prefabrication & Modular Technology Prefabrication is an off-site construction strategy that encompasses the manufacture of pre-planned components or modules, efficiently producing high-quality buildings.

Modular technology utilises prefabrication with building components being built offsite and later assembled on-site.

Mark Farmer’s 2014 report, “Modernise or Die�, addressed the concerns facing the construction industry such as low productivity, workforce size issues, lack of improvement culture, and lack of R&D and innovation investments, thus pressurise the need to act. The report strongly advocated the utilisation of off-site strategies as Modern Methods of Construction (MMC), that include prefabrication and modular methods within the construction industry with the help of current technological advancements, such as digital technology.

/On-site assembly of BoKlok modular homes, Sweden (2016).

/ Standardisation & Customisation Standardisation is utilised within the design and construction of prefabricated buildings.

The assembly of repetitive components is possible due to a systemised production line that allows for greater time and cost efficiencies, resulting in a standardised design model.

However, standardisation may lead to the production of repetitive monotonous design. Thus, Pollard Thomas Edwards (PTE) utilises standardisation and customisation in their modular housing development design at Beechwood West, utilising the benefits in the efficiency of replicability.

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/The Beechwood webpage allows customers to design their own home through a simple online application.

Customisation allows potential residents to customise these standardised designs according to their living preference. With the help of digital technology, PTE provided 3D models of their Beechwood West housing designs that allow customers to customise them in a simple configurator application. They can choose house types, room layouts, materials for finishes, and add spaces or room extensions, creating customisable housing at affordable prices through standardisation of prefabricated modular design.

Digital technology plays an important role in the innovation and development of prefabricated modular design. It provides the opportunity of standardisation and customisation, highlighting the advantages of prefabrication and modular technology compared to traditional construction methods.

/The customisable housing catalogue providing a range of design options and possibilities according to customer preferences.

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/ Modular Construction Systems The construction of prefabricated modular housing encompasses factory-made components that are delivered to site for assembly. There are many forms of modular construction systems: In volumetric systems, 3D structural units are manufactured in factories. These units, called modules, are completed with fixtures and fittings as they are then joined on site, usually stacked by cranes without the need for additional structural support.

A variation of the volumetric system is the frame and panel system, where structural elements are prefabricated and delivered to site in flat panels. Posts and beams are used to frame the volumetric units for assembly, where infill panels are inserted to create walls. The benefit of this system is a greater flexibility in customising room layouts, compared to solid-wall modules.

Pods, like the modules in the volumetric system, are fully fitted with fixtures and finishes in the factory. The difference is that pods are relatively smaller, typically in the forms of complete bathrooms or kitchens.

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/ What is Self-Build?

Self-build has been known to be associated with user-friendly furniture in terms of self-assembly. However, selfbuild today refers to houses or sheds built by people without the necessary building skills through modular technology.

Self-build housing development can simply be understood as direct procurement: cutting out reliance on the developer as an intermediary. Unlike speculative development, direct procurement eliminates the risks of building homes for imaginary future buyers and then taking a large margin for doing so. Homes are procured on-demand by those who want them.

With no profit margin or marketing costs to pay along with opportunities to invest ‘sweat equity’, or to develop homes in stages over time, means that the same house on the same site can cost two thirds of the market price, or less.

/A cost comparison between speculative housing development compared to that of self-build.

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/IKEA Industry

A well-known manufacturing business is IKEA. IKEA Industry manufactures IKEA’s home furnishing products, aiming to be the most competitive manufacturer in the home furnishing industry by delivering outstanding customer value. Industry also develops unique IKEA capabilities and capacities in relevant parts of the value chain (e.g. material, manufacturing and distribution).

IKEA Industry produces two types of furniture: solid wood and light-weight or board based wood, active within forestry, sawmills, component production and furniture production, as well as product development.

IKEA furniture are mostly accessible for anyone to build easily and quickly, prompting self-building. The main products are lightweight furniture ranging from storage systems to wardrobes, storage units, tables, and shelves.

IKEA products are specifically designed to be simple to assemble so that anyone can easily do it themselves. However, IKEA’s Assembly Service partners can build the IKEA furniture at home as well.

IKEA furniture are easily assembled at home through flat-pack boxes bought directly from an IKEA retail store, equipped with instructions.

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/Studio Bark’s U-Build

A simple modular timber construction system designed

by Studio Bark, U-Build encourages individuals and communities to self-build. Similar to IKEA products, the system relies solely on a flat-pack kit made from timber parts, making construction “truly affordable” for the public.

Components are easily slotted together like puzzle pieces to assemble a building frame, and easily dismantled, recycled or reused at the end of the building’s life. The structures are designed to be easily deconstructed, recycled, or moved to a new site and reassembled in the same or a different configuration.

Whilst being environmental-friendly, it is also incredibly cost efficient, with no quality sacrificed.

Every U-Build component is produced off-site by local CNC fabricators, before being transported to the construction site where a small team of people can construct a building, using only simple hand tools. Offsite manufacture also reduces errors and inaccuracy, minimising waste timber. Any resulting waste are contained in a clean location and transferred to a specialist recycling facility, avoiding inevitable on-site contamination.

To create a frame for a house/shed, the flatpack pieces are first slotted together to create hollow boxes, some of which have windows.

These are then combined to create the desired configuration.

The structures are draught-free, and insulation are slotted into the boxes.

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/Wikihouse

WikiHouse can be simply thought of as a digital ‘lego’. Parametric scripts ‘code’ the building, generating detailed 3D models and cutting files. Designs can be modelled directly using accessible software such as SketchUp. Also, individual designs can be enhanced with other components via the open online community, adaptable for personal customisation. Thus, WikiHouse utilises digital fabrication strategies.

The files are then sent instantly for local digital CNC fabrication. A micro-factory capable of fabricating WikiHouse components can be set up by anyone for a fraction of the cost of a traditional prefabrication facility, ready to manufacture precision, high-performance homes. Hundreds already exist.

The components are then rapidly assembled like a large flat-pack, to millimetre precision. They can be assembled by any ablebodied person, even if they do not have traditional construction skills. This makes it ideal for selfbuilders or local SMEs.

The A-Barn, a garage and writing studio, was built on the West coast of Scotland in 2014 for a private client using the WikiHouse system. The structure was assembled in one week by the owner and a group of volunteers working with a local builder.

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// A SELF-BUILD MANUFACTURING BUSINESS A self-build manufacturing business integrates furniture and housing manufacturing together with selfbuild modular systems, precedented from IKEA, U-Build and Wikihouse systems. In short, it is a small-scale manufacturing business specialising in self-build timber products in the forms of furniture and pods through digital fabrication services. Services provided:

/ Rapid Cutting Service

The business recieves from and supplies cutting files for clients, providing quick modular components cutting services. / Design Development Service Customers with an idea but need assistance making their concepts into reality can seek self-build consultations for aid in customising and self-building. / Running an Online Open-Source Warehouse The business runs an online open-source warehouse, where anyone in the world can look up, save, share, discuss and contribute their own self-build designs.

The Make-to-Assemble (MTA) approach is implemented, where modular components of an end-product are stocked based on demand forecasts, and later assembled as soon as orders are received. The assembled product is then ready for collection upfront or delivered to the customer. Thus, this business also provides retail and delivery services.

Spruce

OSB

Birch

At present all WikiHouse products are manufactured using (2440 x 1220 x 18)mm structural timber. U-Build uses a selection of durable non-toxic materials - OSB, robust Spruce, or refined Birch. In principle this can be any form of structurally certified panel product that a structural engineer is willing to specify.

Hence, a circular economy approach to building is adopted. Locally produced robust Scottish Spruce, costeffective OSB, and refined Birch are the materials to manufacture the modular components. For the self-build pods’ insulation, natural sheep’s wool insulation would also be supplied.

The single most challenging factor in these timber materials is the fact that their size and thickness will vary slightly due to moisture expansion, or simply manufacturing variance. This is not an insurmountable problem, but it requires close attention, signifying the importance of tolerance.

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/ Products Furniture

Multi-use Pods

In a relatively smaller scale, the furniture products are:

In a relatively larger scale, the building frames and panels form:

• • • •

Furniture: Stools, benches, beds, bookcases, side tables Storage: Cabinets, under-bed drawers, chests, equipment boxes Internal structure: Steps, wall partitions, stairs Office: Low-level partitions, desks

• • • •

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Accommodation: Internal living pods, homeless shelters Flexible working: Meeting pods, studios, pop-up booths/stalls Facilities: Toilet pods, security pods, shower cubicles Hobbies/Leisure: Gaming pods, garden studios, cinema rooms, children playhouse

/ The Production Cycle

Design

Supply

Manufacture

Disassembly

Use

Self-Build

Delivery/ Collection

The production cycle of the self-build manufacturing business utilises digital fabrication, where the customised products are saved digitally and shared within an open-source digital supply chain online.

Despite the eventual life cycle of the product, it can be easily disassembled, with its data stored within the online warehouse, allowing its files to be reused, precedented and updated to design and manufacture future products; a cycle.

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/ Functional + Spatial Requirements /Design: Admin and service spaces Instead of producing one-off designs, the business develops one or more standard types or systems, and then document those solutions as pre-designed products, or rules and data through an open-source digital supply chain catalogue online.

Each project begins with R&D knowledge already within a customisable product, allowing a design to be produced within those parameters, and all the variables being calculated simultaneously, with the customer (as a designer) instantly able to see the impact of their custom decisions on cost and performance.

As all data regarding product designs are stored within an open-source cloud storage online, there is no need for a server storage space. The administration would only need a computer lab to monitor the cloud’s operations. However, service spaces with computers/tablets for customers to come and design together with the help of design consultants are required.

/Supply + Delivery: Warehouse The transporting process in receiving timber supplys and delivering modular components to customers require vehicle routes to and fro from a warehouse that stores these materials as well as parking for lorries/trucks/vans. The warehouse does not need to be too large, as the materials stored are supplied in forms of panels/sheets.

/Collection: Showroom/Retail space To order a self-build product, customers have various options.At home, customers can order products online from a provided catalogue of existing end-products, or opt to custom design their own products using an online configurator application. However, for more intricate and complex customisation, customers can turn up at the business premises to undertake design consultation services.

For collection of the modular components, customers can either choose from home delivery or pick-up collection.

Thus, a simple showroom/retail space is needed for collection services and to showcase several end-products of the business for the public to see and experience.

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A showroom/retail space just like an IKEA store to showcase the design possibilities and the latest products.

/Manufacture: Microfactory Approaching Industry 4.0, ‘Design for Distributed Manufacture & Assembly’ (DfDMA) sees design being driven by the web and the falling cost of fabrication machines such as small scale CNC machines and 3D printers. Instead of large, centralised factories with set-up costs running to £50m+ and huge daily running costs, it becomes possible to license manufacturing across distributed networks of small scale, local ‘microfactories’.

These are often flexible factories (in that they can manufacture more than one type of product).

Thus, a ‘microfactory’ is needed for manufacturing processes run by CNC machines that cuts timber panels/sheets upon receiving the digital cutting files of the custom product’s modular components after an order has been made.

Being small, these flexible factories may be less efficient than larger ones, but they tend to be more effective in that they are more resilient, more commercially accessible for small businesses, save transportation cost, as well as even allowing customers to reduce costs by setting up their own microfactory to fabricate in-house. This also allows the ‘local economic multiplier’ effect to happen; creating manufacturing jobs near to the homes themselves, as every pound is recycled within the local economy.

A simple ‘microfactory’ configuration; equipped with a laptop to transfer cutting files to the CNC machine, along with the timber sheets to be cut.

/Self-build: Workshop Studios As a self-build manufacturing business, a specific space to test and/or showcase self-building methods is required. Thus, several workshop studios are essential for this. For academic purposes, these studios can operate as a workshop or lecture hall for students and adults alike to learn self-building.

These studios should be both indoors and outdoors, where larger products (eg. a multi-use pod) would require a larger, more practical space to assemble and disassemble.

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// IMPACT TO GRANTON

/A Self-Building Granton Aside from providing job opportunities for /Working, a self-build manufacturing business in Granton provides /Living and /Leisure opportunities as well. Granton residents would be able to customise their own way of living through self-building. With self-build pods and pop-up booths, markets and events are easily established, creating /Working and /Leisure opportunities whilst enhancing circulation towards the Waterfront. This allows the residents themselves to ‘selfbuild’ their own community and identity.

Ultimately, Granton would be a new productive, communal and leisure space in Edinburgh.

/Vision Collage

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3/ LIVING: DWELLING PROTOTYPES

“Taking into account the description of the site made in the first two weeks of the course, the second block of activities aims to identify possible future inhabitants of the site, their lifestyle, and to start designing spaces for their living.

The students must design the prototype of a dwelling both for the characters/people that will inhabit the site and for themselves. In this phase, the students must translate verbal descriptions and preferences into spatial and formal strategies, making use of short conceptual titles that encapsulate precise intentions and diagrams that suggest clear spatial qualities.�

- Project Brief

/Development sketches

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// RIBBONISED FURNISHED LIVING: Life Tied By One Ribbonised Furniture After deciding my productive activity (self-build manufacturing business), I envisioned a living lifestyle where these self-build products would make an impact for the dwellers. Thus, the Ribbonised Furnished Living concept is proposed through two Dwelling Prototypes, where life is tied by one ribbonised furniture.

/ Prototype 1: Furniture Maneuver The concept of life tied by one ribbonised furniture would make a workaholic routine much more clear. A linear and direct route of circulation is able to cater this person’s routine of going to work early in the day. Private activities such as sleeping and self-preparation are zoned within the main circulation, while leisure activities such as relaxing and reading are situated along it.

By establishing the ‘boundaries’ for each activity, the furniture’s form is shaped as a ribbon to suit the said activities whilst still maintaining the main circulation for the person’s daily routine. With integrated shelves, boxes and drawers, the one furniture ribbon is able to maneuver and tie the working-living lifestyle of this person.

1. Main Circulation

2. Private + Leisure Zoning 3. Establishing Boundaries

4. Massing

5. Form Shaping

/User Profile: A single adult, working as a selfbuild designer/builder. Having a workaholic personality, this person works all day on working premises.

Hence, this person has a very collaborative and social working life throughout the day, and needs a more private living environment back home.

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/Working & /Living circulation paths within the unit. / Plan

Self-building furniture of different uses are custombuilt as one ribbon, creating a ribbonised furnished lifestyle. / Exploded Axonometric

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/ Model

/ Lifestyle

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/ Prototype 2: Intro-Vertical Living The unit houses private spaces for an introverted user with a personal kitchen and living area. A vertical circulation allows for a clear hierarchy between private (above) and leisure (below) activities within the unit.

While maintaining the one ribbonised furniture concept, the application of one shared wall between units within a cluster allows for the one furniture to be bound towards the same wall. This strengthens the sense of community whilst still maintaining the user’s introverted personality.

1. Downward Circulation

2. Ribbon + 1 Wall Concept

3. Activities Zoning

/User Profile: An adult working as a banking analyst outside of Granton. This introvert career leads towards the desire to ahve an introverted, private lifestyle whislt living within a community of people with a similar interest.

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4. Levels Extrusion

5. Massing

6. Form Shaping

/ Exploded Axonometric

/ Plan

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/ Model

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/ Lifestyle

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// “IMAGINE IF...” WORKSHOP During the “Imagine If…” workshop, Unit 1 students had the chance to reflect on their own preferences towards communal living, on what and how much of their personal sphere they would be willing (or not) to negotiate with others and what kind of spatial arrangements these choices would require or generate.

As of my reflection on this workshop, my dwelling prototypes seem to lean towards creating a lifestyle based on the dweller’s personality. As this ought to not be a bad thing, the profiles I considered were those with workaholic and introverted personalities, which fall in a relatively negative personality compared to others - supporting these kinds of behaviour might be dangerous to the person themselves in the long-run.

Thus, the concept of communal living introduced in this workshop sheds a new perspective for myself. Small adjustments to my prototypes, such as having communal and shared spaces with other residents/units, would create a much better living environment for these people whilst still catering with their personalities and maintaining the ribbonised furnished living concept.

Hence, communal living would certainly be implemented in the final dwelling strategy.

/ Workshop activity: Negotiating and choosing which spaces/facilities to be shared, private or both in a certain degree.

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/ The communal space choices (such as a gym, a common room, a games room, etc)

/ The results of Unit 1 students’ pereference towards communal living

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4/ THE TOPOS

Moving forward after the mid-term reviews on the Site Analysis, Productive Activity and Dwelling Prototypes, the tectonic agenda were to be proposed next.

Within tectonics, the topos (issues of site) are primarily considered. This aligns with one of David Canter’s constituents of place: the physical attributes of said location, which must be considered to create a ‘sense of place.’

As I have already chosen the Gasholder area as my point of interest, the issues of its site are analysed through micro and macro (urban) scales, informing my urban strategy as well as the overall tectonic agenda.

/1:200 scale Granton Gasholder area site model

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// ISSUES OF SITE 1/

The wide greenery of Forthquarter Park can be utilised as leisure spaces with outdoor furniture and hard landscaping. Site analysis has shown that there are some leisure facilites in the area, but this can be enhanced with the use of large green spaces already present in Granton.

2/

Photo by MJ Richardson, BBC

High potential of green spaces

/1 /2 Forthquarter Park Photo and Section by Bell Phillips Architects

Sloping ground north of gasholder

As the location around the gasholder is relatively flat, there is a downward slope at the north side beyond the gas holder. This slope can potentially allow interesting landscaping strategies to be done.

3/

Integration of existing historic building

The architectural complex would integrate Granton’s iconic gas holder, a B-Listed building for leisure uses, either being connected structurally, or utilising its existing structure by placing self-build pods as a community hub. Thus, being sympathetic is important.

4/ Creation of educational and multiple job opportunities

/3 The Gasholder Park in Grabary Square, London utilising a dismantled and relocated gasholder for its canal-side leisure park

Site analysis has shown that there is an industrial identity to Granton. The residents around Granton are also mostly within the working age, and occupy jobs in multiple sectors. Edinburgh College’s Construction Centre for Excellence is also located at the site.

Thus, by providing a self-build manufacturing and commercial business, it is beneficial for job seekers and students alike.

Towards waterfront Granton Castle Walled Garden

5/ Revitalising circulation towards Granton’s waterfront

Scottish Gas Gasholder

Granton’s environmental identity is the waterfront and its relationship with the water. Hence, enhancing the waterfront’s prominence in Granton can be done by revitalising the circulation and roads towards it, where the architectural complex will be positioned along them. The masterplan aims to ehance this circulation.

Forthquarter Park

A

/4 /5 linear route towards Granton’s waterfront

Morrisons Edinburgh College

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//URBAN STRATEGY / A Legislative-Driven Urban Strategy Choosing Granton’s gasholder as the project site, the urban strategy revolves around the gasholder itself. Due to the gasholder being a historic B-Listed Building, the project is heavily legislative-driven; especially with concerns regarding its urban impact.

The relevant legislations are:

Edinburgh Local Development Plan (Nov 2016) Policy Hou 1 Housing Development “Priority will be given to the delivery of the housing land supply and the relevant infrastructure... ... as part of the mixed use regeneration proposals at Edinburgh Waterfront.”

Policy Ret 7 Entertainment and Leisure Developments - Preferred Locations “Planning permission will be granted for high quality, well designed arts, leisure and entertainment facilities and visitor attractions in Granton Waterfront... ...The development will be easily accessible by public transport, foot and cycle.”

Policy Env 4 Listed Buildings – Alterations and Extensions “In determining applications for planning permission or listed building consent, the Council is required to have special regard to the desirability of preserving the building, its setting or any features of special architectural or historic interest that it possesses.”

Granton Development Framework (Feb 2020) 3.1.4 Heritage assets, views and new / existing routes “Development should take advantage of views to the sea, city, park, gas holder and other heritage assets, which should be retained where possible. The street layout should enhance views and connect to existing routes.”

5.2 Key Spaces: Gas Holder Link “The gas holder link should create a sense of place and identity within the central commercial core of Granton Waterfront. It should create connections - both visually and physically - whilst enhancing green infrastructure and active travel.”

39

Granton Waterfront

West Shore Road

Granton Castle Walled Garden

a roadw ront B Waterf

/ 1 Manufacturing Business (Factory & Retail)

Gasholder

y

Pavilion

/3

Housing

/2 Marketplace

Bus Stop

Scottish Gas HQ

Forthquarter Park

1/ Living, Working & Leisure As a mixed-use project, /Living, /Working and /Leisure activities are present in the forms of housing, a manufacturing business, retail services, marketplace and pavilion. The /Living building and pavilion are both set within the gasholder. The cascading residential design enhances views towards the waterfront for its residents. With the implementation of a marketplace made up of self-building components manufactured by the business itself, the project facilitates arts, leisure and entertainment activities which can be used for events such as the Christmas Market and Edinburgh Fringe Festival.

2/ Not Touching Considering the gasholder as a B-Listed Building, the project re-imagines these structures by repurposing them for an entirely different function, and thus avoiding them from falling into disuse. The three buildings do not touch the gasholder but are juxtaposed according to the gasholder’s radial geometry - including the landscape. Hence, the design sympathises the original gasholder by not touching its structures, distincting the old and new whilst retaining Granton’s industrial place identity.

3/ Enhancing Waterfront Circulation The site is located within the Gas Holder Link, where the gasholder, Granton’s landmark and heritage asset is maintained. The site is strategic as it provides a direct route towards the waterfront, connecting the Waterfront Broadway and West Shore Road. Also, it is easily accessible by public transport, foot and cycle. The marketplace acts as an active frontage along the circulation towards the waterfront.

40

5/ THE TYPOS

“Taking into account the features of the Design Components defined in the first stage of the studio, the students will elaborate a series proposals that bring together the productive and the residential programs.

An iterative design process will be used for testing different typological manipulations within the chosen site and in relation to the surroundings.�

- Project Brief

/1:200 Scale Typlogical Exploration Models

41

// PROGRAMMATIC EXPLORATION

Programme Publicly visible (Warehouse, retail & microfactory has overlapping functions)

Warehouse

Retail

Microfactory

Leisure

Living

Showroom

Preparation/changing area

Utilisation of Multi-use Pods:

Single person Studios

CNC routing process

• • • • • •

Warehouse •

Raw material (timber sheets) storage

Home delivery storage Service Yard •

Goods unloading (truck access)

(Directly connected with retail)

•

End-product storage (packaged): for self-service furniture collection

Checkout Click & Collect Service Entrance Exit

Conveyor belts Forklift area Packaging process

Pop-up booths Cafes Street food Garden pods Gaming pods Playground

Product enquiries, returns, etc

• •

Outdoor Indoor

•

Computer labs for design consultations with customers

Private bedrooms and bathrooms Shared spaces: kitchen, living rooms, dining rooms (as a real life showroom)

Direct connection to Retail Roof Garden (Bridges and Walkways from living units to working areas, and vice versa)

At Roof garden

Roof Garden Recycling area:

Recycling area

•

•

Sawdust/timber chips collection

•

Offices for machine maintenance, design consultants, digital fabricators, equipment storage, etc

Storage for process/distribution

• •

At Gas holder as leisure park

Workshop studios

Customer Service •

Co-Living Studios

Offices & Services •

Logistics/Trucker offices

•

Offices for carpentry, maintenance, equipment storage, etc

/ Early Programmatic Strategy

During exploring the productive activity, I had already listed down the programmatic strategy according to the functional + spatial requirements of a self-build manufacturing business, as seen above.

Moving forward, as I decided to use the Gasholder in some way due to it being Granton’s sense of place identity, I decided to include /Leisure alongside /Living and /Working. Hence, the main programmes are:

Warehouse Services (Retail + Education) Factory Leisure

Although these may seem as separate programmes, most of its constituents overlap with one another, and therefore provides interesting programmatic strategy decisions.

Living

42

// TYPOLOGICAL EXPLORATION / From Linear to Radial Considering the functional and spatial requirements of the /Living, /Working and /Leisure programme, gasholder geometry, and environmental factors, a transition from a linear to radial typology is developed.

ing

Liv ure

s

is Le

ice

ory

se

rv Se

ct Fa

ou

reh Wa

1/ Linear Programme The project’s programme’s functional and spatial requirements work in a linear arrangement, resulting in a linear typology from /Working, to /Leisure and finally /Living.

/Early Linear Typlogical Exploration

43

2/ Gasholder Geometry Granton’s gasholder possesses a unique radial geometry originating from its central axis followed by its columns and trusses, creating a radial grid framework.

Through modelmaking, typological exploration on the gasholder’s radial geometry is more interactive, as there is a contrasting typology between linear and radial.

/1:200 Scale 3D-Printed Granton Gasholder

44

3/ Radial Grid Adaptation Thus, the linear programme is adapted with the gasholder’s geometry, juxtaposing the linear arrangement of the programme in a radial manner according to the radial grid, creating programme sectors.

/Exploring different typological dsitributions on how linear and radial typologies can co-exist together.

45

/The exploration has led to programmatic sectors, maintaining the linear distribution but in a radial manner. The sectors can be stacked and slotted within the gasholder.

46

ing

Liv

r ffe

Bu

ing

rk Wo

4/ The Buffer Zone To prevent noise and vibrations from reaching the living areas from the factory, a buffer zone as the in-between link has to be implemented.

ing

Liv

r ffe

Bu

ing

rk Wo

5/ /Living, /Leisure and /Working Zoning Hence, /Leisure becomes the in-between buffer link between /Living and /Working, where /Living and /Leisure are zoned within the gasholder and /Working being positioned around it. The gasholder acts as a circumferential borderline while still linking /Living and /Working together.

47

+

+

+

+ +

+

6/ Cascading Typology Finally, responding to the sloping context of the site, a cascading typology is implemented according to the programme as well as the gasholder’s radial grid - vertically.

/1:200 Exploration Models, experimenting with zoning and radial typological dsitributions

48

/ A Centrifugal Approach Due to the radial grid typology, the spatial quality of the programme is shaped in sectors. The radii extends from the gasholder’s central axis, gradually increasing the boundaries of the programme beyond the gasholder’s circumference. This results in an expansion and growth of the sectors - and the typology’s spatial quality as a whole.

Therefore, the spaces are connected centrifugally - where each sector houses a specific programme. The radii would act as both the separator and the connector between sectors, which are represented by solid walls. The circumferential parts of the sectors would be the opposite - a stopping force or barrier between interior and exterior, but opens up to the other, being more porous and transparent, therefore represented by curtain walls.

49

Circumference as porous, transparent walls

Living

Leisure

Services

Radii as solid walls

Factory

Warehouse

50

6/ THE TECTONICS

“The Productive City – Living and Working in Edinburgh understands design as a process that ultimately aims to build spaces that engage with people’s everyday living conditions. The production of drawings and models will take into account the tectonics of architecture on three different levels: the reference to the human body and its relationship to building materials and installations; the use of viable technical solutions to achieve original and unique spatial articulations; the environmental performance of different technical and material solutions.”

- Project Brief

/Detail Sketches

51

// DESIGN PROPOSAL

/A Self-Building Community: Living and Working in Granton, Edinburgh

Proposing an architectural complex that juxtaposes a self-build manufacturing business, residential housing units and leisure facilities in the form of a pavilion and marketplace, they are accordingly categorised as the /Working, /Living and /Leisure buildings. Hence, several spatial, circulation, structural and environmental strategies are implemented - its tectonics. The following pages will explain these tectonics, starting with a tectonic overview that highlights the tectonic agendas for each building, annotated main drawings (plans and sections), followed by the circulation, structural and environmental strategies. Then, the building is looked in more detail by analysing its assembly.

52

1

Communal rooftops Provide residents of the same floor a privately shared outdoor space, with collectively-designed self-build pods that are unique for each floor, creating distinct identities.

South-facing animated facade Folding perforated metal shutters together with the bracings of the gasholder and the building itself create an animated facade; according to the residential routine. Different viewing angles towards the radial facade also enhances this animation.

2

Cascading residential units

/ 1-6F: Residential Units

40 flexible cascading residential units are arranged along the gasholder’s radial geometry.

Braced steel cores Cross-braced steel cores at both ends provide lateral stability and is fitted with stairs and elevators for vertical circulation.

4

Customisable communal living

3

Despite having individual residential units, the ground floor functions as a communal area fitted with communal kitchens and living rooms.

These spaces are ever-changing according to the custom designs of its residents as the furniture are all self-build products. Along with a cafe, these spaces are fully-accessible to the public as well.

5 / GF: Communal Area

ETFE roof The transparent ETFE roof forms a series of barrel vaults arranged in a radial manner, maximising natural light. The roof are supported by deep trusses to minimise the use of columns.

6

Multi-use pavilion The pavilion is to be fitted with self-build pods for leisure purposes such as markets, events and exhibitions.

/ GF: Pavilion

Programme: / LIVING 1 2 3 4 5

/ WORKING Rooftops Residential Units Cafe Communal Living Room Communal Kitchen

/ LEISURE 6

53

Pavilion

7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Administrative Offices Showrooms Main Entrance Self-Collection Warehouse CNC Cutting Factory Auditorium Consultation Rooms

14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Design Studio Administrative Building Entrance Meeting Rooms Warehouse/Factory Offices Loading/Unloading Warehouse Packaging Conveyor Belt Printing Factory

// TECTONIC OVERVIEW

Ribbed skylights Maximises natural light into the building with builtin stack effect ventilation systems.

Cascading typology Along with the residential units, the Working building follows the same cascading typology, creating a gradually increasing cascade of floors that echoes the gasholder’s radial geometry - both vertically and horizontally.

Steel trusses Trusses are used to achieve large floor spans

7 / 2-3F: Offices

Transparent showroom

8 / 1F: Showroom

As the first floor functions as a showroom for the products, an indoor full-height curtain wall allows the public to see the CNC factory below, creating a transparent showroom that showcases the endproducts as well as how the products are built.

Vertical circulation Vertical elevator that connects the top floors with the lower ground level.

15 9

10

12

13

14

11

/ GF: Businesses

The ground floor functions as the main floor that connects all of its uses as an engaging factory with its retail business services, manufacturing factory, auditorium and educational services - being fully engaging with the public around self-building.

/ -1F: Offices

17

16

An engaging factory

Services lift 20 19

/ -2F: Warehouse

CNC cutting factory and self-collection warehouse are both connected to the lower ground warehouse by a services lift for material circulation.

18

54

/Living Overview

1

2

/ 1-6F: Residential Units

4 3

/ LIVING 1 2 3 4 5

55

Rooftops Residential Units Cafe Communal Living Room Communal Kitchen

5

/ GF: Communal Area

The tectonic strategies behind the /Living Building take into account multiple strategies.

The dwelling prototypes are furnished by self-build furniture produced by the manufacturing business, allowing complete customisation by its residents.

Typologically, the units are stacked in cascades in a radial manner.

The communal aspect is implemented simultaneously with the self-build furniture: •

•

Out of 6 residential floors, 4 of them has a communal outdoor rooftop, where self-build pods are collectively designed by residents of each floor.

Thus, creativity and unique identities are collectively produced, maximising communal living within the /Living building.

For the other 2 floors, they are not left out, as the communal aspect is still present at the Ground Floor through communal kitchens and living rooms.

These spaces are shared collectively with the whole building, and its layout and furniture would be collectively designed through self-building. Hence, these spaces would be ever-changing, continuously being designed by the residents themselves.

The residential balconies are South-facing and therefore has a multi-layered solar shading strategy: Gasholder structure, Motorised Folding Perforated Shutters, structural cross-bracings and double-glazed sliding doors.

Structurally, Reinforced Concrete Shear Walls make up the walls between residential sectors, and steel trusses that span across its radii. To help with lateral stability, cross-bracings that mirror that of the gasholder is implemented, as well as two cross-braced cores fitted with fire stairs and lifts for circulation.

56

/Leisure Overview

1

/ GF: Pavilion

/ LEISURE 1

57

Pavilion

The pavilion sits between the /Living and /Working buildings, acting as a buffer zone to reduce noise and vibrations from the factories from reaching the residential units.

Spanning with a radius of 21m, steel trusses are used together with steel columns. Cross-bracings, again, are needed for lateral stability of the doubleheight (8m) pavilion.

The pavilion acts as a multi-use /Leisure space for events and exhibitions. When not in use, it becomes a communal space to meet up and relax. Self-build pods and furniture shapes the spaces inside, according to its current use, allowing exhibitors and event managers to fully-customise their intended event space through self-building.

The use of transparent ETFE roofs help with maximising natural light penetration as certain times throughout the day, the pavilion is shaded by the cascading /Living building. For events at night, the trusses allow through-distribution of M&E services to set up lights, speakers etc.

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/Working Overview

1 / 2-3F: Offices

2 / 1F: Showroom

9 7

3 4

5

8

6

/ GF: Businesses

/ WORKING 1 Administrative Offices 2 Showrooms 3 Main Entrance 4 Self-Collection Warehouse 5 CNC Cutting Factory 6 Auditorium 7 Consultation Rooms 8 Design Studio 9 Administrative Building Entrance 10 Meeting Rooms 11 Warehouse/Factory Offices 12 Loading/Unloading Warehouse 13 Packaging Conveyor Belt 14 Printing Factory

59

/ -1F: Offices

11 10

/ -2F: Warehouse 14 13 12

The /Working building is a culmination of both private and public working spaces, but with a play of transparency between private and public.

The private working spaces are the CNC Cutting Factory, Printing Factory, Packaging Factory, Lower Ground Warehouse,and Service Yard. Meanwhile, the public working spaces are the Showrooms, Self-Collection Warehouse and educational facilities (Auditorium, Design Lab and Consultation Rooms).

From the 1st floor Showroom, visitors are able to look onto the CNC Cutting Factory through a transparent curtain wall, making the factory a showroom itself.

This would educate people more about self-building and digital fabrication, as well as seeing how the products that they self-design and buy are made.

As for the educational facilities, the business aims to increase exposure about self-building to the public, and therefore has an auditorium space for lectures and events. The design labs and consultation rooms are used by customers who are interested in self-designing their own products, and needs design consultations. Thus, these spaces act as a more private public workspace.

The Lower Ground floors are fully private - housing the warehouse as well as loading and unloading areas in conjunction with the Service Yard. This cascading typology follows the steep sloping ground of the site. With Reinforced Concrete retaining walls as the structural strategy, the soil is able to be retained, working together with Reinforced Concrete Ground Slab Raft Foundation for controlling the uneven and difficult soil due to its past industrial use.

Services Lifts allow vertical material circulation from the warehouse to the factories throughout the production process.

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// SITE PLAN

0

20

40

80m

9

10

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Working Building Pavilion Living Building Marketplace Gasholder Parking Service Yard Warehouse parking

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

Granton Waterfront Industrial buildings Granton Castle Walled Garden Scotttish Gas HQ Forthquarter Park Edinburgh College (Granton Campus) Morrisons Disused Granton Gas Works Train Station National Museums Collection Centre Saltire Square

8

1

2 3 5

6

13

14

61

7

11

18

4

12

17

15 16

62

// GROUND FLOOR PLAN

0

5

10

20m

8

12

11 - 10m

7

10 14 - 5m

9

15

6

13 5 16 + 0m

18

/ WORKING 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17

Main Entrance Trolley Restrooms Self-Collection Warehouse Check-out Design Lab CNC Cutting Factory Services Lifts Auditorium Lobby Auditorium PA System Room Store Consultation Rooms Design Studio Offices Administrative Building Entrance Service Yard

23

22 21 25

/ LEISURE 18 19

Pavilion Marketplace

/ LIVING

63

20 21 22 23

Cafe Residential Entrance Lobby Communal Living Room Communal Kitchen

24 25

Parking Gasholder

24

20

17

4

3 2 1

19

64

// 1st FLOOR PLAN 0

5

10

20m

6

7

5

8 13

12 3

10

9

4

11 2

1

/ WORKING 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

65

Showroom Lobby Living Rooms Workspaces Children’s Kitchens Dining Bedrooms Self-Build Pods Mini Products Stairs & Elevator to Administrative Offices Self-Collection Warehouse Overlook Stairs to Self-Collection Warehouse Views towards CNC Cutting Factory

// 3rd FLOOR PLAN 0

5

10

20m

1

4

3 2

/ WORKING 1

Administrative Offices

/ LIVING 2 3 4

Residential Corridor Communal Area Overlooking Pavilion Typical Residential Unit

66

// TYPICAL (5th) FLOOR PLAN

0

5

10m

3 4

/ LIVING

67

1 2 3 4

Residential Corridor Communal Area Overlooking Pavilion Communal Rooftop Self-Build Pod

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

Bed Workspace Dining Kitchen Wardrobe Living Bathroom Balcony Motorised Folding Perforated Shutters

2 1

5 6

7

9

8

11 10 12 13

68

// -1 LOWER FLOOR PLAN 0

5

10

20m

/ WORKING 1 2 3 4 5 6

Restrooms Reception Stairs to Factory Warehouse Offices Meeting Rooms Elevator and Stairs to Factory Warehouse

- 10m

3

- 5m

2 1

69

4

5

6

// -2 LOWER FLOOR PLAN 0

5

10

West Shore Road

20m

/ WORKING 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Plant Room Unloading Bay Loading Bay (Delivery) Service Yard Stairs from GF Private Factory Entrance Private Parking Service Yard Gates

ont Bro Watefr

1 Restrooms 2 Plant Rooms 3 Printing Factory 4 Packaging Conveyor Belt 5 Raw Materials Warehouse 6 Finished Goods Warehouse 7 Services Lifts 8 Offices

y adwa

16

g rai

gC

n Lo Rig g

12 15

10 7

- 10m

14

3

4

11

5 6

1

13

2 8 9

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// SECTION AA /Living, /Leisure & /Working

0

71

5

10

20m

A

A

72

// SECTION BB /Working Building

0

73

5

10

20m

B B

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// CIRCULATION Jack, Self-Build Designer A workaholic staying in the /Living building, Jack wakes up early, have breakfast at the cafe and stays at work all day. The simple configuration of his residential unit that he designed has helped him to be well organised. He consults clients on self-building and provide designing tutorial services.

1

/Living Unit

2

Cafe

3

Consultation Room

4

Office

Annie, Old Town Cafe Owner Annie is interested in self-building to renovate her cafe with unique bespoke designs. While she already have her ideas, she seeks design consultation here at the /Working building, thus makes her way to the design lab.

1

Parking

2

Design Lab

2 Teachers and 20 Students, Granton Primary School Granton Primary School has organised a visit for their students to learn and expose themselves with the benefits of self-building, as well as visiting the current exhibition at the pavilion and marketplace.

1

Parking

2

Auditorium

3

Pavilion

4

Marketplace

The Macmillan family, A happy family from Pilton Macmillan brings his family here for leisure purposes and to buy some flat-packed furniture. His two children loves to play around at the kid-friendly showroom while the parents self-collect their desired products at the Warehouse. Then, they walk around the exhibition at the pavilion and have lunch at the /Living cafe.

1

Parking

2

Showroom

3

Self-Collect Warehouse

4

Checkout

5

Pavilion

6

Cafe

Sarah, Edinburgh College student Right after having her afternoon jog along Forthquarter Park, Sarah stops by at the marketplace for refreshment and light snacks.

1

Forthquarter Park

2

Marketplace

Henry, Warehouse Technician Henry works at the Warehouse, arriving from the Service Yard and looks after the machines running in the factory. He has his own office table and always attend meetings.

1

Service Yard

2

Warehouse

3

Office

Kathleen, Youtuber Kathleen makes all kinds of Youtube content and is staying in Granton for a few months to promote and make Youtube content around self-building. Living alone, she enjoys the /Living building due to its communal aspects: the communal rooftop, kitchen and living rooms all make her feel a part of the community.

1

/Living Unit

2

Communal Kitchen

3

Communal Living Room

Plywood sheets, Raw materials Arriving from plywood suppliers, the sheets are unloaded and stored at the Warehouse, and subjected to be cut at the factory. Next, the components are boxed up with instructions etc. If the products are not subject for delivery, they are stored at the Self-Collect Warehouse above. If not, they are temporarily stored at the Loading Bay for delivery.

1 6

75

Service Yard Loading Bay

2 7

Unloading Bay Delivery

3

Factory

4

Boxing/Packaging

5

Self-Collect Warehouse

1 4

1

1

2

1

1

3

1

2

6 2

2 3

4

3 2

5 2 5

4

3

3

3

1 4

2

2 6 1 7

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// STRUCTURAL STRATEGY

The structural strategy revolves around the radial geometry of the existing gasholder, placing load-bearing structures according to a radial grid that spans with a radius of 7m intervals. In addition to the steep sloping landscape, innovative strategies are to be implemented. Thus, a hybrid structure between steel and reinforced concrete is used.

77

Existing Gasholder Free-standing steel structure not connected with other structural systems.

Made up of steel trusses and crossbracings.

RC Shear Walls Reinforced concrete shear walls that provide additional lateral stability for both buildings along the radii of the radial grid.

These extend from the lowest floors to the top.

Cross-Braced Steel Cores These cores at either end of the Living building provide lateral stability along the circumference of the radial grid.

Cross-Bracings Due to large spans, cross-bracings are implemented at both ends of every sector’s circumference on the three buildings for stability.

Steel Structure Steel I-columns are positioned according to the radial grid, spanning 7m along the radii. Due to the increasing spans along the circumference, steel trusses are used along the radii.

I-Column (365.3 x 322.2)mm I-Beam (187.8 x 300)mm Truss (100 x 300)mm

RC Retaining Walls Due to the building submerging itself into a steep sloping landscape, reinforced concrete retaining walls are used to retain the soil’s rigidity.

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// STRUCTURAL HANDLING LOGISTICS

For construction, on-site logistics had already been planned early on. The gasholder has to be dismantled first to allow construction works of the buildings inside the gasholder’s circumference (residential and pavilion buildings).

As the gasholder’s exposed steel structure has oxidised over time and is rusty, this project provides an opportunity to treat the steel surface for safety and continuous use.

1 2

a

3 4

b

As Granton’s gasholder was previously owned by the National Grid and was subjected to be dismantled permanently, there are various precedented ways of dismantling gasholders. For this project, the structure would be dismantled by rows, from the top (1-4) to maintain stability throughout dismantling. As the gasholder would be reassembled, the structure had to be dismantled considerately. The cross-bracings are cut by plasma cutters first (a), along with the the trusses and columns (b). This continues until the whole row is dismantled, before moving to the lower row.

79

/Sketches of gasholder structure

Two cranes are required for dismantling: One for carrying workers to cut the structure, and another to hold and lift the structures. Fortunately, the site is spacious and wide, allowing cranes to move around and providing space to place the dismantled members before moving to a warehouse for treatment and storage.

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// ENVIRONMENTAL STRATEGY Building Envelope Summer June 21 Sunlight Angle (58째) Winter December 21 Sunlight Angle (11째) Airflow

1 Multi-Layered Solar Shading Facade

3 Curtain Wall Daylight Penetration

The gasholder structure, folding shutters, steel bracings and glazed sliding door all act as a multi-layered solar shading facade at the residential balconies, as the residential units are all South-facing.

South and North-facing curtain walls maximise both active South daylight and passive North daylight penetration into public spaces.

2 Green Outdoor Comfort

4 Cascading Open Air Rooftop

The greenery from trees and grass from the marketplace and Forthquarter Park provides comfortable outdoor spaces and fresh air for the adjacent Living building.

Open air rooftops take advantage of direct daylight, allowing green plantations. The cascading typology allows daylight to reach the pavilion throughout the day.

Residential Zone

Noise Buffer Z

Summer June 21 Sun Angle 58째

East Sunset

4 1 Winter December 21 Sun Angle 11째

East Sunset

South-West Wind

3 2

West Sunrise

Greenery

81

Cantilevered Entrance

GF Lobby

Outdoor Leisure Space

Leisure Pavi

5 Open Air Pavilion as Noise Buffer

7 Curtain Wall Daylight Penetration

9 Ribbed Skylights

The pavilion acts as a noise buffer coming from the Working building to the Living building. The open air pavilion allows natural ventilation throughout, coming from Edinbugh’s South-West and NorthEast winds.

Similar to the Living building, the Working building is also lit through South and North-facing curtain walls. Reflected daylight also helps with the pavilion’s lighting.

Skylights above the factory and adjacent showrooms and offices help maximise daylight penetration. The stack effect is also in place, drawing air through the space via the louvred panels within the vertical elements of the rooflight structure.

6 Transparent ETFE Roof

8 Stack Effect Ventilation

10 Industrial Ehaust Extractor Fans

Having the Living building opposite the pavilion, the transparent ETFE roof maximises daylight penetration.

The 1st floor showroom and its lower floor (entrance lobby) takes advantage of the stack effect ventilation assisted with mechanical ventilation.

Industrial exhaust fan ejects harmful chemical fumes, smoke, and hot air from the insides of manufacturing units. This invariably makes the air in the enclosed space better and more breathable for the workers.

Zone

Working Zone

9 6

5

ilion

North passive daylight

7

8

10

North-East Wind

Outdoor Leisure Space

Retail + Factory + Warehouse

Towards Waterfront

82

// DWELLING STRATEGY / Customisable Furnished Living The ‘life tied by one ribbonised furniture’ and ‘1 shared wall’ concepts from both Dwelling Prototypes are maintained for the finalised dwelling strategy. As the residential unit has its boundaries shaped by the radial geometry of the gasholder, the furniture design that shapes the user’s lifestyle revolves around this ‘radial sector’ typology.

2 Symmetrical Units per Sector As seen on /Residential Unit 001, this residential unit is already fitted with furniture, making furnished living ideal for a single working person or a couple, or even a workaholic who spends the whole day at work that needs a clear spatial home arrangement to suit their daily routine (similar to Dwelling Prototype 1). Obviously, the furniture can be custom designed by the users themselves or selected from the ever-growing catalogue of self-build units.

/Residential Units 001

Self-Build Wall

Wall Box Shelf /Unit 031

Bed /Unit 001 Overhead Box Shelf /Unit 007 Stool /Unit 100 Study Table /Unit 015

Integrated Kitchen + Dining Table /Unit 002 Overhead Box Shelf /Unit 005 Wardrobe /Unit 059 Shelf /Unit 101 Sofa /Unit 088

Bathroom Cupboard /Unit 030 Wicker Chair /Unit 025 Coffee Table /Unit 099

Ideally for 1 single person or a couple (Max. 2 persons)

0

83

1

2

3m

1 Double Bed 1 Kitchen & Dining for 2 1 Living for 2-3 1 Bathroom 1 Closet Space 1 Balcony

Utilising self-building in the users’ lifestyle, the self-build furniture produced by the manufacturing business are fully customisable by the users themselves: allowing infinite possibilities and freedom in designing their /Living lifestyle. Thus, this customisable furnished living strategy engages with all kinds of people and household types, such as a single working person, a home-working couple, a group of students or even a new established family.

In buildability terms, both units in every sector are separated by a self-build wall that is easily assembled and disassembled, allowing quick and less complicated solutions to fit different needs in different times.

1 Integrated Unit per Sector For larger households such as a pair of friends or people who desire a more communal way of living, /Residential Unit 012 provides a furnished living unit with shared facilities (kitchen and living) while still maintaining privacy with private bedrooms and bathrooms. This is achieved by integrating the two individual units in the one sector due to the self-build wall.

/Residential Unit 012

Self-Build Wall

Shoe Shelf /Unit 055 Bed /Unit 001 Wall Box Shelf /Unit 062 Overhead Box Shelf /Unit 007 Stool /Unit 100 Dining Table /Unit 091 Study Table /Unit 015 Kitchen /Unit 123 Overhead Box Shelf /Unit 111 Wardrobe /Unit 059 Coffee Table /Unit 022 Shelf /Unit 101 Sofa /Unit 186

Bathroom Cupboard /Unit 030 Wicker Chair /Unit 025 Coffee Table /Unit 099

Ideally for 2 single person or 2 couples (Max. 4 persons) 2 Double Beds 1 Kitchen for 2 1 Dining for 6 1 Living for 4-6 2 Bathrooms 2 Closet Spaces 1 Balcony

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/ Aggregation The units are clustered as a sector, and each sector can be aggregated by stacking each other vertically, as well as being connected horizontally in a radial manner. Thus, the radial aggregation for the residential units allows for an interesting typology for the overall residential /Living building.

Furniture Units

Self-Build Wall Residential Unit

Residential Unit

Corridor

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/ Customisation The residents’ lifestyle is fully-customisable, by utilising the self-build manufacturing business. By utilsiing the Open Source Warehouse online, residents and non-residents alike are able to custom design their preferred furniture/pods/residential units or select products from the ever-growing list in the open-source catalogue.

Furthermore, people around the world would be able to discuss with other people about self-building. People are able to accesss the catalogue from the Web and from their smartphones with the app installed. Digital fabrication has never been so easily accesible.

//GRANTONBUILDS

.COM

BUILD YOUR OWN HOME!

HOME

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WHY SELF-BUILD?

WHAT’S NEW?

CATALOGUE

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VISIT US

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Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

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Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

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Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

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Contribute Your Design!

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Contribute Your Design!

Contribute Your Design!

/Unit 031

/Unit 032

/Unit 102

/Unit 103

TABLES

/Unit 056

MY BOOKINGS

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SHELVES

/Unit 101

MY DESIGNS

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BOX SHELVES

/Unit 030

MY ORDERS

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WALLS

/Unit 137

EVENTS

/Unit 057

/Unit 058

MY ACCOUNT

/Unit 059

PODS

/Pod 022

EDINBURGH FRINGE FESTIVAL NOW HAPPENING! COME VISIT!

/Pod 023

/Pod 024

/Pod 025

BOOK A SELF-BUILD DESIGN CONSULTATION TODAY!

DOWNLOAD OUR APP AND DESIGN ANYWHERE!

/The Catalogue tab from the Open-Source Warehouse website of the Self-Build Manufacturing Business.

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// DETAILS / Living Building The details of the project would focus on the /Living Building, as the products created by the productive activity are actively being used by the residents themselves in this building - tectonically as well.

/South Elevation

Motorised Folding Perforated Bronze Metal Shutters

Double-Height Curtain Wall 0

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Balcony Exposed Steel Cross-Bracings

Interior Exposed Steel Cross-Bracings

/ Multi-Layered Animated Facade As seen below, the folding shutters create an animated facade throughout the day, according to the routines of its residents. Also, the use of cross-bracings, while functionally providing lateral stability, reflects that of the gasholder’s cross-bracings. Hence, a multi-layered animated facade is created, enhancing Granton’s iconic gasholder to be animated. Coloured metal cassette cladding is chosen to maintain the self-build manufacturing business’ corporate identity across both buildings and reflect the metallic visual of the gasholder.

DETAIL SECTION CUT

Timber SelfBuild Pods

‘Chalky White’ Coloured Metal Cassette Cladding

‘Merigold Orange’ Coloured Metal Cassette Cladding

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/AXONOMETRIC DETAIL 1: RESIDENTIAL BALCONY

op

al Rooft

n Commu

5F Rooftop/Floor Thickness: 740mm

tial Residen y n Balco

Floor-To-Ceiling Height: 2760mm

tial Residen r rio Unit Inte

4F

Floor-To-Floor Height: 3500mm

SouthFacing Facade

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3F

Continuous Wrapping Insulation Insulation wraps around the rooftop’s build-up to the doubleglazed sliding doors and around the balcony floor build-up, ensuring continuous insulation throughout the building

Steel Trusses Steel trusses provide long-span floor strategies, whilst providing optimal structural support especially from additional loads from the communal rooftop Motorised Folding Perforated Bronze Metal Shutters These shutters provide solar control on the south-facing residential balcony

Exposed Steel Bracing A unique architectural feature at the balconies with exposed cross-bracings that span across two floors - mirroring that of the gasholder

Double-Glazed Floor-to-Ceiling Sliding Balcony Doors Double-glazing ensures optimal thermal performance from external environment

Through-Floor Services Distribution Distribution of pipework, vents and mechanical services through steel trusses and under timber flooring (in between timber battens)

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/DETAIL SECTION 1: RESIDENTIAL BALCONY 1/ Communal rooftop, total t: 740mm Timber decking flooring, t: 30mm Timber joist, t: 30mm Double layer SBS roofing membrane Weatherproofing membrane Mineral wool insulation with timber joists support, t: 150mm Composite roof slab (In-situ concrete over corrugated steel deck), t: 150mm [with anti-crack slab reinforcement mesh bars (both directions), dia: 8mm]

Structural steel truss (with services running through cavity) bolted onto 300mm structural steel I-beam, d: 300mm Sheathing board attached to bottom chord of truss, t: 15mm Vapour Control Layer Mineral wool insulation (wrapping rooftop build-up), t: 45mm Plasterboard ceiling, t: 20mm

2/ Residential balcony floor, total t: 740mm Timber decking flooring, t: 30mm Timber joist, t:30mm Weatherproofing membrane Mineral wool insulation with timber joists support, t: 150mm Composite floor slab (In-situ concrete over corrugated steel deck), t: 150mm [with anti-crack slab reinforcement mesh bars (both directions), dia: 8mm]

Structural steel truss (with services running through cavity) bolted onto 300mm structural steel I-beam, d: 300mm Sheathing board attached to bottom chord of truss, t: 15mm Vapour Control Layer Mineral wool insulation (wrapping balcony build-up), t: 45mm Plasterboard ceiling, t: 20mm

3/ Residential unit floor, total t: 740mm Timber decking flooring, t: 30mm Timber joist + Services cavity, t: 180mm Composite floor slab (In-situ concrete over corrugated steel deck), t: 150mm [with anti-crack slab reinforcement mesh bars (both directions), dia: 8mm]

Structural steel truss (with services running through cavity) bolted onto 300mm structural steel I-beam, d: 300mm Cavity, t: 60mm Suspended plasterboard ceiling, t: 20mm

4/ Residential balcony facade Floor-to-ceiling insulated double-glazed sliding balcony doors, h: 2760mm Glass balustrade to balcony with curved stainless steel handrail, h: 1100mm Exposed structural steel bracing, t: 100mm Motorised folding perforated bronze metal shutters, t: 122mm

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/SELECTED DETAIL SECTION 1: RESIDENTIAL BALCONY

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Stainless steel bracket bolted to composite floor slab

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Top rail and sliding runner for folding shutters

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Motorised folding perforated bronze metal shutters, hinged, t: 122mm

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Structural steel I-beam, t: 300mm bolted with structural steel truss, t:300mm

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Sheathing board, t: 15mm attached to bottom chord of steel truss

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Continuous mineral wool insulation wrapping rooftop build-up, t: 45mm

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Insulating block as thermal break

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Top rail and sliding runner for glazed sliding balcony doors

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Bottom rail and sliding runner for glazed sliding balcony doors

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Insulating block as thermal break

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Exposed structural steel bracing, t: 100mm

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Bottom rail and sliding runner for folding shutters

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Coloured metal cassette cladding attached to stainless steel bracket, concealing balcony build-up

15 Composite ground floor slab (In-situ concrete over corrugated steel deck), t: 150mm with anti-crack slab reinforcement mesh bars (both directions), dia: 8mm

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INTERIOR

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/AXONOMETRIC DETAIL 2: LIVING BUILDING ENTRANCE

1F

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al Unit In

ti Residen

Floor Thickness: 740mm

ering Cantilev tial e id s Re n r o Unit Flo

Floor-To-Ceiling Height: 7260mm

Floor-ToFloor Height: 8000mm

ntrance Public E rior te Lobby In Exterior

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Paving

GF

Interior Exposed Steel Cross-Bracings Cross-bracings echoing that of the gasholder that provide lateral structural support as well as a unique architectural feature

Double-Height Curtain Wall Maximises natural light penetration into the public lobby

Continuous Wrapping Insulation Insulation continues to wrap from the residential balcony floors to the glazed curtain wall and through the ground floor timber flooring

Below-Floor Services Distribution Distribution of pipework, vents and mechanical services under composite ground floor slab

RC Ground Slab Raft Foundation The reinforced concrete raft foundation distributes point loads over the entire footprint, reducing the load per unit area. This is suitable for the site’s ground instability from its industrial use history

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/DETAIL SECTION 2: LIVING BUILDING ENTRANCE

1/ Ground floor, total t: 510mm (excluding foundation depth) Timber decking flooring, t: 30mm Timber joist, t: 30mm Vapour Control Layer Mineral wool insulation with timber joists support, t: 150mm Weatherproofing membrane Composite ground floor slab (In-situ concrete over corrugated steel deck), t: 150mm

[with anti-crack slab reinforcement mesh bars (both directions), dia: 8mm] Underground services cavity, t: 150mm Reinforced concrete ground slab raft foundation

2/ Entrance facade Double-thermal glazing curtain wall, total t: 75mm [Glazing, t: 25mm + Cavity, t: 22mm, Glazing, t: 25m + Laminated safety glass, t: 3mm] Insulating block as underground thermal break + Mineral wool insulation, t: 230mm Weatherproofing membrane Reinforced concrete ground slab raft foundation

3/ External paving Granite natural stone paving, t: 30mm Compacted aggregate base

4/ Gasholder column

4 Gasholder frame column Gasholder frame column reinfroced concrete base + foundation

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/CORRESPONDING DETAIL PLAN

Detail 1 Section Cut

/DETAIL SECTION 2: LIVING BUILDING ENTRANCE

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1/ Balcony Floor-to-ceiling insulated double-glazed sliding balcony doors, h: 2760mm Glass balustrade to balcony with curved stainless steel handrail, h: 1100mm Coloured metal cassette cladding to conceal balcony build-up Stainless steel bracket connected to top and bottom rails and sliding runners for shutters Motorised folding perforated bronze metal shutters

2/ Bathroom Exterior Wall, total t: 400mm Ceramic Bathroom Wall Tiles Bond coating Services Cavity, t:30mm Vapour Control Layer Continuous rigid insulation, t: 40mm Light steel C-frame studs, b: 230mm Mineral wool insulation, t: 230mm Breather membrane Stainless steel ties holding facade Coloured metal cassette cladding 3/ Self-Build Interior Wall (Symmetrical separating wall between residential units), total t: 370mm Plasterboard panel with internal Magnesium Oxide board finish (moisture and fire resistant), t:30mm Services cavity, t:37mm Custom self-build plywood chassis panel, total t: 236mm

[Plywood panel, t: 18mm + Cavity (or with optional insulation), t: 200mm + Plywood panel, t: 18mm] Services cavity, t: 37mm Plasterboard panel with internal Magnesium Oxide board finish (moisture and fiore resistant), t: 30mm

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/SELF-BUILD INTERIOR WALL (1000mmx1000mm Typical Detail) /Sandwiched Axonometric

/Exploded Axonometric

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1/ 236mm Self-build chassis The chassis in the form of a box, customisable for different sizes and uses and easily built and dismantled without complex tools/instructions

2/ T-Slot Joint One out of infinite possible joint systems that is easily slotted and rotated to connect self-build chassis components

3/ 200mm Optional insulation The cavity within and around the self-build chassis provides space for insulation, mainly for external walls

4/ 37mm Services cavity Allows ‘plug-and-play’ pre-certified services to simply be wired-into the self-build chassis

5/ 30mm Plasterboard panel Internal finish with Magnesium Oxide board. Panels are moisture and fire resistant, can be painted and easily removed to gain access to services cavity. They simply slot onto the self-build chassis ‘grips’ - no measuring/ cutting required

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7/ A SELF-BUILDING COMMUNITY LIFESTYLE

All in all, the lifestyle present within the Self-Building Community revolves around the productive activity itself. By introducing a self-build manufacturing business in Granton - at its Gasholder, specifically - Granton provides both /Living and /Working opportunities simultaneously; a customisable furnished living with communal spaces, utilisation of digital fabrication that reaches out globally, as well as job opportunities in various fields such as retail, construction, education and more. Alongside those, /Leisure opportunities are also created to not only those who live and work there, but to people outside of Granton as well, as self-build products provide the medium for /Leisure facilities through a marketplace, events, exhibitions and more.

Ultimately, the circulation towards Granton’s Waterfront is enhanced dramatically, creating Granton itself as Edinburgh’s new leisure and communal hotspot - a productive and lively Granton.

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/LIVING, /LEISURE & /WORKING

X

The juxtaposition of a self-build manufacturing business with residential units and leisure facilities has created a new productive, communal hotspot in Granton, Edinburgh. Whilst enhancing circulation towards the Waterfront, Granton’s disused Gasholder is being enhanced as well, making Granton’s identity more prominent.

The simultaneous provision of /Living, /Working and /Leisure facilities in one architectural complex creates unique lifestyles that revolve around self-building.

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/LIVING

X

The /Living Building provides spectacular views over the Gasholder area, overlooking the /Leisure and /Working activities. From the residential balcony, solar shading is provided by the gasholder’s structure, motorised folding shutters, and the bracings of the building itself. From a public’s point of view, they see an animated facade controlled by the residents according to their routines.

Alongside that, the radial geometry of the gasholder and the doublelayered bracings present at the facade enhance this animation. Thus, the building enhances Granton’s sense of place identity through animating its iconic gasholder.

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/LIVING

X

The customisable residential units allow its residents to design their own furnished living, creating endless possibilities to enhance their lifestyles. Here, a newly-wed couple who are expecting is living together in one unit. They custom designed the layout of their home according to their routines and preferences. Both of them intend to stay here for a long time, which is beneficial as their family starts to grow. There is always the option to expand their home, as the middle self-build wall can be disassembled to make way for a larger home for the family. Thus, the flexibiltiy and customisability of the /Living residential units are very favourable for them.

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/LEISURE

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The pavilion facilitates /Leisure activities in the form of events, markets, shows and exhibitions. However, when no events are in place, as shown above, the pavilion becomes a communal hub to meet-up, have fun, and relax. The scene above shows the everyday lifestyle around the pavilion - workers having coffee at the cafe, children playing around the area and the self-build pods, friends meeting up, and also tourists visiting the area - a lively place.

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/WORKING X

As the main /Working space in the Self-Build Manufacturing Business, the CNC Cutting Factory is publicly shown to the 1st Floor Showrooms through a curtain wall, becoming a showroom itself. While allowing people to see the work, this actually aims to educate people more about self-building and digital fabrication, as the industrial world is approaching Industry 4.0. Children would gain early exposure and would benefit the industrial world in the long-run. The skylights, while allowing daylight penetration, helps with ventilation through its built-in stack effect ventilation vents. Along with extractor fans, the air inside the factory is safe. All in all, the /Working environment is safe and educational for the public.

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/LIVING, /LEISURE & /WORKING ELEVATION

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Overall, the implementation of /Living, /Leisure and /Working around the Gasholder creates a lively, communal and productive Granton through a Self-Building Community.

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8/ REFLECTION

Approaching the end of the project, my Part 1 Architecture studies is nearly completed as well. As this is the final design studio project, I have made a personal reflection throughout the process - including the main topic of the unit, Living and Working.

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/Online tutorials with Giorgio during the COVID-19 pandemic This final studio project for my Part 1 studies has been a fun and challenging experience. When my tutors (Giorgio Ponzo & Ana Miret García) asked to propose a productive activity in Granton, my first response was to find out Granton’s identity. This may be due to my recent dissertation submission that focuses on ‘sense of place identity’.

It was a spontaneous response, but somehow allowed me to investigate what Granton’s history was, its current development, as well as its potential to be something more - leading to my productive activity proposal, a selfbuild manufacturing business.

I have been fascinated with the concept of self-building after discovering Wikihouse projects, and recently found out about digital fabrication and its importance within the industrial world that is approaching Industry 4.0. Hence, this productive activity seems the right path to keep moving on. The gasholder caught my interest, as making use of this disused structure would enhance Granton’s identity. However, I had difficulties during typological exploration - should I juxtapose a new typology around the gasholder, or build around its geometry? During this time, the COVID-19 pandemic happened, and my works were interrupted.

However, working at home allowed me to clearly look back at my initial ideas and the project brief. With constant online tutorials with Giorgio, I found my rhythm back and was able to continue working. Referencing the Unit’s topic of integrating Working and Living, I believe that working at home during the pandemic has given me time and ‘space’ to clear my mind and set my aims in realising my initial concepts of ‘sense of place’ and the productive activity’s attributes to create a productive environment.

Thus, as a personal reflection, the integration between working and living may still be a long stretch to be fully embraced in real life. However, as seen in today’s unprecedented situation, working and living can co-exist and is manageable - in some cases, people are much more productive at home. As architects, we are tasked in designing these new kinds of spaces - in this case, spaces that can house both working and living, and through new innovations in architecture - in my case, digital fabrication. Therefore, architects should always anticipate and ponder the future of living and its possibilities, as well as how architecture would adapt. All in all, this project has allowed me to apply all of my knowledge and previous studies in architecture, and therefore the pinnacle of my Part 1 studies. Special thanks to my tutors Giorgio Ponzo & Ana Miret García for this opportunity.

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//BIBLIOGRAPHY

Canter, David. “The Facets of Place.” In Psychology in Action. Dartmouth Benchmark Series, 107-38. Hantshire: Dartmouth Publishing Company, 1996.

Canter, David. The Psychology of Place. London: Architectural Press, 1977.

Clayton. “CNC Manufacturing Guide.” GitHub. Last modified August 31, 2018. https://github.com/wikihouseproject/Wren/ wiki/CNC-Manufacturing-Guide.

Cooper, Keith. “WikiHouse: The future of housebuilding?” Construction News. Last modified March 16, 2015. https://www. constructionnews.co.uk/news/knowledge-news/wikihouse-the-future-of-housebuilding-16-03-2015/#X-201503131123570.

Farmer, Mark. “Modernise or Die.” The Farmer Review of the UK Construction Labour Model. Construction Leadership Council, October 2016. http://www.cast-consultancy.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Farmer-Review-1.pdf.

IKEA. “IKEA Industry - Inter IKEA Group.” Date accessed May 8, 2020. https://inter.ikea.com/en/inter-ikea-group/ikeaindustry/index.html.

Markus, Justas. “What is Manufacturing?” Oberlo. Last modified January 23, 2019. https://www.oberlo.co.uk/ecommerce-wiki/ manufacturing.

New London Architecture. “Factory-Made Housing - A Solution for London?” NLA, October 2018. Date Accessed May 8, 2020. http://newlondonarchitecture.org/docs/factory-made_housing_nla_reseach.pdf.

Pollard Thomas Edwards Architects. “Beechwood West.” Date accessed May 8, 2020. https://www.pollardthomasedwards. co.uk/projects/beechwood-west/.

RIBA Architecture. “Does IKEA-style self-assembly have a place in architecture.” RIBA. Last modified September 5, 2019. https://www.architecture.com/knowledge-and-resources/knowledge-landing-page/does-ikea-style-self-assembly-have-a-placein-architecture.

Studio Bark. “U-Build by Studio Bark is a Revolutionary Self-build System.” Date accessed May 8, 2020. https://u-build.org/.

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