Akkas 9, narang number final by akkas.international

ä™7Æ™ RecycleÃ„ÅyZgzZ÷M hXÐ“ Wóeg c* B L8 zg-ÃWKZë ” äeÆ[Š Z}gøJ -Z # X X ÷M hÑg »ñz' , Ã¢ A &~„gzZ!KZñOÅ {z»TYƒ7Ýqx £{zÃkZJ -‰ Ü zkZ D Yƒ7Š Zi WÐœ / %Æ\gI 8 g [fÝzg,ì³» Ó CêL FkZaÆÄ6, ÅC Ù !LZ[Š Z Z(, »y!* i~(, Xì Xì <ŠzÅyZŠgzÆÛ{ÆkZÉ 7g »Ð

k½ZÐ J…^Ò o9n9Þ;ñ wz** Æˆmæ†µ àm‚Ö] |¡‘ tyxgŠÆVâzŠgzZì * @ƒZ9™ W61Zt ‚Æx?Z†g ZŠ™qZÆwz* * :ì H61ZXì * @ƒ?k 9E ÅV”{Š ‚ Û p8 -PŠ)úÇ!* ÆkêL kZ Ðƒ„… T?ÃkZÔ{zL L uðñVQus§Åy W ñ!* Š¯ÆVÁÞÞ~V^ùZ LZ~Vª

†‰ù]ô …‚Þçm

ó ó÷d $Š ZáZzä™I¹F, tX X X ÷ìg

k½ZÐ æ†e oÒ h ] y*

ó ó÷ï÷ á Ìd $Š Zyg e â¼ Â~yZÔ~yZpXX Vƒ}T¼Ð~yZV;L L

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

QQÐZ§IèË~[Š ZÃŠ Õ™ ¯9 Û »VzŠ ÕÈöV;}g øÃW äVM~Š™~g7ä:g ‚B±g ÷ áh +] .ˆâ yZŸ „gXì ˆ~Š}Šw ƒŠ ZÃ„V¸ugzZ]%=KZ™}ŠgZ Œ Û wz"ÃVâzŠQgzZ'ÐV.Z }÷ā ÇVz™n²ÚZ ùM¿%‰ ~c~haDËVŒ~X X ;e** ZßŠg Z Œ Û D¬ LZg »ðZ # yZgzŠÆðÅ}g 0* ®ËXìz~zb q -Z »¿!ÔWq -Š 4, Âì 8 Š Ãi Z0 +ZÆæ ¾ ÅyZgzZwEZÆp ÖZÆkZB‚Æg ÖZÆ}g 0* ® Æg ÖZÆðKZÃ~WtÅg »ðXì CƒÌ{ ó~WÅkZÔ9 Š (ZÝZgŠ XnYH7~]gßF, [pÐ[pÐZā @* Ôì g{^ ,Y» FzŒÆkZyZgzŠ CƒÃ~WÅg »ðË„ÃàZzä™7~]gßF, [pÐ[pÃ}g 0* ®LZ ™? Ø ÐðÔX XWV-ì @* W~Š z¸c{g 0* ®»g »ðË~³ÆÏZgzZÔì ~Wc* ú1úÎ~WÅkZ ÔÇƒYZ A6, gî!Ôg »ððÃX X Sg7qµ Z ðÃ Åg ÖZ6, gî4Ã "Š!LZ {z6, ¯ÅÏZèYÔÏƒ{÷ éM$iÑb§ÏZ Ì]ù ÏZ ÌÃVzg 0* ®ÆVzg »ð}uzŠÔ{ó~W¸ Åg »ðq -ZXì ;g}Š]gß ÂÕZzâZ yZgzŠÆ·_ Æ]&ÅVzuzŠPC Ù Xì C™ÒÃÅÚ ŠÐi Z0 +Z Ë: Ëú1úÎ{zë@* XXì CƒB‚ÆðKZyZgzŠÆ¿!LZÎCƒ7 Xì C3Š W, Z CZ Ì~·_ÆVzuzŠgî

o m†Î …‚nu k½ZÐÂ7ÆäÃÖ^_Ú Øô‘^u·ùÆ}p~W

Ðƒ… YÐVñ** }uzŠÃyZ ?X XX ÷Ñäƒï÷ á ~íÌ{z[ZV;L L [Â~g väTì C1 yZp{zÔVƒ@* g åÐVñ** ñƒbŠ LZ7Z~p $Ã Ýq Â™ Îi ZzWÅzŠg ZzŠg ZC Ù !* tX ñZßŠ eg Z-ZÃVzg »[˜gzZ 3g1 øL F }g ‚‰kZgzZtXì êŠ™ÇVâ ÅkZ™áBzggzZ. Þ zgÔ°Z eg0 +ZgzZì @* ™ ó Xó ÷,@* Æ¬}÷ XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX ìá C8 -g ** ÂÛ 7, ™« ZÃszwÆyZp C1 XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX

6nÚ Á^ËÖ] å †Ò á^ne 1ßµ] ˆmæ†µ àm‚Ö] |¡‘ h] ^nÒ [6na 1ò+ àe 8ßrm] oãe 1Ò X8ßrm] 1Ò Ø`qçe]Z ÷C™ð^»J -ŠÐúb§¾/i ‚ò Z ¸ÑZÎā }Y7t~L L ¿›gh +”LZ6, Satanic Versesäm , z6, +−Z b &Ôì NŠ °»]!* -Z1 q th +÷ á »[Š ZzŠg ZX¸ñWF, Z6, a‰à Ç{zā åÝ ¬t»]”Å¿›gX åHg ÖZ » D ÎÌ·B‚Æx ** LZ[ R m, z6, +−Z b &āì§Zz0Z]ªÐƒ  ! Š ZÆT÷} 9: t K: ÷ á Æ8 -g ** P8Í~ƒkZÅV-h +] .ˆâ Ô÷ X ~W NWÆ|X $ e+ h. ]ˆâ ) ó Xó ÷ìg™~”gyG]Š ªÅˆ ( Y 2001s6, ZÔag â X`îm†Ú·,X k½ZÐy*Æ‚Ûu] …‚ßÓ‰

2 :[ Âx **

9 [ÂX DÚZk?

ä×Š×‰ oe^jÒ oe ]

:A $%

−{”g Z ( Z” )£Z: %g

:tgzu

:® )÷ áZ

Y 2009# gƒÑX ö6, ì6, $h # +zY

1µæ… MLL VkÛnÎ l^e oßµ] o‰ †’jíÚ ò ÂÜ** [ »ÐC;aÆ 8g * *P8ÍËZ eÔ9 [ÂkZÅŠ !* WxsZDÚZk? ò ÂÜ** [»Ð{g ÑkZXì Hyz¬àSäC;Ô* eë ZÔòO Z^g WðÂ {g ZŠ ZÆ

9†fÛÞ h^jÒ

DÚZ

l ^m †Ã oÎ† Ú …æ] l^njì^‰ ‹ ô µ(l^njì^‰ ÐáZjàSÆ

†fÛÞ -Þ…^Þ ‚ß2 oµç+ †9Ò]J

!÷ëh +æWlp7Z6, æWÅyZgzZ÷g Z ¦ / ]ÆyZëaÆyz¬zuZ· Zx ÓkZ

Üg 2 + ËZ e :k , æy ¶ ànfiù†Ú

aÆ kZ ** ƒk , æy¶~ kZ »yZÐ9 L oÅ qçñkZXì Å~ e ÝZ8 6, qçñÆ

‚Ö^ì ‚ …]

X ÷ìgƒï÷ á Ì~]gzx>ÅDÚZk?

ó óe $ZzgÅ~i ~gzZ‘u~[Š ZzŠg Z LäVM÷„  zŠ¬Ægz{}g øÜg 2 + ËZ e

‚Ö^ì ‚ …]Xì {Š™k , ’»Üg 2 + ËZ e6, gîÆtg ZŠ Zy¶tg ZŠ Z »g !* kZXì ] !* Åi Z ³Zq -Z 4ÒÔ~çgÛi :?* Nà X 7Œ Û g©ÔuZg0 + -ŠX X£Zg\Ôm, z6, +−Z b & :?* Nyzg+ 0Z Œ^ÓÂ äfjÓÚ V † ^Þ AKKAS PUBLICATIONS House No 1164 Street No 2 Block C

( y* 0 Y) w ì}Z

l…æ^ Ú ‹×rÚ ( mz- ) …^ †‰ ÐvÖ] Ý]†Ò] (Mobile: 0092-334 7675889)

( C;) oÚ^¿Þ †‘^Þ ( Mobile: 0031-621583289)

National Police Foundation ,Sector O-9 Lohi Bhair, Islamabad, Pakistan Tel.0300-5114739

0333-5515412

...................................................................

Nizamia Art Acedemy Amsterdam NeiuwenDijk-23 (1012 LZ), Amsterdam,Holland E- Mail: akkasurdu@hotmail.com, akkasurdu2@gmail.com

‚ …] ‚mçÞ V †rnßÚ à nÖçÒ†‰ Œ^ÓÂ äfjÓÚ nÆ‚Zg ÏušÔ2 ‹Ô1164 yk Š !* WxsZÔQ„ßX O-9øc& +ƒ Ã:7D

tg ZŠ Zy¶ ÆÌZx »d‰ÆyZXì ;g * @Y Œx ** xq -Z »Wz ïzŠg Z8 -g ** P 8ÍËZ e

VrZaÆä™C Ù ªŠ»„¹Ðp ÒdÃŠpā ð ï™ H~uÆyZ äY:pÔ¸ïq ÓZ' ,ñO Åqc* g z œËaÆ äSÐZgzZ 1á)f »% egze v!* Åe $h +] .ˆâ

c* gŠ âZ äVrZ ñƒ D™ ºuÆV1Â! fX c* Š™s ™B; 6,V1ÂdÅ *Š ! f„  Zg X 17x »ÌÐ=âZÔ’ e¢ 8x »Ð=Ái Z ÁÎaÆä™Üā H{C Ù b»àŠ

Æ8 -g** P 8ÍËZ e=gfÆ}pÚLZ ä VrZāì x »g ÇŠ c* »g–@÷ á yZ/ YE ëL &.!‚g ! Š ZgzZ †7 yÎ * 0 g ¶ZÆÖZ y*ª»yZX c* Š™7t ‚Æ*Š ! Š ZÃV¸u

kZ~*` [Š Z+ h. ]²åeZ™7wzK+ $YKZzÂÅMg ‡Š z!* Æà Ÿ ~~fzZgwì

³Æ V¯ŸZ h +' × āìg wì)X Š Hƒ el »V¸u yZ ~ *Š ! Š Z ~g7 Ð ® )÷ á Z Å y* YE ë)** izgX ( å Š Hƒ k HzŠ Ð y*áZz wì ëL &. y*ª ÑZz à Ÿ ~ [Š Z + h. ]~ gzZ Z”.Š +˜ G, MÚZÔŠ !* W îWÈZ)* *¸yp ‘ÔŠ !* WxsZk?Ô~Z* NzŠg Z)** izgÔÁŠŠ !* Wg©

VÇ ×(~ „ wqy*gzZq -Z )X Å® )÷ á Zg(Åy*kZ ä b‚gz ]Zg ¶Z Ä äY:h +' × GL“÷ P 8ÍËZ ea ÏZ ¶ðƒÐzz Å[Š Z+ h. ]g(ï á Z ~g ‚tèa( ì H ù ÷ á Ìä®

7ZX Š H3g6,Ši {Š c* iÃ7Œ Û g©k , æÆ[Š Z+ h. ]~¨£Ægóy*ÝZ6,}g ÷ á ZÆ8 -g **

Üg 2 + ËZ e

4 6 8 10 11 12 14 23 24

{zXì c* Zz™ù ÷ á gzZ c* Z y*q -Z Œ6,V-zg: *6,‘ Û gzZ VCÇ†Ð ¿áZz“ Wó Šó ÕL L

ºuL Läg–@÷ á yZ/~³ÆkZpñYc* Š[Z » ã!* i$ +ËÅkZā7ëÑkZ Â¿

P 8Ít »k?~³ÆÏZgzZX ÷K [ Õ" ºuh +' × Ær # ™8 -g ** ™É óD ó ø {Ã »

Xce** Yc* ŠÃ]ZŠgZzT §Æg W8Å8 -g ** ËZ e^i +™»kZXì ;gƒk , +® 5 )÷ á Z 8g * *

Hƒ: qg Y {Š c* Š i {Š c* i ÌÐ }p—‚ÆyZi Z0 +Z »g–@÷ á yZ/g óy*~ y*kZ

g–@÷ á yZ/

:7'÷Wá8 -g ** P8 Í ( Y 2007ÞâX 6 {g ÑXŠ !* WxsZk?·,B‚ÆV¯ŸZ Y 2007cŠ @* ðÑ Ô9 {g Ñ*` [Š Zh +] .·,)

41 43 49

7Œ Û g© × g©h +zY g–@÷ á yZ/

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

:^â Cg ZŠ Z :¿›g ?J -“  q ÃŠ »kZgzZ‘u~[Š ZzŠgZ

( Y 2008y @* ~g†Ô 10 {g Ñ*` [Š Zh +] .·,)

X ÷ìg™g OZ »‰ Ü zƒ  o7Œ Û g©

Æ™Vc* ga Ð Ïg ÃgzZ ¿†„ e $.q -ZÆyßä 8 -g ** P 8ÍËZ e ~ „ wq

tg ZŠ Zy¶ kn’í …æ] àÊ -Þ…^Þ ‚ß2 oµç+ V{@Š& ðsZ¯eYgzZ8 -g ** Wz6, zZpÀ Ù â Ì](‚ŠpÔ7Æ„](‚8 C -g ** ËZ e ‹g Ztzg ÃÔ9Zwg ¾Ôðf®z -(@* J ÕÐ8 -g ** P8 Í £Zg\ Š Z®ÇÅ?£Å8 -g ** Wz6, -g ** 8 ËZ eÔ~çgÛiÔg ¾yzg Z -g-Z »r 8 # ™8 -g ** 7Œ Û g© ã¹Å 12 {g ÑÆ[Š Zh +] . ~g Zz!£Z·B~g7ÓË ?Zƒ>H »zŠg ZB{i »»Å !* " zðÍh ànŠvi tô]†ì çÒ XX l^m†Ã oÎ† Ú …æ] l^njì^‰ ‹ôµ( l^njì^‰ZZ ~Qj $h e +] .ˆâgzZ ~i +e¤ / ØO%Z

( 53X ‹ŠÔŠ !* WQÔ41 ‹ 1303/1/4mXy¿‚X ‹g Ztzg Ã:A $%¯ÿL 3XZ ñ÷ á Ó!ZfÔ‹Šh +] .èE L 4Xf·,)

ëÑkZÃ‰Ôì c* Š C™Á~}g !* Æ]** v‰ä 7Œ Û g©ÔZ 7,** ™ o‚ »]** vŠ¼

aÆkZX H7g ÖZ J -ÌZ ä VrZ »yv+F, ëZq -Z ë @* X D™™f »yZā Œ7„

k‰†`Ê

g–@÷ á yZ/

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

~ŠiÅ ºuøÚgzZ ðCÅ8 -g ** P8 Í

( Y 2008cŠ @* ðÑ Ô 11 {g ÑX *` [Š Zh +] .·,)

XXXXXXXXXXXXX

99 104 10 9 11 0

tg ¤Ò X XX XìgzZV˜»È™ dÄZ $h e +] .ˆâ ñZ' , )** $± e -g ** 8 P8 ÍËZ e ( [ Z »wZÎÆx™zgí#) #§±»8 -g ** P8ÍËZ e g–@÷ á yZ/ Dø{Ã» ºu X ( I]¾)e $h +] .ˆâ â â â â â â X6, ],tº :l^‰^fjÎ] X ( l£Z )X ( ëZægËZ e ) ?~g›ZŠ Å8 -g ** P8ÍX ( Ì‡{ ÷ á g^Ô−{”g Z )]‚½Z ( ð¸ë) k½Zq -ZX ( D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke )¡ÅÆZÅe $h +] .ˆâ

6 ( ‹ŠÔðsZ¯eYX·eõZz.‚)

V{@Š&Wz6,

ðsZ¯eYgzZP8ÍWz6, ( fp â Ðó Šó &›zgzL L öZÎ“  âŠp )

Xì+÷ á ¹ÌÌZt~¨£ÆkZì Š H–t~³Æy*Tpì

LZ {zāì _ƒC Ù ª™Á|tp÷ë òŠ W»‚f° ÃŠpC Ù „8 -g ** P8ÍËZ e

{zÃäY¤ /J -uÌË~ kZgzZX ÷` YgzZ÷M h YJ -u: *6,‘ Û Å b§Ë§{ÅŠ ¢

Xì ]o» ó ó°ødZ L LÅyZtaÆŠ ¢LZgzZ]Z f KZX B7Ì** / ¤

ÅV¸uÆ8 -g ** P 8Í~ }pLZ@÷ á yZ/āì ~gz¢Ì** ™g ÖZ »%Z kZ VŒ

Š z!* Æ¶ŠŠ ZŠ Å„0 +¶ KÅV¸uÆyZ6, V;z÷D Y~] 0}uzŠX{z´Æ„0 +¶ K

vŠ Z # pX n pg 7‚f: ZgZz‘ Ûr # ™8 -g * *āVƒ YÈ6,¯ ÅDCZ f~

(, 641 mZB ) Ìä7Œ Û g©~( 206 ™10 {g Ñ)[Š Z+ h. ]Xì @* 7, ** ™s %ZÐ yZ I M ! kŠ är # ™~Qj Õä5 Xì ~gz¢g ÖZ »]˜yZ ÌVŒgzZX åHg ÖZ »]˜LZ

7$gŠ ~ wEZÆ kZ Ìä VrZQÂ ;e ** ™wEZ Ã"wkZ s ÜÆ yZ ä { E +‚Z

ÝZ {z ä VrZì 4÷ìg}ŠáZjÆV1ÂX8 -g ** P8 Íāì 3gÉt Ð¬w‚

x ¬ ]!* .Æ e _ $g Zz ‘ Û V˜ åÐ ]4yZ Æ ` 9 m»¥zy ~ Ò»eYX H E ©Ò7Æ kZ:Ô¸ 7 Zz ÌÐ ]c* yZ â1 {gØq -Z ~ 7ZXÐ îG 0G Zzg ÅeY {zX¸ E 4ÓE 7Vƒ Çq {zāVƒ;gÈakZ1{gØÐQ~X åÐ é5G -ZÆkz7, k0* m»Tåò ** kLg

É}È6, VÂg qx ÓÅ Ò»eY™ ÎV·¨äk Qg !* -ZX Lg9gŠÆä™x ** q +ÃeYå $

‰X ÷`ÈÐ¬k' ,F~ i Z0 +Z LZ LZ ]!* t Ì+Š** vŠ ‰X ÷ 7S7,ÁÂ

ó óæW Z , F³* *ÆQ~ , môZ L Lä l£ZX c* Šg Z Œ Û ó ówV+, F+ $ÅW Z , F+, F ÌŠ Z L L7Z ä£Zg\

ÆnkZX Å7ãg7g¡Åe $h +] .ˆâ ä +Š** }g ‚¹}g ø b§ÏZX HxÎñÐ

~Šzu! »KZ {zì 4 (ZgzZì @* ƒkˆZ »¶Å·_~zŠg ZÆg–@÷ á yZ/Ð ] ** Ò

gzZ ²Ð w‚F6,VÂg qyZr # ™eÎZ L L¹™|ÂÅk6,i !* Ð kZ ä~Z # X¸bŠ

Šzö„ J -ÕgzZ ËLZ {z Â@* ƒ: qçñ» ~ e ÝZ 8 »yZ {z¤ /ZÔ÷` }Š x Zu)** g»

 ([ Z »„ „  (är # ™8 -g ** Âí

Å'LX Å7ãg7g¡ñƒ D™cÐ ]Zg¦! fh +] .ˆâ ä¸Wk , iz ËZ eX Dƒ

ó ó! ñYƒ b§ÏZāVƒ LeXì Zƒ 78 -g

ÆÔe $g Zz‘ Û ›~eYgzZ H Za‚*gÐV9¨ ¤P‰kZgzZÐkZaÆ¶ŠÐ

tÅ{)z ¸Wk , izgzZ ~QjX H¤ /YZB‚Æ]”ÃÌZ ÅQóHŠg6,gîåÃg¦Æó]ñ

ÖÇÖ‚~ VâzŠX¸ ~ u@* År # ™8 -g ** ~ŠÃr # ™ ~çg Ÿggâ ZŠ *Z y›q -Z ( å

ÏZXì 7t¼ƒ  X ÷Š ñBV×zggzZµFh +' × ~[Š ZzWzŠg ZX ÷BVzŠ sÜ g â½ÅVÂ!* ´)+Z V˜ éMuSX ÷] ˜}g ø Ì6,t # I}uzŠ ‰ÆyZ/b§

_ÃWÅr # ™8 -g ** ä kZgzZ H{°z » ¶Š ‘zZ ¹ ~ yJZ ÐZ ä VrZX ðƒ

Š ZñÆÎâ! »gzZFâ;gE-ÆyZ gzZ7mðÃÐX~Š ã CÆ„0 +¶ KÅ‘u »Xì

D¨ ¤ {z V˜)ÆˆÆ]âç q :Z ÅkZ ä 1 {gØkZX ‰ ƒ ñZg ëVâzŠ6,y

._Æ yö ä kZX Š HHëZ Û g eg kg _k , +W, 5 Ze $.q -ZÐZçOX Å¿7 Å ä™

@* , ' ƒ ÐV9¨ ¤zyVŒgzZ ZƒqzÑÐ¯eYŸ»WX Hy¯8Ãr # ™8 -g ** āK ]ÑZÎÐi Z0 +Z kZ ä kZ~}g!* ÆXX àY J -m¾Z ‰Zƒ @* ƒÐ kZì @* Y M5G " ½Ÿt»W6,y¯8X ‰ Ár tÃr # ™8 -g ** X ;g @* ƒ_gzZ ;g ¸]|Š W éE # ™8 -g ** ]!* Z ,ZÐ yZÐ ]ÑZÎLZ äkZān¾Xì „g Y Å~ÈZœ~÷ā Zƒ: Ìyáy‚

 † Û ~} Z! =Â[Zā~yZkZäk QtX å¸Ø»]!* ÅwŠÆyZÐXa™Ýq ñW6,yk}÷~i Z0 +Z: ÃyŠ}uzŠ {zX c* Š™ÑÃŠ *ZÆ]âçLZÔÇñY „ïk¯

™x »ëZ H ðÃgzZ~WzŠg Z@÷ á yZ/ā YY H7gïZÐ |kZë @* X ÷îŠ ð3Š F F6, X Çìg| # Ù! Š ZÅyZ¸gzZx »ëZÐƒ  »yZ ** ™[Õ"ÃV¸uÆ8 -g ** P8 ÍpB X c* Š§ñ » ä™x »~ ¶Š K M F, Ã kZ= ä VrZāVƒ @* ™ ZŠ Zt]»−{”g Z ~í§»kZ~ ÌÐzz Å qçñÆ~ e ÝZ 8 LZgzZ ÌÐ wÅk , æq -ÑÆ[Š Z+ h. ]

Å !* " zðÍhÅ *Š ! Š Z ÅzŠgZ ~g øˆÆ® )÷ á ZÅ kZX Vƒï÷ á Ì[ ZgzZ åï÷ á Ì¬ XÐVƒVc* ú{Š c* iUVâzŠÆ~g» c* gzkogzZ Ðn×ì …„Þ †9Ò]J

7Æ„ó](‚ L8 -g ** ËZ e

zZpÀ

àÍpX Š H{g~]ª Â‹ä ~X ó óVƒ Le ** ‹_q -ZÃ\W~ ! r # ™eÎZ L á L 1gzZ

Æ$Z e ƒ Ñ{z[ ZgzZ‰ ñ¯h +' × Ð _X Š Hc* ‹((_{zˆÆkZX ¶_òÐ tzÈ & C Ò E -g ** 8 Æ™Ô*àS»n¬ øL āˆÅ8 -â ÐíX ÎäYc* ‹ÃV0} (, } (, )g f IÐ kZ ~gŠ Z' , eYā ;g HgzZ ;g Z h Z6,m, ?KZ~X XX X XX ñY HØ6,gî~g¯Ãr #™

÷C Ù â ÌÆó ó](‚Šp L L

# ™8 r -g ** ā¼ åJ{Š c* i}Ð kZ {zì „g—~}g !* ÆyZ¼ 6,VÂg qÅeY

@* YW ‚!²i ~ *Š ! Š Z Å VŒ Â÷ D Ñ p=yÎ 0* ÌZ #r # ™8 -g ** ËZ e G E -g ** ËZ eÔì @* ƒZa l¬g Z6, R}ik , iÐá²ix ¬Xì yZX ÷b‡Æ}içLa' , }i î0G 0{¢8

gzZX Š HHg»x& + g™»Š OZx°s Ü}÷~TZƒk°Zvq -Z »%gœX c* Š¢+ $Y ~÷

Xb§kZÐ q -ZC Ù X ÷D Y0t $Z 0* ZuÌŠp{zgzZ÷Dƒ[@* " vßaÆYÐ 9 G ËZ eQû%q -Z ~ c Z™ ‹ ÔXƒ ðVQ^ ï L . i ä VrZaÆYÐ ÏZ sÜ‰÷ à"¬ : L »æWÅsßñû%kZX ñW~AŠøowV"Æ›z mïÐ áZjÆ8 -g ** c* o¡»r # ™ à¬~ ]Zg â Z [²~ ‹ }uzŠÆ#āìt ±ÂÅx ·Z kZX¸ r #™ I 8 kZX J 7,!£]gzpq -Z ~ y÷ á ÅyZgzZ Å• Ñ~ [§èE L j EkZ ä r # ™8 -g** XŠ H 7Zr # ™8 -g ** Z®X Š HƒÂ** W:Zz! ZaÆyZā¶p°âZ År # ™à¬~á£ X ñWähgc Z™

åwìakZÔìgzŠ¹Ðà å~ º´,Zq -Zx ª »r # ™8 -g ** ~cZ™

»kZì ðƒ~ Ð ™!£~}g !* Ær # ™à ¬gzZÐ ÷gpôÐ V°¬ ÄW{zā

Xì ¹6, y¯8~}g !* Æ[ôZ‰ÆeYä ñOÆr # ™8 -g ** c¥ »kZ ä Vzi !*  ( zz! [ZgzZ „gf(,ðZg W)u wq¾ „

6,ZkZÐ yZ ä ~X X XX X Š HH7~ # Ö } .ÅeY÷ZvZ e $Z@=™ Y T Þ ƒ »ØZ {z

ãZX y7 J -]¬Ðíā Œ7J -ëÑkZÃx& + g™gzZ Hi âZ äVrZÔ „e ã™W ( -ŸE G-¼£E 6,í »vZ e $Z@=XÑ äƒiz0 +Z ¯Ð kZ vßëgzZ‰ Wá\ zŠÆ°» ðƒ ö ~ XŠ H| (, gzZ {zåŠ OZ 6, yQ Z÷gzZ

}gtÆ:7=ÂðW:ÃCƒ»b§ËZ #q -’~eYs ÜÆr # ™8 -g **

Æ]ZgyŠÆ™ Z} .Z} .ˆÆkZX ~ 7, bŠ]i YZaÆV2ÆD¨ ¤q -ZgzZ {E +‚Z&6, G  6,8 ƒ -g ** î0œ¢ Zz kZX å * @Y c* »¿Ã]!* .s ÜÆr _ # ™8 -g ** ™ O_V˜ñƒ »‚ {z Wz6,t !r # ™Š&L Ñ L ì ~ ]‡5q -ZX Hä „(¯eY·e)eY÷Z {ûYZÐ » yZgzZ ÷ D™]!* 6,y¯8‚|Š W|Š WÐ V9¨ ¤ā÷ Dƒ vßq=Ä yx™ X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X X

C1ó ó?D 0* ™7tÃ

aÆg ¶Z ðÃX¸D YVV;ÆyZt (Ð „[f » ðāì c* W~G gpXÐ,™!Zi Z

wŠ CZ ä r # ™8 -g ** ñƒ D™WÐ D¨ ¤ò ** kLg~ T å_szc„zt C1

pXÐ [Š ZØ{ A÷D™Ì6,„ Ú ZÐ 8 -g ** ËZ eI¹F, èÑq Húæ V; LZ 7Z Ì

D™C Ù ª „ 6,µZñm{ m{ ' ÌáZz #ìgzZ öZ öZ g W‰¸ KC Ù ª]Ñì,Z

Àq -ZX VƒrÆB‚‰÷ XÐ ›+Z {zÐ VzI¹F, X ÷7Á¼~ àŠ c Z Û

V{@Š&g›ZŠ‚f {Š ¤ïqÆgZŠZ ã¨ KZāì eÐX åH7ā {»4z] .sîq -Z6,

äx â ZD¬ËZ eāìt ÂuX å‚ rgt ‚„  ZpgŠ ~k , ’aÆñZg6,[ÂKZ ðÃ å© 8-zÚZ

~}g !* Æx ¸›ã*zy ~g7 ä r # ™8 -g ** āì I »Vß ZzG g Ã_kZX å c* Š wÅ

Ì8 -g ** ËZ eŠpX ÷Š zÂÈc* á ÌÃVzI‡gm{m{{zÔ÷wŠ c Z ÷ Û ¹x â ZD¬ËZ e

gîŸaÆh eZ™Š Zi WaÆå Ðó óèsZgzZ Vâ ›L ÃL ðsZ¯eY ä VrZX ÷

:c* â Û ä~Š !* WŠ Z%¾ÑŠ *Z6, kZX c* ŠÈÌŠ *Z ~sCZÃ@i ŸWz6, äVrZ Â~

c* ¯s@V26,Š ¢‰gzZVß Zzzi !* N !* Ãr # ™8 -g ** āVƒ„  gŠ(KZ]â ¥gzZ {@x»

ÐVsÔì CƒcÐV/~](‚X ÷C Ù âÆ](‚8 -g ** ËZ e L L ó Xó Š *ZŠì È»Š *Z ~sakZX @* ƒ7g »zuðÃ

X ‰Š ñ6, gî~¡g0 +ZÆyZ Z 7, ** ƒg66, ì '!* +Z7ZgzZ åZƒ

( ‹g Ztz ÛA $%X 94 ™XXÜ×Î Øôa] 1ñ^ ^ÛiL! L ZfX ^âàS» o×+…] Ñæ…^Ê)

™s ƒ â r â ŠgzZ%y»ÆVß ZzG gāì c* OÐgzikZ {g Õ»](‚Ìä 8 -g ** ËZ e

(@* ÕÐ8 -g ** P8 Í

X ÷ìg îgØ»vZy4Ô{Zz{ZzáZzK:gzZ÷lñ{áZzKX ÷bŠ

aÆ V [ RP ñƒ D Y yßÌä @gOZ yZgzŠÆ ÏŠ ñ~ c Z™År # ™8 -g **

~]úŠq -Z ÅcZ™Xì „g Y ðox ÷ áq -ZB‚ÆyZ~œ / %zŠgZÆyßX Hx ª~c Z™

-8 J -g ** P8 ÍÐ(@* ÕgzZ

c* ÷ìg Y! Z yß\W L L:Y7 Ð @gOZ ä ËX ðƒ]‡5 Å@gOZgzZ8 -g ** ËZ e

-gNŠq 8 -Z »8 -g ** P8 ÍËZ e

Vƒ7gzlb§Åà¬+−ZÕ~L Lc* Š [Z ™ Z—ñƒÙ Š s§Å8 -g ** ËZ e äVrZ

ó Xó ì ;g YÌg ó!£ðÃB‚Æ\W ó Xó VÅgB‚Ã¤ / <âā

KìY‹Š {zgzZ¸‰ƒxsZ/sæ8 -g ** ËZ eā÷… YX|t~*ŠzŠg Z

¯q -Z » kZXì Zƒ ù÷ á ~ „ wqó ó]Ò|ZgzZW! Š Z L· L ù~W* » r # ™8 -g **

Æ™y›Ã âgëÅ±/âq -ZQgzZ ~Š t :6,gî ãâ ‡Ã~ç«KZ ä VrZˆÆkZX 3g

b‹Æ]Ò|Z Åw "D ZgzZ/ " ZÔ÷ "~ kZXƒ ˆÅ]!* ™? Ø ÐWîZzg~X÷ñƒ 4›!Æ à"¬ z " Æ ~²÷ á Åsg ¬g ŒZgzZ ¹zg Ã ¹‚Ôã "!* Ôg" c* àX ÷ } ^ ,YÆ x Â C G é5E ;X ÷ 3rÂ §E zŠg ZX ÷ ÅyÒ ]:SÅ@™ Z f ËZ egzZ ò ÂŒzZpXì ðC| # ÙÅÄ~ X ÷ õG

x ** CZ (@* ÕÆ™uF, Ø ègzZ x ** < ð!* W CZgzZ ñÑ yZZ6,Vð; Æ r # ™?Z†x â ZÆ

gzZ÷D W7Ãy›ÌÐ }~wqZ LZ {zˆÆkZāì k\Zp¤ /ZX Å~Š ÷ á ÐkZ ( Y 1998ÞâX ‹Šy™! †)xâ!Zf)X oñ^ßnÚ Ün‰æ X ÷D™wEZx ** òsZ CZ „:

ù÷ á Á´ù~W,Z~zŠg ZXì·ù»]Ñ£0Z„e $.tXì c* â Ûe $Á…ä VrZ

X X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X X

A 7(~uzŠ Ëp°âZ Å ~²÷ á zŠg Zāce −7,gz¢·ùt ÃVß Zzpg pŠÐ [Š Z

x ** )gëāì I»VzF, Î( x)”ØzX ÷ñîÉ°»ä8 -g ** Wz6, Ì~`Ñ‘6, KZ

: ¯Šp {z¤ /ZXì H„ YZt ä VrZXì c* Š h Â¯ñƒ ˜6,VâzŠ yZ ä 8 -g ** ËZ eX Ï

âOŠ~KìYÅ þŠ~{ â y ÆY 1971ä8 -g ** Wz6, ‰ ä™~Š ÷ á ~uzŠÐ ¥q -Z Å & zy xOŠÔèÔx ** » yZ~ w gg ‚ q -Z ~g Y Ð K ìYå ÑZ e ™ J - (< Ø è ÿLGp) h> a ~wgg ‚X X X HwJxsZÆ4Š' , igzi ¯ ä VrZÔì –{)z y¶ K»^a 6,¸â Ô~9 Í ØÞ] Ù…^ÛÒ

Xì Zƒ–(@* Õx ** òsZ »8 -g ** Wz6,

( k½ZÐ^g7gÅ9Zwg ¾ °ô~yg ~6gŠDøg ¶Z ~y) X X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X X

Vjïg e~[æÆyZX å: kZg6** Z6, »HãZ6, āVY¸qzig WÆ{Zzz¡÷ë

Ù i H Â‰ 0(@* C ÕÃk , Š ~hðX ÑZ e â i W¯[ê{Šñi W»VŒáZzä™›Ô¶:ª œÅ

tZg {Š c* iÐ ¬ vZ Y ÷ á â X ‰ 0 y›Æ ã s {z ‚yÃX ÷ ìg î/ó Âñ;Lg ZÑZ Š Hã

X Zg¦ /t ÷ áJ - óð ó sZ L L»¯eYā‰ 0áZzVzg ezF, 7gzZ {·Z ( k½ZÐ13 ™ó ó¯ÿL 3XZ ñá÷ ÓL L[ Â{Š™A $%Å‹g Ztzg Ã)

o×+…] Ñæ…^Ê

X ïŠ h ÂáZz"7, Æ[ÂkZ ÂD h Â VŒX Ïƒ Å7ÌäËÐ wì}g øâZì Åä V©! Š Z # Ö } .ÎÅ[Š Zz y!* izŠg Z

§Ñ »ËZ e c* Wz6,B‚Æx ** ÆX÷7¦ / ÙÇ C í x HCQ ¹{zŠ Z%~gøÐ V© $ zŠg ZŠp™wZ e~6Æ](‚ øL Fz](‚gzZ e $h +] .ˆâ Ôe $h +] .äVMgzZì Lg Z a  pggzŠ Ð ]ÃZy n FÌgzZ ÃVß Zz zŠg Z« ! Š Z ~ äâ i k QXX X Xì ÑZ e ¯Äq -Z Ã[Š Z {z:gzZì Zi ZâÐ eg Z-ZÃd $Š Z )¾û%kZ ä òŠ » ZzŠg Z¾ā¶Sg„ÅkZ7Z:X¸ $ z] (‚gzZ e CÄZˆ âā¸ D 7,~ ckZ uÆ¾{˜»Äc* gŠ AÍZ Å](‚ øL F $h +åE ˆÆe $h +] .ˆâ ÆwßZkZ H Âì ðWe $h +] .ˆâ ˆÆe $h +] .āt2X ñYJ0 +!* „g Y S7,e $h +] .ˆâ â â â â â â ~[Š ZzŠgZ D WD WJ -Y 2155ÍHgzZ ?ÏñWe $h +] .ˆâ â ( k½ZÐ 1ÛÃÚ oe ] 1Ò æ …] t9Æ †n`¾ l†’Þ)

?Ïƒ

11 ( ‹Š )

£Zg\

g ¾yzg Z

?ì H8 -g-Z »r # ™8 -g ** gœÆZC Ù Ã~-Š êØ'Ô8 -g** P8 Íg›ZŠÆzŠg ZgzZì [ƒƒ O»gœÆòŠ » Z‚‚ wZÎvß‰}gø]æ ~g7kZÔÐ÷gÆ6,Ï™kZ {zJ -Z # X ÷`ƒy)Z' , 6, Ï™Å Tg D™y´Z}g –Æ]â ¥5ÔW½pšë?ì H8 -g »r # ™8 -g ** āÐ÷g D™

?£ÝZgzZ„  zÅV1ÂÅ8 -g **

[ Â„ «`gŠ~„  zāìt[1ì `gŠ~[ÂÅV{Zæq„  zÅV1ÂÅ8 -g **

~„  zÅV1Â:eX Xì Y™7„  zsîÅV1Â·,)¿ÌðÃXXì·,)

:~IŠ Z®Å?£ÅsßñWz6, [ZX 7'Ô÷A $%}3, sßñWz6, ÆV1Â{g !* G I 4¨^°Z ` Zc) [ Âq g óíq sßñWz6,Æ( èEG -ZÐ ~ V1ÂKVZ yZX X X 28 =12 -40 X ÷ ï÷ á sßñ~¿ÆK M F, É ÷ ~Š 7K M F, Špä 8 -g ** Î÷ +Z ÁÂbX ÷ 22=6-28~IŠ Z®Å?£[Z

y!* iÔkäZāce´gŠ c* tÃáZz"7, ™C Ù ÔÃŠ ÛC Ù Æ` Xì Z=8 -g »r # ™8 -g** ā÷

p~½» AnthologyXì HA $%Ã AnthologyÅ~ËIg+ZggzZgP×™ä]|

+Zëāì nÛ tZg øakZXì @* YH (ZaÆä¯xÝ7ZÔaÆä™ Za ~²µˆZ

P 8ÍÁÂ {Š c* iÐ :e ._ÆV{ Zæqāì I¸ sÜñƒ “Ð ª ZîX ä

a kZ6,Ï™ÅòŠ » Z‚‚Ã8 -g ** P 8 ÍX ,™Ì` îZ 7„ ¿#Ô,™¿#ÅÒÃC Ù

sßñWz6,q÷ +Z ÁÂK*£Ð ~ V1Â yZ1Ô÷ `gŠ ~ ?£Å8 -g **

X n ¯: ¶ KÌÃ[Š Zzy!* i b§ÅkäZg Z-6, Iā @* Hc* Š è 4OE 7õ0* y*ó óð÷ á ZOŠ { ` ZgCx ZzÅgñ** L L~ó óîG 0E L L{h +` ~yÆöZöZg Wyx™

Xì Hx »6, yZÐuZ· ZÆËc* ÷ìgï÷ á ~eg1sgWi +ZÆyZ c* ì c* ŠK M F, Âc* ä

ÅV1Â ÅsßñWz6,Ì~ 95X 94],Æ 11X¢Ô2Ô1 {g Ñ( | ¥ /Z) p ÖZ

~ yZÔaÆ¶Š “ÃVÍß6,gî6fXì CY ÅÒÃÅä™ *ÔÅäh Âå Ã[Š ZgzZ

ðƒŠ Z®Å?£Å sßñWz6,[ ZX Y Y ¹7" b§ÌË7ZX [ NZÔ ì @* ƒ

-g * 8 *āì @* Yƒ " $U* t Ð ÏZXì Š HH†  ZÎ »[NZÆ8 -g ** P 8 Í~ Tì Zƒ ù ÷ á

hY¾ 'ÆV1Âb sÜV;Y ÔbsÜ8 M -g ** ~Ñ._Æ„  zkZXì `gŠ„ z

X ÷LinksÐöZöZg WÆr #™ ÀYE 5_ ā ÌðÃ » ` ‰ Ü z kZX ³#IgzZ ö X ÷Y+„zŠ~g Z MZ§zŠ {Š ñÆg Z-6,I ÀE 5_ Xì @* àe $¾ÐZÔì @* ™e $×Å+ öā Âì HwR, EÃ\WLZ {z¤ /ZX Yƒ7wR, EŠ Û

( zŠg ZX ~ m, ôZ )iz6, zŠg ZyS gi +gX 4 X Y 1962X UC*—Æ½ÅzŠg ZX 3 X Y 1961( ~ m, ôZ )

g ZzyZ ÅV!¤ ³#Iä VÍßyZāÐ Vƒ „ î×I{z ÌA $}ÌwR, E ÃŠp ~g Zj

Y 1992XWk‚Z ~g ‡X 1X N Z™ù ÷ á ÁÂzŠg ZtäsßñWz6, ˆÆ® )÷ á ZÅ

ÆyZgzZ8 -g ** P8Í¤ /ZXì 73 Zg ðÃ» Ö @Ôî×ÆkZ c* ÷³#Æg Z-6, IÂc* \Wª ā÷ ìgÈ î×gzZ ~g ZjÆ 8 -g** P 8Íˆ Æ ƒ O kZX å Z± ƒ O s ÜÆ ~-Š êØ'

gzZ f!* uØZÆ[Š Z ~y~ekZXì 1XÃ[Š Z™}Š “ÃV5Ýär # ™8 -g **

aÆgZ-6, Iāì ]!* àZz¶Šy·ŠXì ;g Y3g~}%iÆV5ÝÌx ** » HÎÙ™

7ZX ÷ 7êÝ HÎ Ù™gzZ f!* uØZXì @* ƒó †  ó ° L L c* ó óêÝ L L ³ #IC Ù

·_C*—»zŠgZ ~g Zç™X 2 X Y 1960Vc* šzŠg Z fp â ÐV]ã*zyX 1:÷ÁÂ{zX ÷ X Y 1984X÷]Ò|ZX 6

X Y 1982X ÙW^X 5

X Y 1967

{g Ñ{gÃèÆp ÖZXì Yƒ~?£~Wg Ñ »X÷+ZÁÂzŠsÜ~V1ÂyZ

Y 1993X ]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚:Ô] (‚X 2 X ÷BV+, F+ $ÅW Z , F+, F ÌŠ ZÁÂVâzŠ {gÃè

]‚Ãi oÏnÏu oÒ ÌnÞ^’i oÒ -Þ…^Þ ‚ß2 oµç+y*Æ‚Ûu] …‚ßÓ‰)

( ‹g Ztzg ÃA $% Ü×Î Øa] 1ñ^ ^Ûi [Â!ZfY 2002ag â J`Í]†jÂ] ·,k½ZÐ

7Œ Û g©

.O·ÌVâzŠtXì °oÆó ó~I |L LW, H©E3Å ì * IçH OÐtÃïG @Y ¹ ó I ó cŠ L LÂ

ã¹Å 12 {g ÑÆ [Š Z+ h. ]

āì @* ƒ" $U* Ð kZX ¶ÁŠ Z®Å5#IìC Ù ªX ‰B‚Æ~-Š êØ'Ð¤³#I

( *` )

ã!* $gŠ ã!* $År # ™8 -g ** P8 ÍËZ e

+] h .X ¶„gƒ~Y 2008' , Æ Z® )÷ á ZÅY 2009cŠ @* ~g†" $!* 12 {gÑÆ[Š Zh +] . %yzÛ Ð uZ e ~dā @* ÆRæLE Vƒ@* ™ÒÃÅäZV¬ {â zŠÐ õg @* îE 0Ò›!6,gîx ¬Ã[Š Z

) }g Ñg e¸¦ / XÐ yÎ 0* LÔVƒ © 8ZVÐ c* +Z L[Š Z h & +] .X N Y V‰ Ü z' ,÷

p ÒÆ® )÷ á Z {zÔK ù ÷ á är # ™÷ á 0* w¾ ½Æ‹Š kƒ ; ò å Z ( 11Ô 10Ô9Ô8

»ä™x » »yZX å ;g µ YZ ** Z™x »t „=g fÆyZ=a kZX¸ìgƒ +4 óg’Ð

ä ~Æ™µÅ 12 {g ÑX ÷ Ñ iZ ¹ r # ™÷ á 0* =D ¨Ôì Éz6,i Z0 +Z

{)z f!* uØZÔ HÎ Ù™ÔIgñ** Xì Š Hc* Š™4ZŠ ~+ êñÌ7Za kZ ÷ SŠzgz ÷zÔ¸ìg™ÏÒúÅtÃî×IV˜8 -g ** X 7n pg Âu¦ CZ f ðÃi ‚8 -g ** P8Í

6,}g ZŠ Z° C Ù Æo ÂŠ HH: ZzZæ »kZ Tg‰ Ü zgzZì ;g Y @* )Ð ~!,a KZg Z-6,I X ÇñYƒï»kZ ( Y 2003ag âB7X ‹Š‡]æD oÚçÎ )** izg·,) X X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X X À & VrZ~ T õ/GŸGŠ ~ Ýzg Åó** $Z@ kZÆz[ e +** Y zgœ ‹¸Ã©}g‚kZ Zg f [Z

‹¸ N ¯ g ZŠ £ÃyZ~VñŠ » Z ò ¸VÐ{zā å ¹Ð ‚ñd à k , izÆ×Æ‹¸ä X ,™C Ù !* wïÐVñŠ » ZÃVß ZzpgyDg »zi !* N !* gzZ÷n pg ƒ qs§Å ( k½ZÐtgZŠ ZÆ‚m‚q àôaƒ {Š™k , ’Æpç•… †ne‡) X X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X X

yuZ¥g~bæÅÙ ÙCëà ç'NÉg8 Z! 8g * *P8 ÍËZ e

ËZ e ¬ Ð äƒ 8 -ð!* pÔ Š H¾!‚g » ],288 „ ~' , Æ ZX ,Š Ÿ7Z }Ã FÃ

ÆzŠg Z äVrZp¤ /ZX ÷ÙWÌÐzŠgZB‚B‚Æ]©gzZ ~yÙ C Ù ëà ç'NËZ e

kZÎX å: ÇaÆyZ úZ~} × ãâ ‡Ëp¸ M h™x »Éz6, YZ Â~gñZ ÷ áZ

[ZXì à$ +c~}g !* ÆzŠg Z~]g Zizā HkCä ~g !* «~ VÎ' ,&zŠÔX c* 3Š

{zā ¶O ~g6Å r # ™÷ á 0* X c* Š wZ e ƒ !* Š » ð {g e ãâ ‡6, Där # ™8 -g ** P 8Í

™ä VrZ x »4Ð yZ ÷ Tg D™} úŠaÆzŠg Z vß pÔ H7òúŠ L~}g !*

+] h .s ÜÆ yZā å£» » r # ™8 -g** XŠ H1uzgÐ 8 -ð!* [Š Zh +] .Zƒ Ö ~³Æ

X ÷D™x » »zŠg ZÐyYzwŠƒ  Xì 7qçñ]gZ ðÃÔì 7Z ¤Zg ZØŠ »]g ZizzŠg Z

Ð s§År # ™8 -g ** ËZ e ~ ® )÷ á Z Å 12 {g Ñ[Š Zh +] .pXƒ ù÷ á 7Ì¼ ~ [Š Z

X ByYzzÅèZg ** ÅyZ¬Ô~ˆŠ ZŠzgÅ ƒ !* Š^ ,Y**

kZÃÙ C Ù ëà%ËZ eŠpXì Š Hƒ hz™J W™| (, Ð hz™q -Z P»±ÃzŠg Z ò ¸Ù Š „ Ù Š

c* ì ** ™ 3a gzZÃVùgÆd $ KZ …Xìzq -Z »_ Z÷ò ¸~g ø zŠg Zāì ¢ »]!*

$ Ô](‚L L"t ÃW{àÅ8 ](‚ øL F -g ** P8 ÍËZ e~ 11gzZ 10Ô9{g ÑÆ[Š Zh +] .

$Œ d Û âZÐ ~g y!* i ã*zyh +] .~uzŠ ðÃ~ '}g7 Âì ** ™o¢„Ã~y y!* iò¸

7?Ãr # ™8 -g ** aÆe $' ,Ð x Z²Z ™Æ‘ugzZ] YgqÆg–@÷ á yZ/6,] ,

Ù ËZ eāV¼~¤ /ZÎX ÷ ~ y*zy ,a ÅzŠg ZXì y!* i ðc* g Wy zŠg ZXì CWÐ zŠg Z

Æ[Š Zh +] .ä~X ÷`ƒù÷ á }p&Æg–@÷ á yZ/~}g !* Æó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ

Ü ¤~(, ‰ Ðƒ  Å{%izggzZwEZx ¬pì ]©*u» ~yāPC Ù X X XX zŠg ZÎ7

 ZgzÑŠpL ÃL ŠpV˜äVrZpX ÇñYHù÷ „ á ùzðÐZÔÐK[Z Ì {zāÅ¿

¾IðÃ~ kZ ÂÌÃ³‚ÅyZgzZì ¤ / g »Ì»+ M¨ KZ ÅyZ ~ kZgzZ÷kÙZŠ ZÆzŠg Z

]oîÌ» ó ó~gziBgzZ ~gaL LäVrZ[ZV;zc* ¯wVL Y…Å ó Šó g ZŠ r Z l ‹ā}ŠiŠ

~ Vs9Ù C Ù ëà%ËZ eXì h** t ÂñY H:g Z Œ Û Z » h¤ /Zāì ¸ Â] !* hX XX 7 ( 57 ™X o×+…] Ñæ…^ÊA $%ÔÜ×Î Øôa] 1ñ^ ^Ûi !Zf)

X ÷.6, ¸âÆzŠg Z

15 Xì _ƒ" $U* ó‘ ó uå»ú›ggzZ

gzZ÷`™‘u™á6, Òr Zl ā„÷8Š ãZ Âtg ‚r # ™8 -g ** P8ÍËZ e 9 ìg™Ì~gziBB‚Æ~ga {zpX Š H{g7Zƒ F é5ŸNF¼ Ì}~ óZ$‚kZā‰ wÈt

Xì Š HƒÝqi q Ð Z7Z Ì~kZgzZ÷

äVß Zz ‹ŠÔ kƒ ; ò å Zƒ J -11 {g Ñ™áÐ 8 {g ÑÆ[Š Zh +] .

ƒù÷ á !‚gX Š H57ZaÆ® )÷ á Z ÌÔ 12 {g ÑXK ù ÷ á Ð j§iZ} (, gzZK ù ÷ á # ™8 r -g ** Ð~{g ÑkZā Š H¹¬X ‰ 0^z»gr # ™8 -g ** ~ä™„gÃkZpŠ H ÑZz ä™„0 +¶ KÅV¸uÆr # ™8 -g ** ~ {g ÑkZā c* Cä ~X ñY Hsv .Ã¢ as ÜÆ

ÐZg !* kZā}Ðr # ™8 -g** Xì c* Š¿›g °5CZäMg ‡‰%Zì 7ï÷ á y*ðÃ

År # ™÷ á 0* pX ÇVß& + ðeDgzZ ðÃQ c* ÇVÅg wì » ~g6Å\W c* {ÒWX B™“  ZŠ' , {zÐ ~oèx Óï÷ á 6,],Æoè=çOX ñY Hsv .Ì¢ a(Zā ;gg ZÜZÐ s§

pXì @* 7,¢ 8x »Ð ?ŠaÆkZgzZì YY HÌÐ ËñZgs %ZdXì c* Š™ëZ Û Xì êŠÐß[Z »?Š™ VQ {Z +ÃÐ wÏ(z Y KZ y¨ KZQ Â} 7,:0[Z Z # Xì H¸[Zär # ™8 -g ** ZI ** h ÂÐß Ã ?Š V˜ ì ~yJZJVÑŠ÷çLX=\I{z " Ò5E ~¢Ôkgâ Û :™Ô Û :™ 1 Ô ög G+uX å: [Z ðÃk0* Ær # ™8 -g ** »V¸uA LZ EE H$ ! { 3 H 4 ¨ 5_ðZgÔ èE4ÓºG »h e™~ga~Z¤ /ZcÆ~Z¤ /ZcÐ V1ÂÅ èEG ! f‰Ôu7yYÔy åÓG Z Æ~Z¤ /Zc

Structuralism and Semiotics

[Â Å¾; ÷¢Xì)fÆr # ™8 -g ** [Z

$ Ô](‚ ó ó" L gL ‚÷ c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F á KZ ~g7 Å ~g7 B‚Æw$ +wŠ ZÐ à© ] ,ãZ Ð

Contemporary Literary Theory

[Â Å

Selden, RamanX à ™ï÷ á ~]

11 {g Ñ[Š Zh +] .aÆ„0 +¶ KÅ‘uX Š Hƒ wõ bŠ k½Z {”‘uB‚Æk½ZC Ù āK ~ga

| l, e~³ÆkZX ¶~ŠŠ ZŠ ÅV¸uÆr # ™8 -g ** ä [Š Z Mg ‡~X} 7,** ™sv .{

X Z 7, ** ™ r Z6, „0 +¶ KÅi ],Æ[ Âg ‚÷ á År # ™8 -g ** gzZ[ÂÝZ6, 80 ™Æ

c* Š}Š^âtä~6, (ðƒ`Å™X ˆ$(à{Á¼Ð] ,

X VƒêŠ}Š!ZjÌVŒ»],{”‘u{gÃè 5_ðZg ],{”‘uÆ[ÂÅ8g * *P8Í ],Æ[ÂÅy åHÓG

)÷ ® á Zâ »/™ ~çg ¥{q)HÐ ~ ],Æoè~³%~y W VHçÞ p…æ†• ¬Š x Z™Mg ‡Xì ë** ÌZXX XzzX} 7,** ™sv .{ Ð ¹ Ì~ oèvŠX Z 7,)zgÐ

: 7gŠX ðÃ »g ÖZ „Š Zi WQXX X Vƒ Yƒ . Þ ‡Æä™ ù ÷ á „Ð *` !‚g [Zā,™

{i @* zŠ KZ6,kZ ÂŠ H$ à{™q -Z » {g ÑkZ ¯ ) !* Æ’  ¦Å³% ~y WXX X X !vZ Y ¶ KZX Çƒ o m†Î …‚nu

X Vƒ;g™ï÷ á Bç

:åti»wç«~Vß çyZX ,Š™ï÷ á Bç{i @* zŠ KZ6, ™q -ZgzZ ‰ƒ lzŠ3,¸ g »{ ( æ ‰ƒlñ{ÐxÑÆquë

ā c* WwìÐzz Å ikZ~ˆÂ~Š ŸÃr # ™÷ á 0* Æ™FÃbÃ£yZ Å],!Î~y W Æ™sv .ÃwçkZŠpi ZQ ä ~çOX B™wú:6,ŠpÌÃ ikZÆwçr # ™8 -g ** o ôZ âZX Vƒ ;g™sv .ÌwçtÐzz kZā c* ŠÉÌÃr # ™÷ á 0* gzZX ~Š™ï÷ á wçgzZq -Z

106@* 79

42@* 27

329@* 288

70@* 49

240@* 234

158@* 149

267@* 243

103@* 86 :Vƒìg Ýp ÖZÆnkZ6, ã% OÅ[ÂT

ó óx »0Z„gzZ ¯zÐ ƒ~V1Â! Š ZzdÅJ[ZÅ8g * *Wz, 6L L $ ótó ‹gzZsg ¬RgzZå»ú›ggzZ](‚ øL FÔ](‚~g¹! Š Z5L L

Âq ÃŠ CZ är # ™8 -g** ˆÆkZÔñWát ‚™wÅÃV¸uu oÑGg â †  7d»TgzZ

ā ce ¢ 8yâ t VŒX ~Š ™ qzÑ li ‚ Å % Z e êg ~ ® )÷ á Z Å [Š Z h +] .Ôå ** ™H $ Ô ] (‚ ë ZÐƒ  ~V1Â! Š ZzdÅJ -[ Z År # ™8 -g ** ]* c Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F ¹!* År # ™8 -g ** Âì c* Š™" $U* ‘u »V1Â! fäg–@÷ á yZ/Ã[ ÂkZ¤ /ZXì [Â $ ] (‚ øL FÔ] (‚ ~g¹! Š Z 5L L Âó ó" L Lg ‚÷ á t ÅyZgzZ ?ì CY {g ÌZ HÅV1Â

ÂŠ Hc* Š g,z]¹!* gzZ Š Hc* Š™sv .x ** »r # ™8 -g ** sÜÐ ~oè‰X Š Hõi Z ³Z

ä− ¼~ }g !* Ær # ™8 -g ** }~12{g Ñ¤ /Z[Zā ¹Ð r # ™÷ á 0* ä~Š z!* Æ

Š \Y¿ ¹!* gzZ Š HHsv .x ** »r # ™8 -g ** sÜÐ ~ oèXÎX ‰ƒ lp6,ÏZ {z

8»Å],!ÎÆbÃÅ],ÆoèçOX B™“  ZŠ' ,ÐZāí 7Z Âƒ Š H{g Zƒ –‚

Xì c* Š™Vc* úÆ™ Z÷ÃV”{”¦ÆyZ%ZVƒ;g™ï÷ á Ì7ZÔ‰

XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX ½ç_ì å‚ †Šß‰ 1Ò MN †fÛÞ å…^Û 1Ò h ] ‚m‚q The article of Imran Shahid Bhender in Jadeedadab.com is indeed an eye opener. We are very well familiar with many other qualities of Narang sahib but this aspect is particulary interesting.Anyway, this is very unfortunate and plagiarism should be discouraged and condemned at every level. To achieve this goal I think wider publicity should be given to such cases.I am writing this letter to request you to allow us to reproduce the article in a new quarterly journal launched from Delhi. The journal 'Behs-o-Mubahisa' is started by a group of teachers and writers from Delhi. Asif Azmi is its editor and publisher. If you allow us, we would also like to have the matter as inpage file. I hope you would do this favour. However, if the permission is required from Imran shahid sahib, I would request you to send his email ID.

( ‹Š ) ‚mæ^q o×Â

P 8 ÍËZ eg ZŠbÆógó ÖZ „Š Zi W L LQg !* -ZgzZ ˆƒ ~È ¢Å!‚gX ðƒk q , +® 5 )÷ á Z {g !* zŠ

ÐZÔì ï÷ á â »r # ™h +zYZÆ;gE-‹Š~kZā c* Š™gŠ ™ê»’  ¦KZ ä8 -g **

-ZÉ Š q HƒèZg ÌaÆkZ sÜ: ~p¶’  ¦{Š 1 ð•Zt X ñY c* Z™sv .Ì X c* Š Ÿ6, gîÆwŠ k½Z »âq -ZÆl] Û ¸WÐáZzäƒwßñÃ' , Æ ZB27¬izg

:ì 7VŒ{zZ 7, ** ™ï÷ á Æ™sv .ÃâÆh +zYZ â{Š™†ŸZ » ¸WÐ

Š¼Å[Š ZzŠg Zāì * @Yƒ{ i Z+ 0Z ! lÐ ] Ñ˜Æ}g Ñ{i * @X Zƒi ZâÃ11 {g Ñ »[Š Z+ h. ] ÌŠp\WX * c ÑŠ kˆZ »mäÏŠ ñx°Å×K ¶Zë * @ì ˆ~Š(~}g Ñ{gÃèÃ zÄs 0Z

~}g Ñ{ i * @ÙCÆó ó[Š Z+ h. ]L LÃ K ¶ZÐ áZjkZÔ÷ ìg ˜Ð Ï°‡* ! K ¶Z ~g £ Ái Z Á ì H/ ¤ YZÃVØÍ,Z ‰ä¬_ C* c ‹{Š™, k’, 6óB ó g J‡L LÆ\WX ’ e S(

X â Û wJŠ ·g IÐ $ + Y ~÷, 6 ä™7·_C* c ‹{÷gŠkZX ÷6 Ç* ! a}÷ ( JŠÍuX ^Ãk , iz) ÷^fÖˆÎô ^Æ% Ün×‰

â»h +zYZāˆÅ ù÷ á B‚ÆçF, kZg !* ~ŠbÃÅ],!ÎÅ],ÆoèçO

»'µšXì·_ëÑÐ p ÒC Ùk , ’ÜægzZ ×Å@÷ á yZ/0Ð 8g * *P8Í

Æ~ ‹Š r # ™8 -g ** āÐ kZÃsX Š HHï÷ á â » l] Û ¸WÐ(ÅkZÔÆ™sv .

Š Õuk , igzZ {h +ŠV˜68g * *P8 Íāì ]ªX ÏnY”J -gzŠgzZk , Š~*ŠzŠg Z‚i !* Å

„ÅP8ÍËZ eŠ z!* ÆäY ñ3Š E âZÐ s§~÷X ÷s Z e ƒ !* Š » b§C Ù 6,r #™

ãZzÔôÜÅg–@÷ á yZ/s§q -Z X ‰ 3»ðŠgzZ 1™ Underestimate„ {Š c* i¼ÃVß ZzzŠg Z

gzZ Ëñƒ D™wì » V-g6År # ™÷ á 0* ā å3 Zg „ q -Z k0* }÷ˆÆ kZX ~Š 3Š

~uzŠ Â ( ì H~ ÷Z% LZ ä ( Ñ' , ) Š- : ³)Hs Z ‹Z ó»T)ìk , ’ÜægzZ %NÐ óY =Zy÷ YYHi Z0 +ZÃðYÃ]!* Å ºu~,Z[ Z‰‰‰‰‰‰ÔÙñ{æF á LÅ8g * * ËZ e + $Y

ÅÞâ¬ Ð Y 2009 ~g† 12 {g Ñ »[Š Zh +] .[ZgzZ ˆ~Š}Š ]i YZ Åä™„g!‚gQ

kZgzZ YYH7g ïZÐ ( + M ›É )e $Š ÃZ Åk , ’ë @* Ôì Š Hƒ“  gŠ „ {Š c* i¼6, }}L är # ™8g * *āì 4 (Z ! Çìg „~i Zg 8ånçt » ºuā Š HWù~ÆðŠ kZ

¹= \' ,ÅkZì c* Î^â Cg ZŠ Z ä \WB‚Æ÷Z%ÆÏ„lz»~ ekZ !ì

á 0* ÷ aÆäZ™sv .â »yZ Zƒ Ö ~ [Š Zh +] .pn pg 7È Å1zg ÂÃh +zY Zñƒ

Ô¶** 3Š E Î~]gßÅ ~g6ä ~X Š HH7„gÃ!‚gŠ z!* ÆkZçOX ðƒ7 Ð ã!* $År # ™8 -g ** P 8 ÍËZ e¼gzZÐ È År # ™÷ á 0* ¼pX Vz™‚ZgÐD Xì [V~*` gzZyÎ 0* ~„V:g @* ~y W

yŠ Hì ]!* Å¬VâŠ¼ ÌZXì ~ŠÄg iZ6,vg B bŠ ÅVß ZzzŠg Zëä \WÝZgŠX ðWI

ÂÃ}p-Æ11gzZ 10Ô9{g Ñ{zXì Îäƒ—¼ Ì6, q6f År ª # ™8 -g ** =

g (Z ó óÙñ{g ZuZ6, L L+Z ( ñƒf ex »Ð: Ãg ¬Iˆ)~A çkZäV'Š Z9}g ø™

» ä™¦ÎVƒ ;g™ `gŠ VŒ oè}g‚ {z6,gîÆ egkgX¸: u ** ç,Z¼ oè

hgÃq -ZPÂH—`îZ ñZœäkÜZx ZúzŠg Z6, ó[Š ZzŠÔ^z–zŠÔ ÷ á ¸q -Z L[ÂÅåP

tX ‰ − D™¦g!* g !* ā‰ Z< Í ãZ6,¿›g ~WÐï¯Pp‰ ™“  ZŠ' ,t‰

19 ?»ìù ~/ šÅeÏZWÅ¿›gÆ~g ‡gzZXì * @ƒ wEZù

** ƒ 7xÝ » á Cg ZŠ ZgzZ Ô¶ÃVzg›ZŠāì H {g á÷Z ä G egz+ iZ s ÜÆbzg ÏZ ’ E G %Ô }gâ yZy[pŠp êL , ) ä VzŠ ÕV; }g ø 1åÃî0 ©$ w!qZ $ e+ h. ]ˆâ X ’ e

=Ð ]ŸZ ‹Z?# r™8g * *Æ@á÷yZ/X å rzÛ »$ eg EZ 5Ñ»q’kZāäY E ¢ .-GgzZ Z+ ~W~ekZ å–y*qZ?h SÆxçEE hg ew‚¸/ ¦ä~āÌ=Zì t ·Z Zg7

Cg ZŠ Z LZ ä\W™f »X¸„z[òZ ~Š ã CnZgzZ Xì $ Ë Y ”J - `W ôÍÅkZāà ™ ( ‹Š )Ù^ÛÒ ‚ …] Xì H~^â kZ ä VrZX 5Ã"7,~}g !* Æ‘uÆ8g * *P8Íy*»g–@÷ á yZ/Qg !* -Z q

ƒãZzB‚Æy*„¬Â]!* èÑqX G 7@ZØh +' × ~}g !* ÆºuÆkZ~y*

RÛŒqZ=āì ÌgzZ ]* ! NŠ qZ Ôì { i * @~ r â Š {zgzZX ¶S, 7 õg * @~g7 Å]* cÃ

ÂVŒX 7Ì]!* 5ðÃt~]g ¸gzZyÎ 0* ā ÇƒD»]!* kZÃr # ™yZ/h +÷ á gzZX ¶ˆ

X¸ D ™ –[Â ðÃ? WzŠg Z™Ö~ ~, k$Ñ ÅRu# r™8g * *ā * c C äáZz + Y

/ZX ÷… YÂÃ~k , $ÑzŠg Zug IÅ\!* ÆkZgzZ ãŒ/Z\WXì ;g W`x »tÐqzÑ

8* Zò £ä~¶7~~, k$ÑÅ º´}g øÌ[ÂqZÅzŠg Zā ðƒV-]ª¹= G $ ÂX ÷'äY ¿gÁÂÅzŠg ZPVŒÐ $ 4¨G zŠg ZVâŠ yQ {z éME 5G AgzZ å* c ZÏg ¶Z B k™ïÐ

-Z CZ Ìr q # ™~zg ** b â~kZX ÷9Yâ B‚Æó** li Zâx ** Æ\!* LZ ä ã Œ

ÏKZ # r™8g * *¬¹Ð äWÁÂzŠg Z VŒgzZ¸ì™À, F[ÂÅ ~ , môZ 7Å X¸ `V?t ÃWÓàÆ

VzWz6,FÆyM;gE- c* ™igzZgƒÑ;gE- [ºāì x¥Ã\ WXì ÅÌ4z] .N G ( 4£Æ ~ e ÝZX 8 Æ ( 7g Z¼) .nG ~g »u™ Y ~ V”ÆC Ù !* ä VrZ X ÷ †Æ ~ga çE G

yÎ * 0 X Y™7¼ ðÃBZVÐ x * * LZ [Â ~g7 \W~ yÎ * 0* c+ &Z ë* @ ì Š ñVŒ

X * ZÆyZ÷|x ** ÆyZ6, XÁÂÅVzW6, Ð¹āVƒ}Y6, gîCZ f Ìt~X ÷

yâ ‡ » $ V Zg 8»p/ ¤ ZX ÏA 7~* c+ &Z ì Ë$Y ðZjnŠb ¼ Ì[Â ðÃÅ ~ , môZ

Ð TX * c Š 7[ Z ðÃV,Z1å Y7 ~ {g * ! Æ ºukZÐ # r ™8g * * ä VÍß~

7h —¼ ïZ ðÃ~* c+ &Zāì ¢ÃÚK ™8g * *,zXì Q$ e¾Ã]â Z²ZÆ# r™yZ/ ñOÆ ", 7 „ Zg ÓZ, ' ÃVÍß# Z Xì ? x £ ‘z Z ¹ ~ y Î * 0 Â$ " » ÏéZ X Y

ñWvßXì e¼  ƒ ÂñXŠg Z ÛŒ[Š Z • Zc~È J~ ~²á÷gzZ ñY ï/³ »VzuzŠ

X ¸ 7Ø Ã Ë X ÷ ïŠ ™ 7 {g * !Š Ã ]Ñì Æ VzuzŠ gzZ ÷ D™ $ fËZ e yŠ

Dq -Z ä \W Âs ÜÆ~i ‚%! Š Z Å b§kZX ÷Æn æ ¾ n ä™| # z Û yZ-Š

„g ^V×Zzg » s ÜÆ FgzZ ÷ ‰ ƒ s§' ,F~ VzWz6,,ZX¸ G ~ga 6,Vay  # ™g–~ÝZgŠì ˆƒ D¼ ]!* r X ÷³»] îÅÛŠ:~ e ÝZ 8 gzZ…X *ZX } Z ] *—gzZy* !izŠg Z, 6gîÆwVB{ , ^Y»[ÂgzZ ËÅ# r™8g * *[Z {zāVƒLeItÐ

Þ ‡, . 6 gîm{ [* ! ~ yWXì Hs ™B; , 6 ÁÁä # r™8g * *ā BŠ ~ kZgzZ » {)z g7x YX p…ç¶Öç‰… Ü×‰] Xì±5

( yß) pç•… ànÃÚ å‚nÛu

Z+ hgegzZX ue ð;Xì Z Û‚Z]â ¥¹ y*»@á÷y Z/Xì J , 7 7b§hZ ÌZX H Šï!‚g

g–@÷ á yZ/[»6,8 -g ** P8 Í[» ~ ( 11) {g Š H{g ÑgzZ ( 10) kŠ {g Ñ ( 9)â{g Ñ[Š Zh +] .

Ç}g øāì st Z , ( Ð kZ ÷g »Ð!WÆœ£ ~g EZgzZ ~i ZØg1 } , ( ¹ÆÇkZ (L Æ L } ¤Z {æ7~kZÔÃœ£YÙCiÔÆg °Z! fgzZX ÷} , ( ‚Šp éO$Àó Šó Õ } ,

[» X ÷ ÆzÂàSƒ  t ¿Šg »r # ™× gzZ^â Cg ZŠ ZÆ\WX)u »}pÆ

mZp7ÅòŠ Wx ¬\W/ ¤ Zāìt]* !Å$ ef ZgzZÔ÷” äJ , 7™0]H%Œ?gî9Ã

Š- : ³)H~ŸkZXì * c Š™$ "* U# |Ù! Š Z Å8g * * „Ã ºugzZ àÕÅ+®! f

# ™r 8g* * ÂVƒ|? pgñhzZ ª˜ ƒÅVÍß,Z$ eÒZ/ ¤ Z ?x » H Zg øÐ ]à

{g Ñâ-»)Hc* Š~y*LZ är # ™g–!Zj iÅÝq ð‚gJ -Ãx ÓyZ ä I d *äckZ[ZX Sg7¹* !öRðÃÅ õ?XEz—ˆÆTXì @* ™7„ ZÍëZu"{g Š H

&‰„â cœ£ Ï( [Š Z ~ [fā åÐ ]* ! kZ m» ( Y 2006cŠ * @, 'Æ Z {g ÑgƒÑX âåLG

ñƒ D™7B‚ÆVß ZjgzZ]‚½ZÐi§Üæ} , (Ã]ÃÏZ LZ äg–@á÷yZ/

~W! fXāì * @Y HwZÎ »nkZ Â÷e * *™¸* ! ¹ZgzZ ÷e bŠ ÝzÃ¬Z 6 f ÌÆ ·,) ó ì ó HW¿›g Å~g ‡L Ly*qZ LZ}÷X ,™ H ÂF:WñZ. }] H ‰

22 ( Ð* `X Y 2008cŠB4: {Š™, k’)

!r # ™8 -g **6 TgzZ¶ ŠÃ\WLZ

( Y 2009~gzÛ Ô~g†* @ Y 2008cŠX 3 {g ÑX ~]mZ „â ·,) XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X X

g©+ hzY, 6gîÆ¿ŠgXì „g Wç, 6 Ùñ{: âêÅ# r™8g * * Ü‰ß Z °Xì * c Š wÅ{i ZzgŠ :%qZ »¿#ñZ, '¿#ñƒ D ¯ : K ¶Ã]» Z f™Ø?Ð y*Ñy*»# r™× ( g7Ó)p…çµ ^Ûi ^`ßi

'Hì @* ƒ¶ ŠÐWÐWXì * @™7

X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X ä ~Xì {Š c* igÖZ „Š Zi WV;zā å¸/ŠgzZ W, @* Z÷J -ÌZ~}g !* Æy*zy p ÖZ Já{~}g !* ÆVƒ ÉgÆyZgzZ VƒzyI •ZÆy*zy ~ V>» DôLZ

YñVQwZÎÚ6, yZ6, RdÔ¸‰ GŠiy¶ Kºud Æ8 -g ** P8ÍËZ eJ -ÌZ L L Ï¤ÌäVrZ~kZÔì Zƒù÷ á ~‰ Ü zñZâ-zÚZ { i @* -Z »Ì‡{÷ q á g^ËZ eX ÷ìg

XX X X X ’ ebŠ[Z »yZ „Ã8 -g ** ËZ eāì c* Šgzi6, ]!* kZgzZì c* VQwZÎ»V¸uyZÐ E $ »@¬Îì egzZOg ¦Š¤ .nÐ [ÂÅyZÔ,QD™çE / ŠgZ LZ ~æ÷ á p÷eæ8 -g ** ËZ e G E 4&Ð»X ÷`ƒ[Õ"b§~g7ºuÆó ó]c* gzZçElG Ä¹ægzZ] (‚:Ô](‚L L KZÃ[ÂT~[Š Z {z:¤ / zì xiÑ** ™s # ŸzÅV¸uyZ6, yZŠ z!* Æ• Ñ~kg Ç

( Š !* WxsZX ‚Ö^ì ‚ …]) ó Xó ì „g}Šg Z Œ Û ga'¹Z „z¸ìg}Šg Z Œ Û [Âg »{÷ á

(Š HH„gÃY 2008ðÑ B19Ðurdu_writers@yahoogroups.comxg ¯, MÚZÃ]Z W, @* yZ ) XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

)÷ ® á Z~*` ó ó[Š Zh +] .Lā L ì ** ™„Šy¶ Kgz¢Å] !* -Z= XX X XX :Ü‰^Î å^ …çËÆ q

kZXì Š HHZ +¬x Z²Z » äƒWá6,8 -g ** P 8Í~ y*Æg–@÷ á yZ/áZz äƒk , + 5 X c* W7t ‚[Z j−J -ÌZ »y*

?ì –H~y*kZäg–@÷ á yZ/ā CnÆMg ‡}g øU¿p : †ËÃq Ü¾^Ò

](‚:Ô](‚L L[ ÂÅ8 -g ** P8 Íāì –äg–@÷ á yZ/:Ü‰^Î å^ …çËÆ

kZä× g©h +zYXìÀF, »Vzk , ’Å+Š** ! ftÔ7[ ÂÅWzïó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ kZŠp8 -g ** P8Íā Çƒ4Ð ƒ  pXì 7F F6,bÑŠ j„‡ ì –[Z »y* ( 2008 ðÑ B18QgñÔci +Z! Š ZÔgƒÑó óÜ‰zñZâ L· L ,-zÚZ ) X N â Ûs # ŸzÅ XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

ËpX Ì~]gß! ÂgzZ Ì~]gßÅÝ»Xì ;g J~ „ c* +Z Zƒ –{z Z÷p÷‘ &

aÆVzg ZŠ ZgzZVáÓÅ c* +Z~wŠ}÷ÐzzÏZX H7Za êg~g ÖZ „Š Zi WkZ Ìä & Š ñ~ wŠ}÷ ì „z W, @* ¦ù» ~Š Zi WDô~ c* +Zāì kˆZ=Xì ;g/_ & .»x Z Z Å¶Š [Z »VÂoAÆV¸uA LZÐ [Š Z ! fä r # ™8 -g ** P 8 ÍËZ epì Xì r ZŠ ú$ +q -Z6, Ä ‚DôgzZ! Š ZÔdÅy*zy{zì Hg(Z¿¯§ ñO

àZz äY ÅÐ + $Y År # ™8 -g ** P8 ÍËZ eāVƒ@* ™„  ZpgŠÐy# Ö Ó~

W˜† »g ÖZ „Š Zi WáZz äYKÐ j§[v~ c* c +Z ä TÔá Fâ »+ kZ & $ Ô] (‚[ÂÅyZ b§ÏZXì Å• dq -Z~ŸÆ]* c Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F wà Zz Y"6,yZ c* ÷K ºuu oÑ}g ‚t ªZz ä r # ™8 -g ** ā}™ ï ñY ðèw

c* Z™ ù ÷ á 6,gî ~g »uÀF,~ m, ôZ » [Â {gÃè Å yZ ÂVƒ " $U* s ™ u0* {z ¤ /ZX ÷ x Z²Z

Æc* +ZaÆ¢ & a}g ‚áZzà Ÿ ÐáZjÆV¸uÆ[ ÂkZ~[Š Z+ h. ]~gzZX ñY

X ÇVƒgg »aÆ¿ZwC Ù Ùl._Æyâ ‡

V;z™¾Ð y*zygzZyÎ 0*  Æƒ ƒ  Ô÷ß Ÿ b‚gæÆzŠg Z~ *Š ! f Š ñ¨~g7 Åb‚gx Ó,Zk0* }÷X ÷„e! Â F, {Š c* i~yZX ÷D YK„gÐ *Š™¾Ð c* +Z Ì!‚g ãÎ 0* & -ZgzZ ÂgzZX ÷D YK „gÐ \g- ™¾Ð c* q +Z ì &

-g ** 8 Xì @* ƒÐ [Š Z z Dm»Š ZñáZzà Ÿ ~ b‚g ! Š ZXì _ W¸Åä™„g ~½

„g C™i ** 6,Š ÕT *Š zŠg ZX ìnç! Š Zz duZu{z Š HH ù ÷ á ¼ Ì~}g !* Ær #™ » V¸u LZXì u ‹\Z ð•ZaÆ Vß Zz zŠg ZŠp{zì [Wt ‚‹g ZŠzud-Z » kZ

Xì 7?¦ / Ù ** C ™lz»Åäh ÂÃsWÆVß Zzä3ŠsWñOÅä™ o‚ ?Ð,h ÂN WWÄ\W

23 ( ~)

~Qj

$h e +] .ˆâgzZ ~i +e¤ / ØO%Z ÆáÑ{°‡!* ËÃ~g¹kZ ä8 -g ** P8ÍËZ eā7eItB‚Æt Nza}g ø gzZ™T¾wq]gßÔƒÌ¼ { Zpwq|Xì wâ {”ÛZ¡tQc* ì H^gàZ gzZ úŠgÔ](‚:Ô](‚Ô~g¹ā å Hn²~ m«Åy*kZ ä ëXì u** ç 3 Ò X Ã‰e $h +] .ˆâ ëÃæÆyÒÑ!* !®Æ (J. Hillis Miller)Hø XZXì óVâ LÅ]c*

òŠ Wà©ðÃH›āìg ãZzXì X $FZx ZÝZgŠ Ô7óVâ L~g¹ā÷‰ƒg66,Kt[ Z Ã~g¹M%ZāÃs Z ‹Z kZÆyZX ÷q -ZÐ ~VzŠ Õ7Šg+F, g &ÆM%ZÉ 7 X X XX X XXì YYÑN* ~~zg Zzg „:gzZì YYHi Z0 +ZÃÂ:ì ;g™^gE Z b§Å/VZ »g »kZāìC Ù ªXì ~gYÐ VâŠ °»lg- Å~g¹āì 9Ç!* wìt»r # ™8 -g **

qŠ 4, Ær # ™8 -g ** ŠpXì ** ™ »Ã~g UŠpgzZ# Ö wÔY‚ÅxEã¨ KZvŠgzZ[Š ZÑÇ O%Z ÁqÝZ~ñZgq** ~g øXì yÃÁqy Wāì @* ƒZatwZÎ[ZXì xõÔ7Áq[Š Z -g ** 8 w– c* ) xšg â gzZ ~g¹Xì Ýq ÌsÑ » äƒ @* ZŠ À» ~g¹&ì x Â: Zg ZŠtâu sÜwÒZ °XÐKÐWB‚Æ,×ë~}g !* Æm3WÆ( ] ¶F, Åzi !* N !*

{)ze $h +] .ˆâ gzZ](‚:}V”÷ÆkZgzZ ~g¹ÔŠ[Š Z kZā Çƒ°» ** ™n²Ú Z g ZŠZyZgzZ ** Î[¢~g »6, ` îZ Ï(gzZ4z] .C4Ôe $g/ãúg0* Ôxšg â „Ñ~Š ã C» ]** Ò~h +Š~p°Å~g¹är # ™8 -g ** Xì bŠ s’Å]ñaÆå ykÑZ ‚Ã ~gYÐ VÇ;Š FÚÔlg- Å ~g¹TāÅ7Øi ÅäCt }p÷bŠ Î Âg mZÆ 1966À» ~g¹āìt # Ö } .n²~ekZ ?ðƒV¹gzZ ðƒ“  Ôðƒù öZa ÅkZ Ôì & ; y Y~ .¿F mÐ „  ( Åzi!* N ZŠ‰V»ÑgzZBg !* ÔZh +gŠ Õ @ÆkZ ÂV- X Zƒ~ ;gE- çEE x Z ä °gzZ yâ ~Š w0* ÔH øÒ3XXZ øZ Û Æ ~ tZŠ ÔáZ e ä Vzg›ZŠ úZ Û áZzpg X ìzŠ eg ¯~{g »ÅgzZg ZŠtâuò Z¤ /ò ** ÆM%ZÔ÷g ZÍg ) , g3+-ZÆkZpbŠ

å‡^ßq ^Ò oÒ^e 1e æ oñç+ Ðu 6nÚ o9‰…çnÞçm Ôm] 1‰ gÞ^q oÒ ^eD …‚nu o9‰…çnÞçm æ …] Øß nÞ ]‡D ^ÞŸçÚ ‡]†Ê†‰ 1‰‡]ˆÂ] 1Ò 8Ö pJ çÒ ðNLLU p…æ†Ê)NM çÒ -Þ…^Þ ‚ß2 oµç+†9Ò]J g‰ 1Ò p‚‘ 6mçŠne 1‰ gÞ^q oÒ Øß nÞ †9Þ] Œ^ÓÂ å…] ]!!!!!!^n+ ^nÒ = ^fÒ…^fÚ çÒ o9‰…çnÞçm †µ 1ßm ‡]ˆÂ] ämçÒ Ñ…^‰ oe ] æ oÛ×Â c<e 1‰

{z Xì [ƒ pôŠ Zñ]g * @ 0Ð e $h +] .ˆâ ~ Vzg Ñ&Æ ó ó[Š Zh +] .L L

’~ *Š ~g‚)g fÆ, MÚZXì [VÌJ -g7ÓVƒ ÇÐ Lgq -ZÆS -** ™„  c* g

6, wâ ‘zä?Ïƒâ7Ìq :Z ÅŠ ZñógzZÜækZJ -;gE- ÌËÅy*zyH Âì [ ~ V-gE- ~g øÃáZz ä™7™ ¯)** g » CZÃ~i ~! Š Z Å b§kZ™ )ï ^ ,Y ** CZ %NKZ'÷ ìg Y GÂx Z¤ äÖ ÃðZæE / z6,ºXì ;g Y Zi ZâÐ V-¤ /e ~i Z ³Z Ì` W

ñVZ} i »ÆÅ y CgzZ ðÍhÔ}gZŠ Z (+F, dZ}g øX ÷ìg eg8ðe H Hvßc

s %Z ðÃÔ7` îZ ðÃXì Zƒ¯ð÷ á Ólñ{¡g›ZŠÔCqZgøX ÷`W~g Zi !* ñƒ k½ZÐ7ÛŒg©x ¯âÆ p…çµ ^Ûi ^`ßi

X 7g »Ã%Åìc ðÍhðÃgzZ7

XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX

[^n+ ^nÒ ¡ãe ^nÒ ^Ò æ …] 1‰ ¼‰çi 1Ò o×a oÚ ^Ò] æ …] Xì x * * »y* !i„qZ ~ygzZzŠg Z L L:ā ¹~À˜q -ZÅ Z e )ÔŠg Iä8 -g ** P8ÍËZ e $āìg ãZzó ì 4›E )** izg Œ Û ñ¸¸ îE 0G ó H Š* c Š}Šx * * »zŠg ZÃ~y ÝZgŠÔ7„ y* !i ðÃ ÂzŠg ZÉ

[ ZX ¶ˆÅ7h +Š F,ðÃÅTX ¶’Ð áZjÆ}ÒúÆ Šg IÆ kZ ~ cZ™B k ~ ]g ¸ÔŠ !* W8 -gzZ ó óf õò ¸L) L xâ aÆ ]oh +' × X N â Û êgzZ B™~ .Z³ŠpMg ‡

Ö tg ZŠ Z ëZ gzZ g×Z¤ / Ð yZÄÆógó ‚÷ á » zß Z 0Z P 8 Í L L~ }g ÑÆ Y 2000 ~Z

X ÷¢q]‚½ZPÐkZÔì Æg Z-6,IgzZ 8 Z ! 6,‹Š ÝZgŠÇ »8 -g ** X XX ;gï6,‹Š òŠ » ZzŠg Z »8 -g ** k' ,–' , LL

Y7 Ð 8g * *P 8 ÍX XX Å¾u! Š Zq -Z yZÄk , iÆe $h +] .ˆâ ä 8 -g ** Xì Ç »g ZMZ

Š Z®ÅŠ ZÛ Z VZŠzŠg Z ?ñƒ ì‡Ò»gzZ kg Zæ Ä ?H H§{Å ’ z ¹, FÅzŠg Z~ ‹Šāce * *Y Æp…]æˆf‰ ‚Ûu] ‚ÛvÚó Xó ì bŠ 8 ¢HÃP8ÍÐ]ÑZÎ,ZìÙCª?Zƒ†ŸZ H~ (à* 0 Èíi ZVÐ. Å8g * *P8ÍËZ ey*!ZfX Y 2000Þâ{g ÑX c Z™g °Ztg ZŠ Z

g–@÷ á yZ/

( Ñ' , )

7'÷Wá8 -g ** P8 Í >i^‰ 1Ò 7çÊ^•] oÛ×Â àm†i å‡^i Y &.~ ^ðZ’Z KZ y*t »g–@÷ 8ÍZ # X å Zƒ ù ÷ á ~ ~fzZg wì ëL E á yZ/) Y 2007cŠ @* ðÑ {g Ñ*` [Š Zh +] .tgzZ Š Hƒk HzŠ y*ÂñƒÄc* gŠ ºuh +' × Æ8 -g ** P ~ m, ôZ [Z1Z ‰ÔA 7„ ]‚½Z {”‘uh +' × Æ8 -g ** P 8 Í yZgzŠ kZX Zƒ ù ÷ á~ {i @* +' h × [Z y*t b§kZX Zƒ Ìs ÏZ ÁyZª » äg ‰ ~g›ZŠ KZÆ™ÜÐ V1Â KZÆáZj%3F, Æe $h +] .ˆâ Ð~ m, ôZä8 -g** P8ÍÐj§TXì Š Hƒ+F, -‰ J Ü zkZë@* X}™g(ZÝzh +' × y*tÌZā7ê¼ÐkZÔ÷9Y6, gîÆøZŠ 4p÷ìg™~ e ÝZ 8 ÐÖZ6,xi Z yge â †  7 g–@÷ á yZ/Xì ~ ]gß+F, {i @* t ä8 -g ** P 8Íā BŠ˜Z dZg ø Xì „gƒ ~ e ÝZ 8 Ð ÖZ Ì6,8 -g ** P 8 Ít ì Xì Š Hc* Š eg Z-Z Z (, ¹q -Z6, [ÂÏZ7ZÐyÎ 0* Ôì è[Â Æ™ ºuÐ~ m, ôZ ( ‚Ö^ì ‚ …]

X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X ]â } .ÅyZXì @* Y Œë Z ™{ÐáZjÆ]â} .Å[Š ZzŠg Zx ** »8 -g ** P8 Í G G Æ VÎ' ,PDqX Zi ZâÐ eg Z-Z Dä yÎ 0* ï L !ÓgzZ ~Ñî3+ä y ï L !ÓÃyZ núÆ Y Ô Ï( ! f Ô xi Z yge â †  7 ä V,Z Z # Zƒ ‰ Ü z kZ†ŸZh +' × ~ q=ÅyZ yZgzŠ xi Zyg e â †  7äe $ÒZ ÅzŠgZ ÿL X3ZX c* Zz™Ð zŠgZ ÿL X3Zsg ¬»Ô å³»Vñ¤ / uDpgzZ ÙçÔ

ÅV…#gzZ 3g ~g YÃ[dKZ ä 8 -g ** P 8 Íë@* Ô ÅÒÃÅä™Šš™È{Ši[fÃ ‹ôµ( l^njì^‰ [Â KZ Ð x ** Æe $h +] .ˆâ Å xi Z yg e â †  7 ñƒ D™: {Zz6,

ÝZgŠ ](‚X ðƒ ù ÷ á ÐgƒÑ~Y 1994 Ô Å ô=~ l^m†Ã oÎ† Ú …æ] l^njì^‰ .2_±]*—çL8Xâ õÎ& ¶q èa tÃC*—t X Š HH~ .ZÐ we â C*—ÆçJG -’C*—q -Z Ô IÅçZ F, VZi Zˆ aÆpg ì‡ÃöÆp~ we â kZa kZ åg Zh +úŠ » äƒ ³‚

qZ J - 1964X 65 k B x ** $z àZz äƒ qzÑ~ 1954 ?Zƒù¼ ƒ e  ty W Æ# Ö ÓX¸‰ W6,VÃv™òC Ù !* Ð V-gE-¥gzZWz6, O%ZX ¶_ V6,hñu** ç

~M%Zèa X¸ì g Y ñÎ} ÈgzZ‰„g Y Å,k , ½gJŠ VZðŠ s ÜÆbzg¿y¨ KZ ÐV-gE-gzZVœ»akZÔ÷x ¬¹Ìù Zg fÆr šZz−F, ò Zú{z´ÆÏ0 +Zpœ°Î ~÷¡z„»# Ö ÓO%Z~]ÑqyZX ¶Ðî~äÃäÃÆo ` îZ ñZœà ZzàZ E 5Ò¡X ÅÔŠæÐ ìzŠ eg ¯~{äðOZ6,hñui ** ;gE- kg åHE ÏZX å%Z ~¡q -Z ** Yƒ 2 Eliot to Derrida: The poverty of [ Â KZ ä (John Harwood) egzg ; y YWz6 ,Æ( ´7W ) ä ìzŠ eg ¯~{6,ZZ Å# Ö ÓO%Zāì –ñƒ D™yÒ ,~ Interpretation (1989) kZāìg ãZzX ÅÔ)q -Z Å (Co-conspirators) g » ñ Ng Ùi ‚ LZ~y WÆ1965 x ¬dl Æ#ŠêñÐáZjÆF, g ‚gzZ #Š F, g ‚Å{)zZh +gŠ uZ jgzZBg!* VÑzgJ -‰ Ü z ƒe ãZā VƒÜ‡Ð Kt ~:å [ É]g t CZ ~ }g!* Æ F, g ‚ÔZh +gŠ X¸ −ƒ ;: Zg›ZŠ »ÇLZÐZgzZ ˆïù]àâZÃF, g ‚Š z!* Æpg ñZgßÇ!* 6,b)}g ‚

( 21mÔ1987ÔZ+ hgŠ :[ÂÅkgâA) ‰‰‰Š Hc* ŠÈù HúæM%ZÃ{z¤ /kZÆVzg›ZŠ úZ ÛāŠ HHðt ~ )kZ àZz 1965çO V±ŠQgzZ N Y {g™ÏZ~ yZ¥gzZWz6,O%Zpi +gāN VZ t # I,Z vßtā @* ñY 1966' , Æ Z ( ìzŠ eg ¯) Áqæäyâ ~Š w0* gzZHøÒ3XXZ6, gîÆËX ÃW:6, VÃvJ -k' ,

~ T HÂgö{z6,qçñÆ The Language of Criticism and the Science of Man ~ „äìzŠ eg ¯~{sg r}g ‚Æg ökZX åŠ ñÌZh +gŠ uZ j{z´ÆV»ÑgzZBg !* VÑzg 7ŠgÔCg‡Wz6, w–X Zƒi ¸W»]à@¬Å Zh +gŠÐ ‰ ÂÆM%ZÐ DgzZK“  ZŠ' , H I 4 ] 5 Ò 3.g EZgZŠ' ~gZŠtâuO%Zā÷ D Y wÈt ‰ Ü z D h : ˜s ÜÆ ïHE ,DÆ~g¹gzZŠ Õ

", 6]gúyZ âË ì ¿Jh1{zŠ Z%Ð ~+ ie/ ¤Ø)Xì ó ó~i +e¤ / ØL LÅ~g¹gzZ úŠg „ ( `X s :n™w¡Z ãKgzZÒ»kZ™^ÐWā * @ì * @™ a y ªzŠ $gŠ we â » kZ Ôå HÂg ö ~ ‹Š6,]h +] .ˆâ ä 8 -g ** ËZ e x(Bāì ¨ ¸ kª & ;yY( „¸) .¿F HH~ .Z „Ðg öáZz;gE- çEE ( k½ZÐy*sîÆ~Qj)X åŠ

÷bŠÆV1ÂVz%ÂáZj~ó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚:Ô](‚L Lär # ™8 -g** k’Y 1997Å~Qj)Xì ÌJ 7, , ÃV1ÂyZäVrZā 47¦ / Ù Ðk C , ’ÅyZp

( Y 1997X 23X 22{g ÑÔ‹Š+ h. ] èE L 4Xf·,X ~AÅú›g~[· !‚y*

28 ÀF,» Enneads[ÂÅ9øä ~ ,X¸{ Ç W! lÐ e $Š ÃZ Å¬kZ^# [² Ð‘ èc* g êL Ð y!* i]©äòig Z ¦Z .ñ0·X Hù ÷ á ~! ²Ð x ** Æ l^nßm oÒ ç_‰…] # GG3J4X3 êLÐ‘gzZ 4ŒÅZˆâ gzZ yÅ Tg Z ä ”g èE ô=Å] é›G3E LE Z X H ù÷ á ~ ! ²~ Y830ÀF,» ï

V,ZÃ]î: ‘gzZ b‚Ô èc* gÔ yX ( 413X 422ÔmÔ õg @* Å ! fÔ Ëg hR, , ' )Å xEyZÉ Ô åŒ7L ó óà›Å]ÑìL L ( @' , ÆVzg »ðPò qÆ„ï¦Æ` W ) ä kZÆæWgŠ ÅxE! å** ZŠ¤ / =g f » ` ZcÅÑã¨ KZgzZÝzÅÇz‚f äV,ZÃw”Æ X ÷D™yÒÐõvßë`WÃgzŠ W, Z b§kZ¼6,ËÅyZ ÔN W7])°» bg ÷ áq -Z ¨ÌÃ8 -g ** P8 Í

pÔì x »ug IÌtX ÷sZ e} Q~x »C Ù â Û x™‰ Lā L ÷˜~dâŠāNƒi Z0 +Z ÌÐ hÆä™s %Z {z V- X @* W7~™Â~g øā÷ ïŠ VQB; „Ð}uvß¼ ~Šg^ ÕäMuZ vß,ZX X X Xì oÑ '»]!* ÌaÆä™s %ZèYÔ ÷ ïŠ™xzøÃŠp X ( 12X 13Ôm ) ó ì ó »¹ZŠp7»kgjeyvÐkZā … Y7{zèY÷ Æ E+G It » . $»X ì „g Cƒ~ ]gßË: Ë~ÇC Ù ¿#Å„5ƒgzŠ ÌðÃ » ã¨ KZ ÷L g @* ›Z' × Æb§kZ^ »Y »g Zë @*ó Xó ÷BxŠ ƒÐ VAKZÃh +‰C Ù vß9 Lā L ì„  gŠ É Ô 7]gz¢Å ä™lˆ~ [ Â ËÃ|kZX ì Lg ~g ‚z ~g Y Š z!* Æ ]Ñì XìŠ ñt ‚}g ø~^ÅVpqDpzCÑç ÌyZd »xi Zyge â ð; i ‚tÃ! f‰&Ôì q -’¨ ¸Å¢q åL<X’xi Z yg e â † 7 wçs W;gE- ~ aÆ ŠÅTì qçñ »á£ }÷„tzZi ¸Ô÷ ïŠ g Z Œ Û eÆïÅ]c* Ã~Wz! Š ZáZzäƒ0* , ' ~xi Zyg e â †  7X VƒÝÐÑ' , ÔÖZ Æ8 -g ** P8Í~ˆÆ[°»X 5µñ» ð‚gJ -]c* Ã‰ ñZ™sg ”~zŠg Q= ~

*q -Ztā¶yQ=?ì ðƒ4ZŠ b§¾„C(‚~zŠg QX àJ -ë›Ñ!* {™PÐáZj ¦ÃŠJ -uË™Ägt ‚Ã]¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢Å}ÑçãÎ 0* gzZ ã*zyā¶yQX ÇƒtzZi Xì Š H{g™0Üg 0* y*ZŠ[ Z¡wì »'6,[fÐáZjÆxEèYÔX ÇƒHg (Z/w „g f(,Ï-â ;g @* ™·_ »[Â ÅyQ V V X ìu‡Ì¬ » Ÿz ÅP 8 ÍÔgzŠ Âq ÃŠ E 4E H-ÍG C+G 5 ƒÅg °Z±Šz {ë ð•ZÆVzi ‚tÃ ! fX åyZh» ö gzZ6,RÌË~[ ÂèYÔ Xì c* Š™[™Ðx ** LZ¹Z Š!ZjðÃ%är # ™8 -g** sw/sw%Æ È¯Â/ÂÃk½ZÆi ‚tÃÌËë¤ /Zāì _ñ,a e $Zzgt~VƒogŠ ! f I4ÓE " Ô ci 5F ÆPlagiarismvŠ ‹gzX ì @* ƒ ~gz¢ bŠ!Zj » ™gzZx ** »çlG +Z »[Â Â,™

27 ā HòúŠtäkZ7ðZCXì CYðJ 7, „b‚¨~VƒogŠ ! f]*—` Wwq¾ J E äBg !* VÑzgXì YYc* ŠzgŠ »b‚ Ç&ì%(Zq -Z „]*—sÜ~V ði4& ‚Y

Dp6, V¤g m!* Æ C*—XK äz w{z} .~i q Ð ZÆ Äp úZ Û 6,Š ã CÅ we â C*—ÏZ Y 58E eÎtäVzi‚tÃX¸]ÑqÙçgzZÏ(zzÅTÔ ˆ¿gˆÆxëL E ~uzŠŠ ã CÅïZú ñY~ŠÄg6,t Z íZgzZÚdµ„Š ã CÅw{z} .~C Ù ªÆVzÑçZ¤ /ZÐ yjzðZā X ÏñYÅ7kC]gz¢ÅVl~wh +÷ áÂ Y Y J_ G-8 J G E E E E 4 & GG3. ó ó[ .2 ± Å ó ó[ +é¨G34»]L LÌ"Yß é£ Gâ "[ÂÅBg !* VÑzgÔ å# Ö ´Å ï +é¨G34»]L L»çG G GG3.-8 C*— Âì îp¤ /Z6,VzŠ ã CC*—X ÷ {”³pā Zƒt È »TÔì ¦ZŠ Å ï ÌÃBg !* VÑzg uZgŠ Z »U u** çkZ X Š Hƒ ~gz¢ ** ™tîÌÃV½Ù {Š™ äz ÅV:p gzZV»Ñ{z´ÆBg !* VÑzgX ¶¸ Ìzz Åx Z%ZÆwe â C(‚~ Yâ 1960~ ÷Z Û X åŠ Hƒ ä V,ZÐzz ÅTÔå Š Häƒ6,gîåkˆZ »ïZúÁ{ nā~bÃkZ ÌÃ{)z Zh +gŠ Ðzz ÅVç»Ùç„¬Ð kZë@* Ôc* Š Î6,î ZŠ „Ãg¦Æ| # Ù6,R! Š ZgzZ DpÔ ~Š ZÐZ $ ] (‚ øL FyZxÏ( ! fX ¶~Š™g » 6,´ ˜d $¾~ lˆÅV-rä `Z%‚! f

RDpz Y X 1™lˆi Z »ƒ z Õ™™îÐZ ä V,Z Xìg ÃÐ „ C(‚@' ,Æ XìæWg »Ì[ Zt6, R! Š Z²Ôc* Jm yZz6, Ãƒ¡äwe â C*—6, 6, Y ¯kZ¡Ãwe â C*—pÔì es%ZÐ òCÑçc* DpÅxi Zyg e â † 7 3 Y ! f~Š ã CÅbÃ³‚kZzŠgQ ÿL XZ¤ /ZXì {Ši[ftā M h}Š7g Z Œ Û x³»tæÿL 3XZ II± $ Â÷ D™ŠšÐZ™NŠ 4Š ¿»KDp c* 4¨GG 5G Ï(Ô Šg ÌÃbÃÆ…øL m ÆHE¹Z éME /Í®„ q 36, Æ õG -ZÃ]c* Ã³‚VâzŠ yZā Çƒ…** ™~ .Z³t Ð wVkZX ce ** ™ èzcÑ!* Ð ƒÆ b§C Ù ¿»Š ZŠ,Z c* qJÅ]c* Ã³‚āì ** ™ ãZztŠ°ÔñY

÷ D™ Za ò}‰ „ q -Z ~ ~R, g§ 8ÌËÅ *Š ]c* Ã³‚Xce ** ƒ ,@* Æ 2Z ¸ p Ô HÄc* gŠÃ°Z ¸zwßZÆy!* iŠ ñÐ¬äkZā¶¸Äc* gŠ, Û W[zZÅçJ.c±X wßZáZz ä™ ãZzÃ]** kZÆp~ kZX ì B bg| # ‚q -Z KZ ÌzŠg QX ¸ D ¯ eÃ ÙçQ c* CÑçÔÏ(Ô Dp6,V˜ X ì YY H~ .ZÐ zg ÅbÃ C*—Æ çJ.c±Ã°Z ¸z ì CY| (,ÌZ ÅøÚmºaÆ kZ Âì m»8 L c* zyQÐzz Å]** kZgzZ ]ZŠ § z yQÆ™ ~g Y } :ā ** ÷e äY Á5Zg a Æ ]c* ‹z t # I6,µ% kZ a kZX 3 ÅDācexgÈ0* »¬kZ Ì,zÂÃzŠg Q ÿL XZX N Y Š™ÈaÆå} i ZzgŠÆ]** kZ X N Ygz¢Â} 7, ** YÌu{ ZpaÆ`Å

" Ò5E Ñ!* zgqä V,Z ZuzŠ X ì 7}!Zj » ™ÆkZ ë @* Xì Zƒ W, OÌp{Š™ì‡ » ög G g Zƒ "~k½Z }uzŠ Ëb ˜Zm{tāì ÅÒÃÅä™ì‡W, @* t™É~+zZzÃ "²!* ìŠ HH7 ùM¿VŒ & k½Z Zg ‚ »}g ‚X ì 7(Z~ |²ì fp â Ð i ‚tÃ " " " ÒgG 5E Ò5E Ò5E ö ~[fXì 7»8 -g ** P8 Íì » ög G+ut‹Ñ!* zgqXì fp â Ð[ÂÅ ög G ¿»] c* Ã~WaÆ¥Æ} Z! ~6¤' , Ôì B bgwÅ[Â °g¬q -Z[ÂtÅ -Z¡ä8 q -g** P8Íāì ~gz¢ÌuZgŠ Z »%Z kZaÆMg ‡VŒXì C™7sg ¬ " Ò5E WX ÷KÀF, Ð x ** LZ Â/Â]‚½Z FÐ [ÂÏZ Å ög GÉ H7ÜÃk½Z „ Ô,™iÃ%zÂ6, k½ZgzZq -Z J ÷D Yñ0*~Vâ !* iZaÆg¦q -Z ì F F6, V-š /yZÅV/?Š Åç.c±L L ñ0* wŠ pÆyZ~ y!* i ~uzŠÐ y!* iq -Z ÂDƒ óì‡aÆ]Zg¦Š ñIâ Â¤ /Z LX gzZ ÷ [Š6, gîZÃVzqÅ *Š3!* iZāìt|( 116ÔmkgÃ )Ôì 7(ZpÔD Y kZ ~ m, ôZ@' , ÆkZ Moutonì Âq -Z~ úZ Û X ÷ ~Š BVFä çJ.c±X ÷ C™C Ùª X ( 68ÔmÔ8 -g ** P8 Í ) ì ó C™t Û ~SheepgzZ MuttonwŠ Æ " Ò5E Ô÷D™q gs§Å ög G[ Z

Saussure's argument depends on the different division of the chain of meaning in different languages. ' If words stood for pre-existing concepts' they would all have exact equivalents in meaning from one language to the next; but this is not true' (Saussure, 1974: 116). The truth is that different languages divide or articulate the world in different worlds. Saussure gives a number of examples. For instance, where French has the single mouton, English differentiates between mutton, which we eat, and sheep.............(Belsey, 36-37).

" Ò5E &‡ð•Z ë@* b‹LZ ä ög Gāìt%ZzÂÿLE Ôì Š H3g¿ÌÃk½Z kZ ¯ ) !* Æª Zî ì Hì‡W, @* tä 8 -g ** P8Í²Ôì H7 ™wøÃáZj‰ aÐ [ÂÅçJ.c±~ " Ò5E tÔì H·_„  ZgÓZ' ,»çJ.c±äV,ZÉ H7~ .ZÐ [ÂÅ ög GäV,Z!Zj »çJ.c±ā Ô¶ ŠÃk½ZsfzgqÆ8 -g ** P8ÍXì wVãZzÅ„c* +! Š Z $ E E E Vâ ZyZÆHã¨ KZæL¾¡ ~wÍZ ýL {$ ~œ, gzZy WýL {$Æ~œ,ÞZ L L gzZ ÂgzZX ¶CW7Ãe~È{i ZèðÃÅ b§Ë~kZā¶ˆƒ{g 0* {g 0* -ukZ™ J# J $~ [µ~öáZzäY7, êµ ZÆV/Ì{zÔì @* Y¹{÷ á Š !* »6¨ KZÄE&Ì,Ø{ Y &zX å 4»H X ( 34Ôm )X ÷ Æ‡ Z% ƒ  t äÕMuZÔe $Š zÅ+®8 g-c* ƒy—,»í éH 5kE Ô,™g¨6, k½ZkZÆ²j^' , Zg~~ m, ôZ W

5_e s ÜÆ>% 2ÒF .G 8ÍXì $ Ë ƒeÌ½Š"Ð {ogŠ~ËÆTXì * @Y 1½ Z ~çE Ô Vzi ‚tÃÇÆ xi Z yg e â †  7 ä V,Zāìt Ú~Š ã CÐ ƒ  ~ [Â Å8 -g ** P J yZÉ Å7Ýq ð‚g„  ZgÓZ' ,J -g °ZÆ{)zBg !* gzZ Zh +gŠÔÃ ¯Ô V»ÑÔ kZ7ðZC Ôç.c± " ÒgG 5E ¾; ÷¢ Ô ~Û ðÔ ö +uÔ°ï** Ô( ì YY J 7,Ì²Ø)²j^' , ZgÔ ±g ÷ áÆ

P ä V,ZāÍX ì HyÒ Ð x ** LZ Â/ Â Š!Zj%Ãg °Z z ]c* ‹Æ kgâ Û :™gzZ ¹Zāì @* ƒC Ù ªtÐ Tì HÜVÂ»V Ã]‚½Z ~ m, ôZgzZzŠg QB‚ÆáZj6,V» tÃgzZ V\ Â]Ñì z g°Z L ā L ÷ ˜ ~ dâŠ X åkˆZ » ÌZ Å] ÑìÆ VzuzŠ gŠ rä 8 -g ** P 8Íāìg ãZzt VŒ X ( 14Ô m ) ó óì ~÷%Z −F, z ƒÔ ÷ÆVzi ‚ V,Z, X Å ¶g Ì,Å],Œ~gz¢ä V,Z V˜gzZì ¿g}Š,ÅÃ~ /Â]‚½Zq -ZP¤ /ZXì Š HHi Z0 +ZÃ6,Y ¯ Å$c* Š ~„¹Z~y*kZì ¿g}Š ä G M E $ ¹Z6, 4¨G @* Yc* Š™iZ0 +ZÃ é5G Y ¯Å}Z +ÃÆ—ÂDƒKk , ’Æ,Å ™%~gŠ rÔÂ G $ Ôì sŠ ZáÆ¶Š wîh 4¨G éME 5G +' × Ãe $Zzg {”ì‡~ [Š ZzŠg Q ** ™Ù7 {Š6,Åo ÝZ ëZ âZpÔ &‡ {z´Æ ä™VÈÃysgÆ ÜÆ 8 -g ** P 8 Íä ~ ~ y*kZXì 7¿dÿLE -ZP WXì Åc¿Ì6,V0 DgzZ ]ZŠ § ~„Æ yZÐ áZjÆ xi Z yg e â † q 7 Ô÷˜8 -g ** P8 ÍX ÷D™g¨6, ]‚½Z &‡Ô÷ ë ~gó|& tÃ{z »[Š ZāìC 2_ÎkZ L L 7fZæ ÿLE Ù ªÐøÚ~çJ.G

|¤ /ZXì ( Tautological) Ô²!* g ZƒsÜÔì C™7@»|xg Ã ! Š Zāí~úŠt Xì tÂì Cƒì‡)g fÆy!* i6, gîj¸ ªÔ÷D™/Šë»Tì |{z Š Z%~g øÐ ì C™7@» *Š kZ ~g ó|Ôā ZƒtÝZgŠÔì C™7@»|~gó|ā L ~úŠ ( Tautology) ó²!* g ZƒtL ì C Ù ª ( Constructed in Language)ì ó Cƒ ì‡)g fÆ y!* i

( 78Ôm)XX X XX Xì 7¼ ZÎÆ " Ò5E Ôì —ög G+u

From this post-Saussurean perspective it is clear that the theory of literature as expressive realism is no longer tenable. The claim that a literary form reflects the world is simply tautological. If by 'the word' we understand the world we experience, the world differentiated by language, then the claim that realism reflects the world means that realism reflects the world constructed in language. This is a tautology................ (Belsey, Catherine. Critical Practice, London, Routledge, 2003, P,43)

" Ò5E ÐTì Hsv .Ã†  7ÂÆ ög GÐ~kZì H `gŠ k½Z ä8 -g ** P8 Í

32 IF 4&Æª Ñ!* {gÃè X ì Š HHm, / ¤ Ð ¶ŠÔ ÷g Ñ"ā Ô ]‚½Z VŒÃøL G ZîÅy*X ì GG3J43XÏzg {z´Æ] Y!Zj ÐStrucuralist Poetics Å°ï** z9»[ !* ‰‘6,~I ï 8 5E 4»G Structuralism and [ Â Å¾; ÷¢[ !* åŠ H–6,èEjE ðzg {z´Æ kZ X ì Š HHÜ

ÔN â Û ±5k½Z WXì HÀF, ä8 -g ** P8 ÍÂ/ÂÐSemiotics GG3J4X3Ïzg L L ®wEZ !»y!* iā L ÷ñW™cÐ wìkZÆmzzgkë~KÆVzI ï IF 58E 4»G 4&L Ãy!* 6,kZ èEjE Ôì @* ™Vc* úÃ\ WLZ ¿~g ÖZ ªÔì @* Wá ~© ó øL G i ~}g 0* ~ y!* i !Å Ôì Lg Vc* úU CZg 7Z ~ y!* i !Å ~²÷ á āì Hñƒ D™†ŸZ ìB bgÌZgŠkZ~~²÷ á ( equivalence)sŠ Z%āìzz¸Xì Lg ~zq {Š c* iUÅîZ ( 140) ó Xó X X X XX Xì cgq -Z »sŠ Z%Ìe $i ZáX ÔN â Û zÂ6, k½Z ~ m, ôZkZÆTerence Hawkes[ Z

We have already noticed the argument of Jakobson's fellow Prague school critic Mukarovsky with regard to foregrounding: that the aesthetic use of language pushes into the foreground the 'act of expression' itself. Jakobson offers the more refined proposal that the metaphoric mode tends to be foregrounding in poetry, whereas the metonymic mode tends to be foregrounded in prose. This makes the operation of 'equivalence' of crucial importance to poetry........(Structuralism and semiotics, 1984, p80)

Å¾;@' , Æ8 -g ** P 8 Ít‹Ç»mzzg kāì ;gƒVc* útÐ]‚½ZVâzŠ Ñ!* zgq Åä™ì‡W, @* t Ð ÅÑe Xr # ™8 -g * *āìt ]!* NŠ ~ k½Z kZXì³»]ù # ™8 r -g ** Xì 7|ðÃ~ kZ²Ô÷H·_„  ZgÓZ' ,Åmzzg kā÷ìg™ÒÃ H ãZztā HÈ ¯VŒakZ ä ¶Zg&Xì HÜÃk½ZÐ t Z íZÆp ÖZzŠ q -Z¡ä M 6,ðZzg »ÅyZÐ ä™ (Zā Çƒwì »yZXì ðƒŠiu èŠ Zg Z „ @* ÃtÐ r # ™8 -g ** ānY À &ŠX ÇñY 7,{Š6, ÒÃÅä™spÐ ó!LÐZ8 -g ** gzZì @* ™wEZ Â» ó C1)L¾; õ/GŸG Å¾{zāì }Y {zèY Ô Ì¾; gzZ ÷ ìg™wEZ » +zZz Ìr # ™8 -g ** X ÷ D™ ÐáZjÆðZzg »År # ™8 -g ** [Ât¦ù¨Xì Le** ™wEZ“ gzZVYÃb ˜Z {Š c* i·_»[ÂkZ Å¾; B‚B‚ÆÃvŠ {zāceÃ~g ‡Æy*kZXì ëZ e $. Levi straus, Barthes,Greimasä8 -g ** ›{z´ÆÜsw/swÅ[ !* kZèYñ™ÐzÂ ]‚½Zx Ó6, VŒXì HÜÐ ( 87X 196Ôm)[ÂÏZ Å¾;Š Zñx ÓŠ H–6, TodorovgzZ

~g‡āì 4akZX 7Š°** ™yâ ‚ »? Ø Â Z™aÆ~g ‡™}Š wîÃy*Æ™ `gŠÃ À & ÔmÔ8 -g ** ) õ/GŸGŠ aÆ [!* ‰ ‘6,V»Ñ {z´Æ kZX}™Ýq ð‚g J - ù Zg f ÝZŠp

31 The last half of the nineteenth century and the last half of the twentieth were charecterized by the fragmentation of knowledge into isolated disciplines so formidable in their specialization as to seem beyond all synthesis. Even philosophy, the queen of the human sciences, came down from her throne to play solitary word games. Both the languagephilosophy of Wittgenstein and the existentialism of the Continental thinkers are philosophy of retreat......(Scholes, Structuralism in Literature, New York, Vail-Ballou Press,1974, p,1)

Y &zäVrZā÷ìg™ÒÃÅä™" 4»H ¤ ZXì H·_»í éH / 5kE $U* tr # ™8 -g** Ð k½ZkZ Y &zŠpt 4»H Š NZ¢ 6,²jä VrZpD™~ .Z ò}Zh +÷ á ÂD â Û Øi Åä™·_»+ éH 5kE KZ ä r # ™8 -g ** Ð [Â Ñ!* {gÃèÅ²j^' , ZgX ~Š â Û «wî„Ã ò}ÆkZgzZ 3g »[Â ÏZŠ ZñZg ‚ Š H–6,] (‚gzZ çJ.c±{z´ÆkZX ÷K Ü] ,ðZ’Z FÆ[Â ÀF, ¡Ôì »3F, Â/ Â ÂwZÎpì `gŠ x ** »[ Â kZāÍ~gŠ rXìÀF, Â/ Ã ~ [ Â kZ ä ²j^' , Zg X Yƒ 7+ $O h~ äZz'ÃŠp ÌðÃÐ ¶Š™

gzZ ,ÞQXì YY HÌŠšÐ j§Üæ&ìt‹»yZtX ì –~ e $×Å](‚ C(‚ ˆÆ úgzZ d $CÅ]c* Ã~ËÆ“ÙçQ c* Ï(Ô Y Æ~œ, $ Æi ¸WÆt # IÆ](‚ øL FÌx Z%Z »kZì 1g »Ð§±]*—çL8Xâ äV,Zwe â Æ^' , Zgt‹tāt¿X¸Ñ äZ ÄÐì ò q »](‚ÃŠp®F‰ Ü zkZX åŠ HƒB‚ ÷D™7t‹z ô=6,i§ZÅøÚ¦½Z kZ +®Ëg â pi +gXì ÃY`»„Ð„ J 7 } 9V¹8 -g ** P8 ÍāìtwZÎpÔÌçI.*ñgzZì Ìo¢ÐáZjÆ~g¹yg e â †

Ô,™g¨6, k½ZgzZq -ZÐ[ÂÅ8 -g ** P8Í W?÷ïŠ ð3Š E ¡ 7g »Ã¶ŠzgŠ: Z%WtD‚Ÿ¨Ã Zh pôx ** Æ t £]Æã¨ KZæL¾ā +gŠ L L Ã]ZŠ §½ZŠÆy!* iaÆä™™Ã„ñ; x Â LZa#āì í~úŠ »kZX N YbŠ™ $ ÔD !* ( 217X 218Ôm )X X X XX ÷ìg D™i Z0 +ZÃc* s Z e1 øL F Š Ô÷˜~~ m, ôZkgâ Û :™

Derrida refuses to grant philosophy the kind of privileged status it has always claimed as the sovereign dispenser of reason. Derrida confronts this pre-emptive claim on its own chosen grounds. He argues that philosophers have been able to impose their various systems of thought only by ignoring, suppressing, the disruptive effects of languages.................... (Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction.3rd ed, London, Routledge,2002, P18-19)

M5G " ½6,ú›ggzZ Zh ÀF, Éƒ »[ÂÅkgâ Û :™Š Zñx Ó éE +gŠ~[ÂÅ8 -g ** P8Í

%NÐ]ZŠ §{zì ÅW6, D WÃæF ]ïXä8 -g ** P8ÍÐáZjÆe $h +] .ˆâ Ô? k 6,]h +] .ˆâ zŠgQ ) [Â {Š™ A $% ~uzŠ Å yZ {z´Æ [Â {gÃè gÖZ » XÔ÷

àZz äƒ 0* ,~ [Š Z zŠg Q ~ kZāì ãZz Ð x ** ' Æ [ Âā 6Xì Š HH Ì~( 2000 ~[ ÂkZpÔ åce ** Y HyÒ~©è: DpgzZ Y Ô ÙçÔ Ï( LZÆkZÃV=p ÅyZÐ TÔì c* Šgzi6,ÌZ Åó** ©@¬6,RDpz ! Š Z ä 8 -g ** P 8ÍXì 7¼ (Z G $ Ôì)** 4¨G *Š ~ŠÉ Ô}Ñç! fsÜ: ä Tì1» Yß c* àW! f éM5E ©! fŠ Z% G ©: LZÆ[Š ZzŠg QÐ ä™ (ZX ì 3g !* ŠÃ]ZŠ §æZáZz äY ñ0* ~ ´ ˜Æ XÐ÷g"Š Ìb)ÇáZzh eÀ~ G M -g** P 8Íāì @* ƒ kC(Z Â6,V»‰~ [Â ~ Ù7 {Š6,Åb) LZ é& Š Zg Z8 I M b)h +÷ á ¹Q~]gß~uzŠX ÷sz^ [ÂKZ {z‰ äÕ5!Xì 7gÅzuZgŠ Z »kgje c* $ ] (‚ L L ì 7ÓŠpzg UŠp¦ / Ù Q L L÷ ˜~p âŠÆó ó]c* C Ä¹ægzZ ] (‚ øL F X ( 11 m ) ó ì ó −)¿»påE L7EZèY QÃpåE L7EZ {zāì ðƒŠiuttVŒÐ r # ™8 -g ** G [!* ¸aÆ[ ÂÏZXì 7éM›‹¢C Ù !* Ð Q¿»påE L7EZ ._ÆZh +gŠX ÷ìgNŠC Ù !* Ð ÏŠ ñðZgzâ ðÃpì I » Zh +gŠ L L÷ ˜ sßñ~ kZì Š H–Ð x ** Æó óú›g L L ~ ‰gzZì g0 +ZÆQpXáï& + ðeŠ ÕÃTgzZƒ B bgŠ zgzŠ c* $Œ d Û Ô}gzÐ Q ì 7 X ( 232m) ó ì ó êŠ1Õ @»ú›gKZ {zì @* ƒk , ’Q„

33 X ( 96X 118Ôm)[!* H–6, Š Psychoanalytic criticism» ~ÛðgzZ ( 181X 193 V˜gzZ D™{Š .ZÐ V1ÂÝZ„  ZgÓZ' ,8 -g ** P 8Íā åtg » T §: Zg Z0 +ZZ

dÂ¸T eÌ** ™wEZ ù Zg f ~â U* {z¤ /ZX D™ `gŠ!ZjV;zD™ÜÂ/ÂÃVzL} ì [ƒsp)** ©! fā„g C*Â„t 7ZX ïŠáZjåñƒ ïŠ ]o» ~g ZŠ $c* Š G M E $ ¿(ZX Å7«q 4¨G zŠg Q é5G -’Å b§ÌË7Z ä¿Æ~g ZŠ $c* Šd~´ ˜! fp X @* ƒÌZ ‚ Û ZyQB‚B‚ÆwVhZq -ZaÆ±5hZzÐ G M F6,]c* Ä¹æ z{z»[Â kZz{zakZX å7qçñ é›‹¢ » ï~÷{zì F

c* Š}Š úysgq -ZÆ™s ÏZ »] Z~ .–Æ[Â~y*kZXì `g {Ð cÅy* % i ÌÃ{ áZz ]c* +' h × h +÷ á Â÷e ** Ñ ïçLG Ä ¹æ>hZz Ð zŠg Q ¤ /Z [Z ì Š H .X Ãƒe] ÃÏZ

{Ši[f ì Hg¦VàgZ¡Å]Zg fÃy¨ KZ ¹æä Vzg›ZŠÆy z u0* R' , @* ™7ðtÃCZ6,R~„aÆä™k , iÃ] åO]IÅ]¸ÅkZ™ú~w−Š ~„z Cc* Ã

äƒ[‡¾„ D F, Z~„! fg›ZŠ ‚Šp ¹æÔ( 7¿#)}™ØZ' × ÅbÃ! f ìzz¸Xì * @Y`bŠ~‚Å• wÅÏZ ñOÅØZ' × {zXì Lgg »6, gî6faÆ āìg D»“6fJ -ukZ {zXìg7„XaÆkZïZúáZzä™³| # Ù` Wā dgzZì @* ™ÅYß c* àWIè ]!* Xì ~zg Åxi Z yg e â †  7 c gzZì @* ™—»e $Zzg Â{È ÐM‘ Xì @* ™™„ŠpÌòÝ6,Çpì @* ™— »„Ð~Š Zi Wê Ôì * @Y Æ éZp‹ åO]I

+] h .ˆâ ¹Qāì @* ™C Ù ªt ìŠ §ãZz~]** ÒVâzŠ Ñ!* zgqÆ8 -g ** P8 Í Of Grammatology 6 , gîãZzZh +gŠX Å ó óú›g L LÅ Zh +gŠ m<!* Ôì ]gz¢h +' × ÅƒÅ~g¹ There is nothing outside the text (p227). āì H~ ÆpˆÆkZXì CYƒg UŠpwÅkZÔì @* W~Š zQ4 āì @* ƒVÈt Ð kZ

Ü‰zm{q -ZÆõg@* ! fg¼» "}uzŠ "ā ;g™7Ìt{zXì ^~lˆÅ "}uzŠ ã¨ KZ)~y*zypì CƒkCæ6,ïŠ Å Jazz~[fÌÃ8 -g ** P8ÍXì Zƒ6,

ÌkˆZ »ÌZ Å}ÑçLZÃ8 -g ** P8Íāì @* ƒÌyát}}Xì °oÌÆbzg VzÑçx ÓXì _ƒ4ZŠ~gzŠ6 q -Z *Š Lā L ÷˜ {z~ªkZXì @* ™ÒÃÅä› Å-ZgzZÔ÷g ezŠÐ b)6gzZ] Ñq6 ÌëXì o‚ »V=p5gzZ ½6 ÃV:pgzZ

~œ,ÞQ ðÍ−Åi ‚g ZkZÆª zŠ ä¾gâ ,zX @* W7ÃÌ`WÃg›ZŠÆR' , ¼ Ðƒ  „¾g â Q Âì °â »xi Zyg e â †  7 ¸¤ /ZX ¶~Š™~Üˆ Fêñ~i ¸WÆ Å¾g â ÷êge â †  7Ìx Zú{Šik#Z {zB‚ÆkZgzZì »äZzêg e â †  7Z (,

X C0* 7g Z Œ Û ZÞÐ ïZúYg {ÌŠp Ây!* iX6, *Š Yg {ā:ì @* ƒ6, Qg ®Z »¿Æäƒ~ .Z Xì @* ƒIZ6,gîå»ä™ Deconstruct 6,VzŠ ã C³‚ÃŠpQyZgzŠÆ¿Æú›g%Z X ÷~g ¬ÐƒÅ~g¹yge â †  78 -g ** P8 Íāì @* ƒãZztÐŠ §kZwq¾ G GG3.-8Åe KZ Åe $h +] .ˆâ Ôì sŠ ZáÆä™ì‡Ãe $œ / %ÅkZ ** ™tÃï $h +] .ˆâ ! f

ÅzŠg Qāì C Ù ªÔ÷ ìg Wt ‚bzg 6 gzZ aÎ5~ ^g WgzZ [Š ZgzZ6¨ KZ èxEÐ e $¬g

"Æ™uF , Ãb)Æ"ÝZ "X ì @* ™~ VÈ®ŠÆê èâ lˆÅÏ0 + iì Le~ w

ì @* ™W, Ogz¢8 -g cu »VÂ {”g »~ ð;Š ÅôZ~6¤' , X @* ™7uÃ[‚g Z » ìZ`  }g7 Ì` W sãZ6,VÎ' ,ˆÅ™6,V•Z~ y*zypÔì xiÑÌb »xi Z yg e â † 7 E ûL8 x Zúhz™J‚Æy z u0* R' ,X k 7œ / % »zÂÅr # ™8 -g ** Ôì CY ðZC Ù ŠÐ ƒ  tì 6%k0* ƒ ÆVâ Z0 +{} âÎg etâu‚Ï » *Šzg Z÷ìg™¬Ï0 + inÐk#Z

?ì ”6, ò¤ / uÅŠ Z Û ZP¡óxiZ LHāìtwZÎ6, VŒX ÷Š Zñ» ðCÅðÍ−

36 ©J$ñq 6q -Z ËÆy*yÌ~ kZX ñY Hg (Z ýG -Z~TñY H äztÃñƒ n pg gzZ ú›g Å Zh +gŠā÷ … Y r # ™8 -g ** HX ñY 3g~‚fÃ]4x ÓÉ 7ÏÒúÅ G3Ò)’6, ?ì C0* ðÐ]z·yxgŠÆ]c* Ã! Š ZgzZ ïG RÏ(ÔY ú›gÅyâ ~Šw0* J J $ $ áZzªŠ + $Y Å ømZ™ÃkZ Âì îŠ ð3Š ømZ™e $h +] .ˆâ Ãr # ™8 -g** É ÔÐáZjÆe $h +] .ˆâ sÜ: e $œ / %Å[f~zŠg ZX ñY 36, 6, VzŠ ã CCc* ‹ÃïZú ! Ð O G4h±g â »T~I¹F, ôZzÌ»gzŠÐ bzg ÇÅ ïG b§kZì ê h Ì6, Y ¯Åe $h +] .~zŠg Q ƒe $h +] .ˆâ X HlˆC Ù !* Ðy z u0* Ãe $œ / %KZ Ìä kZÔ ¶³»dÁsÜ Ô å7 g Z2Z6,ò¦Z ºZgzZ !Ã¿#É Ôì 7Š°¿#ÅyZ6,VŒÔ ~I¹F, Q c* $h e +] .Ô YE ~uzŠXì 7ðCðÃ~kZ Âì ~úŠ »]ñÅ ó] c* ÃxLJ -V˜Xì ** ™ ˆÆxëL 58E h ÂxŠ ó]c* Ãxā L Š H1™nÛ t ñƒ n pgt ‚Ãà¥pÅy¨ KZx ¬gŠË Âðƒ ¹F, Ùç

~ [fā 1x »Ð ~i !* ¢~ìt ä Vzg›ZŠh +y  gihZzÐ VƒogŠ ! fX ÷ ` ¡¤ /ZāìC Ù ªX Š Hc* Š™i Z0 +ZÃÃ]4áZzh eÀÐ ¿~g ZzZa Xì [ƒØ{Ì»]4 G4h±g â Â;g7„ F6,RCc* Ãä Vzg›ZŠ nÆäÖ Ã^ÑkZX Ïñ™ÏÒúÅ¾ïG 4$ êñ L LÅ¾g â Qg !* /G ~ó óÜõE -ZgzZX ˆV¨ZgÐ ¬$ q + ÔÅÒÃÅäîÉÆb§ Vƒt ‚t W„ ]4zŠ sÜ~ ^Cc* ¹F, Å ~g ZŠtâuā ˆ Wt ‚™Á|ˆÅyÒ 7q -Z ÌL~x Â~g ZŠtâu]ZŠ ¢ÆX÷]4{ztX¡g ZŠtâugzZk¯ågzªÐ XÐÃƒ 8 E 14XÂBŠ~M%Z ~uzŠgzZì @* Î[¢~g »6, $h e +] .ˆâ èEj.Gugi + Û ®Ëg â ð G é5ÒºG

O%Z {zāì Ha kZ {z (ZX ì ¦ZŠ » äY − ~ VqÅgÅÑÆó]c* ÃxL{z s§ 4E &gZ ä kZg¦t)ì ‚ w ïHiG rg ¢6,äY− ~µ%}ŠÆ~g ZŠtâu~}Ñç äWgŠÆøÚXì êŠ™ ãZzÃw CZøÚÅe $h +] .ˆâ {zŠ z!* ÆkZX ( ì 1g »Ð Æ Tì Zƒ 1g »Ð ¾g â g »i§ » kZ6,b kZµšXì Sg ì‡ÌZ Å õg @* Ð

35 gzZ ]Ñq 6 {zX ( 13Ôm) ó óÏƒ Ðzg Å VÂgz¢KZ ~g ø gzZ ½LZ }g øÔ „! Š Z ~g ø ÅkgjeÔì H ~g Y yÒ ¡ä V,Q ë@* ¶]gz¢ÅzÂås§ÅyZ ?Ô÷ H]c* gz¢

X Å7ú −¡ÃzŠg Q ÿL X3Zāì ¦ZŠ »%Z kZŠ §»Š Zñ`gŠ~] ,†Æ[ÂgzZs Z¤ /ZckZ T÷f eÀÐ,Æ` gzZÄpmº2 »gzZÎâÅ~pX ÷D Yñ‹]ÜPÆ @' ,ÆkZXì x » »Vzi ‚tÃt‹z lˆÅXÔ÷ DƒY Zg W¿ïZúæZ~©:Æ -8E Å eg N* Cc* èEj.Gugi + Û Ã8 -g ** P8Í¸Å~pàZzäYñ0* ~}Ñçã*zygzZ[Š ZzŠg Q Æ™È @W&ì ú! f{zÔì „gƒ ô=Åkgje TˆÆ¸kZgzZì ðƒª z$ + G-8 GG3. ÅpaÆƒ ?VY ï  Âì µ Zµ ZøÚ¤ /ZXì c* g Yc* Š kgŠ »ä™wJ " ÒgG 5E i Æb‹Æ*ŠgzZ p6 m» aÎgzZ y!* i Lā L ì 9ö X ÷7µ Z aÎgzZ y!*

ì‡p6 Xì @* ƒì‡g0 +ZÆÏZ pì * @Yƒäzg »ñ;i§ Ôì @* ™s # ŸzÅVh§6 ì ]gz¢Åkgje 6 q -ZaÆT ó Xó Çƒ ** ™spÃmÆaÎgzZy!* iÔaÆä™ 8E . G j pgzZ Â»ÏZÐÚ ŠÐÃÅ èE ugi + Û X ñ0* úÐ] ZŠ ¢Š „gzZV7Æyzu0* Ìn kZÔ÷~øÚZèa8 -g** P8ÍX Ç}™g ÖZ »Šp~ó ó| # ‚L gLzZøÚmºq -Z X Ç} 7, bŠ úkgje CZÐzgÅe $h +] .ˆâ ¹Z ** ™tÃe $œ / %Å[fÆ™tÃe $h +] .ˆâ {zì Š HH™f6,gî~uu »TNZuzŠ

ˆâ Lä8 -g ** P8ÍX ì s ÜÆEÃWŠpā Ô ñY ~Š™ «EÃWÃe $h +] .ˆâ ªÔì yge â †  7 ! f²˜Z ÜX ( 92Ô m) óe $h +] .è:Ô e $h +] .ˆ Ô e $h +] .iZ ˆÔ e $h +] . Ðä™ (Z Xì ÅÒÃÅä™ «EÃWÃe $h +] .ˆâÆ™wEZ~ÇS0 +Z ÅVz® $h e +] .ˆâ L Ly*q -Z LZX ÷ìg™s ZāZ6,gîåÐVj˜Z {Š™äz Åe $h +] .ˆâ {z

” äWt ‚]ZŠ §g »y WgzZ÷ Sg C™ ¹F, Ú'¸~gZzZa ~ x Â ~g ZŠtâu ._ G -8E $h +] .ˆâ èEj.Gugi + Û X÷ ÐZ {zX nY Zg @* Z~o ÌË& @* ™7g¦Zg p ðÜ üM‹¢Ãe

Ð ~!Å}Ñçh +] .ªÔì w gß{Š c* iÐ ~g¹e $h +] .ˆâ Lā L ÷˜ {zó ó~øÚ@¬ Ô ~pÅ× c* cDpz CÑç c* bzg 6fÔ b)Ô`Z' × »}Ñç6 Ô ª q ðƒ Cƒ sp J$ gzZ÷§ZÆ]ŸzG—‚ÔÐ¹~ëLā L ÷˜h +' × X ( 19Ôm ) ó ó÷n pgzgŠ » øm Z™ ó Xó D 0* 7„NŠvßÒZÃkZÔì ~Š Ýzg5 äc* ,6akZÔ7g »ÃäVQB;ÐyZ

÷]ZŠ §æZ6,Rië @* Ôì 7s # DðÃ~ t # ICc* ÃX ì F F6,ðÍ r zgŠuZuy´Z

§{ºÅÃt,ÙçgzZ Ï(ÔY ! fgzZ ¹æ¤ /Z ?aÆ¾Âì Ýzgt¤ /ZÔXì 7nZ ‹Z

ÐáZjkZXì @* Ya Ð Äp °g ™gzZ ¿~g ZzZa m»Xì 8 ŠhZzÐ VÂ¸ˆ Fi à{ Å c 0Æ äƒ »c* äƒ uÃ)Æ ó ó]c* ÃxL LÌ~ }Ñç8 g- c* O%Z G4h±g â Ôxi ZzyÔ xsZ ) ó]c* » Ï@Å ( {)z ïG ÃxL~ y*zy c* yÎ 0* Xì Š ñöR

eh $ +] .ˆâ s§q -ZXÐN YWt ‚™Á]ZŠ §ÂBŠg¨ç è Ã] ‚½ZVâzŠ Ñ!* zgq J J $ $ „ ømZ™~ | Ô÷ BÌømZ™ÐZ „Šps§~uzŠ Âì êŠ ð3Š È»Ýzg¹Z m{ðÃÌ6, kZXì îŠ ð3Š „C Ù !* ÐVzuuKZ óÝzg L¹Zāì ;gt„˜Z Â»zŠgQ ÿL X3ZXì

Xì Yƒe¿»~i ‚tÃÂ÷n pg „ LZ Áq »ogz$ b§TÔì @* ™w¡Z ~Š â z 6f b§ÏZ »ogz$og!¤

ì Ÿ» »s »ZtèYÔì ~gz¢6,V¥VâzŠ °WëgzZ kZñ Xì @* ™»x Zúgz$Æo kZ * *™ «e $œ / %ÐZgzZ ** ™e $×ÅTÔì „ ós »Z LgŠkZñ' ,F FuZz Åe $h +] .ˆâ gzZ H E I X åL e à C7Ìwìë» õf4&{zgzZ å7gzZ¼Ãì k0* Æeg N* Cā åŠ Hƒ~gz¢a zŠ W ?ñY Å b§¾úÅ~g¹ÐáZjÆe $h +] .ˆâ ~©:Æyz u 0* X 4 2 X ÷D™g¨6,]c* .G Ã³ KÆVz®h +] .ˆâ 8 Š ZƒJ~ Vz”ÃÏ0 + i CÑç! fkâ çE yZ ä kZXì _ƒbq UWz Ì~V‡‰„  (gzZ®Ô2Ôb‚q -Š 4, ÆkZXì X 4 2 X c* .G Z™sg ”Ã b ó Ã©šZ LaÆä™ì‡]uz~ Vz• ì‚ rg¢6,~I =kâ çE

Å r šZ @' ,Æ kZÔì 7È» Ò‚f q -Š 4, Æ kZì ³#Ì»=s§~uzŠgzZ X 4 2 Xì Le** .G x » » ~g¹q -Š 4, Ækâ çE ™ì‡kZñ~V‡Z{z™ ¯Š ã CÃTÔì /‡ 24XXnƒer šZ Ç6,Š ã .G CÅXÔì ** ™³Ã_ ZÑyZ ëZg ZŠ™ »®~b ó Ã©šZ Æ L kâ çE

ˆâ ì tX ì ** z )Y iÃéZp Å ó] Lðƒ Å Za Å V I =Ñ » TÔ ì 24X Ôg »èYi§»ÖÐ e .G B‚ÆVß e C*—eg N* C s§~uzŠXì {Š™ð»kâ çE $h +] . Åäƒi Z0 +Z W, Z6, }uzŠq -Z Ôì 8 ŠY Zg W¿6, gîm!* ÃVß eC*—ðƒM™h ¸g »‰ Ü ¤ äz°Z ¸z wßZ6,Š ã CÅ-ZX ÷ Y Zg W¿(C Ù ÉVzg ZŠ Z ZBe C*—X ÷ B bg ¢ A& X 4 2 {zë@* .G kâ çE Xì uÃ(C Ù wßZ »‰ Ü ¤ªXì @* Yc* Š™lñ{ÃVzi ZzWgz$gzZ³#Æ™ 24XgŠËgzZ ð G .G 14XñƒD™¢6, * *™ »Ã=Åkâ çE é5ÒºG A &Åä0* ¢ Ãe $EÅ®@' , Æ X 4 2 ~ What is Postmodernism y*LZ {zX ì Le .G t Z' × »]uz Cx** Dpz Y Åkâ çE G G E 3 © 24XVŒŠ°Xì ö| !»ä™„~V”µ Z µ ZÃ=Ð®{zXì @* .G Æeg N* C c* kâ çE Zh Q

37 Xì 3g ¯äVzg›ZŠŠ .x ** ÆzŠg Z ` Wb§T÷ïŠ ¯ãÃw gßy s !* ]ZŠ §itX ì YY Hùg ïZ »Vñ** g »ÆóKg 0* d÷g¸L® ) )I•ZIè~ VÎ' , Dq~y*zy

~I•Z òsZ + $Y ~uzŠ ? ÇñY c* Šx ** HÃx ¬èOÆVâ ›~ ]Z|gzZ V³~[ºX F6,^ÑòúŠ » ~pWhole Sale Åe F $h +] .ˆâ Æ™È @WÌ~ [fX ì 6,`z²Ì H$ gzZ ~I•Z6, RiX Š HH rgÃ„ª z$ +Å]c* ÃÆkZÐ ;gE- egx WÃèE4ÓºG Z ~¢Xì ó]c* ÃxLÐáZjÆy*zyc* yÎ 0*! ÷ãZzÄ]ZŠ §X t # Ih +] .ˆâ 6, RCc* Ã G M ~ yQāì 4äƒ yát ™NŠÃ]ZŠ §~„Æ8 -g ** P 8ÍXì ß é›‹¢ òúŠ »x Z%ZÆ ! -E GZgÅÑ²Ô~^Åx Âä´Æy!* ¿‰ Ü zà Ô~\zgÆ~ ç.>E iÔgÅ~b ˜Z ÅV»Ñ (Zì ˆƒ »e $sÅxi Z¯ÎgzZ Vz¨Š ZiWÅxšg â L LÔ ÷ ë6,(gzZ q -ZX ÷ìgƒY Zg W {Š c* iÐ ¬ ~ y*zygzZ ~ ´ ˜Æ *Š ~Šm<!* ~ *Š Å ` We $stÉ Ô 7Ì Ù ªtÐk½Z Ñ!* C zgq?ì 3g6, ñ+Æ¾äV,Qú1tÂì {Š c* i¤ /ZX ( 87Ôm ) ó ì ó bŠ™{g ÷ á Z¡Xì H{g ÷ á Z s§ÅòÏ(gzZ CÑç{Š c* iÐ ! Š Z ä V,Z~ kZāì @* ƒ

tL »P8ÍX ì ** ™ì‡“ _~ RigzZ Cc* ÃÐ Vz¨5gzZ ZÅkZÉ Ô7°» „ ˆâQ {zˆÆìtX ÷y¨ KZ„Š Zi W Â{zÉ Ô7¿#ðÃÐbÃË¹Qāì @* ™" $U* Ìƒ ì‡]Zi q Ð Z ÚÅèâ ~}Ñç ãÎ 0* c* ã*zy¤ /Z X ÷ 3ß „ + $Y Åe $h +] . xšg âāìg ãZztë@* ÔñYHVYŠiy¶ K„Ò} }Æe $h +] .ˆâ ! f¹Q Â÷` ì‡°Wë~¿gzZbÃÑÇ»Vzi ‚tÃXì ò¤ / uiq -ZÉ Ôì 7x ** »¨gzZ ô= āì qiezz›Zā 6Xì ** ™ Marxism is not an academic exercise.

~uzŠX ÷ Š Õ! Š Z @' ,ÆŠ ÕY z DpgzZ ÷ y¨ KZ‘ñ7,q -Z 8 -g ** P8Í

ñ0* ÷ÕÌ~g »èYi§ÆyZÐÃY`: ‘ièYÔì 7** ™ª »z Åg » ñ; i§ $h e +] .ˆâ ! fä8 -g ** P8Ím<!* zŠg Q ÿL X3Zāì ** ™s # ŸzÅb kZ6, V ŒX ÷D Y }ÑçO%ZgzZy*zy{zQ c* ÷AŠ] ZŠ §H~w gßY gzZ Ï(Ô Ùçã*zygzZ Ã]â i ˆz]¶F, ÅkZ6, R@¬QgzZ]ZŠ §½ZŠæZÆy*zyHX B7„t Û ðÃ~

qZX ì CW„~}%iÆVâ ¨ KZŠ z!* Æt Z íZ C» § F, x Óe $ÒZ Åx Zúã*zy s§ Þ ‡kZ {zXì Cƒ_ƒgzm™ WÒƒÆ]¶F, . Y gzZ ÙçÅkZi Zz6, ~„Åy¨ KZd $¾ 3 ì „g YðZ™sg ”~zŠg Q ÿL XZÐj§Te $h +] .ˆâ Xn™úÅ] Zg¦ā @* ƒ7„ gzZ ÷ZÔ Ý¬ gzZ IYā ì Å%Z kZ ]gz¢²Ôì ÒÃq -Z Å ä™ «x ZzŠ Ãt Û kZ tÔ

aÆkZpÔ ÷ M h Ñ~ ¿x ª » pF F6,Yß c* àWKZÆ™ äzÃkgje ZÔ {z¤ /Y

uZgŠ Z » w gßkZ 8 -g ** P 8Í¤ /ZvŠ ‹gzX ñY ~Š™ «| # Ùî~ÇÅe $h +] .

?ì $ Ë YÅÐ8 -g ** P8Í µÂÅg »Yèi§Ë„,Z ñƒn pgt ‚ b§Å„ ~g ZŠtâuÐZgzZì b‡Ì»g ZŠZ Ëg â ì ®h +] .ˆâ Ã ¯é…úZ Û É Ôì 7„ :7 c* ` ¯Ô„  c* g sÜœ / % »‰ Ü ¤q -Š 4, ÆkZXì }ZŠ¤ /Ì*u »‰ Ü ¤

ÐZQ c* ñY H »Ã]z· à Zz äY ð0* yxgŠÆgŠØgzZ a' ,gzZI # Ö ZŠgzZ ðYgÔd $¾ G-8 J G 4& â L LÅBg !* GG3. ÅVqDp{Š™ú~ ó óYß é£-G c* Š}Šg Z Œ Û 1» | # Ùò ¸Æ™wJÃï VÑzg ˆâ ™}Šg Z Œ Û °Ñzè b »Äp ã*zyÃ]z·yxgŠÆgŠØgzZa' , ~y*zyªX ñY

~µÅ ]c* Ã! fZ # ì YY c* ¯ ]gßÏZ p!* ÃqËkZ Xì ~gz¢qËÅ kZ ™Y ™Äg . Þ £æ Æ wq ‹gßÙçgzZ Ï(Ô Y Ô Dp ¹æ¹ZÆ™ƒÅïZú„ k LZ ¹Z VƒC Ù ª]ZŠ §Îâ Æ wq ‹gßÅ[fz tæV˜ yZgzŠÆ . Þ »kZ X ñY O%ZgzZ 8g- tÃ» ~k , 8,]gßÅxE~Ç}ä eg N* CX ce: c* Ã~ Ýzg Å]ZŠ ¢ 6,Dª qh +] .ˆâ L[ ÂKZŠp{zā 6Ôì H7™Ägt ‚Ãwq‹gß³‚gzZ ÙçÔ Ï( Ôāì H~sg ¬Æó^g7gq -Z

The text that follows is an occasional one. It is a report on knowledge in the most highly developed societies......

7]gz¢ÅäCt÷Dƒg Ñ~YÆ´ ˜Cc* ¹F, -u¾y*zyc* J yÎ 0* ˆâ Xì ~g›ZŠ ÅV¹t :Z6,wq‹gßÅy*zyc* yÎ 0* Â/Â»e $h +] .ˆâ ë@* Xì Ì,zXì 3gÍÌär # ™8 -g ** ā 6Ôì k?ÅyZd Ôì ª q Dp! fe $h +] . ¿›gÌÐáZjÆV[Â[Z,zX ñYc* Š}Šg Z Œ Û òiÑaÆƒ  &7—ã WðÃt {gÃèāìg ãZzt)Xì g ÖZ » ò¤ / u ã¨ KZ6,x £ m{q -Z Âe $h +] .ˆâ Xì Î äWt ‚ {g ÷ á Z+ $Y Å]ïëZPÉ Ôì 7W×6,„ C(‚Q c* xi Z yg e â †  7 Š°~y* X ( ì s ÏZ »ó** g»Ær # ™8 -g ** gzZ ** ™

ã¹Åöâ: YZÔ¿!ðÃ c* ƒ+¿» ~i ‚tÃ—" ~ÇC Ù āìt˜Z »yzu0* E 4E CG H-ÍG 5 ó ÷ á …L LðÃ »tæc* ƒ²÷ á ðÃ »tæÔƒ¿»lˆÅ vßPXì ;gyZhå » ö gzZ ó ² Bt{zÐzzÅTì @* ƒuZgŠ Zh +÷ á »V-gzm6f ÅzŠg Q ÿL X3ZÃyZ÷Dƒy)Z' , 6,[Š Z

LZÃg °Z ! f{zÐzz ÅTÔ āƒ 7g DWVx¤ / u!)ÅyZ ~ê c* $Œ d Û wā÷ ŠuyÌdÐ äYƒC Ù ªÆë›yZX ÷D™ÒÃÅ“ Wi ‚tÃŠpÆ™[™Ð Vñ** yZz6, ~²µˆZgzZì 4"(, kˆZ »‹Z ** Xì Cƒ( Ë ,jÅŠ Z Û ZhZzÐ [Š ZXì @* Y7, ì sŠ ZáÆ ä™[ ‚gZ »x` Ì** ™Ù7 0Ð wqZ,Zāì „  gŠ Ìt X ì 4"  m E 4E C+G H-ÍG 5 ~ VƒogŠ ! fL„:gzZ @* ƒ7ÀF, ~ ~ m, ôZ »V1ÂÅzŠg Q „Ðzz Å¶Å ö gzZX 7«ïÃ ÕÌËÅ„~ VƒogŠ ! fÁÂ +ZèYÔì ˆÅ kC]gz¢Å%Z kZ -² 4E CG æW' ,ò}™Ä ÂñY HÀF, ~~ m, ôZ¤ /Z »[Â {gÃèÅ8 -g ** P8 Íā õJ/G n Û X ‰™ E E ! I { " 4¨3 Âc* 4ÓE 5FQ c* t £ÆÃx ÓÅ[fèYÔ ÷ M hƒ yZX ÷ Dƒ k0* ÆiçlG k0* Æ èEG ÅyZgzZ ÏñYV¨Zg ÌœÅÏ0 + i ~g ‚Å8 -g ** P8 ÍÐ® )÷ á Z~y!* i ~ m, ôZÅÃ X ÇñYƒlÃÌi Zgtìg Z2Z6, oèXïà Zzäƒ~y*zyX ÏƒW, OÌÄ ‚

bzg ÇÅe $h +] .ˆâ ] Ñì¸~ kgje ! fX ñY c* CZÃg »èYi§›Z' × āì ~gz¢ {zX BáÉ Ô 74â t £LZ öZX micro-narrative É 7 macro-narrative ªX ÷ ÅV7z¤ /Y x ¬uÃ ¯Ô ,™g (Zg » èYi§›Z' × É Ô ,™: éZpÅ] q& Z ~ x Â ± ì‡Ã| # ÙKZ~}Ñç! fäV26,½ë™ ¯ Š ã CÃ ›Z' × ÆkZX åÀ _~ e $× ù ŸÃð** Z ÂKZÆ™ì‡ØZ' × KZ . Þ £èæÆV8Z' × yZ {zā åt Ÿ» » y~g ZŠtâuX H 1™tÃäƒxÆš M zZg0 +ZÆx Â~g ZŠtâuñƒn pgt ‚Ã¿}g ‚kZX }™: =g f * uZ » ä™wzNÆ™ ,@* Æ ]ZŠ ¢ ÙçÃ]ZŠ ¢Æ V7z¤ /yZ~ |²ÔŠ H P 8 Í HXì g ezŠ Ð w gß+F, +Ð zz Å]ZŠ §½ZŠ LZ y*zyX Š $ H1™Äc* gŠ ÅyZ™ƒ} 9B‚Æ VÇ|gzZV³Ô Vâ ›~ y*zyÔ®yg e â †  7 ¨8 -g ** ›Z' × ÃV•Z~y*zy¹Q®h +] .ˆâ ¨{z H ?÷M hVQ ZÚ»ä™ì‡| # Ùµ Z XX C0* ƒ7J -V ›Z' × yZ „ ð‚gÅe $ÒZ~y*zy?÷M h}Š kgŠ »äCZ, X ÷Dƒ`ƒg D»Ïn Z6,~„Å b§F„¬y;f ZÆyZì CƒeJ -yZ ð‚g ÅŠ Z ÛZ Ð Yß c* àWÃïZúDpXì * @Yc* Š™ Zg7Ð Yß c* àW ã¨ KZ)Åxi Za' , ÐZì CY{g ¶ "ã" ÅBg !* VÑzgXì [ ƒØ{ » Yß c* àWā÷D YKÆb§kZ} úŠgzZXì * @Y d GLG " Zzg: *6,ëÂzQè ¹æÔYß c* ¹ægzZ ! fÌÌZ s¦ì àW§¦Zzjg1 {Š™yÒ»¾g â »@D +ÅyZX ÷ {Ç W b§~g7 Ð ¶· ~ƒ LZ {zX ÷ uÃ6,Rm!* z ~C Ù ª~}Ñç Âì {0 + i ÌZ Yß c* àW¤ /Z ?ì Š°Ø{ » Yß c* àW¾Q Â7¤ /Z ?ñY c* Š™ì‡W, @* ß¡ H $ Z ~¢ ?te Ôì „  gŠ It» èE4ÓºG $h +] .ˆâ6, RY A dominant power may legitimate itself by promoting beliefs and values congenial to it; naturalising and universalising such beliefs so as to render them self-evident and apparently inevitable; denigrating ideas which might challenge it, excluding rival forms of thought, perhaps by some but systematic logic; and obscuring social reality......(Ideology, p5)

Ô÷ „g| (, ¤Z' × 6,Vzi õFs§~uzŠX ÷ „g h ÂxŠ™ W~Ši ÅÏZ ¹’F~ y*zy Åä™g Zû {Zg Åg¼Æ pñƒ"ŠnÆópL{”ì‡Ð V-œāceÃVzg›ZŠ Z åE<XÅ $ aÆkZX ,™ÒÃ 4¨GG A g {{zÐÃY`ÆBakhtinXì ]gz¢Åkgje iµ Zq Û -Z éME 5G XáÀÐy!* i ðƒð0* úÐ ò Z ÁZ ÎaÆDÆt £LZÎâ Æ[fgzZtæXëZÐ ƒ  »¢q åL<X’ & Û ëZ ¨É 7eÆ™sv .Ð } ¤Z @¬ÃtæŠÅTì ]gz¢Åv^Z e

ã™# sŸz~}g * ! ÆyZ 7Z—"gzZ ÷ÁyZª{z ÷‰ Š ]‚½Z Æ# r™ sŸz Å7Z ~ŸkZXì H Šƒù (Zā ’ e kZ ~ ë* @X Çƒ ãZznçÝZ „ Ð #

Æ[ Z ,Z ÂÔ ó óVƒ Le bŠzÂ, 6 ]Ygq}uzŠÆ@á÷yZ/ñƒ D™ÃsÐ y* n²tÌ~ŸÆy*Æ@÷ á yZ/X CW:7]gz¢Åä™Ýq[Z Ð@÷ á yZ/n ì 7nç (Z ðÃ »Vzā»yZgzZ ÷ òŠ W‘ñ7,Šp× g©h +zYq -Š 4, }÷āVzŠ™ ,k , ’VâzŠ nÆ% ïg ½Âì ZƒC Ù ª×¹ Zhðs§VâzŠèaXì –ä@÷ á yZ/6 + G M !Zjš Ær # ™8 -g ** gzZ Ïƒ Á éE C gD +ÒÐ s§VâzŠāB‚Æ¢ kZX ÷ # Ö } .7 ™ÁÃ|Æ™m, / ¤ Ð VâzŠ q ÃŠ ~gz¢)gzZ ÙZ F, x Z²Z ~gz¢)~}g!* Æ‘uBW Z F, X ÷¢q],Æ[Š Zh +] .h^Ì~8 -gT[Zctwq¾X ÇñYc* Š äWt ‚ Ñ' , ÔÖZwçs W;gE- ~Y 2004äVrZāVg@* CVŒ~}g !* Æ@÷ á yZ/

ÏZ ä VrZ ~ Y 2006ˆ Æ kZ X ÅÝq ~¤ /e Å} Z *Z ~ ó xó û` †  » e Z' ,DÚZ L LÐ ð` !£¿CZ äg–yZ/X ÅÝq ~¤ /e ~uzŠ Å} Z * Z~ó óm, S~k , ß‹Z L Ð L ;gE-

VrZ~T –6,WÏzg Å~œ, !£FÃgzZ Hk , ’6,]1),Æ. $»Lâ q… H Æ~ e ÝZ 8 {z ‰ Ü z kZX 1 {^ ,Y ©»Ð ] c* ÃÆVzI ˆ »[Š ZtÃÆ öÀh$ZR, yC ä ~ 6 {g ÑŠ !* WxsZ k?y*»yZ {” ù ÷ á ~ 9 {g ÑÆ[Š Zh +] .X ÷ ìg™x »6,á£ E E ! { 3 4 VâzŠ ~ÝZ )‘u c* W Z F, !Zjš h +' × Æ èEG¨ ! f±ŸZ}g ‚tXì ÖB‚ÆV¯ŸZ áZz 6 k?gzZ 9 [Š Z h +] .{z ÷ ï÷ á ]‚½Z ~ {g ÑkZX ÷ D™„0 +¶ KÅ ( ÷ q -Z

X ;gá7x ** »1g}Ÿ»Äc* gŠ Å]‚½Z,ZÌZgzZ÷{z´Æ]‚½Z

-ZPsÜÃ[Â ~g ‚Å¾; ÷¢äq 8g * *P8Íāì HòúŠtg !* kZ ä@÷ á yZ/ zŠg ZÉ Ôì 7ÙZ , Fx Z²Z¡tXì * c Z™ù á÷~zŠg ZÐx * * LZÂ/Â™w+ $M K, FÅ~Z/ ¤ Zc Ú ZpÔh' , Ùñ{F F6, Y =Z È÷ á ÅP8 ÍËZ eXì w gßu ‹\Z Å Rd+, FdZ Å[Š Z x ÓX Ïƒ * *™s # Ÿz „Šp7Z ÅñZ™G LZÐáZjÆ‘u c* ÀF, ˆÆäWt ‚¼ X ’ e ãâ Û zÂ[ZÃr # ™8 -g ** ÐáZjÆ[ ÂÅ¾; ÷¢B‚ÆV¸u{Š ñgzZ—‚

:ÀF, ~[ÂKZ är # ™8 -g ** ÎVƒ,Zs Z¤ /Zc&zŠÐ~[ ÂÅ¾; ÷¢¤ /Z Ð yZ6,ä™: ï÷ á Ã~Z¤ /ZcyZ~Ô}™„0 +¶ KÅ~Z¤ /ZcyZ { ZpÍðÃ »yZ c* {z Âƒ H -g ** 8 ËZ e {zgzZ ñYWy*ZŠ ~g ‚t ~DÆD´ÆÖZā}™: Z} .X ÇVz™]gm X}Š ŸFâ »~igzs ÜÅl ZV $Zg8»Ãr #™

?Wác* '8 -g ** P8 Í o m†Î …‚nuVHçÞ oi…] ] $ Ô](‚L L[ ÂÅ8 ÝZÆó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F -g ** P8Í »g–@÷ á yZ/ [ƒ ù ÷ á ~9 {gÑ ó[Š Zh +] .Ly*ª Xì y*ZuzŠt ÐáZjÆs ÏZÆ] Z~ .– Æs # ZÜ~(,ä ~ ñƒ D™ ù ÷ á y*»g–@÷ á yZ/~ {g Ñ¸¦ / Æ[Š Zh +] . Xì B‚Æg–@÷ á yZ/èYX ’ e bŠŠpÃr # ™8 -g ** P 8Í[Z »y*kZā å –B‚ sÜ[Z ÝZ »y*pÇñY H ù ÷ á Â¿›g »Mg ‡gzZ V'Š ZÔVz²÷ á }uzŠā å Zƒð [Z wq @* är # ™8 -g ** X Ç ñY H ù ÷ á „6,äWÐ s§År # ™8 -g ** P 8ÍËZ e Üæ»‘u6, Rdpì $ Ë ƒY =ZÈ÷ á Ùñ{~[Z Æ¤2x ¬X ðâ Û 7ØiÅ¶Š

Xì CYƒ: âêÉ 7„&pÙñ{~]gß+Z ÂƒZ 7, 6, ux Z²Z ™e $Áy*Zg76, {7ñZgÐ s§~÷är # ™× g©h +zYm, ³§Š Z' , yZgzŠ kZ ~TÔVƒ Le CYÃ[Z „ÆyZ Ì[Z ÿåCY[Z »r # ™8 -g ** sÜ= ÆäMßZX c* Š X þN â Ûs # Ÿz~}g !* ÆVß ZjÆ( ‘u )ÀF, ÆáZj%Ð V1Â! fm{g {z # ™g–@÷ r á yZ/ Â Š Hƒ Z # Zz6,gî CZ f n }÷CY [Z » r # ™× g©h +zY [ Z X ÷7~# Ö } .ÅMg ‡¿›gVâzŠÎX ZƒxiÑÌ‰â [Z »kZÐ Hï÷ á ~ ],ÆoèÐZì c* Wt ‚¿›g¿ »[Š Z Mg ‡6,y*Æ@÷ á yZ/ 0)¼ ~ ¿›g¿ä VMì ~gz¢Ì** ™]gmÐ Vzg ó[ ¯ õ0* yZ VŒXì

Æó óàq$ +dÅáZzˆÆàq L L~[¯q -Z,ZX 1¯s@Ã]Z f År # ™8 -g** ™C'!* hY¾ p ÖZ +F, x3, p ÖZ Ð p ÖZ+÷ á ÆÀF, !Zjš Ãr # ™8 -g ** ä@÷ á yZ/ ÕäMuZX ÷M

Xì Ðäƒ]!* Å‘u„  Zg {Z' , [Z~³Æq ÃŠ ~gz¢)ÆyZpåHxF Æ™g Z Œ Û Z ‚ − »tÅr # ™8 -g ** ā ¯t q -Š 4, }÷W, @* ¦ù»y*Ær # ™× ÆkZX c* Š ¯ tg¢" ™h Ð ä0* }Š: 8 - Å],gzZN h}Š:!Zj~ ~¢ÐZQ ‘uBWZ F, !Zjš Ær # ™8 -g ** ā @* Ô c* Š {ZÃc ~ ]¬z Û ™hgÃÝZgzZ bzg Åy*ˆ Ø zÂÐ hzY ~¨£Æ@á÷yZ/~āì wì Z÷ì m»iØZ}uzŠ + JV˜X ñY ? E$E © Å ó‘ ó uBÀF, !Zjš L Ly*øL ** ™iÃ%zÂ~g ‚6,yZ VŒ pX Vƒ $ dÛŒ{Š * c iÐ× g© # ™× ¤ /ZX ì bŠ {Z ~ t # I}uzŠ |gŠ™ UzÂÐ s§ 8g * * Lā L ˜¼ (Z r

44 Xì Š HHi Z0 +ZÃ6, ¯Å$c* Š ~„ Æ ¶Š wîh +' × Ãe $Zzg {” ì‡~ [Š Z zŠg Z ** ™Ù7 {Š6,Åo ÝZ ë Z âZ pX :7 &‡ éME $ Ôì sŠ Zá 4¨GG Xì 7¿dÿLE 5G G {zakZÔå7qçñ éM›‹¢ » ï~÷{zÔì F F6, ]c* Ä¹æ z{z»[Â :8 Xì `g {ÐcÅy*kZz )~y*zypÔì CƒkCæ6, ïŠ Å Jazz~[fÌÃ8 -g ** P8 Í : 9 X XX X X @* ™7uÃ[‚g Z »ìZ` ã¨ KZ +G E 4 H-G C 4 5 $ Ô](‚)[ Â :10 X 7ö ÓGEgzZ(ÌË~( ] c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F Ù7 {Š6,Åb)LZ éMG &Š Zg Z8 -g ** P8 Íāì @* ƒkC(Z Â6,V»‰~[Â :11 X ÷sz^~ E E åL7ZèYì 7ÓŠpzg UŠp¦ / Ù Q L LÔ÷ ˜~pâŠ ( 8 C "g ** P 8 Í )XX :12 Ù !* C Ð QÃpåE L7EZ {zāì ðƒŠiutt VŒÐ r # ™8 -g ** X ( 11m ) ó ì ó −)¿» p X ÷ìgNŠ ˜ sßñ~ kZ Ôì Š H–Ð x ** Æ ú›g ~ [!* ¸a Æ [Â ÏZ :13 ÃTgzZÔƒ B bgŠ zgzŠ c* $Œ d Û Ô}gzÐ Q ì 7ÏŠ ñðZgzâ ðÃpì I » Zh +gŠ L L:÷ ) ó óì êŠ 1 Õ @» ú›g KZ {z Ôì @* ƒk , ’Q„ ‰gzZ Ôì g0 +ZÆ QpXáï & + ðe Š Õ

+] h .ˆâ ¹Zāì @* ™C Ù ªt ÔìŠ §ãZz~Vâ ÒVâzŠ Ñ!* zqÆ8 -g ** P8 Í ( 232m XX Xì ]gz¢h +' × ÅƒÅ~g¹ ˆâ ¹Z ÌakZÔ÷ ~øÚ}uzŠ ( ™? Ø Ð [f )èa 8 "g ** P 8 Í : 14 X Ç} 7, bŠúkgje CZÐzgÅe $h +] . }g ‚Æ r # ™g–Mg ‡Æ ó ó[Š Zh +] .Lā L @* ÔbŠ 7ùM÷ä ¶Zg i ],Æ y* )

( BZ eÃ6, ]Ÿzc~÷™| 7, Ãy* Hy WÐì óWáL¹Zā c* Wwìtª= „ _7,yZÄ»y*Ær # ™g" – N ² A Â é¹8F N| 7,g !* Ð ~g ZŠ $c* Še $.{z Z ð4NXkC= ôF &zŠ y*Zg ‚p?ì Š°** ™" $U* X Vƒ;g™7aÆ·_Æó ó[Š Zh +] .L LM è g‡ g–ā å 3g}Š Ì^ât ä r # ™ 7Œ Û g" ©ā Z ð4NX‚[ú% Zg f w› ÂˆÃnZg f X ÷ ìg™Ì~ e X ÝZX 8 Ð ;gE- Ñ' ,6,qçñÆPostmodern literary theoryr #™ 4$M ?ì ó ó~g¹L Lxi Zyg e â †  7H ÎWÎèG

¿›g

× g©h +zY

( ÑZz}g1)

4$Mó ó7'Ô÷ Wá8 “/ N y*»r èG -g ** P 8Í L LyZ ð3E # ™@÷ á g–@÷ á yZ/ ** ™s # Ÿzt ¬ Ð ä™ qzÑ] !* Xì aÆ]Z W, @* CZ f LZ6,y*ÏS k , ’t X J 7,ä 4$MÌ Z÷¿#ÅyZQ c* ÔG@* Ôe $×År # ™g–c* # ™8 r "g ** P 8 ÍāVƒ &~gz¢èG V;zÔ÷ÅV»Š c* iBCŠ c* i™}Š:áZjÆV1Â ~ m, ôZ är # ™8 "g ** V˜Xì 7Ñ ²N ²N ²N A A A XB‚LZŠpôFgzZÔB‚Ær # ™8 "g ** ôF___÷ÅV»Š c* iôFÌär # ™g" – % iÆyQ bzZiPÆaÎÅr 8Í L Ly*ÃæLG # ™g" –ÐáZjÆr # ™8 "g ** P8Í :÷tÔ÷ñWt ‚Ðó ó7'Ô÷Wá8 -g** P 3O{!8 ÷7ýE "g ** :1

X ÷wÕgzZWá¡8 "g ** :2 » Ôå³» Vñ¤ / u DpgzZ ÙçÔ Y ÔÏ( ! f xi Z yg e â †  7ä8 -g ** :3 X c* Z™ÐzŠg Q ÿL X3Zsg ¬ E J 45" .J2_Î:4 pg ì‡ÃöÆp~ kZakZX åg Zh +úŠ »äƒ ögG ‚tÃC*—»çG

X IÅçZ F, aÆ E J" 4G 5 g X ÷D™Za ò}‰q -Z~~R, g§ 8ÌËÅ *Š]c* Ãö ‚:5 ãÎ 0* gzZ ã*zytzZit gzZ Ôåce ** ƒ 4ZŠÐbzZi 6 Ã](‚~ zŠg Q :3 X åce** ƒ/w¦ÃŠ ._Æ]¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢Å}Ñç X ìu‡Ì¬ » ŸzÅ8 "g ** P8Ís§q -Z Âq ÃŠ}g !* Æ](‚ :4 J .2_ÎÃ°Z ¸z wßZáZz ä™ Za Ãp~ kZ Ôì B bg| # ‚q -Z KZ ÌzŠg Q :5 Æ çG Xì YYH~ .ZÐz¥ÅbÃC*— G V˜ gzZ Ôì ¿g}Š ,Å ïE3µN~gŠ rä 8 "g ** P 8 Íāìg ãZzt VŒ:6 ¹Z~ y*kZ Ôì ¿g}Š ä V,Q, X Å ¶g Ì,Å],ÔŒ~gz¢ä V,Z

O$E 5!ML L™0®¯Î c* g7Ï(Ô;gVY „Š é¨G ! š R¿t eÎä ðÃKZ ?c* W7VY~ ógó Zig »ÈZ åG ~k , ßyg e â †  7LÔ}~6¤' , ā åce ** ƒDÐZāZ # ?~Š 7úVY Kg 0* ÅV'¾ & G O B © Ã](‚āì éZpT $™Åg–@÷ á yZ/[» þ zŠgQx Hq -ZÆ~ e ÝZX 8 Æ ó~g¹ ™) Å X ñYc* 3›óÿ ZÇ** L._Æ]¶F, ÅVzÑçã*zygzZ ã+Î 0* 4E CG H4 5E Å Z" -™ 1 èÑqXì/ó w¦ÃŠ LZ (,q -Z~ hÆ](‚ »r # ™g–ÌÂ» ó óö-GÓG gzZ L L G G ïEG3Ò¨$Åyá c* Q}uzŠtÉ Ô7ó gó UŠp L LQðÃāì CC~g¹Å Intertextuality{Š™7 G N Æ ïE3µ‰Å}Š .S V;X ?ì x|ÌgzZ ðÃ » ó¥gzZ LXì @* ƒ Za Ð Transformation Ð TX Z ð4NXkC ó{LÓk HL»r # ™8 "g ** P 8Í%Z * *™: `gŠ ~ [Â KZ i Æ] , Ôxšg â ~ zŠg Q {], ZŠ » ïKZ r # ™g–ā ce D bg µÂ…[Z Xce ã™/Â¹Q g DWÃ ó ó¢áL h L' + × gzZÔÐN;ÌJ -V1ÂÅVß ZzäZ™sg ¬»{)ze $Š zÔe $h +] . P 8 ÍsÜ¹Zāì Yƒ HgzZ ZÎÆkZ È » kZ ÂÐ ,™7(Z {z¤ /ZgzZ ÔÐ ,™ ^ÃV”ƒ  Æx ×§ZzgkZ óì‡Ð¬~zŠg Z L{zāce éM$iÑ¹ZX åŠ°** ™ ó ó^L LÃ8 -g ** % iX N 3Š ~yZ {z¤ /ZX ãÎ 0* c* ì ã*zyOrigin»r # ™g" –āì 7ãZztÐ y*ÃæLG zŠg Q {z Z # āì $ Ë Y ¿gyQ Ìt Ð yQ ÂÔ÷ Ì[R c* Ô÷ìg}°!* Æo ÌËÐ yg e â †  7L{zÂÐB™å~ eX ÝZX 8 KZ Å[š R ~ m, ôZgzZ ïKZ Å Plagiarism~[ š R ä™ óq Ã›L»yZgzZ ó._Æ] ¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢LÅVzÑçã*zygzZ ãÎ 0* Ã óþ~g¹~k , ß E M yQV˜ÔÐ›ðÅs§Å}i î0 8 Ï Q:ZzˆÆä™ÀF, ~~y c* zŠg ZÃá£LZÔˆÆ E %L L:w¸/Æ tâuœ°Ï » *™ L gLzZÔó ó÷ìg™¬Ï0 + inÐ k#Z ûL8 x Zúhz™J‚ÆRæOE E ó óXX X XX @* W7ÃÌ`WÃg›ZŠÆR' , ¼ƒ tL LÔó ì ó 6%k0* ÆVâ Z0 +{} ðO$Îge

CZ L6,ó~g¹~k , ßyg e â †  7É L 76,x4, ge â Ôó ó~I ¹F,L LÅzŠg Q {zāce ãY ÅÌtyZgzZ :w–ÆyQèYÔÐ,™ (ZÆ™ì‡ókgje ~ zŠg QÉ ÔÐ áZjÆ e $h +] .ˆâ sÜ: e $œ / % Å [fX X L L ÐO ! G4h±g â »T~I¹F, Ôå7ôZzÌ»gz™Ðbz¥ ÇÅ ïG b§kZXì ê h Ì6, ¯Åe $h +] . $h e +] .Ôƒe $h +] .ˆâ X HlˆC Ù !* Ðyzu 0* Ãe $œ / %KZ ÌäkS Ô¶³»dÁsÜ óì ó ** ™g Z2Q6, ò¦Z ºZgzZ!Ã¿#É Ôì 7Š°¿#ÅyZ6, VŒÔ~I¹F, Qc* Ô :c* WÃÌt=} gZŒ Û ÌyZd »xiZ yg e â ð; i ‚tÃ! f‰& Ôì q -’¨ ¸ Å¢q åL<X’xi Z yg e â †  7LL 4$MaÆŠÅTÔì qçñ »á£}÷„tzZi ¸ Ô÷ ïŠ ÔÖZ wçs W;gE- èG

45 ÝZ gŠ ](‚XX X L L :II™ W6, ¿kZÆr # ™g–_7, _7, ,ÃˆÆkZ .J2_Î]*—çL8Xâ õÎ& Ô¶q èa tÃC*—t X Š HH~ .ZÐ we â C*—Æ çG -’C*—q -Z E 45J" g ó Xó IÅçZ F, aÆpgì‡ÃöÆp~we â kZakZÔåg Zh +úŠ »äƒ ö G ‚ 4$M?? ó óçZ F, 5Å Psychoanalysis ä V "»Ñ ?ÏVƒ Åä ¾ Amendments tā ÎWÎèG LL J _ .2 Î c* : Ç Z] .Åwe â C*—Æ" çG ‰ó óçZ F, LtL gzZ ?aÆ Differanceä Z" +gŠ c* h aÆ ô= 4$MÔí ?] é›G 4]ÂgzZ]%= X ¶s¬~„@ £ ā c* ›ÞÌÃwìkS LRä èG NA² ô=Å ó óQL LkZpX ó ì ó 7ôFC Ù !* ÐQL Lw¸/ÆZ" +gŠā –„ h  gŠ Ìtär # ™g– Ð¯gzZ Œ6, V/ ì {z¡Qq -Š 4, Ær # ™g– HX ~Š7ð3Š}= s # Ÿzc* XX Lā L ì„  gŠÇ!* ñZgtÅr # ™g–Âì „ (Z¤ /Z ?ì * @Y0* Y~ä{?YgzZ * @Y – 6, gî−** LÆ L ãçÔ;„6, R~ÃpÔ ó ì ó CYƒg UŠpwÅkZÔì @* W~Š zQ4 [Z ðÃ » kZ= ?ì $ Ë {g ì‡J -u¾ ó ó~gUŠp L LÅk QÐ ó óäY Dƒ6,t Û gzZ ~ – gzZ$Z ðÃ»kZgzZÔìg @* ™ differgzZ deferÃp¿» DifferanceX Õä$L7Ðk , ’År # ™g– :J 7, # QX ;g¦Ñnç?ÏƒwHÅ Kg åZ c* Z Ôó gó (Z L L» ó óQL LÂÔƒ: { å~y W yZX ÇƒtzZi *q -Ztā¶yQ= ?ì ðƒ4ZŠ b§¾„C(‚~zŠg QXX X L L HwES/w¦ÃŠJ -uË™Ä¦t ‚Ã] ¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢Å}ÑçãÎ 0* gzZ ã*zyā¶ 8Ígz™ Âq ÃŠXì Š H{g™0Üg0* È*ZŠ[Z¡wì»'6, [fÐáZjÆxEèYÔÇƒ

Ë~[ ÂèYX „gf(, Ï-â ;g @* ™·_»[ ÂÅyQV V X ìu‡Ì¬ »+ Ÿz ÅP 4E H-G CG 4 5E ó Xó X X åyZh» ö ÓG gzZ6, RÌ 4 $ M ƒù ó"‚t L Âì µ Z µ Z ?ì µ Z µ Z~ ëÓ$NC Ù ](‚ Hā ;g øÎèG E J" 4gG 5 Za ò}‰„q -Z~~R, g§ 8C Ù Å *Š ]c* Ãö ‚ L LÔr # ™g–w¸/gzZÔì "‚gzZ ?ˆ E J " 4 5 ÅVzÑçL±q÷ çElG‚ÏyÃyÃ{zgzZ Ôì e™VY óq Ã›L» "‚Q ÂÔó ó÷ D™ q ÃŠā L ì n²6,gîÆ£2î0Ï)9E ?ì Š HH ó gó (Z/w¦ÃŠ L L™ÄgÃåL$Ã ó]¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢ G $ ó óe 4ÉZ7Âó OgzZÔì ¹z˜Æ„ÅŠ ß Z]uzÃg ðO{Æ $œ / %L Æ L ] (‚ä¸" Wk , izËZ e îG 0OE

ñƒ_7, zq -Z »á£k QÆZ" +gŠ~[Â ~ m, h ôZq -ZVâŠÔ=kˆZ »kZX ¹6, gî E & ; yY ä k Q Z ð4NX Ð TgzZ ÔJ 7,~}™ ZèáZz äƒ6,qçñÆ](‚~ ;gE- çE.¿F E G 'G $ & e™ƒ Z Ëg š *q .n4»G ó ó[š R êL w L LŸ L ! Â,ÅkZ )X Z ð4NXÈ6,g ðO{$Æ ¨çH -Z »](‚ øL F ( Ïƒù ÷ ád $k~4X [ Â 4$XM óSm # Ys /E èG B $LÌgzZ6, "g ** 8 P8Í=™| 7, ]Ñ!* {™P»r # ™g–ā õG

kS a LR¤ /Z r # ™" g–ā Îì w› ÂÔì c* Wg š 4- ñt ~ uZgŠ Z z û}÷gzRÔì Ì ( B‚ÆVß ZjÆiDgzZ ci +Z i ™) »zŠg Qè[Š Z õg @* ~g ‚¹Q ÂB™ î O» qçñ 4 $ ~ ~ m, ôR Ñ' ,Ð ¶ŠÉ] „z~y WÆá£QgzRÔ Ç ñYWçlOGÌµñ» ä™ÀF, [š RzŠg Q LÃ ó óyD¥ÆÜL LkS äV,Q~TÔÏñY ÿ$LB‚Æi q Ð Z Ì~¤ /Ÿ Ð ;gEXì c* Cóö»e $Zzgq -Zì‡Ð¬~

XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX ëX ‰}VŒ}÷gzZ‰~~HÌHÅyZgzZw0* gn ÂñWg !* «XX X 8 -g** P8Í

~(, {z”ÐVÍßŠ ZŠzg Å:kZpÔå−7, [~ãä8 -g ** ~TnY:~:kZ ÅVzg ó: YZÆŠ !* WxsZ äVrZÔ ¶:/ZzÐ Ë{z´ÆVñ** g ezŠÃ8 -g ** X ¶NŠ I M ·Ôh +zYŠ ƒ ZŠ Ô£ZxsZ Ô1 Õä5!X å Š Hc* Š h Ð }uzŠx ** -ZX ¶NŠ „¹ {z S7,„ q z } •ßÆyZ är # ™8 -g ** X¸ Š™Éx ** 7Z äËìC Ù ªX {)záæqÔZi%Š c* ÔA

7 ÁÂ KZÔ5 7Z \z¤ /» Vzgó: YZ ˆ Æ :X}I Š Õ CÒ|Z y WÔ Š ™ {zā c* Š ) W, @* t ~VB‹ZgzZGŠ c* áZjÔK„  gŠx ** ]ZgVÂZg ä r # ™8 -Zg ** XX

7Z ** )8 -g~ÀgzZ ** ™]!* X ÷gHiZ¹8 -g ** X ÷_7, ÐK M F, gzZ Ï°‡!* Ã6

X Xgz¢ÌÐ/Z q MÂD WVŒX ñWŠ !* WxsZgzZg !* &h +÷ á c* zŠ {zˆÆkZXì @* W[p ( 148Ô147mk½ZÐh^i 1e ^ßÛiöZÎ“  âŠpÅ ‚rÚ] ‚n … †9Ò]J) XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX

~ ÒÃÅ ä™Ýq g Z Û Ð–  egz Æ ¹zg Ã Ý°Z Òä 8 -g ** P 8Í

$ Ô](‚ g Zi!* T»6úDÐb§q -ZtH 0* , ' g !* zg » »e $h +] .ˆâgzZú›gÔ](‚ øL F

{z ¡»8 -g** 6,gîzzìC Ù ªX å Y Y H7kCÐ ã‚WÃxA6,7÷ÆD~ TÔå

}& +Z}g ‚¹ÆkZ QX Zƒ Za ~¿›gÆäƒi ‚yDgh +] .Ë@Æ¹zg Ã Ô åŠ

‰ K ^gàZ Ð [féÆó ó~¢Å„ ÃM6 L L{zX ‰ W6,RB‚Æ ƒ · ! ca X ‰ ñ0* ~FÆ8 -g ** ñƒD Z™gz!* ¥gzZÃW Z F, ³** ÆQ~ m, ôZ k½ZÐÐ Â à,Ê] †Ú 1òÚ Ìôm†u 1a ^iça áçÒy*Æ nÛa ‚Ûu]E ( Öƒ2004~g†31@* 15X ‹Š á^fñ^‰{izg {gG!Zf

Ô~eÆïÅ]c* Ã~Wz ! Š ZáZz äƒ 0* ,~xi Z yg e â † '  7X Vƒ ÝÐÑ' , ó Xó Õä$Lµñ» ð‚gJ -]c* Ã‰ ñZ™sg”~zŠg Q= 4$M zŠg Q~ï~ m, ôZ ËÅxi Zyg e â ¬ā Z 7, ** WakZs§ÅzŠgQÃr # ™g" –H eÎä èG IF 4J 4&Æ yQ!Zj ðÃ » PlagiarismÆ ìgNŠ }ømG&Z™ »xi Z yge â ð; ~ zŠg Q {z c* ?åÃøL G 4$Q M p!ì Yƒ ?¸ g ð…M/ zŠg QaÆã‚WÅá£ LZ¹Zāì Yƒ ÂÌt eÎä èG

X å;g7W~™QÂi Z »y*kS p!ƒyQÅäƒ™{Š c* i ó= ó gf L L 4 $ M P 8Í L L åce bŠ yZÄÃr # ™g" –h +÷ á Xce ´g µÃ aÎā eÎä èG G& 4$MA b§TÃ Message LZ {zāì ÃËC Ù Âg (S ÚS ¹ÐŠpä èG $ó ó7þ©OBÔ÷Wá8 "g ** G ' N P8Í=É Z ð4NX7¸ ?áZzWÎ » ¶Š {gt(ZƒDƒy ð±MêakZÔ}™ óeÃ LÔì e E ?ìg ïŠ 7VY!Zj »] Z~ .â ó óÝZ L ¼ L ~ ~¢{zā ;g @* Wî~O “™{g {g Ì6,r # ™8 "g ** L LÅr # ™g–Âf e™gzRx » ‚ ÚS sÜXìg ïŠ~ ^ÅgŠ rr # ™g–w¸/»¼² X Cƒ:h +÷ áe $DðÃÃ ó ó$c* Š ~„ 4 $ M :à6, ¿kZ èGZ #p ó Xó X X N W7])Ï¹bg ÷ á w/ÌÃ8 "g** P8 Í L L Y_ E E 4$MÂ E 5 » ó óbg ÷  tÂA ƒ $X ÷ B„q -Z [ +é¨G34»G á LgLzZ ó óý3O{!L LÝZgŠ r # ™g–!ƒzZX ŒèG :ïaQÂÔJ (, ÐWZgf !ì Ç

yÒ Æ ,Å ™%~gŠ rÂ/ Â]‚½Z q -ZP ¤ /ZX X X L L G $ ¹Z6,¯ Å}Z 4¨G zŠg Q ** ™Ù7 {Š6,Åo ÝZë Z âZpÔ* @Y c* Š™iZ0 +ZÃ éME 5G +ÃÆ— ÂÂDƒK G M E N & $ Ôì sŠ ZáÆ¶Šw ð…h 4¨G óì ó 7¿dÿLE‡ é5G +' × Ãe $Zzg {”ì‡~[š R YN H-OdL &N ² A # Y¢Â /E : `gŠ ™~ e $Zzg ~WÅ[š RzŠg Qā Z ð4NXx¥g !* «õāEX ˆƒ ê „ ö Â~÷Ô õG ÍÑÌ6,[š ZzŠg QwßQ »]çY ! ft»r # ™g– "akS Xì óì‡Ð L ¬e $Zzg Åä™ 5_e L L Æó óyâ ‡þL Æ .ÔF TÔce ** Y 1 ó ó½ Z ~çE L Plagiarism6,[š RzŠg Q}g ‚gzZ Ôce ** ƒ

ì ó $ Ë ƒeÌ½Š"Ð;gE-L~p ÖZÆr # ™g–~ËÆ 4$gM zZ $Zzg ~W~g ‚Å[š RzŠg QÉ Ô7„Ðr e # ™8 "g ** P8Ír # ™g" –ā ÎWÎèG E 9 E &Šā Ð öāOFZ ÌèZg ** 4¨3{!Æ ) /ŸÀG {zB‚Æ mï¾õG t =X ÷ nZg ** Ð „ ( ±g ÷ á c* èEG 4$gM zZX ÷ìg™„zg¨6,V1ÂÅ[š RzŠg QaÆ~ eX ÝZX 8 ~~ m, LZā eÎÌtä èG ôZ qçñ » ïÅ r # ™g" –@÷ á yZ/ā ÷ ‰ wÈ rt h +÷ á r # ™ 7Œ Û g© "~ ^â 7(Z¤ /Zë@* X ÷‰ ôÀÉLPostmodern literary theoryùMœgzZÔì Plagiarism in Urdu literature

@* ™ÒÃÅä™7 ñCZ~Wz[Š Z {°!* ðÃ»tæ¤ /ZXì MÃG g~VEFx ** »kZ E E ¢ 4 5 Æ "KZ èEG¤ /ZXì @* Y 7,~ }ç[Š ZÐ äWÆ b) Y ~ [Š Z „B‚ Âì [fŠ z!* Æ]ZŠ §x ÓzŠg Z ÿL X3Z Âì Yƒi Z0 +Z W, Z6,V-zZi à ¡Z@¬Ðg ±Z Cc* Ã)g f zŠg Z Â÷ºZ F, bÑŠ~ hÆ]ZŠ ¢½ZŠ LZ¤ /Z®! f?÷V;ZpÆK Z· Z¾B‚Æ 7`wðÃÌ~kZ ?÷Tg~6Æä™" $U* Ý ¬ÃŠp¡{zHXìX HB‚ÆVß Zz

Xì³» äƒ:ÆaÎ~WŠp Âysg »Ü1ÔñJ m yZz6,Ã aÎ~WËÏÅyZ¤ /Z X é‚¯Vß{^ ,Y-~ˆ~» b kZ

sÜ{z´Æä™VÈÃysgÆàÕ~ó ó?Wác* '8 -g ** P8Í L Ly*LZ~

, k ’~eÆs ÏZÆó** g »Æ8 -g ** P8ÍX ¶ÅÒÃÅäÑŠzÂ+ $Y Åb Ñ!* {gÃè ÔV'Š Z ‚Špgg Ñ"ā¶t h +÷ á zz ÅT Zƒ7¿›g m{ ðÃ6,b ~œ / %Æy*‰ K

¶ Ý¬ÆW{z Â6,¯ Å¿ÏZā Çƒ c* Š™ qzÑ „Ä~ yâ¤ /LZ LZ ä VÌgzZ VzŠ Õ ÔVƒ Ñ!* Ð ûÅVÍß F, {Š c* ihZzÐ [Š Z t # Ih +] .ˆâāì $ Ë ƒ Ìtzzq -ZX ÷ ñƒ

„c* Š$ +~„zdÂtzZi ~œ / %»kZX ¶ˆÅ7„iÃ%zÂÂ6,]c* ‹gzZt # I~y*kZp

½ZŠ òŠ7¼Ð äƒ ãZz ÌZ ÅøÚh +÷ á ÂªZg fÐ àÕzÂ¤ /ZgzZ ¶„0 +¶ KÅysgÆ Ñ äYbŠ bÑŠ~ hÆàÕ6,gîôZzšā÷t ]Ñq ÂVŒ1CYƒ Ì ÆVç» +zYXì KIÙñ{ ˆÅg (ZÐ + h $Y ÅzŠg Q ÿL X3Z wq¾Ð ÑZz}g1º´ÆyÎ 0* X÷

Ã ó ó?'c* Wá8 -g ** P 8 Í L Ly*áZz äƒ ù ÷ á ~ó ó[Š Zh +] .L Lä r # ™× g©

¯:W½@ÃyDgÆàÕÆ8 -g ** P8 ÍäV,Qāìt ]!* Å]ªXì c* ¯ c»çñ

VzāLZ {zāì @* ƒkC(Zs§~uzŠ Âì ÅÒÃÅä™ðZ ‚ Û Z,jÅbzgkZV˜™

X ÷†^6, q ÃŠ!Æ

E E "ä~»âc* ÆyQāì ÅÒÃtä~~y*kZXì 1{^ ,Yg¨çL 3E y*Ær # ™×

FÆyZXì Åg (Z~k , ’KZ ä V,Q Vz™7[ Z Ð K M F, Ï Q »]ŸZ ‹Z ëZ x Ó xgd‚ft6,VŒXì c* Š™i Z0 +ZÃ™™ÆÎâðZ’Z ð•ZgzZ ~gz¢)ä~Ã]ïq -Z

{z÷ã{z6,ËTgzZì H gó !* &zŠ Æ L yQw–·_»y*}÷ä r # ™× āce &‡Ì%Zt÷ã„ˆÆ"7,g !* 7¢b§~g7Ì»]!* kZ7Zì g¨ÿLE ó&zŠ ÃL y* Ã~g ‡Æy*kZ‰ Ü zf e{ ^ ,Y»]ŸZ ‹ZÆyQwq¾?ì J 7, g !* XÃy*äVrZāì

g–@÷ á yZ/

( Ñ' , )

?J -“  q ÃŠ »kZgzZ‘u~[Š ZzŠg Z $ ](‚L L[ ÂÅ8 ~ó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚ øL F -g ** P8 Íä~k' , ¸¦ /

ÔHk , ’ó ó7'÷Wá8 -g ** P8Í L LyZÄ/y*q -Z nÆä™„0 +¶ KÅysgÆàÕ Y &.L L~ 2006g !* gzZ àZ eÃâçLai Z6,y*kZˆÆk QX Zƒ ù÷ á ~óÜ‚Æ ó ówì ëL E « E 3r]¬x Ówø]‚½ZgzZP6,Š ã Ô9 {g ÑÆó ó[Š Zh +] .L L Ô c* Ñ~k , ’ûLE CÅŠ Zñó6

Æä™³]¶F, KZÐg ±ZÆøÚ~ y*kZX Zƒ ù ÷ á {g !* zŠ ~ Y 2007cŠ @* ðÑ 24XÔegN* .G ~W¿Æ g°Z Æ ( {)z Ã ¯Ôkâ çE C) Vz®h +] .ˆâ ! fáZjP Ì~ e

ÅøÚ¡Š°{z´Æä™VÈÃyDgÆà Õ~ y*kZX¸ ‰K 7ˆÆ} ^ ,Y VZzg6, ó óuðÜL LTzŠg Q ÿL X3Z™ ¯Š ã CÃ ó óe $g ZuZ6, L LÐg ±Z Cc* Ãz! Š Zā @* å** ™ãZzÃÌZ Å]»øYg {z ½ZŠ LZ ƒÅ7zŠ¤ /™F, Q6,}i {z÷ h #6,VÚÅh +ŠgzZ ÷ VZzŠ

ÆVzuzŠāÆkZ ñOÔ,™g »¿ÐÇÑCZ ðÃ6,RY c* ! Š ZÆ™ Æ]gz¢gzZ Îâ }Ñç LZÐ ä™ (ZX ÷g D™lˆ?Š§ *g~ ym!* Å]c* ÃyQgzZ ]c* Ã Cx** KZ Æ W, Z Yg{ {ÑçX Çn 0 7¼gzZ {z´Æ “ W {Õ{ Å °ßyZy! Š Z ~ X ÇñYƒ,@* Æyh +] .ˆâg0 +ZÆV¨â ŠsÜ™ƒxzøÐ]uz E E 45¢4, EG The [ Â Å è Z Û àZz ähg W, Z Áê6,„! fÐ g ±Z Ï(ā ‚Ô Y Ô ! Š Z Y z ! Š ZBß »†  7~[fäTì YY c* Š6,gîÆwV!Zj » Wretched of the Earth Yg { z ½ZŠ āì Š ñ[Â +Z ðÃ~Wc* [Š Z zŠg Z HX¸ K A $%] Z W, Zh +”6,W Æä™¤ /YZÃÌZÅøÚLZÃ]ZŠ ¢CÑçx ÓÔ ñƒn pg~‚fÃ+ M 7)Å]ZŠ ¢

KZgzZ 'ä™„  gŠ oèÆWKZ®! fˆÆ"7,ÀF, ~ m, ôZ »TgzZƒ ˆèa E E ¢ 45ā 6Ô,Š(ÌÃkZ~]çY ~gø Ât‘tā'ìt tZ {zā:X å ZƒˆÆ[ ÂÅ èEG

aÆáZjgzZì @* 0* gZŒ Û ïq »p°Âì @* F, Z6, q ÃŠÆyZGegzi +Z¤ /ZXì h#6, Ç„

LZ nÆ´ Û Wpy!* iXì 7ï÷ á UÌðÃ »†zc~ óÂā L ì Âð•Z ** ™" $U*

Ë: Ë¿t pÔì $ Ë ƒgz¢ `ZÅ ( wzg 0* gzZ 8 -ßÔg UŠpÔsŸZÔt Z íZ ) V¤g m!* „ G $ óì 4¨G {Lt éME 5G ó ;gƒ w¡Z » d $¾ Lā L ì H¿[ ðÃā ,™n Û Xce ** 0* ð ~øÚ

X$ Ë ƒ7ÌZ ðÃÅkZÆøÚ%gzZì ïq»ÌZèzc@' , ÆÎçñ " 5E ÒG g Wá8 -g** P 8Í L Ly*„ LZ nÆs # Ÿzh +' × -Z » ö +uÐ ó ó' c* q " ÒG 5E g » aÎgzZ y* !i L L._Æ ö X ÷`| 7,g !* &c* zŠ „¬ r # ™× & Vƒ ;g}Š k½Z

pì * @Yƒ äzg » ñ; i§ Ôì * @™# sŸz ÅVh§6Æb‹Æ*ŠgzZ p6 m

aÎgzZy!* i ó óX Çƒ* *™spÃmÆaÎgzZy* !inÆä™ì‡p6 Xì * @ƒì‡g+ 0ZÆÏ Q Ô{ëð•Z¸gyxgŠÆYg {gzZ½ZŠX Yg {~uzŠgzZ½ZŠq -ZÔì @* ƒY ZgW¿6, V¥zŠm»

tt¤ /ZX ÷D™ ZŠ ZgZŠ™ÁêÜÁYg {~úÅ aÎāìðwq¾tXì ãgzZŠ „

Îâ ÆVâzŠ yZÐ O g !* ~(,…Q ÂÌYg {gzZì $ Ë ƒ Ì½ZŠ ÎâÅgÅāñY 1™

KyÒ~The Critique of Pure Reasons [ÂÅ. $»Lâ q WX Ïƒã™„0 +¶ KÅt Z íZ

{z´ÆkZXce ´g~‚f LZ wì »¬_g7 ½Ær # ™× ÐáZjÆy*ÝZ -ZPÃ q

Structuralism and Semiotics

[ ÂÅ¾; ÷¢ä8g * *P8Íāì òúŠt Z÷

ë¬Xì ~Š Z™ ù á÷Ð x * * LZÆ™À, F[ Â ~g ‚Å ~g ‚Æ™spÃM K, FÅs Z/ ¤ Zc X ÷D™qzÑ]!* Ðr # ™×

µ Zµ Z ?ì µ Zµ Z~oC Ù ](‚Hā ;g øÎ~Lā L ÷D â Ûr # ™× [»

~~R, g§ 8C Ù Å *Š ó ó]c* Ã³‚L Lr # ™g–w–gzZÔì b‚gzZ ?ˆƒù ó b ó ‚LtL Âì ±q÷ ó ó®‚L L´Ã{zgzZÔì eðY óq ÃŠ L »b‚Q ÂÔó ó÷ D™ Za ò}‰ „ q -Z

ó ó?ì Š HH ógó (Z/w¦ÃŠ L ™ L ÄgÃåL$Ã]¶F, gzZ]c* gz¢ÅVzÑç

Ð y*¸¦ /LZāì @* ƒx¥ƒ  ot ñY Å qzÑ]!* 6,s Z¤ /ZckZāIÐ kZ

kZ L LÔN â Û ±5Ô ¶ÅÒÃÅri q Ð Z åL7 ~ ®‚Zä ~~ TñY c* Š k½Z q -Z /Í®„q ãZztŠ°ÔñY™Y Æ õG -ZÃ]c* Ã³‚VâzŠyZā Çƒ…** ™~ .Z³tÐwV ** ƒ ,@* Æ2Z ¸èzcÑ!* Ð ƒÆb§C Ù ¿»Š ZŠ,Z c* qJÅ]c* Ã³‚āì ** ™

{^ ,Y¿» Æ¬~ÝzgÅg¦ÏZ~ˆÆkZX ÷D™g¨6, gÅYg {z½ZŠÆŠ Û‰

9 ä VrZ a kZ åŠ°q ÃŠ » r # ™8 -g ** Ãr # ™× ~ y*kZX X XX X ó Xó ce

~}g !* ÆZh +gŠ uZ jX ÇVß Z eÃ~W6,~g¹g ZuZ6,~}g !* ÆDifferance ÆZh +gŠ™á YE_I G/E 5 gzZ õ B Ô¬Ã]ÑìÆ. ë5ÒG $»Lâ q…xÐƒ  Æ*Š ! fäkZāìtÃ`Z÷ Ò5_ÔgÅÔ Òä kZX c* t íZÔ ýG Š™ÍÑ6,]*—Ã]q˜Z: ‘ëZ ÅyZ™yY)g fÆ

x ** »r # ™× Ðy*kZ¤ /ZXì c* Š]o» ~g ZŠ+ $YKZÆ™wEZ~ñZcßÃVß Zj

X äz ]q ˜Z Ð 9 L o Å ]*—Ð Vñ** Z™ Ëx|» Vj˜Z Ü{)z ¼ 6,VŒX ~Š™ qzÑlˆÅpÐg0 +ZÆy!* igzZ (Differance, Trace, Supplement, etc,) &‡ ** gzZ ** Î r Zu »]Z~ .–Æ ÆZh +gŠX ì 7wJÿLE ™tÆ™È @WÐZì H Zh +gŠ » ]ÑZÎsÜ~ T7yJZ »® ) ) ,ÎŠt Xì Š°Ì** ™ÒÃÅ + Y ÃðCÅyZ -Z CZ Zg øXì wZÎ »ä™t‹~ Ýzg Å ñL Z » ï: ZŠ ZiWt Xì @* q ƒ °» „ bŠ [ Z

q ÃŠ {Š c* iÐ kZèYì Hk , ’Špä8 -g ** P8ÍÃy*kZāì YY ¹t ÂñY c* Š™sv . X Tgx » ** ÌŠpr # ™8 -g ** ~ä™ J .2_±~ c kZ ~āì ~gz¢ xg ~ ‚ft aÆKÃc Å b Ñ!* ÅçG zgq J _ .2 ±„:gzZ ÇVß7{^ kZèY ÇVz™ÒÃÅä™" $U* ßÃ~g¹ÅçG ,Y×» ~g¹C*— .2_±aÆ´ äƒ:ÆKèzc~~g¹ÅçJG Û WpsÜ~X Ç} 7, CÐ qçñaÆ ¢

èzcÃ óÂLsÜāt¿X ÷ïŠ™sp8ÃÎâÅp ÇVz™™f »V…áZzh eÀÐ H 4$L LÅÂā}V-c* .2G X ÇVz™iÃ%zÂ6, wó ós çG X ÇVz™ÒÃÅä™7~øÚ

Ì~*Š Yg {@' , ÆVî Õ~g øÉ CYð0* 7„g0 +ZÆy!* i ðC._ÆTì ñ

.J2_±{zÂì m»](‚C*—J Æym!* „KZ ._ÆbÃÆçG -V˜

Xì ‚ rgg (Z »ä™spÐZÆ™ÝqgÅ)g fÆò¤ / u„KZy¨ KZ »TìŠ ñ ($ GG3;XG ¶·ÆkZÐg ±Z Yg {gzZ ï +§¦ï÷ á ~ ÆkZÃi°eÆ Æ. $»Lâ q

ÜÁ‰ {)z wzg 0* gzZ 8 -ßÔ (Arbitrary) Ôg UŠpÔsŸZ Ôt Z íZ~ TÔì CÑ~Š zÃp .J2_±X ÷ Dƒï÷ Û WpÃy!* içG á -Š 4, q ÆkZX &7Zƒ (Objectified)tŸzcnÆ´

»]¡~TÔì @* Y H6,gîÆ1ãZ] .z ¨Ã]¡~(Transacendental

tgzZì ~gz¢** ™ «øÚÃ óÂLnÆ´ Û Wpā÷… YëÐÃ`~Š â²Ôì * @Yá

ó]1) ! Št ¯LwEZ »

(a Priori) ó¸$ +L~ Æ . $» Xce ** ƒ { Ç W b§ ~g7 Ð Aesthetic)

- RÅh J +Š¡Æ™xzøÐ U~Š â ÆkZÃ óÂL{z b§kZX ì self referential í‚ c* Â

Âq -Ñ~¿Y ì ÕCZ1s§~uzŠXì Lg ì‡B‚Æ]:Sx ÓKZ {z1

ä VM÷ ]ï¸Xì B bg —ÃŠp ó ó]Z¯!* ÚL L. $»w–èY Y0* 7ÃðCpì @* ƒ tÃ ó ó]Z¯!* ÚL LÅ. $» Âs§q -Z¬X H½Š Zñ~Š ã CaÆ¶Š ú,µ Z CZÃ¬

Ð ä™tÃg ZŠ™ÆqËx°Æ Trancsendental subject Æ. $»s§~uzŠgzZ @* ™7 Xì @* ™g ïZ

Ò5_ìâ LÆ IÐ ~ .–C Ù Æõg @* .– »kZ ªÔì Å õg @* ~ i Z IwÅ ó óýG L . $»

~ *ŠÐZ X ì ÌoÑòiÑ Å"Š ã¨ KZ x Ó gzZì b‡ » w a Priori ÅyZ] .z Ôì c* Differance » Zh +gŠXìÐ~]ā** ** ™Äc* gŠ ÃÜÁx ÓÆ"ŠÐ~kZgzZ ** ™lˆ

Ù tèYÔYYH7äzg »ñ; i§Yg {ÌðÃ~kZÔì @* C ƒ)g fÆ]2…uZgŠ Z Ò5_! Št ¯sÜgzZsÜ~ kZXì F, 6,gîm!* ýG Ñ!* Ðg¦gzZéZpÔpŠ ÔnzcÆb§ Ò5_ÝZgŠ qZ xÅgÅā å H ãZz ä . WÎ§ ÏŠ ñÅ ýG $»Xì @* g¦ / Ð ¿CZ¸

Æ. $»ÃŠ Û Æb§kZXì @* 0* ú Æy„ KZŠ Û (ZXì C™Ð wÅŠ Û áZz Ò5_ìâ L L » . Ð ]uz 0 Ì F, Å b§C Ù gzZ yâ i ó óýG $»Xì * @Y ¹ Noumenal I Ð zg Å

Ò5_LZuzŠ²Xì 7Š Zi WÐykpìŠ Zi W ÅïZúYg {āÍXì @* ƒŠ ñ~ykzyâ i óýG

„ KZ ÕÎÔ÷ Dƒ‰ bŠÐ „¬]Ñkx ÓÆ`g{1ì @* ƒoÐ qË {zÂì }YÃ¤SÅuZgŠ Zi ZIÐ ]uz0 Ì F, {zāì HtŠ ÛZ # ªÔì }YÐ f½ZŠ

kZāì ¹g !* F~}g !* Æ DifferanceäZh +gŠXì ó~ .– L»IÐ ó~ .– Æ L kZw–ÌTrace

ÐZs§~uzŠgzZì êŠØ »äƒgÅÆŠp{z s§q -ZXì êŠØ »äƒgÅÆŠpÝZgŠ

Å Differanceā÷M hÈt ëªX êŠ 7¸ðÃÅ~ .–LZŠppì @* ¯eÂÃ~&pK Ò5_ ìâ LÆ . Šp ì @* Y`d $Œ Û Æ óýG $» Zh +gŠ b§kZ X ì 7 Objectified w

TåH7g¦» ðzŠ ÅŠ Û ä. $» b§kZXì @* WÌœ»| # Ùpì Ât íZ6, VŒXì

g ZuZ6,» Zh +gŠ~x|Æ. $»X ì YY HÄc* gŠ IÐó| # Ùg LzZ óÏŠ ñLÅ b§C Ù ~ .– »

kZ Differance and Trace q -Š 4, Æ Zh +gŠ Xì á C: L » ~& pÌñƒ Dƒ: Objectified

/ZÔì @* ¤ ¯eÃ¿Æ~&p ìKg Zu Z6, » b§

each so-called present element, each element appearing on the scene of presence, is related to some thing other than itself. ( SP, p,142-143).

-ZäkZakZ å7® systematicèaZh q +gŠXÇg—ÃŠp{zāì ~gz¢taÆkZp E & eÆVzŠ ÕÆ™wEZÆ*g Ë%]q ˜ZZaÆs .n4»G ZÐ ¨çH # ŸzÅ\„

The science Å¬~ lˆÅpZh +gŠ Âs§q -Z6, VŒ[ZX c* Š wÅ3 ZgaÆä™~ .Z ò}

~uzŠgzZì © 8g »Ã¿Æ ~& p6,Š ã CÅ óci7Z z t Z íZ L\~Š ã CÐ ƒ  Æof Logic Ò5_ìâ Æ kZ VZi Zˆ & c* Š hg ZgðŠ ZÃg¦kZ ä . $»Xì @* Yƒ z˜ÆóýG L . $» + $Y YE_I 5 …ð` Differance §¦» Zh +gŠāì H" $U* äi-eðX c* Š ú6, gîãZzä ë5ÒG zg7Æ YE_I 5 ~| Xì @* ™³Ãp%Æ qËx° KZ Ôì/xÆg¦Æ ó óÕ LÆ L ë5ÒG

kZ~Tì ~gz¢¹·_» Differancey*ÆZh +gŠaÆh e {^ ,Y» W, Z6, Zh +gŠÆ¬ Xì HtÃW, ZÆ¬6, gîãZzä G $ Â{z÷T e ** 4¨G „Ð `g{ éME 5G ™s # ŸzëÅmÆy!* igzZ aÎTāìt wZÎ[Z

y!* im!* gzZy!* ikZgzZ ?ÏƒHÎâÅy!* i àZzäƒúÐ `g {Ôceãƒðƒð0* ú

@* ™ ì‡Ð Ô ì ó óZuzŠ L L » kZ Ð gÅLZ {z | # Ùt ªXì @* ƒgÅÌ» ò¤ / u ~gÅ ²Ôå´ â »wÇŠ Û »^gkeèYÔ,Š1VºŠ ÅŠ Û §¦Æ^g ke Âs§q -Z ä Ò5_s§~uzŠ X Hg Zû3 ZgaÆ x ÓÆˆÆ™ (Decentered)¤zŠÃýG &ì @* ƒhZzÐ *Š CZ1 ÷ D™g¨h +' × 6,ÎâÅŠ Û }uzŠ ._Æ. $»

ˆÆ ä™s # Ÿz Å ó Šó Û ! Št ¯L LXì @* 0* úÐC Ù ªtèYì YY ¹ Phenomenal I (Conceptual

6,gîÆ

1 ó CZg¦ ÃL ]¡ (Deductive

Logic)

óyY Z 5Zā L ì @* ™ ãZz . $»

(Synthetic Unity) ó]uz 0 Ì F,L]¡ CZ1ªÔì ÷ [Š 6,gîÆ Representation)

Š Û {Š â ._Æ. $»~ ¿kZXì CY ~Š ]gßÅg¦Ð uZ· ZÆû&Xì Cƒï÷ á

Cƒ ï÷ á û~ kZ pÔì @* ™¿›g 6,}Š â Yg{6,Š ã CÅ ]2 ì @* ƒŠ ñÌg0 +ZÆ ~Š â óykz yâ i L~ Tì Cƒ ãZ] .z wÅkZ Âì m» ( *Š Yg {) ]¡J -V˜Xì

X ÷DƒŠ ñ~VÂgß

kZXì YY c* Š ú)g fÆaÎÐZāìt È »KÆe $Š â ~ Vkz yâ i Ò5_ —L Ls§q CZ1L LgzZ ó óýG -Z * . $» b§kZX ÷ ï÷ á ÜÁVâzŠ Û A g {gzZ öZŠ ~ Ò5_ CZ1L LaÆ±ŸZ~ kZgzZ w”ÆDā¶sÝÃ åL7t yxgŠÆó óýG Ò5_ „Ã ó óýG

Ò5_ìâ L LäkZs§~uzŠ Ôì @* Ã ó óýG ƒg çLa' ,Ð nzcŠ Û ~ kZèYì @* 7,** ƒuÃ Yƒ7q -Ñ~¿Y Transcendental subject». $» X c* Š™µ ZÐg ±ZÆ¶·ÆkZ

óā[LàZzh eÀÐ ¿~g ZzZaX Ðä™òÝÅuÌg ZzZa /B‚B‚Æ( commodity)

Âce ** Y 3g§{ºÅÃVç»Æykz yâ i~ `g {¤ /Z ?ì YY Hì‡ b§¾i q Ð Z åL7~

„ I~œq -Z ä Vz®Ëg â Ã¿}g ‚kZX c* Š™ qzÑ ** g å Ð x ** Æ

zyâ iÐg±ZÆpïZúYg {Š z!* ÆkZpÔ ñ™¿ Æym!* „ KZy!* i—" 4›!LZÆy!* CG é5E i ì ~R, g§ 8{z „ `g {XÐ ,™úÅpZ ÆVç»Æyk

óÄ ó p›g L LÐZ ä Vß ZÅgÆd $ ! fgzZ ðWt ‚~ \zgÆxi Z yg e â †  7 6,RDp Counter culture))

Å ótó âuLÆ L ¾g ât‹g Z0 +÷ á ð•Z »ä™g (Z\zg » `Z%‚Æx Â~g ZŠtâuX åc* Š™g DW

ñ™ Z] . ÆyYg {ÐøÚ}uzŠÃøÚq -ZgzZ ÏÇg§{ºÅÃøÚŠ z!* ÆV¤g

Å~g ZŠtâuÔ` Z%‚L L[ ÂKZ äšVZi Zˆ&Ôì YY H±5~ £[!* Æ¢«

The Critique of Pure

wJ~wqC Ù ÐZ Âì b‚tāì 7twZÎXì³»]ZŠ §½ZŠ LZÆ´ ˜! fysg

 ot aÆs ƒ # Ÿz Å]*—Ëg â Xì ;g Y Hµ Z µ ZÃy!* i Yg{z ½ZŠakZì ** ™

ˆâ X H{Ç WÐ ðCÅäW~Š zÆ`Z%‚gzZ H" $U* 6,VzŠ ã C³‚k^~ ó ów2~y W $ X ÷'gßÅ ó óā[LtL ( ](‚ øL F $ ),»kZ c* C(‚ øL F Äp! fÔò! Š ZÅe $h +] . Å+ Yt{z´ÆkZXì ** ™„0 +¶ KÅ]ZŠ §ÆkZgzZç»ŠzuÅkZ ÂwZÎÝZÉì ** ™ ?ì mHÐÇÆkZ » h +] .ˆâāÒÃ &‡** îJ -ë›ZZÐ kZg ZÜZ Ú»ä™t :ZÆÏZ Âƒ¿ÿLE /Z ~g¹ÅHE ¤ G $ aÆ kZ Ôì @* 4¨G 2 » LZÆ zŠg Z ÿL X3Z¤ /Z b§ÏZX Çƒ ** g å Ãí6í W éME 5G Y 0 ^z»g ~ & eLL 4»G .nE äƒ}WëÐ w gßèzcÅyZ ÷Š ñ®‚+Z ÌgzZ ÂC™7}g7 ó ó¨çH ÔF, g ‚ Âc* W[zZ »VzgzŠ' × ~1gzZD¨ ¤~ ÷Z ÛZ # ~ 1968X ÷ B bg && ~g7 Å

Â{zX¸ìg™7c6,nz²Æ~²÷ á ™Ö~ ( {Õ{)' × zg ÓZg e {)z egN* C gzZ V»ÑÔÃ ¯

VÃvvßtÐzzÅXƒD»{ zyZā @* ¸y7wZÎÐV9¨ ¤gzZVzgzŠ' × ™ò6, VÃv

ä. $»ā 6ì $ Ë ƒ y!* i KZ Å öZŠ Ð áZjÆ XX Ï

C» §~ kZèYì YY Hs %Z ÌÐ UkZÐÃ`Ëg â X åH ãZz~ Judgement Ò5_L LVâzŠèa VŒXì CYƒqËÅïZú C1j â „Ð i ¸WÐ Ã` ãZzÃi q Ð ZÆó óýG

]*—ā åŠ Hƒ¢Ì,zÂÃkZ7ðZCgzZì @* ƒ~®‚¯Îg Ñ »]*—Xì 7µñ G M E $ Ôì C™ Za pÆnZ._Æ 2 Z ¸LZ Ôì B 4¨G ¿t é5G bgzgŠ » äƒb‚ Ç„ Åp6,RðÑ!* Âñ0* ú~©: LZ¤ /Z y!* iC Ù Xì³»g ÅïZúŠ „gzZ {ë ð•Z Éƒ»páZzh eÀ~øÚDp c* CÑç~â ¤' , āì „zQwZÎZgøXì $ Ë ƒZÎâ

ñƒ D™c6,dâŠÆ Of GrammatologyÅ Zh +gŠ ?ì YY Hù6,Äp ãÎ 0* t :Z J G 4]~ç.* Çā ¹=äuk gzZÀF, »[ÂÅ Zh +gŠ »kZakZÔ Å ā: ¶Š *Z ÅZßuðG3F , e ËZ e

o ZÃ~g ‡Æ[Š Z Î÷ Cƒ ]q˜Z KZ Å Xì 7Ñ!* Ð —pâŠ Zƒ Hk , ’» kZ

Xce−7, Æ™g (Ztzg

¶tÒÃÅyZX ñYHg¦~h +ŠsÜÃbÃÆyZā¸T e7{zX ÷ñƒ} 9ò6,

Ôì r1Špi Zg0 +ZÆŠ Û y!* iā å^6,]!* kZvà; Hg â …ð`  āìtNëZ ZuzŠ

Ü ¤~ ` @' ‰ , Æy!* iÃ ¯² Ôì 8 Š ¨ ¸ÃKÆ‰ Ü ¤~ y!* i ÏZ egN* C Âì @* ™

Å¿Y Âì mðÃZg ø ÌB‚Æ` @' , Æó óuðÜL LgzZì g (Z Zg ø6,y!* i¤ /ZXì

I believe one's point of reference should not be the great model of language and signs, but

Æ y!* i~øÚ LZ Ái Z Á Âì g »gŠ ¢ A & {Š c* iaÆ ¿kZ¤ /ZX å c* Šg Z Œ Û /ó w¦ÃŠ Lä

g0 +ZÆy!* i DpúÅŠ Û¤ /Z Zh +gŠāìzz ¸X ,™" $U* „6,}iÃðCÅ]c* ÃLZ {zā

āì HÃ ¯Xì @* ™g¦îÃðZg W¿ÅöÆ

that of war and battle. The history which bears and determines us has the form of a war rather than a language: relations of power, not relations of meaning. (Power/Knowledge, p,114).

» ¿#Å pX å Le ** ™ äz ~g¹KZ 6,Š ã Ck^ËÃ ¯āì C Ù ªÐ k½Z kZ I! h Ã ¯ b§kZÔ åúÅ‰ Ü ¤ Šó Û L »Ã ¯ÿ X åx Z%Z » pâ Û g »~ yà ì×zg sÜÑ $ »bÑŠ LZ1ì ? ÂÃ†zc gzZx Z%Z »]¡ÅŠ Û ÂÐZXì Lgx » ** ~äÖ©øL F ÅŠ Û LZÐZ Â© 8™tÃ ópLÃ ¯¤ /ZX ¶g »gŠ ! x»ÅVr’: *6, ½ëàZzh eÀ~ÇLZ

YY HŠšÌ™™ÃÎâÅmÆ y!* igzZ LZ @' ,Æ~g¹~ p ÖZ {Š ‚Ãwì=kZ

~ÃÏZX ÷ M h}Š úÌóeÃ Lµ Zq -Z CZ(Å ó ói eÃ L L! fŠ ñÐ¬ëÆ™ƒ4

X åYYH7Ã`CZ™Ägt ‚ÃUÆobjectification G 7%Z0Z ]ª éM›‹¢ ** ™ µÂÅ] G é5.Ð‘Å b§kZ~ËÆ ó óā[L L~ ~œ, ~œ, {z´Æ kZ X ¶~œÅ]!* zZ ›ggzZ ]!* zZ ÔVl~œ, 6,gî¦ùXì

½ZŠ Æ ´ ˜! fÉ 6,R@¬ sÜ: ]Z W, Z Æ TX ¶~œ Å äW~ Š z Æ `Z%‚ & ½{Š™ Za ÅgzŠ' × X ÐÌqgŠÿLE‡C Ù 6,Âa ÅuX ñWt ‚Ì~]gßÅ]ZŠ §

{z Âì ** ™g (ZtzZi ¥gzZ ™g¦ /Ð ¿CZ¸Ã'¤ /Z ‰ Ü z ˜ [ Âā ñY ~Š™n²

» ðC[gzZèzcäkZakZX ñ™ ½Ãw~¡ÅŠ Û ā Œƒ  oäkZÔC7, ã™Ô

X å@* Y3Šp ** 3»kZ™ Îy·ŠÃ© {zā: ¶C™ c* Y3©ÅkZ ** 3»kZ ÒZ Âå@* ƒsz^

KZX XwEZ ]q˜Z ÜØZ' × gzZ ‰ Ü ¤ ä kZaÆäÑŠzgŠ „zÃŠ Û 6 X å Y{g

~x » LZ Z # HEu^ ,WX 7~}g !* Æ[Â1Ôì Y™ ó ó~¢L L~ ]5çF}uzŠ

Æ y*kZh +÷ á Ô¸ ‰ K 7]‚½Z ~ ó ó?Wá c* '8 -g ** P 8 Í L Ly*¸¦ / g "ZÃ]‚½Zā åŠ Hc* Š™ãZzt ~y*kZèÑqÔ÷] ‚½Z¸'āƒeÎt ä~g ‡

āì ~úŠt Zg ø Xì Š H3g¿Ã]‚½Z ÌÃ7Æª ZîÅy*kZXì ;g Y H7Ð

ì‡ùŠ Û {z Âì ß „g¦»Äc* gŠ Å ðCŠ HHì‡6, ¯ Å~IÒ¤ /ZāìC Ù ªX c* Š™g ïZ

ìŠ ñg0 +ZÆ‰ Ü ¤ÔØZ' × Xì6, (C Ù ó‰ Ü ¤gzZØZ' ×ā L ÎìÃ ¯§{ÅäÑŠ ìÃq -’ X ˆ C™ ¹F, +' h × ~©:Æ1968~g¹tÅÃ ¯Xì C™gz$ÃkZ

6,]¬çñZ™Ö~' × zgÓZgeŠ ÕY z ! Š Z~[fì H ãZz ä ~ā 6

{áZz ó ó]c* Ä¹æL LX ÷ïŠ ð3Š bg ÷ á ¨~ sg ¬Æ[ÂsÜ8 -g ** P8Í

c* F, g ‚Ô Zh +gŠ ÔÃ ¯TX ÷ f e Ìz~ ¿Y {z´Æ ä™~©: Y LZ ðZgWwì

Å} úŠ kZ LZXìÀF, Â/ Âz ¹!* »[ÂgzZì ÂIÐ ¢ Ì¼ ~}g !* Æ

Ð V¡ÅnZÂvßt Ôì * @Y HwEZ ÆcÅn: Ó¬§ ~WzŠg Z!Zj»và;

# ™8ÍgzŠ Âr r # ™× āì Š HHs ÏZ »V!Å b§kZ¼g !* kZX ~ 7, ã™zŠzK -a

„ÃZh +gŠ uZ jXì @* ƒmZ÷B‚Æ` ÆyZ »yZ÷ìg D™7{z, b§kZX ÷

Æ¶Š K M F, Ã ( É{)zx ** »ÃÔ ™)Š Zñx ÓkZ=Qg !* -ZaÆä™" q $U* ðC [Â Å¾; ÷¢X Çìg pôk0* ÆyZ hwq¾XÐ ÷gx » ** ~ ä™ q ÃŠ » kZ ÌŠp

Ü™w$ +K M F, ÅyZ¡Â/Â[Â ~g ‚är # ™8 ÍÐ~Structuralism and Semiotics I ïŠÉ~ yxgŠ r # ™8ÍÃs Z¤ /ZcÏZ Âì q¬s Z¤ /Zcq -Z¾; ÷¢¤ /Z ÕäM5!Xì Å ÆyZ ‰ Ü z kZāì Yƒt,zX Çƒ HÐ%$ +K M F, Ås Z¤ /Zc¡Â÷ „z p ÖZ¤ /ZX ÷

} ±6,RigzZ Cc* ÃaÆDÆt £ÆyZB‚Æ]4gzZVƒz¤ /ZgzZ÷ìghZz tÃç6, t Z²ÆM%Z²ÔÅe $×ÅM%ZˆÆ] uZzÆm{g Š HäkZ b§¾āBŠ

ä Zh +gŠ~ 1995X Š Hƒg ZŠ' ,„  Š~ˆgzZ Åe $×ä kZ Å[ zZD¨ ¤Æ1968X c* Šg Z Œ Û Ìs%Z6,RÏ(X Åe $×{°‡!* ÅkZgzZ 1z~ Kg 0* Ï( Å®i 9C g ZzyZœÎ

intertexuality Å Z-™ 1 ~ ‚f

»kZgzZì * @Yƒ`{ÌÐx ** Æ„  (ó® ó ¯ÎL Lc* g›ZŠ »zŠg QX H„~ÝzgÅ~g¹KZ ÕäO$Ç!* X ì 4ä7,~}ç[Š Z Ì~}çgzZ ÷ ë Ìgz ‰ Ü ¤Ã Z} . b§Å]H c*

Ôì HV-¼~[ !* ñƒ‘6, TodorovÔ¾; ÷¢X ÷

X ÷sZ eÃZ} .¬Ðƒ 

/Zc kZ WXƒ „g™lŠ¤ /~g¹Å Ù Š flavour »s Z¤

The notion that literary works are ultimately about language, that their medium is their message, is one of the most fruitful of structuralist ideas and we have already noticed its theoretical foundations in the work of Jakobson. It validates the post-romantic sense that form and content are one, because it postulates that form is content. At one level, this permits, for instance, Todorov to argue that the ultimate subject of a work like The Thousand and One Night is the act of story-telling, of narration itself: that for the character involved- indeed for homo loquens at large- narration equals life: 'the absence of narration death'........... (Structuralism and Semiotics, p,100).

Ô÷D â Ûk , ’V-r # ™8 -g ** P8 Í

ú~g¹´Ã[ Zā÷ TgÆ~g OZ kZÆ©: Ë%Š Õ‰r # ™8 -g** TÔ B™Ýq »äZzŠ ÕZ(, Æ™ãg7g Å ~g¹kZ {z¬Ð VzuzŠā @* ì à Zz ä0* kZ ÷ ìg™o¢{zÃe $Zzg TÅ „c* Š$ +dpÔì CYƒÝq Ì! x» { Zp§{ÃyZ~

ÆnkZ ÷M hƒ‰r # ™× vßP¤ /ZÔÇñYc* ZYgz¢g Zzg]7ZÀÂ7` WaÆ X ÷M hWt ‚ÌvßáZzpgÃ`: Zg Z0 +ZZ~wÂ÷D™ðZ ‚ Û Z,jÅV-zg

ä™úÅp™ËÃ†zc ÆVßßZ LZÆkZ Å]*—c Ï¿Ât

:ì x „ y!* i gzZ Ô ì @* ƒ ì‡Ð y!* i {g 0* ®! Š Zā wìtL L

Š ñh +÷ á öRÅc6, yZÔ÷ñVZ] ŸZ ‹Z ~âLZ är # ™× X ¶~}g !* Æ

„xg Ãāì ,¦ /Yg¦t~ kZèYÔ÷q -ZÝZgŠŠ ZñgzZxg Ãāì @* ™}ÂÌÅg¦~â â zg Å Ð 5 ³Zā ðVZcNŠ e ~Š ã C»g ‚÷ á ‰ öG $.t(q -Z äszgzŠ Â6, ¯ÅwìÏZXìŠ Zñ

ZƒDùtÃr # ™× Xì îŠ¸Å interactionq -ZyxgŠÆr # ™8ÍgzZÆyZ?ŠtÔ¸

'THE MEDIUM IS THE

$Mwìt X å H ãZzÃVzŠ ã øF CCc* ÃÅkZ ä Í gzZ ÔìtÃC(‚ ~Š ã CMESSAGE'

‰ wÈ r ™~ó~¢Lr # ™8 Íāì Å7?Š äVrZ~q ÃŠÆr # ™8 ÍXƒ

t6,VŒ,zXì 7pŠ ðÃÐ%Z kZ…?¸‰ wÈr ™~ó~¢Lr # ™8Íā

Poetic language is deliberately self-conscious, self-aware. It emphasises itself as a medium æ over and above the 'message' it contains: it characteristically draws attention to itself and systematically intensifies its own linguistic qualities. As a result, words in poetry have the

59 áZz%1Lª

(HOMO LOQUENS) y ¨ KZƒ  g ZŠ™èYì ó¿»ì

ã¹ŠpÝZgŠ óqçñL

ó óX ]ñì È »äYƒ »Æã¹gzZì # Ö ´Å g {0 + i ** ‹ ã¹aÆyZgzZ÷gó Z0 +Y

status not simply of vehicles for thought, but of objects in their own right, autonomous concrete entities, In Sausure's terms, then, they cease to be 'signifiers' and become 'signifieds', ...(P, 63-64).

: ÷˜ r # ™8 -g ** F, —Ðx c* qçñtXì CƒkÙŠpgzZ { Ç WŠptÔì CÑŠ kˆZ »Š zLZ ùM÷y!* i ~ÄL L KZÃzÂ¶· ~Š ã C»y!* i ~ÄXì CÑŠ kˆZ »wKZŠpÔì ZƒyÒ)g fÆkZ Ô™ƒ G-G 4E & »−F, Å"_ .c* wì p ÖZ~ y!* i ~Ä éM5BG ™Vc* úÃs ™zZ LZgzZ ** ™wzK+ $Y EXì ** J .2_‚Xì Cƒ ]Z¯!* ì‡ ÷ D Y 0 |k^ŠpÉ ÔTg 7=g f ¡Â~ pÆ çG

X ( 89Ôm )ì ~g Yó Xó X X ÷D Y0signifiedÉ Tg7signifiers

ÔN â Û g¨6, k½ZkZÆ¾;÷¢

Formalist theory realised that the 'meaning' habitually carried by words can never be fully seperated from the words themselves because no word has 'simple' one meaning. The 'meaning of A is not simply A1 or A2 or A3, for A has a larger capacity to mean which derives from its particular context or use. No word is ever really a mere proxy for a denoted object. Infact the transaction of 'meaning' has a coplexity of dimensions which the 'poetic'

'NARRATION EQUALS LIFE: THE ABSENCE OF NARRATION DEATH' P' 92

X ( 130X 129Ô],Ô]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚:Ô](‚) ~ k½ZáZz6, zZ ä r # ™8ÍXì @* ™£» »zÂð•ZÐ Mg ‡s Z¤ /ZcÑ!* zgq āJ -VŒgzZì –Ì~ ~ m, ôZ {Lq -Z~y WˆÆkZgzZ÷‘ Ì~ +zZz}L‰ ÷ìg™ÒÃÅä™ì‡W, @* t{zÐkZXì 7!Zj»)g fÝZ~Tì H `gŠ Ì ™ ÷¢·_»k½ZkZ Â/Âā÷ìgNŠë²Xì H·_»[ÂÅ TodoroväVrZā

ú1yYär # ™8 -g ** P8 ÍŠ Õā ZƒtÈ»kZXì YYH6, 100 ™Æ[ÂÅ¾; [ ÂÅ¾; ÷¢¤ /ZXÆ™: iÃ%s§Å[ ÂÅ¾; ÷¢zÂKZ }~g‡ā @* ì H (Z™

Š c* t)X ïŠ™Z +¬x Z²Z » ºu6,¾; ÷¢Ô vg** P 8Íā åeÐ ÂCƒ: ù ÷ á ~ 1984 D™iÃ%zÂ6,k½Z gzZ q -Z [Z WX ( ì Š HHÀF, Ð [Â Å ¾; [ !* Zg ‚tāìg Ôì H¾;÷¢X ÷ We have already noticed the arguments of Jakobson's fellow Prague school critic

use of language further complicates. Poetry, in short, does not seperate a word from its

Mukarovsky with regard to 'foregrounding': that the aesthetic use of language pushes into

meaning, so much as multiply - bewildering - the range of meanings available to it... (P, 64).

the foreground 'the act of expression' itself. Jakobson offered the most refined proposal that

:÷sZ eÃ6, k½ZkZÆr # ™8 -g **

Ú Z x Â » pgzZ ÔM hYK 7Z] .8Ð ÂpgzZÐ pÂā åkˆZ » kZÃVzI ˆL L

pÆ ³ ZèYì 73³ Z c* Ô2³ Z Ô1 ³Z ¡È » ³ZXì @* Y Œxk!* A7{Š ‚

å ~ pŠzöÆÚ ËÂ ðÃX ÷ Tg s$ +8™ïÐ V/}uzŠgzZÐ t òz t (

the metaphoric mode tends to be foregrounded in poetry, whereas the metonymic mode tends to be foregrounded in prose. This makes the operation 'equivalence' of crucial importance to poetry, not only in the area of analogy, but also in the area of 'sound' of those metrical, rythmic and phonic devices,.......continue. (Terence Hawkes, P, 80).

Ôì V-k½ZÔzÂt»r # ™8 -g **

É ÔC™7Z] .Ð pÃkZpì C™]Z¯!* ì‡ÃÂp¤ /Z y!* i ~Ä:Xì 7ì‡aÆ gÒƒ E Û µ ¸C G é54›!ªÔì Cg ¸ZÃ]** kZ ½ ¢ZÆkZ êL ÒZ ãJ1tÅpXì C™ Za Ãb

®wEZ !»y!* iā L ÷ñW™cÐ wìkZÆmzzg kë~ KÆVzIˆ Ïzg L L

Ôì ]gz¢ÅWÎ~i Z0 +ZµÔaÆ( Ë ,jÅysgkZÔˆÆ]Y!Zjx ÓyZ

bgÌZgŠkZ~ ~²÷ B á EQUIVALENCEs ó Š Z%ā L ìzz¸Xì Lg ~zq {Š c* iUÅîZ

X ( 89Ôm)ì ~g Yó óXX X X XX X Xì CƒïqÅªÅ[ <Zz]ªc* wì

6,kZ Í Xì @* ™Vc* úÃ\ WLZ ¿~g ÖZ ªÔì @* Wá ~© ó 7LÃy!* i~}g 0* ~ y!* i !Å Ôì Lg Vc* úU CZg7Z ~ y!* i !Å ~²÷ á āì Hñƒ D™†ŸZ

¾Z F, bÑŠ~hÆà ÕaÆä™yÒ~ñZcßÃVzLaÆ~g »Å q ÃŠÆàÕā:

Åe $i Zázg Zƒgfz yZizZgzZ Ô]ZßZ Ô °Z ¸z pŠg Xì cg q -Z »sŠ Z%Ìe $i ZáXì

Åw¾~ [!* ¬ Æó óc,yg e â †  7L Leg N* C Xƒ eY »g Z »xEÐ XÂeK ‰ bzg

Ô÷D™g¨6, k½ZgzZq -ZÆ¾;÷¢ W

,ZQg !* -ZX ñY Zƒ m, q g {>t ‚Æe $%Wd! fāì 7‰ Ü z {z ` WX ñY ÅÒÃÅ

X ( 140Ôm)ì ~g Yó ì ó Ð¼ÏZ {zÔì ÌZ

& e c* 4»G .nE CZ~}g !* Æ¨çH ](‚r # ™8 -g ** P 8Íh +÷ á s§~uzŠ Xì 7CZ Ì¼

XìC Ù ªs ™zzÅkZX ÷T e** Ö™ú1yY ñ

61 ÅyZßEèY Ï,™# Ö Ó6,*ŠakZx Z ¸Z ! f~ wāì I »kZXì @* ™ðÍ−

× ~ ñZcT Âì wZÎ »KŠó ß Z ]uz ÃL ](‚Æ ¸Wk , iz J -V˜ wq¾

c* Ü)YiÃ|kZXì ]gz¢Åpg~‚fÃ}Liz Û Z]ùkZÆeg N* CX Ïƒ4Š Ñ!* lp6,]!* ÏZ zŠg Z ÿL X3Z:gzì Š°−(,ÐW~ xEx ÓyZ [ZX YY c* z 7LÐ ºu

t Â,zXì 4{Š c* i ÂñY Hlˆ~]ZŠ §gzZV¤g LZÆkZÐg0 +ZÆy!* iÐZ Âì

y*Æó ó¸Wk , iz ËZ e L Ð L áZjÆe $œ / %§¦~](‚År # ™× ˆÆkZ

m»äƒ ó óz˜L LJ -V˜Xì 7mðÃÐ ckZ »kZ÷ìg™yÒÃb kZ r #™

ó Xó ì 1Ðë¼ƒ  ä[fI è Z Lā L Ð÷gDƒ

¡?ì YY c* Šx ** „q -ZÃVz0 + 6, x ÓÐ kZ H ÂÔ÷Dƒ6, ÆVz0 + 6,x Óāì YY ¹Ì

Ôce'ó óz˜Æ„ÅŠ ß Z]uzÃg¦Æe $œ / %Æ](‚L L ā q :Z ˆ~Š~ÝzgÅ

Ã Æ. $»Xì @* ƒ³» aÎ³‚)gzZ x) ** ™ŠgÐ }uzŠ ËÃ q -Z ÌË

»c6,¯ Å ñZË{Š Zg Z »yZ¤ /ZX ;gƒ7ãZzmm{ ðÃÐ âkZÆr # ™× » G $ Âå~}g !* 4¨G Ðí{zÜ+ZÇ!* ¶ceã™7s # Ÿz¼ Å%ZkZ7Z éM5E Æä™i ¸W G E E $ © kZ¤ /ZX¸ìg™µÂŠ z!* Æäƒ´)Ð y*øL }÷~}g !* Æó óQL Æ L Zh +gŠ

XÐVƒú âbzgÆb§kZ~K ‰ „¯§³‚pì $ Ë ï¹F, ÂÃ46, ë Â6, Šã CÅVz6,

:Ð g0 +ZÆ Æ . $»] ZŠ §Æ Æ . $»Ô¬4z@* YY H7ŠgÐ Æ¬ ~gz¢'Ã]ZŠ §yZ¬Ð kZp¸M h3Š ]ZŠ §Æ](‚Ìr # ™8 -g ** X ñ3Š

# ™8 r -g ** P8ÍäëèY å4{Š c* i ÂD VZMðÃÐ[ÂÅr # ™8 -g ** aÆc

Begining Theory [ Â Å ~Ûð ä VrZÀF ,»TÔ[ !* ‰ ‘6,V»Ñ Âr # ™8 -g ** Xå

„Xì ˆ~ŠzÂ6,]** sgÆÜsÜ~ [ÂÅr # ™8 -g ** -ÌZX å H™f » ñx°Æ J

ì @* ½ZwZÎt ~‚fÆ~g ‡x ¬Xn 3Š 7ÌÃŠ §yxgŠÆàZ Û gzZ V»Ñ~Ôì HÐ YE ÆàZ Û {zā¸ T e ** Ct sÜr # é}½&g ** H ?¶ˆ W7]gz¢ HÅò ³ 6,VŒ ÃàZ Ûā

tÃzŠ¤ /ZXì @* ƒ~gz¢Ì* * J (, ÐWÃ„Å®X @* ƒ7°»„'Y¡?÷… YÌ~}g !* Ì»]!* kZˆÆ}LkZ )ì * @Yƒ ~gz¢ ** 3Š t Û yxgŠÆ VâzŠ Âì H™f » Vzi ‚

-g ** 8 /ZX ( åce I7i ‚tÃÃV»Ñā ,Š VZ nZ ‹Z6,]!* ¤ kZ r # ™× āì60 +Z ùzCZ~Y »g ZÆxE{zāÐOgyZ HÐ DïE 7ÐWÃwìË„r #™ L Å¤Ân J(,

ñY ~Š™ «^Åáñg ÃÐZˆÆkZXì @* ƒ ~gz¢„ Gg !* -Z sÜÃxE H ?BZ e q

» b§kZB‚Æb‚ c* ,Ô~g¹! Š ZX ñY c* Š}Šg Z Œ Û klÐZaÆVYàZz äWgzZ ÕäO$~‚{zāce ** Q c* ] HÔ ÕäO$b§kZXƒx¥kgŠ ðÃ Zƒ 1Ð ]H c* ™7g (Ztzg

H7ì‡6,¯ Åäƒ ZÆ qçñ¡t Û » b§kZ ?Ç ñY Hù t Û ~r # ™8 -g ** X ÷D™g (Z3 Zg ‚yÃëaÆîJ -qçñkZāì 9 ŠtX YY

.J2_±Zh +gŠ uZ j¤ /ZXì Š HH™f »e $œ / %~T÷3ß+ $YÅb ÏZQ[Z îÆçG Y 4»] 4ŒÅZˆâ ~ [ # ™× Â åg Zh r +úŠ » ö~ kZgzZ å [ ™VÈÃe $œ / %gzZ Š§ C é›G3E +é¨E G3E

n²tÐyQ,zX ¶]gz¢Ås # Ÿzh +' × ÅkZÔ÷ìg™" $U* HÆ™™f » ó Šó ß Z]uzL L

»yZh +÷ á c* ce** ƒÂÌx ** ðÃ»kZ åŠ HJ 7, y*~Tì H™f äVrZ » *i3Tāì

17{^ ,Y -»V0 DÅyZ ÆVç»Æ~g óy*gzZ]ZŠ §x ÓÆyZÐg ±ZÆ

XM h™7gzŠÐ ñó Šó ß Z]uzLÆ L ¸Wk , izÃ~gz$KZr # ™8 -g **c* # ™× X Š r H E & 4 H » & gzZ¨ç.n GeJ -u¾{zÔ÷n pg ñq -Z CZ {zāì dÿLE‡Ðg ±ZkZ¿t» ¸Wk , izë@*

× ¤ /Z Xì `g {Ð {], ZŠÆ y*kZ ** ™t‹»%Z kZ Ôñ0* ™lˆ*g ~ ó Šó ß Z ]uzL L

»ä™:g (ZÃ ñÌËÆr # ‚v3, ** Ã¿gzZ ËH Âì Îó óOL L ñ» ¸Wk , izÃr #™

6,q ÃŠÆ Intertexuality~x|ÆyZ c* ÜÅyZr # ™× x H¤ /Z ?7c* ì Îó óOL LÌ¿

8Íā,™7 ñt(gzZ Ë{zh +÷ á ?M þ ™7VYVÈÃ ñËÆyZ Â÷M h hƒh#

Vî ÇËÆy*y ÔIk' ,gZD Ù g eÃ~g¹C(‚~{áZz ó ó]c* Ä¹æ L Lä 8 -g ** P n²6,VŒÂÔB™lˆÌ!Zj »VzLzŠ c* -Z {zāì eÌtgzZì ÅÒÃÅä™lˆ~ q

X 7~g¹ˆÅ7~i Z0 +Zo1%Ô÷M hƒÂHypothesis£zG}LzŠ c* -Zāìt q YE_I 5 ā bŠ}Šêt ™| 7,Â» gó Å L~ Æyî#Z HwEZ Â¸ Ìä `°Ã c* ë5ÒG X @* ƒ7x¥i â »b‹~W}÷tzgt Ôì PMÐ Æyî#Z,»VâzŠ yZ Z®Ôì

# ™× ¤ r /ZXì @* ƒ** ™ì‡i q Ð Z~]q ˜Z ÂwZÎÝZÔ÷D™wEZ…x ÓÂÂ»gÅ

kZ Âì ñ¹ætgzZì „  gŠ ô=År # ™8 -g ** P8 ÍÅ ó ó]c* Ä¹æLā L ì ¢Ã

-[Š Z™áÐ „ J  ( ÂJ -ÌZ ÔñWt ‚ Â ñðÃÁi Z ÁÔce ** Yƒ ÌÀF, ~ m, ôZ »

64 M5G .2_±Ô¬Ô . " ½Æ~g¹ÅkZ ` WÔì ;g @* éE ƒg u' ,Ð Šæ Å {)zvà; gzZ wçl4XÔçJG $» Æg¦ÆóÏŠ ñLx°Qg !* -ZÃ *Šx ÓóÏŠ ñLKZ ÅkZˆk' q , &Æ]ñÅkZgzZ:Â Z

zz ÅkZXì ;g}Š bÑŠ~ hÆÏŠ ñx°KZpì Š ñŠ Û Xì „gg™g66,ä±s Ü 4ŒÅZˆâ L„ kZp¤ /ZX ¶~±k B s ÜÆó] é›G3E  6, wìC*—q -Z¨äkZāìC Ù ªs ™ 4ŒÅZˆâ Lä Zh +gŠāì Ht Â Gershom Scholem X å ;e ** ™ »„g0 +ZÆ r â Š LZ ¡Ã ó] é›G3E E & eÃÔ Ç ñ™C .n4»G )g fÆ ¨çH Ù ªÃŠpg0 +ZÆŠ Û Z} .» V-Š·āg¦~œ / %Æ) ó ** Ç * ŠL L G E $ Xì ;g™ÒÃÅä™" 4¨GG ā÷ M hÈt ë H ÂÔì MYÐ e $Zzg: Z ð©{3!~Š· g¦t éM5E $U* G »p ÖZ ä kZaÆTÔì ;g™ÒÃÅäÑŠ ¢ » ðCÅe $Š· Ã *Š x ÓÐ ÅÑe Zh +gŠ X 24X 1Zg – .G āì @* ™wì§ÖZV-~}g !* ÆZh +gŠÔkâ çE

All denails not withstanding, remains close to Jewish mysticism. (PDM, P, 183)

wq¾X Hlˆ~]*—ñOÅÚ Š~]¡KZ ÅyZÃ]©Y äZh +gŠ uZ j ä™q g+ $YÅ¾g âQg !* -Z {z~ Spectres of Marx m<!* q V1ÂàZzäW~ˆÅkZ

Z÷a Æ c åÅ kZ )Xì êŠ™ ³Šzu Å ~g¹„ KZ {z b§kZXì @* ™g ZÜZ 6,

~}g !* Ær # ™8 -g** är # ™× X ( ì YY H±5ó~ .– » ÆZh +gŠ uZ j LÔy*

-g ** 8 P 8 Íā ¶ó óSm B $L L °»h +÷ á ¹QÐ TgzZ å H~ .Z³t ~ Ýzg Åy*}÷

» ó óB $L LkZ ÅyQ ó ó?c* W7VY~ ó gó Zig »ÈZyL L™0®¯Î c* g7Ï( ¯ VY „Š Õ! Š Z L L

@' ,Æó® ó ¯ÎL L= {z ÝZgŠX ì ;g WÃ~g ÖZÆ éZpÅ ó Šó ß Z ]uzL LÅyQ uø

WÎ™IZg fgzZñYÅ: ó~¢¤ / L Z,zX¸T e9 Š~\zgÆ®ó~Š ß Z]uzLc* óðÜL 4ŒÅZˆâ @' C é›G3E , ÆïZúY k^äV,Q~g ÖZÆéZpkZā ÇƒãZzÂñYÅÒÃÅ

zŠg QÐā²q -Z Âä„kZXì @* ƒ È„6,VÅh +ŠQ ÂwZÎpXì 3g§{ºÅ[pÃøÚ

ÝZ²Ôì Cƒx¥[ÅäZö{ k H¡z Z (,»[Š Zāìzz ¸h +÷ á Xì 3g™{Üõ»[Š Z

Æ}g ‚ Â{zì @* Y HæWgŠÃV-g¹ÅVz®X+ $Y ~uzŠXì »s # Ÿz Å ók^L ÂwZÎ X ÷ñW™s # Ÿzëā 6¸®! Š ZgzZÏ(ÔY }g ‚ 4E H5E C+G Æ ðZ ‚ Û Z,jÅysgÆi Z ÆàÕgzZ yZhÆ ö-ÍG gzZ~ [Š ZzŠg Q ä r # ™×

+÷ h á nÆq ÃŠÆàÕXì H7!Zj» ó~g¹LÅ Intertextuality+ MõZÎÅ Z-™ 1 n ˆÆ ® )÷ á Z Å aÎkZ ÅyQā÷ M h™yQë[ ZX å7ðÃ!Zj4Ð kZq -Š 4, ÆyQ

63 Y &g ** § x ** é¹½E [» ™ J m ®Å IntertextualityÅ r # ™8 -g ** ÌÃy*kZāƒt {Š ZgZ

x ** » kZÔ H m, /p¸ T e bŠ!Zj{zh ¤ +÷ á »Ty*ÆZh +gŠ wq¾X ñY c* Š™k , ’' YE kZr # é}½&g ** }~ wā @* ì ;g Y c* ŠakZx ** »y*kZ )X åStructure, Sign and Play

¼ÒÃÅä™ì‡e $œ / %(C Ù 6, Šã CÅ]*—äZh +gŠ~ÏZX (,Š â Ûk , ’:x ** CZ6, 3F, Æ Ô¶Å~p ÖZyZ The center is the center of totality, and yet, since the center does not belong to the totality...the totality has its center elsewhere.(Structuralist Controversy,247)

ªZzÃŒkZÆyZQÂ÷ ìg™lˆÃ ó óŠ ß Z ]uzL L~ ô=ËÅ b§kZ r # ™× ¤ /Z āì @* ƒkC(ZˆÆ],PÂñYJ 7, Ã. $»Z # ˆÆ"7, Ãyî#ZXce I óOL G E /{¢kZ ë @* õG X ñYƒ: qzÑ ãƒƒ9Å Æ. $»ā4z @* X ì ;g Y J 7,„Ãyî#Zh +÷ á

Åg¦Æ óe $œ / %B L g !* VÑzggzZ Í ðzg IÌÐ Zh +gŠXì Š ñöR °» Åc ~

y*ÆBg !* ysgtX¸`™g Zû Ì3 ZgaÆ äƒ â i WŠÎÐ kZgzZ¸`™„0 +¶ K

ì YY H±5~

MythToday

y*gzZ q -ZÆkZÉ å7V© ~ „ ó ó]ñÅ'L L

# Ÿz Åä™ ó^ s , ÑwoLÃÄp)g fÆkZgzZ c* Šg Z Œ Û z˜Æó ó8 -ß L LÃ ã ó Lä kZ~ T

™yZŠ¤ /òiÑÃöñOÅ î ZI~¿Æ( Signification) ~&p6,RDpäBg !* X Å7 G4J& X ¶~Š™„ŠpÔÅwì~œ / %Æó óYß é£-G âL L

2_±Ã ó4¯LyZgzŠÆWÅ ó4¯L~ 1942ä Í ðzg² C*—x Ó¹!* @' , ÆçJ.G .J2_±ÃTc* äÍ X å;gx » ** ~ä™6, RÅ óí‚Lt :Z »kZ™™çG Šg Z Œ Û ZÐVÇ» Z Y 8 E 5 4 » E E j G óà é¨G34»]L~g¹Å ó4¯LÅ èEE X HVc* úÃysgÆci7Z~í‚aÆ´ Û Wp~ ó4¯L G GG3.-8Å Ã'Zg ( nachte)gzZ]Zg ( nacht)p ÖZÆy!* ið` äkZ6,gîÆwVÔ¶C™ ½Ãï

Ôå;gƒæW' , U»e $s~Â„q -ZèY c* Š™ãZzÃo ÝZÅäƒ:Æp~ÏeÆ™7 ä ËÐáZjÆy!* i~zŠg Z¤ /Z ?å!Zz q -Z ¡](‚āñY 1™~ .Z³t Ð kZ H Â X ,Š™7gz¢!Zj»kZ™ â Û ã!* $r # ™× ÂƒH7·_g7½gŠkZ

uZ jāì ;gY @* ƒ†ŸZg2$ +~ ]ª ~÷Ð ÒÃÅä™ì‡£zGÅr # ™× & eÃZh 4»G .nE Š ñÌŠ ÕÆzgŠ dZÆb§kZ~zŠg ZX ¶]gz¢HÅä™7 ~g¹Å¨çH +gŠ E & e ÷ .n4»G xKZ™ Z y*Æ nZ"z6,~ e $×KZgzZ ÷ s1 Ì~ hÆ ¨çH

Ô Zh +gŠs ÜÆg¦ÆPresence óÏŠ ñLTZh +gŠX ÷ïŠ ð3ŠV;ZpÌÆä™ì‡ÏŠ ñ

| (,ÌZ ÅøÚÐáZjÆy!* i‰ Ü z kZèYì CWˆÆ[zZgzŠ' × gzZD¨ ¤Æ1968 Æy!* i~ TÔ Åk , ’ The

Revolution in Poetic Language ˆÆ1968 ä Z-™X ì CY

~gz¢ðÅøÚq -ZaÆäVZ óyB L g !* VÑzg¤ /ZX å** ™¤ /YZÃÌZ Å ów gßLÐáZj

ÆçZ F, -ZP~The Archaeology of Knowledge[ ÂÅÃ ¯Qc* q Of GrammatologyÅ Zh +gŠ

»]!* kZÃZ-™ 1 ¤ /Z,zX Çƒ–Æ'¨x ** »āÆnŠó ÕLËÆr # ™× B‚

 ŠÐbÃkZ „~ Ï0 „ + i KZh +÷ á {z Âì ;g Y 1Èt » ~g¹ÅkZ~zŠg Qā * @YƒD

6, ÒÃÅä™ «pk^._Æw gß„Ãy!* igzZ HwEZ » VocabularyËgâ ~[ Â

~g »Å óäÏ ÃL x »x ÓÆkZŠó ÕLZ (, ‚ŠpðÃ»zŠg Zā CYƒ¸t }ÐZ¤ /ZgzZ CYƒg ZŠ' , G z ÂÌ~x ×{z[ZX îŠ ßF, Ã“ WdZ ï L ^6, uÅ xó × LË™hgx » ~„zdh +÷ á {z Âì ~

m, / ¤ Ð ä™wEZ óp ÖZ‰ L {)zŠŸÔ°»Z ** ÔÕ~kgje ! fÂ,zXì ‚ rg¢ A &~g7

]ïP„ LZr # ™× x H~eÆs # ŸzÅÃÐ`ÆintertextualityÏZ LZ

KZ ä Z-™‰ Ü z ÏZ wq¾Xì YY HðYg ïZÐ ÌZ Åw gßaÆ™ Âì & ÅäÖ Ã] »øLZ óÂā L ìð] !* t X ÎäY ¹ SituationistÃZ-™āìzz ¸X c* Šgzi Xì Y™ëæÃ]”ÅøÚÝZÂÂñY1Ì™wEZ »yZ¤ /ZpÔì @* YH s§Å]»øÆp ÖZ ÅyZÐ wEZÆp ÖZ Ñ!* {™PXì @* ƒZg »i§»g›ZŠ

HwEZ » (commodity) ½c* ów¡Z LÂ~x|Ëg â¤ /Zā,™n Û Xì @äƒwzKzÂ $ »p ÖZ yZ J Ëg â Xì Yƒ eù ç» pÇÔ ÇñY H7Äc* gŠ©øL F -Z # Âì @* Y Y 4»]ÃVz® ìg™g Zû3 Zg »ä™wEZÃp ÖZyZ ]Ñq {zX $ Ë ƒ7wJLe $%WÅ],é¨E G3E

X ¶$ Ë 07g ZŠ

 7H Lā † L ÷`™g ÖZ »%Z kZÐ ]ª ~(, {zèYÔ÷ïŠ ð3Š ñƒ D™ Za Š §Ð

1 ¤ /Z ó óX ~g¹Å intertextualityÅ Z-™ 1 Lā L ÷ìgÈ„Šp[ZgzZ ó ó?ì ~g¹xi Zyg e â

¡p ÖZgzZ Ïƒ7ãZzÌÌZ ÅøÚJ -‰ Ü zkZÔÏñYÅ7ÒÃÅK7ZJ -Z #÷

yg e â †  7 ?ì 7ïq Å„yg e â †  7 {z H Âì ó~g¹Lr # ™× w– ó~g¹LÅ Z-™ $ @' ¹V-Xì â Û g »] G é5.Ð‘ C(‚ øL F ,Æ](‚~µÅTÔì „ ~g¹ÝZgŠ ~g¹ $ XìŠ ã g UŠpÔsŸZÔt Z íZ](‚ øL F CÅ| # ‚ ðÑ!* yg e â †  7](‚:āì YY Y E E â Û g » yÅöÆ],é¨G34»]Ì~Äpyg e â †  7 s§~uzŠ Âì ŠîÃïZú‰{)z

Ô Yg {Ðzz kZ ÂñY ~Š™ « ócDLÃy!* i¤ /ZpÏ ñ™ Za Ð y„ KZ Âpy!* i

Å Z-™ 1 ä r # ™× [ » ~ k½Z Ñ!* zgq 0Æ xiZ yg e â † 7

ā åuZgŠ Z »%Z kZÃ Z-™XÐ ,™7Za W, Z ðÃgzZ {z´Æ“ W=g f » ó ó| lÓ C1)L L

Åppì Sg Âb‚~ ó~R, g§ 8C ÙL y!* i~x|kZXì $ Ë ƒŠÅVç»òiÑgzZ´ Xì CYw$ + 8Îâ

ä™s ZāZÐ | # ÙC(‚KZ®C(‚gzZ Z){ i Zè »we â C(‚~Y 1968 Z # Y E E Cc* ÃsÜ) Š HïZg ÖÐ[ +é¨G34»]6, RCc* Ã@' , Æ¿ÂâuiÃg¦ÆV½ÙîÂÑ IF 4&Æysg C(‚ øL F $ Ï QX ( 6, O%Z6, ¬+Z Å}g ZŠ ZäÓO%Z äeg N* C…úZ Û ÃøL G R & è^g7g q -Z ~ Y 19796,ª q Å }Ñç XXK−áZjÆVzk , ’Z +ZiÐk ÎzŠ äeg N* C~^g7gkZX Š Hc* Šx ** » Knowledge

The Postmodern condition: A Report on

¹æä®! fªÔÏƒÈ6,Ï-â ÒÃÅä™lˆÐ ´ ˜¹æÌ!Zjq -ZsÜÐ ~ gzZ Vz®! Š Z z Y ÐQŠ°X ÅkC’ KZ „ ~ ä™sv .Ð } ¤Z ~„LZÃ´ ˜ $ kZX å¨ ¸yDg C(‚ øL F6, eg N* CX å** ™VÈÃyDgèzc~Ýzg Åg °ZÆVâ Z0‚ $ F ÔyDg C(‚ øL āì ** ™ãZztÑ»s # ŸzkZX Å Æg¦ÏZ ô=Å| # ‚ ðÑ!* ä Ð Xì ] G é5. ‘Åxi Zyg e â † 7

X ¶uÃ]*—~µÅ]c* ²ZDÆkZ7ðZC‰b§kZÇ!* Xì

âZ¤ /ZX ðW7Ib ˜Z Å~g¹~k , ßyg e â †  7 Å ¶Zg²Ôì ¹ ó~g¹ÃL Intertextuality E G-G 4& $%Å Niall Lucy Âƒðƒ: −ÅyQÐs The Postmodern Literary Ô Yß é£ Z {Š™A # ŸzÏ

ÌŠp® ‚Špāìt˜Z »zŠg ZIZX ÷M h™·_»k Qx HÔì ðƒù ÷ á Ð x ** ÆTheory «k¼Ã]qÑ éŒrZ äVrZāìC Ù ªX ÷n pg ñª ~]q˜Z ÌÃV9¨ ¤LZgzZ

Q÷f eÎëg {zÃ]q ˜ZXÐzzkZXì @* ƒŠ°9 ŠÐÃ~W7Zā: Ôì @* ƒ** ™

F, Z:~yZyaÆäŒp*7Z Zh +gŠ c* Bg !* 4z@* êŠ7„ð3Š pðÃ7ZC Ù !* ÐkZ āÆyZ c* # ™× HXì @* r ƒ ~gz¢¢ 8aÎÌŠp]‡zZ‰āVzŠ™n²t6, VŒX N W E & e úZ .n4»G zz ÅkZX å Š HHwJˆÆ V=pëZ ~M%ZÃ¨çH Û ā÷¸!* Ð ]!* kZ E & eā¶tsÜ .n4»G Ù {zQc* C ìŠ ñøÚðÃ CZaÆVß ZzzŠg Z HX ¶_ V~øÚZ¨çH ?÷BøÚ CZ „ÃøÚ G M E $ Xì H6, 4¨G ~÷Z Û ~pãZz~aÎÅ Z-™ é5G Ü z9Ì™f » Z-™är ‰ # ™×

g–@÷ á yZ/

( 6¤' , )

øÚgzZ óðCLÅ8 -g ** P8 Í ~ŠiÅ ºu

E$E »yZ~ öÆy*øL ©èY÷ ‰ ñZC Ù ŠáZz¬k½Z 3{”‘u~ y*kZ VHçÞ ( ÐN YKù ÷ á ~]gß! Â6, äƒå}ptÆŸ‘uX å~gz¢!Zj

G ðC~y Wāì @* ƒ ¢ 7ZgzZ ÷ BÀÿL ¨“ÃŠpvß‰Lā L ÷˜8 -g ** P 8Í

zŠg Z ) ó ì ó Cƒ ðC~y WðÃ:gzZì @* ƒ9~y WðÃ Â:~[Š Zāì k\ZXì ~ F, Z6,¹Z

Æ8 -g ** P 8Í…n kZì ëZ {Š c* i™f » ðC! Š Zèa VŒX ( 80mÔ?k, 6$ e+ h. ]ˆâ Æ{¬ Æk½Zāì ¢ »%Z kZ ë@* Xì 7s %Z ðÃÐ{}uzŠÆk½Z kZ

ä V,Z 6,Y ¯ ÅT Çƒgz¢g £ *Š » óðCL~ ‚fÆ r # ™8 -g ** Ü z ˜ ~ }g !* ‰

ðCÅ[Š Z~‚fÆr # ™8 -g ** āì˜} .ÌtXì ÅÒÃÅä™& ¸ÎâÆóVÇCL

# ™8 r -g ** wq¾Xì â Û g »āø‹¸§ ƒ»nm{q -Z@' , ÆÏ¤àZz ä™£» »

ÃðC! Š Z ä V,Zāì ;gƒC Ù ªt Ð Xā÷ D Y ñ0* ïZúÆb§kZ~ k½Z kZÆ ! Š ZÃr # ™8 -g ** /ZāìtN ZuzŠ Xì ÅÒÃÅ ä™g DW._Æ Yß c* ¤ àWmºKZ

óðC)Lc* „c* Š$ +! Š Z nÆä™Vc* úÃ,KZ¡6, Šã CÅ óðCLkZ {zÂCƒg »gŠ „ óðCL

„c* Š$ +dnkZÔì ó*ŠL@' , Æó~y W gL £» ðC»r # ™8 -g ** èaX Dƒ: L>%Æ

Åy¨ KZèam»[Š ZX C™Ýq p._ÆóðC L! Š Z År # ™8 -g ** {zā å¸h +÷ á Ÿ» »

Ôì òiÑp» óðC! Š Z 6, L Y ¯ÅqzZ ÅïZúCZp~Tì ÌB‚Æ*Š Yg {{z´Æ]Z f

{zÂì îp¤ /ZX ì 7q æY ðÃ]¡āì H" $U* 6,µ%C Ù Ìä b‚8h +] .ā 6

x ÓÆäW~Š zÆkZ Ôì w gßèzck , +o zZ Å¢q åL<X’ÝZgŠ e 5 $h +] .ˆâ X åx Z%Z »xiZ Þ6m<!* gzZx Â ~g ZŠtâu@¬ {z´Æ]ZŠ §½ZŠÆ*Š ! f~ ]»ø .2µeg fyYˆÆyZdÆ1930äu! f G ¹F, {Zp§{™ ¯Š ã CÃ~g¹ÅìZæ4c* gÅ çEE Y ] ZŠ §¬ÐxëL 5E8E ~uzŠX c* Š}Šg Z Œ Û w^ZÌ»uËg â ÐZ ä~i Zzjg1! fX ¶Å E µ .2 yYQˆÆ1950X ~Š™ 0* , ' „n~*Š ä`Z%‚gzZ‰™g (Z]”Q Zg åaÆŠæ„ÃçEG

2µEˆÆ1970ÆJ .G Ð}g ½Æ~g¹Åxi ZçEE -VŒX ðƒ6,Reg kg ¹F, ÙçÐ TŠ H Ã]uzÅ}Ñç! fäT Zƒ0* , ' [zZ}Qg !* -ZX ¶7x{zāÍ¶_òZƒÌ q X c* Š™{g 0* {g 0* X ˆƒ4ZŠ~iZ%Y Z%‚~g ZŠtâugzZ ðƒ" $U*  gŠ ðÍ−Åšxāt¿ „ yZd6 q -ZÐTðƒkC]gz¢Å8 -š7~g~Vâ Zyx ÓÆuÐ[zZ} ÆV îZzg ô=Å ` {”xā å7Š ñg » {g e ðÃgzZˆÆ“6f kZX Zƒ†ŸZ » Ã| # ‚ ðÑ!* ä Vzi‚tÃˆÆyZ 1Àä ]‹¸X6,RDpX CY Å~ i Z0 +Z6 @' ,

Ã]uz Cx** Å ` gzZ Y »g Z Ô ðCÔ†zcZ # ågzŠ {z ¸X c* Š } Šg Z Œ Û @»| # ‚Åy!* i 1VºŠ ÅbÃgzZ ÔwìkZC Ù ā åt£» »] G é5.Ð‘yg e â †  7X Š H¬ŠÐ ÃÅ— c* Š hg6, wqÆkZÃ` ā Š HeÎtäVz®h +] .ˆâ X ñ™~úŠ »äƒg ZŠb»] }Š ìzz¸Xì „g YÅÒÃÅEGäg Z ¦ / Ðo paËÃw gßËāìtÑ» ó] è L Y ñY -© $ :XG Å: „ÒÃÅä™Ýq ê Å¿ÌËā ¹t äVzi ‚tÃ³#FÆY »g ZÉV»Ñā w¸C Ù ÆyZ Ô H q ÃŠ »]gz¢: *6,½ë<KZ ä {)zBg !* VÑzggzZÃ ¯~÷Z Û X ñY ÏñOÅä™iÃ%zÂ6, ]ZŠ §½ZŠ LZŠ Õ‰r # ™8 -g ** P8Í~zŠg ZXì H ¤Ð ~„ÃD¨ ¤ ¹æÆ™xzøÐøÚÆkZÃ~g¹gzZ ‰ƒ sz^~6Æä™ ZaW, Z» X 1VZ {Ú»ä™{ZeÐVß Zj &‡~y  Æx ×îZzg kZ óì‡Ð ¬ ~zŠg Z L ÃL ¶ZgāìtN™f ÿLE ƒ W »r # ™× Ô÷ D Y ñ0* ~Š Z® °» ó · ó Lā L HtÂt ä r # ™× wq¾Xce ** 3Š ó ó^ÃV” VrZā÷`Èt{zŠp²Ô÷T e — CÎVY={z~g ZŠ)ftā ðW7™ðÃÅ]!* kZp

Ô c* C 7x ** » y*kZ ä VrZāì ]!* µ Zt Ô å H·_Šp » y*~ m, ôZÆ Zh +gŠ ä óx ×ā L ÷D™lg Z ¦ / tÐ yZ~øÚÏZgzZ÷f e™tÃäƒk,Š6,~ m, ôZ ÅyZ wq¾ Í? F & -G × akZì 7óZ ó ßzŠg ZyZxi Z çEL Lqçñ»á£Ì,zgzZì d $Œ Û ÆyZ {Š c* iÐí

XìŠ ñ‰ Ü z!ÂU»dÅ óV”L~xó ×:L gzceã™zŠzK -¼ ÌŠpÃr #™

ðÃXì³»lm, zWyxgŠÆïZúæZ {zÂì m» `g {J -V˜X Zƒ7k , 8, q ¸z™ƒ{ Xn™{ÐnzcÃ¿ã¨ KZÐg ±ZÆyâ i ì 7Š ñ,(Z

oY c* ƒÏÅ]¡ÎâÅpYg {Xì DÌp»yZÔ÷DƒoÐ `g { ]c* Ã E 4E H-G C+G 4 5 Ó G  ÅpYg {X YY H7½Ã ö gzZ ÅkZÐÃY`ÌËÔƒ „gƒk ƒ , +]gßÐ ¿ 5

, k ¦Å¿w!gzZ % ó Lq -Z~y;f Z ÂñY H™f »[Š ZzŠg QÐg ±ZÆ]1) ¹ÜZ

Xì $ Ë Y Å~ .Z ã‚7 Ð¬_]g @* ñOÅk½Z Ñ!* zgqÆr # ™8 -g ** ]Š ÞëZÐ

Z÷ »zŠg QXì @» Tw!ÅkZ nÆkZ]1)Xì [Å&&x ÓÅ¿›g Ôì C½Z

´Š z!* ÆVÅ8 L â ªŠ]** DgVâzŠèYÔì 7eg ïZ » ðCÅpÐg ±Z C1)z~„

ÏnˆÅ4ZŠ~Wz[Š Z~}Š ]Æq!z„  Îāì @* ™g DWÌt·_g ZŠ + $Y)gzZ

F6,ðÍ rzgŠÆ VÍßhZzÐ [Š Zāì ðt wq¾X M F h™7pôÐ ¿kZÃŠp6,gî

Ó ã¨ KZ c*  (ā A Ôì @* „ ƒ yDg „ Ú Z » äÈÃÏnÌ~ [Š Z X YY 7c* ÖÃ

[Š ZXì YY * c Jm {Š ]»„  Î~ h WÅV1_ .ã‚7 6,Ïn Z6,Å[Š Zāìt ¡t Û X~ yZ c* Š ZG Y Å 6g Z MZ ïE tèa Ôì x` ! Š Z • wÅr # ™8 -g ** ~ h WÅU %Æ L 8™x`

Å7m, ?Zw ðÃÅkZ ~ yâ ‡n kZ Ô @* ™7g (Z ^ÅïZúáZz ä™gz$Ãg Z MZÆ x` ! Š ZèÑqX CY ~Š™³Zwu ** ]‡h +÷ á ÂCY ðZl ( [Â ) m, z*Š ~g »u ðÃ¤ /ZX ˆ

! Š ZtXì [Š ZzŠg Q »¢qÇwVãZz ÅkZXì @* ¯ å 0* ZgzZì @* ™ óu0* ** LÃ]!* .{Š c* _ i}

ÄËÅ& +î 0* c* áZBçc* >gzZN YGÆx AZ} úŠ Ì~~²÷ á āì HgzZ Â7„c* Š$ +

œ»ä™C Ù ªÃŠpÆ]¸g ZuZ6,Ë ÔñY H »g OZÆx!òúŠX N Y è™Ägt ‚Ã

ä™™6, ŠpÃx!X ñYà ¯~²÷ á ™Ägt ‚Ã[ÂÅ c* [Â ðÃÅ](‚pÔì

ÔñYc* Š™ÁgÃb‹Æ¿! õ Z~WpÔñYH¿6, g »Yi§ÆáZöZ KnÆ

! Š Z ÅzŠg ZX ÷ ìg WD™{n Z6,Ã[Š Z9C Ù Ô÷ gz¢^Ñäî … rÐ ƒ  Æ[Š Zbzg

! Š ZèÑqÔƒ Š H¬Š Æ™ µ Z Ð ]ªÜZ Ã[Š Z ~ TāÔƒ (Z gzŠ ðÃ „ h +÷ á ~ õ@* pôÐ wdZ $c* Š$ +Ã[Š Zāì ¸ Ÿ» »]ªÜZ ! Š ZÔì ZÐ ]ªÜZ Y Ô ]ªÜZ

µ Z~ ]¡KZ ]1)Xì B bg ì‡Ãw: Ç Z] .KZ „~b‹~y W] 1) ÔñY 3g

Æð« ÅkZ6, RÅð» Zm»XÔ( 7~x|C(‚)÷2 »½ZŠ LZÆTÔì% ~g ÖZÆkZŠ Z%Ð ð» Z VŒXì k p!* ~ q ½Z Ìñƒ Dƒ µ Z ð» Z Ôì ~g ÖZ ~ Î½ZÆ™C Ù ªÃŠps§~uzŠgzZ Çzg 7ÃxÆ| # ÙÐ Î½Z Âs§q -Z Ôì

Cƒów DZ Å¿Y gzZÔC Ù bÔY âZ LF~ 5ZgÆkZÔì 7J¦^ »J -Î½ZXì B ÆWz [Š Z zŠg QXì Ÿ»]g @* ** ™C Ù ª~ ^Å ð» ZÃŠp » ð» Zāì ** ™ ãZzt Š°X ÷

Xì @* ƒe„~e $Š ZÐZÅ ( ð» Z )Š Û g ÖZ »Tì yZh» sC1)kZ~{} (,

Æ“ WŠ Õ} (, } úŠX ñY c* Z h Q Ìt Zè»‰ Ü Zœ! Š Z ÅkZpÔN YG 7Æ`°ÃáZj

B‚Æ] !* .z kˆZ ã¨ _ KZm»]1) Ì._ÆyZÔ÷ñƒt # I ~zŠg Z

‘u »r # ™8 -g** H~øÚkZX ñY Œ~gz¢Ì‘u »V1ÂÅVzg›ZŠ ! f1N YG

z ]!* .J _ -V˜X YY H7sv .ÌÃ( {)z ÒÔYß c* àW ) ïZúvŠ ~ kZāÍÔì

?ì 7wVãZzÅ]1)¹ÜZ)kZ Ì

ÅyZā ñY 1™tt ._Æ Tì 7Š ñ]Š Þ+Z ðÃJ -ÌZ Âì m» ]‚ˆZ

ñƒn pgt ¤ñÑ!* Ãƒ{zā åxiÑt6, VŒ1Og £» óðCL*Š»r # ™8 -g **

kZ~[Š ZX D™lˆù Zg fFŠpnÆîJ - óðC! Š Zo L {z´Æ¶Šgzi6,óðC! Š Z L

gzZ ñYc* Š Z™ù ÷ á Ðx ** LZ Â/ÂÃ]ÑìÆVzuzŠā Y7„ƒ^ÑðÃgzZ +F, +Ð $ F X N YGÝqÌeg Z-Z™ ¯Š ã CÃ^ÑÏZāt™| (, ÌÐ kZX ñYÅÔÅ ðC! Š Z V »tkZgzZ}™¨Ð tKZÃ|kZ Âì ˆÌƒ „@* Ã}Ð kZ¤ /Zāì n Û »d $Š Z

-g ** 8 X}Š™gH6,q ÃŠÆ„c* +ÃŠ Z $ Û Zq -ZPā: Ô}™s Z ‹Zt ‚ÆVÍßB‚ÆðC ~ y*kZXì @* ƒ k\Z6,g £gzZ p°Å ðCÅyZ™NŠÃ• w ãî … rÅ ºuÅr #™ Ôì ÅÒÃÅäÑt ‚Qg !* -ZÃg £ÆóðC L*ŠÉ 7ó~y q W LÅr # ™8 -g ** ä~

YƒVc* ú~ V-zgVâzŠŠ ZŠ,Zz wJ ** ƒo»yZ~¿Y Xì Cƒ ~h +Š6,gî´Îâ sÜg ÖZ »X]!* .{zāˆà™g (Z ~g ZŠ' _ ,  Š n kZÐ ]!* „ .z]‚ˆZ~[fXì _ E +G B Ð 5 Æ]‚ˆZz ]!* . g¦t »„ _  ÎÅ[Š Z n kZX Š Hc* Š ¯ ¿. Þ ‡ÃyZ Ôåe„6,RöG ÆV-zg w!ÆY !* Š Z@' ,Æ[f‰ Ü ZœÅkZ~zŠg Z Ô Š H™g (Z ^îZzgÔåhZzB‚

ð Ð Y »gZ Y B2 FÅ ]‚ˆZ z ] !* .c* _ gÅ~ [fX „g g Z Œ Û' ,~ ^Å @

ÐgÅgzZ ]‚ˆZz ]!* .¬ gÅgzZ ]‚ˆZz ] !* _ .6 ~ ¿kZÆäƒðÔNƒ _ ÐZÔ‰ w$ +2 » C1)ÆkZÔIw$ +]2Åy¨ KZZ # Ô¸Z2 »ÆyZÔ¸Z Ð`g {¿x Ót1X Š HƒD** Yw$ + »ÎâÅt # I~ÃÂŠ HƒÝqgÅ»Vß2{”ðKZ

71 ÔN â Û ±5p ÖZ ~g ¬ÐðCÇgzZË

ó óx »0Z„gzZ ¯zÐ ƒ~V1Â! Š ZzdÅJ[ZÅ8g * *Wz, 6L L G M E $ ‘u »r 4¨G ó~0Z„ L Â»r # ™8 -g ** Xìœó0Z„ Lq -Z é5G # ™8 -g ** nÆ~g ‡{¤Æ[Š Z

kZt nÆ~g ‡{¤pÔì @* ƒx¥Zƒ @* ™Ï?Å óðCL*ŠÅyZ ì ZÇ!* g£ »

ñY3gxzøÐ ó~0Z„ Là Zzh eÀÐ• wKZ ÅkZJ -“ Ã[Š ZzŠg Zāì 0 ó Z„ Ð L g ±Z

ºuÆV1ÂJ -“  ?Ïìg CY Å~øÚ! fñO ÅøÚLZƒÅ[Š ZJ -“  ?Ç $ øL FÔ](‚LÅ r # ™8 -g ** ._Æ b‹‰ G ~ y*kZ ?Ïìg ì‡e $Zzg Å

kŠ H ÂñY 1wï‘uÐ ~ [Â kZ¤ /Zāì ¸ U ó0Z„ L » ó]c* Ä ¹ægzZ ](‚

År # ™8 -g ** ™f »b‹?Vƒ F F6,b‹LZÆr # ™8 -g** Ð N Y {g,Z Ì] , ÔN â Û ±5~p ÖZyZ‰‘6, tgzuÆ[ Â $ ótó ‹gzZsg ¬RgzZå»ú›ggzZ](‚ øL FÔ](‚~g¹! Š Z5L L

» óðCL*Šāì c* 3Š Ìt {z´Æ kZXì H™f »g £Æ óðC L! Š Z ä V,Z Æ T

óðCL5g £ » ðC! Š Z {Š™gH»yZX @* F, Z 7Zg7 6,g £ÆðCÝZ óðCL§£ »r # ™8 -g ** & *ƒÿLE‡( År # ™8 -g ** ) „c* Š$ +~óðCL*ŠXì * @Yƒ" $U* ßÐzzÅpg: “ _Ð

*ŠXì ÅÎâ ÇðC5Ôì ðCÇ) ðC*ŠXì x Z Z . Þ ‡$c* Š ~ óðCL5Ô ¶ $Š â ðC5X ˆƒ qzÑÇS0 e +Z ÅkZ Š Hƒðg !* -Z ¶7„ ]gz¢ÅÄ6,õY~ ðC q

5Ã óðCL*ŠÅr # ™8 -g ** X C™7wJÆb‹~W%Ão pa ÌËˆÆðÙWÐ XÐN â Û ±5Qg !* -ZMg ‡~y*kZ H[Õ"ùäðC! Š Z q

5X ÷n p6,™Äg. Þ £ÆóðC L5Ãg £*ŠÆóðCÆ L r # ™8 -g ** P8 Í W 5_ðZgWz6,ä r # ™8 -g ** áZz g ì‡6,g £ÆðC*ŠāÔì g ZÜZ » ðC TÅy åHÓG ~gz¢ ** ™g DWÃ|Å yZ Ô÷ G ‘u Â/ Â [ !* F~ [Â KZ Ð [Â °g ¬ëZ G $ ** 4¨G -g ** 8 Xì³%Ág ZØŠ q -Z éME 5G ™ ¶g Â/ ÂÃ[Z1Z x ÓyZgzŠÆ s ÏZÆóðCLkZXì

âìZJ -VŒw gß[ ZÔì ˆÅÒÃÅä3Šg ót‹Ãr # ™8 -g ** Ì~}LkZ

n kZ Ô¸ u" n Æ ¶Š eg Z-Z ¹Z }gZŠ ZgÇFÐzz Å÷( F ) kZÆ r #™

Xì ê Š K M F, ÃVzk , ’ÅVzuzŠ {zāì @* ™tA $%Xì 7Ì»A $%Ôgz™ Â»g ót‹g ZŠ™

»T¡gÇ»yÎ 0* X ¶ÅÎâÏ(ÐzzÅä™wâ Ñâ Ð]** DgßÃ[Š ZzŠg Q@' , Æ

»r # ™8 -g * *āì @* ™" $U* tœC Ù ·_ Zgø X ì Š Hc* Š™ »„ i q Ð Z »b‹gzZ ºuāì

éZp¸ Ì~g ø X ÷×ZpÆä™ qzÑ?kó0Z„ Lq -Z6,Š ã CÅ[ÂkZ r # ™8 -g **

Ö } # .! Š Z wÅeg Z-Z kZāì Š Hƒ " $U* `WX c* Š x Zu ã‚7 x »Ì6 ºuä V,Z

+' h × Ð ¶Š eg Z-ZÆ nkZ éZpÅyZ Å äZz ó° LÃŠp1ì 7ôZz m{¼ Ð ½

éZp ~g ø @' ,Æ éZpÅr # ™8 -g ** 1Ôƒ ó0Z„ LÌÎâÅkZgzZƒ qzÑ?kāì

ÎâÅ}ÈÆóxi Z° B L ‚Æ} "z6,Æb§F}uzŠ ~ y*zyXì CYƒVc* ú

tg ‚Šp{zāì Zƒ" $U* ¸ ÂÐ • wÅr # ™8 -g ** Xì nÆrz Û ÆWz[Š Z6,Š ã CÅ

Zi ZâÌÐ VzÇ—6,gîÆA Ôì * @Y Hh#6,® )÷ á Z Å]** DgÁ{Ze6,7C Ù Ì~

]ï4ZgzZ ÌZ ÅøÚÔ8{Æ~²µˆZÔZgÖÐÇÔ] Ð „c* Š$ +Ôrz Û ÆóðCL

[Š ZÃ óVzg›ZŠ LgzZ óV'Š Z LÆV;z b§Å[fXì ÅÎâÏ(@' ,Æg ZŠZ ã¨ KZ iÌ

{Š c* iÐ ðC*Šèa óðCL5X ÷ ìg D™ø[ÅäÎ ó– D ~g £LÅ“ W i ‚tÃÐ

Ô rz Û Æ46,,ÅÎâ„ Õ{gzZ WÑÅÏ0 + i ã¨ KZ ÔgzŠÐ4z] .Ã’ Wz [Š ZXì * @Y

éZpÅ46, ,KZr # ™8 -g * *āìgŠkZ¢ A &ÅäVZ {Š6, Ð ë›~Tì ~ ¸

DY G e $Á}P {°‡!* n Æ Y § Z Æ yDg Æ 46,èâ Ô] Ð | # Ù Åg ZŠZ

, k +pg £æY » óðC L*ŠX ÷ñ0* 5 ƒiz0 +Z¯ð;Š „q -ZsÜÐzzÅäƒ: wZziÑÆ

!{zèY ó Xó ì @* ƒg7 ½{Š c* iÐ Då1Lā L å–„  gŠ äšX ‚ rg7pðÃ~`

C™ ½Ð ~ŠgŠ " ÃVQ ca *Š ì‡6,g £æY Æ D• wÅ kZÔì Lg k , 8,• w‰ Ü z

Å+ YäËÂÅ$~p ÖZJÅVß Zzä™™f »g ZŠZ ¹ÜZ~[Š ZZ # äyZzhWX ÷ ÃsÐ ïZúYg {Xì T: *6, ½ëKZ ÅkZuø»]ÐÅkZÐ ]ªÜZāÅ7ÒÃ Ô Hµ ZÐ |Yg {sÜÃe $ÑäkZ b§kZÔŠ HƒÈ~g yÆ]Z f KZyZzhW

X Ç}™gZû3 Zggz¢nÆY »g ZÆðC5s ÏZ »• wkZÅr # ™8 -g ** Xì

 ˆÆàq@s ®Zr ƒ # ™8 -g ** b§ÏZÇ!* X c* Š™,@* Æ`ôZ<KZÃe $Ñ²

~]gßÅh e™tÃ ºu ó óXì * @ƒi ¸W»^! Š Z6ÐTgzZì CYè~VÎ, '}

Ô aÎt 6,tgzuÆ[ ÂX c* Š½Ð ºuñƒ n pg§{ºÅÃg £ÆóðCLKZ „Ã[ Âx Ó

[Â+Z ÅÎâ~Š C ãL LÔN â Û ±5~p ÖZyZg ÖZ » óðCLÅr # ™8 -g** 6,tgzu

ā ó' Ë LâZX ˆƒZa ó' Ë L{Š c* iÐ]gz¢~yZÐzzÅT¸n pgéZpÅ“ WŠ Õ} (, Ð

}uzŠ Ë2 » C1)Æ}Ñçq -Zā @* ƒ kˆZ »%Z kZÃyZX D Î: N* g b§ÅVzh N

„ZeñOÅ¶Š ¹F, ÃDg ZŠ™ »[ÂkZÐzzÅä™xzøÐøÚY k^ÆyZÃg °ZÔÌ

$h e +] .ˆâ Š .x ** āì¾IðÃ~ìtHX N Yƒsp~]1))ì e~}Ñç 24X~ *` .G 7g »ÃähgðZŠ » e $Zzg: ‘ð` {)z kâ çE pðƒ— Ð ÷Z Û i ZzWÅ

Æ Vzg›ZŠ Zzjg1 h +y  gigzZ Ô4z] .Ún Æ | # Ù Å óVñÝLgzZ óVî ‡W LÔ]ZŠ § C4

Å ( ¬Ô. $» ) V\xzŠÆe $Zzg ð` Š z!* ÆVÂgz¢F, x ÓÅ ~gŠ Z' ,KZ âgze Z H ?÷ À &Š ) @* /ŸG 14XÃŠp Zh B7ð G é5ÒºG +gŠ H ?ì 7Èg »6,e $Zzg ~Š· gzZ}ÑçúZ Û 1( :i7 Ô õG » ðZ' ,gzZ ðYZ »e $h +] .ˆâ Å}ÑçúZ Û HXì Lgx » ** Ì~ äh ÂÃg yÆe $Zzg

» T Ÿ»ÔìB‚Æ ]ä C2¡m»Äp °g ™?H ¤ 7~ ~g¹ÅyZ i q Ð Z x° 9E A E O%Z c* úZ Ûe $h +] .ˆâāì YY ¹t J -u °»Xì ] Ð óïH3.E=zLsÜgzZ sÜ g ZŠ' ,„  Š Ð g £Æ ðZ' ,gzZ ðYZāì 6,RkZ yÎ 0* H Xì ª q èzcÅ}Ñç ¸¦ /H ?n ¾ VÅ Fragmentation ñO Å ó]uzLY ~ Wz [Š Z Â7¤ /Z ?ñYƒ

Å ( {)zÔD°ÔÌ‚ÎwÎÔÄô)ˆC Ù Æ` Ðzz Å%Wq -Z sÜ~ yÎ 0* ä ëVâŠ

æZÆ}Ñç! fÔ]»øY Æg °Z {zā @* ƒgÅ!* Ú ZŠp ~g ‡4z@* ÔLg d $Œ Û {Š c* iÆ ā @* 0* NŠ { z ‰ Ü zÏZX @* ™ÒÃÅKÃzŠzK -Åä™ëZ Û DÃïZúÙçgzZ Cc* ÃÆóVî ‡W L

,Zq -ZÐV-œwKZÅkZÔì Zƒ~^Åä™sv .Ã } ó uzŠ LTŠ ZŠ,Z »àì×zg

áÌJ -kˆZÐ kZ ñƒD™{C Ù b» ~g Z¼däóVzg›ZŠ L¹æ»Tì Å } ó uzŠ L G E + E # âgze ZXì 1 ~„~„! f{zā @* ì @* F, Z~g Zig »yZynÆä™ë Z Û û©B ÃV-Š· Z Xì CYƒ*w gßÐ¶ŠÆøÚQg !* -Z~yzu0* q Â}™Äc* gŠÃïZúáZz_6, R

ìC Ù ªXì * @Yƒ” G„ » ó| # ÙgLzZ óðZ' , LgzZ óðCLZh +gŠ uZ j Âì © 8™Ýq]¸~Š· Z #

äV,ZgzZ ˆƒì‡ó| # ÙL´ÅV-Š·Z # X ~Šx Zu# Ö } .täâgze Z Â¶g »gŠ ó| # ÙLZ # E & e x ** .n4»G Ôì ¨çH »T ~½Z ~g¹5„B‚ Âc* Š™g ïZÐ ä™t ó| # ÙLÅ óVzuzŠ L

Ù bäî … C rÆ¿kZ Ì~[f?@Š 7ñƒ Dƒ Æg¦Æó]uzL6 gz“

»wCZ ä Vzg›ZŠ i !* g ã Zzjg1 Z # ¬ Ðm{g Š HXì ÇzgÐ4z] .nÆó| # ÙL

yZ H ?Ï ñYƒ 7~zq „ ó ( z–  GL H Â‰™g (Z ]”] ZŠ §Y }¤ /Z1Ôì @* ½Z

Â å ** àJ -ŠYt0* Ð ~Š¤ /cŠ ð|6,R@¬ˆ Æm{g Š H& c* Š }Š K M F, ¿ÇÑ E & e ~ VƒogŠ .n4»G 6,V„%ŒÃ] »øÆkZ Ç{Ši[l ¹æX Š Hƒ qzÑÌg 0* ç »¨çH

g¦ » „  ó ( zMâ L~ ð;Š Å Y 1970 ë @* X ÷ ò~ [Š Z Æ ÇkZ Ô÷ X ÃÚ Š

ã™lˆÌwVÅkZ Âì Zƒ L(Z¤ /Z ?ÐÃ™s ZāZÐ Vç»Y Wz [Š Z~ ]Ñq

Q c* Ð Vß ZjàVÂc* Ôì ;g JÈ~ºg^I Zq -ZB‚Æ` gzŠC Ù » õg@* ! Š Z! fXce Å ~œ , Q c* ƒe $â â zg Å ~œ,ÞZ c* ,zg VZ — " X ._Æ ÃY` ~Š â

XŠ Hƒh#

H rÔ 5„ rsÜäV,Zāìt˜Z »e $ÒZ Å óVß Zz™ äZ6, LyZÆ[Š ZzŠg Z

yZhÆkZ ( 7~x|Q» )ì Cƒ]gz¢Å óÇ!gLzZ]ù~WTnÆkZ å

x ** LZÃlz»ÅËÔ÷ ~g¬Ð¸ Ô÷D™{g Z ¦ / 6,ºu Š Õ‰r # ™8 -g ** Xe $h +] .

ð‹Å~Š ZŠX ðƒg66, ä™‘uÐ áZgzâQc* xE! fe $ÒZ Å óVß Zz™ äZ6, L zzÅ Ð

Æ VzŠ Õ yZ Ð b) Ç~ }g!* ÆWX ÷ D™yÒ ~ ñZc ßÃ]Y!Zj Ô÷

tÐkZÔì Cƒ]gz¢Å¬_WzTnÆWgzZb‹1ÔNƒC Ù ª~^Å] ¬çñ

D™ÛÃ]c* ÃáZz äƒ g¼Ð ]ZŠ § ½ZŠ Æ VzÑç}uzŠX ÷ D Z™ ù ÷ áÐ [fXì „g Y~g â í6, íÔì ~g yÆ½z¨ ¸» ~i !* ÄzŠgQ ` WÐ„zzÅs ZāZ

Ð V@ÃÅ äY ñc* Ã~øÚ Wz ÃyZ ÔñƒgZŠ%¬ ]** Dg ~ ~²÷ á c* Vßz** ~

ˆâ Ð ~ kZÆ™t¾ZÚ»QˆÆkZ Ôì C7,-¬WV; }g øX 1Àä q -g

Ã+ â ~²÷ á {z¤ /q -Z »VzI ‡gÃÄ~ J - `WXì CY ÅÒÃÅä™lˆÃe $h +] . ā²q -Z ñƒ »t # IÆgfz nz²~ [fXì „gƒ Å e $h +] .ˆâ V1Ôì 7g » Xì @* Y c* Š™ ½ ùMg¯Ãe $h +] .ˆâ ÂÔñY à™wEZ 2 ãZ6,~ wz** c* ~²÷ á¤ /ZÔŠ Hg¦ /

Æ Vzk , ’ ó~WLgzZ ó!ŠL .x ** Å yZ 6,oè ðg Zzâ 4Z V*¹ Å Îâ ðZgzâ Å ‚ ðƒ

á ó Zz ™ äZ6, Ltāì Š ñ Ât ŸZt k0* Æ yZ ` WXìg£** 6,gîå á ó Zz ™ äZ6, L Åb‹g7 ½Æ ïZúyZ ?7c* ì ;g Ì| 7,ðÃÐZ ?÷ ìg nÆ ¾gzZ HÉt pÔ÷ $ Ôì ]gz¢ 4¨GG XÐ {)zBg !* „:gzZì $ Ë Y à Šæ ðÃÐ Zh +gŠ uZ j„: nÆ]c* ‹yZ éME 5G ~Š â c* : *6, wìÃsXì ]gz¢Åä™t‹~©:mºLZ »Wz[Š ZzŠg QnÆkZ Ã}ÑçzŠg Q ÌL{z Â@* 7,** ƒ¥#Ð [Š ZzŠg QÃ{)zBg !* }¤ /Zāì YY ¹tÆ ñ Æèc* gÃVè! Š Z ±){zX Ù Š~• wKZ ÅkZgzZY »gZÆkZÃzŠg Q {zX D™: i Z0 +ZÃ

76 occurring within discourse. It is evident that real power is exercised through discourse, and that this power has real effects....... The father of this line of thought is the German philosopher Nietzsche, who said that people first decide what they want and then fit the facts to their aim: 'Ultimately man finds in things nothing but what he himself has imported into them.' All knowledge is an expression of the 'will to power'.This means that we can not speak of any absolute truths or of objective knowledge.... Foucault regards discourse as a central human activity, but not as a universal, 'general text', a vast sea of signification. He is interested in the historical dimention of discursive change. What it is possible to say will change from one era to another. In science a theory is not recognised in its own period if it deos not conform to the power consensus of the institutions and official organs of science. Mendel's genetic theories fell on deaf ears in the 1860s; they were promulgated in a 'void' and had to wait until the twentieth century for acceptance. It is not enough to speak the truth; one must be 'in the truth'. (Selden, Raman. Contemporary Literary Theory,3rd ed, Britain,1993,P158-159)

Ô÷D™wzKzÂ+ $YÅ ºuÆ8 -g ** P8 Í G E GG345!ā ¼ ƒ„ ( TEXTUALITY) ó ï L ì* @™g ZÜZ ì ÌgzZ Zg JŠ ~„qZ~](‚:L L

éXì ïá÷ ( yÒ ‚Þ Üæ) ókgje LÆ QñO ~ öÆ Ü‰¤ ~ *ŠÉ Ô7 GG3E 4G 5!Lāì t ` ~Š C ã » (MICHEL FOUCAULT)Ã ¯ gzZ V!¤ Y gzZ Ï( bÃÆ ó ï ÔÓ ðÃ# Zāìt |X ÷ ïŠ ]ÃwÅyZ™}Šg Z ÛŒb‚zÆó~&pLÃYß * c àW

kZ Xì * @ƒ)g fÆÜ‰¤ Å ókgje L (Z ÂÔì * @`, 6 ¬LZÃx ¸~g7 qZ Þ6Z * c ÔhÎñ

Æ ókgje LwEZ »Ü‰¤ÝZāì HÃ ¯Xì ]* ! ·´gŠzöJ óQLÃ]Z , WZÆ Ü‰¤ H E I 4 & ð ¬ vßā L å ¹ä õf X X XX X ÷ Dƒ $ A%]Z , WZ k^Æ Ü‰¤ kZgzZ Ôì * @ƒ)g f E G GB-4& fwJ e ._ÆÑLZÃë›QgzZÔceH¹Zā÷D™ „z~Y âZÃyK ¨Z éM5G EX ó÷e Ü‰¤Dx Óāì HñƒD J , (ÐWÃckZÃ ¯Xì H4ZŠ äkZŠp~yZ ì * @WÃ¼ ÅDèzc * c Ü‰ZœÇëā Zƒt È » kZ Xì1 » ( WILL TO POWER) éZpÅ

Ï(ÆÇLZ {z # Z Ô÷ D™tÜ‰z ÏZ sÜÃbÃ³‚ * c ËvßX h M™7]* ! ókgje LÃ ¯X} , F Q Zg7 , 6Vâ eòZgÆÜ‰z * c ñ3 ÎÐ ðC* c Yß * c àW * c ] Zgn: Zg›ZŠgzZ WzqZÆó~&pÉ L 7, 6gîÆóQL¹ÃWx ¬qZÔì êŠg Z ÛŒò/ ¤u~/ œ%Å ãK ¨Z èE L 4XfÃ ÐÇqZ {zì eI¼ āì H{zXì r ‚g pŠ~ò]g * @Å~p{zX, 6gîÆg« b‚{zāJ# Z Ô* @YH7tJÜ‰zkZtÃðÃÌ~b‚Xì * @Yw+ $~Ç}uzŠ

w āì HÃ ¯Xá™: Za “ _Ð¬Z Âz¤ÆVâ ), F~g »uÆyZgzZVzg ZŠ ZgÇÆ

75 t Û »" ó gLzZ ó³Z L}¤ /Z~~²÷ á 1Ôì „gƒÅe $h +] .ˆâ VāìtŸ»»dÑV;}g ø

āÍÔì³»sp{Š™ Za Æó:7ãqzg L[Š ZX ÷D YbŠ™gŠ ™} :Æyiz" ÂñY7,

Ð TÔì Š H0z »“ uÅ óVâ Z6, LyZ spt ~ |1ì @* ƒx¥Zƒ @* ƒ »sp ` W

ð•Z ÅVâ Z6, yZXì 7¼ {Š c* iÐcZzØ{t~|Xì eƒ»„ kˆZ »spsÜ

x ZúÐáZjÆ½~6¤' , āì YY HÐ s # Ÿz kZ ÅËg hR, ,. ' Þ » »ª q! Š Z) †]Zg ¶Z~Vð; ÆyZ nÆ"7, 1ÔåêŠ 2Â−7, ÃVÍß¡yZxā¶tw gßÅ

ÃÏZx ZúX å @* ƒ7¼gzZ {z´Æ} "z6,~ hÆVâ Zx~ ]Zg ¶Z yZX¸ D YbŠ w gßÅV'Š ZgzZVzi !* ÄáZz™~ zŠg QX¸ f e™tsÆ™g¦Zƒ Ö ~ ]Zg ¶Z

ãqzg L]¬çñF, {Š c* i n Æ™ ÃyZXì 7ZÐ Vß ZjÆ™fÆ óVâ Z6, LÁi Z ÁÔÌ sÜgzZsÜ~kZÔì m»WJ -V˜ÐáZjÆr # ™8 -g ** X ÷G «„ äó:7

ñY Zƒg Z2Z6,oè! fā7** ™ ãZzt Ð c kZŠ°Xì Š ñ~ ^ÝZ KZ „‘u Xce** ƒ~]uz´Å ` . Þ »gzZ:i ZñÔce** ƒg Z2Z6, oè„LZÉ

: äVß Zz™6 w@* 7, õY Åg £ÆóVâ Z6, Æ L óðZ' , LgzZ óðYZ LÐáZjÆ™¤ /Z

iq Ð Zx°¸ » óðZ' , LgzZ óðYZ LX ÇñYƒÂ** ™[Õ"Ã}nÇÆóVß Zz™ äZ6, LyZ ÂÅ

ÒÃÅä¯ ÛZÃ~g ‡ä óVß Zz™ äZ6, LyZXì ;g™ëZ Û DÐ ºuÌÃr # ™8 -g **

¼ {z´Æºu~e $ZzgÅ ™ ó LÅ óVâ Z6, LÐg ±Z kZXì Å6, gî~gÅÉ 7~ ó ~¢L

~^Å“ Wwâk , Æ+ M qzgŠ .x ** Qc* ìŠ HHÐxE! f‘ut—" Xì 7Š ñÌ Xì c* Wt ‚ Z(, Ðƒ  » *ŠzŠg QˆÆàqÃr # ™8 -g ** p ÖZ‘6,tgzuÆ[ ÂÅr # ™8 -g ** Š Õ~ [Š ZzŠg Qā ñY H~ .Z Èt Ð kZ HX ÷ ìg™ÒÃÅä™" $U* i ‚tÃgzZŠ Õ }ÐkZ ñWt ‚Š Õ§ à q6, Y ¯Å• wT¬w‚Îq -Z ?ì òiÑ** ƒtg ‚nÆ“ W År # ™8 -g * *āIÐ kZX ÷ ìg}Š ð3Š D™r # ™8 -g ** w ãî … • rÅ ºu{Š c* i 5_ðZgWz6, Ô÷˜y åHÓG X ÷D hñcg+ $YÅ ºuh +' × ÆyZ¬Ô›ß+ $Y There is another stand in poststructuralist thought which believes that the world is more than a galaxy of text, and that some theories of textuality ignore the fact that the discourse is involved in power. They reduce political and economic forces, and ideological and social control, to aspects of signifying processes. When a Hitler or a Stalin seems to dictate to an entire nation by wielding the power of discourse, it is absurd to treat the effect as simply

„qZāce´g~ÃÃ]* !kZX ÷D™wEZyZgzŠÆ]R ÛŒMg‡xk* ! n™È‚Ÿ

~Y Ü] Ñìt* c Í¶ðƒ: ðZ, k+ 5 ðÃ~äâ iÆY 1860ÅbÃÆ åÉOZ ÂDÆ( MENDEL)

ÆWk‚Z ~g ‡ÝZgŠ qà¸ »ƒz¨p/ ¤ ZX ÷ D™æW, ' ¢Z~g ‡ZÐ Q GG ¢OŠ nÆVzi ‚tÃÐ ¹ ¸ ½»bÃāì Hñƒ D™c°pÔì C á) ¯* !» ï

X ( 196X 194ÔmÔ8g * * )ì ó ~gz¢Ì* *ƒgó + 0Z Æ L ðCì 7°» Ü1

Âs %Z »p~Mg ‡nkZÔ ñYHÈ‚ŸÃqàÆ ¢gzZ]* * kZÆVÂPÛŒZāì

R X Â¼ ~ yZ Ô÷ D™wEZ j§gîgzZ ñZc Mg ‡nÆ¨z ƒpì Yƒ

X ( 319X 318ÔmÔ8g* * ) óì ó Ë$YÅÒÃÅä™Ä* c gŠÃyQÔfƒ 5_ ÔN â Û ±5Ãk½ZkZÐ~[!* ‰‘6, Z-™ 1 Æy åHÓG

The word 'revolution' in Kristeva's title is not simply metaphoric. The possibility of radical social change is, in her view, bound up with the disruption of authoritarian discourses. Poetic language introduces the subversive openness of the semiotic 'across' society's 'closed'

s sÜā L ì w¸g »kZX Z , 7* *™g OZ » ~œ, nÆqJKZ ÅyZgzZÔ¸ñƒ7

{zāìt È»TÔì YY ¬ŠÃwEZÆ+zZzÆr # ™8 -g ** ((~ k½Z kZ

! l»] q˜Z ÅVzuzŠ yZgzŠÆb‹ ‚ŠpLZ ä VrZā÷ìg™ì‡W, @* ¸ sÜ 5_Wz6,É k½Zt sÜ:ā åt wßZÔì 3gwì zx Ó!* ÃTÔÃ[!* ‰ ‘6,Ã ¯Æy åHÓG ît·_Zg øX Œ7ƒ  o** ™ (ZäVrZX ˜~+zZzÔì H‘uär # ™8 -g ** w¾ H 5_Wz6,ÂC Ù Š H–6,Ã ¯~ [Â Å r # ™8 -g ** āì @* ™" $U* 6,gî ÀF,» [Â Å y åÓG „ ~ +zZz ~ ~ m, ôZÃk½Z ‰ ‘ ~ +zZz Ñ!* zgqr # ™8 -g ** ˆÆ kD Z kZXì

symbolic order: 'What the theory of the unconscious seeks, poetic language practices, within and against the social order.' Sometimes she considers that the modernist poetry actually

Ô ÷˜

prefigures a social revolution which in the distant future will come about when society has

'IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO SPEAK THE TRUTH, ONE MUST BE IN THE

evolved a more conplex form. However, at other times she fears that bourgeois ideology will

„gƒVÈ+ M År # ™8 -g** Ð ä™yÒ~ ~ m, ôZÃk½Z kZX ( 196ÔmÔ8 -g ** ) TRUTH'

simply recuperate this poetic revolution by treating it as a safety valve for the repressed impulses it denies in society. Kristeva's view of the revolutionary potential of women writers in society is just as ambivalent.... (Selden, P142).

ÔBŠÃ# r™8g * *

Æ~i Z+ 0Z ñgzZ $ dC~ kgjegÇ~pp+ ig Y āìtg¦»[zZ » Z-™ L L

) ~zg {Š Zi WÅ ~g »$ dCC*K ¶~ x Âä´ÈgzZÈ‚ŸÆ` y* !i ~ÄXì«, 6¿ ], 's ÜÆ` gzZg+ 0ZÆ` ÃkZ y* !i ~ÄÔì Le gÅÑXì îŠ {ZgÃ ( W{e ?

y* !i ~Ä5ÂÇñYƒ{ë {Š * c iÔÈ‚Ÿ{Š * c i# Z x ÂY āì ¢ÃZ-™XìgŠ ‡, 6h N

-e » kZ™ CZÃq 5ÙC Yß * 7 c àW Zzjg1āì˜. } Ìt ÃkZpÔÇnY * c Ñ [zZ)g fÆ

Ô}™wEZ, 6 gîÆß Zz ´qZ Yß * c àW Zzjg1ÌÃ[zZ ~Äāì epOÔì îŠ wï X ( 202ÔmÔ8g * * )óì ó 7]i YZxk* !~` ÅXnÆ` Z yZÆ]* * Ìñƒ"ŠyZ

ŠpèaäVrZpÔìÀF, [Â~g ‚År # ™8 -g ** āì Hn²Ì¬äëā 6 H 5_Xì ;g 7, Itg ‚ÃyZ…nkZ ¹7WáÃ -g ** 8 ™hg]‚½Zq -ZP[Âx ÓÅy åÓG

āŠ Hƒ y‚Wn kZ r‘u™Ö nÆr # ™8 -g ** Xì ðZ™ ù÷ á Ð x ** LZ ä r #™ nÆäZ™ ã;Š ¢Ã~g ‡{zāì 7y‚Wx »tnÆ¿}uzŠ ÌËX å³»yZ eg Z-Z 5_6, ñOÅ¶ŠáZjh +' × Æ]‚½ZÐ [ÂÅy åHÓG VŒnkZXìg @* ™Vc* i »‰ Ü z LZ

Ôì 7!ZjðÃ» ™ˆÆk½Z ~ m, ôZ kZpÔ÷Bg »„Ãk½Z ÏZsÜ{zāì

Wz6,ÃTì m» k½Z J -V˜X¸ T e ** Ö Ã~ .–ÝZ {zāì ;gƒC Ù ªt Ð T 5_ 8g»Ð „¾gâ Ã ¯&ì U~Š ã © C»]1] .Ëg ât ÝZgŠ Ôì Z h ÐÃ ¯Ìä y åHÓG ā 6X¸M h™Ìs ÏZ » óðCLkZ ÂDƒ… Y¼~}g !* ÆkZr # ™8 -g** /ZXì ¤

$U* " ÃðCÅ} úŠ kZ Ô÷ G‘u[!* 9Ð [ÂkZ ä r # ™8 -g * *āì H ãZz ä ë 5_Wz6,nÆ ä™ ˜ y®ÐX ÷ D™7k½ZÐ [ !* ‰ ‘6,°ï** Æ y åHÓG Ô÷ Jonathan Culler (see also chapter 5) has argued that a theory of reading has to uncover the interpretative operations used by readers. We all know that different readers produce different interpretations. While this has led some theorists to despair of developing a theory of reading at all, Culler argues in The Pursuit of Signs (1981) that it is this variety of interpretation which theory has to explain. While readers may differ about meaning, they may well follow the same set of interpretative conventions.... (Selden, P62).

ÔN â Û ±5)* *g » »# r™8g * * G-E # Ÿ Ã~g ‡dgzZƒzx ~Z {zāì ~gz¢nÆbÃÆ]R ÛŒāì êŠgzi, 6]* ! kZ°èE L L

79 :÷ºs§År # ™8 -g **

c* Šgzi6,~Š Zi W~Š ã CkZ Åy¨ KZ ä e $Š z~«£Æ(ESSANTIALISM)ó óèiÑL L

É ]zŒ Å b§C Ù s ÜÆ e $ƒ gzZ èiÑ b§Å F, g ‚ ÌBg !* Xì Š ã CÅ ~pC Ù å

]¸~g7 gzZ Ôå &y¶ K» ~i Zzjg1 ÃèiÑÌ{z b§Å F, g ‚X åb‡ »J - ( Åg ** Z) Û A Z3, XìC Ù ªÐMYTHOLOGIES (1957)"0ZcðZ’Zq -ZÅkZā 6å@* ™ŠgÃkZÐ

]uz F, g ‚èYÔŠ HòÐWÌÐ F, g ‚Ðg ±Zq -ZBg !* ~ ¿#Å~i Zzjg1gzZèiÑ z “s ÜÆY ‚ ~i Zzjg1~ ïŠ KZBg !* pÔå7” G» (INTEGRITY) Y ‚gzZ

,™Ýq ð‚ggz¢J -]Z~ .–ÝZ ~g ‡{¤XÐ,™ rZ „6,¶Š ,Å],sÜë XÐ H 5_ðZg ],Æ[ÂÅ8 -g ** P8ÍX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X ],Æ[ÂÅy åÓG 79 -106X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 27 - 42 288 - 329X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 49 - 70 234 - 240X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 149 - 158 243 - 267X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X 86 - 103 5_āì òúŠt Zg ø ù÷ á Ð x ** LZ ä 8 -g ** P8Í],x Ó‰ ŠÐ [ÂÅy åHÓG

g¨¤ /ZÔì!Zz» b§q -Z]uzÅy¨ KZ åI»kZX å@* ™7m, / ¤ ÐJ -e $×Å Æ6 g

Gk , ’Špp ÖZP„h +÷ á ~[ ÂkZ är # ™8 -g ** āìt%Z ÑZzä™{Ši]ªX ÷ñZ™

ā7[Š Z n ÏZ öZÎāì I »kZX å @* ™e $×ÅkZBg !* Ôì uZz)gzZ Ú) q {zC Ù

X ÇñYƒg DWi ZgtÀÂ7`Wāmƒ:¸tÌŠpÃyZ HX ¶]gz¢ 5_ -Z [ZÆä™7,F, q x Ó;ë›ÆºuÆr # ™8 -g ** Ð [ÂÅy åHÓG

Ô7Ì» Z} .Ôå7„b‡Ð}u »]uz{zXì óF LÝZgŠq -ZC Ù Ð~ë ÂñY¬ŠÐ

X ( 161X 162ÔmÔ8g * * ) ó Xó ì ÝZ)gzZì C™7:%»%~ÒÃÅä™Za ]uz

Ô÷D™g¨6, k½ZgzZq -ZÐ~y*ÏZÆu7yY

his arch enemy is the doxa, the prevailing view of things, which very often prevails to the extent that people are unaware it is only one of several possible alternative views. Barthes may not be able to destroy the doxa but he can lesson its authority by localizing it, by subjugating it to a paradox of his own...... Barthes is only fully to be appreciated, then, as some one who set out to disrupt as profoundly as he could the orthodox views of literature he found in France...........The grievances against contemporary criticism with which Barthes began were deeply influential on what he came to write later. There were four main ones. First, he objected that literary

HÅ™ x ** CZ '§ 6,[ÂÃr # ™8 -g * *ā Zƒ†ŸZ Ìn kZ ~ ]ª Å ¶Zg X Vƒ

»y*‰ ‘6, Bg !* VÑzg är # ™8 -g ** Ð [ ÂkZX ÷D™ q g+ $Y Å[ Â ~uzŠ

‰ ñZl Ð Structuralist Poetics Å°ï** { ‰Æ y*ÏZāìgŠ c* Xì c* â Û ‘u

u7X ÷‰ nÐ [ ÂÅ John Sturrock {z÷ìg YG7]‚½Z 6,VŒpX ÷ är # ™8 -g ** »y*TXì HA $%Ã}p‰‘6, Vz®h +] .ˆâ õ0* ~[ÂkZ ä ÆV–ÆyZÃ}px ÓgzZ Hp Ò» ðC: Åäu7Xì {Š™k , ’CZ »u7{zì H‘u

Ãy*ñƒ‘6,Bg !* ñƒ D VZ {Z +Ãg7 ½ »y!* i ~uzŠ ä r # ™8 -g ** XH ù÷ á Ð x ** Ô÷˜u7yYX ÷D™7:i Zñ»VâzŠ WX 1™x ** LZ

criticism was predominantly ahistorical, working as it did on the assumption that the moral and the formal values of the texts it studied were timeless.....Barthes was never a member of the Communist party - let us say neo-Marxist objection. He dismissed existing histories of French literature as meaningless choronicles of names and dates... (Sturrock, P, 54-55)

Ð ]g '~(,Ã,Ås Z¤ /ZcnÆÝÑwðŠ~çWÅ ~g ‡är # ™8 -g** 6,ÔÏZ Ær # ™8 -g ** X Y{g7ÍzZÐÃÅkZ Ì‘utÂƒïq »ú1™Ì~g ‡¤ /ZÔì Hsp X ÷D™q gs§Åk½Z

Existentialism, on the contrary, preaches the total freedom of the individual constantly to ð change..... Barthes, like Sartre, pits therefore the fluidity, the anarchy, even, of existence against the rigor mortis of essentialism; not least because, again following Sartre, he sees

essentialism as the ideology which sustains that tradional bugbear of all French intellectuals, the bourgeoisie... he writes at the conclusion of his most feroriously anti-bourgeois book, the devastating Mythologies (1957......... In one way, Barthes goes beyond Sartre in his abhorrence of essentialism. Sartre, as so far as one can see, allows the human person a certain integrity or unity; but Barthes professes a

Z(,Ð ƒ  CZBg !* ÐQÔƒ C™wJe $ÒZ&g¦{”t»w gßzY âZ ªDOXAL L

philosophy of disintegration, whereby the presumed unity of any individual is dissolved into

vßxk!* &g¦{z»|ā c* Š ÑŠ kˆZ eZäkZpÔ7c* e™{ nÃ DOXA{zX å&ÔŠ

because it represents a counterfeit integration of its individual. It is a false memorial to a

Ì6,g¦: ZªÆ[Š ZçOXX X Xì @* ƒq -Z ¡Ð ~ ] Zg¦ÂÆ|Ô÷ B9

a plurality or discontinuous. This biography is especially offensive to him as a literary form living person....... (Sturrock, John. Structuralism and Since. London, Oxford University Press,1979, P 53)

™Æu7yY ~g ‡nÆ+ Y ðCÅ ónZ ‹Z L¸aā÷n pg µÂtë6,VŒ Ær # ™8 -g ** VŒ Zg ø X Ç}™·_Šp » 164 ™Æ [Â Å r # ™8 -g ** gzZ 58X 59 ì‡Ð ¬ ~ [Š Z zŠg Q™ƒ >%Æ ºuJ -u kZ {zāì nZ ‹Zt 6,ó]ŸZ ‹Z L‘zä G # ™8 r -g * *ā}™: ~ .Z³ éM›‹¢t ˆÆ] ‚½Z yZ ~g‡ ?¸ T e bŠ wîVYÃe $Zzg

6,]c* Ã! Š ZÐQXKçg!* g !* ä kZ6,W¶gzZW: ‚gæ X ðÎ[¢~g » äBg !* VÑzg E + G GG3B g @* ÅQāì wìx ¬èYÔì » ï )yDg¨ ¸~W! Š Zāt wÍ Z :¸ nZ ‹Z m{g e G4J54X E + G GG3B g@* tÃ» kZ~}g!* Æï Å[Š Zp ;g 7êñLBg !* X ÷ EZŠg ZŠZ ¹ÜZgzZ ö-G 4E 5_gzZ Vñ** $NyY" » èEG F gZŒ Û {g éG 5kI ÃV:g@* ! Š Z ÅÇLZ ä kZXì gz¢Ëg â â Â;: Ëgâ

X ( 162X 163ÔmÔ8g * * ) ó óc* Š

-g ** 8 É t sÜ: Xì „ J -VŒ sÜu Å ºuÐ áZjÆ y*‰ ‘ 6,Bg !* Æ

»u7yYXì H‘uÂ/ÂÌÃb‹¿ÆV1Âx ÓÅBg !* ~y*Æu7är #™

:ì c* VZ~p ÖZyZnZ ‹Z ZuzŠÐáZjÆBg !* äu7

èa är # ™8 -g ** Xì »Îâg7 ½Ìt‹{Š™7»u7Xì Œ6,],K*y*t

Barthes's second complaints against academic criticism was that it was psychologically

7Â** Î{ i Z0 +Z »/‡dÅyZ n kZ Å7ÒÃÅä™Ýq ð‚gJ -~ .–ÝZ ÌË " Ò5E Ãh +' × ¼ {z´ÆyZwq¾Xì :ì —ög G+uX ÷D™g¨6, From this post-Saussurean perspective it is clear that the theory of literature as expressive realism is no longer tenable. The claim that a literary form reflects the world is simply tautological. If by 'the word' we understand the world we experience, the world differentiated by language, then the claim that realism reflects the world means that realism reflects the world constructed in language. This is a tautology................ (Belsey, Catherine. Critical Practice, London, Routledge, 2003, P,43)

: ÷D â Û ‘uV-r # ™8 -g ** &‡Ô ÷ ë ~g ó|&tÃ{z »[Š ZāìC .2_ÎkZ L L t Xì 7fZæ ÿLE Ù ªÐøÚ ~çJG

g ZƒsÜÔì C™7@»|xg Ã! Š Zāí~úŠ ~gøÐ |¤ /ZXì ( Tautological)Ô²!*

naive and deterministic....when critics chose to explain textual data by biographical ones, or the work by the life....The elements of a literary work - and this is an absolutely central point in literary structuralism - must be understood in the first instance in their relationship to other elements of that work..... (Sturrock, P,56)

Åä)ï~ p ÖZ yZ6,nZ ‹Z}uzŠÐáZjÆBg !* Æu7ä r # ™8 -g ** :ì ÅÒÃ Xì: â 9J -u: âêgÅ»];»W¶ā åtnZ ‹Z ZuzŠ »kZ6, WÒq -¶ LL &‡** ÆQ! Š Z q -Š 4, ÆkZX X X åx` °ç ÿLE -Š 4, q ÆkZ 'ÃQÐŠæ Å]â ¥ öZÎ Nt X ÷ n pgÐÜÁ}uzŠÆQ{z ì YY ŒÐ Šæ ÅV¤g ½ZŠ yZ sÜÃÜÁ X ( 163ÔmÔ8g * * )óì ó ß~Š ã C»„C(‚

:ì V-¼~p ÖZÆu7nZ ‹Z ZŠ6, W¶ÐáZjÆBg !* Æu7

ā ~úŠt Âì Cƒ ì‡)g fÆy!* i6,gîj¸ ªÔ÷ D™/Šë »Tì |{zŠ Z%

They could see only one meaning in the texts they concerned themselves with, and that one

y!* i ì C™7@» *Š kZ ~g ó|Ôā ZƒtÝZgŠÔì C™7@»|~g ó|L

meaning was usually a very literal one. This they subsequently held the meaning of the text,

¼ ZÎÆ( Tautology) ó²!* g ZƒtL ìC Ù ª ( Constructed in Language)ì ó Cƒ ì‡)g fÆ ( 78ÔmÔ8g * * )XX X XX Xì 7

" Ò5E ÐTì c* Š™sv .Ã ó†  7LÂÆ ög GÐ~kZì H‘uk½Z ä8 -g ** P8 Í

" Ò5E ä V,Z ZuzŠ X Š Hc* Š 7}Ì!Zj » ™ÆkZB‚B‚Æä™W, Op{Š™ì‡ » ög G b ˜Z m{tāì ÅÒÃÅä™ì‡W, @* t ™É~ +zZzÃ "²!* g Zƒ "~ k½Z Ñ!* zgq

ì Ht·_Zg ø Ô÷ìg}Š x ZuŠpr # ™8 -g ** x »xtgzZì fp â Ð®}uzŠ Ë HH7 ùM¿VŒ&Ô k½Z Zg ‚ »}g ‚Xì ÅÒÃÅä™ì‡W, Š @* ßä r # ™8 -g ** ā " " ÒG 5E ÒG 5E g g ì 7» 8 -g ** P 8 ÍÔ ì » ö +ut‹Ñ!* zgqX ì fp â ÉƒÐ [Â Å ö Ô ì

and that to search further for supplementary or alternative meanings was futile. They were men of narrow and autocratic temper who fancied they were being scientific when they were merely being culpably dogmatic. Their minds were closed to the ambiguities of language, to the co-existence of various meaning within a single form of words,....... (Sturrock, P 57-58)

:ì c* Jm ®Å ºuLZ~p ÖZyZÃnZ ‹Z}ŠÆBg !* {Š™yÒÆu7ä8 -g ** Xì C™g ZÜZ6,kZÐ ð˜e e $.gzZì Š9Ãp{”ðÙsÜÆQW¶ L L ¶X ÷ Dƒ ßJ -u Å ÏŠƒ" 9 z ÒZ ~ [Š ZgzZ Ô ÷ M hƒ p~½sÜ ÂpÙ [Š ZgzZ÷g D»e $¬Š Z {zÔì CƒŠzöÃgzZ N* g‚f »yQāì –äBg !* ~}g !* ÆVzŠ Õ E E ¿B‚B‚pF~xg Ã„q -ZgzZì m, _Ð x ·Zîp©$ °[Š ZXX X ÷g ZŠbÆe $ÒZ~ X ( 163ÔmÔ8g * * ) ó ó÷M hƒY Zg W

Attempting to distinguish between constant and variable elements in a collection of a hundered Russian fairytales, Propp arrives at the principle that though the personage of a tale are variable, their functions in the tales are constant and limited. Describing function as "an act of a character, defined from the point of view of its significance for the course of the action," Propp developed inductively four laws which put the study of folk literature and of fiction itself on a new footing. I their baldness and universality, laws 3 and 4 have the shocking effect of certain scientific discoveries:

" Ò5E aÆ¥Æ} Z ! ~6¤' , Ôì B bg wÅ[Â °g ¬q -Z [Ât Å ög G~ [fX

P8 Íāì ~gz¢ÌuZgŠ Z »%ZkZaÆMg‡VŒXì C™7sg¬¿»]c* Ã~W " 5E ÒG g ÀF, Â/Â]‚½Z FÐ [ÂÏZ Å ö äV,ZÉ H7ÜÃk½Z „q -Z¡ä8 -g ** " Ò5E :÷D™q gs§Å ög G[ZX ÷ñZ™ù ÷ á Ðx ** LZÆ™

Saussure's argument depends on the different division of the chain of meaning in different

1. Functions of characters serve as stable, constant elements in a tale, independent of how and by whom they are fulfilled. They constitute the fundamental components of a tale. 2. The number of function known to the fairy-tale is limited. 3. The sequence of functions is always identical.

languages. ' If words stood for pre-existing concepts' they would all have exact equivalents in meaning from one language to the next; but this is not true' (Saussure, 1974: 116). The truth is that different languages divide or articulate the world in different worlds. Saussure gives a number of examples. For instance, where French has the single mouton, English

4. All fairy tales are of one type in regard to their structure. (Morphology of the Folktale, pp. 21,22,23) In comparing the functions of tale after tale, Propp discovered that his total numbers of functions never surpassed thirty-one, and that however many of the thirty-one functions a tale had (none has every one) those that it had always appeared in the same order.... After the initial situation, in which the members of a family are enemerated or the future hero is introduced, a tale begins, consisting of some selection of the following functions in the following order: 1. One of the members of a family absents himself from home. 2. An interdiction is addressed to the hero. 3. The interdiction is voilated. 4. The villain makes an attempt at reconnaissance. 5. The villain recieves information about his victim. 6. The villain attempts to deceive his victim in order to take possession of him or of his belongings. 7. The victim submits to deception and thereby unwittingly helps his enemy.

)¬ ÔÇñYƒ†ŸZ~ª ZîÅy*Ð ¶Š„  zåXì Cƒ »™ Y6,wZ„  zt M5G " ½Š Z®Å],ÂñY~Š„ ],yZ ~g ‡nkZXì CY¬J -â éE  zå¤ /ZX Çƒ~gz¢

Vƒ;g™−~,Å ºuÆ8 -g ** ²Ôñ™g¨Špi Z6,

Scholes, Robert, Structuralism in Literature, New York, Vail-Ballou Press,1974 P, 62-70.

:÷D™iÃ%zÂ6, wÅr • # ™8 -g **

(ó¶· Æ L yZgzZ Vzg ZŠ™ā c* C Ðb‹LZgzZ H[ NZ »VE¹ußÎq -Z ä \z6, LL

¾~ÈzgŠ ÅyZgzZÔì YY H[Õ" Ã| # ‚½ZŠ ÅVE¹ußyZ6,Y ¯Å FUNCTIONS)

yZā à6,Ë kZgzZ Ht‹»ÜÁuœgzZ ZÆVE¹yZ ä kZXì $ Ë Y ÅÐ ! p +g ZŠ™p¤ /Z ~ VE¹ x ÓgzZ Ôì gH (FUNCTIONS) ó¶· L » VzgZŠ™pÔ ÷ Tg s$

differentiates between mutton, which we eat, and sheep.............(Belsey, 36-37).

:BŠs§Åó** g»Ær # ™8 -g ** Â¤ /Z LX ÷D Yñ0* ~Vâ !* iZaÆg¦q -Z ì F F6, V-š /yZ ÅV/?Š ÅçJ.c±L L pÔD Yñ0* wŠ pÆyZ~y!* i ~uzŠÐy!* iq -Z ÂDƒóì‡aÆ]Zg¦Š ñIâ

C™C Ù ªgzZ ÷ [Š6,gîZÃVzq Å *Š 3!* iZāìt |( 116ÔmkgÃ )Ôì 7(Z wŠ ÆkZ ~ m, ôZ@' , ÆkZ Moutonì Âq -Z~ úZ Û X ÷~Š BVFä çJ.c±X ÷

X ( 68ÔmÔ8g * *P8Í )ì ó C™t Û ~SheepgzZ Mutton " ÒG 5E g &‡ð•Z~ k½Z kZXì Š ö āìt%ZzÂÿLE H3g¿ÌÃk½Z kZ¯ ) !* Æª Zî " ÒG 5E g J ö āìtzz ÅkZXì H7 ™wøÃáZj‰ aÐ [ÂÅç.c±~b‹LZ ä .2_± »çJ.c±ā÷D™ÒÃÅä™ì‡W, @* tr # ™8 -g ** Xì „g™7~i Z0 +Z LZt‹»çJG " Ò5E „c* Š$ +! Š ZtXì H·_„  ZgÓZ' , »çJ.c±äV,ZÉ H7~ .ZÐ [ÂÅ ög GäV,Z!Zj Xì wVãZzÅ

B; 6,[Âq -Z Ëä VrZā÷ ñƒ µZz uÃ°»ÐáZjkZ wq¾r # ™8 -g **

s§~uzŠ²¶g »gŠ # Ö BÅ[ ÂÃyZ Âs§q -ZÔì c* ¯ wâk , ÃV1Â FÉ H7s ™ Æ~ m, ôZq -ZP e $ÒZ ÅzŠgZ ÿL X3Zā åkˆZ Ìt ÃyZX ¶[£# Ö ‡! Š Z KZ 7Zh +÷ á # ™8 r -g ** 6, y;f ZÆyZV×;Š FÐh ex ** ÆV1ÂÅ b§FÔì CYƒW, O„Ð Vñ** Æ kZÔì ð0* ƒ úÅéZpkZ ÅyZ „ J - ð; Š q -Z sÜwq¾X Çìg W, Z »ó** g »Æ

x ÓÑ!* zgqä r # ™8 -g ** X åòiÑs ÏZ » ðC@' , Æg £ÆóðCLÅr # ™8 -g ** ˆ EE {! 4 ¨ :÷ºs§Å²j¬ WXì H™Ã óðCLKZ Ì6, ²j^' , ZgˆÆäZh ZŠ» èEG3

86 specialization as to seem beyond all synthesis. Even philosophy, the queen of the human sciences, came down from her throne to play solitary word games. Both the language -philosophy of Wittgenstein and the existentialism of the Continental thinkers are philosophy of retreat......

( Scholes, Structuralism in Literature, New York, Vail-Ballou Press,1974, p,1) :¶ ŠÃk½ZsfzgqÆ8 -g ** P8 Í E E E ~Vâ ZyZÆHã¨ KZæL¾¡~wÍZ ýL {$ ~œ, gzZy WýL {$Æ~œ,ÞZ L L

gzZ ÂgzZX ¶CW7Ãe~È {i Zè ðÃÅ b§Ë~ kZā¶ˆƒ {g 0* {g 0* -ukZ™ J # J $ [µ~öáZzäY7, êµ ZÆV/Ì{zÔì @* Y¹{÷ á Š !* »6¨ KZÄE&Ì,Ø{ Y &zX å 4»H X ( 34Ôm)X X ÷ Æ‡Z%ƒ  t ÕäMuZÔe $Š zÅ+®8 g-c* ƒy—,»í éH 5kE

X ì @* ™ÒÃÅä™yÒ ÐbzZi LZÃw gßkZ Å ~œ, ²j~ k½Z kZ

, X D™~ .Z ò}ZÐ kZh +÷ á Ân pg/Zz„  Zg {Z' ,Ð Vr’! fyZ¤ /Z8 -g ** › -g ** 8 X¸ñƒA $%]Z W, Z Ì6,y*zyÆ„nàZz äƒyZgzŠÆxk B ~uzŠ~ ~œ Y &z ä VrZā÷ ìg™ÒÃÅä™" 4»H »í éH 5kE $U* tÂ{z Xì 7pŠ ðÃÐ%Z kZÃr #™ YH E ¢6, ²j{z1¸M h™~ .Z ò}ZÂD â Û ØiÅä™·_»+ éH 5k4»&zŠpt¤ /ZXì H·_ D™ÒÃÅ ¶Šg Z Œ Û îÌnÆVzuzŠÉ n LZ sÜ: Ã ò}ÆkZX ÷ n pgŠ NZ

ÆkZX ÷KÜ],ðZ’Z FÆ[ÂKZä8 -g ** ›Ð[ÂÑ!* {gÃèÅ²j^' , ZgX ÷ J ~[ÂkZ ä ²j^' , ZgXìÀF, Â/Â»[ÂÏZŠ ZñZg ‚ Š H–6,](‚gzZç.c±{z´

}uzŠÆe $sÅ ã¹ ñƒïŠg Z Œ Û ¿{z»g ZŠ™Ã¶·Æg ZŠ™Xì Lg ‚q -Z~VE¹ gzZ [Š Z uß™^ÐWä V2K A $%2Z ¸g e6,gî~g Z`Z ä \z6,Ôì Zƒ Z a Ð Z b Z

ÒZÃg egzZ &yâ ‡Ð g ±ZÆ ‰ Ü ZœgzZ E:Z ¹ÃWX ~Š™ëZ Û *Š 5Æ¬_Æ6Ò

:ì c* ŠzgŠ »Äc* gŠ ³‚ä+® tÔì êŠx ZuÃyZ yÃāÐ kZÃsÔ÷ÜÁ[ & + è)gzZ tZgÆã¹¶·ÆVzg ZŠ™X 1 X ÷Z b Z ~Š ã CÆã¹

XìŠzö~VE¹Š Z®Å ó¶· LX 2

Xì SgÏq -Zå(SEQUENCE)óâF, LÅ ó¶· L LX 3 Xì Üq -Z| # ‚~VE¹x ÓÆqàŠ z!* X4

kZ\z6,ñƒ D™t‹» ã¹q -ZˆÆq -ZÐg ±ZÆ(FUNCTIONS) ó¶·Æ L Vzg ZŠ™ N® 7b§ËÐ 31wZ Š Z® ÿ Å (FUNCTIONS)ó¶· LÆ Vzg ZŠ™~ VE¹ā à6,³

Sg „z K M F,Å yQ å p ÔI 7Vc* ±¼ Å ¿~ VE¹ ‰p¤ /Z gzZÔf(, Âì CYƒ „0 +¶ KÅz‹gzZ Ô÷ D Wt ‚Š Z Û ZÆ äZ yZ # ˆÆ©ðZ’ZX XX X Xì :ì CƒyÒÐK M F, ÏZÐŠæÅ‰c*  Ð~(FUNCTIONS)¶·yZ ã¹ ƒ

Xì * @YƒT $¸ÐyŠ Û ðÃ»yZ0 +{X 1 Xì CYÅÆ˜Åz‹X 2

gzZ ,ÞQXì YY HÌŠšÐ j§Üæ&ìt‹»yZtX ì –~ e $×Å](‚

Xì CYÅ~igzs ÜÅÆ˜X 3

C(‚ ˆÆúgzZ d $CÅ]c* Ã~ËÆ“ÙçQ c* Ï(Ô Y Æ ~œ, $ Æi ¸WÆt # IÆ](‚ øL FÌx Z%Z »kZì 1g »Ð§±]*—çL8Xâ äV,Zwe â

Xì Qq :Z~}g !* Æ(VICTIM)gó DLLZÃÞzX 5

Ð„Æ²Øt‹tāt¿XÑ äZ ÄÐì ò q »](‚ÃŠp®F‰ Ü zkZXì @* YƒB‚

 7 ÷D™7t‹zô=6, † i§ZÅøÚ¦½ZkZ+®Ëg â pi +gXì ÃY`»„ J ð3Š } 9V¹8 -g ** P 8Íāìt wZÎX ÌçI.*ñgzZì Ìo¢Ð áZjÆ~g¹yg e â :÷˜kgâ Û :™®¯Î~â ¤' , X XX X X ?÷ïŠ

Derrida's professional training was as a student of philosophy (at the Ecol Normale Superieure in Paris, where he taught until recently), and his writings demand of the reader a considerable knowledge of the subject. Yet Derrida's texts are like nothing else in modern

Xì @* ™ÒÃÅÏÎYÞzX 4

Xá™ï6, [òZzwâÆkZ c* 6, kZā @* ì êŠāðŠÃ gó DLLZÞzX 6

X ( 110X 109ÔmÔ8g * * ) Xì @* ™ŠæÅÔŠ LZ·ZŠ ** gzZì * @YW~k , zH, ÄZŠgó DLX7

ÜÂ/ ÂÃb‹Æ²j{z´Æ ä™ÜÂ/ ÂJ -wZÃ„  zkZ Ìr # ™8 -g **

X B7~gz¢bŠ!ZjÌ}pÔ÷D Yá J -117 ™ñƒD™ ð3Š D™‘u »]‚½Z { Zp§{ÌÐV”ZÆ[ÂÏZr # ™8 -g** {z´Æ],yZ :,™g¨6, k½ZkZÆ²j^' , Zg~~ m, ôZ¬ WX ÷ïŠ

philosophy, and indeed represent a challenge to the whole tradition and self-understanding

The last half of the nineteenth century and the last half of the twentieth were charecterized

of that discipline.

by the fragmentation of knowledge into isolated disciplines so formidable in their

7¼~}g !* Æ {zāì Èt»kZX ðVZ7c6, g °ZÆ…ÌË~}pLZ &‡** µÂt Å āì @* ™" $U* 6,gîh +Š F,ÿLE Zh +gŠ p L ì L ãZzÐ k½Z kZÆ yZ Ô… Y G M X ( 218m) ó ì ó e** é›‹¢ ** ƒŠ Zi WÐËÆy!* i » gzZÔB bg7w{Š c* iÐcZz B+Eð•Z wZÎt c* F, x ÓÆkZÃnzcËc* Ôì YY H7wì ðÃ »nË%Æy!* iāì: éºF

~ CZ¸Xì 7]gz¢Å ‘]ËÐ Zh +gŠ nÆkZXì YY HyÒÃUÌË & eāì Š ñöRâZ 4»G .nE sÜ~ [fJ -ÌZ Xn Ë~Šp ã‚7 ÃV-g¹Ü¨çH & e Å Zh 4»G .nE HāìtwZÎpXì CƒY Zg W¿s ÜÆ CZ¸¨çH +gŠ m<!* Vz®h +] .ˆâ X &e 4 4»G .nE 1 ¨çH ç»ŠzuÅkZ c* ì m™" $U* ßÃkZ6, ¯ÅbÑŠ c* ì m™ŠgÃèiÑc* =ð G é5ÒºG Lā L ÷`™—Ì{Èt ~ÇÅVzg ZŠ' ,DÆe $h +] .ˆâ ! fÌr # ™8 -g ** ?ì ð0* ™

-g ** 8 ~}g !* ÆkZ ?ì C™ùgzZ VYŠg ó Xó ì C™ŠgÃ~I =Å b§C Ù e $h +] .ˆâ

Norris, Christopher. Deconstruction.3rd ed, London, Routledge,2002, P18-19)

: ÷˜r # ™8 -g **

~ Ecol Normale Superieure, ParisXX {z Ì‰ Ü z kZgzZ Ôì …Zh +gŠ ÌÐg ±ZÆš M F, LL Å Zh +gŠ ë@* Xì e** Ì'% äY ÃVÂ!* ~Š ã CÅ ÃVzk , ’Å kZ 2Xì Š *Z » èYÔQ7qðÃz˜ÆVzk , ’Å Zh +gŠ~ ānkZÔì ÂÌ** ™g Ñ~ ÃVzk , ’

mÔ8g * * ) óì ó @* ™ ½Ô ì ì‡D‚Ÿ ¨,6,XÃVzŠ ã CyZgzZ Ãe $Zzg: ‘ ~g7 {z

:÷˜kgâ Û :™XX X XX ( 217

Derrida refuses to grant philosophy the kind of privileged status it has always claimed as the sovereign dispenser of reason. Derrida confronts this pre-emptive claim on its own chosen grounds. He argues that philosophers have been able to impose their various systems of thought only by ignoring, suppressing, the disruptive effects of languages. His aim is always to draw out these effects by a critical reading which fastens on, and skilfully unpicks,

X » {Š c* iÐ [Š Ztāìt ÅkZzzÔ÷7J -}LgeÃì k0* ÆŠ ÕÌË{z´Æ

the elements of metaphor and other figural devices at work in the texts of philosophy.

{Š c* iÐ ì Š H1™g¦…ÃVÍßyZ~zŠg QXì ;gyZh~zŠg Q »t # IÆ gzZì

which language deflects or complicates the philosophers project. Above all deconstruction

X ÷ìgh#6, VÅs¦

14X™ ¯ Š ã CÃ bg ÷ á ËÆ [f» r # ™8 -g ** * *™7 óðCLg ÃwZÎÆèiÑ c* =ðG é5ÒºG V˜Xì 7ZÐg £ÆóðCLLZÆr # ™8 -g ** ÌwÅkZèYÔì 7„  gŠ

{zì H·_ÐzÂ»¬ä[ôZXXì ;gm »¬Ï0 + ix Ó{zÂì m» Zh +gŠ uZ jJ -

ªÔì CYƒ¹ÅŠ §Æ¬pÔì î6, ¯ÅŠ §wÅ ót Z íZ LnÆ¬ā÷… Y

Lg îÌÆ™ð w2q -Z t Z íZ » ¬ b§kZ Xì Lgg Z Œ Û' ,‰ Ü zC Ù t Z íZpÔÔÅ Ô G-8 GG3. Åt Z íZ x » »TÔì © 6,¯ Å ï 8™ï÷ á Ã Differance LZ(Åt Z íZÆ¬ Zh +gŠ Xì Ôì @* ™t~p ÖZyZÃÑÅ¬ÔZh +gŠuZ j6, b ÏZXì )zgÃ| #Ù Differance (at a point of almost absolute proximity to Hegel, as I have emphasised.... (Positions, 1982, P44).

Deconstruction in this, its most rigorous form acts as a constant reminder of the ways in works to undo the idea-according to Derrida, the ruling illusion of Western metaphysicsthat reason can somehow dispense with language and achieve a knowledge ideally

( unaffected by such mere linguistic foibles. Norris, P18-19). :,™g¨6, k½ZkZÆ[ÂÅ8 -g ** P8 Í E pôx ** Æ t £]Æã¨ KZæL¾¡ā7g »Ã¶ŠzgŠ: Z%Wt D‚Ÿ¨Ã Zh +gŠ L L

Ã]ZŠ §½ZŠÆy!* iaÆä™™Ã„ñ; x Â LZa#āì í~úŠ »kZX N YbŠ™ $ ÔD !* V-gz$yZ Å ~]°_7›g LZ Zh +gŠX ÷ìg D™i Z0 +ZÃc* sZ e 1 øL F Š x »Æ…{zāì +ZÎâÅy!* iāì @* ÑŠŠ c* Ð ñe $.g !* g !* {zXì @* ™Vc* úÃV-gzmgzZ 4ŒÅZˆâ ! fp¤ b§Ë: Ëã¨ KZ„āì ;gx ¬ wìt~] é›G3E /ZXì C¯ F, ÂÐ ÂÃ

Ë ™ äz i§ R gzZ Ø{ ðÃ » ä™ yÒ Ã ðC gzZ ì $ $ Ë 0*{g Ö Ð y!* i ( 217X 218Ôm )X X Xì

i ‚tÃÐáZjÆV-g¹~Wz ! Š Z V˜āì ˆƒ ì‡ cÅ b§kZ~ [f

(Z ðÃ{zn kZX ÷{Ç W! lÐ ÌZ Å Ð wÅäƒ^#¯Îkgâ Û :™

ãZz~ Ýzg Å]ZŠ ¢Æ~i Zzjg1Ãg °Z Z{zāìt „x » »yZXì @* Y c* Š£zç»ä™

~ k½Z Ñ!* zgqX ñY Å#~gz¢)Å Ð TÔD™7~g Y yÒ F F6,~I •Z E & 4 H » ÆZh +gŠ L L~p ÖZ ãZzäVrZ6, V;zÔì H™f » ÐáZjÆ¨ç.n Ge äVrZ6, V˜

Z"z6,Ã±g ÷ á Æ yZ b§ÏZX ÷ B~gz¢¹ ** ™ ãZzÐ áZjÆ„  (ÃwKZ

C(‚:Xƒ:Š ñ^iðÃÅyZJ -Z # Cƒ7ÌZ ðÃJ -‰ Ü z kZ Å]ÑìáZzh e

äVrZāì YY¹tÂñY1{^ ,Y»?£ÅJ -[ Z¤ /ZÅr # ™8 -g ** Xì c* ŠÉ ó ó._

ÆóyZ=LÐáZjÆy!* i ÂÃyZèYÔT e7„ úZ~cÅ gó ÅL{zā÷M hVZwZÎ x ÓÆÏ0 + i {zāì eÐÂb§kZXì [ƒ ~g YáÑ»® )÷ á Z Å óðCL*ŠÐŠ !* èW

X ÷ ìg â Û gŠ ™} :™ÍwZ ¸Zg ezŠ r # ™8 -g ** X ÷e ** ™Ð ó6™ LÅ4¯Æy!* i ÌŸ ÌZ ÅøÚ Ô÷T e bŠ™Šš6,gîÆ sÜÃ kZC Ù ~ÇS0 +Z ÅVz®h +] .ˆâ

# I6,kZ~]çYX Š t H1™z» ~g¹ÙçgzZÔÏ(ÔY ÐZ „ D W~Š zÆyDg $ Ã]** c* Š x ** »e $h +] .ˆâ & ÔˆÅÒÃÅ + YÐ zg Å](‚ øL F Dg Y X ‰ ñVZ /Z ?ì H ~I =Å¬ā÷ … Y r ¤ # ™8 -g ** HXn Á|ÅkZ ~ ¿ā @* ÔŠ H ~T,™k , ’y*q -ZŠp Âì s ÜÆó~I = Le $h +] .ˆâāì ¢»]!* kZ 7Z

wKZ6, V-g¹! fgzZ,™ÝqD»t,: ‘yZ {zāì xiÑnÆyZXì @* ™ãZzÃ

{z Âì m» Zh +gŠ J -V˜?ì C™ŠgÃ~I =ù e $h +] .ˆâ ÅyZā,™ ãZzÃ%Z kZ

ÆyZÃr # ™8 -g* *āì ~gz¢t ¬Ðk ½Z~ c Å c* ,dX ,™ ãZz~øÚLZÃ

yZÔì BJ - Zh +gŠ ðƒ g ÀÐ âgze Z„tXì Le] Ð ~I=~øÚÆe $Š· X 14) CZ¸i Z ~ÃÃ† nzc{zèÃÔì H ½ä( ]1] .ð G é5ÒºG  »ßƒā å¢ÃVz®

Ãc* ,yZh +÷ á ÂQ› Û ÐºuÃr # ™8 -g ** /Z,zX ñYðZ™ ã;ŠŠ c* ¤ ~}g !* Æºu

Ô÷˜kgâ Û :™X ÷Ù ŠÃk½ZgzZq -ZX D™ÒÃÅK

In this sense Derria's writings seem more akin to literary criticism than philosophy. They rest on the assumption that modes of rhetorical analysis, hitherto applied mainly to literary texts, are infact indispensable for reading any kind of discourse, philosophy included. Literature is no longer seen as a kind of poor relation to philosophy, contenting itself with mere fictive or illusory appearances and forgoing any claim to philosophic dignity and truth. This attitude has, of course, a long prehistory in Western tradition. It was plato who expelled the poets from his ideal republic, who set up reason as a guard against the false beguilements of rhetoric, and who called forth a series of critical 'defences' and 'apologise' which runs right through from Sir Philip Sydney to I. A. Richards and the Americans new critics. The lines of defence have been variously drawn up, according to whether the critic sees himself as contesting philosophy on its own argumentative ground, or as operating outside its reach on a different - though equally privileged - ground. (Norris,P19)

:÷ìg 3Šw¾ H™ƒW, OÐk½ZkZr # ™8 -g ** c* ã—āìty‹Z ~Š ã C»kZÔ÷CW~sf Å[Š Z {Š c* iÐ ÂñY¬ŠÐÃkZ L L

$$ yÒ: ‘wø( discourse)yÒ ÌË|gŠ {z Ôì @* Y Œ£ »Q! Š Z t‹ö™G +

¡…ÃTÔ7g ZŠ¸g »gzŠ » [Š Zāì ñ» Zh +gŠXì ~gz¢nÆ¬_{¤Æ E+G 5BÆ ð** Æäƒg ZŠz» ðCÉ Ô÷ìg D™Šg6, gîÆÆŸáZzä¯fD ÂöÐG V/ ÔV'Š Z ä yî#Zāì x¥]!* âZ Xì mºn Æ ì »g ŒZ z ]³ÏZ [Š Z &‡e ÿLE $i WÅ [Š Z ~ «£Æ =ā å c* Š™ `g { n ÏZ Ð „  c* g àV KZ ÃVz²÷ á ;g @* Y H q ÃŠ » w: ZŠ Zi WÅ[Š Z J -W5gzZ iel g ™á Ð ãˆAuX ¶: “  ZŠ' , X ( 218ÔmÔ8g * * ) ó Xó X XX Xì

Ðx ** ÆM%ZáZzzŠg Q}Ôì c* Š™sv .Ã óO%Z LÂÆkgâ6, VŒär # ™8 -g **

ì C™[Å% J e ._Æ( ¬)• wKZÃkZ ñO ÅÚ Š ~• wKZ ÅkZÃ( ZuzŠ )

x°Xì Sg —|ÅÝZ n kZ Ôì @* ƒð )gfÆ¸~ ^ÅbÃsÜ¿t gzZ Ã]ZŠ §Æ ¬Ð áZjkZ âgze Z X¸ Š ñÐ ¬ ~ Æ ¬]g Z¦t Æ | #Ù Xì @* ™ÒÃÅä™Vc* ú E $ & H 4 øL Fc* Zh +gŠ Xì ]gz¢Åc6,%Z kZ ?=Å¬ c* ì ë Z ¨ç.n »Ge ~øÚ ã*y CYƒ~h +ŠÐzzÅÉÐ ïZúY wÅkZāì 7ëZ {Š c* iÌnkZg ZŠ™ »](‚

ÆyZāce ** ™ ãZztÆ™m, / ¤ Ð ºuÃV¹‚wìëÆyZ c* -g ** 8 g !* kZ wq¾Xì 14X?ì ~gz¢Š ZŠ,Z ~zb c* ´ » ¾gzZ ì $ Ë Y Å ì‡“ _Ð ¾~øÚ =ðG é5ÒºG @* ™ lˆ~ C Ùó ÃL kZ ¬X C0* 7ú~ ‚f Æ „  6,wì }uzŠ Ë‰ yZ c* -g ** 8 t Xì @* ™g¦Ãe $1Å^4{z „ IÐ ŒkZpì Å Œ ó - LÌZ nÆ¬Xì

UkZpÔì CƒW, O• wC1] .KZÅnzcÐÏŠ ñÅgÅ~gó ¦Æ L ¬āì „  gŠ

Xì @* ™ *Ã|)g fÆ„gÅsÜ{z c* ì„  6,wì¬āì ÂIt Ð ã‚WÐ

ā÷D ÑŠzÂ+ $YkZ ñƒD™7t‹g7½» óy¿Å¬~ó, -^â: ‘LKZš

¨Ã• w]2X X Xce** ™g (Zi Z0 +Z C1] .Ã aÎpì 'Y~• wÅnzcÃ aÎL L

Ã46, wìÅ¬ÔšX ( 227Ôm) óc ó e** ™ (ZÐZgzZì $ Ë ™ (Z aÎpÔ‰yY7À

èzcyâ i;ì C™FÃ|Ô aÎˆÅÝqÐ k[Z C2ā÷D™ ãZz~p ÖZ yZ 6,Y ¯ ÅmÐ aÎÅ] 2{Òúā: ~g¦Æyâ i (Z ¬pXì ^ÅŠ zÆ| wìāì eÐtX ÷D™ãZzÃ46, wìÅ¬Ð j§w¾ !* ð•ZšXì „  6, wì t ( 7i!* ºu )®h +] .ˆâ 6,VŒXƒ: „  6,wì¬ ( {)zµ' , ) nÆV\„  6,

G$ G X ( 219ÔmÔ8g * * ) ó Xó ÷g66, äƒgD»]ªÔM hNŠ7ÃV ð3©E _q‡ZZ YH E i ¸W »c s ÜÆú›g~ Ýzg Å Æí éH 5k4»&zÔ kgâ Û :™ˆÆs Z¤ /ZckZ Y E H J J _ _ .2 ±…g í éH .2 ±ˆâ gzZ çG C*—~çG 5k4»&zāì Ås # Ÿz Ìt ä kgâ Û :™X ÷ D™ Y .J2_±Åí éH &z r 4»H 7ƒ  o* *™7ÃW: ‘6,çG 5kE # ™8 -g ** ?ì 8 ŠÃ÷ÕÁ~bÃ YH E Åí éH 5k4»&zÃr # ™8 -g ** n ÏZX CYƒ W, O VÅ](‚År # ™8 -g ** b§kZèYÔB ä™" $U* ðCÅú›gq -Š 4, ÆyZ åŠ°‘u »s Z¤ /ZcyZsÜÂ7ZX ðW7IW pÔì 7~+zZzL Lk½Z‘zäÌðÃ»r # ™8 -g ** āìt]!* Å]ªX å~gz¢nÆ „[ÂÅkgâäVrZ Ìk½ZtāÍÔ÷˜~ +zZzÃk½ZáZzˆÆk½Z Ñ!* zgq Y &z8 4»H 6, qË?QÂÐÏä™—6, qC Ù ?¤ /Z L LÔ÷˜ ñƒïŠ!Zj»í éH 5kE -g ** Xì c* VZÐ

ā}½Z W, @* tÐTÔì c* ŠÉ~~ m, ôZÃkgje äVrZB‚B‚ÆkZX N Yƒ: nZg ** X c* Š™ÌwEZ »Â~ m, ôZ Œ~gz¢äVrZV˜÷ìg™7t‹tŠpr # ™8 -g **

[ Â Åkgâ Û :™Š Zñx ÓZƒ –6,ú›ggzZ Zh +gŠ ~ [Â Å8 -g ** P 8Íāì òúŠt » ¶Zg

:÷˜kgâ Û :™X ,™g¨6, k½ZgzZq -Z WXìÀF, ÉƒÐ

The counter-arguments to deconstruction have therefore been situated mostly on commonsense, or 'ordinary-language' ground. There is support from the philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein (1889-1951) for the view that such sceptical philosophies of language rest on a false epitemology, one that seeks (and inevitably fails) to discover some logical correspondence between language and the world. Wittgenstein himself started out from such a position, but came round to believing that language had many uses and legitimating 'grammars', non of them reducible to a clear-cut logic of explanatory concepts. His later philosophy repudiates the notion that meaning must entail some one-to-one link or

kZÃ8 -g ** ā Zƒt È»kZX ( 219ÔmÔ8g * *) óì ó @* ƒŒ~µÅ—C Ù XÐj™: —Ì

'picturing' relationship between propositions and factual status of affairs. Languages now

‰‘6, Ô „q -Z nÏZXì )ÑwðŠ~V\WÅ~g ‡äVrZ b§¾āì uZgŠ Z »%Z

jobs they are require to do (Wittgenstein 1953). The nagging problems of philosophy most

Ö™ » ó]ù Cc* ‹ LKZÃ{ 9²÷ D 3Š ~ +zZz „ÃVÓzŠ sÜÐ ~ ]‚½Z X ÷ìg™" $U* # ™8 r -g ** /Zāì ^ ¤ ,Y** ½Z~‚f »wìkZˆÆä™‘u b§kZÆr # ™8 -g **

conceived of as a repertoire of 'games' or enabling conventions, as diverse in nature as the often resulted, Wittgenstein thought, from the failure to recognise multiplicity of language games. Philosophers looked for logical solutions to problems which were only created in the first place by a false conception of language, logic and truth. Scepticism he argued, was the upshot of a deluded quest for certainty in areas of meaning and interpretation that resist any such strictly regimented logical account. (Norris, P127-128).

:BŠ óweC*—LÅr # ™8 -g **

ÂDƒ`™Ã~g¹kZŠp{z¤ /Z ?÷ M hŒùÃV9¨ ¤ Ân™7Ã~g¹h +] .ˆâ Šp Æ‹g e â ªÔD™yÒ~©:! fÐZ™™Ã~g¹¤ /ZX CW:7]gz¢Å ºuÂ/Â %ˆÆkZ Ô÷ D™µ ZÐ ‹g e â † Æw gßDp c* Y ÅRæLE  7 ÐZ s ™zZ ~i q Ð Z -g ** 8 t~ ]gßkZ X ÷ Š ñ~øÚVâzŠ yZ „0 +¶ KÅ]Zi q Ð Z yZgzZ:i Zñ » kZB‚

7sg ¬®ðÃ: ðÃå ~}g!* ÆV1ÂF F6,„ÂX @* Y Hg¦)** g »ë Z q -Z »r #™

(ORDINARY-ANGUAGE) y !* ix ¬{zì ˆÅcÌÎs ÜÆú›g Å Zh +gŠ L L

EYH

(LUDWIG X X í éH 5k4»&z vz− ¬ Ð VÍß ,Zā ìg y¶ K§{Xì ˆ Å Ð ÃYNÆ

G ]G é5.Ð‘ KÑ kZ bÃ: é¹½hI4$ 0Ð y!* iā ì [ È WITTGENTEIN 1889 - 1951) Se ** ™ Za *g x » b§ Ë: Ë~ Y âZ gzZ y!* i ÷z »

(EPISTEMOLOGY)

ÐZnÆVzuzŠāñYH7b§kZÃx|ÂÆ[Âāì @* ƒtÑ»TÔì c* W@* ™

Y &zXì 4»H FÆy!* iÆà6,ËÏZ {z~ˆpÔH qzÑÐ ùÏZ^: ‘CZŠpäí éH 5kE

ÅTg Z ä kZāì q! Zg ÖZ X ÷ T e ** ™Ýqû» ù Zg f ÝZ„  Zg { S ' ,{zāì CƒgŠ

Æ yÎZ¤ /ÌðÃÐ ~ yZgzZ Ô÷ Cƒ Za ,ÎZ¤ /Å b§FÐ XÔ÷ wEZÆb§ YH E —gzZ Â~y!* iāì h +Š F, Å]!* kZ,»í éH 5k4»&zX $ Ë Y ðÑ76,RÅVßßZs Ës ™

µÂtÐóV>¬Æ L zŠg QX c* 0* ™ˆÆ"7, g !* ôZÃ ó ó¡=WL L"é"Å. $»{zāì

œ£Æb§b§~Tì @* ™6,gîÆx Â,Zq -Zg¦»y!* i {zXì‚Zg »q -ZgzZq -Z~ Y Å GG3E &z÷D YröÆb§b§nÆ 4›. ZMÅy!* 4»H ï i {zāìtX » āì I »í éH 5kE

kZ „ ]”Å®d~í!* ÆyZ Âì m»V>¬ c* V\J -V˜X ñYƒy‚W ' Hgz©Ø…! fb§kZX c* 0* :™ÐZ ÌQpH·_g !* :e» ó¾‚ Ûw Ð L"t ÃWY {à ÒÃÅK{g !* zŠÃkZ Âmƒ 7ƒ¤ /ZˆÆ"7,g !* P Ã[Â: ‘Ë{zāì g »" ** ™ {Š c* i bŠ™[™Ð x ** LZÆ ƒ%Ãsg ¬ {Š™7Æ®Ëq -Š 4, Æ yZ XÐ ,™

%iÃ èYì³» `ÅÅŒùgzZÔì Cƒ]gz¢ÅixÆb)Ãa#X YÑ7x ZŠçLG Y G &z w– n¾X 7e¹xÅ p 4»H yxgŠÆ|gzZ yÔ y!* i : é¹½hI4$x Ó{z í éH 5kE

kZ n kZ ì Z6,gî ~Š ã CÐ gÅÆ ¬ gÅ » š c* ¾gâ ā ì }Y {z X @* ™

~g¹h +] .ˆâ {z¤ /ZXì CW~sf ÏZ Ì{zì Å• w ä8 -g ** P8ÍXì * @YŒ~gz¢

gzZ¿~g ZzZa 6,gî~Š ã C] 1] .~Š â 6,RY Ôì 7„  gŠ :~ðqZÆDifferanceÃ

$‘]Å ºu6, yZ b§kZX @* ƒ: Â** ™yÒ~p ÖZ LZÐZˆÆkZ ÂDƒ`™Ã

sÜ: yZgzŠÆ¿ï¬~ TÔì ZÐ ]1] .CZ¸Ðzz Åh e ÀÐ ¿ÆVâ ¨ KZ

Å]ZŠ §ÙçgzZ Ï(ÔY F, x ÓyZ ªøÚÆkZÃ~g¹h +] .ˆâ {z¤ /ZX C0* ƒ: VðÌ

Ð †zcXì @* ƒï÷ á Ð Vß ZjèzcgzZ ½ZŠ~b‹yZgzŠÆb‹Šp{z b§kZXì

@* ™ï÷ á ~b‹ÌÃ¿ÆäY ñc* ÃÃ¿kZgzZ¿ÃŠp{zÉì ‚ rgÃ7Ãw gßYg {

:ì H Zh +gŠXì ÌÐ†zcÅ¿Æb‹Š Z%VŒ

But it is true that in Marx, as in Engels and Lenin, the putting into question of the self-certainty of consciousness is not "based on Differance".(Position,P62)

 6, „ wìC(‚ ì 7{zÔì @* 0* úÐ • wY ÔgÅ§¦{Š™ì‡»x ZgzZ¾g â ¤ /Z G4h±g â ÅV£ÆZh G4h±g â Å Zh Ånw‰ ÆTã¬f Z KZ6,ïG +gŠ c* W6,ïG +gŠ Â÷D™¢ óZLgzZ óZ pZ L ì ~Š ã Cg ZŠ™ » Differance~ ÆZh +gŠèYÔ@* Y {g7Š ñi Z ðÃ»W

Lā L ì @* ™s Z ‹Zt ~ p ÖZ ãZz Zh +gŠ X êŠ äƒ 7ì‡Ã| # ÙgzZì Lg bq~ 5ZgÆ G4h±gâ $ Z) óì Zh +gŠā7t È »kZX ( 63ÔmÔ éM}EG ó b‡»kZ {zèY ;gÈ7¼ {zs ÜÆ ïG tX »e $Š â X @* ƒ7iXÌðÃ »e $Š â ÐìIe $Š â ÃŠpX ñY Hg¦Ie $Š â Ã

&‡ÐáZjÆú îW{z Âs§q -Z Ôì Hg (Zg »Yi§ ä r # ™8 -g ** X CƒƒÿLE ~g¹h +] .ˆâÆ™iZ0 +ZÃÃ] ZŠ §áZz¶Š ÀÃ~g¹h +] .ˆâ äVrZs§~uzŠì ‘u KZ År # ™8 -g ** -V˜Xì HÌwJÐZÉ Ôì H7sÜ:~8 J -g ~h +Š6,gîåÃ

tÌÃ ºuˆÆäƒC Ù ªgzZì e™7„‘usÜ¿ āìC Ù ª Âì wZÎ »Ï G $ uø»kZ Âì 7g »Ãä™ 4¨G Vzg›ZŠh +y  gi! fXì U» 46,,É 7›Ð D éME 5G ²X ÷ìg YG} úŠÆäƒ »ÆÕñƒ n pgt ‚ÃUÆ46,,~ÇÅ ì‡| # ÙîÏyÃ{z ÂÔì Š Hƒ »Õ§¦t¤ /ZÔì Š ã CÅg¦x ÓÆ46,,6,ÕÏZ

pXì g »" „g¦x Ó » | # Ùx°āce ´g~ ‚f ÂÃr # ™8 -g ** ?ì ¦ZŠ » ä™

o¢c* gz$Ð“ _x°c* “ _ÅïZúY Ôì M~í!* Æy¨ KZC Ù …t¬Ðƒ  1Ôì M~ Æ¬…{zÔ÷g çLa' ,®h +] .ˆâ s ÜÆTÔg¦»| # ÙXì @* ƒ

*Š Yg {@' ,Æ Zh +gŠ Xì ]oãZz » kZWÅâgze Z6,¬Xì I e $Š â Š z!* Æ ÷Õ 4ŒÅZˆâ ~ lˆÅe $Š â {zāì ë Z n ÏZ nÆâgze Z » âgze Z X © 87{C ~ l¨WÅ] é›G3E Ð CG é5. ‘ðƒ)g fÆgÅÅtg mz6,Ðzz ÏZ Ôì³»¿›gs ÜÆgó ÅÆ L kZ Ìú6,a»ß @' , ÆY {zāÍì ~gz¢nÆ[zZ| # ÙnÆa»ßÔì @* ¯: ¶ K»Wâgze ZÃ& ¸

™}WëÐ ]ZŠ ¢ÆðZzjg1! fÃg¦kZÉ Ôì ;g YH7ÐZ~Tā7~x|kZ

VâzŠ Ô åëZwZÎ » } ó uzŠ LnÆVâzŠgzZ÷~Š·VâzŠ Zh +gŠgzZ âgze Zāìg ãZzt6,VŒ) 14XÃ } ~ ]1] .~Š âāì ¸!* Ð |kZ {z X ( ¸ T e ** ZßŠ ] Ð = ð G é5ÒºG ó uzŠ L

@' , Æ¸Å¾g â ÌZh +gŠ uZ jX c* Š™o zæÐ¿Ã~pñOÅ CZ¸™F, Z~ðZ÷ {åZ

wìg¦t nÆ¬āÍÔYƒ7w¡Z »kZÔì ëZ óZuzŠ LnÆ¬Xì ;g Y H7Æ

¿~g ZzZa ã¨ KZ ÆVç»èzc¬āì 7¦ / Ù Èt »kZXì Š ñ~i Z0 C +Z: *6, » ~p)g fÆ¸@' ,Æ ¿J -u °» gó ¦ L» ¬āì „  gŠtX å7{Ç WÐ ]¸Å

Xì sŠ ZáÆä™ »| # Ù~ŠpÅnzcg¦C Ù »| # ÙCZ¸q -Š 4, Æâgze ZXì ~gÅ

ÅkZgzZX å1NŠÃUkZhZzÐ œ~ó]c* 1Å^4L[ÂÅ¬ä¾g â Xì V;Zp

ì‡“ _Ð • wèzcÃŠp ì ŠzögzZ °ŸZ wÅ ( 7ðCÅr # ™8 -g ** ) ðC

°»ä¾g â eNŠ 7ÃïZúyZ~ Æ¬{z1ì 8 Š6,gîãZzÃ¿Æ~p~¿ À& āì }Y Zh +gŠX ( 43Ô ™ : ó i7Lõ/GŸG ŠÐ áZjÆ™f6,kZÆ Zh +gŠ )¸ nNŠ Iā²

TÔì ÷ [ Š ~• wÅkZ@' , ÆŠ§Ãnzc]1] .~Š â Xì #e $¾~¿Æä™

Zh +gŠ uZ j6,V˜ ì * @Yá 6,x £ kZÐZú» kZÐzz ÏZ Ôì y‚W ** ™ú6, CZ¸

Xì C0* ú

7~gY yÒîÌðÃ Zh +gŠ s ÜÆyZ Âì m»šgzZx ZÔ ¾g â J -V˜Xì @* ™lˆ

Špi Z ]1] .b§kZ Xì @* ƒ xÌpÐ TÔì B bg ï÷ á ~ŠpÃŠ §‰ Ü z! • w~

„~y!* i@' , Æ¿Ã]1] .CZ¸Ì{zèYÔì @* Wt ‚„™0„  6, wìsÜgzZsÜ

»yZXì 7}WëÐ Vç»Æ¢q åL<X’Ì]gßË ìg £ CZ » óðCLk0* ÆyZÔ÷ Ôì „ëÂ*Š~ .â » aÎkZ Â,zXì 7÷ ÷ìg™ÝqÃðC+Z Ëtāì wì Æó¡]1)gL ZŠgziÆ. $»Lâ q…ð` yDg »Ú ŠÐÃkZÃ]1) ~gzŠh +] .1

Ï?Åw gß{ŠispÅ*ŠÇ è & ¸tÅyZ] .zz={Š™ì‡Å. $»Xì J m yZz6, Ð

! fX¸ïŠg @* Z^ vÆ]ñÃV\TŠ Zi W~gŠ 0* Š¤ /cŠ ð|Z # Ôì Cƒx¥ C™

]ZŠ ¢ðZg Zzâ ÆVzŠ¤ /cŠ ð|sÜ&ÔŠ H[ŠÐzz Å~Š¤ /cŠ ð|Ut »d $

kZ @* Y c* Î7r Zu »]»øÆg¼ÆV yZJ -Z # Xì YY c* ¯ û. Þ ‡„™NŠ Æ

ÐáZjÆøÚ{zāì C™7Ðg ±Z kZÃ óy¶ KL TraceÅ Zh +gŠ ÂBŠÐg ±Z kZ

ÐZ ** 0* úÐ Û A g { b§kZ » óy¶ KLXá™ï÷ á ~ óy¶ KLÃïZúÆwgzZ ( èâ ) õg @*

kZì W, OÐ{)z¾g âgzZ. $»Ô¬èaZh +gŠXì @* ™ë ZÛ @ZØnÆä™g¦ZƒtŸzc 4ŒÅZˆâ Ôe @* ™7(Z Zh +gŠ¤ /ZXì @* ™ï÷ á ÃïZúvŠgzZ] é›G3E $Š â Ôf½ZŠ {zÐC Ù !* ÆQn E & e nÆkZ Â .n4»G qËÅïZúÑ!* zgqÐÝ xŠÆóöR,LXì * @YƒÂ¿» ä™– çH ÐZ nkZì &ï÷ á ÌÃïZúvŠ {zèaXì Le** ZzÌIe $Š â ÃŠp{z6, Y ¯Å¿ÏZÆ

ÅïZú: *6,wìgzZXì * @Y Hd‚fÃïZúyZ~ e $Š â Ëg â Xì 7ƒ  oIIe $Š â

` }g øÉ ‚ 7„~ VƒogŠ ! fsÜDX ÇìgÝqx ZzŠÃekZÆ„ZeJ -‰ Ü z

ï÷ á ~Q{zÃïZúŠ ñXZh +gŠXì * @Ytc* ÃÃ¿}g ‚~Ýzg Å]1] .Æ™ì‡| #Ù E & e)gfÆ~g¹ ‚ŠpKZ {zÃ4ZQì @* .n4»G sÜÃ¿kZ Zh +gŠXì @* ™~úŠ »ä™– çH ™

ÅgÅ~ kˆZÆ~gÅŠpÃ| # Ù†§zŠ yxgŠÆ SlavegzZ Master ¬…ð` 

g¼» ðC~ o ng ZÐ ¿ã¨ KZ~ Û A g { nÆ e $Š â Ç²Xì êŠ x Zug0 +ZÆy!* i

Xì ‰ Ü z»äƒ»Æ& ¸ãZ6, VÎ' , ÅxÝgzZ ‡WXì YYH~ .ZÐUC ÙÆ

~gz¢** ™tÐZÉ @* ƒ7~gz¢** ™ +Ã ónzcL._ÆTÔì @* ™™ÄgÃåL$ÃéZpKZ

õ™BI e $Š â ÃŠp Zh +gŠ ) Xì 79II e $Š â Ã Zh +gŠÐg ±Z kZXì ~gz¢ ** ƒk , + 5

g0 +ZÉ 7å ìÅ ‡WnkZXì YÌw$ +cg »| # ÙˆÅì‡Æ™ »Ã } ó uzŠ LXì @* ƒ

ä™t‰ Ü z, Z q -ZÃðCÅxšg â {zāì tNg¨. Þ ‡Ð áZjÆZh +gŠ X ( å @* ™kC G4h±g â ~M%Z gzZ [fZ ÙçgzZ Ï(zz Å kZX¸ ìg Y G } úŠ Æ ]ñÅ ïG # ÔÎ

Åä0* 1‡6, ¿kZÔ)g fÆ„ªÔ)g fÆ]1] .CZ¸sÜäkZā ;gtX »¬Xì

** ƒDt Ã~g ‡Xì 7ÁÐ {k H! Š Z Ë VÅe $h +] .ˆâ ! fÆ™i Z0 +ZÃÃXÔ¸ ]Ñq E & e ?ì Š .n4»G t ‚~ ~œ,ðgG ¨çH HHVY „ˆÆ1940 ~úŠ » ~g¹h +] .ˆâāce

» ä™ ì‡°Wë wZÎÝZ n kZXì Y™ (Z Ìó ZuzŠā L ì @* ™ ãZz ¬Xì à{Ð Óg¦ » ó}uzŠ L~ ‚fÆ kZ Âì @* ™ú~ ó]1] .tLKZ6,¬Z # âgze ZX ÅÒÃ

._Æâgze ZX ˆÅ™6, V-Š·._Æ~i Zzjg1! f ÔìŠ ñ~^Å † ó »ßƒLÅ 

V;zì ÒIÕ}V˜Xì Le ** ™ ìÐ¸sÜÑZz ä™¸&Ôì ~Š·Š Z%Ð} ó uzŠ L

t Xì @* h Ð Æ¬™}Šg Z Œ Û )** g » » gó Å LÐZ âgze Z b§kZXì @* ™ëZ Û i Z gó Å6, L ÑxÆ¾g â âgze Z~b‹~y WpÔì g Z2Z6,oèËg â J -uË„Åâgze Zāì 9

aÎsÜ H ?ì * @Y Hì‡VYB‚Æ[ zZ Qm» ‹g e â Ð Vß ZjY ?ðW7VY

~„V´pàZz äƒ 0* ,~ `g {Xì 7¦ ' / Ù (ZX ÷TgVÂÆV ïZúYg{gzZì r$ C + # ZgzŠÆyâ i ÂCƒ¼ƒ /E »]gz¢Å õG  „ aÎ¤ /ZXì CƒÒÃÅäc* ÃÃw gßÐg±Z X Lg7¹!* i Z ðÃ

÷Z Û wVãZzÅkZXì ¸ ÌÑ»¿#Å¬Xì @* ™ëZ Û DÃe $Š·™ƒi *"Ð

X Zƒ O»D¨ ¤ ãZk , Zq -Z Z # Ôì Q~ ]gßÅ î Zz kZÆ[ zZ D¨ ¤Æ1968 ~

™ Z`~ *Š Å]ÑìsÜ™– Ð *Š Ç~g ‡ c* D¨ ¤Xì sŠ ZáÆò¤ / u: âê¿»

g ïZÐ ä™ (Z äkZ1Ô}™e $×Å[zZD¨ ¤Æ™ c™¼CZ {zā Š H¹Ð âgze Z G4h±g â âgze ZX c* X eF, Z: Zg76, g £ÆÔì hZzÐ4z] .Åtg mz6, ā Ôwì~œ / %Æ ïG Š™

ÅV-Š· uøÝZ » kZ n kZX c* Š Î6,î ZŠ Ã| # Ù ÅV-Š· ä TÔì ,@*»ïZúÙç

igzZ | # ÙX 7Ì¼gzZ {z´Æ| lÓWgzZ ~²÷ á Æ aÎÏZ `WX e1 M : yDg &‡** ˆƒ ÁgÐzz Å rz Û Æ ìZ` °ç ÿLE ÆóVzŠ ÕLtg ‚yZÔg ZŠZ Ü4z] .~ Ï0 + i

gzZ ÔÏ(ÔY 6,gî´g¦»¿#Å ó z6,àì×zg LˆÆ1940~øÚ! fkZ

Cc* ÃÅyZ4z] .ÅyZ Ôì m»]4ñƒ0 }uzŠ J -V˜Xì ;g „X » ó| # ÙL

~g !* gŠ X @* ƒ 7"Ð V~f kˆZg7½ »kZŠ z!* Æ8{Æg !* gŠ „Ðzz ÅV¸u~h +Š µ ðÃ{z´Æ yDgÆ äg â í? í}V- c* ðe B‡~ ~²÷ á Ôì {0 + i Ì` W aÎ

yZtÔ÷ìgáÀÐYß c* àW¾g °ZÆyZX 3góåyZgzŠÆŠÅ[Â ót ÃWÒàLKZ

îŠ ð3Š æ6,n ÏZh +÷ á Ìóú›g L¹ZXì ;gƒC Ù ªÐbzg —: ZI •Z†§q -Æ X 4 1 n ÏZh é5ÒºG ! fsÜgzZsÜ%ÆƒÅ = ó Lð G +÷ á Xì @* WÃÂ6, »ë Â*Š~kZāì gzŠ Ât‹~}g !* ÆkZ ? ZƒùŠ ZŠ,ZtX ÷ìg™ÞzZz»ä™Šg~ÇÅ óVzg›ZŠ LZzjg1 ’ c* = Ô7¼ {Š c* iÐg Z ÿL)q -Z ** ™lˆJ -}L´PÐ[Â‘zät ÃWY {àÅyZÔ

X Ã™{g ÷ á Z+ $YÅ ( ì¤ /Z )]ù: ‘ÅyZ6, èiÑ

Š ñ}{^ ,Y ~Wg7 ½» Æ¾gâ c* ¬Ô . $»Lâ q~ y!* izŠg Qāìt Â|

Yß c* àWmºËÔ÷ DƒÇg™Š c* } ó LLzŠ c* -Z ä e q $ÒZ ÅVzŠ Õ ‚ŠpXì 7„

ÃVzLP Ð ]c* Ã³K5#²Ô÷ D™7~ ^Å ó]â ©Z LÃVzLyZ {z ._Æ » ~VzLzŠ c* -ZŠ Õ9b§kZX ÷D™7~^Å„ ó]â © Z L ÆYß c* q àWKZ G 6,g ÃZ&Ôì @* ƒ Zz** éM›‹¢Ð V7ëÅ ÆV\ ~g ‡DÑ{zX ÷B°» ** ™™f

»TÔ ˆ~±6, }i! fk B Åg °Z~[fÐg ±ZkZXì „gf(, ÐW._ÆVGZz Åg (Z ^~h +Š´ä ~g¹}¤ /Z Xì ÌYß c* àW ã W {z´ Æ ]ZŠ § ˆ Fi uø G-Ê 5C Ù Ô;g „B‚Æ` m»ïZúÇÌ6,V;z Ô( ~ ^Åe $ƒ³‚Å{)zÐ ðG3Ÿ W ) ä™]!* wë~}g !* ÆkZ%Œ6, gî´ÃïZúyZX ;g m$ +pÐ Y »g Z ÙçgzZ úY D™™f »‹g e â †  7c* ‹g e â Ôàì×zgÔ]q ˜Z ! fZ # Š ÕÆzŠg QX @* ƒ7Za „wZÎ » ‹g e â †  7¹æÃ‹g e â †  7! f?ìŠ Z%HÅyZÐ]q ˜ZyZāD 0* ™7ãZz{zÂ÷

¿—ÆóVzŠ ÕL?ì [ƒg¼»‹g e â †  7~y*zyc* yÎ 0* H ) ?ñY3gù. Þ £Æ Åe $h +] .ˆâ Ð Y »g ZÆXÐ Vß ZjÆVÂ¸~g ZzZa gzZ Y k^É Ô7Ð áZjÆ

Å àì×zg ÔZƒ µZz~6¤' , ìB‚Æ[zZ QmZ÷ » ‹g e â ! fX ( Zƒi ¸W »c yZ ~ øÚÆ y*y c* yÎ 0* /ZX Zƒ Ð ~I ÒÅ ^g ke ~ ÷Z ¤ Û i ¸W » q -’

ÂÔ @* ™7ãZzÃgZŠ™ ãZ] .zz [~¿Y gzZV½‚~g ZzZa ~øÚ! fwEZ »] q˜Z

Ïn Z6,ˆð;ÅT¿ÑZz ä™{Ze (Zq -ZXì 7Ì¼gzZ {z´Æä¯ ÚÃw gßt

:gzZ÷ïŠ ð3Š}~g °ZÆVzŠ Õ„:]Z W, ZÆ ~]gßÅƒÅ c* ðZ÷: ‘ ’ è¾ÆèiÑ~pY ÐzzÅƒx°Xì H ¤ kˆZ »¬_Ð]PŒ Û ÿL)Æ~g ‡„

X ÇìguÆVYàZzäW)f » ðÌÅ

Å VzŠ Õ yZ w{z} .~i q Ð ZÆ ~œ«gzZ ~œ, b§kZX C0* ƒ 7„ úÅ ñ

Ù Ô {z´ÆVÅg £ÆóðCL*ŠÐzzÅ T: Z¸)KZ~t C # I: ‘r # ™8 -g **

~]ÑqyZX ñƒg66,ä™‘u{zÐzz ÏZÔ÷ ïŠ ð3Š ~g ¬Ð ]ù~WÅ b§

ä0* ] Ð V-zgáZz ä™{ ZeyZX ÷ D Y| m ®ÅéZpÅä0* ] ~áZgzâ

-g ** 8 [»Ã]‚½Zx ÓÆkgâ Û :™Xì »Îâ~¡Ìuø»g Ö ZÆ~g Zi"Ð

9 Š ~øÚLZÐÃ~WÃxEV;z Âì ~gz¢ ** ™Ýq Zg Ö Ð ºuV˜ ` WnÆ

-g ** 8 Ô÷ D™™f » ( J -u Ë )…¨ kgâ V˜ 1÷ D™[™Ð x ** LZ Y &zÔkgâ6,V˜X ÷ïŠ™i Z0 .J2_±ÐáZjÆí éH 4»H +ZÃÃyZr #™ D™™f »WÅkZ6,çG 5kE Y &zāìg ãZz X ÷ D Y ™sv 4»H .Ð ðÌw¾ÃkZ r # ™8 -g ** Ô÷ 5kE AZ tL zg ~„ » í éH Y E I E H &e 4»G 2_±ˆâ q .nE 5k4»&zāì wì»kgâXì óïHi4h±çH ð0* » DF~t ¬ # Iãá~çJ.G -Š 4, Æí éH .J2_±ā÷ … Y {z Ôì H·_Šp »çG .J2_±ä Vz®X)÷ CY ™h Ð nzcÃy!* i ÂLçG

Xì ~gz¢u"Ì X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX

??¡qZÅÆZÅ$ e+ h. ]ˆâ g ZŠ, 'D»$ e+ h. ]ˆâ ~”gyGÐá ZjÆó ó]* c W ã -L L

$h e +] .ˆâ ˆÆe Z3, Ãsi {ÒúxÆe $h +] .=ā¶]!* ÅpŠu"a}÷tL L ¦Z ºZÅ®ÆkZgzZ úz›'g Å~”¥XX X 5µñ»ä™x »6, ~”¥yGg ZŠ' , DÆ ó Xó ì c* Š ¯{ÒúZ (, »„e $h +] .ˆâ ÐZäÎâ

( k½ZÐSalman Rushdie [ ÂÅ

D.C.R.A. Goonetilleke ®h +] .ˆâ )

.J2_±LgzZ ì 8 Š Xì êŠ ð3Š @* ƒ sv .nzc~ mÆ nzcgzZ y!* i~ b‹Æ çG Y Y Y &z 4»H 4»]gzZ],é¨E 4»]Lā tÅ îZzgÆ~IùÈ»s ”yxgŠÆ[ +é¨E 5kE L ì wì»í éH G3E G3E

ðZgzâÆyZÐkZèYÔT e** ™7™f »V0 DyZr # ™8 -g ** X(óì ó sŠ ZáÆäZC Ù ŠÃ

yZ~}g !* ÆóðCā L ìtÈ »kZXì BuiÃÏ~g ¬8Ðb‹ÅyZgzZ ñ

äV,ZðZŠ »TÔì [£„ VÅ óðCL*ŠkZsÜ¹ZX ÷¢ð•Z]c* ÃLZÆ

100

99 Xì 7¶ÅVzÃ$ +

Ð"7, gzZ ä™ù ÷ á Ô™y*Z' , ā c* Š Z™gz!* ~}g Ñ„¬ā H YZ ä\W

( ~)

tg ¤Ò

ÅÒÃÅ äsz ¡Åy!* igzZ ‚fÆ tzf IZÆ™ ù ÷ á }p~g £1äZ6,āì 4 Ì[Z vß,ZāVY Ôì è¾ » äYñ7,g !* g !* ó ó+ Mú Û ~ zŠg Z L Ly*»P *6,X ñY

¹z~Äp÷ iZ Ì}p6¼ X ó ì ó Š ZŠ Z} .»k , ’0Z w9Z L L~ X÷ Š ñ

W, Ox¯ »²÷ á ËÔì Š Hc* ŠK M F, {gÑt~Š c* Å]§0gÅX¹zg ÃÝ°ZÒwøXìgz$

`W{zÔ¸¾g ÃZ 6,äa ZÆþŠ äàqgzZ6,wÙZÆ'¸ÆHKZ ä¨ ¸X @* ™7 yZāì [_ .b§kZŠ c* Å ºZ/~V¸‰Å ºZg YX ÷ïŠ ¯g ZÍÎÃVß Zz"7, Ì

e ÍÌºPŠ ÅwŠ ðƒ r~ Âz sw™[ze~ ªÏÐq f -ZáZz"7,ÆV¸ ¾ÄP6,wÙZÆâZ KZÔZƒwÙZ~ ( : å) ZM¸k' , P»Xä~g7 yÎ{g ZzWX ÷

‰‰‰ìgzZV˜»È™ ( âîq -Zx ** Æ~]mZk , æ)

! x»dÃ{ZpÍËÆyZ J -ÌZ ~ q ÃŠÆV¸uÆ8 -g ** P 8 ÍËZ e :å…] ] ‡] HçÞ

ÄÅwD ZX ‰CY¢ @WÅ¥‚gzZ ZÄ Â¸D ‹~VBÃVzÄyZ {zZ # gzZ¸

yZ/X Š Hc* Š 7[ Z wëðÃ »V¸uÆ8 -g ** Ì~ y*ú[¯kZÆtg ¤ÒX B7

ëZ ¹ q -Z ~ ó ónpzg¨6,W~ ~œy ZzZ L Ly*Æ yZ%Z X}™ W, OÃVß ZzG g c* "7,

HWx »Æ yZ {zÔ¸ ‰ ™| 7,¼ Zƒ –~ zŠgZ6,e Š $h +] .ˆâ qçñLZ ~ yÎ 0* ¬

ì 7ªðÃ+Z~g ÃZÆr # ™¹zg ÃXìg »{÷ á »[Š ZzŠg Z Âó ~ ó Š c* Å)j%{−ZzL L

ÅyZ ÷ „g Y è~M%Z™m{[f6,x ** ÆWÁÂÜÀ` W Lā L ì ˆÅt „Š y¶ K [fÆ™ÈçWÃVß ZzzŠg Zëāì Š ñSt ~¿kZX ó ó7{Š c* iÐ k' , g ezŠ Ï0 + i‰zZ āce I™ÁÌ] !* tpXcexg¸gëÐ `Z' × gzZwjâ ÔèKZ ñOÆä™ÇÅ

ÐyŠg ezŠ H Âk' , g ezŠ Ï0 + iÅXì ÅV1Â+Z Ìe $ÒZÅV1ÂàZzäƒù÷ á ~zŠg Z XìÆ¹Ÿ»]ZgŠ ZâX Cƒ7{Š c* iÌ

V\W™| , 7}pVâzŠÆyZ1ì ~Š(~Vzg ÑVâzŠ ä\WÃg–@á÷yZ/

~¨ Âì reÃŠpgzZì CY/ ¤Šp Âì re~¨KZ ì CYx˜CÅ]gúSh1kZ~

Ð äYaÆä™~ e ÝZ 8 ~ÖZ {zāì c* 0* 0W, @* ¸J -ÌZÐ áZjÆg–@÷ á

Æ8 -g ** P8 ÍËZ e b§ÅD¨ ¤iZq -Z6, gîOäVrZˆÆð‚gJ -V1ÂÝZXì wD Z)´~y*kZXì yTÅyZ „x »m{¸ ÌZ6, gî! Š ZzdXì c* Š™Šiy¶ KÃV¸u

nçkZ~Xì ÅÄ¤ / 6,gî O ä tg ¤Ò~ [Z Æ] ŸZ ‹Zƒ  o** Æ@÷ á yZ/6, -Z {zì Åäg–@÷ q á yZ/„0 +¶ K ÅV¸uÆ8 -g ** pÔVƒ 5ö ÂÐ tg ¤Ò~ ‚Ö^ì ‚ …] Xì¡Y"** ™g ïZÐ|kZXì |u ‹\Z úæÐ mï~ d $½Å Z` ZÆkZ ä\ WX ñƒwßñ}g ÑVâzŠÆó ó]mZ L L

ó óšgzZwD Z L LX ÷‰ƒ1‡"t ‚ÆqçññOÆpg1‡, 6qçñsßñXì CY/ ¤

\ Wā7¸1¶°»zzq -Z¸aÆäYƒnZg ** Æk , æ ËX åeƒ7q -Ñ~1åH

C ~ÄkZXì ó ó~g—ÆZ. }šL LyZÄ»Tì 7

X å5Ðí@* ¹{g ÑªāVYÔ÷·_k , iB‚q -Z}g ÑVâzŠX VƒyNÔHù ÷ á ÌÃ{

Ð ƒ* c, W* @áZz äƒ Za Ð ÄkZ ÅwD Z mðÃ »kZ Ôì –¼ ä V,ZÐ yZÄÆ

-ZÆ\}÷ñƒbŠ~‹Š5ÔòO Z¨ q ¸~}g Ñ}uzŠ ä\WÉ ñƒ7nZg **

ì Z ~|ì ]g ˆ ~C Ùª

\ WX ÷1ÆylpgzZ tzf}_Æ\W}gÑ„ VâzŠÐg ±ZÆ]Ñ˜gzZ æ ¾

Ö Ót' # , +t Õ t Dt D

~ *ŠzŠg ZX ÷g D™ÌÛD +Å î XÐ$ +ÃB‚Æpg ~g Y!‚gāì ~gz¢akZXì

]Y¢v%aÆVÅÑ»q -ZŠÎ

Hƒ{i Z0 Š +Z »¢ A &Å\WÃVÍß[ Zpƒ;gÃË„h +÷ á {i Z0 +Z »kZÔå´Ök , æYZ Ú Zg0 +ZÆ

10 2

zŠ S ñW Ã Ã ? @ î

101 ] Zz) ½ ÷ïŠ Û ÷Ã W

z< Ø è {z Ôƒ Š HHì‡~ËÆZ} .yâ Û x ÂC4){zāì kˆZ »|kZÃwD Zp

C ì H6, ÄkZx !Z »ÄkZakZX Yƒ7à{Ð+ M qzg

Ð V|Å%%Vƒg ZÜz lp ** ~ zŠ ¯ gzZ xw » è a }÷

ì Å„Š y¶ KÅäƒŠ ñÆe $g Zz¡Ì~ VÍßIè ä wD Z™ÈxwÆègzZ%%÷ (q -Z äV,ZXì ÅÒÃÅä™lˆw» *Š~+ M qzgòsZgzZe $g/Å Z· Z ª @* Y Wd $Œ Û ¹Æ xsZ xiŸ!* ÂñY 1™ï÷ á gZŒ Û Z » Å Z} .~ xiŸ!* /Z Lā ¤ L ì Ì–

ó ó{^ ,Y q -ZX ,Š c* L Ly*» ~Qj[» Xì 7x » y‚W·_~W* c t‹/ » ÄX ó ì ó

/»Äāì °»aÆäŒt Ãg–@÷ á yZ/Š z!* ÆkZ Ôì @* ƒx¥Zƒ –~³p¤ /Z ?ì $ Ë ƒ]gßHÅð‚gJ -kˆZz„iÆ²÷ á Ð‰ ÂÆÄËc* ÷ëÃ¾t‹

~}g Ñ}uzŠX ÷`ƒ ù÷ á y*F~zŠg Z6, ó óe $h +] .ˆâ gzZgÅÔ] 1] .L L

~sg ¬ÆyZ ä\WXìC Ù !* Ð Ä¤ /ÅyZzb C Ù » qçñ~y*Æg–@÷ á yZ/ï÷ á x Z²Z » ºu6,8 -g ** P 8 ÍËZ e¬ā²¼ ÌZ ä V2÷g–@÷ á yZ/„ztLā L ì–

]YZ ðÃ~}g!* Æ}pÆyZ Ì\Wā ðW7akZh +÷ á ]gz¢Åsg ¬kZX ó óåc* Î

6, Šã CÅÙZ F, x Z²Z „: Ô$ Ë 07sg ¬! Š Z »g »¯ËÙZ F, x Z²ZāìtÂ1¸Ü‡Ð™ Xì YYc* Z™tÃw! Š ZÅg »¯Ë ËZ eŠ Z%Åg ó[ ¯VŒ) ,g ‡z!* gzZg ±Z !* kZÆïzWgzZ [Š Zz y!* izŠg Z

:āì c* ÑŠ¢ä¹zg ÃÝ°ZÒqs ÜÆ( ]mZk , æ:ìÐ8 -g ** P8 Í

]Zg gzt' , ì Å]Ñ¾ÆkZu

xzøƒ Ð ~z yéā x ¸{z

~ x4, ñXì Š ñ~ Vzk , ’Å¯IZ êñ)gzZ êñ[Z » kZ ?÷ ¾ VYÄ,Z

(Jesus)

Âì C™ÒÃÅäÖ k , ¦Å

ð}]|™¾izgq -Zíz‹ Å ó óVâ L Lwz** ÆÅgÍì

Jesus Ð kZ ó óV â L LXì [ƒ< Ø èÑ ì * @YW g C»kZāì

~X ÷C™g\ \ WÐ TVƒ7³ #»

Jesus

kZ~L LXì 7]gz¢ÅkZāì H g C

Åsƒw!* gzZoèÆwD Z¤ /Zg–@÷ á yZ/X ó óVƒ³#»

Jesus

WJ6,x Â: Zg ZŠtâuˆÆäZz™g Z Œ Û Z »Š zÆZ} .Ð y!* iÅšäwD Z~Ä«X @* ƒ Åš~gÃZyZŠ z!* ÆkZÔì H{C Ù b» ~g %^' , ~yZÔ÷u 0* Ðx ·Zg ÃZtXì Å

:ì @* ƒ6, wZÎkZx !Z »ÄXì e $Ä

]‡zZÆgzŠ' × ÒÈ ¹ Š ÷

~V˜}¾1ì wŠ ¬zgŠ ‡Â

] Ãk izg ³ ~ F,ì *Š

‰»46, tâu Ç "ze “ 

7ŠÌZ Å+ M¨ KZgzZ *Šā÷ D™n²Ð ]+Z[gvZ º Û ~ÄÅˆÆkZ X ÇƒØ{»w¡ZZ # Ïƒ‰ Ü zkZŠÅyZXì ðƒ ÌZx £"ì GÌZx â i"ì =

ÌZ x Ó**ì î Z F,wi Z ¤ /î

cz÷ āz 0 + g ~]v Å Z} .»

cäVzŠ ÕXÐ wZÎ~y WkZXì x|ÝZ »kZÝZgŠ pÔ‚ rg7‘´m{ ðÃC Ùª E E Ù pì HwEZ 7Âg »T §C G C é5šrz ä\WXì @* Y ¹ Structuralist C G é5šrzÃyZÔì Å E ‰Æ~Ëāìzz ¸Xì c* VZgz¢{Z +ÃÐ ]ùÅVzŠ Õ C G é5šrz ä \W b§ÅŠ Õ¸!*

^wqM }¾ ^wâ ÷Z}¾

Å\Wì eXì \WwVKZ~zŠg Z {zÔì H7ä\W·_ »e $s~:‚Z~Vâ YZ

y*t»\ W~eÆä™lˆe $s~Vâ YZÆ~ËpñYH: t · Z Zg7 Ð ô=

áZz•ayp »V'¾Â

:$è¹Z Â_7,B‚q -Z ó óZ} .yâ Û L LgzZ ó óŒ » V¤ Û L LÔó ~ ó g—Æ Z} .šL LV¸&

ÈC Ù ª/¼ {g 0* ®?ì ðâ Û g »ÅpÆb§¾~kZ ?³7,™™HëÃ}g 0* ®Ë

/ÐC Ù ªÆkZ ì Ìx Â½ZŠ ðÃ »}g 0* ®H ?7c* ì ]!* ðÃÌúÆkZ Ôì ;g

C B‚ÆVzÄ‰

ÌZx ÷ á zðlŠ¤ /„z ì ~V˜}¾

ÌZ x !*— zZp ÌZ Š¤ / pÃ ì {È

Xì Š HHÄÃ ó óZ} .yâ Û Lá L Zzäƒwi ** aÆ8{Æx Âw¡Z~Ä~Š zŠ › Ã V'¾ Æ *Š ~% ^Z zŠ h g Z- ŠzgŠ Æ Z%Z c » E : â i ì @* W » g/ ë0Î

1 04

103 ( ~X ]mZ „â k , æ)

dÄZ

$h e +] .ˆâ ñZ' , )** $± e ~÷Xì [ƒx Ó ã½r »Tì ;g Y Hï÷ á ÃX! Š Z,Zq -Z~ [!* kZg !* kZ Ù ~g¹āÐ,™G @* C ~÷G{zÔ÷n pgÃ~÷6, [Š Z@¬vß Xì Ð e $h +] .ˆâ Š Z% ~6¤' , gzZM%Zm{g ´ ˜! fX _ƒÌÁg™|0 +!* _c* g1CZgzZì _ƒx » ** 6, fõ ìyZ Ì[Z q÷ó ó]Ò¬Z]ª!* L¼ L ~y*zypX ;g7¹!* ÌZCx ** ðÃ»kZ[ Z $h e +] .ˆâ 8 -g ** P8ÍËZ e~zŠg ZXì YY „ c* Zë Âó zó i !* gz) , L LÁÐ ÁÃe $h +] .ˆâā

:ì I»yZgzZ÷g ZŠ' , DÆ E E ìg 0* ð6,RÅ ~g¹ª[Š Z î0ªEiÒ¡gzZ ÷ b)Æ [Š Z î0ªEiÒ¡t Ô7b)Ï(tL L 7B; Ð ]ŸzG—‚ëJ -Z # āa kZX ÇÑ ‰ Ü z¼ ~ƒÅb)yZ~zŠg ZX ÷ Šp ( ì 3g}ŠzgŠ »yZZäëq )aÆWÎ™? Ø Ð Categories kâ âgzZÐN VZ

ó Xó Ð÷g Dƒg D»V lpgzZV´è' , Z' , ëÔÐ,™7g »Ã t X ì ï÷ á ~ ó óe $h +] .ˆâ gzZ e $h +] .Ô ~I ¹F, L L[Â Å yZ yÒ t » 8 -g ** c* Š6,µñÆ© g|Å‹Š 5ÔòŠ » Z¨ ¸~ 1995cŠ äsßñ ì fp â Ð\kZ k½Z p ó óÇÑ ‰ Ü z¼~ƒÅb)yZ~zŠg Z Lā L ¶ð yZt är # ™8 -g ** ¬w‚ 13X å

kZ~ [Š Z zŠg ZgzZ ƒz¨Åe $h +] .ˆâ 8 -g** X ÷ Ô ±Âó ób)L t LJ -[ Zā−œ Âe ¶Šgz¢[Z ÆVß ZÎyZ¹Z ÁÐ Áp÷ìgÜ‡Ð ä™s # Ÿz Åt :ZÆ » =Z y÷ á Ùñ{ ÅyZ ~ KkZ X ÷ ìg™Ð yZg–@÷ á yZ/Ð VÎ' ,zŠ¸* ¸ ™yZ {zgzZì 6,8 -g ** ÃÅ *Š zŠg Z ~g7 ` WXì CWÃgz¢az »x` s Z ‹ZÉ 7{g 7Z

ÝZX ÷ ñÎ6,yZÐ Šæ ÅVß ZjgzZ bÑŠ ä @÷ á yZ/ ì ³Å[Z Æ yZ6,]â Z²Z Ð ]â Z²Z yZÆg–@÷ á yZ/¬Ð ƒ  ÃMg ‡āì @* ƒx¥ƒ  oIÐ äW6,qçñ X ÷ñÎ6, -g ** 8 äV,Z ñYc* Š™{ Ç W U¿

Ñ' ,{zā,Š CëQg !* -Zpì [Y c* q Z™~}g Ñ¸*sg ¬ »g–@÷ á yZ/

ËJ -gzŠgzŠ \ W~X÷ yZy{z ÌÀF, gzZ [Š Z õg @* gzZ ]*—‰‰‰ì ‚ rgwÅé÷ ÌúúÆ¯g ZƒgÆ\ WÔ H Â[ »gëzyÁëÆ\ WVŒÜçÒZ}g øX ÷D WÃ XM h^7

n²gzZ ]!* -Z ?ì aÆðZ ‚ q Û Z ]³ÅáZz ä™‘u|s Z ‹Zg ZŠ y÷ á tH

Ð y!* iq -Z {zā Cƒ7¢ A &âZ~áZz ä™‘u~ y!* i ~uzŠÐ y!* iq -ZāVzŠ™ Ht‹/t sÜ: ä r # ™8 -g ** 1n™t‹»}g 0* ®Æy!* i ~uzŠ ËÆ™‘u » ~g¹ »\W~eÆä™lˆe $s~ Vâ YZÆ~ËLā L ì ð0* ÌŠ ZŠÐ r # ™¹zg ÃÉì

X óì ó ‚ rgwÅé÷y*t

{C Ù ¤7Z > Œ Û gzZwËÉ Š HHZ +¬x Z²ZsÜ:6,wD ZXì y‚W¹** Îx Z²Z »‘u

-g ** 8 Wz6, X ;g @* ƒF, —wD Z »wD ZÔ‰ D%áZzä™ (ZpˆÅÌ„Šy¶ KÅVú^Æ

s ™~dâŠÆ[Â KZ ä V,ZX Ïƒ " $U* ^!* »s' ,~ \ðŠ ÌÙZ F, x Z²Z s ÜÆ

»[ÂX ó ì ó ~÷%Z −F, zƒÔ÷ÆVzi ‚tÃgzZ V\Â]Ñìzg °Z Lā L ì c* ŠÉs ™ Æ[f¡Ì+®gzZì Š HH{Š .ZÐXì Hx ** ÆVzi ‚tÃgzZ+®yZ Ì[ ^ OZ

V,Z~Tì [g ¦ /âq -Z » ¹zg ÃÝ°ZÒ[ »ÐÃ~÷X ÷Ì+®¹æÔ÷7 -Z Å[ÂkZā7—~kZX ó óÇ}™: â igŠÅTì [ Âò‰ZÎq q -ZtLā L ì –ä

Ì»]ÒÂB‚Æ[!* Ù X Cƒ7ÁÌZ Åt C # IÐ kZpì YY Hs %ZÐSS

ÉÌtÂär # ™8 -g ** Xì y¶ K»}g *6, yZÔì c* Wg !* g !* !Zj »V1ÂVzôXXì `Zg0 +Z {zāìt ! pÅyZXÐ ,™x »4ÐíáZz äW~ˆ X Hä ~ Ô Z 7,0¼ āì c* Š q tñO Â}Š =ÂvZÃr # ™g–Xì CYF, Z~ wŠ ]!* ÅyZgzZ ÷ ïŠ™ ã0* Ãb) Xì ]gz¢~(, ÅVß Zzä™x »~zŠg ZX N 3ŠÆ™x » Z (, Ðr # ™8 -g ** {zÆ

zg £ *ÃÄô! Š Z ÅzŠg ZÔì 4Ð wzZîÔãU* î»T ó ó]mZ Lā L ì ¢=

g } 7,~ Ïn¹Z X ÷ ¹ ÂáZz % YZ qÝgzZ ä™ É · X Ç}™ « `Z' × Ã{ i@* y˜ LZakZX M h™7\W ì @* 7,** ÎB; ÏnÌaÆ% YZ6,VzuzŠXØŠ

Xgó zZV˜»÷÷ á ìgzZV˜»È™ L~V/ÆwD ZXÚgu0* ÐÏngzZ3 X X XX X XX X XX X X XX

( Y 2009X 3 {g ÑX ~]mZ „â ·,)

106

;g Y H" $U* tg ‚¹ZakZÔ÷ó zó yL L8 -g * *ā,Š a x Z²ZtQg !* -Z î×Æ8 q -g ** ‰æg X ñYÅÒÃÅ¶Š8 -g: Zg Zz‘ Û ÌÃ3ZkZQg!* -Z b§kZgzZì q

»X÷`™ù ÷ á }pzŠÆg–@÷ á yZ/~ Vzg ÑzŠ¸*ëā ÇƒŠ c* ÃMg ‡ G /{E¢kZ Ìsg ¬¿q -Z »@÷ á yZ/6,g §ZÆMg ‡~}g Ñ¸*ä ~X å: mðÃÐ õG

Xì ; g Y H ù ÷ á ùzð Ôì Zƒwßñ…âsîq -Z »tg ¤Òd $Š ZgzZ °ô6, TåH7 Xì Ìuø~Š ã C»ä™ï÷ á ~[ !* kZÃZ! Š Z™kZâ¸ÝZgŠ sg ¬! Š Z »g »¯ËÙZ F, x Z²Zā L ì ¹ñƒD™q ÃŠ »8 -g ** P8 Íätg ¤Ò [ZÃ}pyZÆg–@÷ á yZ/¿gZŠ+ $Y)gzZ –J 7, 6tg ¤Òāì ]ªX ó$ Ë 07 ‰ K=g fÆ8 -g ** ~ }p{gÃèāZ # Ôì Le ´g~ ä{Æó óÙZ F, x Z²Z L LsÜJ Ô÷ D™7pâŠï÷ á ~[Â{gÃèÅ8 -g ** Ôtg ¤ÒXì Š HH7B‚ÆVß ZjÃºu

¤ Z [ZX ó ì / ó ~÷%Z −F, z ƒÔ÷ÆVzi ‚tÃgzZ V\ Â]Ñìzg °Z Lā L ì V- ¼ ~[ Â·i p Ð ÅyZÃ]c* Ãzg °ZÆVzi ‚tÃgzZV\yZ ñƒD™tÃ]!* kZ Å8 -g ** X ÇñY{g ¹!* „l7Š¤ /sÜh +÷ á ~B;ÂñYc* Š™ `g {Ð ā ©Xì 7Z' , ** Ñ~x » LZwÑ+Zg ¹Z c* ** ™wJW, ZÐ VØz» ~„ÅË

»[Â c* y*ÝZāì âZoÑ'Xì 7x` Ì¢ 8g »ÃV”‰Ð [Â c* y*Ë I c* 6,õ/Gd qgzZ ñY3gx ZoZ »+zZzB‚ÆVÂg „Âƒ: et¤ /ZgzZ ñYc* Š}ŠB‚ÆQ!Zj gzZ™ ì » VÍßyZi§t X ñY c* Š™y´Z » ~ .â ÝZ »}Š ^â ‚Ÿz ~y WÆy* zWgzZ[Š Zzy!* izŠg Zā L −œpX ÷BÃV-g ZŠ)f KZgzZ÷n pgp Ò» Ethics Å"7, ÔÆÔÐ Vzk , ’Å+®! fä V28 -g ** P 8ÍËZ e ó,g ‡z!* gzZg ±Z !* Åï 7t ‚Æ Mg ‡™ ¯ !KZ ¹ZgzZa™ Z¨ZÆ ^â ‚ŸzgzZ Vß Zj%s Z¤ /ZcgzZ

X ÷ìg™ð i Z tg¤ÒaÆq ÃŠÆyZÔc* Š™ Ãx Z²ZÆ@÷ á yZ/gzZ¤Å8 -g ** ä tg ¤Òā ðW7gzZ ]!* -Z~™~÷ q ä ¹zg Ã¤ /Z ?H7VYÐ wÅ & Û }ŠÃ ¹zg ÃÝ°Z ÒaÆä™" $U* Šã C" CYƒùd $†Å} úŠÆ@÷ á yZ/Ð kZ ÂåÌ¹L) ó ** g»ò‰ZÎLÃ[ ÂkZ Å8 -g ** :gz Ôì H‘uä 8 -g ** Ð V1Â ÅXƒ J 7,:Ã+®yZ‰ Ü z kZ ä ¹zg Ãāì e?ì œg VYÃw¸„ LZ {zÆ™ ù ÷ á ]‚½ZÆ }p{gÃèÆ@÷ á yZ/~ ó) ó ** ¸yp‘  LL yÒt » ¹zg ÃaÆq ÃŠÆ8 -g ** Ô tg ¤Ò¤ /Zāìt ]!* ~y WgzZ ~Š~KkZ ?D™

~ X ÇVƒe 'Ygz¢~ ¿Šg » sßñ~}g !* Æ ]** Ò yZÆ ¹zg ÃQ Â÷ Bx

105 [Â szcÅ 8 -g ** ä V,Z X ÷ ìg™ ~ eX ÝZX 8 6,e $h +] .ˆâ ~( 6¤' , ) ;gEsÜäV,Z~KkZgzZì HZ +¬x Z²Z » ºu6,ó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚:Ô](‚L L " ÒG 5E g Ô ö +u}+®! fF~ }psîzŠ ÚÉ H7r Z 6,ä™ ó 8 ó ], Ã ðZƒL 5_ðZgÔkgâ Å8 -g ** »]‚½ZgŠ ]‚½ZÆV1ÂÅ{)z u7yYÔy åHÓG Û :™Ô²j^' , Zg VâzŠtÆyZX c* Š™VZ0 + +¶ZÃXÆ™:i Zñ„ $  Zg { Z' , Ð ]‚½ZVzƒeï÷ á ~[ Â , k æÆ Tñƒ ù ÷ á F, Zá~ó ó[Š Zh +] .L L{h +` ! Š Z szcáZz äƒ ù ÷ á Ð *` 1C }p ~÷gzZ÷`ƒù ÷ á Ì~( Š !* WîWÈZ ) ó) ó ** ¸yp‘  L L]‚½Z¼Æ}pyZX ÷7Œ Û g© VŒX ÷ñƒù ÷ á gó (¥gL Ì~}g Ñ{i @* Æ( MÃÃ ) ó óVÇ( × L L„â ._Æ] ¬:Z ó óÅX]mZ L L~^! Â[ Z!£¤0gzZsît»g–@÷ á yZ/āVƒ&~gz¢bŠ CÌt X Çƒ~Vð;ÆMg ‡¢¹ ì ;gg ¦ / ÐVÖ%Æ® ) S~ úÆkZā YYH7i Z0 +ZÃ™ÈtsÜ&ì ! Š ZÔ7CZ fx Z²Z Zƒc* Î»@÷ á yZ/ Zg ø Ô÷ñ7,7}pVâzŠÆ@÷ á yZ/J -[ Z ä V2Mg ‡{zXì â Û g »ƒ„z¤ /

Vƒ: + $Oh~ ä™ì‡ñZg KZ {z:gz B| 7,gz¢¹ZIÐ "7,Ã[!* kZāì {gt Ð ¹zg Ã Ô @÷ á yZ/ ÂwzZā VY Ô YY c* Š 7Ìx ** » ó ó8 -g ** x ¯ ¹zgÃL LÃA ç kZ XÐ Ð ó óx »gzZx ** L LÆ}uzŠ q -Z sÜyZ/gzZ ¹zg Ãāt xzŠ Ô ÷Æ~6¤' ,gzŠ¢ aúVzg ZD Ù œg „ J0 +Z »çWðÃq÷B‚ÆVß ZjgzZ bÑŠ ]â Z²Z x Ó{zÆ yZ/āt xÎgzZ ÷ Zz Xì Y™ ]úŠg !* FÃ8 -g ** ñƒ ïŠ ]o» ~g ZŠ $c* Š Dôä 7Œ Û g©k , æÆ[Š Zh +] . ],Æó ó]mZ L L )÷ M h}Š ~ ],Æó ó[Š Zh +] .L L[ Z »]â Z²Z yZ Â÷e {z¤ /Zā ~Š Ð Tà™g (Z Ùñ{+Z Ô— ÂbŠ [Z ä 8 -g ** p( ÷¢qaÆ[Z Æ8 -g ** Ì 7¸X ÷ 7„ [Z Æ]â Z²Z‰ ñÎÆ@÷ á yZ/k0* ÆyZāÐY e $¾Ã—kZ kZ {zāÑZ e Ìî !* Š ñƒ D™wEZ » ó óù Zg f L LLZ6,}h +` ÆyZgzZ 7Œ Û g©ä V,ZÉ ìg™ù ÷ á Ìy*{z » 7Œ Û g©~[ !* kZëX Ç} 7,×{i $»kZ¹Z:gz ,™È Ãe EG „z Ôì Å• w âi ** ä8 -g ** B‚Æ 7Œ Û g©X ì ï÷ á Š ZŠzg ~g7 Å õ/G{¢kZ ~ T÷

œzZÐ ƒ  Å[Š Zz y!* iāì Cƒ]ªXì °»aÆ& ¤Å]â Z²ZÆg–@÷ á yZ/ Å8 -g ** pX}™• wÅ b§kZ {zÔVƒD 39vßÅ]ùzDÆT¿´6, Ï™ [Z zó i !* gz) , L Ân™:ŠšÃVzúŠÆ@÷ á yZ/=g fÆóDVc* 0* "LLZ Z # {zāìt ~g6

108

107

Xì c* VZwZÎwë„¹äV,ZāVYÔ c* Š ïa=ä]!* kZ ÅyZX ó‰ó‰‰n™t‹»}g 0* Vƒg D»]ZŠ §ÌÁÂ†ÅyZ GQÂì³» ºu[ Â·ip Ð Å8 -g** /Zā eÎä~ ¤ ä~X ÷Z çE O.(Ðx Z²ZÆºuJ -[Z gzZì H7t‹»e $h +] .ˆâ äV,Z~XÏ

÷D™t ÌÃ] ** ÒyZ tg ¤ÒHXì Š HH™f »VC0 +JŠ ! Š Z)gzZ ! Š ZZÅ8 -g ** ?ì H7 g äV,ZÃyÒkZÆ¹zg Ãb§T

~T c* Š™w‚g Z Ug ¯= [ !* {zÐ ~ [ÂŠk , i KZ ä V,Z ÂÅ]!* Ð @÷ á yZ/6,y¯ CYƒ& ¤Qg !* -Z Å] !* q kZ™| 7,Ãy*kZXì ÅÄ¤ / 6,V1Â ~uzŠ Å8 -g ** äV,Z t ìŸq -Z »]ZŠ §~ V1Â† ÅyZ Z®Ôì 7„ ŒÃe $h +] .ˆâ ä 8 -g * *āì }g ÑÃk , iX ÷7 Zz ÌÐQZÆ ÔgzŠ Âe $h +] .ˆâ {zāì °»aÆä™" $U* X÷~ŠiÁÂ~uzŠ Å8 -g ** g !* kZāì @* YƒÔzÂ{Š c* iakZ C2 y*t»@÷ á yZ/~ ~uzŠ Ôì c* Š Î y¶ KDZÎ6, ó ó~g ZŠ' ,Dh +] .ˆâ L LÅ8 -g ** Âs§q -Z ä y*r # ™Ð Šæ Å 7 Assimilate Ãe $h +] .ˆâ {z a kZ Ô÷ tg‚èa 8 -g ** ā c* Š 3Š Ìt ä V,Z s§ X ÷ìg WÃ]ZŠ §t~ËÆTñ0* ™ wìkZpì [ƒ ù÷ á ~VÇzŠ~ó h + ó] .‚f Lp L ¤ /Zy*Ãk , i » ~Qj

x¥t¹Z ÂÔó$ Ë 07sg ¬! Š Z »g »¯ËÙZ F, x Z²Zā L ]!* tÅtg¤Ò„g[Z Æ~œ¸*Éì H7s ÏZ » ºuÆäYZ c* Äc* wçËäg–@÷ á yZ/āce** ƒ $h e +] .ˆâ äV,ZaÆkZgzZì H Expose~ ~œkZÃ ºudgzZ ! Š Z} (, Ðƒ  NŠq -Z~âLZ ätg ¤ÒXì 7x »y‚W Ô Ñ”ÃV1ÂÅ+®ÆxEvŠ 7„ yZh +÷ á !£»@÷ á yZ/X ó ì ó y¶ K»}g *6, yZÔì c* Wg !* g !* !Zj »V1ÂVzôXLā L ðCt]!* [ Â·i p Ð Å8 -g ** ä tg¤Ò& ¤Å] â Z²Z‰ ñÎÆyZQ c* ì 7Zg*Ð VzÃÅ »}g *Â: V;zÔ÷ìgÈ‘uÃs Z¤ /ZcgzZ],X@÷ á yZ/ā @* ƒx¥¹Z:gzÅ7Ð X » `gÎgzZ0 +e„:Ôì y¶ K 7Ðì Ìt {zā÷ D Yƒ C!* .ãZ tg ¤Òñƒ D™yÒ ÃVçpÅ8 _ -g ** {zˆÆkZX ó ì ó CYF, Z~wŠ]!* ÅyZgzZ÷ïŠ™ ã0* Ãb){zāìt! pÅyZ Lā L Èa

4Ôg ZŠ $c* Š x ÓÆ *Š zŠg ZgzZ ó ó] mZ Lā L Vƒ @* ÑŠ ¢¹ZgzZ Vƒ @* ™# Ö è ÅkZ ~ Ô~ 7, X ÷B‚ÆyZ~~{›â i WkZMg ‡Is »ZgzZ ?ì wìH »\W !Mg ‡ ( Y 2009~gzÛ * @ Y 2008cŠX 3 {g ÑX ~]mZ „â ·,)

It tg ¤ÒHX àZ e w$ +„ p°Å ó ótL LgzZ ó óµ L Lä V,Z ÔDƒgZ *]Æ@÷ á yZ/gzZ wkZ Å8 • -g ** āØ7t¹Z H ?ceã™Ù70Ðx` ¹ÜZÆb§kZ…ā÷T e yÎ 0* āx¥7t ¹Z H ?ÐVƒA $%]Z W, ZtH6,y!* izŠg ZgzZy*zy~[Š Z@¬Ð kZā÷T ettg ¤ÒH ?ì ÎäYì ?** YÌÃV1Â ~uzŠ Å8 -g ** [Z~]çYÆ

dŒ $ Û Ã]ZŠ §~„Æ8 -g** …ÌÐ y*kZāì Š H1™® )÷ á Zï÷ á Ãm~uzŠ ÅkZÐ Æ 6, gî~Š ã C{zāVY )ì: ‘y!* iÅ@÷ á yZ/āì Ú Z't Û Xì QŠæ~Ú ŠÐ Xì Š HH ¶g™ÄgÃ7ÃMg ‡zŠg Zy*» ~QjāZ # ( ÷òŠ W„ ã[7 ¹Z núÆkZX Vƒ @* ™xs¹Z~Ô6,~g ZŠ $c* Š DôÅ 7Œ Û g©

X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X X XX X XX X XX X }p&~ 11gzZ 10Ô9 {g ÑÉ 7zŠÐáZjÆ‘uÆr # ™8 -g ** ~[Š Z+ h. ] C1 kZX åŠ HHù÷ á Ì~5{g ÑÆk?B‚ÆV¯ŸZy*ªÐ~yZX ÷` YKù ÷ á

X åH ù ÷ á ™}Š!Zj»[Š Z+ h. ]äb‚gz] Zg ¶ZŠ¼Ãy* ]Y!ZjÆ‘usÜVŒèYX Š HH7ï÷ á ÐZ VŒÔì Zƒ ù ÷ á ~ ]mZ y*tC2 ( DÚZk?{g ZŠ Z )Xì Š HHï÷ á Ã}pÆ@÷ á yZ/áZz

tñO Â}Š =ÂvZÃr # ™g–Lā L ÷ë ñƒ D VZB; aÆ¬Š~ hÆg–@÷ á X óì ó ]gz¢~(, ÅVß Zzä™x »~zŠg ZX N 3ŠÆ™x » Z(, Ðr # ™8 -g ** {zÆVzq -Z ä tg ¤Ò™ÈtÃó** q g »Æ@÷ á yZ/áZz ä¢ ã0* 6,VçpÅ8 -g ** D™# Ö è Å• wxñè kZ Å8 -g ** {zāÆkZ ñOXì H q ÃŠ »ÒÜ ó ‘ ó uL LÐ b§

?ñYHyj„ÃVß Zzä™lÃ{Š6, »yZgzZ ñYc* Š™x ¬ÃªkZ~zŠg ZÆ™e $×Ålzg | hnúÆkZp÷ Dƒg Ñ~ VƒZpíFÆó ó]mZ L LgzZ}÷tg ¤Ò ~Qj¬¹Ðg–@÷ á yZ/ā Çƒ„x¥Ât¹ZX YYH7Ìi Z0 +ZÃÃÏÙhgzZ Âä£Zg\Xì ;@* 7"Å8 -g ** [ Â{gÃèā åc* Š™{g ÷ á Z~y*sîq -Z LZä

;@* XÔ÷ "ÁÂXÅ8 -g * *ā å c* Š C Ðg ÑzŠ Z°ZgzZ ÑZ e™' õ »V1Âx ÓÅ8 -g ** X ÷û%XgzZ÷WZ F, Ä Ô÷ ‘u~ y!* i ~uzŠÐ y!* iq -Z Lā L ì c* VZ ÌwZÎq -Z ~ â LZ ä tg ¤Ò

®Æ y!* i ~uzŠ ËÆ™‘u » ~g¹Ð y!* iq -Z {zā Cƒ 7¢ A & âZ ~áZz ä™

1 10

109

g–@÷ á yZ/

( Ñ' , )

Dø{Ã» ºu Æ8 -g** -[ZÐˆÆkZì Hs ÏZ » ºuÆ8 J -g ** P 8Íä ëÐ Z # 6 X E ä8 -g* *āñ0* ™7" $U* t Z ð3. gzZ8 -g ** ~ yZ Ô÷ ñWt ‚]!* Z Ð s§ÅV-g Zj s ÏZ » ºuÆ8 -g ** XÝZā÷`É~KkZ ÌIÐkZëÔH7[ ‚g Z » ºu Ë ,j~i Z0 ( +Z kZ ñƒ… ZŠ¤ /x` ! Š ZÃyDgkZāì ** ™µÂtÐ V'Š Z ÇˆÆkZgzZ vß ÷@' , ÆV¸g ‚ā Çƒt Ð kZXná Àtzg »Wz ï: ZŠ Zi W~ wāñY Å .ZÐwz** ~ Æ~œ,ÞZä6 ' , XÐN YAŠÐ{ óÅgŠgzZ fƒ4ZŠ~yZy! Š Z )6, gîåaÆ] ,ÚÏ(zY áZzh eÀ~i¸WÆ~œ, ÃVßßZ ódZ LñƒK ** ¯ Šã CÃVzq 5+F, + $ É ** ™7i ¸WÐ Vzq dZ ãZ6, L L…ā å ¹ñƒ ïŠg Z Œ Û }Wë ó# Ö } . L Ôì Lg „‘u Â‘uÔƒ;g J m yZz6, Ã]Ñì†c* ƒ;g™©q Z »]ÑìZZ‘u ó Xó ì yZgzZ8 -g ** Š z!* Æs # Ÿzg !* FÅ b Ñ!* {gÃè Xì á C¯ ) !* » ðZÎgz ?E + @' , Æ*ƒgzZ EG $ | B 5 gzZ 46,,(Å ºugzZ ñY 3g —ÃZÆ ºuāì „gt ÒÃÅV-g ZjÆ ëLG „g W¬ Ð VÎ' ,ðƒ Å ì‡Å {z¤ /mºq -Z ~ zŠg ZÆ™g (ZtzZi q -Z ðÃÐ ~ , ÌtX ñY Hõ6,e $Zzg†kZÔ ñƒ Byò0* »e $Zzg kZÃŠpÔñƒ TgÈg »6,e $Zzg ÃÅ#Ãe $Zzg {z(kZ ÷Š ñvß,Z „~ *Š zŠg ZŠ z!* ÆäƒŠ Z®Áāì „  gŠ i ¸W»% YZ AÌ6, 7Œ Û g©k , æÆ[Š Zh +] .X ÷Te¦h 3ZÐ a ÃkZgzZ÷Ù ŠÐ »g ZŠZ ! Š Z {Š c* iÐ VÍßyZgzZ ÷~g ‡{¤q -ZÆ[Š Z {zāìt sÜg]»yZÔì Š Hc* Š™ ÌÅ7Œ Û g©X ÷Dƒ>%Æ„c* Š$ +~t # I~ÃódZ L@' , Æ¿ ÷ïŠ]oi Ô÷ ` 0 Y ZÄzŠ Õ} (,6,Š ã CÅ ºu ñY H[Õ" ÃV'Š ZŠ .x ** yZāì éZpt kZ ðƒ ð‚ÙÐ 7Œ Û g©Z # ~g ø ?ì H„ `w~Ú Š6,gîÆyDg {h +I** Ã ºu YE `ƒ ù ÷ á ~ ó ó2006wì ëL &.)Ü‚L LgzZ ó ó2005Ôyß†  7 yÎ 0* ~Š L L}p}g ø IÐ g© b§TñƒD™g¦«Ýq -Z~[Š ZzŠgZÃV¸uÆ8 -g ** ñƒKg DW}g øX¸

-ßÖ …ô„Â ^Ò -Þ…^Þ ‚ß2 oµç+†9Ò]J

Å3z ~ .Z c* ÀF, ÐQ ä Vß Zz ä™7~ [Š ZzŠg ZÃWC(‚āì * @Y¹ :x™zgí# "÷ë H~}g !* kZ\Wì H7~]gß

ˆZ=Ôì Å]*—C(‚š M F, ~÷èaH qzÑ** ™x »6, ~g¹ä~Z # :8g * *P8 Í

]!* vßV˜¸ä%,Zt ‚}÷Ôì CƒÅ†zc³‚]gz¢~Š ã C~ ā åk

¹X ÷D Yƒg D» ó{ÈŠ XZ LgzZ÷”äh ZÐVz6, ÆÃ¢¹p÷D™Å Â

™×¶ KZ÷z Á™ƒg D»[|Z LZQc* ÷ D Y µ~ ä™Vc* úÃŠp{Š c* iÐ QÝZÐ ÐZāì ÚgzZ m, _ÐpÔ{ë(Zi Z0 +Z »V\6}uzŠ‰7²˜Z Âq -ZX ÷” gzZ Precisencess Å QÝZ X åX „  Š' , i ** ™ vJ - ~g ‡B‚ Æ ¡èzc ³‚

à ŠæÐgz eC Ù ~ ƒzx ~Zā å~gz¢u" ÌnÆpg ñ¯ Ã Rigour " $&zgzi

ñY X J -uÂÐ °!* wì ¦çñgzZ Ð ~öW8 -g ÅÃÐ zg Å »eÆ gzZ ñY áZzx !ZgzZ ]c* Ä¹æªz ZŠX ÷ ÅÎâm={ VâzŠÆqzÑÆ[ Â ~÷X ä ~ƒzx ~Z ÅVÂùÅyZgzZ V-ÃÆyQgzZ V\6 Xì ~uzŠ Ç!* ÎâÅV” ñ¯ gzi » ]!* Xì HÌÀF, gzZ 3V;z å ~gz¢V˜ Xì àŠæ uPŠ " Ð wJz ~ .Z Ð ]¸~g7 ùÅ+®c* N: ‘ā @* ÷ bŠ((ÌQuotations Æ ÝZ nÆpg

V1ÂXgzZì ~Š„  zÅ!ZjÃgzZ ~ .–]ÆkZB‚Æ{C Ù Xnƒ vJ -~g ‡zŠg Z ¯y¶ K» ( / )g 6Z6, Vñ** yZ~„  zÅ~ .–Ôì à Šæ{Š c* iÐXc* ì H{Š .Z {Š c* i ×Ð J .2_Î]Ñììg ãZzX ì c* mzªÔ Z-™ÔÃ ¯Bg !* Ô Zh +gŠÔ V»Ñ Ô Í ðzgÔ kZ7~CÔ çG Š ÆXì x ** ÆVz®gzZV\ƒ  yQ[ ^ OZ »[ ÂnÏS X 7}÷Ô÷Æ{)z¼!* Ô ÆV\]c* ÃgzZ]Ñì"āì ˆ~Š™~d âŠs # ŸzÅ%ZkZXì Œ[ Â6, ]Ñì ( Y 2008y Ô#Ôs6, ZX ~h ;z"DÚZD¬ƒŠ Z "„â ) "Xì ~÷y!* igzZƒzx ~Z÷ Æä™$ "* U, ^YgzZäÖÃVƒUú+ $gzZ , ^ Y* * ‰Æg ZŠ™LZÃÜ‰¤ÅDvß¼ L L ó ó X ÷D™wEZÌa

( k½ZÐY 2008s6, ZB21X-ßq)** izg·,( Vc* ½)á^fm†+ Ý»Æoñ^ãe çßÚ)

112 ! Š Z ]†J -uTÔì CƒÌZ âZ sÜÅ]† ó! Š Z LaÆVÍßF²ÔCƒ7¦ / Ù C ó[Š Z LáZz ä™ÞzZz»[Š Z ñZ' ,[Š ZZ # ì Cƒ‰ Ü z kZ]ªX ÷CF, Z Zg7 6,g £Æg ZŠZ áZjÆ8 -g ** X ÷ D™6,¯ Å]© CZ f ç» ó_Z÷L! Š Z ÅV'Š ZpÔ÷ ïŠ ÌZÃ ä V,Z VYāì CƒZ +¬6,8 -g ** Šp~g ZŠ)f ÅäJ m yZz6,ÃV-zgÆnkZ ÂBŠÐ Ð8 -g** ÐáZjÆ]ï0Ð ºuk' , ¸¦ /?ì 3g ¯ {ëÃw gß´Ð ºu :÷º+ $YÅwZÎ¬X c* Š[Z ‚u‡ä8 -g** »TŠ HHwZÎq -Z ]gßÅ3z~ .Z c* ÀF, ÐQäVß Zzä™7~[Š ZzŠg ZÃWC(‚āì @* Y¹ L L ó ó÷ë H~}g !* kZ\ Wì H7~ {gÃè LZaÆVÁây*ÆzŠgZ ñO Å¶Š [ Z ´gzZ uIzŠ »wZÎä 8 -g ** ä%,Zt ‚}÷Lā L ÷˜ ñƒ D™7 ðÌ~}g !* Æó ó"t ÃW{àL L~-zÚZ g D» ó{ÈŠ XZ gLzZ÷” äh ZÐVz6, ÆÃ¢¹p÷D™Å Â]!* vßV˜¸ g D» [|Z LZQc* ÷ D Y µ ~ ä™Vc* úÃŠp{Š c* iÐ QÝZÐ ¹ X ÷ D Yƒ LZ\WÔ,Š™ Â÷”™×¶ KZ {z¤ /Zr # ™8 -g ** X ( 11Ôm) ó ó÷”™×¶ KZ÷z Á™ƒ Ìó ó3zÀF, L Lä\Wāì Htä\WgzZì Š HHÐ \W ÂwZÎX ,™s # ŸzÅ ºu 3 X ?÷”™×¶ KZzŠg Z ÿL ZāakZ¡ó ì ó Åä~3zÀF, Lā L ì [ Z ·HtXì Å }uzŠ‰7²˜Z Âq -Z L L÷D â Ûh +' × ?å ** ™76,gîÆx Z¤ / z6,ËÆb Z' × Ã-zÚZ H vJ -~g ‡B‚Æ¡èzc³‚ÐZāì ÚgzZ m, _Ð pÔ{ë(Zi Z0 +Z »V\6 X J 7,7~ Ï0 + ix ÓKZ ä¶Zg k½ZF F6,.Á{Š c* iÐ kZX ( 11Ôm ) ó óåX„  Š' , i ** ™ ~ y*zy ?ì Y™ù „ ]!* Å †zc³‚ {zì @* ™ÀF, Â/ Â » ~g¹! f¿ Ð wEZÆ]q˜Z Å b§kZÔÏƒ[ø 7Š ~Öe ðÃ{”ù ÷ á Å Penguinc* ö6,ö¤ / z6, Â‰7²˜Z Lk0* Æ\W¤ /Z r # ™8 -g ** ~ÑX @* ƒ 1 â Û „·_ »V-Öe ÅnkZ I YY ÑZ eù {Š6,6,tKZ™wï÷ÕÆ yZ ÔnŠ!Zj » VzuzŠ ?ì g]H » VzuzŠ ~ kZ ¿}uzŠā åHakZ‘uäkZā¾th +i¿ðÃāì $ Ë ƒHgzZ]!* &5ÐkZ ?ì yZ ó Xó 4äh ZÐ Vz6,Æ ÃLŠp {z Â @* ™: ‘u {z¤ /Zā Çƒ ** ™tt ÐZ X @* W7rÃ– y* ‚ŠpÃŠp{zā @* H[ ‚g Z » ºuä 8 -g ** Ðzz kZāì YY ¹t ™NŠÃ]‚½Z ~VÇZ÷ Åi q Ð Z kZ1Ôì YYHwJÃUÆäƒ¡ÔÃ™¡Ð VzŠ ÕŠ .x ** gzZVÁâ [Z »kZ ?¸M h™ù µ ZÃŠpÐ VzuzŠQ ÂD™: [‚g Z » ºu{z¤ /ZXì „  k‘u „ºuÃŠp1Ôì Š HH©qZ »VzŠ ÕáZzpgmÐzŠg Z~k½ZkZ~|Xì ¹!* bŠ ÃqZÅ8 -g ** V;zì @* ™VÈÃ]ùdÅVzŠ ÕvŠV˜k½ZtXì Š H3gµ ZÐyZÐ

111 Hù ÷ á {g!* zŠÃ}p}g øaÆä™( Ë ,jÅyDg: âêgzZt~VsÇkZä7Œ Û ä™dÅx ZŠZ kZvß{zë@* X ÇñY¬ŠÐ { óÅgŠÃx ZŠZµkZÆyZ~wÔì aÆ V-g ZjXÔ÷ _C~ äJ m yZz6,ÃyDg: ZD Ù g kZ ~ [Š Z n pg 7qZ Å ðzWÇgzZ ºuJ -ÌZ vßtāìtzz ~Š ã CÅkZ Ôì ¦Ñï-J -ÌZ‘u »8 -g ** ÅÜgzZÝZJ -ÌZ~í!* ÆyZX ÷ïŠ ð3Šx » **~ ä™i q Ð Z Ì6,gî~zb Îâ Æ kZ¼ IF, ãkZ Å]mZ~í!* ÆyZÔì {gq -^ »yZX ð0* ƒ7qzÑÌ“~Š Z¡Z X ÷lz$J -]** kZÆäƒwbÆkZāì _ƒt~i Z0 +Z iZ0 +ZÃÃ ºu~Vzk , ’VÐX ÷_g ¦ / ÐÃ~g ø,k , ’Z&ÅV-g ZjÆ8 -g ** ÒÃq -Z Åpgg Z Œ Û' ,ÃyDg ! Š Z)6,gî¬ Ôì ˆÅÒÃÅ ä¯ : ¶ KÃ]» Z fÆ™ ?ì $ Ë Y¿gù ÌyZ Åä™ Za yDg »g ZŠZµ~[Š ZÐ ~g ZjËÆyZ c* -g ** 8 Xì ÔN 3ŠÆ™x » Z (, Ð8 -g ** āce ´Š ó=ÂLÃVß Zz ä™s ÏZ » ºuÃZ} .q -Š 4, ÆyZ H[ ‚g Z »x` kZ äV,ZÐ~8ŠgŠkZāì ðâ Û «ä¾ ó=ÂtL Ã8 -g** ā7¸t… yZgzZ 8 -g ** X ÷ D™g ïZÐ ä™wJB‚Æ]gmð•ZÃ ó=ÂLÅnkZ ëwq¾Xì g»gŠ k' ,kŠ Ái Z ÁaÆƒÅ]q ˜Z: ‘ÃyZāì 4 (Z™| 7,,k , ’ÅX~g Zj{zÆ }Š Zg – HÃ8 -g ** vßt ÂBŠ6,RdX ÷ } 7,ŠÃ~ yZyaÆ¶Š Zg –Ã8 -g ** Ô÷ Xì Cƒ]gz¢ÅVS cØ OÅ8 -g ** ŠpÃX÷M h tÐ Tì e™7áZj,Z: ¿ÌðÃÑZzpgmÐ*ŠzŠg ZJ -[ZāìtNëZ „:gzZÔ¸79{z¸K ¶gáZjÆ[Z1ZX0Ð ºuÆ8 -g ** ä ëānƒ" $U* :gzZ ](‚~ [ Â Å8 -g ** āì e™ ½¿ÌðÃÑZz pg mÐ *Š zŠg Z Ã s kZ Ô @* ƒ7t Û {Š c* i~ “ W tg ‚gzZWáāì IÌt Zg øXì 7ÀF, Â/ ÂzÑZz ](‚ kZÐáZjÆ8 -g ** Ôì @* ƒ~gz¢** ƒ» bzg! Š Z E~d $Š Z´aÆpg ì‡Ãt Û kZ 6, ™x ** »8 -g ** Wá¨6, [Â ÂD™7ttg ‚ÃŠp8 -g ** /ZXì ;g WÃyZhÚ» ¤ ÃV1ÂÅ±g ÷ á aÆó−F, zx ~Z LÔK7k , ’ŠpJ -}LPZ # Ôì 7nZ ‹Z ðÃ…Ì YÈyÃ D ó ø{Ã»[Š Z LÃtg ‚ ?ì „g Y~Ša¾ð;Š Åäƒ'Âì Š HHÀF, Â/Â ÃUÆºuÐ ~ ó ó_Z÷! Š Z L LÅ8 -g ** ªÆÔì 7`wðÃ~ ä™ç»Dø ÓÃ ?ì ! Š ZXì Hg »D ó øÓÃ L» ºuµšä8 -g** āì _ Wt ‚|tX ñY¬Š:Æ™sv . KZ X n pg 7J -ôZz ðÃÐ ðC ã¨ KZz d ÷ M h™ù vß {z ]!* Åg ZŠZ ! Š ZgzZ ðC Å ä™yD¬ g !* gŠ » [Š Z 6,Š ã CÅg ZŠZ ! Š Z ‚Šp@' ,Æg ZŠZ ¹ÜZ z Y ~ Vzk , ’ {Š c* iÐ ¿lz Û ;ËwÅV-g Zj~ V-È {z¤ / āìt |?÷ sz^~ V@Ã

114

ˆÆkZgzZ B™wJÆWÅ b§ÌË%Ãe $h +] .ˆâ s§q -Z {zāì $ Ë Y ¿gù kZ Ôì Š Hc* ÏÐ [f~ i Z0 +Z TÃe $h +] .ˆâ ?,Š™ qzÑ ¢ 8Zg – » ó†zc³‚L D YbŠ ú]Ñk ~ ó†zc³‚L?ì $ Ë ƒùgzZ#Å ó†zc³‚L{Š c* iÐ aÎZ # Xì Cƒg »gŠ \ ogŠ Å]Ñkñƒo~i Z0 +Zèzc{Š c* iÐ \ ogŠ ÅgÅ~yZ÷ x ÓÆnzc\ ogŠ Å aÎpXì Cƒ n¾Ð \ oggŠ Å aÎ Âì @* Y c* Š™Š4Æ]Zh +ŠÃ /Zì Å• ¤ w Åä™ÛÃe $h +] .ˆâ {z´Æºuä8 -g ** ?ì $ Ë ƒù\ ogŠ ÅVîU CÑkāŠ z!* Æ kZ Â hY™Äg . Þ £ åL$Æ ]Ñkip â ÐøÚ LZÃ]Ñk ó7ÑLyZ X ¶$ Ë ïðZk , 8, -uËÃ ólz» LkZÅyZ ÌQÔCƒ~g ¬Ð†zcÎâÅ]Zh J +Š Ð ‘ -Z Åä™³ŠzuÅ tā fƒ … Y Mg ‡áZzpg „Ç WÐ ] G q é5. h +] .ˆâ ~ Xì @* ƒ Z9JZ „B‚Æ ½7gŠ Ã wZÎ » †zc³‚~ Xì ÒÃ ~ Æ ¬ ë @* Xì , C1] .» ¬ wV ìY Ð ƒ  Å } úŠ Æ †zc³‚ @' , Æ Q»g ZŠ™ »]Ñk~ Æ¬pXì 7µ ZÐgÅã¨ KZwZÎ»†zc CYƒ ~h +ŠÎâÅÔ~g ZŠ™AzZÆgÅ~ ô=Å†zcÅ¬āÍÔì »Îâ ãzH b‹Ænzc~ Æ¬Š z!* ÆkZÔì C™i Z0 +ZÃJ -uËÃwZÎÆ†zc Ôì ©q Z » õg @* x ÓÅ ]Ñk~ kZāì Lg¨ ¸ Ìa kZ U » †zc³‚yZgzŠÆ DƒÝqÐ ]» ZgŠ Z - ÔÐ ] ** DgáZz äY ñ0* ~ÇLZÆ¬²Ô÷ D™ ¿6,j§Æ¬zg7 LZí6í Wā 6ì (ZÇ!* t Ôì @* Y H:i Zñ»]ÑkyZ Ô÷ Æ™ÝÐë›6áZzä½Z~ÇLZÃ~g¹ÅHEyZgzŠÆ¬_ÆHEZƒ@* ™ »†zcX ÷Ü‡Ð ¶ŠB‚ » ë›ÆÇÆkZ {zāì (6,Ë kZy s !* gzZ Ôì 8 Š „0 +¶ KÅ]Zi q Ð ZyZ¹Z ÂÔ÷D™tÃkZ8 -g ** /ZÔì @* ¤ W~}%iÆe $Š â,UZuzŠ {z »†zcgzZ ( ì @* Y™g (Z w~â U* wZÎ »gÅ~ T) U ~Š â »†zc Ïƒ ** ™ L„: ä 8 -g ** Ôì Òð•Z D»8 -g ** Æk\ZpXì Sgg Z Œ Û' ,qzZ ÅgÅ~ TU ¿KZ ä Zh +gŠ uZ j®h +] .ˆâ Xì Œ²ZgpgŠÃ L„:gzZì ZgÃ[ ÂËÅb‚ gzZ ãZzóúÑ,L~y;f Z}g ø¤ /ZXì c* VZwZÎ6, ZÆb‚gzZ óúÑL~: ó i7L[ Â G G $ š ƒDt … ÂÔì Š ñ~ i Z0 +Z ôÜ kZC Ù ñƒ} a Ð( Concepts) ] Õä¨ ~ kZāce ** Zh +gŠXƒZƒk , 8,Š z6, Šã CÅ{)zkÍßQ c* óC G é5;XÅZz ~Š zL Ôì Cƒï÷ á WÅ¿³‚gzZ Å Å 4 4 Œ Œ 3 3 C é›GEZˆ L â Š z!* ÆWÅ] é›GEZˆâ ~kZÔ ZƒÐ y** - i ¸W»b‚Tāì ¢èa Ã E Å āì ** ƒâ iWŠÎ~i Z0 +ZkZÐkÍßÃúÑZ å<X Ôì Sgì‡(Metaphysical Positivism)óL Mo G G $ š 4ŒÅZˆâ Ãb‚ ÆZh +gŠXì êŠ ÀÃe $s6,Š ã CÅ] Õä¨ Ô ñYï] Ð UkZÆ] é›G3E

113

% iÉ 7‘uçLG %iÃV-g ZjgzZ8 Å g½çLG -g ** āì Š H¹6, zZaÏZXì êŠÄgt ‚™wÅÌ Ô ( 1 1Ô m ) ó ì ó Cƒg »gŠ †zc³‚~ Lā L ™Èt6, µñßä8 -g ** ë@* Xì ]gz¢”Z Xì H7]o»dÁKZ ˆÆ[‚g ZÆºu8 -g ** X ðW7~Ú Š ÌL¨·J -ukZÅ†zc³‚ Vc* úh +' × ]ZŠ § ~„Æ yZÐ kZ ÔÐ }Ì¼ aÆpg ~ x ·Z c* {ëÃw gß Ð ~] G é5. ‘,{zā @* ƒ 7ãZzt Ð kZì ÅwEZ ?Š ä 8 -g ** XÐ N Y− Dƒ $h e +] .ˆâ ?ìg »gŠ ó†zc³‚L¹Z~]1),Qc* ÷ìg™™f » ó†zc³‚L ã¨ KZ |èzc~ V C1] .²Ô* @Y H7tÃ|èzcÌËµ ZÐ y!* i~ {z ~ X÷ Š ñ]‚½Z Ì,Z¼Æ 8 -g ** Xì SgŠ ñ~ • wKZ Ôµ ZÐ Õ ÙgŠ W ) àVåq -Z [Š Z, c* ~i ‚tÃ! Š Z ª ~g¹āÔ ÷ T e ** ™n²Ðó ót Nz}g7L L -g ** 8 †zcāì @* ƒ" $U* ¸ ÂÐ} úŠ kZX ( 50ÔmÔ?k6,]h +] .ˆâ )X ó ì ó w gß( Q» ì „g}Š ð‹ ôÍ{z Å]1) ~â â zg~}LkZÆyZX B bg 7pðÃaÆ ÆkZgzZ 1™µ ZùÐ¿èzcÃ~g¹ä8 -g ** X âJ -e $h +] .ˆâgzZ ðƒqzÑÐ ** ™lˆ[Z »kZ ?1lZ F, VYÃb ˜Z Å ó†zc³‚LaÆq ÃŠÆºuLZ¡ˆ Å„ ZÄ{zÔì 7Š ñ6, i Z0 +Z ãZzb ˜Z ÌðÃ~‚fÆ8 -g ** ā−të¤ /ZXì ~gz¢ 6,Š ã CÅ {zā−tQ c* Ô÷ ïŠg Z Œ Û ³» W, ZÆóª LËÌÃw),Q c* ~g¹b§ }uzŠ q -Z ] ¶F, zbzg VâzŠtāì ~gz¢ ** ™tt ë@* ?÷ n pg ¢6,†zc³‚ » yZ s§q -Z Ô,™s ZāZÐ } úŠÆ †zc³‚~ ] 1),{z¤ /Z X ÷ xŠ ƒÐ ** ™c Cc* ‹Ð Æa»ßÃš~g7 ÅyZ c* ¹ZQ ÂÔ~ Ôs§~uzŠì ~ ]mZ [ Z C1)èzcÆa»ßXì yZh6, gî´»t # ICc* ‹~Vzk , ’ÅyZāÐkZÃsÔÏ} 7, Ð ‘ ~VÂgßVâzŠ a»ßÔ»]1)c* ƒX »] G é5. āì ~gz¢xg~‚ft~}g !* ÆbÃ G G $ Ôì SgV7 ÎâÅyZ~ VÂgßVâzŠ Çc* ƒ] Õä¨šÔì 8 ŠÃt˜~]ZŠ §èzc Šp8 -g ** /ZXì @* ¤ 0* ðÐ Vh§ZÐ Vß Zj C1)gzZ C G é5.Ð‘¿»¹Å]ZŠ §yZ1 c* 3 F, L L¹ZQ ÂÔì H6, zZ äV,Zā 6Ô,Š™g ïZ »†zc~]1),™ƒxŠ ƒÐ -g ** 8 /ZX Ïƒ ** ¤ ™lˆ?Š gzZ ðÃaÆ [ Z Æ ]ÑZÎ‰ ñVZ Ð áZjÆ ó ó3 Ôì * @Yƒ ~gz¢~ ]gßkZ Ái Z Á ** Î6,î ZŠÃ óÙgŠ W L c* óàì LÂ÷g ì‡6,} úŠÆ†zc X ÷D™7ÃkZ8 -g ** ~]gßT X ÷`ƒgD »? Ø î18 -g ** āì 7Â)6,Ë kZÐ iZ gzZ} úŠÆ8 -g ** µÂtÐ8 -g ** :gzÔì HaÆq ÃŠÆºu¡wEZ » ó ó†zc³‚~ L LäV,Z

1 16 7„·_»V1Â¤ /ZX @* VZgz¢wZÎtÂÔ@* ƒH·_»V1ÂÅ8 -g ** äkZgzZ @* ƒ;g™Ãt Û ¡%Æ¬_~ ôÆ yZāì @* ƒ kC(Z ? ˆÅkCVY ]gz¢Åh e -zÚZ Â H Xì CYÅÒÃÅ¶Š[Z » c* ,dz! Š ZÐ„}gtb & uËäV,Zāì @* ƒãZzÂ³7, ÐzÂÃÔì Š HH76, zZk½Z »TÔ-zÚZÆ8 -g ** 3zÀF, Lä 8 -g * *āìt |Ô÷ ó3zÀF,{ L ‰Æ[ ÂÅyZāì 1™tt J ë›gzZ¼ Â CY ÅÒÃÅäh +™h +' × Ã[Z Æ yZ¤ /Z Xì Å „ ó3zÀF, É L 7óÌ ÆVß Zj~ m, ôZ[ Z1Z ñƒKÀF, Ð~}pñƒ‘Æ¶ZgQc* Ô¸M hYñÑt ‚ ~ }pyZgzZÔ÷ 7Š ñÌ}áZjÆyZā @* Y HwZÎt Ð yZgzZ D YK7B‚ Å8 -g ** ìŸsîq -Z »[ Z1Z ñƒK‘uÉ 7Œ6,VzLP ]‚½Z‰K 7 M5G " ½[ Â ÆyZā÷Br # ™8 -g ** /ZgzZX ( J ¤ -uÅ}p&¬)ì ”6,],200 éE -g ** 8 ˆÆkZX CY Å„  ZpgŠ Å„0 +¶ KÅVß ZjyZÐ yZ Â÷Š ñg0 +ZÆ[ Z1ZyZáZj Ôì ÅÒÃ 'ß Z ‚Åpg ì‡Ãx ·Z ~ [Z LZ ä 8 -g ** X @* ƒ: ¦ / Ù pŠi Z à{ [Z » C z 3L L[Â {gÃèāë ¸ sÜ8 -g ** /ZXì @* ¤ ½Z ÌU » ÏqÑ}}Ôì Vc* ú5 ÈVY'ÃŠp8 -g ** Qā Lg ¹!* ÌQ wZÎ+F, ë Zq -ZpÔ@* YƒgzŠ x ·Z Âì „ óÀ ó F, Šp9áZzpgmÐzŠg Z Ô@* ƒ¯ ) !* »pŠaÆMg ‡Qg !* -Z[Z »8 q -g ** ?÷ìg å Yƒ °»aÆ¶Š −h +' × ÃV-g ZjyZÆ8 -g ** gzm6,Rdz ~„gzZŠ Õz d $Š Z ‚ kZ Å8 -g ** aÆd $Š ZF1Ô÷} 9:ÐVzg ZizZx ÓÆ„c* Š$ +~y¾¦ÃŠÆ8 -g ** {gÃèÆ-zÚZ‰ aÐ 8 -g ** aÆVß Zz™¥gzZX @* Yƒy‚Wh +' × 'Ã|Å[ Â MÕI ! 5 ]ÃZ ‹Z‰K7~ k½Z Ñ!* ÅÌó ó3zÀF, L Lä V,Zā ¢ 8™tt »yZ ä X ÷°» ** ! Š ZJ -uTXì 7s ÏZ » ðCÀ0Ð [Ât 1Ôì Yƒgz¢j−J -uËÔì ~ ~g Zjgzm6f ËÆyZ „:gzZì îŠ ð3Š }~8 -g ** „: {zÔì c* ¶]gz¢Å$c* Š 7aÆh e-zÚZB‚Æ~g »å Ôì Š ®Ì~ Vß Zzh e-zÚZāJ -VŒXì CWÃ GG E $ M 4 ¨ -g ** 8 é5G [NZ »] ÑZÎ~-zÚZ ‰ aÐ 8 -g ** āì YY ¹t ™NŠ ÎâÅ-zÚZX ä ˆ t ‚~ËÆ] ÑZÎ~-zÚZXì Š HH™Ägt ‚ÃÎâÅmB‚ÆáZzh e-zÚZÆ $Y)Ì-zÚZtXì 7¼ (Z6,VŒX ÷D Yáï]ÑZÎQÐ ~] !* + Z áZz äW -g ** 8 āñYY7 wZÎt sÜÂ}™-zÚZ »8 -g ** ¿g ZŠ + $Y)ðÃ¤ /Z~wXì 7g ZŠ I ** Zztg ‚ÃŠpQ c* ÷ D™tWáÃŠpÐ áZjÆ" ó ót ÃW{àL LKZ \Wr #™ ÍÔ÷ÀF, Â/Â N YK7¹Z],x Ó{zÆyZ ÂƒnZ ‹Z6, Wá¹Z¤ /Z ?Ð,™ „~ Ü}ä V,Zā}t 8 -g ** /ZŠ z!* ¤ ÆkZ Ôˆ~Š 7g0 +ZÆQ,Å],yZā

1 15 * ¯ o¢Ã¿³‚áZz ä™izˆÐ e * $s³‚ ðƒ ì‡6,Š ã CÅkÍßÃ] c* , k ’L L~ p ÖZ G J G E $ ] Õä¨š~yZÔì c* W@* ƒâ iWŠÎ,ÐXì m»V ði4& ‚Y J -V˜X ( 35X 36Ôm) ó ì ó GšG $ ¨ t ~ p ÖZÆZh +gŠ Xì x ** »WÅ] Õä 4Z óúÑ² L Ô$ Ë Y Å7Ýq] Ð c Å GšG $ ¨ , k ’LTúÑó Xó ì C™³ŠzuÅb‚L L Ôì C™wEZaÆWÅ ó C Õä Ã ó]c* Ð º´6 gzZBâ 6 L L Ôì 7ƒ  oÌIb‚5ÐZ Ôì g Zh +úŠ Å†zc³‚ $ Z ) óƒ ùtaÆ¿áZzpg¢6,kZgzZáZzKx|» óúÑLX ( 36ÔmÔ éM}EG ó B bgg »zu kZ ?}Š™7~ñZcßÃ?Šè%Tì eZ # aÆä™q ÃŠ »• wKZ {zāì e 0Ð ~g¹C1) {zāì ~gz¢ bŠ {gtt Ã~g ‡£** Ð ñƒ n pg ~ ‚f ÃU {Š c* i]** kZÆ„ZeÐ yZh~ öÆyZgzZ bÑŠèYÔ}™: ¦ / Ù ·_»V1ÂÅ8 C -g ** ā÷D â Ûh +' ×8 -g ** X ÷D Yƒ 3V;z å ~gz¢V˜X X X X ÷ Æ Îâm={ VâzŠ Æ qzÑÆ [Â ~÷L L wJz ~ .Z ä ~ ƒz x ~Z ÅVÂùÅyZgzZ V-ÃÆyQgzZ V\6 X X Xì HÌÀF, gzZ J _ .2 Î]Ñììg ãZzX X X Xì àŠæuPŠ"Ð Bg !* Ô Zh +gŠÔV»ÑÔÍ ðzgÔkZ7~CÔçG gzZ V\ƒ  yQ [^ OZ » [Â n Ï S X 7}÷Ô÷ Æ {)z ¼!* Ô mzªÔ Z-™ÔÃ ¯ āì ˆ~Š™~ dâŠ s # Ÿz Å%Z kZ X ì Œ[Â6,]ÑìÆ Xì x ** Æ Vz® i gzZ ƒz x ~Z ÷ Æ V\]c* ÃgzZ ]Ñì" DÚZ D¬ ƒŠ Z " „â ) ó ó "X ì ~÷y!* X ( 11 ™Y 2008y Ô#Ôs6, ZÆ8 ¢Ô2 {g ÑÆ~h ;z" J _ .2 Î) ÷ ñZrx ** Z-™ÔÃ ¯Bg !* Ô Zh +gŠÔ V»ÑÔÍ ðzgÔ kZ7~CÔ çG ä8 -g **  ZgÓZ' „ , ä8 -g ** ā @* ƒ7kˆZtÌ}™| 7, Ã ó ó"t ÃW{àL LÅ8 -g ** ( ¼!* Ô mzªÔ ðZgÂC ÙŠ H–6,{)z¼!* Ô mzªÔZ-™ÔÃ ¯Bg !* Ô Zh +gŠXì H·_»[ÂÌËÐ ~yZ 5_ ¸¦ /Ôì Š H1Ð [ÂÅkgâŠ Zñ°»6,ú›ggzZ Zh +gŠ )ìÀF, sw/sw»[ÂÅy åHÓG X ( ì [YH" $U* ÐVß ZjÃUkZ~}p ÆÎâm=L L{ zŠÆ[ ÂÅyZā÷ B8 -g ** ._Æ}L¬ Æ-zÚZ kZ {zŠtāìt |X ( ì ócLÅ](‚ˆâ gzZ] (‚~ V”zŠ 4Zāìg ãZz ) ó ó÷ »V Ã]%=Å±g ÷ á ! fÂä8 -g** ÔÅ7¦ / Ù ä8 C -g ** ô=t1÷ÆÎâm=ªZz ä™ óc6, L Wc* ~g¹ä\W~T,™™f »V1ÂvŠ Å8 -g ** /ZXì HÀF, ¤ ~zŠgZVÂ kZa kZ X ÷ ÅÎâm=w¾z x ÓÌ ó?£v L Š ÅyZāì @* ƒ ãZzt Âì ÅÒÃÅ 6,e $h +] .ˆâ ÔˆÆ e $h +] .) V1Â yZgzZ ( ]c* Ä ¹ægzZ ](‚: ](‚) [Â Îâ Æb‹zWgzZ ô=¤ /Z ÑZzh e-zÚZXì ~gz¢´g~‚fÃt Û kZ yxgŠÆ(?k

118

ôZ~[ Â ˆâÆ8 -g ** ]Y!ZjtÆ~ m, ôZāìt|1Ô÷Š ñQuotationsÆ~ m, H 5_āÐ BŠ™^ÐWMg ‡X ÷ 7³»¬_„ [ÂTÅy åÓG  ZgÓZ' , ÆVz®h +] . H _ 5 Quotations ~[Z1ZyZÔì H‘u »[Z1ZXä8 Æ−F, zx ~Z Å~g ‡äy åÓG -g ** Ð !ZjtXì c* ŠÉb§ÏZÇ!* ÃyZ Ìä8 -g ** Ô÷KwEZÐ V1ÂÅVz®h +] .ˆâ a 5_]Y ¶ZgX ÷ìgá x »Ð ðÍ rzgŠ~-zÚZ8 -g ** X ÷K7ä±g ÷ á }uzŠ c* y åHÓG Ð n¾Åä¯ ÛZÃ~g‡wEZ b§kZ » Quotationsā åc* Š™ãZzt~y*¬LZ ä Vzi ‚tÃªùZg fÝZ„  Zg {Z' ,&ì 7(Z k½Z Ìq -Z ðÃ~ [Â ~g7 Xì Š HH }Š Ì,ÅV1ÂÅVz®F}uzŠgzZBg !* Zh +gŠÔÃ ¯āìt˜ÓXƒŠ HH7Ð [ÂÅ gŠ rÂŠ HH7„7k½Z ÌðÃ¤ /ZX Š HH77J -k½Zq -Z ðÃÐ V1ÂyZ1ì ¿g ~g» ~g7 ä 8 -g ** āì CWzzt sÜ~™~g ø?ì Hzz Åä™7,ÅV1ÂyZ~ Xì ÅÒÃÅä™{ZeÃ~g ‡B‚Æ ÔZh +gŠ ) Vzi ‚tÃ! fgzZ Ôì J 7,ÐzÂð•ZÃÔq -ZC Ù Æ[ Â Å8 -g ** äë " 5E ÒG g H 5_ Ôkgâ ) ±g ÷ ÐzÂÌ» Ã Å ( {)z ö Ô¾; Ôy åÓG á Æ yZgzZ ( {)zBg !* ÔV»Ñ ÔÃ ¯ 33X 334],ócL0Ðó óúŠggzZ](‚:Ô](‚L L~[ ÂÅ8 -g ** Xì H·_ Ð cÅ](‚ˆâ gzZ](‚)J -334™™áÐ 33™āì ½t Zg øXì ~g YJ X Vƒ:ÀF, Â/Â »V1Â ÅVz®! f N YbŠ 3Š™wï,Z ],äsÜ( 0 7áZjx Ó{zg0 +ZÆ‹ q -Z¡ë Âì @* ™7],Z +ZiÐä¤ /Z ~g ZjÌðÃ»yZ c* -g ** 8 -ZÐÅÑeð•Z%Zä8 q -g** XÐ,™" $U* Qg !* -ZÃ3F, q Â/ÂÆ8 -g ** Ð,Š™ }V˜āì t uø» kZ Xì 1 Ìx ** » {)z ¨ ¸ ~ VzLzŠ c* }}āì êt we 5_ Ô1™4ZŠÃ¨ ¸6,V;z ä8 -g ** ÔÅ7wVÅBgzi egz c* ŒyY ä bg ÷ á }uzŠ Ëc* y åHÓG XM hƒ7å],äÌ™5ÃyZāìŠzögŠkZŠ Z®ÅVzLyZp ;g WÃÌyDg »äÖ ~ h WÅ ~È {z¤ / Ãs ÏZ}g ø ~}g !* ÆºuÆ8 -g ** M G Å { 7Ð} "z6,ÐZÔìnç! Š Zzd é5 {tāì –„  gŠ ä 7Œ Û g©~ekZXì {z¤ /ÌË» ºukZāì Le It~p ÖZuIzŠ~ekZ ¶ZgXì YYHiÐ bÑŠÉ M5G " ½‘u »[Âx ÓXì 7mðÃÐ ~È gzZ V'Š Zg DÆV-È {z¤ /b§TJ -k' ,{g !* éE zŠ ~ ekZ Xì * @YWt ‚ Ì{n ÝZ » ÏÅ yZ Ð kZÔ;g ÍzZ Ð VzÃÅ VzŠ Õ Šp1Ôì H‘utä8 -g * *ā¸… YŠ Õzd $Š Z ‚ŠptÂc* āt wzZ :÷M hYñVZ]ÑZÎ ºuvßtā å7„·_Ú Z »VzŠ ÕyZātìzŠXìglñ{ÐzzÅäƒg ZÎ »ÏÏZ Ì ÆyZÐzz ÅdÁ~}g !* Æ]c* Ã~WgzZ Y Âå7·_¤ /ZX M h VJ -|Å

117

?ñY1™g¦ù'¹ZāìtNQÂÔì ¿g}Š,Å], zdā @* W7t ~™~÷Ái Z ÁXì HwEZ Â» óuPŠ"L~-zÚZ LZ ä8 -g ** "L„ Ä { Zp\Wā÷ ët ÂëX ÷ M hYK ~ .Z pHÐóuPŠ"L~ cÅ c* ,~„ t \ W¤ /ZX ,ŠÉ: x ** CZ6,6,y*c* [ÂÅËāìg wìt sÜpÔN Yƒ: VY óuPŠ /Âä8 -g ** āÐ}¸ëÐkZ ÂBwïÈ»è%KZëÐ ó óuPŠ" Lā L ÷D â Û 6?ì `wH~h e™wJÃkZ Âì st¤ /ZXbŠ 7J -áZjÆkZÔì H7ÀF, Â Xì –A $%§ x ** CZ ~ ó? ó k6,e $h +] .ˆâ L L[ÂgzZ q -Z ä 8 -g ** ā ÷ Ù Š ëā gîÆ'ÃŠp Â÷ÀF, Â/Â[Z1Zx ÓZ # ~ó ó]c* Ä¹ægzZ](‚:Ô](‚L L Xì 7„zzðÃÅä™76, Ç!* tX YY H7Ë~ c 0Ð ]ÑìÆ V\! fÃZ0Ð ºu èY @* ƒ76, [ Â{gÃèÅ8 -g ** t :Z » b kZpÔ÷„ÆV\! f]Ñìāì „  gŠ H6,V1ÂvŠ ÅyZ%Z t :Z » kZ Ô÷ ‰ ñVZVÂÆV Ð ±g ÷ á ! fJ -p ÖZ~ kZ K7~yZX ÷Æ„ +®! f~yZ]Ñì1÷Æ8 -g ** Âp ÖZ~yZèYÔì YY ÅyZā 6Xì ~gðŠ Z ÌƒÅyZ —" Ôì Ð ƒÅ c* ,yZ Å8 -g ** m»]Ñì‰ wìÌq -Z ðÃÔ÷/l »[ÂÏZ ó? ó k6,e $h +] .ˆâ L L{Š™A $%gzZ óˆ ó Æe $h +] .L L[ Â Xì c* Š™©q Z » kZ ~ y*gzZ ËLZ ä ¶Zg Xƒ 1: VZÐ [fä 8 -g** ÃT7(Z tÃÃ8 -g ** ~yZātā: Ôì J -uÅƒß c* 9Å8 -g ** ¡pŠ Ì~V1ÂyZa}gø »]ŸZ ‹Z}g ø6,ó ó]c* Ä ¹ægzZ ](‚:](‚Lā L ìg ãZzt X ñY 1™ti ‚ ºuvŠ ‹gzÔó÷ÀF,LÂc* ~ ]gßÅs Z ‹ZÆ8 -g ** Ôì Ð VîU yZ sÜm , k ’Wá§ x ** CZ6, [ÂgzZìÀF, Â/Â[ Âā,™ttÂc* -g ** 8 X ÷7¼gzZ {z´Æ y*¬LZ ä¶Zg ?ñY¹: VYtg ‚¹Zā,™yÒzzÂD™7tt8 -g ** /ZÔ,™ ¤ ãZŠ ÕCc* eg Z-Z »zŠg Zā ¶tzz ÅkZ ó Xó 7'÷ Wá8 -g ** P 8 Í L L å c* Št „ yZÄ» iÃ%zÂ+ $YkZ8 -g ** ā å YƒeˆÆ~0 +¶ K~g øakZ ?ì Y™ù[ ‚g Z »x` ™ c* Š™g ïZÐ ä™tt ä 8 -g ** X* @Y 1™!Zi Z »kZÆ™tÐZ Âì tªZzt ¤ /ZgzZ D™ g ïZÐ ä™ttg ‚¹Z ÌñƒÙ Š¼ƒ  ÔZ 7, Itg ‚¹Z… Âà y@* Ùñ{ DgzZ Xì yD Ù g »yZy! Š Z b§Å„8 -g ** Ì{zì @* ™ Æpg ñ¯ gzi »]!* Lā L ÷D â Û Xì c* VZNNŠgzZq -Z~-zÚZ ÏZ ä8 -g ** -~g ‡zŠg ZÐ]¸~g7ùÅ+®c* J N: ‘ā @* ÷bŠ((ÌQuotationsÆÝZn kZā÷D™s Z ‹ZëXì CYWt ‚™Á{ $ +ÅyZÐ s Z ‹Z kZX ( 11Ôm) ón ó ƒv

120 X ÏñYƒ»„B‚Æ# Ö Z0 + µˆZáZzäƒZa~ËÆkZ X N Y ñÑt ‚ ë›h +' × ¼ 0Ð3 F, gzZ ºuāì ÒÃt ~g ø ~ y*kZ H _ 5 ðZg ä 8 Contemporary Literary Theory [ Â Åy åÓG -g * *āì [Y Hn²t ÌIÐ kZ ä8 -g ** ._Æ ï~g ø Xì H ( ~ ]gßÅ ä™t)ÀF,c* ‘u {Š c* i¹Ð ~ 8E H . G $ j 4 º Ó M G " ½™hg[!* 5_ gzZ kî c* Ô èE Ô èE ZXì c* Š™ÀF,»[Âx Ó éE 5G ~y WgzZ ª »[Â Åy åHÓG H H J " 2g Ãg 5_Âq ÷sZ eÃ6,[Z1Z yZXì Š HHÀF, Ð ~[ÂÅy åÓG -Zq -Z Š H–6,{)z ç.G 5_?Wác* X ÷˜y åHÓG ì tg ‚¿tā÷D™êQgzZX ‰K77Ì}IÐkZ Eagleton, like Althusser, argues that criticism must break with its 'ideological prehistory' and become a 'science'. The central problem is to define the relationship between literature and ideology, because in his view texts do not reflect historical reality but rather work upon ideology to produce an effect of the 'real'. The text may appear to be free in its relation to reality (it can invent characters and situations at will), but it is not free in its use of ideology. 'Ideology' here refers not to formulated doctrines but to all those systems of representations (aesthetic, religious, judicial and others) which shapes the individuals mental pictures of lived experience. The meanings and perceptions produced in the text are a reworking of ideologie's on working of reality. This means that the text works on reality at two removes. Eagleton goes on to deepen the theory by examining the complex layering of ideology from its most general pre-textual forms to the ideology of the text itself. He rejects Althusser's view that literature can distance itself from ideology; it is a complex reworking of already existing ideological discourses. However, the literary result is not merely a reflection of other ideological discourses but a special production of ideology. For this reason criticism is concerned not with just the laws of literary form or the theory of ideology but rather with 'the laws of the production of ideological discourses as literature'. Eagleton surveys a sequence of novels from George Eliot to D.H Lawrence in order to demonstrate the interrelations between ideology and literary form.... Eagleton examines each writer's ideological situations and analyses the contradictions which develope in their thinking and the attempted resolutions of the contradictions in their writing. After the destruction of liberal humanism in the first world war Lawrence developed a dualistic pattern of 'female' and 'male' principles. This antithesis is developed and reshuffled in the various stages of his work, and finally resolves in the characterisation of mellors (Lady Chatterley's Lover) who combines impersonal 'male' power and 'female' tenderness. This contradictory combination, which takes various forms in the novels, can be related to a 'deep-seated ideological crises' within contemporary society. The impact of poststructuralist thought produced a radical change in Eagleton's work in the late 1970s. His attention shifted from the 'scientific' attitude of Althusser towards the revolutionary thought of Brecht and Benjamine. This shift had the effect of throwing Eagleton back towards the classic Marxist revolutionary theory of the Thesis on Feuerbach (1845): 'The question whether objective truth can be attributed to human thinking is not a question of theory but is a practical question...The philosophers have only interpreted the

119 ŠpŠ ÕtÈ~V-È{z¤ / gzZì Wz·_»yZ¤ /ZX ÷M hYKì‡]ÑZÎÌ6, äƒŠó Õ} (, L }g ø Ái Z Á bŠg Z Œ Û Ñ!* Ð —Ãg ZŠ™~Wz ! Š ZÆyZŠ Õz d $Š Z ¨Q ÂÔ÷7Š Õ ‚ Ð ]Z f ÅËU»äƒc* ä™x ** +ÔñYHx ** $ + $ Ã8 -g ** ā7Ñ¦ / Ù tZg øXì 7ea C sÜ{z Âì 7gŠ {çðÃÐ Ë¤ /ZÐ áZjÆ | # ‚! Š Z KZÃ8 -g ** Ü z kZ Xì @* ‰ ƒ Za  »8 -g ** tg ‚ ñƒ D™{C Ù b»$c* Š !ŠZ ä 8 -g ** P 8ÍyŠ TXì Ð „ 8 -g ** tg ‚ b§kZ¼wq¾ä8 -g ** X ÇñYƒ[x»~ä™®ŠÃ8 -g ** tg ‚„8 -g ** Š ÕÂÔ1™ o‚ Æ yZgzZ 8 -g ** Xì 7mðÃÐ Dz [Š Z »XÔ÷ bŠ™ qzÑä™wEZ } NÆ {g 0* g ZŠZ! Š Zāì ~Š ð3Š BÃ•ZkZ¼ 46, ,~k , ’àZzäƒù÷ á Ð+ $YÅV-g Zj Ð „}gtÆ8 -g ** ¡%Æ¬_Æ}p}g ø~ óVzk , ’LyZX ÷„g WÃCƒ {g 0* akZÔì ;g Yc* ¯qçñÃ]Z f Å'ÔñƒD™ *Ãë›ÔaÆäUzÂÐ]ïÝZ .6XgzZ8 -g ** āìt~gz¢ +] h .ˆâ ßÅ8 -g** gzZ ºuÆ8 -g ** Qg !* -ZzÂÅMg ‡{¤gzZ Z ð3E q ì ÅÒÃÅÛ*ƒä V-g ZjgzZ8 -g ** &ÔUt » „c* Š$ +~„z dā @* ÔOgiÃ%6, Vz¨ »¬_Æ }pÆ ¶Zg ,k , ’ÅV-gZjÆ 8 -g ** X ñYƒ: ÃÅ 46,‘ Û gzZ ]» Z f }Ô G , ’LyZÐg ±Z ~„zdX ÷z »li ‚! Š Z¡X ÷7°â ~gz¢) éM›‹¢ bŠ [Z » óVzk gzYZ ‚~Š Zñ‰ ‘Ð Vß Zj CZ f {z´ÆðZu bæ Å ºu c* -g ** 8 ~ Vzk , ’yZ Xì X ñYH7B‚Æ\ ogŠÃë›āì * @Yƒ~gz¢t6, V´ñ‰nkZÔì ;gYH *Ãë› ótó £Z ® ) )L LmZg ø ñƒ D™{C Ù b » ðÍ r zgŠ ð•Z ä ðS Sg© ~g Zjq -ZÆ8 -g ** mHÐ ]ÃÏZ‰K 0ÆºuÆ8 -g ** »kZāìt wZÎXì ÅÒÃÅäh Ð Æb§kZX }Y 7ðÃgzZ4ÐV-g ZjgzZ 8 -g ** ªZz ** ™g 2 +Å46,‘ Û Ã] 5çdz ! Š Z ? G E $ M 4¨G} N&5ð•Z uKZpÔ÷f “ e| hzZ Â{Š ]»[Š Z6, Šp ÷D™wEZvß{z é5G c* º Û ¾»¾ā7~zg¢'Yt6,µñkZX M h0* 7] Ð VîUÆš M Š Z)„  k~ dZ LaÆVÍßyZ[Š ZgzZÔì „gƒ~}g !* ÆWz[Š Z ÂctèYÔì mHÐ < Ø è Î)Ôtó Q® ) )Lc* ƒtó £Z® ) )L~cÅ[Š ZXì @* ƒó óy)F, »g ZŠZ ¹ÃW L LgzZ óVØgŠ W 4)6X' pÑkZ ä V26,‘ Û ā BŠ Ã„ wD Z Ô@* 7,7t Û ðÃÐ kZ tó gŠØ® ) )L c* ƒ îG 0E , ™ Y s ÜÆ AÅyZ=b§¾āBŠ Ã8 -g ** ŠpX c* Š™ qÑ ** h Ðt Û »® ) ) Ãy¨ KZ º Û Ë¤ /Z~cÅ[Š ZāìtIZg øX ÷ìg™wJ™™Šó ÷ á 6, LÃV-g¹ÅVz®J! f ÆzŠg Z}ÒúëZÐƒ  ÆT~h +] .§zŠÔìµg ‚‘ Û sÜ{zÂì 9 ŠÐÃÅ#Ã Ðµg ‚‘ Û X ÷8 -g ** P8 Í~Ññƒ´ i ZâÐ]Zi Z ³Z+F, xÆy*zyÔ]*—çL8Xâ gzZ ä™wJÃ ºuLZ ÅV¸g ‚t Ôì 7EZŠ ]Ðt Xì ~g6ÅVÍß¯IZF ** ™]Ð

122

5!~gó ß9 çH &ñƒ Dg ¦ .28F~7Ly G ÕäRE /Ð Vß2FgzZ @Wt ‚~ ]gßÅi~g ZŠ™ÆiæÎG * H $ 4 º Ó 5!ªXì èE GZ w–Xì ïq‰ Ü z à »VâzŠ ò3,óãZ²LgzZ]¸:ó ZŠ%L6,R— )g ZŠ™ »iæÎG J $ Xìg D` »T÷D™C Ù ªÃømZ™ŠÑ-àWãzg0 +ZkZo ng ZŠ „Æb§kZ H $ ˆÆ1970 $ 4 º Ó G E ÅkZ [Zā ðƒ úzgt ~p~Š ã C~x »Æ è Z¯ ) !* Æ„ C(‚ øL F E G-Ê G H -4&X ˆƒiÃ%6,„! zZ Å+gzZ6 ' $ Z éMG Æ¾g â èE4ÓºG 5BG , ™? Ø Ðbzg³‚ÆÐ ðG3Ÿ ZzÂ E Thesis on Feuerbach (1845).bÃ! zZ` o¯ ''THE QUESTION WHETHER OBJECTIVE TRUTH CAN BE ATTRIBUTED TO HUMAN THINKING IS NOT A QUESTION OF THEORY BUT AIS A PRACTICAL QUESTION.... THE PHILOSOPHERS HAVE ONLY INTERPRETED THE WORLD IN VARIOUS WAYS; THE POINT IS TO CHANGE IT''.

H$ ÃkZ Ôì Hì‡ä VzuzŠgzZ yâ ~Š w0* Ô Zh +gŠÃTúŠgtÃāì t ·ZÐ kZÃèE4ÓºG Z X ( 264X 265Ô8 -g ** )óì ó YYHwEZaÆä™4Š"Ãp{”ðÐ¬ H$ Xì @* Y `J - 267 ™„ ~ c Å èE4ÓºG Z sÜ ì ~gY‘u »8 -g ** āìg ãZz G4h±g â L L~ [!* gzZ ](‚Ô ïG ,v0* ÆzŠ [Â Å ó ó] c* Ä ¹ægzZ ](‚:](‚L L H$ ðÃÅ],6,V;z Ôì Š H1VZ Â/ ÂŠ Zñx Ó Š H–6,{)z èE4ÓºG ZÐ yZÄÆó ó](‚: ],Ì6,V;z Ô÷ˆ~Š6,332™,Å[!* ,v0* ÆzŠ [Â~gŠ rX ˆ~Š 7, ÀF, gzZ3V;zå~gz¢V˜Lā L ì ¹~-zÚZ LZ ä8 -g ** P8ÍXì 7Š ñ,Å k½Z Ñ!* {gÃèó Xó ÷bŠ((ÌQuotationsÆÝZ nÆpg ñ¯gzi »]!* Xì HÌ H _ 5 ÃkZw¾zx Óä8 kZ1Ôì c* Š™ÀF, Ð[ÂÅy åÓG -g ** āì @* YƒãZzÐä™iÃ%zÂ6, J* I . sÜāì ˆÅÒÃÅä™ì‡ç @* t Ð TÔì ˆ~Š ~ ~ m, ôZ Quotation q -Z~ k½Z ˆÅkC]gz¢V˜āì ¹~-zÚZ ä8 -g ** Ôì ip â Ð '}uzŠ Ëk½Zq -Z ¸ i Z0 +Z kZā ÷ ìgNŠ ë²Ô÷ ‰ K 7 Quotation aÆpg ó óñ¯ gzi » ]!* L LV;z gzi CZ L~ V-g Zj å 0* Z6,gî6fÉ Ô7aÆp ó g ñ¯ gzi L » ]!* wEZ » Quotation~ āì 4 (ZÐk½Z Ñ!* {gÃèXì ðƒÝq! x»{ Zp§{ÃyZ~TÔì ÒÃÅpg óñ¯ X ÇƒsŠ ZáÆä™[ ‚gZ »{LÓk HË~x|! Š Z ItÔìt‹»8 -g ** ÂC ÙŠ H–~zŠg Z 8E H . G j 5_Wz6,ˆÆkZ »V Xì 1VZ VÂ»V ä 8 -g ** ÌÃkZÔì Åc¿6,èE ä y åÓG 8 H E . G $ 5_ÔH7·_»[ÂËÌÅ èEj ä8 y åHÓG -g ** b§Å„ èE4ÓºGZā Zƒt È »äVZ VÂ -8E -g ** 8 Ô÷D™7sg¬ aÆäŒ~p ÖZy‚WÃD¨ ¤! fÌÐáZjÆ èEj.G 5_™ VZ Â/ ÂÃkZ ¬X ÷ D™7™ ¯ ó ó−F, z x ~Z L LKZQg !* -ZÃ−F, q z x ~Z Åy åHÓG 5_ :÷º+ $YÅy åHÓG In America, where the labour movement has been partially corrupted and totally excluded

121 world in various ways; the point is to change it'. Eagleton believes that 'deconstructive' theories, as developed by Derrida, Paul de Man and others can be used to undermine all certainties, all fixed and absolute forms of knowledge.............. Raman Seldon, Contemporary Literary Theory, 3rd ed, Britain, 1993,P, 92-93.

H $ H_ 5 āìg ãZz É Ô( @* ƒ7»Ì‘u»8 -g ** āÐBŠë) Zƒ7»y*t6,èE4ÓºG Z »y åÓG 8E H . G j 5_ˆÆkZXì * 5_ tVŒXì c* Š™i ¸W»c6,èE äy åÓG @ YJ -95 ™~[ÂÅy åHÓG H H $ $ 5_Xì Zƒ–»y åHÓG 5_tì Š èE4ÓºGZäy åHÓG H–¼ ~}g !* Æ èE4ÓºGZāìge‚f ÌN -g * 8 *āì 4 (ZX c* Š ¯ eÃÃ ó ó−F, zx ~Z L L„6,],P aÆ~g ‡gzZ H·_ »V1ÂÅ k½Z¸ »8 -g ** Ì~g Zjgzm6,R~„zdð•ZÆ8 -g** X … Y7ÌÈ »−F, zx ~ Z 7Za ~ í!* Æ yZ J - bzg ! Š Z z dä öÆ „c* Š$ +dāìt |X ÷ D™7 H$ H _ 5 Wz6,ó ó−F, Xì Åy åÓG z x ~Z L gLzZt‹t Ô @' ,Æ 8 -g** Ð áZjÆ èE4ÓºG Z X ~Š äƒ ,™±5** ƒó óuPŠ"L L»8 -g** Xì ~gz¢** Ñt ‚Æ~g ‡Ã3F, Â/ÂÆ8 -g ** G-Ê H $ 4 º Ó G Ÿ èâ ŠÑ-àW{zāì ~gz¢aÆWā L ì HèE Z ñƒD™t · ZÐÐ ðG3 Z L L èY Ôì ç» ºgÆYß c* àWgzZ [Š ZXÝZ Xó ñY 0b‚gzZ}™ {¸g CZÐ QXì @* ™ Za W, Z »|™ƒ Zg W¿B‚ÆYß c* àWÉ Ô@* ™77@»|]g @* [Š Z Ð Yß c* àWpÔì Y™»: ZŠ Zi WÃw gßgzZ Vzg ZŠ™{z Ôì Š Zi W~ ºg LZÐ | gÅë »X7Š Z%*Zçz wßZgzZ ]Zg¦Ï( {z sÜÐ Yß c* àWX 7Š Zi W~ ºg LZ 6f » " ó ŠñƒÀŠL Û ÐbzgÅX]â Âx Ó{zÔ]1°Ô] G é5;XÅZÔ]1)wøÉ Ô÷n pg Dƒg¦¯ !* »|§¦kZÝZgŠ ]Zg¦gzZ páZzäƒúzg)g fÆQXì @* ™ì‡g¦ H $ 4 º Ó G E è ZXì @* WgŠÐ b§zŠg¦»|~ Qc* Í b§kZXì Hì‡ä Yß c* àWq÷ +' h × ~bÃLZÆ™t‹»V¤g {ëÆyZgzZ VªÅYß c* àWÅˆgzZ Å¬ Ð Q G Ê @* ƒ6,, Ã Ð Yß c* àW[Š Zā 7ƒ  o It »Ð ðG3Ÿ Z ì wì » kZ Xì @* ™ Za Ýz E G H G 4 & $ Z w–Xì 4 Ó M E B Æ Yß c* àW[Š Z é5G ƒ Äc* i !* Åt # IÆ Yß c* àW Â[Š Z è ºG Ewq¾Xì @* sÜx » »W'Xì @* ƒC Ù ª6, gîÆgó ZzZa Lm{q -Z ÅYß c* àWÉ Ô76, gîÆ@Æb I Ð zg ÅXÔì Ì** ™ð »2Z ¸yZÉ Ô7çCc* Ã» Yß c* àW c* »*Zçz wßZÆˆ X ÷Áe~gó ZzZa LÅ[Š Zt # IŠÑ-àW H$ Yß c* àWāì @* 3ŠgzZì @* ™·_»Vßz** Š¼J -÷g ÑÝZ ~ eÐ áZ `gY èE4ÓºG Z H $ 4 º Ó G E ÆyZÆ™t‹gzZì © 8{^ ,Y » ñŠÑ-àWÆ'C Ù è ZXì¸g H~ ˆ ! Š Z &ātgzZ Ôì @* Æxk B «X ˆÅÒÃ HÅä™iÃ]ZŠ §yZy ÕäRE ™C Ù ªÃ]ZŠ §Æg °Z I E ì ó @* ƒúzg Ì)lŠg L»kZwq¾Ôì Qe $ ð3" ÅwßZ óãZ²LgzZwßZ:ó ZŠ%LVŒÆ÷g Ñˆ

124

-8E ~„ C1] .èEj.Gw– X {)z Ô¿gŠ ¿»nzcgzZ qçñgzZ “: 1] .~ÝZgzZ ^~C Ùª gzZÔì ZƒZ a 6,gî“. Þ ‡** Ð À} (,q -ZnzcC Ù gzZÔì 7nzcÙW** pgzZ {gHðÃ µ Z µ Z » Vzg0* ®~Š ZÐZWC1] .Xì @* ƒ Za Ð w gß]g @* Šp Ð ‚fáZz WÎ C X ì$ Ë ƒ Ìq -’c* $Zzg q e -Z ìz » | # ‚ ~(,F,Wz q -ZŠ Û èY ÔC™7t‹ ÆkZŠpāì @* ™p ÒÌ»]!* kZ {z Ô@* ™7t :Z »Vz%i {”ðÐ ¬ 6,[Š ZŠ Õ C1] . I M ! :N»w gß]g @* ÃWC1] .Ëg â X ÷ æEE ÅkZŠpy s !* {)zßZÔg ZŠ™Ô[|Z Õä5 }%i {Š™É uZgŠ Z 9»|ā @* cebŠ äƒ:æY¦ / Ù Ã]Zg¦gzZce** C ƒ k ˆ Z »~ .–]g @* LZå ñƒDƒJÆ]ÑìpÔM hW7C Ù !* Ðª q¦çñKZg0 +ZÆVâ ië—" Xƒe X Ã™ƒ6, gî4Å|ā @* ÷M hh ÂÃwp -8E B‚ÆöÆ„C1] .~THE POLITICAL UNCONSCIOUS, (1981) [ÂÅ èEj.G G-Ê $ Ô](‚ ÕäMI 5!Ôì M¿» äÈÃÜÁŠ „Š¼ X {)z âgzŠ ZÐ ðG3Ÿ Z Ôe $àZ Û â](‚ øL F -8E E 458E Ôìāg¦»Ï0 + iÅ Z· Z Åäâ i *Š~ª q: G é5E ZgzZ {g 0* {g 0* Å ` {Š ñāì I» èEj.G -8E Yß c* àWx Óāì wìÌt» èEj.GÔ¸ÆÎâ¦½ZgzZ{A ƒ  ]Zg¦gzZai~T »]!* kZÃ ` ì ^ÅVh§gîÆ( CONTAINMENT)pg~1‡gzZ ä™Ýqg ZM Z ]gz¢~Š OZ L L õg @* āìt]!* Å¯gzZXnYc* !* ŠÃ]ZŠ §eµÆõg @* āì îŠ µñ ''THE BRUTE REALITY OF ECONOMIC NECESSITY'' ó ì ó |“zÅ i Qxk!* èYÔì @* ƒZgW¿b§ÏZ ÌQ! Š ZXì C™™„ŠpÃVh§gîyZÆƒ -8E LZÃ[ C*¶ KÆZ¤ / ®C(‚ä èEj.GXì @* ƒ# Ö ´ÅƒÆõg @* Šp{z Ôì @* ™7 G-JG 454X » Z¤ /X ÷ DƒC Ù ª~ Vâ% ö j§gîÆƒ ]g @* Xì @* ,Ð ! x»a Æ œ£ ' Ù ª]â £ {z ÂñY c* C â i W6,yá¤ /Z ÐZ Xì F F6,Vzg ZØÍÆ V¤g ã¨ KZÂx Â C(‚ X ˆ~Š !* Š ÷õg@* {z]â £‰¾:tX ‰¾ 7 ÷D Yƒ -8E ! Š Zq -Z¡6Òāì wì »kZXì ÅcæWg » ~(,~}g !* Æ±ÂÅkZgzZ6Òä èEj.G āa kZ Ôì ( EPISTEMOLOGICAL CATEGORY) ó{%i C G é5.Ð‘Lq -ZÉ ì 7gî c* xg Ã & ÌtÃ³‚q -ZgzZ ÂgzZXì C™7~xg ÃÆã¹Ã\WLZŠpaÆäƒûÿLE‡| X ( 267X 269) ó ì ó Yƒã¹ pgt ‚ÃV1ÂVâzŠ~ öÏZ Âƒ=ÂÃ~g ‡¤ n /ZX @* ƒ7»6,Dk½Zt »8 -g ** -g * 8 *āÍXì Lg ~g YŸ »3F, Â/ Âā Ç ñYƒ s ÏZt Ð pg ~g Y·_ñƒ Ô÷D™ÒÃÅ%$ +K M F, ÅyZŠ z!* Æä™ÀF, Â/ÂÃV¯Z¤ /ZcZÐ ~g Èð•Z -g ** 8 6,gîÆwVX c* Š äƒ7»ÃöaÆä™y‚WÃ| # ÙÅŠ Zñ‘zää ¶Zgp

123 from political power, the appearance of a major Marxist theorist is an important event. Jameson believes that in the post-industrial world of monoply capitalism the only kind of Marxism which has any purchase on the situation which explores the 'great themes of Hegel's philosophy - the relationship of part to whole, the opposition between concrete and the abstract, the concept of totality, the dialectic of appearance and essence, the interaction between subject and object'. For dialectical thought there are no fixed and unchanging 'objects'; an 'object' is inextricably bound up with a larger whole, and is also related to a thinking mind which is itself part of a historical situation. Dialectical criticism does not isolate individual literary works for analysis; an individual is always a part of a larger structure (a tradition or a movement) or part of a historical situation. The dialectical critic has no pre-set categories to apply to literature and will always be aware that his or her chosen categories (style, character, image, etc.) must be understood ultimately as an aspect of the critics on historical situation........ A Marxist dialectical criticism will always recognise the historical origins of its own concepts and will never allow the concepts to ossify and become insensitive to the pressure of reality. We can never get outside our subjective existence in time, but we can try to break through the hardening shell of our ideas 'into a more vived apprehension of reality itself'. His The Political Unconscious (1981) retains the earlier dialectical conceptio of theory but also assimilates various conflicting traditions of thought (structuralism, poststructuralism, Freud, Althusser, Adorno) in an impressive and still recognisably Marxist synthesis. Jameson argues that the fragmented and alienated condition of human society implies an original state of primitive communism in which both life and perception were collective.............. All ideologies are 'strategies of containment' which allow society to provide an explaination of itself which suppresses the underlying contradiction of history; it is history itself (the brute reality of economic Necessity) which imposes this strategy of repression. Literary texts work in the same way: the solutions which they offer are merely symptoms of the suppression of history. Jameson cleverly uses A.J Greimas' structuralist theory (the 'semiotic rectangle') as an analytic tool for his own purposes. Textual strategies of containment present themselves as formal patterns. Greimas' structuralist system provide a complete inventry of possible human relations... which when applied to a text's strategies, will allow the analyst to discover the posibilities which are not said. This 'not said' is the represses history. Jameson also developes a powerful argument about narrative and interpretation. He believes that narrative is not just a literary form or mode but an essential 'epistemological category'; reality presents itself to the human mind only in the form of the story. Even a scientific theory is a form of story.( Seldon, P, 95-97).

Ô÷D™·_»[ÂÅ8 -g ** 8E 8E . 4 G ) G j j āì wì » èE XX X Xì NŠ ™{ ** ƒZa »i ‚tÃËg â ëZ‰ èEG ugi + Û ~M%Z L L ì $ Ë ƒ[x»n„zsÜÅxšg â Ôì {gzŠgzŠ » ~g ZŠtâu: Zg ZŠ {g YZ V˜~ *Š óQ:L Ôg¦»=Ô** ƒŠ „»ŠêgzZk^Ô** ƒo1%ÐÀ» b ªÔƒðƒ~ a Ð \xÅ Æ¬

126 the philosophy of science (T.S Kuhn) the term "paradigm" which refers to the scientific framework of concepts and assumptions operating in a particular period. "Ordinary science" does its experimental work within the mental world of a particular paradigm, until a new paradigm displaces the old one and throws up new problems and establishes new assumptions. Jauss uses the term "horizon of expectations" to describe the criteria readers use to judge literary texts in any given period.... For example, if we consider the English Augustan period, we might say that Popes's poetry was judged according to criteria, naturalness, and stylistic decorum (the words should be adjusted according to the dignity of the subject) which were based upon values of Popes's poetry. However this does not establish once and for all the value of Pope's poetry. During the second half of the eighteenth century, commentators began to question whether Pope was a poet at all and to suggest that he was a clever versifies who put prose into ryrhyming couplets and lacked the imaginative power required of true poetry. Leapfrogging the ninteenth century, we can say that modern readings of Pope work within a changed horizon of expectations: we now often value his poems for their wit, complexity, moral insight and their renewal of literary tradition. In Jauss's view it would be equally wrong to say that a work is universal, that its meaning is fixed forever and open to all readers in any period: 'A literary work is not an object which stands by itself and which offers the same face to each reader in each period. It is not a monument which reveals its timeless essence in a monologue.' This means, of course, that we will never be able to survey the successive horizons which flow from the time of a work down to the present day and then, with an Olympian detachment. to sum up the works final value or meaning. To do so would be to ignore the historical situation. Whose authority are we to accept? That of the readers? The combined opinion of readers over time? (Raman Seldon. P,52-53).

&z y åHÓ5_Wz6,ˆÆk½Z kZ -ÍG x » » ºuLZ Ì8 -g ** gzZ ÷ ” ¶Š wVÅ çE,G G Ô÷Ù ŠÃ÷: âêÆ8 -g ** N WÔ÷n pg ~g Y ä kî c* Xì Å «ò]g @* ÃW ó k‚Z ~g ‡L)g fÆqJtÃä kî c* ^' , zg L L D™i Z0 +ZÃÃQ )~V-ÃY gzZ ( åHi Z0 +ZÃÃ õg @* -u~(, J äT) ~IˆÏzg ÆkZgzZ kî c* X ågzŠ »[ZCZ~*` Z # ~1960X XXì ÅÒÃÅä™ Za °Wë( ÷ Åkî c* X c* Šgzi6,]gz¢Å% Z eÃ56,e $Zzg ! Š Z ð` gzZ ÔÑ”ÐQÃ[Š Z ð` äV¹‚ ]Zg¦kî c* Ð kZìg »Ð ‚ÃöZ K…Æb‚ÝZgŠ (PARADIGM)ó{%i Lb ˜Z -Z Ëx » C!* q Šå ~b‚Xì @* ƒ â Û g »~ÇÌË ì © 8Š Z%·ù{z »]ŸzcgzZ G W8 êŠ™4Š"Ã } ó %i L¬ó{%i LZuzŠ ðÃ»]Zg¦ā ö ì Lg @* 0* x Z~*Š6f Å } ó %i Lm{ ÆÄ6,ÅQMg ‡ÆÇÌËX ÷ D Yƒ ì‡] ŸzG6 gzZ ]Zg¦6 b§kZgzZ Ôì ( H O R I Z O N A N D ó] uÂgzZ ¬Z La Æ y Z kî c* Ô÷ D™ wEZ » 2Z ¸Xa wVāì H{zX ÷F F6, g¦³‚Æ} ó %i L ì @* ™wEZ ²˜Z Å EXPECTATIONS)

125

Ã3F, ÐÔ¬{g !* zŠ™ VZ s Z¤ /Zcq -ZÐÔŒZˆÆkZ ÷D™ÀF,»Ôq -Z¬ G $ X ÷n 4¨G āì 8 ŠZ # ~g ‡x ¬èYÔ @* ƒ7y‚W** Ñ~Ä¤ / Ã ºuÆb§kZ éME 5G pg ~g Y zŠ ¸h +÷ á āì YaÎ{z ÂÔ÷ ‰ bŠ hg}LJ WˆÆkZpÔ÷ÀF, Â/Â}LzŠ ÔkZˆÆkZāì Y WNt ~‚fÆkZX Š Hc* Š 7Ð t!Zj »yZgzZ÷ÀF, }L {g !* zŠ8 -g ** āìtNNŠXì Y™i Z0 +ZÃÃUÆºu{zÂŠ Hc* VZ7s Z¤ /ZcgzZ ðÃÐ Ã~g ‡X ÷ D™ÒÃg7 ½Åä¯ ÛZÃ~g ‡Æ™ÀF, w¾zx ÓgzZ Ô÷ Ì + $Y ÅÔ¬ Ãö~V1Â{”ÀF, vŠgzZ[ÂÅ8 -g ** āì ÅÒÃtä¶ZgÔaÆpgpôÐÏë ì HwEZ!Zj » ~ m, ôZ~zŠg Z ä8 -g ** b§¾āBŠ~k½ZáZz6, zZX ñY3g ì‡ nZ ‹ZakZì ãZztèaX Š Hc* Š7 ™»k½Z ~ m, ôZkZāÍXì c* ŠÉ~+zZzÐZgzZ ÅŠ ZñvŠT~[ !* kZgzZÔì Š HH7VŒ k½Z Zg7ā÷Ù Š ëpÔì 7öRÅ Ô@* Y 3g~ +zZz „ [!* åā å¸ ÂŸ» » ~g Z0 +ZZXì 7}!Zj » kZì ˆÅ „0 +¶ K X eƒ: {g ZÍÃ8 -g ** åYYHC Ù ª„J -uÅWásÜÃŠpaÆkZp (Z‰ Ü z kZX ÷ ïŠ ñZg™Á6,W! Š Z Ëg â gzZxšg â 8 -g* *āìt ] !* ÅpŠˆÆkZ ™! lÌÃ]1] .{z´ÆkZX Çƒ 3g™gz¢äV,Z Â·_»[Z1Z VÐÆtó âuā L ì4 -8E . G j E gzZ è a kZX fƒ} F, Z Ì~ ðZ÷ ÅVßßZ C1] .ñƒK äzÆx ZX fƒìg H$ ä8 -g** āì Yƒāì @* WwìtQX fƒ~ª qÅì¼Ð t Nz} (,Â6,{)z èE4ÓºG Z ~ [Š Z zŠg Zā 6Ôƒ Œ: ~gz¢·_ »yZ™Äg~}%iÆ]âçÏ(Ãx ZgzZ ¾gâ ä8 -g ** ā @* ½Z 7— ðÃ6,%Z kZ pX ì Š ñyDg » ä™ ~g Y } :%Æ ¬_ -8E H $ -8E H $ Z Z X J 7,7ÃJ -èEj.GgzZ èE4ÓºG ÃÃyZ~ *Š ! fÔ÷ +Š** Dpz ! Š Z VâzŠ èEj.GgzZ èE4ÓºG H _ 5 ðZg 4 ?ì $ Åy åÓG Ë Y ½ù ]!* wë~}g !* ÆyDg Dpz ! Š Z {Š ñÆ™i Z0 +Z -8E H . $ G j 4 º Ó G -g** āì CY ¬Cƒ¢|t ñY− D™·_»[ Â {z´Æ èE gzZ èE Z ä8 ÔnY ¹Š Õ¹Zā76,RkZ ÅD8 -g ** akZX c* Î7J -B; ÃÃÅ+Š** }uzŠg Ñ" D™^ ,Ã6,x £¾¹Z ~g ZjÆyZāÆkZÃsXì 7{Š c* iÐ bg÷ á wÅyZ~W H _ 5 ðZgQg !* »[!* kZÆ[ÂÅy åÓG -Z…aÆä™ëZ q Û ]o~hÆ} úŠ LZX ÷ Xì J m ®Å ºuÆ8 -g ** Çƒ** ™·_ H 5_Ô÷D™g¨6, Ô,™±5p ÖZÆy åÓG [!* ‰‘6, kî c* NW Jauss, an important German exponant of "reception" theory, gave a historical dimension to reader-oriented criticism. He tries to achieve a compromise between Russian Formalism which ignores history, and social theories which ignores the text. Writing during a period of social unrest at the end of the 1960, Jauss and others wanted to question the old canon of German literature and to show that it was perfectly reasonable to do so.... He borrows from

128

127

competent readers go beyond surface meaning. If we regard a poem as a string of statements, we are limiting our attention to its 'meaning', which is merely what it can be said to represent in units of information. If we attend only to a poem's 'meaning' we reduce it to a (possibly nonsensical) string of unrelated bits. A true response starts by noticing that the elements (signs) in a poem often appear to depart from normal grammar or normal representation: the poem seemes to be establishing significance only indirectly and in doing so ' threatens the literary representation of realty'. It requires only ordinary linguistic competence to understand the poem's 'meaning', but the reader requires'literary competence' to deal with the frequent ' ungrammaticalities' encountered in reading a poem. Faced with the stumbling-block of ungrammaticalness the reader is forced, during the process of reading, to uncover a second (higher) level of significance which will explain the grammatical features of the text. What will ultimately be uncovered is a strcutural 'matrix', which can be reduced to a single sentence or even a single word. The matrix can be deduced only indirectly and is not actually present as a word or statement in the poem. The poem is conected to its matrix by actual versions of the matrix in the form of familiar statements, cliches, quotations, or conventional associations. it is the matrix which ultimately gives a poem unity. this reading process can be summarised as follows: 1. Try to read it for ordinary 'meaning': 2. Highlight those elements which appear umgrammatical and which obstruct on ordinary mimetic interpretation: 3. Discover the 'hypograms' (or commonplaces) which receive expanded or unfamiliar expression in the text; 4. Derive the 'matrix' from the ' hypograms'; that is, find a single statement or word capable of generating the ' hypograms' and the text. (Seldon, P,60-61).

Ô÷º+ $YÅ ºuÆ8 -g ** J GG343XÏzg~}g !* Xì wEZm{»y!* i ~²÷ á āì Zâë »VzI ï Æy!* i ~Ä¢Ãg¡â L L kZy!* i ~Ä²Ôì C™7Ã ( REALTY) |Ë: ËgzZÔì F F6,UiÆg ÖZy!* ix ¬ J54X G-G 4 E J G 4 3 ðzgÔ¢Ãg~bzg ö èzckZìC Ù ªXì ]Z åOÉ!* Š°gzZìz» ïG3 X ì F F6,óq :Z L 8 8 5 E 5 E 58E 4 4 4»G » » J j j G G Å E E .2Š1 ä kZ7~C gzZ èE 75Ð ò}yZÆ èE {zpÔì W, Æ çG OÐ èEjE 58E 4»G kZ7gzZ èEjE ™f »X÷áã—{zāì H¢dgX¸K7~b‹ÆLes Chat. $‚

b§T~¬_C(‚LZäVâzŠyZX 7Æ'Æó~g ‡¢ A & !* Lx ¬Ë{zÔ÷D™ XM hƒ7z»¢ A &6f Å ó~g ‡g ïYLÌË÷átÔì H™f »Vâ%C»ßgzZ C§Æ äCt¢Ãgë@* Xñ7,Ð j§m{kZÃQ{zā $ Ë Y Å7µÂt Ð ~g ‡Cc* M F, š -Z q 8 G E 5 4 » j G E @* ™ b§¾g ðO{$ » Q~g ‡ā @* ™7ëZ Û VY ]Š ÞÅ]!* kZ·_ » èE āì Ü‡Ð ä¢Ãg~kZXì Q~semiotics of poetry (1978) :[ ÂÅkZúÅbÃÆ¢ÃgXì ÃÄë¤ /ZXì @* YÐWÐ páZz äƒ Za 6,RÅQ~g ‡¢ A & !* āì àZ e Ýzg6,ZkZ

H±Y ! Š ZÆ‰ Ü zkZ ~²÷ á Å\7ā Çƒx¥ÂBZ eÃ6,gzŠ èE4h WÆ~²÷ á ~ m, ôZë¤ /Z6,gîÆ Æ kZgzZ Ô{“gzZ -÷ á Ô]gŠz „  sÅ kZ ‰ Ü z kZçO X ¶._ÐÆ ]uÂgzZ ¬Z Å\7ÐzgÅ]uÂgzZ ¬Z! Š ZÆäâ ikZë@* X ˆ~ŠŠ ZŠ Åäƒ._Æ]¡Æ]Ñì ~W~ m, ôZ ÅìzŠ ÛÆ~œ,zg VZçOX ˆƒ7ðaÆå 7zgŠÅ ~²÷ á E ¢ wZ e õ/G‡~ÄäT åò** xæZgŠ ‡q -Z¡{z c* Ôå²÷ á ªZz\7 Hā ÎäY c* VZwZÎt ÒZ ~ ~œ, X 7c* ì VŒÆ\7 {z HÔì oÑÇ aÆ~²÷ á EX c* Š™xàÐZ™ b§~uzŠgzZ ¬Z6f ñƒá$ +q -Z'PŒ Ûh +] .Å\7 ÂBŠOŠ ZX ðƒ~pQ~}g !* kZ {z´Æ¦0ªXì ;gY¬Š~8 -g „q -ZÃ~²÷ á Å\7 À`WX ÷QB‚Æ]uÂÅ VƒóÅgŠgzZ Ô÷ ˆà™lˆVÒpƒ  t Ôe $g ZŠ' ,DÅe $ZzggzZ ]ù¹ÜZ Ôb Z' × ~ kZ X ( 303X 304ÔmÔ8 -g** ) ó ó÷ÐäY@ŠÐ ˆÆkZgzZÔN â Û zÂXì * @YƒVÈÐ ä™sp™sÜÔì ~g YÌZ‘u »8 -g ** Za ]P` ! Š Zz ¹ÜZ ÅÚ ŠÐ ÃÅ]g ›Ã• wkZ ñO Å"0 +!* Þ ÆV¶°Å8 > -g ** H 5_X ,™ Xì ö»ÏZ‘u »8 -g ** Xì Š HH76, zZ ì „zs Z¤ /Zc»y åÓG p ÆkZ c* Ôì ¹ÃWc* ì aÆVâ â ix Ó{g 0* ®ÌðÃāì ßOÎtāì Hkî c* LL ì‡ 7q +Z {g 0* ®! Š ZX ÷ Z # Zz6,~g ‡~ÇC Ù p„z Ô‰ƒ³~ äâ iÆkZŠp Ô7]g q]g @* gÇŠ c* ðÃ{g 0* ®kî c* w– Xƒ@* 3Š {n„q -ZÃ~g ‡~ÇC Ù gzZÔƒ]Z¯!* ì‡g¦» ó]uÂgzZ ¬Z, L Z Ëë~*Š Å[Š Z c* ÍX Ïñ™] !* ~y!* i„q -ZÐVâ â ix Ó Ô3â 9Ã¾ë ªX Çƒ ** ™i Z0 +ZÃÃª q ]g @*** ™ (Z XƒaÆ Vâ â iƒ  M h™7 X 306mÔ8 -g ** ) ó Ãó ñZgÅMg ‡ÅgzŠ LZŠp c* ÔÃñZgÅMg ‡Æˆâ c* ÔÃñZgÅMg ‡—‚ &zˆÆkZ X ( 305 E , ™Ì}āìg ãZzXì Zƒ3g ~g Y‘uä8 -g ** Ð™fÆ ç GÍG 5_ðZgQg !* -ZX Š q Hc* Š7 Ô÷º+ $YÅy åHÓG The French semiotician Michael Riffaterre agrees with the Russian Formalists in regarding poetry as a special use of language. Ordinary language is practical and is used to refer to some sort of 'reality', while poetic language focuses on the message as an end in itself. He takes this formalist view from Jakobson, but in a well-known essay he attacks Jakobson's and Levi-Strauss's interpretation of Baudelaire's 'Les Chats'. Riffaterre shows that the linguistic features they discover in the poem could not possibly be perceived even by an in formed reader. All manner of grammatical and phonemic patterns are thrown up by their structuralist approach, but not all the features they note can be part of the poetic structure for the reader. However, Riffaterre has some difficulty in explainig why something perceived by Jakobson does not count as evidence of what readers perceive in a text. Riffaterre developed his theory in Semiotics of Poetry (1978), in which he argues that

130

kZÐ + $Y ÅÁg ËÆ xW“Š¤ / ÆyZ c* -g ** 8 ~ zŠg Z¤ /Z X Ïƒ wVÅ „c* Š$ +'az » z–ÃVØz»Å b§kZaÆ’Å[Š ZzŠg Z ÂÔì „g YÅÒÃÅä™ì‡Ãg £ËÆb§ 5_ V˜ā÷ Ù Š Ìt ë~ k½Z ÏZ X Çƒ ** ™Š1** sw/ swÌV;z Š Hc* Š 7!Zj» y åHÓG ë@* X ~]gßÅ ºu:gzZ~]gßÅ3 F, : Ô;g Yc* Š7}!Zj» ™gzZÔì ;g YHÀF, Xì C™ Z9Ñ~„  zÅV¸g ‚Ã8 -g ** wàZzh • e:J -x ** ~[Z1ZvŠ The notion of 'structure', he argues, even in 'structuralist' theory has always presupposed a 'centre' of meaning of some sort. This 'centre' governs the structure but is itself not subject to structural analysis (to find the structure of the centre would be to find another centre). People desire a centre because it guarantees being as presence. For example, we think of our mental and physical life as centred on an 'I'; this personality is the principle of unity which underlies the structure of all that goes on in this space. Freud's theories completely undermine this metaphysical certainty by revealing a division in the self between conscious and unconscious. Western thought has developed innumerable terms which operate as centring principles: being, essence, substance, truth, form, begining, end, purpose, consciousness, man, God, and so on. It is important to not that Derrida does not assert the possibility of the thinking outside such term; any attempt to undo a particular concept is to become caught up in the terms which the concept depends on. For example if we try to undo the centring concept of consciousness by asserting the disruptive counter force of the 'unconscious', we are in danger of introducing a new centre, because we can not choose but enter the conceptual system (conscious/unconscious) we are trying to dislodge. All we can do is to refused to allow either pole in a system (body/soul, good/bad, serious/unserious) to become the centre and guarantor of presence. This desire for a centre is called 'Logocentrism' in Derrida's classical work Of Grammatology. 'Logos' (Greek for 'word') is a term which in the New Testament carries the greatest possible concentration of presence: ' In the begning was the word'......... Phonocentrism treats writing as a contaminated form of speech. Speech seems nearer to originating thought. When we hear speech we attribute to it a presence which we take to be lacking in writing. The speech of the great actor, orator, or politician is thought to posses presence; it incarnates, so to speak, the speaker's soul. Writing seems relatively impure and obtrudes its own system in physical marks which have a relative permanence; writing can be repeated (printed, reprinted, and so on) and this repition invites interpretation and reinterpretation. Even when a speech is subjected to interpretation it is usually in written form. Writing does not need the writer's presence, but speech always implies an immediate presence. The sounds made by a speaker evaporate in the air and leave no trace (unless recorded), and therefore do not appear to contaminate the originating thought as in writing. Philosophers have often expressed there dislike of writing; they fear that it will destroy the authority of philosophic truth. This Truth depends upon pure thought ( logic, ideas, propositions) which risk contamination when written. Francis bacon ............ (Seldon, 144-145).

" 5E 5_āìg ãZz Æ ci +Z {gÃè ~g ‡aÆÚ Š c Å èE½G Ô D™7»6,VŒ y åHÓG

129

]Z Œ Û 9q -ZX ÷0Ð]â ¥ ÷ñ0* VJ -pkZsÜëÂ÷B·ù»]â ¥¡ KyZ ¶ X Vƒ ñƒX Ð ã)F, Åpx ¬* c %Z¤ /x ¬ ÷Cƒ qzÑÐ ä™zÂ6,( signs) ]** Ôì C™m, / ¤ Ð ã)F, ~½Å|{zb§kZgzZÔì CƒZg W¿6, gîôZß !* ~&p~~²÷ á %Z¤ /x ¬gzZ]ïziñgÆg ÖZ ! Š ZpÔì °»qZ ã—à©aÆ+ Y pÆ6,RÅQ ~X÷áã—,ZXì oÑqZ ! Š RÅ b§m{aÆ~g »dÅkZgzZKÃm, / ¤ Ð ÆgÖZV˜ÔAŠ ÌÃ R½ZŠ Å~&p{zā÷D™g6Ã~g ‡ÔƒŠ HHs ZāZÐx ¬ÁEZ ‰ÆyÒ z y!* i~XÇg { óÌ6,]â £x ÓyZ 2X ÷ D Yƒ×zgÐ p÷á bZ Âq -Z c* ßq -ZÆ™¿&ì H MATRIX C(‚ »ÄÐZ¢dgXì ðƒgZƒÅ÷á pOÔƒŠ ñ~ Ä~]gßÅIF,c* ßq -Z MATRIXā7~gz¢Xì YY ÚÌ~ Xì Cƒ ~ a Ð MATRIX½ZŠ)g fÆMATRIX~C Ù ªLZ ÄX ÷ M h™~ .ZÐ QÃkZ I E 4 ® Ó f " N ÅÄXì @* ƒ é5EÐ ] òogzZ ]â i ˆòÀc* Ô õ GÔ]** Ò äTäY xk!*MATRIX ~C Ùª XX X Xì +Š Å MATRIX½ZŠÆkZ]uz Xce−7, aÆpx ¬ÃQ¬Ðƒ  X1 x ¬ Å| gzZ Ôì m, / ¤ Ð ª~%Z¤ /x ¬Æy!* i~XÔce ** ™Šiy¶ KÃÜÁyZQX 2 X ÷‘ W^z»g~{ZgÅ ã)F, E 8 45 E Xì Š Hc* é5E Z~QÃXñY¿gÃ6, ]Zg ÖZx ¬yZˆÆkZX 3 G c* ]ZgÖZx Ó IF,c* Âc* Ý~ã{z ªÔñY H~ .Z Matrix½ZŠÐ ]Zg ÖZx ÓyZ ùMy WX 4 X ( 316X 318ÔmÔ8 -g ** ) óƒ ó C™ generate»ÃQ ~ kZāì @* ™¡Ð ]‚½Z}uzŠÃk½Z kZ gzZìtNNŠ q -Z~ k½Z kZ G H H E $ M _ _ 4¨GÔì 1x ** 5 X ¸M 5 é5G 5_ä8 ä8 -g ** ˆÆh ex ** »y åÓG há7Špx ** CZy åÓG »y åHÓG -g ** H 5_gzZÔì Š 5_ Æy åÓG HHÀF, Â/ÂèaÔc* Š 7!Zj »kZāÍÔc* Š™ÀF, Â/ÂÃp ÖZÆy åHÓG H 5_ä V,Z V˜āì $ 6,V;z c* Š!Zj »y åÓG Ë ïe $¬gt Ã8 -g ** a kZ Ôì Š Hc* Š Ì!Zj »x ** }uzŠ sÜÆk½Z kZ ªXì ~gz¢ IÌ~ ]gßkZ WápÔñY ¹: tg ‚¹Z @* YHāÜ »]ÑìÆËZ # Ôì ßg »i§»¶Š!ZjāÍÔ÷WáÂ7tg ‚~{¿ 5_ä 8 kZ Ôì H7ÃáÜÆy åHÓG -g ** Xì @* ƒ ~gz¢wEZ »p ÖZ LZ~ ]gßkZ Âì 5_J - ó óƒzx ~Z L L~ kZa ~zŠg Z » ó óÄ gL L[ ÂÅyî#Z ¿ðÃ,™n Û Xì Åy åHÓG sg ¬zŠg ZkZ¤ /ZX ÇƒCZ »kZg £» ó ó−F, zx ~Z L L~w gß+ZÔì @* ™7sg ¬6, ],kŠ gzZ Ë{z¤ /ZXì KZ ÅkZ ó−F, zx ~Zā L YÈ7¦ / Ù t {z Âì êŠ™ÀF, C ~ ~ m, ôZ¿ðÃÃ ó ó−F, zx ~Z L LÃŠp~]gßkZ Âì @* ™ÀF, Â/Â~y!* iKZÃsg ¬c* y*Æ®Æy!* i

132 ¹ÌV- Ôì B bg óÏŠ ñt L āì @* ƒ kC' , Z' ,~}g !* Æk , ½ÅVZŠ „  ( c* g » ZŠ Z Ô¿ Ãx Â LZgzZì Ø{)k , ’~«£Æk , ½Xì VÅ bzg ÅáZz%1 k , ½āì YY E M G $ 4 h g !* g !* Ô÷ M h™pôÔ÷ M h ZC Ù ŠÃk , ’X ÷ x é5E—" ì C™{Šß WÐ ]** K~k ¶ , ’ Âì CY ÅƒZ # ÌÅk , ½Xì îŠ {ZgÃe„p Ð ÑÆƒi !* gzZƒgZƒtgzZX ÷M h\Y E 3rÃkZ (Z xk** @' , ÆkZX 7~gz¢ óÏŠ ñLÅ'aÆk , ’Xì e„™Ñ~k , ’ûLE ¹!* y¶ KðÃ »kZgzZì CYƒ¹~ Zƒ ~g ¯i ZzWÅgHXì óÏŠ ñL~g ¯Å1Š Z%Ðk , ½ aÏZ äVâ ZŠ,*ŠXì e~k , ’ Ô7<÷ á »^z5~wìÆk , ½aÏZX Lg7 ā å I » yZ X Ç ñYƒ »e»‰ Ü Zœ: ‘Ð k , ’ā¸ `{ {zèY Ôì Å¿#Åk , ’ " E 5 ½ G Û X å˜} .»ÏŠß WÐk , ’ÃyZ ( c* ,Ô]ÑìÔy )ì F F6, „Ø{‰ Ü Zœ XX X X XX èE 1Z ( 210ÔmÔ8 -g ** )ì ~g Yó Xó X gŠ r„:gzZQ„:!Zj » ™Æ™ÀF, Â/Âä8 -g ** āì YY¬ŠtÌ6, VŒ H _ 5 ðZgZ # Xì 7ÀF, tāì wõ** ™g ïZÐ ]!* kZpÔì H7~ 6, Zh +gŠ uZ jÆy åÓG H 5_āì @* ƒ s ÏZt Â,™·_ »[Âx ÓÅyZQ c* [!* ñƒ‘ Zh +gŠÆ[Â kZ Åy åÓG Ägt ‚ÃV”ÆVœ»~6¤' ,[ÂtÉ Ô÷76,gî¬ÆÎâ~W}px ÓÉ Š¤ / Šg ZÆyZ ) óV'Š Z dZ Æ L zŠg Z ä 8 -g ** Xìg ã‚W~ƒÃV”āì ˆè~i Z0 +Z kZ™ ~ Vo) KgÆ6¤' ,~ÃÅ8 -g * *āt ÈXì HÀF,»kZ™Ägt ‚Ã ( ñƒ“ H %i 5_Xì 7t c* ZI7g Zzg]Ãy åÓG Û ðÃ¬~ óV'Š Z dZgLzŠÐ„z DÆzŠg ZgzZ V”½çLG ?ì HÑ » óô=LÅyZ Å] Ñì {ëā÷ … Y {zXì ãZz Ç!* Ñ »yZèY YY H _ 5 ā Çƒ7Â'YtaÆyZì H·_» Zh 6, Zh +gŠ äy åÓG +gŠ uZ j„  ZgÓZ' , äVÍßX ¬Æó]c* , k ’L{zì –¼ {z´Æ The Closure of the Concepts Ð ~Šó zuÅ LÔ[!* ÷Æ„Zh +gŠµš]ÑìXìāÜó»øÚgzZ§ZzÔ\Š Ly*gzZq -ZÆZh +gŠÐ~[ ÂÏZ H 5_ó ó−F, Å ºuûÅ8 -g ** Xì Åy åÓG zx ~Z%Z L L÷Æ„ V\x Ó}uzŠ~[Z1ZvŠ c* :|Ð ¿LZÃ Šó zuÅ ºuLä 8 -g ** ²èŠó zuÅ Lä Zh +gŠ X ð0* ™7gˆŠzu X c* Š™ ä8 -g * *ā åc* VZNt~ó ó,¨h +] .ˆâ: â õgzZë!* Å8 -g ** L Ly*q -Z LZ ä¶Zg H 5_Xnƒ 74ZŠ c* Ñ!* {gÃèÆy åÓG ,{ëÆ ~ =Å8 -g ** a kZ ÷K3F, èa H _ 5 b§¾āì YY¬Št ~k½Z Ôì Zh Ð V ÆóúÑLÃe $œ / %gzZe $säy åÓG Ã`d ì @äW~™ÅVÍßyZÐ¬_„  ZgÓZ' , ÆZh +gŠ ìC Ù ªs ™zz ÅkZ $ : ‘Ð kZXìgx » ** ~ƒÅkZ1c* Š™ ÂÀF, k½Z Ñ!* {gÃèä8 -g ** X Vƒn pg©øL F

131

' 4)gH 5_~ T ÇñYá J èEG ; Ôx9 Ôyâ ~Š ä y åHÓG - 157™ÐZ Çg ~g Y·_Ð 145™ 5_Xì H7Ìsg ¬»{)zHgzZ t Å8 -g ** ²ì aÆV9¨ ¤Æ} Z ! [ Ât Åy åHÓG Å ºuÆ8 -g * *āìt ~gz¢‰ Ü z kZXìC Ù !* ÌÐ™ÅV'Š Z óCc* ½dZ LÆzŠg Z• w :ñYÅ„0 +¶ K kZg¦ » ( š7) | # ‚~ „ C(‚āì H Zh +gŠ ñƒ D™c Ð ](‚L L Ôì ‚ rg ,@* LZÃ| # ‚œ / %t Xì @* ƒ (Centre) œ / % » b§Ë: Ë» pāì ì‡6,2 zG lˆœ / % ZuzŠ ÇƒÈ » „0 +¶ KÅœ / %Æ| # ‚ ) YY c* Ñ7,@* Æb‹Ãœ / %kZŠpp 'CENTRE :ì $JÅ óÏŠ ñLœ / %āa kZì @* ™éZpÅœ / %å y¨ KZ ( ** ™ «e $œ / %ÃÏ0 + i ãKgzZ 6f KZ ë6,gîÆwVGUARANTEES BEING AS PRESENCE' y!* iÙ n Û āì YY HÐ kZ {i Z0 +Z »ÌZ Å óëLc* ó ; ~ L Ð wEZÆ~ ó ; L ÷ D™ ì wßZ »]uzkZ óÏŠ ñLnºZXÐ,™ù]mZ » óÏŠ ñLKZëÂVƒ: óëLc* ó ; ~ L ~ "Ã„ÅgÅÑgzZgÅä[ +Z Û āì I» Zh +gŠXì â Û g »~µÅ| # ‚ÅVñ¤ / ux ÓÅ *Š 4ŒÅZˆâ Æ]uz ÅŠ zÆ™[ Õ „Š ã CÅ ÂñY ¬ŠÐg¨X ~Š™?Å a ÅŠ NZ C é›G3E I M ! Ô hÔgó Å LÔ]uzÔŠ zÔy¨ KZÔZ} .Õä5 Ôì ì‡6,wßZÆä™ «óœ / %LÃp ì 6,]Zg¦,Z ] q˜ZtÉ Xì eOÎ™ƒC Ù !* Ð ]q˜ZyZā @* ™7~ ðW“ŠtZh +gŠX ÝZÔC Ù ÔÑÔí 7]Z¯!* ì‡]Zg¦tā}Ìt¤ /ZāÙ n Û Xì 7~ yZ {z Ô÷ ì‡6,óœ / %LTÆp .āEÅ!* Ð Q Çƒ È » ä™tœ / %Ã ) ó LXì 7Ì~) ó Lœ / % » pÂ÷ çG ì‡É Ô÷ I M ! ì‡ÂÌ) ó è L Y ** ™tœ / %*c* ** ƒg ë¤ / ~Vj˜Z ÈtÃœ / %Ægó Å¤ L Z Õä5 Xì 7]Z¯!* / ™! ) ÂÔì Sg â Û g »6, gîÆ ÿ áZzä™Šgq -Z~,ã¨ KZ]¸RCÅgÅÑāñYH »™ " ëÃ ( gÅÑ/gÅ)x ÂTÆg¦èYÔ÷ìg™tÃœ / %6 q -Zëā Çƒt È »kZ Ð {Š c* iX Ç} 7, ** ƒ4ZŠŠp…~kZÉ ÔM h™7[ NZëÐ kZX ÷ìg™ UNDO4Š /hÔ b zg /ŸÔgÅÑ/gÅ ) @§ā÷ M h™t ë{Š c* i óÏŠ ñLc* Wœ “ / %Ãq -Z ËÐ ~ ( ë!* OF ó ** g »` o¯ÆZh +gŠā Š H¹¬ā 6X X XX X ,Š:]i YZ Å“ WðŸ» (PRESENCE) ¹e $œ / %ÂÔ (LOGOCENTRISM)Ãäƒ ì‡Æ ]Zg¦6,V/~ GRAMMATOLOGY  ]Ðg¦ÆóÏŠ ñL ì b ˜Z +Z LOGOS~)** ¨ Ç *ì Âã** - LOGOSXì Š H X ( 207X 208ÔmÔ8 -g ** ) 'IN THE BEGINING WAS THE WORD' XX X Xì ðƒ~½ Åk , ½ ì ^{z Å ( †) k , ½ÝZgŠ k , ’Ð zg Å ( PHONOCENTRISM) e $œ / %]ßL L ë Â÷ F g ( †)k , ½ëZ # Xì Cƒd $Œ Û {Š c* iÐ wìÝZå k , ½Xì ñƒa^z5 } (,ÌËXì Cƒ kC¶~ k , ’Å T÷ D™[™Ð ( PRESENCE) óÏŠ ñLÐZ

134

# ZgzZ”g èE #Z Æg °ZÆ ”¥gzZ TgZ X Å bÑÅyZgzZK W Z F, Æ Ã ÅTg Z ä {)z # èE LE LE #LZgzZ yzº èE # Z Ô”g èE # Z ä ëXì $ LE LE Ë Y siq Ð Zu ãZz yxgŠ Æä™ÝqÁÂ Å # èEE # # E E E E 0Z c* # èL Z Ô”g èL Z XK y¯ÃVzD g Ñ" Ì~ [f{z´Æ y*zy gzZ yÎ 0* a ÃÌZdÅVzg›ZŠ yZŠ z!* ÆkZÔnÈ óD ó ø{Ã L L¹Z Ôì 7Š ñ~g ZjðÃ»yzº X YY¬Š7ÐÃÅ— -Z L LÃ8 q -g ** P8ÍÔñOÅÚ ŠÐÃÅ#Ã ó_Z÷LÅ ºuÆyZ ~g ZjÆ8 -g ** ā÷ ˜ ~ }g !* Æ8 -g** ~g Zjā 6 ó Xó ÷ ïŠg Z Œ Û Š Õz d $Š Z ó óïqÆ _ Z÷! Š Z ZZ äTì aÎ{z(gzZ†+Zq -ZtXì CƒÝq]à™É6, XÔ÷óD ó ø{ÃÆ[Š Z L L8 -g ** XXì CƒÝq ó]àLÐ ™6,ó óx ** } (, L LŠ .x ** Ëāì 3g™{Üõ »[Š Z zŠg ZÐ VÎ' , gzZ8 -g ** ?åaÆw”Æ]àÌ{zÔì –Ì6, ¬gzZ. $»Ô¾g â Ôyî#ZÔTg Z äVÍß 9 ā,™wZÎÐ 8 -g ** ÔìÜ‡Ð ä™J -ƒÅg °Z {ëÆV\yZkêLE »V-g ZjÆyZ Ë ƒ HgzZ™| (,Ð kZ éZpÅ]à?¶H„ ]gz¢Å ºu ÂÔå7w”»]àX¤ $ /Z 6X AE aÆä™†ŸZ~ ê ÆxWÆV-g ZjŠ¤ /LZ¡„¬Ð îJ - bzgÝZ Å ïāì X ñY1™[ ‚gZ »V¸u /Zāì ðƒ4ZŠ~zŠg ZÐ Ïg Ãh ¤ +÷ á ì _| m yZz6,Ìte $Zzg {z(q -Z V; }g ø @* Y 1™g¦k , ’ót ÃL ÚkZ ÂñY HVÈÃVz¨ßgzZ V´èÔV¸uÆáZz ™ Ë „z,C Ù Š HH7~ [fJ -¢qÇ ó h + ó] .ˆâ L L™á Ð y** - *Š Âì „  gŠt ¤ /ZXì W, OÐ Vzk , ’! fJ -wD ZÐ¦uVYQ Âì st¤ /ZÔce ** Y ŒŒ„6,Vzk , ’ótL H E I 4 & f ê ZQgzZ H{Š .ZÐ . $»gzZ yî#Z Ô õ Šp Âä wD Z ?ñY Hg¦ ótÃL e $Zzg Åäƒ d‚ft?å [ƒ qzÑ ** ƒ wi ** ¼6,wD ZQ c* ?ñY 1™g¦ ótLÌÐZ H Â–Ìs Ü H HE E I 4 & {0 + i ~ V-Å\g- ~ ~œ, õf X Z 7,7t Û ðÃÃõfI4& Š z!* Æ ¿#ÅwD Zāìg H E I I 5_ ~y bzZi æZÐ õf4&X Š Hc* ŠÄg6,ýÒG WÅ ~g ÓZÆ™^ ,Ã6,x £Æ]|ÃwD Z²Ô Š Hƒ H E I 4 & f z p°ÃwD ZÔ Z 7,** ƒ ZÎgÃõ Ðzz Å]ÑìÁ Ãā~ ÆkZaÆkZ Ô‰K ~ .Z H E I 4 & f Š°VŒc6, b kZX Š H{g™ƒŠzöwD ZgzZ Š HƒŠzöÑ õ ā t³X Š Hc* Š™ŠzöJ -d Xì c* Š™~ó, ó ð` gzZwD Z L Ly*·,)LZäët‹-»kZÔì 7 wDZzx ·Z L LäkZā÷˜~}g !* Æe $h +] .Âì ªÐºuZ # zÂÅ8 -g ** Šp ™}Š rz Û Ã] Y]g! Š ZXX X X ™}ŠzgŠ »yZZÃöZŠ: Ï%gzZ vZ™ ¯!ñg ÃÃ Ôì ótL~x|ÆzŠg Z k½ZtāÆ%Z kZÃsX ( 50ÔˆÆe $h +] .) ó óc* Š™yY"Ã[Š Z 9E A E kZX ÷ïqÆó óïH3.E=zL L}LtÆ8 -g ** èYÔì °oÌÆ ~Š ã CÆe $h +] .ˆât

133

D Y ÏZ ~ óúÑLÅ nx¥** ËÔ÷ T e I¼ Æ™È ÃV1Â Å3 F,LZ #a X Y™7«]ù~WrÔì Y™ ÜÂÃV-g Zj‘uX ÷ yZÆ™g¦/Ši ZIÃyZgzZÙ70ÐV¸uÆ 8 -g** Ñ»Vzk , ’ÅV-g ZjÆ8 -g ** » ÌŠ Z z dZÔƒ: VYU ðÃ„ » 46,,Q c* w), c* ƒDtÃXì ** ™ q ÃŠ » ,Å 7Ð Ã`! Št ¯Ìç» ÑÅ]†X YY H76,VzŠ ã C( a priori) ¸$ +¡ç 4ŒÅ 3 ™ E 7pŠ ðÃÐ e $C Ù öG Z t ¯,Æµ' ,……Xì YY H„6,VzŠ ã C! ŠiZˆÉ ( G X ; 3 yZ6,Š ã CÅ ïGG$ +Â._Æ kZ X å [W~ ¿~ „ i ¸WÆ ~œ,ÞZŠ ZŠ,Z » kZÔ„g óD ó ø{Ã L LÐZ „™NŠ ð™zZ Å óD ó ø{Ã L LX Dƒ7„Šó ñLL ì * @Yc* Š™yÒÌÃs ™zZ ÐáZjÆ]†ëXì 7„  gŠ ¢ 8™g¦¡6, VzŠ ã C! Št ¯Ã óD ó ø{Ã L LXì YY¹ @* ƒ g »gŠ Š ÷ 7Z » ¿@' ,Æ «Ý Å e $g¦~ yZ ÷ ïŠ ú]Ñkèzc Ì » ¿Xì xiÑÌb » }g ø ** ™~ .ZÐ :â èzcÅ¿É 7** ™[™Ãs ™zZXì Xì êŠ™{g 0* {g 0* 6, VzŠ ã CÇ@' , Æ~g´ÐZgzZ¹Åwì‹uzöãzH : YZgzZ Y ZÄzŠg Zg Ñ" Æ¢qÇëk' , Ù Ð k' C , b ¸¦ / ā Çƒ: Y" Ì™ft 6,µñkZ E G 4G& 4 F 5 ~ á á»ÁÂ ø ÅzŠg Z ä ëÃ|$ +ÔX ÷ w~} hÃÃV1Â ÅVzŠ ÕgzZ Vzg ó GEF 4& : YZ (Z Ìq -ZgzZÄ™f. Þ ‡Ìq -Z~V1Â ø45G yZÔā,Š NakZ¡~} hÃ™wZ e ,j ?÷ìgÉHgzZVYvßtā @* 0* ƒ7„ ãZztÔnY3g~}%iÆ[Š Z&å7 EE ! { 3 4 ¨ ÂÃ ó èEG LX ÷ìg½Ð – ™} hÃÆb§kZÃ[Š ZzŠg Z§{Åb ¡ »VzDyZì „gƒÜ«Ý ~[Š ZpÔì * @YHwEZaz^ ,Y** z^ ,YC Ù aÆkZÔì Cƒg »gŠ]à  zŠg›ZŠ ! Š Z)RŒ „ Ûq -Z}g øXì 7g »ÃWÎÐ Ï¤ÌðÃ~}g !* ÆkZ Ôì / ¦ Ù ë »x` C Æä™pôÃÏnkZā c* Š [Z ä ëÔ,Š Z™ ¦~ ~k , $ÑÃV1ÂyZā ¹ä ÔŠ +F, +[Â ~' $ , V;zÂì „  zŠ +4[ ÂhZV˜āì yZZ ZgøX T e ** ƒ7>% k' ,C Ù ™| 7,ÁÂ Å b§kZ Lā L ì q~ ó zó Š WÎÃVÍß L L[Â KZ Ëg hR, , ' Xì Ì -ÌZ ÁÂ ðƒÅ‘uÅ8 J -g ** ó Xó ÷ä 3ìaÆ{ ÷ á áz@÷ á Ð ]çY~Š Z®ÅVzg ZD Ù ÓZ' ,vß X Vƒg »gŠ ë›h +' × 0Ð ºu~ wì eāX7a kZg 2 +Å} hÃ »y!* i¤ /ZXì ]gz¢ HÅ"7,ÃŠ ZñF F6,{ $ +¹Z ÷ M h™·_ » Zh +gŠgzZÃ ¯ÔBg !*  Zg „ hZ™ÌW Z F, M ÆV1ÂyZÆ™ ¬+ZÐðOZ {zÔ÷ïŠ kgŠ~]çYvß ÂìX Ôd $Š ZµØXì tØ »“ Wg›ZŠ {Š c* iÐ ƒ  ÃVÍßg (Z !* g©6,V»+Zāìt˜ZX ÷ Y™s %Z ðÃÐ%Z kZ H ! yZk , æµØ[ZgzZ ›ZŠ zŠ ÕµØ[ZgzZ Y ZÄµØÔ öâ: YZµØ ?ì $ Ë ƒµZz]ñÅVzŠ ÕgzZVÁâ: YZÆng Z ¦ /# Ö } .! Š Z ÂŠ HƒqzÑx » »W Z F, /Zāì ¤

136

135

wāì @* 7, xgo ZÌ‰ Ü zD™s %ZÐ 8 -g ** āìt|Xì Hg »D ó ø{Ã L» ºu G $ Ð TÔ ñYW:t ‚Ì‘u »]ï °%Z }~ 4¨G t …āì $ Ë Wt ‚ÌdÁ~g ø éME 5G XÔ÷M h™vß„zðZk , 8, Å8 -g ** Š z!* ÆºukZXì ‘zäÌztā eƒ: VYx¥ Éìg™7# Ö } .Å[Š ZtÔ÷ñWß~[Š Z b§Å„8 -g ** {zÉ 7mðÃÐ [Š Z » X ÷ìg Z™# Ö } .KZÐ[Š Z™áZg –»[Š Zt EG | $ À B 5 tÆ8 Ìb§Ë} N¦ÃŠgzZ öG -g ** ÐgzÆV-g Zj~g ¬Ð û6, gî¦ù % ]ÃÏZh +' × 0Ð ºu~[Â TçLGi ~g øX M h07¯ ) !* » *ƒÅyZ~ÃÅ ~g ‡ Ñ!* 6,gî´Ð ûÅV-g ZjÆyZgzZ 8 -g ** c ˆÅ6,e $h +] .ˆâ {z´ÆºuÔ÷ ‰ K āì ¢Ã±5X Ï}Š™g U6,gî´Ã D ó ø{Ã Ltg ‚ÆV-g ZjÌ0Ð ºu²Ô Ïƒ Ô»gZŠZ ~Wz ! Š Z ¥gzZ~zŠg ZÐ äƒxâÆVz—! Š Z yZ‰K ì‡6,VzŠ ã CÅ ºu tÃ»Tg Zāì ¢¢Ì6,]!* kZ Zg øX ÇnƒçÔ~øÚÆyZÔ~• wÅg ZŠZ Y ~gZŠ Y~VzÑç}g øÔì ðƒgz¢~p~ˆÅkZāÍÔeƒ7´)J - ` WÜ ~ y;f ZÆVÍßáZzpgmÐ [Š Z {z´Æe $ÒZ àZz …~ ` Ì` Wx Â: GZggzZ āì x¥Ìt …Xì : Ä÷ á »x ÂÏZkW »V-g Zjgzm6fŠ¤ / Æ8 -g ** Ôì [ƒ tZg b & Z Åx Â! Š Z k0* ÆV-g ZjÙ|ÆVS cØ OgzZ Vzg ZŠ Y ! Š Z yZ}g â Æ46,, ¸ ÌÅgZŠ Y! Š ZX M hƒ7¼gzZ {z´ÆöÆwZzivßtÔì 7Š ñg »Yi§ðÃ» Hä 8 -g ** ¼ ¸ Ôìg êŠ Ýz Ð j§^ ,Y** z^ ,YC Ù Ã Y ! Š Z KZ {zāì Cƒ ÒÃ ā ,™ µÂt ë¤ /Z Xì @* ƒŠ ñyDg » ~I b & Z× WÌ~ x Â ~g ZŠ Y wq¾Xì Ã8 -g** Âó ó÷zÌ»]gz¢½ZŠ L LÅyZ8 -g ** w– c* ,! Š Zz dgzZì î Î CÐ [Š ZÃ8 -g ** X Ç} 7,** ƒ 4ZŠ ~ [Š ZB‚Æ Ï¤z ðCÐ }u6 ™ƒ yä 6,ìZ` ! Š Z¸¦ /LZ ]àgzZ éZpÅdz ]àuø» ºuÆ8 -g ** X Ç} 7,** ™g çLa' ,Ð Û A g {ÃöZŠ ÃV¸uLZ8 -g * *āìt ~gz¢[ ZX ˆá + $Y ÅV¸uh +' × Ã8 -g ** dÅV-g ZjáZz ¶Š 7i§ðÃgzZ »ä™ ZŠ Z {g ñ »ìZ` ! Š Z LZ nÆ8 -g ** X ,™i ¸WÐ ³Z {g !* zŠÆ™t X ~yxgŠ c* i ¸Wā:ce** ƒ~y Wç»yZÄ‰ óD ó ø{ÃÆ[Š Z L LXì X XX X XX XX XX X XX XX X XX XX XX X XX XX X XX XX XX X XX XX X XX XX XX X

6 [Š ZÃVzŠ ÕÝ!* , Ð p Ò!Æ™− Â" ÃVâzŠ QgzZ 'ä e $h +] .ˆâ V†ìD Íô†u Æs ÏZÆV¸uÆ8 -g** P8Í)g fÆD¨ ¤q -ZÆ„ e $h +] .ˆâ X å;e** ™™ 8ÍËZ eXì Š HƒŠg »Vh: ×ÆVzŠ ÕÝ!* Ð p Ò!gzZ†ŸZ~− ÂÅQgzZ'ˆ ‚Ö^ì ‚ …] X XX X ÷¹!* ºugzZ ñƒx ÓtgzÆ m{kZ0ÐV¸uÆ8 -g ** P

ˆâ ¿j¤ » b§ÌËÔì Cƒ ]ª™ÍÐ Vzg ZŠ' ,DÆ e $h +] .ˆâ }LÆ n 6 ËÃV”áZz ä™ ( È) {g!* ) ~ Z öZ ÏY ~ VßjZÆ6¤' , Xì @* ™ÔÅe $h +] . z ~„Ãg °ZÆVzŠ Õ! Š ZgzZ V\+F, ë ZÆ[f{z´Æ ä™WJ6,J ù Ð b z Zi Ô V\~X÷Š ñ,k , ’Vzg ZD Ù +ZÔì * @Y ¹ »äZh Zà6,6,Š ã CÅbÑŠpÔ6,R~Ã ~ÃzdÐ kZ Âì @* Wt ‚tzZi ÇðÃZ # pÔì * @Y Hs %ZÐ Vzg ówz** gzZVzŠ Õ [ Zy ðÃ ó]àLÅyZ Â÷ Š Õz d $Š Z¤ /Z8 -g ** X Cƒ7[Zy ó]à LÅËgzZ Ôì k(, ÐW^ ðÃ6,g £ dZÆ ó]àLÃ ó]àLÅ yZ Ð áZjÆ ºu ÂÔ÷ tg ‚ {z ¤ /Z pÔY™7 X YÑ7L~g Zj»ZgŠ}Š g »ā { »y*LZ6,. $»Lâ q…ð` ~ÖZ wW ns W;gE- Z # Špä¶Zg N â Û ±5 p ÖZ î6,‚fÆ ¶ZgÆ ki +Z ug â Â c* 3Š Ãöi +Z ug â ËZ e …szcÆ™ }WëðYÐ¢qÇ,». $»ā î CtÔ~Š™g »^g7gä?Ôå¹aÆ™y*»L L }g ø™Í]!* Åöi +Zug â ó Xó ì ** ™ ( Destroy){nÃ. $»»Lā L ¹h +' × äV,Z ó Xó ì 7 „: Ô÷Š Õ„: +Æ]h +] .ˆâ ~y*zygzZyÎ 0* É8 -g ** ā Zƒ Za wìt ~‚f sÜ Ô÷iR, g7gÆ[Š Z! fvßtāìt|Ô÷~g –¥gzZt„:gzZ÷öây*t vßtāì s Ìt ë@* X {)z {)z Ô÷t p ÖZÆZ-™ ?å ¹ HäBg!* VÑzgā÷ D Ct Ã8 -g ** Xì xzøÐ ¿ÆuZgŠ Z ªÔ¶· ÇLZāgæ‹¸ÅyZèYÔ÷7ÌiR, g7giZ » kZ Xì ]gz¢”Z Åä™Ýq ½ðZ’ZÐ o‰6¤' ,w‚g e Ái Z ÁaÆ “ WŠ Õ Ô ÏñYƒg ZËbzg ~WÇ~í!* Æ8 -g ** ÉÐN Y0Š ÕdZq -Z8 -g ** ā7tÈ X Çnƒ„ˆÆkZç» ÌŠ ZzdZ [ÂÅXÔ÷eg N* C¦ZŠ¬Æe $h +] .ˆâ ÐVß ZjDpgzZ…szcÆ÷Z Û i ¸W » c Å e $h +] .ˆâ ~ |Ð The Postmodern Condition: A report on Knowledge E E " äâ Û ·_g¨çL 3E »[ÂkZX Hy´» ó ó]ñÅVEÒ} (, L LäTå¿{z„ eg N* CèYÔZƒ gzZìC Ù ªs ™zz Ôì 7Cc* ‹~øÚ! fg ÖZi§» eg N* C ~[ ÂkZā ÇƒVÈÐ Å^g7g&Ôì ÒÃÅä™yÒVÂ»V Ãª qÅVzÑç! ftāì VÈÌÐ yZÄ ›g7g ˆè~ [fāÍÔ÷ Cƒg »gŠ ]%=gzZ ¬ » Ÿz~^g7gXì Š HH7~ ^ » ºuä 8 -g ** X Cƒ 7ðZ÷ Ü}p~ ^g7g Cc* ‹pÔ÷ Cƒ ÅÎâ Cc* ‹Ì V- ¿X ÷R, g7g6, V;zÅÒÃÅ™¼~p ÖZ LZ6, V˜Ô÷tg‚8 -g ** 6, V;zÔH[ ‚gZ X ÷°ôÆ[Š Z8 -g ** ā ä8 -g ** ā÷`™" $U* t ë²Ô÷óD ó ø{Ã»[Š Z L L8 -g ** -Š 4, q ÆV-g ZjgzZ8 -g **