LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Hostile architecture illustrated in a public bench (Carey, 2018) Figure 2. Kelvingrove Park in Glasgow (People Make Glasgow, 2021) Figure 3. Homeless individual sleeping on public space (Jock, 2019) Figure 4. Uncomfortable bench in public space (Jock, 2019) Figure 5. Concrete spikes under a road bridge in China (Chadalavada, 2020) Figure 6. Pig ears on public benches to avoid misuse by skateboarders (Quinn, 2014) Figure 7. Camden bench in London city (Adler-Gillies, 2018) Figure 8. Conceptual framework Figure 9. Spikes in window sills in Manhattan (Omidi, 2014) Figure 10. Spikes in seating areas in New York (Hu, 2019) Figure 11. Metal bars on public benches in New York (Hu, 2019) Figure 12. Unfriendly benches in Manhattan New York (Kim, 2019) Figure 13. Unfriendly benches with dividers in New York subway (Kim, 2019) Figure 14. Leaning bench in New York subway (Kim, 2019) Figure 15. Granite protrudes on flower beds in Pali Hill (Ruetas, 2019) Figure 16. Metal spikes on pavements in public buildings (Ruetas, 2019) Figure 17. Sharp spikes on building pavements (Ruetas, 2019) Figure 18. Spikes on pavements in Glasgow public spaces (Scottish Housing News, 2016) Figure 19. Bristo building square in Glasgow (Qreate, 2018)
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