LA RUSSIE NE BOUDE PAS; ELLE SE RECUEILLE rance can be the first country in the history of the post-Soviet Russia which shares its state-of-the-art Naval technologies. It is the case of a deal between Moscow and Paris over Mistral, an amphibious assault ship, a type of helicopter carrier. Today a rising spout of debate concerning the need to purchase the ship from France is ongoing, even the political decision has been taken already. The number of supporters and opponents of the deal are almost equal and it means that the truth is in the middle. The years of reforms, so called transition period, left ineffaceable mark on the shipbuilding industry, especially in the Navy. A lot of technologies were lost, very many specialists fled abroad in order to find better place for living. In this regard Russia has no choice but to trample on pride and receive the helping hand stretched by France. However it is important to mention that the deal should cover not only the hull of the ship, which is for sure the Russian shipbuilders are able to manufacture themselves, but modern technologies and ship-in built equipment and systems. The issue is not just to copy-and-paste the experience of the French shipbuilders but to understand, digest and produce a ship at the Russian shipyards with the help of Western technologies. The importance of purchasing French Mistral for the Russian Federation also lays in the field of maritime security, as the challenges of the 21st century show that terrorism has shifted to the oceans and seas. The perfect example is the situation in the Golf of Aden. Today the sea is being used as the playing yard for industrialists' innovation and research activities. In its turn such activities require the close cooperation between maritime states, including land-locked countries as well, in the field of sharing technologies, experience, endeavour, etc. 22nd International Naval Defence and Maritime Exhibition and Conference is exactly the right place to share ideas on maritime security. It is going to be one of the greatest event in the field of Navy armament and weapon systems this year. The steady growth of exhibitors, from around 150 in 1994 up to 379 last year, once again fortifies the meaning of this exhibition for the specialists, designers, developers and, of course, consumers of Naval vessels, armaments, equipment and shipbuilding technologies. Traditionally Russia attends the Event and does its best to bring to the attention of attendees the latest maritime and shipbuilding developments, especially in naval defence field. In order to facilitate the familiarity we aimed this issue of the Magazine to be fully devoted to new combat ships, anti-aircraft missile and artillery systems, torpedoes, etc. We also shed light to the development of the Russian Navy shipbuilding. Dear readers, we hope that information in our Magazine will help you to better understand the latest tendencies and challenges the Russian shipbuilders and militaries have to face today. We also hope that our articles will shift your horizons and stock you with knowledge about modern Russian Navy.
F
Oleg PEREVOSCHIKOV Deputy Director General
1-2 DECEMBER
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2010
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• How serious is the future underwater threat?
Commander Phillippe Cornez, Director, NATO Centre of Excellence Naval Mine Warfare, Belgium
• What are the latest technological advances in weapons and sensors?
Commander Oscar Boot, Team Leader, Future Vision, DMO, The Netherlands
Jeffrey Gossett, Technical Director, Arctic Submarine Laboratory, US NAVY
Captain Roberto Bottazzi-Schenone, Head of UWW, Italian Navy
• How will recent events impact on current and future ASW capability?
Robert Been, Programme Manager Cooperative ASW, NATO Undersea Research Centre (NURC), Italy
• What are the newest and most effective platforms in this field?
Commander Christian Faust, Commanding Officer, Submarine School, German Navy
Commander Stig Berg, Head of ASW, Norwegian Naval Training Establishment
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5(55).2010
C O N T E N T S ARMS MARKET
EDITORIAL STAFF Editor-in-Chief of A4 Press, Editor-in-Chief of “Arsenal” Magazine Viktor Murakhovskiy Editor-in-Chief of “Arms” Magazine Anton Chernov Editor-in-Chief of “Airfleet” Magazine Alexander Gudko Editor-in-Chief of “World Airshows” Magazine Svetlana Komagorova Editor Alexander Velovich DESIGN AND LAYOUT Art-Director Al'vina Kirillova Designers Alexander Strelyaev Alexander Cheredaiko Ildar Idiatullin Layout Designer Elena Shishova GRAPHIC ARTS Photo V. Kuzmin, V. Belogrud, JSC SSTC, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding, L. Karyakin, JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation, Arsenal Design Bureau, CDB ME “Rubin”, Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute PUBLISHING HOUSE MOSCOW Director General Evgeny Osipov Deputy Director General Alexander Kiryanov Marketing Director Leonid Belayev Creative Director Denis Pereverzev IT Support Pavel Chernyak Office Manager Elena Zolotukhina ST PETERSBURG Deputy Director General Oleg Perevoschikov Commercial Director Sergey Baydak Advertising Sales Director Milana Nikolaeva Development Director Dmitriy Koshalov Roman Moshnin Marketing Director Grigoriy Zubok Circulation: 5000 The magazine is registered in the Committee for Press of the Russian Federation. Certificate № 016692 as of 20.10.1997. Certificate № 77-15450 as of 19.05.2003. Any material in this publication may not be reproduced in any form without the written permission of the publisher. The editorial staff’s opinion does not necessarily coincide with that of the authors. Advertisers bear responsibility for the content of provided materials.
ARMS, 2010 ADDRESS P.O. Box 77, Moscow, 125057, Russia Tel.: + 7 495 626-52-11 Fax.: + 7 499 151-61-50 E-mail: af@airfleet.ru Office 1V, 2/6, Moskovsky prospect, Saint Petersburg, 190031, Russia Tel./fax: +7 812 310-61-46 E-mail: arsenal@msk2.da.ru
www.interarms.ru
p. 4
4 Russia was and will be naval power
TECHNOLOGIES 8 Arsenal: from the beginnings up until now
SHIPBUILDING
p. 20
18 A breakthrough in shipbuilding 20 OPK’s shipyards and militarytechnical cooperation 24 Ships for the Navy should not be purchased abroad, but should be built in Russia p. 36 28 Shipbuilding industry drives maritime activities
WEAPONS 36 Russian torpedoes. Solutions for domestic use and export
AIR DEFENSE 40 Soviet Union and Russian Fleet air defense systems
NAVY 54 Russian non-nuclear submarine AMUR 1650
p. 54
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RUSSIA WAS AND WILL BE NAVAL POWER hese words the Russian President Dmitry Medvedev said during a meeting at the Security Council of the Russian Federation. He has mentioned that Fleet, and particular Navy, is the important factor of the development of Russia. It is essential when security of food and energy supplies as well as defense issues should be solved. 2009 and 2010 can be considered as good years for the Russian shipbuilding industry due to the in-time financing and professionalism of authorities. The State Defense Order 2009 was about 500 billion rubles and about 20% was submitted to the Russian Navy. The shipbuilding
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industry started 2010 with the 62% growth. This fact encourages the development of the Russian Navy. However, the Russian President underlines some points that should be executed in a short period of time in order to provide the Russian shipbuilding industry with the steady growth. The first, to finish the Program on Military Shipbuilding, where the list of advanced combat ships should be fixed. Further on to estimate and provide the needed money to fulfil the Program in the framework of the State Armament Program for 2011 and 2020. The Comprehensive Long-Run Shipbuilding Development Program should be finished by the end of
2010. The program should endorse all tendencies that effect the Russian shipbuilding industry, including the competition with shipbuilders from foreign countries. The third, to determine the level of the State support to the industry. The last but not least is the challenges for Russian Navy in struggle for Arctic resources. This issue should not be confined only to Navy, but also development of commercial fleet. The Russian Federation should determine what it can do and what cannot. What we can produce ourselves and what we have to import. The fulfilment of the first Program has already started. Due to the intime financing and clear view what
ARMS MARKET
kind of combat vessels the Russian Navy needs, the laying of the “Severodvinsk” (project 885) nuclearpowered attack submarine's keel was possible. Moreover the “Kazan” nuclear-powered submarine and a second frigate project 22350 “Admiral Flota Kasatonov” are under construction today. In 2009–2010 the at-sea tests of the “Yuriy Dolgorukiy” project 995 ballistic missile submarine are ongoing According to open source information some works were conducted at two submarines project 995A “Alexander Nevskiy” and “Vladimir Monamah”. Submarines project 995 and advanced 995A are able to submerge up to 450 meters, have speed
up to 29 knots. They armed with 16 ballistic missiles R-30 “Bulava” and six torpedo launchers. Today “Alexander Nevskiy” and “Vladimir Monamah” project 995A are under construction.
Moreover the fourth submarine of this project is planned to be armed with 20 launchers of the “Bulava” missile. Along with tests and building of nuclear submarines, the fullrange works were conducted at the "Petersburg" diesel electric submarine (project 677 class Lada), which is classified as the forth generation sub. The comprehensive works allowed to put the submarine into service in 2010. Two more diesel electric submarines “Kronshtadt” and “Sevastopol” are under construction. In 2009 the Russian Fleet received the “Yaroslav Mudry” corvette project 11540. The same year the hull of the “Ivan Gren” large landing ship was completed. According to some sources, the vessel will have a displacement of 5000-6000 tons and will be able to carry up to 13 main battle tanks or 60 armoured personnel carriers. In a short run the Russian Navy should receive more up-to-date battle ships. In 2010 the laying of three new-project frigates and three submarines project 636 keel is expected. It is worth to mention that all of them are planned to be commissioned to the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Today the works concerning the harbour testing at the “Soobrazitelniy” corvette project 20380 are almost over. There are different systems, equipment installation works are ongoing at the ship, as well as cabins are getting modernized. In 2011 the first ship “Admiral Flota Gorshkov” frigate project 22350 is planned to be handed over to the Navy. The second ship of this project “Admiral Flota Kasatonov” is scheduled to be handed over in 2012.
The Steregushchy class corvette was designed by the Almaz Central Marine Design Bureau. The corvette is a multipurpose ship designed to exercise combat operations in the littoral zone against surface ships and submarines. It is planned to replace the Grisha class. The first batch being built at Severnaya Verf shipyard in St. Petersburg consists of four ships. A second building line has been started at Komsomolsk where orders for at least a further two ships are expected. There is an export version known as Project 20382 Tigr. In total, the Russian Navy have publicly announced that they expect to buy at least 20 of these ships, for all four major fleets. Indonesian navy have plans to purchase 4 vessels of this type to replace their aging Dutch-built Fatahillah class corvettes.
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ARMS MARKET According to the top Navy commanders, in a mid run the focus will be on modernization of the fleet. All nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers project 1144 are planned to be put into service from reserve by 2020. First of all it is “Admiral Nakhimov”, “Admiral Lazarev” and “Admiral Ushakov”. All three mentioned cruisers including “Pyotor Velikiy”, which is commissioned to the Northern Fleet will be deeply upgraded. In particular all equipment, power plant and armament will be replaced by new ones. The works on modernization are expected to be over within 10 years. A new generation of littoral zone battle ships are expected to be introduced to public in a short period of time. In the conversation with Editor-in-Chief of “ARMS. Defense Technologies Review” the Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy Vladimir Vysotskiy highlighted that the works on these ships were ongoing and in a mid run they would be fielded in all four main Russian Fleets. He also mentioned that the technical characteristics of the future Russian ships would not underperform and even excel the Western made analogues. Talking about modern Russian Navy one cannot stop discussing the most vulnerable topic concerning a up-to-date submarine-launched ballistic missile. The "Bulava" missile (the NATO reporting name SS-NX-32) is under tests however, not everything is going smoothly and according to the plan. Around half of tests were failed but military-political leadership expresses its assurance that in future the missile will pass all tests and be fielded at the modern Russian ballisThe assembling of the “Ivan Gren” landing ship
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GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEVERODVINSK 5,800–7,700–9,500 surfaced Displacement, t 8,200–13,800 submerged Length, m 111 Beam, m
12
Draught, m
8,4
Propulsion
1x KPM type pressurized water reactor 20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ submerged max 50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted]
Speed Complement Armament Torpedoes Missiles
650mm and 533 mm caliber TV, self-guided torpedoes. The submarine can be armed with mines. P-800 “Onix”, Х-35, Х-101, ZМ-54E, ZМ-54E1, ZМ-14E
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOOBRAZITELNIY Displacement, t: 1900 Length, m:
104.5
Beam, m:
11.1
Draught, m:
03.07.10 2 shaft CODAD, 4 16D49 diesels 24.000hp (17.9 MW), power supply AC 380/220V, 50 Hz, 4x630 kw diesel genset 26
Propulsion: Speed, kn: Complement:
Armament
100 1 x Arsenal A-190 100mm 2 x MTPU pedestal machine gun 14.5 mm 2 x Kashtan-M CADS 8x P-800 Oniks anti ship missiles in 2 vertical launchers or 6x 3M-54 Klub(91RE2) ASuW&ASW missiles in one vertical launcher or 8x Kh-35 missiles in one vertical launcher 6x SS-N-29 /RPK-9 Medvedka Medvedka-VE anti-submarine missile in one launcher 4 x 400mm torpedo tubes,
tic missile submarines. When this issue was good for printing, the 13th successful test-launch of "Bulava" from the "Yuriy Dolgorukiy" nuclear submrine was conducted. The positive tendencies that take place in the Russian Navy shipbuilding industry play positive role
in the field of export. Many specialists and not only in Russia, say that Moscow has all chances to increase the number of non-nuclear submarines in the global arms market. During last four years Russia exported only four non-nuclear submarines but up to six non-nuclear sub-
ARMS MARKET GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF 636M SUBMARINE Surfaced: 2,350 Displacement, t: Submerged: 3,000 tons full load Length, m: 74.0 Draft, m:
Endurance:
6.5 Operational: 240 meters Maximum: 300 meters Diesel-electric propulsion 2 x 1000 kW Diesel generators 1 x 5,500–6,800 shp Propulsion motor 1 x fixed-pitch Propeller Surfaced: 10–12 knots Submerged: 17–25 knots With snorkel: 6,000–7,500 miles at 7 knots Submerged: 400 miles at 3 knots Full run: 12.7 miles at 21 knots 45 days
Test depth:
300 m
Operational Range
4000 miles
Complement:
52 6/553 mm torpedo tubes 18 torpedoes 24 mines 8 SA-N-8 Gremlin or 8 SA-N-10 Gimlet Surface-to-air missiles (export submarines may not be equipped with air defense weapons)
Artillery Armament
1x1 130-mm А-192 gun
Depth of hold:
Propulsion:
Speed: Range:
Armament:
marines are expected to be exported by 2013. The contract worths around three billion US dollars. During the visit of Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyen Tan Dung last year on December 15 the agreement between “Rosoboronexport” and Vietnam was inked. According to the 2 billion US dollar agreement six submarines project 636M will be delivered to Vietnam. In addition Vietnamese Navy needs to have proper infrastructure, armament and other systems and equipment to use these submarines. In this regard the total sum of the contract can exceed three billion US dollars. The “Admiralty Shipyards” company was chosen as a Contractor, where two submarines project 636M are under construction for Algerian Navy. In the framework of Russian technical military cooperation it is important to mention the leasing agreement with India. The country wants to lease Russian made nuclear submarines. The contract is also very lucrative for Moscow. The specialists forecast the increase of export in the field of speed boats, missile boats, gunboats and landing ships, that are able to be used in the rivers, littoral zone, etc. The Russian Federation ranks next
to the United States of America in the field of export of the mentioned vessels, so for Russia the wide horizons are open in this segment, especially taking into account the quality/
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PROJECT 22350 Displacement 4500 tones Length
135 м
Beam
16 м
Draught
4,5 м
Anti-Ship missiles
8xZM “Onix” missiles
Anti-submarine missiles AA missile system Helicopter
8x “Medvedka-2” “Uragan” (combat stock — 24 missiles) 1 Ka-32 helicopter
price ratio, which is inherent to all armament and weapon systems produced in Russia.
Anton Chernov
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF YASEN PROJECT 885 5,800-7,700-9,500 surfaced Displacement, t: 11,800 submerged Length, m: 120m Beam, m:
15m
Draught, m:
8,4m
Propulsion:
Range:
1x KPM type pressurized water reactor 20kn surfaced, 28kn submerged silent, 35kn+ submerged max [2] unlimited except by food supplies
Test depth:
600 meters
Complement:
50 [24 officers / 26 enlisted] 8x3 (total: 24)P-800 Oniks missiles, 10x torpedo tubes (650mm and 533mm).
Speed:
Armament:
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TECHNOLOGIES
ARSENAL: FROM THE BEGINNINGS UP UNTIL NOW
100mm AK-100 artillery mount
Today, the Arsenal is the commonwealth of two leading enterprises of the Russian military-industrial complex: the Arsenal Design Bureau named after M. Frunze Federal State Unitary Enterprise and the Arsenal Machine-building Plant Joint-Stock Company, which close and inseparable mutual activities are focused on development and production of such the newest prototypes of weaponry and military equipment as artillery mounts for surface combat ships and automatic space systems designed to accomplish governmental objectives. he Arsenal is one of the oldest Russian defense enterprises having a centuries-long history initiated by Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia, who issued a decree in 1711 to establish the Cannon Casting Yard, which subsequently became the base for the Arsenal of St. Petersburg. By the late 18th — early 19th century, the
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Peter I, the founder of the St. Petersburg’s Arsenal
Mikhail Sapego, the leader of the St. Petersburg’s Arsenal 8
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Arsenal located in St. Petersburg had become not only a Russian ordnance factory, but also a leading technical center. It was this place where the national technical policy in the area of artillery ordnance was shaped, fundamentally new design solutions were born, new technologies were created, and the first standards for the fabrication and testing of artillery weapons were developed. The
best weaponry experts, prominent researches, developers and inventors such as General Feldzeugmeister (Master General of Ordnance) J. Bruce, Artillery Commander of the Russian Army, Major General A. Zasyadko, the researcher and developer of armament powder rockets, the author of the first multiple launch rocket system (a prototype of “Katuysha” and current “Grad” mul-
TECHNOLOGIES sulted in almost complete collapses Howitzer of and the need to revive subsequent- P. Shuvalov ly the Russian economy and industry, the 20th century became an epoch of intense scientific and technical development for Arsenal: expansion of the manufactured product range and manufacturing facilities. All-round battery of Over its entire history the Arsenal A. Nartov was a publicly-owned enterprise that actually took no part in political oc- “Edinorog” howitzer curring in the country. The enter- of P. Shuvalov prise’s team always aimed all efforts at enhancement of the national defense capacity, upgrading and development of new prototypes of weaponry and military equipment. Right after the end of World War I and the Civil War, the young Red Army required restoring arsenal of artillery weapons remained in the country in order to ensure its battleworthiness. The Arsenal plant carried out repair and upgrade of field ordnance. Even at that time, the Arsenal’s specialists understood pretty good that the old-pattern cannonry developed in the late 19th century and manutiple launch rocket system) worked for the Arsenal. A. Zasyadko developed not only the first 2, 2.5 and 4 inch missile launchers, but also tactics for their operational use. Rocket launchers designed by A. Zasyadko got their ‘baptism of fire’ in 1825 during the Caucasian military engagements and in the Russo-Turkish war 1828–1829. Their use greatly facilitated the success in combat operations of the Russian Army. A. Nartov developed the first automatic rapidfire all-round 44-barrel battery. The designers under the leadership of P. Shuvalov developed the howitzer with a divergent bore ensuring horizontal fan-shaped dissemination of case shot that enlarged considerably the fragment footprint, as well as the “Edinorog” (unicorn) long-barrel gun-howitzer having a cone cartridge chamber and enhanced range and accuracy of shooting. To create new prototypes of weapons, the Arsenal engaged such distinguished scholars as L. Euler, D. Mendeleev, N. Maievsky, etc. Despite different political changes in the country, cataclysms of World War I and II that repeatedly re-
45mm antitank gun
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TECHNOLOGIES 130mm AK-130 artillery mount
ZIF-121 decoy-target system ZIF-122 antiaircraft missile system
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factured in the early 20th century were considerably exceeded in their technical capabilities (firing range, rate of fire, maneuverability) by new prototypes of weapons used by the European (German, French, Italian) and American Armies. Despite limited manufacturability, lack of raw materials and manpower, in the early 1920ies the Arsenal plant set up a specialized design team that succeeded within the shortest possible period in developing projects of the first national 45mm, 60mm and 76mm “Arsenalets” self-propelled caterpillar artillery mounts. The plant manufactured first development prototypes of these mounts. By the early 1930ies, the Arsenal had developed and started producing the new guns: 45mm DOT-4 casemate gun and 7-33 antitank gun. In 1937 the enterprise formed its own design bureau on the basis of
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
the design team of a joint design bureau (the JDB No. 7), which operated in two areas: artillery and mortar. The professionals under the leadership of distinguished designers B. Shavyrin and V. Shamarin developed the first national mortars BM-37 (82mm battalion mortar), PM-38; PM-41 (120mm regimental mortar), 50mm and 107mm mortars that were army-accepted in 1938-1941 and revealed their excellent performance in combat operations near the Hasan lake and in the area of the Khalkhin-Gol river, played a key role in their struggle against German Fascism during World War II. Many projects developed by the Arsenal (or the Plant No. 7 by its first name) were passed over for their large-scale manufacture to other national ordnance factories in Leningrad, Perm, Kiev, Sevastopol, and Krasnoyarsk. The artillery activities were also fruitful. Till
1941, the Arsenal had developed and started producing the 76mm “7-2” mountain guns, 107mm howitzers and 76mm regimental guns. In 1938–1939, the Arsenal started its history of developing first shipborne artillery mounts. During this period, the Design Bureau developed the BMB-1 single-barrel and the BMB-2 double-barrel antisubmarine mortars that provided firing of D-bombs from the ship’s board to distances of up to 110 meters. Moreover, under a special order of the Government, the Arsenal developed the first national 90mm GKP7 harpoon gun to be installed on vessels of whaling flotillas; technical characteristics of this harpoon gun that were considerably superior to the ones of harpoon guns manufactured by a Norwegian company being the world leader in the production and supply of similar products at those times. The GKP-7 guns were manufactured by the Arsenal in the post-war period also. The GKP-7 provided fault-free operation in any climatic conditions and were installed on harvesting vessels of such worldrenowned Russian whaling flotillas as Aleut; Slava, Sovetskaya Rossiya; Sovetskaya Ukraina; Yuri Dolgoruky. This and many other cannons, including the first self-propelled guns, were developed under the leadership of talented designer L. Gorlitsky. Products developed by the Arsenal always featured novelty of technical solutions using the most progressive scientific achievements. As early as the pre-war period, the Arsenal’s designers were among the
TECHNOLOGIES first who started using aluminum alloys for the development of artillery mounts and welding procedures for the fabrication of their frame structures. In the 1930ies, the Arsenal vastly expanded its production facilities, opened specialized workshops, extensively renewed its machining facilities, and implemented new industrial standards. The Arsenal’s specialists continuously monitored and studied latest global scientific and engineering achievements, adopted the experience of leading industrially developed countries. Based on this experience, they developed their own original constructional and process solutions that enabled them to create products with technical characteristics that were considerably superior to the ones of foreign analogs. As early as those years, the Arsenal succeeded for the first time in entering the world weapons market. Batches of the “7-2” mountain guns manufactured by the Arsenal were repeatedly supplied to Spain along with the supplies of other best weapons with a view to provide international assistance to the resistance fighting against the fascist regime. The RM-40 (50mm caliber) mortars were supplied to the Chinese Red Army to fight against Japanese invaders. Despite selective evacuation to the city of Perm during World War II, the Arsenal continued its active manufacturing, research and engineering activities. During the time of the Siege of Leningrad, in incredibly heavy and subhuman conditions, the plant manufactured 120mm mor-
tars, 76mm mountain guns, 45mm antitank guns and other weaponry. In 1944, the plant started producing the BS-3 (100mm caliber) antitank field gun. The Arsenal’s designers also proceeded with their activities during the war times, thus enabling the enterprise to supply to the Army in the first post-war years the new casemate gun prototypes 85mm ZIF-26 (max firing range: 8,730 m) and 100mm ZIF-25 (max firing range: 21,000 m). The ZIF-25 and ZIF26 guns provided the defense capacity of the Russian borders in the Far East and naval bases in the Baltic Sea area. Due to these successful efforts in the development of the ZIF-26, the Arsenal was awarded the State Prize in 1948. During the time of World War II, our country lost a substantial amount of naval ships. In 1946, the Government issued a number of basic decrees on the construction of powerful Navy fitted out with up-todate equipment. The experience of World War II demonstrated that the surface ships and submarines under construction should be equipped with new-generation artillery to effectively destroy the enemy’s antisurface ship facilities. Thus, a new objective was to develop naval multipurpose automatic remote-controlled systems with different calibers and high rates of fire. The Government understood that such a complicated military technical objective could be achieved only by consolidating the activities of an artillery design bureau and a major industrial enterprise with the support of specialized
RT-2P missile
Mobile missile system with the RT-15 ballistic missile
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TECHNOLOGIES R-31 missile
Steering gear for the first stage of the “Energiya” launcher of the “EnergiyaBuran” Space System
research institutions. Based on the experience gained by the Arsenal in the artillery systems development, fabrication and testing due to the close cooperation well-established by then, with a proving ground located in close vicinity to the enterprise near Rzhevka village, Leningrad region; available huge technological advance, as well as the fact that main shipbuilding yards were located in Leningrad, the national Government decided to assign this very difficult mission to the Arsenal (the Plant No. 7). In November 1949, the Council of Ministers issued a decree to set up the Central Design Bureau No. 7 that included the JDB No. 7 and several divisions of the Naval Artillery Central Design Bureau as well. Best national experts in this area were engaged in this newly established design bureau. The Arsenal started a new life. The first exam for the newly formed Central Design Bureau was an order to develop the 57mm SM-24-ZIF twin artillery mount for Satellite equipped with the “Buk-3” nuclear power plant
“Plazma-А” satellite with the “Topaz” nuclear power plant 12
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ARMS Defence Technologies Review
submarines (max rate of fire: 115 rounds per minute; max firing range: 12,700 m). The Arsenal managed the task perfectly: starting to develop this mount in 1950, the enterprise contributed in as early as in 1951 successfully passed firing trials with the SM-24-ZIF artillery mount, which was army-accepted in 1953. Conceptually new structures of automatic magazine receivers created by the designers and used in the SM-24-ZIF artillery mounts, entirely eliminated any stoppages during fires; the artillery mount barrel was provided with cooling system; it had specialized corrosion protection and better survivability. These engineering solutions were used during the development of next-generation artillery mounts. Over a ten-years period, the design bureau had developed a number of shipborne antiaircraft artillery mounts, as follows: 45mm SM21-ZIF single-barrel gun (max rate-offire: 180 rds/min); 45mm SM-20-ZIF quadruple deck-based open-type artillery mount (rate of fire: up to 160
rds/min) and 57mm ZIF-75 (max rate of fire: 140 rds/min; max firing range: 12,700 m); 57mm AK-725 turret twin artillery mount (max rate of fire: 400 rds/min; max firing range: 12,700 m) and 76.2mm АК-726 (max rate of fire: 100 rds/min; max firing range: 15,700 m) for air, waterborne, shore targets, etc. The АК-725 and АК-726 artillery mounts (like SM-20-ZIF; ZIF-75) were fitted out with equipment for automatic remote guidance from the MR103 radar and television optical system with two channels (detection and tracking) that enables adjusting the artillery mount fire during its operational use. In the second half of the 1960ies, the Navy required 100mm and 130mm fully mechanized turret artillery mounts with a rate of fire of 40–60 rds/min (which is nearly 4 times higher than that of pre-existing artillery mounts in the same caliber class), remote control for waterborne, shore and air (including lowflying) targets. The main problem in the development of such artillery mounts was to develop a gun’s feed mechanism. However, the Arsenal solved this problem successfully. The Arsenal designed and commissioned the following artillery mounts: in 1978 — Single Barrel 100mm AK-100 artillery mount (max rate of fire: 60 rds/min; ammunition load: 300 rounds; max firing range: 21,000 m), and in 1985 — Twin-Barrel 130mm АК-130 artillery mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/min, each barrel; ammunition load: 200 rounds; max firing range: 24,000 m). Both artillery mounts have improved operational, accuracy, interference-protection, and damage control characteristics. The АК-130 includes the MR-184 multi-channel system (target sighting radar and television channels; laser range finder, moving target selection and anti-interference equipment; comput-
TECHNOLOGIES
ing unit coupled with external information and combat employment sources) that enables adjusting the artillery mount fire, destroying different types of air targets (smallsized, high-speed, flying at extreme altitudes), conducting a naval artillery battle, attacking coastal areas during landing operations in heavy operational situations. The AK-725 and AK-726; AK100, and AK-130 developed by the Arsenal are still in the inventory of the Russian Navy; they are fitted out actually on every medium or hightonnage combat ships. The AK-130 artillery mounts are installed on the Russian guided missile cruisers: Moskva; Marshal Ustinov; and Pyotr Velikiy. The AK artillery mounts have been supplied and are still in operational service to a number of foreign countries: China, India, Syria, Algeria, Cuba, etc. Taking into account the AK-130 artillery mount upgrading regularly carried out by the Arsenal, these artillery mounts are quite competitive in the world market even now. Apart from the Arsenal’s production of artillery mounts and delivery of sets of spare parts to the Russian Navy, the Arsenal’s specialists also provide warranty and postwarranty service and repair; train the
Navy’s personnel, including the foreign partners. Dealing with the naval artillery, the Arsenal has never ceased its missile activities started by A. Zasyadko as far back as the 19th century. In 60-70ies, the Arsenal design bureau developed the ZIF-101 and ZIF102 shipborne deck-based missile launchers (Volna antiaircraft missile system); ZIF-122 (OSA-M antiaircraft [AA] missile system), as well as decoytarget systems such as PK-16; PK-2М (ZIF-121), which have also been exported many times. The Arsenal was awarded the State Prize for its development of the OSA-M AA m.issile system. A substantial contribution to the development of the shipborne artillery mounts such as АК and AA mis-
sile systems was made by the Arsenal “Kosmos” series design bureau’s distinguished de- spacecraft signers such as A. Arefiev; P. Tyurin; E. Malishevsky, etc. at different times. In 1958, the Arsenal initiated R& D efforts aimed to create the D-6 submersible launch strategic solid-propellant ballistic missile system for shore targets. P. Tyurin supervised the R& D efforts as the Chief Designer of the system project; S. Korolyov (the JDB-1) was the Research Manager for the D-6. A great number of research institutions and enterprises were en- “Neva” unified small gaged in this project. Concurrently spacecraft bus with the performed research and elaboration of design documentation, the Arsenal commenced largescale preparation of its production facilities. Meanwhile, the Government assigned the designers a task to develop similar stationary and mobile ground missile systems. Despite the fact that the D-6 system project was recognized as inperspective in 1962, the Arsenal and the JDB-1 continued their close cooperation with a view to develop ground missile systems. Their joint efforts resulted in the following products in the 1970ies: the 15P696 mobile missile system with the RT-15 ballistic missile; 15P098P silo-based missile system with the RT2P missile (had been in operational service till 1994). After all, the Arsenal developed and commissioned the D-11 submersible launch missile system with the R-31 ballistic missile in 1980 (removed from the inventory in 1990). In the early 1960ies, the national Government assigned the scientific society and the industrial sector a principally new problem to develop the first-ever all-weather space system for ocean-area observation and above-water object acquisition UFIKT small satellite on the base of the “Neva” bus
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TECHNOLOGIES “Sever” (North) small satellite on the base of the “Neva” bus
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with data transmission directly to missile carriers or ground points. The Arsenal, engaged in the development of artillery and guided missile systems in those times, did not immediately start these new activities. However, in 1969 the Arsenal was handed over the space system design documentation partially developed by NPOMash (Reutovo) and assigned a task to elaborate design documentation for the space vehicle. Thus, the Arsenal design bureau has acquired another area of activities, which was supervised by V. Kalabin. The Arsenal’s professionals, within a very short period, which is always representative for the Arsenal, succeeded in their efforts on the design documentation for the electronic reconnaissance space vehicle, renovation and retrofit of the production facilities capable of manufacturing totally new products. In 1973–1974, the space observation system based on the Kosmos series US-type space vehicle successfully underwent flight tests. The first stage of this system was commissioned in 1975. In 1978, this space system was delivered in its full volume. Successful results of operations carried out by the Arsenal’s personnel became the grounds for the Governmental decision to assign the enterprise a status of Parent enterprise in the development of space observation systems. The space activities became the main field of concern both for the design bureau and for the plant. The space surveillance system developed by the Arsenal demonstrated its high performance in 1982 during the Falklands War between the Great Britain and Argentina. The system ensured complete tracking and forecasting of the sea situation, precisely determine the landing time for the British landing forces. In subsequent years, the Arsenal was continuously engaged in the upgrading and improvement of UStype space vehicles. In the process of upgrading, the Arsenal worked out a number of new technical solutions i.e. electrojet propulsion system, instruments for a high-precision position control and stabilization system (solar sensors, magnetic disturbance torque compensator, damp-
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
ing solenoid system, multi-channel flywheels), etc. The Kosmos series US-type space vehicles had been on duty on the orbit up until 2008. In the middle 1980ies, the Arsenal developed the Plazma-А experimental space vehicle equipped with the Topaz nuclear power plant built on the thermal emission principle of thermal-electric energy conversion; its flight tests were carried out on elevated nuclear orbits. Concurrently with the development and manufacture of its own space vehicles, the Arsenal was engaged in the program on the development of the Yantar and Kobalt (Yantar-based) Earth photographic observation space vehicles, which main developer was SRP SRC TsSKBProgress. The Arsenal started the batch production of these space vehicles in the early 1980ies and effectively continues with it nowadays. Along with specialists from SRP SRC TsSKB-Progress, the Arsenal’s designers participated in the development of the Orlets space vehicle. They developed the 17D712 multipurpose regulated-impulse small-sized dryfuel brake engine providing highly accurate and reliable operations during drops of descent capsules to the Earth. As a part of the Buran project, the Arsenal developed a brand new structure for hydraulic steering gear with digital control provided to move the RD-170 engine chambers in the Energiya launcher and a number of their modifications — the most powerful steering gear (30 tf) in Russia and in the world for the oxygen-hy-
drogen engine of the second stage in the launcher vehicle. At present, the Arsenal carries out export deliveries of the RD-180-1000 steering gear developed on the basis of the steering gear for the first stage of the Energiya launcher, to be installed in the Atlas-5 launcher vehicles in the USA. The Arsenal has also developed an explosive-gas afterburner used during launches of launcher vehicles. Also, a major contribution was made by the Arsenal’s professionals to the development of the Sea Launch International Space Complex. The Arsenal has developed and manufactured specialized installation and fabrication equipment for operations with the upper stage rocket of the Zenit SL launch vehicle at the Assembly and Command ship. The space production specifics required not only expansion of the enterprise’s production floor, but also upgrading of the equipment, development and implementation of specialized brand new materials and technologies. To provide the space production, the Arsenal has implemented such technologies as argonarc, contact, electron-beam welding of aluminum, magnesium, titanium alloys and heat-resistant, highstrength steels; vacuum soldering of aluminum alloys; high-precision casting and machining; bending of waffle panels made of aluminum and magnesium alloys; electrochemical milling of large-sixed thin-walled structures; figurine-shaped casting of polyamide materials; procedures to fabricate thin-walled large-sized frame structures made of glass car-
TECHNOLOGIES bon plastic; fabrication of shaped thin-walled hollow aluminum panels for temperature-control systems; application of composite nanocoatings on metal or nonmetallic surfaces in vacuum; plasma spraying and so on. To test and completely check space vehicles, the Arsenal has developed and installed up-to-date equipment for its specialized “KITs” testing system. The Arsenal has monitoring and testing equipment for static and dynamic mechanical tests; climatic and electric tests. The plant’s Central Laboratory provides on-line metallographic, spectrum, chemical, and ultrasonic inspection of manufactured parts and units during manufacturing processes. The enterprise has its own welladjusted quality control system certified in accordance with the requirements of GOST R ISO 9001 and the requirements of the Product Development and Putting into Operation system, and employs a multistage step-be-step quality control system. The multicomponent nature of products manufactured in the longterm cycles requiring expansive engagement of enterprises — allied suppliers has raised a demand for the development and implementation of a specialized control process planning and automation system. In recent decades, the Arsenal has implemented a CALS-technology system for every stage of product development, startup and fabrication. The level of complexity and research intensity of space or artillery products continuously generates a need for improvement in the qualification level of personnel in the design bureau and the plant, attraction of new high-skilled scientific, engineering and technical, engineering and economic, and regular labor force to the Arsenal, purposeful comprehensive preparation of newcomers capable of ensuring continuation and further scientific and engineering development of the enterprise. Today, the Arsenal has 16 Candidates and Doctors of Engineering or Economics. With a view to solve career-oriented challenges, the Arsenal maintains longstanding cooperation with the Baltic
State Technical University and other higher institutions and colleges in St. Petersburg. The Arsenal has set up a training center designed to train and retrain specialists for the enterprise and the missile and space industry. With a centuries-long history of the Arsenal’s scientific, engineering and production school, the enterprise is a worthy successor and continuer of the traditions laid by Peter the Great. The Arsenal, which has forged the power of the Russian Army for 300 years, is one of the leaders in the Russian military industrial complex, a leading enterprise in the missile and space industry and one of the biggest enterprises in St. Petersburg. Being the Parent enterprise for the development of space observation systems and shipborne artillery mounts, the Arsenal carries out intense activities in the development of its traditional technology paths. In November 2009, the Arsenal commissioned a new space complex and launched the Lotos trial new-generation space vehicle developed by the Arsenal design bureau of the Liana system for radiophysical research of the Earth’s surface and ocean area. At present, flight tests with this space vehicle under way. In the process of creation of this space vehicle, designers of the Arsenal design bureau has developed and used a number of new all-purpose structural elements, which can be widely applied in the missile and space industry: small-sized electromechani-
cal drive for opening of antenna panels; automatic semiconductor electric heater designed to maintain preestablished surface temperatures of the space vehicle frame elements during their operation in areas with temperatures below zero; unified pyro devices capable of providing a low impact pulse, non-shattering actuation with no gas emission; aluminum gas-liquid figurine-shaped heat exchanger providing high heat transfer characteristics, and many other exclusive structural elements. At present, specialists of the design bureau along with the specialists of the plant develop more advanced space vehicles on the basis of the Lotos space vehicle. They develop advanced vehicle-borne special-purpose equipment for these space vehicles and equipment for control system. Also, they create specialized composite materials, structures made of them and their processing technologies. Realizing that the scientific and technical progress advances continuously like in the years past, the Arsenal looks into its future. The Arsenal design bureau actively participates in R&D efforts made as part of the Federal Space Program. Based on the available experience and the technological advance, the design bureau carries out design works under the “Energetics-Arsenal — Plasma-2010” program aimed to develop a multipurpose transport and power module (spacecraft bus) with enhanced power loading using a nu“Lotos” spacecraft
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TECHNOLOGIES clear power plant. The development of a space vehicle equipped with a nuclear power plant will provide good prospects for further research of the deep space, application of space equipment to solve various socioeconomic challenges. Also, the Arsenal takes part in conversion space programs. Based on the Kosmos-series space vehicles, the Arsenal has carried out the Cone-A space experiment under the joint Russian-US Wind-Konus space project on the research of space gamma radiation bursts using scientific instruments provided by A. Ioffe Physical-Technical Institute, has performed a considerable amount of works on preparation of the Nucleon space experiment i.e. research of high-energy cosmic rays, has developed and offered for implementation in the Federal Space Agency a number of projects for construction of small satellites based on the Neva unified small space platform designed to monitor the earth surface for tracking seismic activity, ice situation, environmental monitoring and solving other socioeconomic challenges. At present, specialists of the Arsenal perform works on setting up a North-West Space Information Processing Center on the basis of the Arsenal. Moreover, the Arsenal works out the issues of future scientific and technical cooperation with the European Space Agency. The same attention is paid by the Arsenal to the development of advanced artillery mounts for the Navy. In the late 1990ies — early 2000ies, the Arsenal plant commenced its batch production of the new 100mm А-190 universal artilPerspective space vehicle equipped with a nuclear power plant
lery mount (max rate of fire: 80 rds/ min; max firing range: 21,000 m; max mass: 15 tons; number of rounds ready for automatic firing: 80), which was developed by the Burevestnik Central Research Institute Federal State Uniyary Enterprise located in Nizhny Novgorod. This mount is designed to destroy air, surface and shore targets; it is fitted out with an automatic monitoring and control system as well as a protection system using Stealth technology, which increases the ship’s protection against radar observation facilities. Three A-190 mounts have been supplied by the Arsenal for their installation on frigates built for India and have already received positive feedback from the foreign partners. Along with the Burevestnik the Arsenal has implemented projects on the 76.2 mm АК-76М artillery mount (rate of fire: 120-131 rds/min; max firing range: 15,700 m; max mass: 10 tons; number of rounds ready for automatic firing: 152); the 57mm А220М artillery mounts (max rate of fire: 300 rds/min; max firing range: 12,000 m; max mass: 6 tons; number of rounds ready for automatic firing: 400). Shortly, the Arsenal is to supply to the Russian Navy the А-192-5P-10E artillery mount developed by the Arsenal Design Bureau along with the Ametist Design Bureau Federal State Unitary Enterprise. This artillery mount is intended for ships with DWT of 2,000 tons and over, and designed to destroy air (including antisurface ship cruise missiles), surface and shore targets. At present, the artillery mount is under testing on the ground. The 130mm А-192 artillery mount (max rate of fire: 30 rds/
min; max firing range, for air targets: 18,000 m, for shore targets: 23,000 m; max mass: 25 tons), is provided with both protection system using Stealth technology and automatic fire control system. The Arsenal’s professionals have developed and put into operation the UPKh-60 multipurpose hoisting system designed for artillery mount ammunition loading/unloading. This system has been also supplied for ships built as a part of export orders. The Arsenal’s contribution to the defense capacity of Russia is substantial and incontestable. At the same time the Arsenal traditionally provides solutions and purely civilian products: compressor systems of different modifications and capacities; refrigerating-gas machines designed to produce liquid nitrogen; food and chemical extruders; equipment for waste water treatment plants (sludge scrapers; sludge pumps), etc. When developing civilian products, the Arsenal often uses latest materials and technologies developed earlier for space and artillery systems. All these products are always characterized by guaranteed high quality and reliability, which is highly appreciated by consumers. The wastewater treatment equipment developed and manufactured by the Arsenal is installed actually in every wastewater treatment plant of Vodokanal of St. Petersburg JSC. In 2009, the VKU1/10 small-sized screw-type compressor unit (capacity: 1 m3/min) developed by the Arsenal design bureau and supplied to the Russian Railways for its installation in pneumatic systems for electrically propelled vehicles was awarded the “Made in St. Petersburg” Quality Mark. Turning over the pages of the Arsenal’s history and becoming acquainted with its current achievements, one can be sure that the Arsenal represented by the design bureau and the machine-building plant is a reliable partner capable of solving the most complicated challenges in a quality and prompt manner.
Communications office of the Arsenal Design Bureau Federal State Unitary Enterprise 16
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SHIPBUILDING
A BREAKTHROUGH IN SHIPBUILDING evelopment and implementation of cuttingedge technologies in shipbuilding is a major factor for competitive capability. JSC SSTC in cooperation with other leading research and production centers of the Russian Federation has been involved in this process for over 70 years. Let us have a brief review of our latest projects. JSC SSTC together with JSC Admiralty Shipyard has developed a concept of up-to-date integrated construction facility for non-nuclear submarines based on the following:
D
Fig. 1. Modernization of JSC BS Yantar. Scale model, fragment
Fig. 2. Modernization of JSC Srednenevsky Shipyard. Scale model, fragment 18
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ARMS Defence Technologies Review
■ Implementation
of “compact yard” principles in sub-surface shipbuilding; ■ Implementation of latest resource-saving technologies, including here shaping of parts by local and rotation-local deformations, bending of welded frames, automatic welding with adaptive control, 3D optoelectronic measurement systems, chemical modification of special coatings tiles; ■ Establishment of new modern workshops and bays, including cleaning and painting bays
for sections and blocks, special coatings bay, shop for assembly of power propulsion plant with electrochemical generator, pipe shop with complex integrated machinery. A design of modern surface shipbuilding facility for JSC Baltic Shipyard Yantar was developed by JSC SSTC in cooperation with IMG (Germany). (See Fig.1). Main goals for modernization of JSC BS Yantar were decreasing of labor input and reduction of construction time, including construction of frigates, corvettes and landing ships minimum by 25% as well as increasing of metal processing volume by 100%. A concept of modern boatbuilding complex was prepared by JSC SSTC for JSC Srednenevsky Shipyard. This concept introduces a really modern and multifunctional facility, intended for construction of wide range of ships, including fishing vessels, tugs, minesweepers with composite hulls, missile and coast guard boats. Special attention in the concept was paid to implementation of modern technologies for construction of hulls of composite materials. (See Fig. 2). Participating in military technical cooperation, JSC SSTC prepared projects for augmentation of leading ship repair yards in Republic of India (such as Naval Dockyards in Mumbai and Vishakhapatnam, Cochin Shipyard Ltd., Kochi and Naval Ship Repair Yard in Karwar) for support of Russian-built ship repairs (frigates project 11356 and aircraft carrier project 11430). These projects include full-scale augmenting of facilities with modern process equipment as well as with test stands for hull, mechanical and pipe shops, armament repair facility, instrumentation service. By now, the major projects of SSTC are projects of new large-scale shipbuilding facilities in North West and Far East regions of the Russian Federation. (See Fig. 3 and 4).
SHIPBUILDING
These facilities are intended for construction of wide range of largescale ships and marine structures, including gas carriers, tankers, oil rigs, nuclear ice-breakers, research vessels. The ships will be constructed in drydocks up to 500 m long, equipped with 1000–1500 tons capacity cranes. Key approach of JSC SSTC in modernization and creation of new shipbuilding facilities is implementation of modern innovative technologies and equipment. Broad implementation of laser technologies will allow to achieve a new level of productivity and quality in construction of ship hulls. JSC SSTC has developed a new complex for laser cutting and marking, intended for precision processing of metal plates up to 2.5 x 10 m in size and up to 30 mm thick, with processing error not exceeding 0.05–0.1 mm and maximum cut width 0.5– 0.7 mm. Employment of optic fiber lasers instead of conventional gas models will allow to achieve performance parameters exceeding best world samples, first of all in energy saving (by 2–3 times), productivity (up to 2 times), reliability and operational cost. Estimation of welding deformations in hull structures with use of finite elements method allows to ensure high quality of ship hulls, especially for non-conventional projects. Using estimations results one can take necessary measures to reduce (compensate) welding deformations, select optimal welding and assembly procedure to reduce volume of adjustment and improve manufacturing quality. The desirable effect can
be achieved by using special techniques, aimed to reduce welding deformations. Such techniques may be incorporated in the procedure at the stage of its modeling with use of FEM and computing aids. With the aim to resolve this issue, JCS SSTC has developed a new method for estimation of welding deformations in hull structures, with use of estimated and experimental data on welds shrinkage as well as refined modeling of welded structures by finite elements method (FEM). In the methodological aspect, FEM method provided new capabilities in modeling of assembly and welding of complex 3D structures. JSC SSTC has developed a concept of design and construction of ships by large-scale blocks with modular installation of onboard weapons systems. Effectiveness of such approach is achieved due to enhanced simultaneous manufacturing of ship parts with optimal conditions of highly mechanized shop-floor assembly, as well as optimization of ship assembly on building platform and minimization of adjustment operations.
This also provides conditions for specialization of shipbuilding production facilities and enhancing cooperation between shipyards. As a result, sharp reduction in labor input and construction time for ships can be achieved. For new objects and equipment, whether they are military or civil, and especially for objects with nuclear power plants, issues related to leak-proofness are most critical for their functional performance. Leakproofness standards and accordingly procedures for checking joints of components in leak-proof circuit of structures can vary depending on operational requirements to the system. JSC SSTC has developed models of cross-flow of operational, emergency and testing media through micro-defects. Such models allow to resolve issues related to estimation of leak-proofness norms, selection of test methods and assigning of test standards for new objects. Mathematic methods of leakproofness checking (estimation) of shipbuilding objects and structures intended for various purposes are a foundation of “tree of objectives” for creation of automatic systems for leak-proofness checking (estimation) and implementation of such systems in construction and exploitation of environmentally hazardous objects. In conclusion, I would like to emphasize that broad implementation of up-to date technologies is a key condition for successful progress of shipbuilding.
Fig. 3. Project of new shipbuilding facility in Far East
V. D. Gorbach, D.Sc, Prof., Director General JSC SSTC Fig. 4. Project of new shipbuilding facility on Kotlin Island
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OPK’S SHIPYARDS AND MILITARYTECHNICAL COOPERATION
T Handing over the embedded plate (from left to right — Andrey Fomichev, General Director; William Elliot, ConsulGeneral; Andy Curren, Director of the Royal Museum Ship — HMS Belfast)
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his article proceeds with and develops an issue of military-technical cooperation initiated by the author in our magazine
No. 1/2010. The Shipbuilding Division of the United Industrial Corporation (OPK) includes Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC and Baltiysky Zavod JSC being active entities in the militarytechnical cooperation. They are widely recognized as the builders of the Project 956 E and 956 EM destroyers for China, Project 1135.6 frigates for India. By a decision of the Ministry of Industry and Trade of the Russian Federation, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC was assigned as the main executor of export orders for the Project 20382 corvette and the Project 22356 multipurpose frigate, a series of which for
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
the Russian Navy is being built by the company nowadays. On the eve of the 65th anniversary of the Victory, as part of the “reloading” process, the Russian Government decided to make a Russian contribution to support the technical condition of HMS Belfast, which is at present a museum ship on the River Thames, in downtown London. Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin promised to “put the cruiser into shape”. Russia obliged to replace the cruiser’s rusted main mast and fore mast, and to carry out these works entirely at its own expense. HMS Belfast was the flagship of the Allied Fleet escorting northern convoys and directly participated in escorting eight of them. Courage and heroism of HMS Belfast was recognized by Supreme
Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev, who awarded the Certificate of Honor to this warship. The fact that HMS Belfast is the last existing British cruiser — a WW2 participant — became determinant for London authorities in their decision to make the cruiser a branch of the Imperial War Museum on the River Thames just opposite to the Tower. Being 190 m long and 20.2 m wide, the cruiser has a full displacement of 14,900 tons. Since the USSR’s Northern Fleet had a relatively small number of large surface ships, the British Admiralty was in charge of convoys and their direct escort all over the passage from England to Soviet ports. The Northern Fleet supplemented the convoy escorts with ships in its operating area, provided their air sup-
SHIPBUILDING port on the way to bases and swept fairways. As a result of a 4-year standoff, the Third Reich lost nearly 100 ships, including two battleships (“Tirpitz” and “Scharnhorst”), a number of destroyers and patrol ships, 34 submarines and over 150 aircraft in the Northern region. The Royal Navy lost 36 combat ships, including two cruisers (“Trinidad” and “Edinburgh”), 8 destroyers and 8 small escort ships. The Soviet Fleet lost two destroyers, several patrol ships and 21 submarines. The German personnel losses were nearly 9 ths. The Allied Fleet losses were 2 ths naval and nearly 1 ths civilian servicemen. The UIC’s decision to entrust Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC with fabrication of masts was not accidental. This decision was primarily based on the fact that starting from 1942 the convoys included destroyers built by Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC: “Grozny”, “Gromky” (Project 7, 1938), “Gremyaschy” (Project 7, 1939г), and “Valerian Kuibyshev” (Novik class, 1927). The destroyer “Karl Libkneht” (Novik class, 1928) was under repair in Arkhangelsk and protected the harbor. Moreover, the yards traditionally repair ships and vessels built not only by them but also by other yards. Such ships include the cruiser “Aurora” (1984-87), Project 1159Т (“Koni 2” Class frigate — by NATO classification) patrol ships and Project 1234Е (“Nanucka 2” Class corvette — by NATO classification) small missile boats undergoing repair or upgrading under the program of military-technical cooperation as part of FSUE Rosoboronexport’s activities. Almost 100 years of experience in construction and repair of this ship class enable the yards to promptly perform preproduction activities and handle all the challenges emerged. On May 7, 2010, a ceremony of handing over of the newly manufactured main mast and fore mast for the museum ship Belfast to the British Party was held on the premises of Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC. (fig. 1). In August 2010, the masts were shipped to London and
Transborder system, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC
a new stage — installation — commenced which will be also carried out by Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC and will be completed by mid-October 2010. Undoubtedly, such a new trend of military-technical cooperation facilitates further enhancing of the Russian shipbuilding reputation in the international market. At present, the Russian shipbuilding sector faces new challenges in military-technical cooperation, the most interesting of which is the elaboration of possibilities to build multipurpose assault landing ships such as “Mistral” class helicopter carriers or other classes. “Mistral” is 199 m long and 32 m wide with a displacement of 21,300 tons and may be basically built in Russia only by Baltiysky Zavod JSC and Admiralty Shipyards. Without going deep into the analysis of combat capabilities of this ship, its furnishing with systems and other issues pertaining to the competence of the Russian Navy and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, the problems concerned with organization of its construction within the terms comparable with the ones declared by DCNS, French shipbuilder, i.e. 22 months, should be considered. It is rather difficult for the Russian shipbuilding spinning up after the recession of 90s to achieve this goal by one enterprise, so the solution should be found in combining the efforts as well as in efficient use of
advanced manufacturing processes of individual enterprises. Due to their experience in the construction of combat ships as well as to complementarity of engineering capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod JSC and Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC, and availability of several joint management and logistics divisions, the OPK ‘s yards can legitimately, even more than other Russian enterprises, claim to the performance of this objective. Thus, Slipway “A” of Baltiysky Zavod JSC is the biggest in Russia (350 m long, 36 m wide, 15,000 ton capacity) and provides launching of ships up to 100,000 DWT. Slipway “B” is 350 m long and 32.9 m wide (fig. 3 ). Large vessels and ships built by this enterprise include the world’s biggest “Arktika” class nuclear-powered icebreakers, 159 m long and 30 m wide, with a full displacement of 25,000 tons; Project 1144 heavy nuclear missile cruisers with the last in this series — “Pyotr Veliky”, 250.1 m long and 28.5 m wide, with a displacement of 25,860 tons. Being the Russian shipbuilding leader in the computer technology utilization and the only Russian enterprise that has implemented 3D modeling in its large-scale production, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC has its own hull production facilities with all-purpose mechanized coke beds adjusted on the basis of analytical data. These capabilities provide effective formation of side and bottom sections, 5(55).2010
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SHIPBUILDING
“St. Petersburg” icebreaker on Slipway “В”, Baltiysky Zavod JSC
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which can be transported to the slipways of Baltiysky Zavod JSC by water. The launching and lifting system includes a floating dock and a 4,500 ton transborder system (fig. 2). The dock capacity is 10,000 tons with the dock floor, 150 long and 29 meters wide. Based on 3D models, the pipe-processing facilities provide automatic fabrication of marine pipelines, up to 530 mm in diameter. The outfitting quay of the yards, 870 m long, ensures installation of marine equipment harmlessly to the existing program of construction or repair of ships and vessels. High-level machine-building capabilities of Baltiysky Zavod JSC eliminate the necessity to import
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
a considerable amount of equipment including, for example, propulsion shafts and propellers, roll and pitch stabilizers, heat exchangers and many more. Such complementarity enables the tandem “Baltiysky Zavod JSC — Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC” to establish high-performance production of prospective ship projects. Both enterprises have common computer networks between their engineering departments and manufacturing workshops. After visiting both enterprises, representatives of French companies were satisfied with the quality level of their products as well as with the level of employed technologies.
Combining the capabilities of two enterprises will ensure observance of target dates specified in the Government order and minimization of construction periods not only for helicopter carriers but also for export versions of the Project 20382 corvettes, Project 11356, 22356 frigates, floating power generating units for nuclear thermal power stations, and prospective icebreakers.
Andrey Fomichev, Director of Shipbuilding Project, OPK, General Director, Severnaya Verf Shipbuilding Plant JSC and Baltiysky Zavod JSC, Cand. Sc. (Engineering)
SHIPBUILDING
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SHIPBUILDING
SHIPS FOR THE NAVY SHOULD NOT BE PURCHASED ABROAD, BUT SHOULD BE BUILT IN RUSSIA Editor-in-Chief of A4 Publishing House Viktor Murakhovskiy asked President of JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation Roman Trotsenko to shed light on some question of present interest concerning the development of the shipbuilding industry. Mr. Trotsenko, in accordance with the presidential decrees Southern Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair encompasses several enterprises. So, today USC has four regional centres: Northern, Western, Southern and Far Eastern. Do you consider this structure as optimal? We aim to make business management more centralized. In this regard we will supersede several Administrative Management Control Centres. As far as Regional Centres are concerned we plan to keep only Far Eastern due to its remoteness. The configuration of the south enterprises management is under development for today. What you think about the possibility to affiliate shipbuilding 24
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assets of some enterprises from defense-industrial complex, like Baltiysky Zavod and Severnaya Verf? These assets are very interesting, and the role, they are playing in the Russian shipbuilding industry, is very high. However we do not aim to overestimate them. How is the process of “Admiralty Shipyards”relocation to the Kotlin island going on? Today the decision on relocation from the Novo-Admiralteyskiy island to Kronshtadt is in development and is discussed. We'd like to perform the project on a competitive basis, so now together with the St. Petersburg administration have received some interesting offers, but all of them should be considered as applications
for participation. The project to relocate the shipyards is not highly attractive for St. Petersburg only, as the city needs to modernize one of its nice part, but also for Kronshtadt, in order to revive its economy. The plans of USC developments are known to get two shipyards in the Primorei Territory (in Bolshoi Kamen and Chajma Bay), where heavy-lift ships for oil and gas blocks are going to be manufactured. What is the current situation concerning these projects? These two shipyards have been designed. Unfortunately, we have to seek a new construction site for the “Vostok-Ruffls” due to the uncertainty of the legal status of Chajma Bay. Most probably the new site will be in “Pyat Ohotnikov” bay. As far
SHIPBUILDING
as the shipyard in Bolshoi Kamen is concerned we have signed an agreement with Sovkomflot where we make a commitment to build 10 Aframax oil tankers. The hull of the first is planned to be layout in November this year. According to the plans the enterprise will produce from four up to six vessels a year depending on complexity of a ship: floating factories for liquid gas, suppliers, icebreakers, ice-reinforced rescue ships and other special vessels. The plans to develop shipbuilding in the Far East stipulate the need of well educated and highly qualified engineers and workers for all shipbuilding technology processes, in other words from design up to building. How are you going to solve the problem? This is the most sophisticated issue for the Russian shipbuilding industry. We established an engineering centre in the Far East. The same one we plan to establish in St. Petersburg. We have embarked on internship programs for students and education programs in spe-
cialised colleges to encourage young professionals. The profitability of commercial shipbuilding is known to be less than of military shipbuilding. Are there any perspectives to increase the allotment of defence orders in total output of USC? Today the ratio of commercial vessels and combat ships is 30 to 70 percent. We plan to reach the ratio of 50/50. We consider that the allotment of combat ships will be decreased due to new orders to build commercial vessels and special ships. The Russian made frigates, corvettes, non-nuclear submarines
are known to command a large sale. At the same time according to the State-run Armament Program - 2020 the number of orders for the Navy is also going to be increased. Are there enough shipbuilding productive facilities to meet the demands of the State and foreign customers? Enough. Moreover, we need to feed our shipyards with new orders. Besides we aim to upgrade and build up productive capacities of the shipyards.
JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation industrial premises
Recently Director General of "Yantar" shipyard pleaded the Federal Antimonopoly Service of the Russian Federation to check
The United Shipbuilding Corporation [USC] was created to boost the development of the scientific and industrial capacities of Russia's defence industry, to ensure the state's defence capabilities, as well as to concentrate intellectual, industrial and financial resources in military and civil shipbuilding projects, the development of the continental shelf and the global shipping market. 100 percent of the shares of the USC are stateowned, and it will be composed of all state-owned shipbuilding enterprises and government stakes in private companies.
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SHIPBUILDING
R. Trotsenko reports Russian President D. Medvedev the results of USC, June 9, 2010.
the compliance with law of some provisions of the State Defence Order concerning the deal on four French Mistral ships (amphibious assault ship, a type of helicopter carrier) for the Russian Navy. Can President of USC USC offer up-to-date ship of this R. Trotsenko atends class to the Russian navy? The St. Petersburg Ships for the Navy should not be International purchased abroad, but should be Economic Forum, built in Russia. That's why we sugJune 17, 2010 gest that these ships should be built at the Russian shipyards, which are in the structure of USC. We think that our position over this question should be taken into consideration during negotiations with France and other states on the issues related to purchasing of amphibious assault ships. There are no complicated things in the construction. The Russian shipbuilders are ready to start producing these ships using USC productive facilities. Moreover, Russia has experience in building of such combat ships, let us remember the “Ivan Rogov” class landing ship. Another issue is that the Ministry of Defence failed to
find the area where that ship could be used. In case of the designing Russian version of the ship the total work period is going to be increased up to 18 months. Taking into account the urgency of the issue we developed and sent to the Minister of Defence A. Serdukov and Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Navy V. Vysotskiy a letter where we ask for opportunity to take up a license to build the Dokdo amphibious landing ships. Dokdo is assessed to be much more modern ship of this class than French Mistral. Dokdo is ahead of Mistral due to some main technical characteristics. We estimate the construction of Dokdo in Russia about 450 million US dollars, at the same time the French Mistral ship costs 600 million Euro. We think that rationally the cheeper project should be selected. We are intrinsically against with some official representatives from the Ministry of Defence that it will take longer time for Russian shipbuilders to produce the ship. The li-
cenced construction of the Dokdo assault landing ship at the shipyards of USC will take 30 months. And USC guarantees this term. The main advantage of this variant is that USC in cooperation with “Daewoo Shipbuilding and Marine Engineering Co. Ltd” has opportunity to acquire the license to build these ships in Russia. The acquisition of French Mistral actually means acquisition from South Korea as the French shipyard belongs to the Korean STX company. But for Russia it is more profitable to build this ship in the framework of a Joint Venture on the Russian territory under the State's control. We hope that the Russian Ministry of Defence, taking into account the newly appeared alternative, will conduct open and fair tender on amphibious landing ships for the Russian Navy. We also express our hope that the Ministry of Defence will remain the main customer of the Russian shipyards for the Fleet.
Victor Murakhovskiy
Open JSC United Shipbuilding Corporation (OSK) At the proposal of the government of the Russian Federation the open JSC OSK with 100% federal ownership is to be formed in the period of four months. The initial authorized capital of OSK is formed on the basis of the 60% state owned shares of Nevskoe Design Bureau as well as 25 million rubles. Simultaneously the daughter companies of OSK are established: ■ Open JSC “Western Center of Shipbuilding” (St. Petersburg), 100% state owned. The basis for the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned “Svetlovskoe Enterprise "ERA" (Kaliningrad region) and 25 million rubles. ■ Open JSC “Northern Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair” (Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk region), 100% state owned. The basis for the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned “Design Bureau Rubin-Sever” and 25 million rubles. ■ Open JSC “Far East Center of Shipbuilding and Ship Repair” (Vladivostok), 100% state owned. The basis for the initial authorized capital is 100% minus one share of the state owned "Scientific Research Institute “Bereg” and 25 million rubles.
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SHIPBUILDING
International Defence Exhibition & Conference
â€ŤďťŁŮ€ďťŒŮ€Ů€Ů€Ů€Ů€ďşŽŘś ŮˆďťŁŮ€Ů€Ů€Ů€Ů€ďş†ďş—Ů€ďť¤Ů€ďşŽ اďť&#x;ـــــﺪــﺎؚ اďť&#x;Ů€Ů€Ů€Ů€Ů€ďşŞŮˆďť&#x;ــ‏
Abu Dhabi National Exhibition Centre (ADNEC)
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Under the patronage of His Highness Sheikh Khalifa Bin Zayed Al Nahyan President of UAE & Supreme Commander of the UAE Armed Forces.
Attend the 10th anniversary edition of IDEX, the largest defence and security event in the Middle East and North African region. t t t t t t
%JTDPWFS UIF MBUFTU BEWBODFT JO MBOE BJS TFB UFDIOPMPHZ TZTUFNT BOE FRVJQNFOU &OHBHF XJUI PWFS NBOVGBDUVSFST BOE TVQQMJFST /FUXPSL XJUI TFOJPS HPWFSONFOU BOE NJMJUBSZ PĂłDJBMT (BJO JOEVTUSZ JOTJHIU BU UIF (VMG %FGFODF $POGFSFODF 5PVS WJTJUJOH OBWBM WFTTFMT BOE WJFX EFEJDBUFE OBWBM FYIJCJUT 8BUDI MJWF MBOE BOE PO XBUFS EFNPOTUSBUJPOT To exhibit please contact
Register for more information at
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www.idexuae.ae/priority Organised by:
In association with:
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SHIPBUILDING
SHIPBUILDING INDUSTRY DRIVES MARITIME ACTIVITIES Viktor Murakhovskiy, Editor-in-Chief of the Publishing House A4, asks Valentin Pashin, the prominent Russian scientist and academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Research Advisor and Director of the Krylov Central Research Institute, to tell us about the modern trends in maritime activities. Mr. Pashin, what role do the maritime activities play in the world? People have always struggled for natural resources and ocean space. The world economy has been increasingly focused on ocean resources development as well as on the development of marine power industry. Nowadays it is focused mainly on the near-shore resources. A half of the world’s population lives on the 200-km coastal strip and more than half of the world's industrial potential is concentrated there. The maritime trade, commercial fisheries, and ocean exploration are the most important factors of our time. Maritime activities and globalization are one of the key factors which ensure a stable functioning of global economy. Intensive maritime activities provide transport and economic national security, especially if a country has any enclaves, facilitate 28
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to dealing with geopolitical problems and providing more jobs. All countries in the world pay great attention to maritime activities. It is marine transport fleet that meets 90% of all needs of the world economy in transport services. Its total deadweight amounts to more than 1 billion tons, 75% of which is accounted for the “golden billion” countries. The main features of commercial fishery are competition between countries, protectionism, and policies on legal and economic aspects in the field of efficient fishery management. The price of annually caught fish and seafood ranges from 35 to 40 billion dollars. It should be noted that, despite a sharp decline in fish stocks, the fish production still increases. Fish and seafood consumption in major maritime powers reaches 64.7 kg per capita in Japan, 47.4 kg per capita in Norway, 22.6 kg
per capita in the United States, and 25.7 kg per capita in China. Offshore oil and gas production gives much profit as well (that is 80100 billion dollars according to the expert). Today, over 35% of oil and 32% of gas are recovered on the continental shelf, and in 2010, according to the pre-crisis forecast, their recovery should reach 50-60%. A significant amount of hydrocarbons is stored in the Arctic. In general, there are more than 6,000 offshore platforms located on the continental shelf, including 4,000 offshore platforms in the Gulf of Mexico, 950, in South-East Asia, 700, in the Middle East, and nearly 400, in Europe and West Africa. Currently, oil and gas are recovered by 54 countries, including Russia. Growth in demand for raw materials along with the depletion of reserves on the mainland resulted in resurgence of exploration. Such
SHIPBUILDING countries as Canada, Australia, the United States, Brazil, South Africa, etc. spend 5-8% of the value of production on exploration. The maritime exploration has been driven by the advent of systems that collect coordinated and integrated data regarding the marine environment (e.g. satellite observations). Everything you have just noticed makes it possible to say that such a significant amount of maritime activities cannot go under the radar of naval forces of the littoral countries, can it? Indeed! The Navy is a sort of a “long arm” of the state, a unique tool for an active foreign policy. Sea lines of communications as well as global economy can be controlled by the world's navies whose total tonnage amounts to 8.5 million tons. The expenditures on the Navy all over the world amount to over 200 billion dollars a year, two thirds of which fall are accounted for the United States. The “golden billion” countries have unquestioned superiority at the sea which is provided mainly by the United States Navy power accounted for about 40% of the total tonnage. As Roosevelt said, “the Navy is an insurance that a state pays to provide security of its values.” The Navy, provided with highprecision cruise missiles with conventional warheads and with a range of 1,000 km, is capable to control 75% of the world's industrial poten-
tial and almost all capitals at 500 km from the coast. In fact, this is the ability to provide strategic deterrence even without application of nuclear weapons. Can you describe in detail the modern trends in the development of foreign naval forces? The United States launched new strategic concept for the United States Navy development called “Sea Power 21”. It provides a distribution of detection systems, combat systems, and amphibious forces throughout the ocean. The authors of the concept note that the United States control of coastal waters and Open Ocean will protect not only the territories of the United States but the whole area of their “national interest”. Special subsystem “Sea Enterprise” provides the United States and their allied forces with support as well as with the security of sea-based systems. During the operation, according to the United States strategists, the carrier battle groups, expeditionary forces of prompt response and rapid deployment “shall effectively protect the allied forces against possible threats.” Accordingly, the United States Navy is centred on 37 strike groups, namely as follows: ■ 12 carrier strike groups; ■ 12 ambitious strike groups; ■ 9 strike/missile defence surface action groups (equipped with Tomahawk cruise missiles and
antiballistic missile defence systems); ■ 4 nuclear-powered submarines equipped with 154 Tomahawk missiles and provided with special forces (from 66 to 103 men). The United States allies in Europe and Asia are developing their Navies, primarily as a component of the unified armed forces. The total number of the NATO ships will be around 1,000, including 200 cruise missile carriers whose total ammunition load will amount to 4,500 units by the year 2016. China and India pursue an independent policy. By 2050, China's Armed Forces “must be able to prevail in any possible conflict regardless its scale and duration”. India claims to be a leader in the Indian Ocean while Brazil Navy pursues the same policy in South America. How maritime activities of the countries are stimulated? The importance of the maritime activities lies at the heart of the national policy toward shipbuilding industry pursued by the leading maritime powers. Shipbuilding products serve as maritime activity tools. Today, shipbuilding market volume amounts to some 100120 billion dollars. All maritime powers economically support the national shipbuilding industry. The volume of this support is so significant that the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted a special agreement World sea transportation route map
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limiting the direct financial support in order to establish normal competitive conditions for commercial shipbuilding industry. Shipbuilding is a very specific industry that requires large capital investments frozen at a relatively long period of ship’s construction. The foreign shipbuilding enterprises are provided with loans in the volume of up to 80% of the ship’s price at 8.6% interest for a period of 10 years. Besides, ship’s construction can be directly subsidized. These conditions provide investment-friendly conditions for the development of civil shipbuilding. The naval shipbuilding, instead, is a national concern and, accordingly, is funded by the national budget. Today, the “floating tonnage” indices between civilian and combat vessels are identical (nearly 1 trillion dollars). In this regard, the actual tonnage of the Navy is about 100 times less, provided that each vessel greater cost of each unit. What types of general purpose vessels, in your opinion, will be needed in the nearest future? 30
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The most important means of general-purpose naval forces in the first half of the 21st century will be multi-purpose submarines. Application of high-precision cruise missiles will give them the quality of strategic deterrent weapons. The most important distinguishing feature is their versatility and universality. Stealth is their main feature. Only five countries have multi-purpose submarines. Dieselelectric submarines are in service in 43 countries worldwide. Their total number is about 380 vessels. The market of diesel-electric submarines will be filled with mostly “coastal” limited displacement (5001500 tons). The most important features of diesel-electric submarines, apart from stealth capability, will be an increase in capacity and number of combat-ready weapons, enhancement of underwater speed as well as an improvement of continuous underwater autonomy due to application of the use of air-independent power plants. The list of combat surface ships of general purpose naval forces includes aircraft carriers, multi-pur-
pose ships, amphibious assault ships, ocean-zone multi-purpose ships intended for support of aircraft carriers as well as for independent actions (destroyers), multi-purpose ships of maritime zone (frigates), short-range maritime-zone ships (corvettes), and mine countermeasures ships. Aircraft carriers due to their uniqueness and high cost will be still in service only in a few countries. Their key performance characteristics will be determined by resource and technological capabilities of the countries. The optimal ships are not the big ones but the ones which correspond to the capabilities of one or another country. The optimal ships for the United States are 100-thousand tons carriers, for France and England, 60-70 thousand tons, and for Thailand even 30 thousand tons is enough. Amphibious assault ships and helicopter carriers with dock compartment and carrier-based design will be provided with hangar deck for helicopters and aircrafts, compartments for mobile equipment, rooms for landing troops, hospital, landing craft, etc.
SHIPBUILDING Multi-purpose ships of ocean zone combine the functions of a destroyer, large antisubmarine ship, and rocket and artillery ship. They will be provided with missile systems with multi-purpose vertical launchers. As practice shows, the common trend for all general purpose naval forces ships will be their unification by purpose and type of weapon applied. Littoral Combat Ships (LCS) used for the control / dominance in coastal waters are the new direction in the development of naval forces. The vessels of this type being constructed in the United States (with cruising speed of 40 knots and cruising range of 3,500 miles) are capable to carry exchangeable modular payloads. This is mostly uninhabited underwater vessels (reconnaissance and mine countermeasures ships), unmanned combat boats, unmanned reconnaissance and attack aircrafts, and a means to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles in the initial phase of their flight. The Arctic has become rather popular issue in the media in recent years, especially if it re-
lates to economic development. However, it is obvious that this region will not remain without the attention of the naval forces... The increasing struggle for hydrocarbon resources aroused an interest of many countries in the Arctic Region. The United States, Canada, Norway, Denmark, China declare their rights to the Arctic. Some United States politicians just state that the Arctic is an issue of United States national interests which are to be defended even by military means, if required. “The nation should be able to operate both in the South and North Poles”; “the United States national interests in the Arctic stand at billions if not trillions of dollars”; these are just some of statements. Admiral Allen told the United States Congress that the White House was actively preparing a document on protection of national interests in the Arctic, which was to be ready in the nearest future. Interest in the Arctic region will lead to emergence of new types of ships. Formally, this will be conventional types of ships, but in fact they will be the hybrids of ice navigation ships and boats. The appear-
ance of these ships will be largely determined by new developments and technologies. Today, there are five or six core technologies having been developed up to now. These are new guidelines to reduce the level of physical fields at increasing role of non-acoustic fields, technologies of integrated approach to ensure survivability, application of robotic systems, CALS-technologies, and transition to “electric-powered vessels”. Thus, military and defence ships are still the most high-tech naval vessels today, aren’t they? I do not think so. Today, there is a tendency of gradual transition of functions of generator and technological progress carrier in marine engineering from the Navy to civil fleet. In some ways the civil fleet has “overcome” the Naval Forces. It deals primarily with the level of automation and reliability, fire and explosion, high environmental compatibility, maintainability, fuel efficiency, navigation safety, development of new types of power plants, new types of propulsion systems, etc. This is due to several objective factors. At approximately equal valAttack nuclear submarine “Gepard”, project 971
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Steregushchy class corvette, project 20380
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ue (one trillion dollars each), the civil fleet tonnage, as it has been already mentioned, is 100 times more than the tonnage of the Navy. The civil vessels are being used more. Here it is their economic effectiveness that is the main criterion of higher intensity of their application. Naturally, the technical solutions in civil shipbuilding are more rational and reasonable and have been proven by more exploitative practices. No wonder a number of civil classification societies have developed appropriate guidelines and rules for the design of naval ships. Thus, the English Lloyd's has established a special department for the development of naval ships design rules. In 1999 this department issued the interim rules of classification of naval ships in terms of their strength, hull construction, main energy and electric power plants, seaworthiness, and safe navigation. The Italian naval register issued regulations classifying naval ships and auxiliary vessels in 2003. One can also mention the American Bureau of Shipping, Det Norske Veritas, etc. In addition, civil shipbuilding has a
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
strict system of fundamental documents, i.e. the international conventions (SOLAS, MARPOL, IMO resolution) which make adjustments to the rules of construction and classification of the national classification societies. The rules of classification societies has already been used in some ships, namely the British aircraft carrier Queen Elizabeth and the amphibious assault ship Ocean, the American LCSs, large landing ships Mistral (France), Rotterdam (Netherlands), Ghalia and Rey Juan Carlos (Spain), etc. The electronic commercial technologies are widely used in REV systems of the American Virginia submarines. What modern trends in the civil shipbuilding can you mention? I would have broadened this question because it is not just about the conventional vessels but also about special-purpose marine engineering. Indeed, in recent years a number of fundamentally new directions of maritime activities have appeared. This is the oil and gas offshore development (in the North Sea, Gulf of Mexico shelf of Angola,
Australia, Vietnam, Africa, Persian Gulf, etc.) that should be mentioned in the first place. These activities have given impetus to the advent of ocean engineering and specialized shipbuilding productions. Norway is the typical example here. It has developed this industry from scratch. New types of marine equipment have emerged in the process of offshore development. It includes exploration, production, pre-processing for transportation, natural-gas liquefaction, transportation, shipping-receiving terminals, and re-gasification facilities. Some of these facilities are nonfloating, some are floating. All in all, offshore development brought drilling vessels, semi-submersible or jack-up platform for exploration drilling, stationary (technological) platforms for various types of hydrocarbon extraction and preparation for transportation. Vessels for liquefied or compressed natural gas have become the most important type of vessels which main function is LNG storage. Apart from that there are numerous innovative supply vessels and ships being developed as
SHIPBUILDING well (barges, platforms for delivery of technical means, maritime pipelaying machine, supply vessels, oil skimmers, interchange platforms, etc.). This type of ships, as well as the previous one, is rich in unique technical solutions, new technologies, and know-how, which the Russian shipbuilding industry has to learn for the first time. Thus, the Government realizes that the industries related to maritime activities should be modernized. Is it true? Optimism inspires understanding of how maritime activities and shipbuilding industry are important for the country. The main shipbuilding market niches are determined by the government programme for armament development as well as by development strategies for those economic sectors which are the consumers of shipbuilding industry (first of all, this is oil and gas sector). The strategy for the development of industries — consumers of shipbuilding products are being implemented within the federal target programmes, namely “DIC develop-
ment”, “Development of Transport System of Russia (for 2010–2015 years)”, “Improvement of application effectiveness and development of the resource potential of the fishery industry for the period of 2009– 2013”, etc.
The development of technological advance in development of stateof-the-art marine engineering for the period 2009 — 2016 is determined by the Federal Target Programme “Development of the Marine Civil Engineering for the period of 2009–
“Gazprom” delegation familiarize with the last developments of the Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute
“Moskva” icebreaker built by the Baltic Shipyard upon the project of the Krylov Shipbuilding Research Institute
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Deepsea Delta semisubmersible rig at the Shtokman deposit in the Barents Sea
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2016”. The main objective of this programme is to develop marine equipment for offshore development. The Strategy resulted in establishment of the United Shipbuilding Corporation in 2009. It integrated the leading design bureaus, factories, and manufacturers broken down by geographical position (Western, Northern and Far Eastern Centres) as its subsidiaries. Undoubtedly, the USC establishment has already fulfilled one of the main tasks, namely corporatization of the enterprises. What should be done now is to develop the main strategies of the USC development. There are many issues to deal with. Cooperation with the federal bodies of executive power, distribution
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
of administrative functions between the USC upper level and the leadership of enterprises which hold the contracts and been responsible for their execution, internal competition of USC enterprises, fundamental modernization of design bureaus and factories , public-private partnership (apart from the USC there is MIC, Caspian Energy, Vyborg Group, and a number of private civil design bureau and factories that had belonging to the Ministry of Navy, Ministry of Fishery, Ministry of River Fleet) are the main issues to be deal with. The main targets indicators of the shipbuilding industry development strategy is satisfying the Navy needs and the needs of other secu-
rity agencies, developing ocean engineering for offshore development, and ensuring naval shipbuilding at the level of 15-20% and export of civilian goods at the level of up to 2% from world sales. These are relatively small figures compared with other industries, but the real figures. Today, notwithstanding the crisis, development of shipbuilding industry goes in full compliance with the adopted “Strategy”. In June this year there was a meeting of the Russian Security Council that reviewed the issues regarding the Russian shipbuilding industry and adopted a number of important decisions on the prospects for its development taking into account its strategic importance.
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WEAPONS
RUSSIAN TORPEDOES. SOLUTIONS FOR DOMESTIC USE AND EXPORT Today underwater weapon systems are one of the main attack and defense means for general-purpose naval forces. At the same time the underwater weapon systems play the key role to provide combat stability for naval strategic nuclear forces. The torpedo as an element of such system can be assessed as a powerful deterrent factor. As an effective antisubmarine weapon, torpedoes are, and will remain in the foreseeable future, the main armament of combat ships. n accordance with weight and dimensions the torpedoes can be classified into heavy, the caliber of 450 mm and higher, and light, with smaller caliber Heavy torpedoes (could be multipurpose or single-purpose) are used to engage submarines and surface ships. Usually they have two or three speeds, that provides to attack sea targets at any speed; acoustic homing system with a controllable operating range and digital process-
I
Carriers Torpedoes Fired Sunk Ships and Submarines Consumption of Torpedoes for One Sunk Ship
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ing of acoustic signals ensuring the high target selectivity for the torpedo in conditions of natural interference (shallow water, seaways, local acoustic non-uniformities, etc.); and hydroacoustic countermeasures taken by the target, which is under attack; remote control that allows the crew to minimize launch preparation time, effectively classify the detected targets, enhance target hit probability, and thereby reduce torpedo consumption two to three times; a highpower explosive charge (200 kg and
more) that ensures target engagement by one torpedo. Light torpedoes can be used by various carriers: surface ships, fixedwing aircraft and helicopters. They can be used as components of missile/torpedo and mine/torpedo armament systems. Light torpedoes are designed to engage submarines. Today, the antisubmarine torpedo market offers a wide range of multipurpose heavy torpedoes and light torpedoes that are fielded at surface ships and submarines. The
THE USE OF TORPEDOES IN WWII Naval Submarines Torpedo Boats Aviation 1594 1294 845 411 399 190 3,9
3,3
4,4
Destroyer
Total
16 4
3749 1004
4
3,7
WEAPONS MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SET-65KE Caliber, mm
533
Length, mm
7800
Weight, kg: of torpedo
1740
of explosive charge
205
Service life, years
10
Time of storage on carrier, years up to 1.5 Russian Federation is one of the main supplies of this weapon system to the international market along with the United States, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy and Sweden. In Russia the first torpedo was manufactured in the middle of 70-s of the 19th century by I. Alexandrovsky and was tested in 1874. As far as the Soviet period of the history is concerned, the 53-27 torpedo was adopted for service with the Navy in 1927. The experience of the Second World War shows that torpedoes were widely used by both sides. Between 1941 and 1945 3749 torpedoes were fired and 1004 ships (both combat and commercial) were sunk due to torpedo attacks. Today, the main types of torpedoes that are fielded at submarines, surface ships and naval aircraft, built by Russia for export and adopted for service by several countries, are 5365KE, SET-65KE, TEST-71MKE, APR-3E, and UMGT-1ME. 53-65KE ANTI-SHIP TORPEDO The 53-65KE, a heavy gas-turbine propulsion, wave-homing antiship torpedo originally developed in 1965, is designed to engage surface ships and can be launched from submarines and surface ships. The torpedo is fitted with a unique wave-hom-
ing system, which enables the torpedo to chase the tail marks of surface ships. This provides the torpedo with very high jamming immunity to conventional means of torpedo-defence countermeasures. The course, depth, and roll control system of the torpedo provides for two-plane manoeuvring and steers it into the proximity fuse actuation zone or ensures a direct hit on the target. Its turbinetype thermal propulsion system ensures a considerable operating range and running speed. The 53-65KE is reliable and easy to operate, requiring no maintenance even when stored in torpedo tubes, on carrier racks, or in arsenals for a long time. The late 1960s witnessed the introduction of an oxygen version 5365K which was extensively employed by the Soviet Navy. The 53-65KE is the improved export variant which has been sold to many countries. The Chinese Navy ordered some of the 53-65KE and TEST-71 torpedoes in the late 1990s to arm its four Kilo class diesel-electric submarines. SET-65KE ELECTRICALLYPROPELLED HOMING TORPEDO The SET-65KE torpedo is designed to destroy modern submarines of any type and high-tonnage surface ships. The torpedo may be used by
Russian-built submarines and surface ships (exported, modernized or newly built) or foreign-built submarines and surfaces ships (with torpedoes adapted to launchers, loaders and fire control systems). The warhead is equipped with an explosive charge and a proximity and contact fuze system. The SET65KE torpedo is driven by an electric power plant with a single-use self-activated battery. The on-board equipment includes a jamming-proof active-passive homing system to engage submarines and a wake-following system to engage surface ships. TEST-71 ANTI-SUBMARINE TORPEDO TEST-71 wire-guided, electric-propulsion anti-submarine torpedo initially introduced in the 1970s. It uses a wire-guidance operated by the torpedo operator, together with an active/passive acoustic-homing guidance. The operator can manually switch the torpedo to an alternative target during midcourse, or control the torpedo to manoeuvre in two axes. The anti-submarine TEST-71MKE remotely controlled torpedo has an active sonar homing system with TV guidance which allows the operator to manually switch to an alternative
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARA CHARACTERISTICS OF 53-65KE Calibre
533mm
Length
7,945mm
Weight
2,100kg
Warhead
300kg
Propellant
Kerosene-Oxygen turbine
Speed
45kt
Range
11.18 miles
Guidance
Wave-homing
Explosive Charge
205 kg
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WEAPONS target, and can manoeuvre in two axes. In 1990s the torpedo was also exported to China. APR-3E The Russian made APR-3E is a torpedo powered by a turbo water-jet solid-propellant rocket motor and is designed to destroy surfaced and submerged submarines at a depth of up to 800 meters and moving at speeds of up to 45 knots. It was developed to be released by airborne platforms such as helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft (Tu-142, Il-38, Ka28, Mi-17). The APR-3E is equipped with a passive acoustic homing head with the engine shut during gravity submersion along a spiral trajectory. The homing head can detect targets at ranges of up to 2,000 meters. Once the APR-3E has detected a potential target the engine ignites and the APR-3E is ensured to hit the designated target in 1 or 2 minutes which shortens the odds of the target applying countermeasures or getting away. The underwater missile has a top speed of 120 kph or 65 knots with an engine endurance of 113 seconds. MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF UMGT-1ME Dimensions Weights Performance
Diameter 400 mm, Length 3.9 m Explosive Weight 60 kg, Weight 725 kg Service Life 10 years UMGT-1ME The Russian UMGT-1ME is an anti-submarine warfare torpedo designed to be released from airborne platforms inside a parachute-con-
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF TEST-71 Calibre
533mm
Length
7,900mm
Weight
1,820kg
Warhead
205kg
Propellant
Electric (Silver-zinc battery)
Speed
35~40kt 9.32 miles (at a speed of 40kt); Range 12.43 miles (at a speed of 35kt) Depth of Search/attack Up to 400m
Guidance
Wire-guided with active/passive acoustic homing
tainer against either surfaced or submerged submarines. It is equipped with hydro-acoustic active/passive homing head which provides fire-and-forget capability independently of the target's noise level. The Russian Navy has deployed the UMGT-1ME torpedo with both ASW helicopters and maritime patrol fixed-wing aircraft. The UMGT-1ME's homing head allows to engage both stationary and maneuvering targets with its 60 kg explosive charge detonating by impact or by a proximity fuze. Its modular design allows for a service life of up to 10 years with minimum maintenance. Being 3.845 meters in length, 400mm in diameter and weighing 725 kg, the torpedo is carried inside a parachute-container with 500mm in diameter. VA-111 SHKVAL Talking about torpedoes, one cannot fail to mention one of the latest and powerful underwater weapon as the VA-111 Shkval (squall) that can reach speeds around 200 knots. This
speed is a result of supercavitation: the torpedo is, in effect, flying in a gas bubble created by outward deflection of water by its specially shaped nose cone and the expansion of gases from its engine. By keeping water from coming into contact with the surface of the body of the torpedo, drag is significantly reduced, allowing extremely high speeds. In effect, the Shkval is an underwater missile. The story over the Shkval underwater missile was tanned in 2000, when former U.S. Naval intelligence officer Edmond Pope was arrested, tried, and convicted of espionage related to information he obtained about the Shkval weapon system. Russian President Putin pardoned Pope in December 2000, allegedly on humanitarian grounds because he has bone cancer. The unique characteristics of Shkval were highly estimated not only in Russia, but also abroad. Several countries, including traditional buyers of the Russian weapon systems, like China and Iran, showed interest towards the torpedo and nego-
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF APR-3E Dimensions Weights
Diameter 350 mm, Length 3.6 m, Wingspan 500 mm
Warhead 100 kg, Weight 550 k Hit Probability 85 %, Max Detection Range 1,07 nm, Max Performance Operating Depth 800 m, Target's Max Speed 45 kt, Top Speed 75 mph
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WEAPONS MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF VA-111 SHKVAL Length
8.2 m
Diameter
533 mm
Weight
2700 kg
Warhead weight
210 kg
Speed Launch Speed
50 kt
Maximum Speed Range
tiations on purchase are said to be on track. UGST The last but not least is the new Russian-made versatile torpedo, designated UGST (abbreviation starts from the first letters in Russian — Multipurpose Deepwater Homing Torpedo) , continues the traditions of the national torpedo-building industry. As the UGST torpedo has a modular design. The modularity makes it adaptable to different applications. For instance, the 7.2-m long basic model of the torpedo can be launched from platforms designed to Russian standards, while its 6.1-m long modification fits torpedo tubes designed to NATO standards. The UGST torpedo is equipped with an axial-piston engine which consists of a rotating combustion chamber where liquid monofuel is injected into. The hydrodynamic system has twin control surfaces, which unfold when the weapon
leaves the torpedo tube. This torpedo design reduces its noise. The high efficiency of the control surfaces is particularly noticeable when the target distance is short. A warhead section accommodates a removable vessel containing an explosive charge. Modifications of the warhead section involve vary-
200+ kt Around 3,7 nm to 7 nm
ing types and weight of explosive materials and use of different detonation techniques, which makes it possible to obtain various direct-action patterns of warhead. The active/passive homing system employs a planar transmit/receive antenna array which scan sector can be adjusted, as well as specific multichannel active sonar subsystems. The homing system is capable to detect surface and underwater targets over several channels both in deep and shallow waters, guide the torpedo onto the midsection of the target ship hull and detonate the warhead at the required distance to the target. As one can sea, the torpedo is one of the oldest weapons in the Naval Inventory. But at the same time it remains one of the deadliest anti-ship and anti-submarine weapon. It is far more lethal to submarines and surface ship than any other conventional weapon.
Anton Chernov
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AIR DEFENSE
SOVIET UNION AND RUSSIAN FLEET AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS One of the famous Marshals of the Soviet Union Georgiy Zhukov once said that a state would face a great challenge in a war in case it was not capable to rebuff an air attack. Since 1940 the experience of naval combat operations has shown that the main enemy for the Navy is aircraft and missiles, which can be used by different platforms. Up to 60% of losses the Navies of the belligerents suffered from aircraft assault. That tendency continued after the WWII and even was increased in local conflicts and wars. The air operations during the “Musketeer” operation, conflicts in the Middle East and war in Vietnam have shown that being developed, the aircraft became the main factor to fight the enemy Navy at the sea. The wide combat use of aircraft at the sea led to the development of naval air defense systems. This article is devoted to the Fleet AD systems designed in the Soviet Union and the Russian Federation. THE BEGINNING The history of the Fleet air defense systems in the Soviet Union started after the WWII. In forties and fifties of the last century a very new weapon system, the missile, emerged. The first missiles appeared in Fascist Germany and were implemented in some combat operations. Apart from the V-1 aircraft-type missile and V-2 ballistic missile the Germans invented the “Wasserfall”, “Rheintochter”, “Encian”, “Schmetterling” AA missiles at a range of fire from 18 up to 50 kilometers and they were used to rebuff air raids by the Allied aviation. After the WWII the United States of 40
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America and the Soviet Union actively embarked on the development of AD systems. USA were very deeply involved in the development and as a result in 1953 the “Nike Ajax” AA system was fielded in the Army and Air Force. The “Nike Ajax” ‘s range of fire was 40 kilometers. The Navy received the “Terrier” AA system with the same firing range. The fielding of the AA missile systems at the surface ships was caused by the appearance of the jet aviation in the end of forties. Due to the high speed and altitude the jets could be hardly stroked by the surface ship AA artillery.
The Soviet Union considered the development of AA systems as a paramount task. That’s why since 1952 the C-25 “Berkut” (SA-1 according to NATO classification) AA system was fielded around Moscow. However usually the Soviet anti aircraft systems that were mainly consisted of interceptors and AA artillery could not prevent the continuous violations of the country’s airspace by the numerous American reconnaissance aircraft. That situation lasted up to the end of 1950-s when the Soviet Union fielded the C-75 “Volhov” mobile AA missile system (SA-2 according to NATO classification) with tech-
AIR DEFENSE nical characteristics that provided interception of any aircraft of that time. Later in 1961 the USSR Air Defense Units were equipped with the C-125 “Neva” low-altitude AA missile system that could engage a target at a range of 20 kilometers. The AA systems in the Soviet Union spring exactly from the above mentioned anti-aircraft missiles due to the fact that AA systems initially were developed and fielded in the Army and Air Defense Units. The idea was to unify the ammunition, in other words the missile. At the same time abroad ad hoc Fleet AA systems were usually developed. The M-2 “Volhov-M” (SA-N-2 according to NATO classification) AA missile system was the first one designed for the Soviet Fleet and installed at the cruisers. The system was developed from the C-75 AA missile system fielded in the AD units. The works on marinization of the AA system were led by Chief Designer S. Zaytsev. Chief Designer P. Grushin from the “Fakel” Navy Design Centre was in charge of missile development. At the end the system appeared to be cumbersome one. Radio command guidance system made the “Korvet-Sevan” antenna station too big and the B-753 two-stageliquid-propellant-jet-engine SAM of considerable dimensions needed the proper launcher and ammunition depot. Furthermore a missile needed to be fueled with oxidizer prior to the launch, and as a result the fire power potential left something to be desired. As far as the combat stock is concerned it was too small — only 10 AA missiles. The M-2 “Volhov-M” was fielded at the “Dzerzhinsky” project 70E experimental ship. However the system was in a single copy and never deployed at other ships in spite of being officially passed into service in 1962. Later on the AA system was deactivated and never used.
Volna AA Missile System at large antisubmarine ship
Development Centre under the direction of Chief Designer I. Ignatyev since 1955. The system was based on the Army Air Defense System C-125. P. Grushin was in charge of improving the missile. The development prototype was tested at the “Bravy” project 56K destroyer. The fire power potential (estimated) was 50 seconds between the salvos, maximum range of fire was from 12 up to 15 kilometers depending on the altitude of a target. The M-1 “Volna” consisted of double-girder stabilized guided launcher equipped with the feed and loading system, “Yatagan” command and control system, 16 B-600 SAMs, stored in two underdeck ammunition magazines, and maintenance equipment kit. The radarhoming B-200 missile had two stages
and gunpowder booster and sustainer engines. The warhead consisted of several sensor fuses and 4500 prefragmented elements. Antenna station had five antennas: two small for approximate aiming, one for commands transmitting and two antennas for tracking and accurate aiming. The M-1 “Volna” was a single channel aiming AA system, it means that other targets servicing was impossible until the first target engagement. Furthermore in case of large ranges the degradation of accuracy took place. However for that time the anti-aircraft system appeared to be effective. In 1962 it was fielded at the “Komsomolets Ukrainy” project 61, 61M, 61MP and 61ME large anti-submarine ship as well as the “Grozny” project 58 and “Admiral Zozula” projVolna AA Missile System at large antisubmarine ship
M-1 “VOLNA” ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM Almost at the same time with the development of M-2 AA system the M-1 “Volna” (SA-N-1 according to NATO classification) anti-aircraft missile system had been under development at the “Altair” Research and 5(55).2010
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AIR DEFENSE kilometer-range-of- fire were called ship self-defense missile systems.
Antenna Post of OSA-M AA missile system fielded at missile speed boat
ect 1134 missile cruisers and upgraded destroyers project 56K, 56A, 57A. Later on in 1965 and 1968 the M-1 “Volna” was upgraded and equipped with a new missile B-601 which was able to engage a target at a range of 22 kilometers. In 1976 “Volna” was upgraded once more and named “Volna-P”. The system was enhanced with highly resistant to jamming system. In 1980 when sheeps were needed to be protected from lowflying anti-ship missiles, the system was deeply upgraded and named “Volna-N” armed with the B-601M SAM. The upgraded command and control system provided the engagement both low-altitude targets and surface targets. Gradually the M-1 AA system became a Multipurpose Air Defense System. According to the main technical characteristics and combat effectiveness the “Volna” AA missile system was comparable to the “Tartar” AA missile system made Launcher of OSA-M AA missile system
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in the United States of America for it's Fleet. However the Soviet made AA system lost on range of fire against the last modifications of the American “Tartar” AA missile system. Today the “Volna-P” is fielded at the “Smetlivy” large anti-submarine ship project 61 based in the Black Sea Fleet. In 1987-1995 the ship was upgraded in accordance with the project 01090 and armed with the “Uran” anti-ship missile system. Currently the ship has been reclassified to the destroyer class. There was no classification of the Fleet Air Defense Systems at the beginning. However in the beginning of sixties the Fleet AD systems were classified as following: systems with range of fire above 90 kilometers were called long range AA missile systems, up to 60 kilometers — medium range AA missile systems and up to 30 kilometers short range AA missile systems. AA missile systems with 20
“OSA-M” AA MISSILE SYSTEM The first “OSA-M” (SA-N-4 according to NATO classification) ship selfdefense missile system was developed in 1960 by Scientific Research Centre #20. at the beginning this AA missile system was developed in two variant: for Army and Navy. The Fleet system was planned to be used to engage both air and surface targets at a range up to 9 kilometers. Mr. V. Efremov was appointed as a Chief Designer. Initially the missile was planned to be equipped with homing device, however, at that time it was technically very hard to implement the idea as well as the cost of the missile was estimated as very high. As a result the missile was equipped with radar guidance system. “OSA-M” used the same 9M33 SAM as the AA missile system developed for the Land Forces and as far as command and control unit is concerned the unification rate was 70%. The canard missile had one-stagetwo-mode solid propellant engine. The warhead was equipped with a radio proximity fuse. The distinguishing feature of the Fleet version of this AA missile system was the location of it's own radar unit 4P33 in the integrated antenna station together with target tracker and command transmission station. The radar unit provided the target acquisition at a distance from 25 up to 50 kilometers (it depends on the altitude of a target). Therefore the AA missile system was able to detect and engage targets itself. The combat reaction time was decreased subsequently. The “OSA-M” AA missile system consisted of the ZiF-122 launcher, which two ramps in-down position were housed in a cylindric magazine. In battery the ramps moved up with two AA missiles on them. The missiles were housed in four rotating drums, five missiles in each. The tests of the “OSA-M” AA missile system took place in 1967 at the OS-24 project 33 experimental ship (the re-built light cruiser “Voroshilov” project 26 bis). Afterwards the system was tested up to 1971 at the leadeng ship project 1124. After a lot
AIR DEFENSE of weaponization works had been done, in 1973 the “OSA-M” AA missile system was passed into service. Due to its perfect technical characteristics and operating convenience the AA system became a popular Fleet anti-aircraft missile system. The system was fielded not only at big surface ships like the “Kiev” project 1143 heavy aviation cruiser and the “Nikolaev” project 1134B large anti-submarine ship as well as at the “Bditelniy” project 1135 and 1135M frigates, but also at small-displacement ships, like small anti-submarine ships, guided missile boats. In 1975 the modernization of the “OSA-M” AA missile system began with the aim to decrease the altitude of a target engagement from 50 meters up to 25 meters. The modernized version was named “OSA-MA” and passed into service in 1979. the system was fielded at the “Slava” project 1164 and 11641 missile cruisers as well as the “Kirov” project 1144 nuclear powered guided missile cruisers. In the beginning of 1980-s the second stage of modernization took place. The AA missile sustem was designated as “OSA-MA-2”. It was able to engage a target at an altitude of five meters. The technical characteristics of the Russian “OSA-MA-2” anti-aircraft missile system can be compared with French “Crotale Naval” wich was developed in 1978 and one year later passed in to the service. The French “Crotale Naval” AA system has a lighter missile and is based on a unified launcher with guidance control unit, however it does not have its own target acquisition radar. At the same time the “OSA-MA-2” was significantly not up to the American “Sea Sparrow” AA missile system, especially in range of fire and rate of fire. “OSA-MA-2” was not up to the British “Sea Wolf” in simultaneous target handling capacity. Today the “OSA-MA” and “OSAMA-2” anti-aircraft missile systems are fielded at the “Marshal Ustinov”, “Varyag” and “Moskva” project 1164 and 11641 guided missile cruisers, the “Kerch” and “Ochakov” project 1134B large anti-submarine ships, four frigates project 1135, 11352 and 1135М, two Bora Class guided missile hovercraft (project 1239), 13 missile
boats project 1134, 11341 and 11347, two the Gepard class frigates (project 11661K) and 20 small anti-submarine ships (project 1124, 1124M and 1124MU).
“SHTORM” M-11 AA MISSILE SYSTEM In 1961 in Scientific and Research Centre #10 Chief Engineer G. Volgin embarked on the development of The Launch of SHTORM AA Missile
Name
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS M-1 “Volna” M-1 “Volna” M-11 “Shtorm”
Passed into Service NATO Classification Range of Fire (m) Min.: Max.: Operating Altitude Min.: Max.: Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of targets) Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of missiles) Designation of Missile Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System C2 system Antenna Station Tracking Range (km)
1962
1968
1969
SA-N-1A
SA-N-1B
SA-N-3A
4000 15000
4000 22000
6000 33500
100 10000
100 14000
100 25000
1
1
1
2
2
2
V-600
V-601
V-611
2
2
1
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
923
980
1840
5,89 0,38 / 0,55
5,95 0,38 / 0,55
6,17 0,65
~700
730
900
600
700
800
High Explosive with High Explosive with with Ready-Made with Ready-Made Elements Elements 60 72 Beam-Rider Beam-Rider Guidance System Guidance System YATAGAN YATAGAN 4P90
ZiF-101 Pedestal Mount Launcher Designation Trainable Launcher Number of Launching Ramps 2 Combat Stock per One 16 Launcher Firing Interval (sec) 50
High Explosive 125 Beam-Rider Guidance System GROM, GROM-M
4P90
4P60
ZiF-101 or 102 Pedestal Mount Trainable Launcher 2
B-189 / B-187 /B-192 Pedestal Mount Trainable Launcher 2
16 or 32
48 / 24 / 40
30
50
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AIR DEFENSE Antenna Post of Shtorm AA missile system fielded at large anti-submarine ship
a multipurpose AA system specially for the Soviet Union Navy. M-11 “Shtorm” (according to NATO classification SA-N-3” was designed to engage high-speed-all-altitude targets at a distance of 30 kilometers. Its main elements were the same as the elements that were used in the “Volna” anti-aircraft missile system. However the dimensions of some elements were slightly increased. The fire could be done in salvo of two missiles with the interval between salvos of 50 seconds. The two-ramp and stabilized system Shtorm AA missile system fielded at large anti-submarine ship
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mas mounted on the B-189 pedestal with underdeck magazine for storage and feeding the missiles. The magazine consisted of four drums with six missiles in each. The B-611 one-stage—solid-propellant engine SAM had 150 kg. high explosive warhead which was equipped with a radio proximity fuse. The “Grom” radio command and control system included the 4P60 antenna station that consisted of two couples of target and missile tracking parabolic antenna and a command transmission antenna. The updated version
“Grom-M”, which was specially designed for the large anti-submarine ships, was able to provide command and control not only over anti-aircraft missiles but also the “Metel” anti-submarine missile system. The tests of the M-11 “Shtorm” were conducted at the OC-24 experimental ship. In 1969 the system passed into sevice. Due to the powerful warhead the anti-aircraft system provided effective both air and surface target engagement level with 40 meter accuracy. The 9М317М radar was able to track and detect small targets flying at very low altitudes and lock a missile on the target. However despite its outstanding technical characteristics the M-11 “Shtorm” AA system could be housed only at the ships with displacement over 5500 tons. The system was fielded at the “Moskva” and “Leningrad” (project 1143) helicopter carriers and also at the large anti-submarine ships projects 1134A and 1134B. In 1972 the modernized “Shtorm-M” AA missile system was put into service. The system has 100-meter low limit of target engagement as well as it is able to engage high-altitude targets including receding target engagement. Later on in 1980–1986 the system was a subject of deep modernization and named “Storm-N”. The system received a new missile — B-611M. The missile was able to engage low-flying anti-ship missiles. Some ships (project 1134B) were armed with this AA missile system. Taking into account main technical characteristics the M-11 “Storm” anti-aircraft missile system was at the same level with American “Terrier” and British “Sea Slag”. However the Soviet made AA missile system lost some points in weight and range of fire at the end of 60-es the beginning of 70-es, when in West some new anti-aircraft systems were put in inventory. In addition Western made anti-aircraft missiles were equipped with semi-active guidance systems that time. Today the M-11 “Storm” anti-aircraft missile system is fielded at two large anti-submarine ships — “Kerch” and “Ochakov” (project 1134 B), both
AIR DEFENSE are enlisted to the Russian Black Sea Fleet. C-300F “FORT” ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM C-300 F “Fort” (SA-N-6 according to NATO classification) was the first long-range Soviet AA missile system that was able to provide Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity. The system was created by the “Altair” Research and Development Institute. The reason of the long-range missile development in the Soviet Union was caused by the intention of the leading Western countries to engage enemy targets at a longer distance as well as the appearance of than up-to-date antiship missiles that were able to launch them from the standoff distance. Another reason was to create the Joint Air Defense of Naval Force. New anti-ship missiles were characterized by high speed, highly-maneuverable capabilities, stealth technologies and had very high damage affect. So, the available fleet anti-aircraft systems were not effective especially in case of mass launch. Therefore the main task was not only to increase the range of fire but also to increase fire power potential. The C-300F “Fort” AA missile system was based on the C-300 AA missile system that was fielded in the Soviet Union's Air Defense Units. The naval version had the same missile — B-500P one stage SAM. The system was designed to engage highspeed- maneuverable pinpoint targets (in particular the “Tomahawk” and “Harpoon” anti-ship missiles) at all altitudes from 25 meters up to operational ceiling of all aircraft as well as to destroy anti-ship missile air carriers and jammers. For the first time in the world Soviet engineers implemented the fly-out method and jamresistant multichannel control which was planned to track simultaneously up to 12 targets and engage simultaneously up to six air targets. Moreover the 130-kilogram missile warhead was able to engage surface targets at a distance of radar horizon. The C-300F “Fort” AA missile system was equipped with illuminating and guidance radar with phased array antenna which provided not on-
FORT AA Missile System
Name
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS M-11 “Shtorm-N” S-300F “Fort” S-300F “Fort”
Passed into Service NATO Classification Range of Fire (m) Min.: Max.: Operating Altitude Min.: Max.: Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of targets) Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of missiles) Designation of Missile Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System C2 system Antenna Station Tracking Range (km) Launcher Designation Launcher Type Number of Launching Ramps Combat Stock per One Launcher Firing Interval (sec)
1980
1983
1990
SA-N-3B
SA-N-6A
SA-N-6B
6000 35000
5000 75000
5000 93000
100 25000
25 25000
25 25000
1
6
6
2
12
—
В-611М
В-500Р
48Н6
1
1
1
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
1840
1665
1900
6,17 0,65
7,25 0,51
7,5 0,52
900
2000
3000
800
1300
2800
High Explosive
High Explosive
High Explosive
125
133 143 Track-via-Missile Track-via-Missile Beam-Rider Guidance Beam-Rider Guidance Beam-Rider Guidance System System System GROM-M FORT FORT 4P60
—
—
50
—
—
B-187 / B-192 Pedestal, guided Mount
B-203/B-204 / B-203А Pedestal, guided Mount
B-204 / B-203А Pedestal, guided Mount
2
2
2
16
16 or 32
48 / 24 / 40
50
30
50
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AIR DEFENSE FORT AA Missile System at Heavy Nuclear-Powered Cruiser
FORT AA Missile System at Missile Guided Cruiser
Antenna Post of FORT-M AA Missile System at Heavy Nuclear-Powered Cruiser 46
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ly the SAM guidance but also target location of high-altitude targets. The combined SAM guidance method was implemented in the command and control system. At first the control was executed by radar and at the final stage by a semi-active airborne radio direction finder. Due to new components that were used in the solid-propellant engine the SAM became lighter then the missile used in the “Shtorm” AA missile system, but at the same time C-300F “Fort” AA missile got range of fire three times as big as “Shtorm” had. Due to the vertical launch system the preset firing interval appeared to be three seconds and pre-launching time was significantly decreased. Transporter-launcher containers with SAMs were housed under the deck in rotating magazines with eight missiles in each magazine. To decrease the number of starter openings on the deck every magazine had one missile hatch. When SAM is launched the magazine rotates automatically and a second missile missile is put in firing position. The revolving system negatively affected to the weight of the vertical launch system which became also very bulky. Due to this fact the C-300F “Fort” AA missile system was fielded at the ships with displacement more then 6500 tons. The System was tested at the “Azov” large anti-submarine ship in 1975. Officially C-300F “Fort” was put into service in 1983. The “Kirov” and “Slava” (projects 1144 and 1164) guided missile cruisers were armed with C-300F. In the end of eight-
AIR DEFENSE ies of the last century a new SAM, 48H6, was developed by the “Fakel” Design Bureau for the C-300F AA missile system. SAM was unified with C-300 PM for Air Defense Units and had 120-kilometer range-of fire. New SAMs were fielded at the “Kirov” guided missile cruiser. In 1990-s the export variant of the AA system appeared. It was named “Rif”. Later on the C-300F was upgraded and designated as “Fort-M” where lighter antenna station and up-to-date command and control system were used. Nowadays “Fort-M” is fielded at the “Pyotr Velikiy” heavy nuclear-powered cruiser. Beside this cruiser, the “Fort” AA missile system is fielded at the “Marshal Ustinov”, “Varyag” and “Moskva” (projects 1164 and 11641) guided missile cruisers. The further modernization is said to be done in the near future with the aim to decrease the dimensions of SAM. The modernization will positively effect combat effectiveness and increase SAM combat stock four times. ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM M-22 “URAGAN” Almost at the same time with “Fort” AA system the development of the short-range Anti-Aircraft Missile System M-22 “Uragan” (SA-N-7 according to NATO classification) started. The range of fire was planned to be up to 25 kilometers. The development of the AA system was conducted in “Altair” Research Institute under the leadership of Chief Engineer G. Volgin. According to the tradition the missile of the M-22 “Uragan” AA system was unified with the “BUK” AA system that was in service in the Army. “Uragan” is designed to engage different air targets at all altitudes including low-altitude and high-altitude targets, which fly from different directions. For this purpose the AA system has modular structure that provided 12 targeting channels on board of a ship and made the system easy in service. “Uragan” was planned to be fielded not only at new combat ships but also insted of old anti-aircraft missile system “Volna” after the up-grade of some old ships. The destingushing feature of the new AA system was the “Oreh” (Nut) command and control station with semi-
URAGAN AA Missile System
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS S-300 FM M-22 Name "Uragan-Tornado "Fort-M" "Uragan" 1990s Passed into Service 1990s 1983 (development) NATO Classification SA-N-6C SA-N-7 — Range of Fire (m) Min.: 8000 3500 Max.: 120000 25000 Operating Altitude Min.: 10 10 Max.: 25000 15000 Simultaneous Target Handling 6 6 Capacity (number of targets) Simultaneous Target Handling 12 12…18 Capacity (number of missiles) Designation of Missile 48Н6Е2 9М38(М) 9М317М Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System C2 system Antenna Station Tracking Range (km)
1
1
1
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
1800
690
7,5 0,52 3000
5,55 0,4 1100
2800
850
High Explosive
High Explosive
High Explosive
143 Radio-Command With Semi-Active Guidance Fort-M
70
70
Semi-Active Radar
Semi-Active Radar
ZR90 Oreh
Tornado
—
OP-3
—
—
—
—
B-203А
МС-196
Vertical-launch revolver type
Pedestal, guided Mount
Number of Launching Ramps
6
1
— Vertical-launch honeycomb system 36
Combat Stock per One Launcher
46
24
36
Firing Interval (sec)
4
12
—
Launcher Designation Launcher Type
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AIR DEFENSE active guidance system. “Uragan” did not have its own search and detection equipment, the initial information regarding a target was received from the Radio Detection and Ranging equipment of a ship. By The missile guidance was provided by a target illumination searchlight control radar and the number of targeting channels depended on the number of that radars. The feature of the AA system is that the launch of a missile is possible only after hominghead lock-on. That is why the M-22 “Uragan” AA system used a singlegirder launcher МС-196. The use of the single-girder launcher decreased the reload time in comparison with “Volna” and “Shtorm” AA missile systems. The estimated gap between salvos was 12 seconds. The underdeck depot housed 24 anti-aircraft missiles. The 9M38 single-stage missile has two-mode solid-propellant jet engine and 70 kg high-explosive warehead with contact and proxim-
ity radio fuse. The former is used for surface targets and the latter for air targets. The tests of “Uragan” were conducted in 1976-1982 at the “Provorny” large anti-submarine ship. In 1983 the AA missile system was put into service and was fielded at the “Sovremenny” (project 956) destroyers. Prior to putting into service the “Uragan” AA system was armed with upgraded missile 9М38М1 which was unified with the “BUK-M1” AA missile system used in the Army. By 1990 another missile — 9М317 — was developed and tested. The missile could be used both naval “Uragan” and Army “BUK-M2” anti-aircraft missile systems. The missile was able to engage cruise missiles more effectively and had extended range of fire up to 45 kilometers. At that time the use of single-girder launchers were considered to be outdated and vertical-launch missile systems appeared. Therefore a new anURAGANTORNADO AA Missile System Mock-up
Illuminating Light of URAGAN AA Missile System URAGAN (SHTIL) AA Missile System
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ti-aircraft system “Uragan-Tornado” with the upgraded vertical-launch 9М317М missile was developed. The missile has new target seeking device, new solid-propellant jet engine with gas-dynamic system, that provides the missile inclination to a target right after the launch. The continuation of development and further tests of the AA missile system were failed to be continued due to the collapse of the Soviet Union. In the end of 90-s Russia inked the agreement with China to build some destroyers project 956E, which were armed with the export version of the M-22 anti-aircraft missile system named “Shtil”. Between 1999 and 2005 the Chinese Navy received two ships project 956E and two ships project 956EM armed with the “Shtil” AA missile system. Today Russian Navy has only seven destroyers project 956 and 956A which are armed with the “Uragan” system. Today a new version named “Yej”
AIR DEFENSE (Hedgehog) is said to be under development for the Russian Navy. The system is planned to be armed with the vertical-launch 9М317М missile. ANTI-AIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEM “KINJAL” In the beginning of 80-s the “Garpun” and “Exocet” anti-aircraft missiles were fielded in the navies of the Unitaed States of America and other NATO countries. This forced the Russian Navy Command to expedite the development of a new generation self-defense anti-aircraft missile system. The engineering of the AA missile system started in Scientific Development and Production Center “Altair” in 1975 under the “Kinjal” (SA-N-9 according to NATO classification) designation. The chief of the project was S. Fadeev. The 9M3302 missile was developed in Design Bureau “Fakel” under the leadership of P. Grushin. The missile is unified with the “TOR” self-propelled AA missile system that is used in the Army. To get high performance of “Kinjal” the designers used the key features of the “Fort” long-range AA missile system. In particular the differential radar with electronically-controlled-beam phased array antenna, vertical launch, revolver-type launcher with eght missiles. To increase the endurance, like “OSA-M” has, a in-built omnirange radar was included in the system. The radar is housed in the 3Р95 antenna post. The radio command and control system was used which distingushed by its high accuracy. In 60x60 degrees volumetric coverage the AA system is able to simultaneously engage up to four high-altitude targets by eight missiles. A television-optical tracking system was used to increase jamming resistance. The 9М330-2 single stage AA missile has solid-propellant jet engine with gas-dynamic system that provides a missile inclination towards a target right after the launching. The estimated period between salvos is three seconds. The “Kinjal” AA missile system can have threefour the drum-type 9C95 launchers. The tests of the “Kinjal” AA missile system were held since 1982 at the “MPK-104” small antisubmarine warfare ship, which was built under proj-
KINJAL AA Missile System
Name
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS “Osa-M” “Osa-MA-2” Kinjal
Passed into Service NATO Classification Range of Fire (m) Min.: Max.: Operating Altitude Min.: Max.: Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of targets) Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of missiles) Designation of Missile Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System C2 system Antenna Station
1973
1980-s
1986
SA-N-4A
SA-N-4C
SA-N-9
1500 9000
1500 10000
1500 12000
50 6000
5 6000
10 6000
1
1
4
2
2
8
9М33
9М33
9М330-2
1
1
1
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
127
127
165
3,15 0,21 800
3,15 0,21 800
3,1 0,35 850
420
~500
700
High Explosive
High Explosive
High Explosive
15 15 14,5 Beam-Rider Beam-Rider Beam-Rider Guidance System Guidance System Guidance System 4Р33 4Р33 3Р95 —
—
—
ZiF-122
ZiF-122
Girder, extendable, guided
Girder, extendable, guided
Number of Launching Ramps
2
2
CM-9 Vertical-launch honeycomb system 4...8
Combat Stock per One Launcher
20
20
32....64
Firing Interval (sec)
30
30
3
Tracking Range (km) Launcher Designation
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AIR DEFENSE KINJAL AA Missile System
KOMAR-GIBKA AA Missile System Mock-up
ect 1124K. Rather complicated design of the anti-aircraft missile system lagged the end of the tests, so it was put into service only in 1986. As a result some combat ships that were planned to be armed with the “Kinjal” AA missile system, were not able to get it, like the “Udaloy” large antisubmarine warfare ship (project 1155). “Kinjal” was not fielded at the “Novorossiysk” aircraft carrier (project 11433), “Frunze” and “Kalinin” nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers (project 11442), however, the places for further installation of the AA systems were reserved. The “Admiral Chabanenko” large antisubmarine warfare ship (project 11551), “Baku” aircraft carrier (project 11434) and “Tbilisi” aircraft carrier (project 11435), as well as “Petr Velikiy” nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers (project 11442), “Neustrashimy” corvette (project 11540) were armed with the “Kinjal” AA missile system. Beside the aircraft carriers project 11436 and 11437 were planned to be armed with the system. In accordance with technical assignment of “Kinjal” the system should have the same weight and dimensions parameters as “OSA-M” self-defense AA system has. However they failed. That is why the anti-aircraft system can be fielded only at ships from 1000 up to 1200 tone displacement. If one compares the “Kinjal” AA missile system with the same class Western made systems, like American “Sea Sparrow” and British “Sea Wolf 2”, it is getting clear that “Kinjal” is second to former in main tactical characteristics, but is equal to the latter one. Today the “Kinjal” AA missile system is fielded at eight ships project 1155 and 11551, “Petr Velikiy” nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers (project 11442), “Kuznetsov” aircraft carrier (project 11435), two corvettes project 11540. the system under designation “Klinok” is offered to foreign customers. COMBINED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEM Along with production of antiaircraft missile systems the development of combined artillery-missile anti-aircraft systems were in proces in the Soviet Union. In the be-
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AIR DEFENSE ginning of 80-s in Tula Instrument Design Bureau, the 2C6 “Tunguska” self-propelled air defense system was invented. “Tunguska” has 30mm guns and two-stage anti-aircraft missiles. It was the first in the world the series-produced combined gun-missile anti-aircraft system. Based on the “Tunguska” AA system the desicion to develop a naval version of a short range AA system to effectively engage high-altitude air targets including anti-ship missiles in shadow zones of missile AA systems as well as to substitute AA small-caliber gun systems. The development of the naval version, that was designated as 3M87 “Kortik” (CADS-N-1 according to NATO classification), was assigned to Tula Instrument Design Bureau. The Chief Designer, who was responsible for the development, was A. Shipunov. The system consisted of one command-and-control unit with a radar and from one up to six modules. Each combat module was made as a turret that is able to rotate 360 degrees, and had two 30-mm automatic guns AO18 with 6-burrel rotating unit, linkless ammunition feed magazines for 30mm rounds and two launching units with four missiles in a unit, tracking radar, missile guidance station, TVOptical system and instrument compartment. There are 24 additional AA missiles in a under-turret compound. The 9M311 two-stage radiocommand AA missile(SA-N-11 according to NATO classification) has solid-propellant jet engine and high explosive-rod warhead. It was fully sutable for use at the “Tunguska” AA system used in the Land Forces. The “Kortik” anti-aircraft system is able to engage pinpoint maneuver air targets at a distance of 1.5 up to eight kilometers and then to keep on inflicting demage on the target using 30-mm guns. The tests of “Kortik” took place in 1983 at the “Molniya” speed boat which was specially redesigned under project 12417. The tests with combat firing showed that the AA system was able to engage consequently up to six targets during one minute. The “Positiv” or similar radar was needed to execute the target assignment. In
1988 “Kortik” was officially put into service. The aircraft carriers project 11435,11436, 11437 as well as two last nuclear-powered guided missile cruisers project 11442, one large anti-submarine ship project 11551 and two corvettes project 11540 were
armed with the 3M87 “Kortik” anti-aircraft system. At the beginning they planned to substitute AK-630 anti-aircraft gun with “Kortik” however the plannes were failed as the dimensions of the combat module would be increased in two times. KOMAR-GIBKA AA Missile System
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS Name 3M87 “Kortik” 3M89 “Palash” “Palitsa” 2010 (developPassed into Service 1988 2005 (under tests) ment) NATO Classification Range of Fire (m) Missiles: 30-mm guns: Operating Altitude Missiles: 30-mm guns: Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of targets) Time Between Salvos, sec
CADS-N-1
CADS-N-2
—
1500...8000 500...3000
1300...8000 500...3000
1200...20000 500...4000
10...4000 5...1500
5...6000 5...1500
5...15000 5...1500
1
1
1
08.10.10
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------
Designation of Missile
9М33
9М33
9М330-2
Gun Rate of Fire, rounds/min
10000
10000
10000
Missile Designation
9М311
9М337 “Sosna-R”
57Э6
Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System
2
2
2
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
60
30
74,5
2,63 0,17 900
2,32 0,13 / 0,072 900
3,2 0,09 / 0,076 1300
700 High ExplosiveRod 9
700 High ExplosiveRod 5
1000
Radio
Laser Beamrider
Radio
Rod 20
Number of Launching Ramps
8
8
—
Combat Stock per One Launcher
24
—
—
АО-18
АО-18КD
АО-18КДD
2х6
2х6
2х6
30-mm Gun Designation Number of Barrels
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AIR DEFENSE C2 Post of KORTIK AA Missile and Gun System
KORTIK-M AA Missile and Gun System
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When Russian made “Kortil” was put into service, there were no similar anti-aircraft sysytems that were developed abroad. As a rule, the missile and gun anti-aircraft systems were developed separately. The Russian made system can be compared in missile unit with the RAM anti-aircraft self-defense system that was co-developed by Germany, USA and Danmark and was put into service in 1987. Today “Kortik” is fielded at the “Kuznetsov” aircraft carrier, “Pyotr Velikiy” heavy nuclear-powered cruiser, “Admiral Chabanenko” large antisubmarine warfare ship and two “Neustrashimy” class corvettes. In 2007 when the Steregushchy class corvette (project 20380) was put into service it was also armed with the “Kortik-M” modernized version (In this version the weight of the system was significantly decreased). In 1990 “Kortik” was offered abroad under the “Kashtan” designation. Today it is fielded at two Chinese corvettes project 956EM.
ARMS Defence Technologies Review
In 1994 the production of “Kortik” was totally over but at the same time Tula Instrument Design Bureau together with “Ametist” Design Bureau embarked on the development of a new combined anti-aircraft system that received the “Palash” designation (CADS-N-2 according to NATO classification). When it was designed the main principles and schemes, used in “Kortic”, were implemented. The distinguishing feature is a new jam-resistant command-and-control system based on small-size digital computer and the “Shar” optical-electronic guidance system with TV, IR and Laser channels. The guidance can be executed using organic ship-in built radar stations. The A-289 combat module consists of two upgraded AO-18KD six-barrel 30-mm AA guns, two launching units for four AA missiles each and commandand-control unit. The two-stagesolid-propellant-jet-engine 9M337 “Sosna-R” anti-aircraft missile has the beam guidence system at the initial stage of flight and after it is guided by laser. The tests of “Palash” took place in the city of Feodosiya and in 2005 it was installed at the R-60 “Molniya” missile boat, project 12411. The tests of this anti-aircraft system were conducted until 2007 with some breaks. Finally at that year it was officially put into service. It is worth to mention that only artillery tests of the AA system were conducted. As far as AA missile is concerned the system was supposed to be armed with the “Sosna-R” missile only for foreign customers. Finally
the works and tests of the “Palash” were over and the attention of the commanders of the Russian navy was focused on a new combined anti-aircraft system. The new AA system was designated as “Palitsa”. Tula Instrument Design Bureau is engaged in to the development of this system. The “Palitsa” AA system is based on the mobile “Pantsir-C1” anti-aircraft system which is used in the Army Air Defense units. There is no much information regarding this system. However, it is known that anti-aircraft guns remain the same — AO18KD, the AA missiles are 57E6 twostage hypersonic missiles which are able to engage targets at a distance of 20 kilometers and integrated three-dimensional search radar. The guidance system has radio-command guidance. The command-andcontrol system has target-track radar with phased array antenna and optical-electronic station. “Palitsa” was said to have very good fire power potential and is able to engage up to 10 targets during a minute. It could not be ruled out that the “Palitsa” anti-aircraft system is going to be installed at the “Gorshkov” frigate project 22350 which is now under construction. VERY SHORT-RANGE ANTIAIRCRAFT MISSILE SYSTEMS Talking about naval anti-aircraft systems it is necessary to mention man-portable SAM weapon. Since 1980s the Army used man-portable SAM weapon systems, like “Strela2M”, “Strela-3”, later “Igla-1”, “Igla”, “Igla-C”, were fielded at small displacement ships and speed boats and utilized as one of means to fight against enemy aircraft. It was naturally occurred as this kind of weapon for these ships is not a main one, and on the other hand it is impossible to arm such ships with a fully-featured AA system due to the dimensions of the latter. Usually, the man-portable SAMs were stored in a special room in a ship and in case of air assault the crews were deployed in particular places on the deck of a ship being ready to repel the attack from the air. As far as submarines are concerned the crew also have such SAM
AIR DEFENSE systems which are stored in a special room as well. Apart from it, the special turrettype AA systems, MTU type, were developed for the Navy. They have from two up to four AA missiles. The use of such AA systems significantly increased the fire power of manportable SAMs as they were able to engage air targets by several AA missiles. The operator manually executed azimuth and elevation guidance. Such AA systems were fielded at a great number of Soviet and later Russian Navy, starting from speed boats up to large landing ships, as well as fleet auxiliary vessels. In 1999 Design Bureau “AltairRatep” in cooperation with other enterprises embarked upon the “Gibka” system. The Navy demanded cutting-edge AA system that can use the same missiles as Army manportable SAM weapon systems utilize, but should have remote command-and-control station and modern sight systems, as manual control is not possible every time in combat. In 2001–2002 the first very shortrange anti-aircraft system was developed and tested. The ready-made parts and elements, that were produced by the Russian defense industry enterprises, were used in this system. During the tests the engineers managed to provide AA missile guidance when rocking as well as to conduct a salvo of two missiles at one target. In 2003 the “Gibka-956” AA system was produced and was planned to be fielded at a destroyer, project 956. However, due to financial matters the further use of the system was failed. In 2005 in accordance with Navy's order, OAO “Ratep” under the leadership of Designer-in-Chief A. Zhil'cov embarked upon the development of very short-range antiaircraft system “Komar”, which used the missiles of the “Igla' man-portable SAM weapon. Plus some elements and principles of “Gibka” were used as well. After the tests the first turret-type launcher was installed at the “Astrakhan” small artillery ship project 21630 (the ship was put into service in 2006). today one more “Komar” AA system is installed at the “Admiral Kulakov”
large anti-submarine ship project 1155 (the ship is under modernization). In future the “Komar” AA system is planned to be installed at all
small ships and speed boats of the Russian Navy.
Leonid Karyakin PALASH-PALMA AA Missile and Gun System
MAIN TECHNICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOVIET AND RUSSIAN FLEET AA MISSILE SYSTEMS Name “Polimer-Redut” “Komar” Passed into Service NATO Classification Range of Fire (m) Min.: Max.: Operating Altitude Min.: Max.: Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of targets) Simultaneous Target Handling Capacity (number of missiles) Designation of Missile Number of Stages Type of Engine AA Missile Launching Weight (kg) Missile Dimentions (m) Length: Diameter: AA Missile Maximum Speed (m/sec) Maximum Target Speed (m/sec) Type of warhead Warhead Weight (kg) Guidance System C2 system Antenna Station
2000-s (development)
2006
—
—
1000 5000 / 135000
500 6000
5 20000 / 35000
500 6000
—
1
—
2
9М96 / 9М96М
9М342
1
1
Solid Propellant
Solid Propellant
333 / 420
11,7
— — —
1,63 0,072 570
750 / 1000
320...400
Aimed
High Explosive
24
2,5
Radio-Radar Homing
Passive IR
—
—
—
—
— Vertical-launch, honeycomb 16
— Guided Turret mount
Combat Stock per One Launcher
16
4....8
Firing Interval (sec)
—
Tracking Range (km) Launcher Type Number of Launching Ramps
4....8
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NAVY
RUSSIAN NON-NUCLEAR SUBMARINE AMUR 1650 ubmarine Amur 1650 is an export modification of new-generation submarine of Lada type. The lead unit Saint Petersburg of this type joined the Russian Navy in May 2010. Russian industry created a strong combat ship able to respond to all eventual challenges at the theatre of operations. Two principles were laid in the basis of design of Amur-class submarines: high combat effectiveness and easy operation with the displacement being minimal. The major missions to be performed by these submarines are similar: ■ destruction of surface ships and vessels, ■ destruction of submarines,
S
Andrey Baranov Chief Engeneer of AMUR submarine
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■ naval reconnaissance to obtain
data on the tactical situation in the area. Torpedo and missile complex of Amur-class submarines includes 533-mm torpedo tubes with air firing system and a special low-noise quick loading gear for torpedo tubes recharging. Interval between salvoes does not exceed several minutes. Loading of ammunition is mechanized and carried out through a torpedo loading hatch. Frogmen with relevant outfit can be released and recovered. Submarine ammunition includes: ■ cruise missiles with range up to 200 km for firing at sea and ground targets, ■ universal torpedoes having homing and wire-guidance modes, ■ mines.
The principal feature of Amurclass submarines is the ability to take and use weapons in any combination as well as to strike missile salvo attacks against enemy ships and vessels. The Amur submarines are of lownoise, their noise level is reduced by two times compared to Kilo-class submarines. To achieve this: ■ the use is made of ship’s machinery with low vibration specially developed for these submarines, ■ system incorporation of ship’s means of acoustic protection is carried out. The Amur Submarines have electronic sensors that include the latest achievements of foreign and Russian electronics of the last years. Sonar complex is arranged on the state-of-the art component base and software. High-sensitive passive antenna is located in the forward end. Its area is several times more than that of sonar antenna of Russian and foreign submarines of the same class. In combination with own low noise, the highly-effective sonar complex of Amur submarines provides for the guaranteed early detection and attack of enemy ships or timely evasion from ASW ships. Automatic system for control of the ship and its combat/technical facilities is arranged on a new component base and software. The system ensures effective centralized control from operator panels in CIC of the submarine. Provision is made for backup control of equipment from local posts located in each compartment in one and the same place for easy operation. Electronic means for receiving information on external situation are united into a dedicated data exchange system of the ship; the system carries out automatic processing
NAVY and analysis of information from various sensors at maximum speed and displays it in generalized form on operator panels. Navigation complex has a smallsize inertial navigation system and ensures safety of navigation and determination of submarine motion parameters with the accuracy required for missile weapon. The Amur submarines are equipped with a new-design hoistables: telescopic non-hull penetrating masts (except the attack periscope). In addition to the optic channel, the attack periscope has a low-level TV camera for observation during night time, GPS antenna and ESM antenna. The Amur 1650 submarine is additionally provided with an optronic mast with a thermal imager, daylight and night observation cameras, GPS antenna and ESM antenna. Radar complex system has a higher target detection range, stealth, immune stability and accuracy of target indication. It performs course auto plotting and solution of navigation divergence tasks. The Amur submarines features good habitability. All crew members are arranged in cabins. Galley and wardroom are comfortable and well equipped. Effective ventilation and air conditioning systems are designed to operate in tropical waters and provide for comfort microclimate in living and service rooms of the submarine in all sailing regimes including snorkelling. Fresh water stock sufficient per se can be replenished, if necessary,
from the distilling plant available onboard and operating on the principle of reverse osmosis. Equipment of Amur submarines has good life-time features, which provides for: ■ submarine service life till overhaul 10 years, ■ service life of storage battery — not less than 5 years, ■ dock repairs — after 2.5 years. The Amur 1650 submarine has considerable reserve for modernization. In the first place it pertains to the electronic equipment being of an open architecture. Provision is made for fitting the Amur submarine with an air-independent propulsion plant (AIP). Structurally, AIP with all its servicing systems is arranged in a module compartment. The compartment is technologically adaptable for plugging into the base submarine. The Amur submarines can be reliably operated in all regions of the World Ocean at any meteorological conditions, in shallow and deep water areas. Open Joint-Stock Company “The Admiralty Shipyards”, leader of modern Russian shipbuilding, is the oldest shipbuilding yard in Russia founded in 1704. Over 2600 ships and vessels of various types and classes including more than 300 submarines slid down its ways. Public Joint Stock Company “CDB ME “Rubin” is the only Russian design bureau that has designed submarines exported to foreign customers. The total number of submarines
constructed to the Bureau’s designs amounts to almost 1000, out of them 103 diesel-electric submarines were exported to 14 countries. In 2011 CDB ME “Rubin” will celebrate its 110th anniversary. At present, CDB ME “Rubin” and the Admiralty Shipyards are able to provide the complete scope of services for development, operation and maintenance of submarines. They acquired broad experience of interaction with customers in training of personnel and technical engineering specialists, and after-sale service of supplied submarines including supply of spare parts, conduct of maintenance and repair works.
Andrey Baranov Chief Engeneer of AMUR submarine
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