Glass Art of India
contents History Types Raw Material Material properties Product range Marketing Craft Scenario Area of Interest:
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Firozabad Glass ........ Overview ......... Evolution of Glass Industry......... Current scenario ........ Manufacturing ........ Process ........ Market .........
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History
The technology of glass making was possibly an accidental product during some type of metallurgical or similar operation. The term "glass" includes a wide range of products that are characterized chiey by their desired rate of cooling from a state of fusion to a solid state. But it should be in such a way that it does not undergo crystallization during the process of cooling from fusion to the solid state. Generally, glass is produced by melting a mixture of silica (sand: about 75%), soda (about 15%) and calcium compound (lime: about 10%) with the desired metallic oxides that serve as colouring agents. Although, these glassy products are a mixture of silicates with dierent compositions, they are better known their physical properties. Some glasses, such as borate and phosphate glasses, are also made for speciďŹ c purposes. It seems that the Indus Valley Civilization or Harappan settlements did not have glass, although Harappans had contacts with the Mesopotamian region. Perhaps the Harappans preferred faience, which was a type of proto-glass.
after the Christian era that Indian glass industry began to gain momentum, although its knowledge being limited to beads, bangles, ear-reels, 'eye-beads' and various types of similar small objects. About 30 archaeological excavated sites in different regions of India have produced several glass objects in different colours such as green, blue, red, white, orange and some other shades. In certain places, a few tiles and fragmented parts of vessels also have been found. Glass making in India is very old. We find its reference in the great epic of India, the Mahabharata. The art of glassware got great impetus during the medieval period. Mughal rulers provided patronage to the craft of glass making. The credit of introducing the art of glass engraving in India goes to the Mughals. The Mughal craftsmen excelled in making delicate foliated designs on glass objects. The present day glass making industry in India revolves around making items like bottles, bangles, beads, window pens etc. Indigenous development of glass technology in South Asia may have begun in 1730 BCE. Evidence of this culture includes a red-brown glass bead along with a hoard of
beads dating to that period, making it the earliest attested glass from the Indus Valley locations. Chalcolithic evidence of glass has been found in Hastinapur, India. Some of the texts which mention glass in India are the Shatapatha Brahmana and Vinaya Pitaka. However, the first unmistakable evidence in large quantities, dating from the 3rd century BCE, has been uncovered from the archaeological site in Takshashila, ancient India. By the 1st century CE, glass was being used for ornaments and casing in South Asia. Contact with the Greco-Roman world added newer techniques, and Indians artisans mastered several techniques of glass molding, decorating and coloring by the succeeding centuries. The Satavahana period of India also produced short cylinders of composite glass. In India, glass did not enjoy a social status similar to that of metals and pottery, which were preferred to glass vessels, especially on religious occasions and in iatrochemical practices as well. The importance of glass was hardly recognized, which probably came in its way of development of modern science in India. 5
Types of glass
Ÿ Hot Glass Ÿ Warm Glass Ÿ Cold Glass
Hot Glass Artwork made from ‘hot glass’ includes blown glass, solid sculpted glass, and cast glass. Basically, hot glass working involves molten glass with a temperature around 2000° degrees. This hot viscous glass can be used in glass blowing, sculpting, and casting into molds. Work such as glass sculpture, hand blown bowls, vases, goblets, and ornaments are commonly made with hot glass from a furnace.Cast glass or ‘glass casting’ is usually done by ladling the hot molten glass into a mold. Warm Glass Warm glass is a process that involves heating the glass in an oven or kiln. Slumping – Typically involves heating flat plate or sheet glass to a temperature between 1250° – 1400° degrees. This is just hot enough for the glass to bend or move with gravity.
Generally the glass is placed onto a mold and is formed during the ‘slumping’ process. Fused glass – This term is used when pieces of glass are heated hot enough to melt together. The temperature needed to ‘fuse’ glass is hotter than needed to slump glass. Typically, fusing glass is done with a temperature between 1400° – 1600° degrees. ‘Slumping‘ and ‘fusing‘ are often done together. Cold Glass Cold working or ‘cold worked’ glass involves any techniques or processes done to the glass that is not hot. This type of glass working is often done in conjunction with hot and warm glass.Grinding, polishing, etching, or engraving can be examples of cold-working techniques. Etching or Etched Glass Acid etched glass – This involves applying an acid, like hydrofluoric acid, to the surface of the glass. This creates a matte finish and can give the glass a translucent quality.
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Sandblasted glass – Sandblasting glass involves blasting with air a gritty material against the surface of the glass. Aluminum oxide or silica carbide can be typical grit mediums often used in sandblasting glass. This can create the same effect as acid etching. Lampworking or Flameworking The techniques used in ‘lampworking‘ are more closely related to those found in scientific glass blowing. Pre-made ‘borosilicate’ glass tubes and rods are typically used in lampworking. The glass tubing or glass rods are heated with a hand held or bench torch in order to form the glass.
Amazing glass sculpture and artwork can be made with the flame working process. This glass making technique is also used for items such as beads, jewelry, ornaments, and small figurines. Flame working with borosilicate glass is popular because it can handle extreme temperature changes without cracking. Silicate glassQuartz sand (silica) is the main raw material in commercial glass production. Silicon dioxide (SiO2) is a common fundamental constituent of glass. Fused quartz is a glass made from chemically-pure silica. It has very low thermal expansion and excellent resistance to thermal shock, being able to survive
immersion in water while red hot, resists high temperatures and chemical weathering, and is very hard. It is also transparent to a wider spectral range than ordinary glass, extending from the visible further into both the UV and IR ranges, and is sometimes used where transparency to these wavelengths is necessary. Soda-lime glassSodium carbonate is a common additive and acts to lowers the glass-transition temperature. However, Sodium silicate is water-soluble, so lime magnesium oxide and aluminium oxide are other common components added to improve chemical durability. However, it has a high thermal expansion and poor resistance to heat. Soda-lime glass is typically used for windows, bottles, light bulbs, and jars. Borosilicate glassBorosilicate glasses typically contain 5–13% boron trioxide. Borosilicate glasses have fairly low coefficients of thermal expansion as compared to about for a typical soda-lime glass. They are commonly used for e.g. labware, household cookware, and sealed beam car head lamps. Lead glassThe addition of lead oxide into silicate glass lowers melting point and viscosity of the melt. The high density of Lead glass results in a high electron density,
and hence high refractive index, making the look of glassware more brilliant and causing noticeably more specular reflection and increased optical dispersion. Aluminosilicate glassAluminosilicate glass typically contains 5-10% alumina. Aluminosilicate glass tends to be more difficult to melt and shape compared to borosilicate compositions, but has excellent thermal resistance and durability.Aluminosilicate glass is extensively used for fiberglass. Glass-ceramicsGlass-ceramic materials contain both non-crystalline glass and crystalline ceramic phases. They are formed by controlled nucleation and partial crystallisation of a base glass by heat treatment. The most commercially important property of glass-ceramics is their imperviousness to thermal shock. FibreglassFibreglass (also called glass fibre reinforced plastic, GRP) is a composite material made by reinforcing a plastic resin with glass fibres. It is made by melting glass and stretching the glass into fibres. These fibres are woven together into a cloth and left to set in a plastic resin. 9
raw materials
Soda-lime glass:
Lead glass:
The present invention provides a raw material composition for soda-lime glass capable of effectively suppressing formation of nickel sulfide (NiS) in the course of melting of the glass raw material. A nickel sulfide (NiS) impurity present in soda-lime glass is formed in a high-temperature vitrification step in which metal particles containing Ni and an Ni component of stainless steel used for the interior of a melting furnace, which are mixed into glass raw material, react at high temperature with a sulfur (S) component in Na2SO4 serving as a glass raw material. However, when an additive containing an oxide, a chloride, a sulfate, or a nitrate of a metal is added in a very small amount and in advance to glass raw material, formation of NiS by the reaction between Ni and S in the course of melting can be suppressed or completely eliminated.
The raw materials for glass making are a chemical "cocktail" of silica-sand (also called silver sand), potash, and red-lead. A yellow oxide of lead called lethargy was used when lead crystal was first developed, and it is produced from red-lead oxide when some of the oxygen is driven off. Silica occurs in nature as the sand found on beaches (although sand from inland sandstone deposits is used in glass making) and the pure form of quartz that produces hexagonal crystals. A typical comparison of the quantities of materials that make the differences between ordinary, or table, glass and crystal follows: ordinary glass with 63% silicasand, 22% soda, and 15% limestone; and lead crystal with 48% silica-sand, 24% potash, and 28% red-lead. Colored glass is made by adding other metals to the glass mixture. Crystal glass, pressed lead crystal, lead crystal, and full lead crystal are defined differently based on these standards.
Borosilicate glass: The major component of borosilicate glasses is Silicon dioxide (SiO2) with relatively high Boric anhydride (B2O3), Calcium oxide (CaO), Magnesium oxide (MgO), Sodium Oxide (Na2O) and Aluminium oxide (Al2O3) contents and minor amounts of many other oxides. Silicon dioxide, Boric anhydride and Aluminium oxide are generally network formers because they form strong covalent bonds involving Orthosilicate (SiO4), AlO4 and BO4 tetrahedra and BO3 triangles. Silicon is the main glass-forming element in a borosilicate waste glass and its basic elements are SiO4 tetrahedra, which comprise bridging or cross-linking and non-bridging atoms of oxygen (NBO).Non-alkaline-earth borosilicate glass(borosilicate glass 3.3)Boron trioxide is 12 –13% and SiO2 80%. High chemical resistance and low thermal expansion makes this a multi talented glass material. Softer glasses which have thermal expansion in the range (4.0–5.0 × 10–6 K−1). Boric anhydride (B2O3 – 15 –25% , SiO2 – 65 –70%), and smaller amounts of alkalis and Al2O3 as additional. 11
soda lime glass properties Soda lime glass has several properties that make it useful as a glass for general and more specific applications. Ÿ It’s cheap: Soda lime glass is less expensive than other glass with more specialized properties, such as borosilicate or optical glass. Ÿ It’s chemically stable:. The atoms in soda lime glass have strong atomic bonds and are highly connected, making it difficult for other substances to affect its structure and corrode the glass. This makes it good for use around chemicals, especially if tempered to increase its thermal shock resistance. Ÿ It’s hard: Soda lime glass is a 6-7 on the Mohs hardness scale, which measures how resistant to abrasion material is. This highest score on this scale is ten and includes materials like diamond. Soda lime glass can also, however, be tempered by heat or chemicals to be made three times stronger. Ÿ It’s workable: Thanks to the soda and lime in soda lime glass, it can be softened and resoftened many times without quality loss. This attribute makes it a good material for recycling. Ÿ It’s vulnerable to thermal shocks: Sudden temperature changes can shatter soda lime glass. This can be reduced by heat tempering, which gives this material added strength. Ÿ It’s an electrical insulator: Glass does not transmit electricity well, as it has a high specific resistivity and a low dielectric constant. That makes it useful for insulating electrical products. Ÿ It transmits visible light: Soda lime glass’s refractive index is roughly 1.5, which means only about 4% of the light that hits it is reflected. The rest passes through, making it an excellent material for applications where light transmission is important.
lead glass properties Lead glass has several properties that make it useful as a glass for general and more specific applications. Ÿ Excellent X-Ray shielding properties: Lead glass has
traditionally been used for shielding applications where it is desirable to protect against X-Rays and gamma rays in medical, technical and research work. Ÿ Allows transparent observation in conditions where ionizing radiation is used: The transparent nature of the glass allows it to be used as a viewing window while still protecting the operator from harm. By varying the lead content of the material, the shielding properties can be adjusted to suit specific requirements. Ÿ Good electrical characteristics: lead glass is commonly used in the electronics industry to encapsulate diodes. The material allows lowtemperature sealing, which is essential to avoid damage to sensitive electrical components. Although environmental regulations are becoming stricter, the lead glass used for electronic applications received an exemption due to the essential and unique properties of the material. However, development in this area continues rapidly and lead-free alternatives are also becoming available for many applications. Ÿ Low-temperature sealing: protects electronics against damage. 13
borosilicate glass properties Optical Clarity It’s clear to see why glass is a good solution when it comes to visibility. Compared to the array of plastics, metals and other materials of construction, glass provides a smooth surface that offers an unobstructed view of what is going on inside the equipment, enhancing the level of observation in any process. Ÿ Cleanability Some materials of construction can pose housekeeping issues when it comes to ease of cleaning. The anti-stick, nonporous surface makes borosilicate glass a popular choice for GMP compliant applications. Ÿ Compact Design Compared to systems built using alternative materials of construction, glass components are much more compact making a glass system significantly smaller. This is especially beneficial in facilities that are facing space constraints as well as work areas where headroom can become an issue. Ÿ Corrosion Resistance Similar to the properties of glass-lined steel, glass equipment provides unsurpassed corrosion resistance to water, neutral and acidic solutions, concentrated acids and acid mixtures, and to chlorine, bromine, iodine and organic substances.Its resistance to chemical attack is superior to that of most metals and other materials above 100 °C. Ÿ
Ÿ Temperature Range
Borosilicate glass’ strong resistance to temperature makes it desirable in chemical and pharmaceutical processes. The maximum permissible operating temperature for QVF borosilicate glass is 200°C. Above a temperature of 525°C the glass begins to soften and above a temperature of 860°C it changes to the liquid state. Conversely, it can be cooled down to the maximum possible negative temperature. Ÿ Structural Integrity due to Low Thermal Expansion Directly related to the large temperature differential comes the benefit of low thermal expansion. Because borosilicate glass doesn’t expand like ordinary glass, there is a smoother transition between temperatures as well as the ability to withstand different temperatures at the same time. Ÿ Affordability Compared to other materials of construction that offer similar properties such as corrosion resistance, glass is relatively economical to produce. Ÿ Inert Behavior Because there is no interaction or ion exchange between the process media and glass, there is no catalytic effect. The inertness of borosilicate glass also means it is nonflammable and poses no environmental risk.
product ranges
Applications of borosilicate glass:
Applications of Soda lime glass:
Laboratory glassware Borosilicate glass is popular as a base material for laboratory glassware, mainly because of the material’s chemical and thermal stability. Most of the modern beakers, flasks, and other glass receptacles designed for laboratory use are made of borosilicate glass.
Due to its popularity and commonness, soda lime glass can be found across a wide range of industries. Ÿ It shows up in architectural and construction applications as windows.
Pharmaceutical glass tubing Borosilicate glass is used for the manufacture of pharmaceutical containers like syringes, cartridges, vials and ampoules. The material is mostly chemically inert when in contact with most liquid medication products.
Ÿ Industries as bottles and containers.
Ÿ In the packaging and food and beverage.
Ÿ The electrical field as a high voltage insulator.
Soda lime glass is also used in scientific applications for supplies like: Ÿ
Cookware and kitchen implements Popular cookware brands make use of borosilicate glass for baking dishes and glass cooking pots.
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Optical equipment Due to the stability of borosilicate glass, it is a good material in fabricating slides and lenses for microscopes, telescopes, and other optical devices.
Ÿ It also makes appearances in consumer goods such
petri dishes, and when tempered, as a cheaper alternative to borosilicate glass products as its increased strength and chemical resistance.
as décor. Ÿ While the tempered version of it is used in
consumer bakeware. Lighting technology Devices that use this glass type include HID lamps, modern high-powered flashlights, and studio spotlights.
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Application of Lead glass : Lead crystal glass has many uses in various industries, with applications ranging from its use as : Ÿ tableglassware Ÿ shielding healthcare and scientific workers from radiation The most common uses of lead crystal glass Ÿ drinking glasses Ÿ ornaments Ÿ decanters Ÿ jewellery Ÿ optical lenses Ÿ enamels Ÿ lacquers glass sealants and solders and radiation shielding from gamma and x-rays. The wide scope of applications is made possible by the physical, chemical and mechanical properties of lead.
market study Borosilicate glass Borosilicate glass is manufactured under several trade names, which include Pyrex, Borosil, Supermax, Endural, etc. Despite high thermal resistance, borosilicate glass can be cracked due to sudden or uneven temperature variations. Moreover, borosilicate glass cannot be heated with strong alkaline solutions or phosphoric acid, and these are some of the drawbacks associated with the usage of borosilicate glass. Examples of some of the market participants operating in the global borosilicate glass market are: Corning Incorporated, AGC Inc., SCHOTT AG, GVB GmbH, Hangzhou AiJia‘s glass Products Co., Ltd., Swift Glass, Borosil Glass Works Ltd., Hilgenberg GmbH, Gerresheimer AG, Noble Glass Works Pvt. Ltd. Pyrex manufacturing company- is a brand introduced by Corning Inc. in 1915 for a line of clear, low-thermal-expansion borosilicate glass used for laboratory glassware and kitchenware. Ÿ Corning no longer manufactures or markets consumer glass kitchenware and bakeware.
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Lead glass
Ÿ The most named and famous company for Lead
Glass is Max Rays based in Delhi. Max Rays has played an important role in the development of this protective product for the Global market. Ÿ Max Rays pay close attention to the requirement of
clients with a proud history of delivering top quality product. Our customers, both Indian and international have benefited and continue to benefit from our all types of product. Ÿ Competitive pricing: being as the largest
manufacturer and distributor of lead glass, Lead Sheet, Lead Gloves, Lead Apron, lead goggles in India, they generally offer a reasonable price of our all product to our customers. Ÿ Huge selection:You can get a huge selection of
product in our large warehouse, all products are properly designed and clinically tested. Ÿ Customer satisfaction is our main objective.
Soda lime glass
Ÿ Global “Soda Lime Glasses“ Market report covers the
present state of Industry (2020-2025) and the growth prospects of the Soda Lime Glasses Market. Ÿ Soda Lime Glasses Market Segmentation by Types:
High Soda Lime Glass Medium Soda Lime Glass Ÿ Soda Lime Glasses Market Segmentation by
Application: Food and Beverage Pharmaceutical Others Ÿ Nipro and Borosil the two Indian Brands comes under
2020 Major Key Players of Soda Lime Glasses Market Reports. Borosil : Established in 1962 with humble beginnings, we started life as the ''Industrial & Engineering Apparatus Company Pvt Ltd'' founded by Dr Lele. Ÿ
Ÿ To be the most customer centric company in India.
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glass scenario in india
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India is one of the largest consumers of glass in construction around the globe.
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Various key players are constantly focused on establishing India as a leading export hub by entering and expanding the markets of Europe and America on the back of product diversification such as automotive glass and solar panels.
Ÿ India commercial glass market is anticipated to
witness significant opportunities and is estimated to grow at a CAGR of around 12% over the forecast period i.e. 2019-2027. Ÿ In India, the majority of glass manufacturers and
industry clusters are located in Ahmedabad, Baroda, Bengaluru, Firozabad, Hyderabad, Kolkata and Mumbai, New Delhi, Pune, out of which Firozabad is the India’s biggest glass cluster, which has thousands of operational units and employs a ton of hundreds of people. Ÿ Growth Drivers:
Increase in Rapid Construction A significant increase in adoption of commercial glass in construction of buildings is anticipated on account of its quality, easy installation and low maintenance cost as compared to traditional gypsum constructions.
Integration of Technological Advancements Integration of technological advancements with commercial glass is estimated to result in functional advantages for glass on the back of increasing number of fittings manufactured by the hardware industry. Ÿ Restraints:
Increase in Input Costs The increase in the input cost of glass manufacturing as a result of increasing import duties and the changes in government policies to regulate the functioning of automotive and construction sectors are estimated to hamper the growth of India commercial glass market over the forecast period. Market Segmentation - By Type - By Industry Ÿ Top Featured Company Dominating the Market:
Piramal Glass Private Limited -Company Overview -Business Strategy -Key Product Offerings -Financial Performance -Key Performance Indicators -Risk Analysis -Recent Development -Regional Presence -SWOT Analysis
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My area of Intrest
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overview of rozabad Ÿ Situated in the western part of Uttar Pradesh,
Firozabad is one of the most important commercial centres of Uttar Pradesh. Being located just 200 km away from Delhi, the city is also popularly known as “City of Glassware” or “the City of Bangles” because of its extensive glass works of all types. Firozabad attracts visitors from all over India as well as outside India for its famous glasswork and rich cultural heritage. Since 15th centur y, Firozabad has been the home of glass industry. Different types of glass products like bangles, chandelier, dinner sets, storage containers ( co n t a i n e r s fo r p e r f u m e s, i t ra , e tc ) , ornamented phials are produced here. There are more than 500 small-scale glass factories in Firozabad and 50% of these beautiful glass products are exported to other countries. Ÿ Other glass works like miniature models,
candle stands, small toys, glasses, labware, etc are also manufactured here in Firozabad. In the recent time, Firozabad is also called “Suhag Nagar” because different types of items for the brides and/or married women i.e. bangles, kangans, kadas.
History: Ÿ Firozabad mesmerizes visitors with its
colorful and rich history and cultural heritage. The city was initially known by the name “Chandwar Nagar”. The city was part of the Mughal Empire. It was renamed as “Firozabad” by Emperor Akbar after his mansabdar or general named Feroze.
Transport: Ÿ Firozabad is only 40 km from Agra, located on
National Highway 2 and is also near to Delhi, the national capital. The city is well connected to various parts of Uttar Pradesh, especially the Western and Eastern parts. Ÿ Best Time to Visit Firozabad
The weather during the summer months is extreme and reaches about 45 degrees. The best time to visit Firozabad is during the winter months between October and March when weather remains pleasant in this city. 27
evolution of glass industry
During ancient periods, invaders brought many glass articles to India. These glass articles when rejected were collected and melted in locally made furnace called as “Bhainsa Bhatti”. This was the start of the glass industry in Firozabad. In this furnace wood was used as a fuel. These old traditional furnaces are still in use in Sasani near Aligarh and at Purdal Nagar. During that time only small bottles and bangles at a time can be made. In this bangle there was no joint. These bangles were called “Kadechhal ki Chudi”. Since then Firozabad is the home of the glass industry, white and coloured glass pieces being manufactured for the purpose of assembling jhad and fanus (chandeleliers) which were in demand by royal courts and nobels for decorating their assembling and drawing rooms. Later on phials forltra, scents and other cosmetics products were made. Slowly and stedily Indian Marriage items like bangles, kangans, kada, etc. were produced in bulk for the general public. Today it is having famous almost all the demand of bangles, kadas, kangans and other items of suhagans(married women).
Since 1989, Firozabad has produced artistic glassware in different colours and shades used in chandeliers and other items. About four hundred glass industries are registered in Firozabad, making different types of glass products. They use natural gas instead of coal. Half of the production of these units is exported. Nowadays, blowing/modeling is done by the pot furnace and regenerative tank furnace in the factories. Firozabad with thw changing time has entered in the new era of Glass manufacturing, it has become a major hub of maufacturing different glass based items and has registered its global presence, diversifying its industrial base and encouraging ancillary industries including chemicals, packaging and more of service sector based industries have flourished in a short span of time.
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current situation of art Ÿ There is a clear need for better quality raw
material in order to increase the quality of glass production. Ÿ Firozabad has not been able to establish a strong
reputation in the international market due to a clear lack of the availability of most modern technology, promotion and a lack of product innovation/ variation. There is a continued use of primitive technology in glass melting, forming and shaping. Ÿ
There is a lack of investment in the industry. In order to be competitive in the world market it has to improve its infrastructure, undertake more rigorous marketing and brand building activities. The industry needs to be cost competitive as compared to other markets such as China and Thailand.
Ÿ Before 2002, this market used to account for
approximately 30% of the total market share (Rs 80 to 100 Crore), but presently the market has reduced to mere Rs 1 crore.
Ÿ Besides, Firozabad glass industry has great need
for a change in the present practices in the area of batch making, mixing, pot making, preheating and transfer of pot in the furnace, batch charging and discharging the melts, shaping and annealing. Ÿ
There is no specialized design development practice followed in the area of product development by the industry and the value addition is not tuned to market demand.
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Due to lack of innovative design, modification and variation in the handicraft products, it is also losing the charm in the international market. Therefore, there is great need for design development and quality improvement in the utility and decorative items.
Ÿ Both fuel and raw material constitute 35% each
of the total cost of operations, the remaining being the labour cost.
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manufacturing Ÿ There is a long spectrum of glassware manufactured
by u s i n g m a c h i n e s w i t h m i n i m u m h u m a n intervention. The product line includes bottles, cutlery, most of the kitchenware and tableware and automobile headlight covers. Ÿ The Bangles: Ÿ The beads:
It’s manufacturing in itself unique from rest of the categories. Post manufacturing, decorating bangles is another craft applied on bangles before finally sending the products to the market. The colouring of bangles is done by either using coloured glass or applying colours to the top/upper crest of bangle. The bangle could be round, flat, oval or spiral on the basis of beating the loam in a particular fashion lt is said that a bangle passes through 54 expert hands of artisans before getting ready to be admired by ladies. Ÿ
The glassware manufactured by using mouth blown technology is another unique technique of artisans based in Firozabad. The melted glass is taken on one edge/side of the hollow metal stick and from the other side it is lifted over the head and the other end of the stick is put in mouth to blow. This method is used to give shape to the Melted glass at the other end.
The beads manufacturing can be divided into two parts. First part holds the manufacturing of hollow tubes. The second part is about making beads using the hollow glass tubes. The beads with a hole at the centre are to get tug with the articles to be decorated. Ÿ The decorative items like chandeliers, Christmas tree,
animals ‘Miniatures, statues of different kinds like of God & Goddess. The quality of glass, design and creativity of artisans in some total reflects the quality of the items prepared. Ÿ The Borosilicate glass is used for making laboratory
glassware. The most of the other type of glassware are manufactured by using Soda Lime Glass. Items like bells and goods requiring clarity in glass are made by Borosilicate glass.
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Blowing Pressing
Drawing
Casting
glass process The complete process of glass making involves 4 different methods to shape and finish the glass that is in molten liquid form. Ÿ Blowing Ÿ Pressing Ÿ Drawing Ÿ Casting Blowing- A tube is dipped into the mixture, which sticks to the tube and a worker blows on this mixture until it is a hollow tube that can be twisted. Pressing - Filling a mold with molten glass forming the shape of a container similar to the shape of the mold. Drawing - A wise sheet of molten glass is placed into a "float bath" that is a furnace containing molten tin. The glass turns solid at a higher temperature than tin and is removed once the glass is formed. Casting - used primarily for production of art glasses and/or lenses. It's left to be cooled and not pressed like the pressing method, forming shapes unobtainable by certain mold.
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glass market
Glass domestic-wares Firozabad glass industry for the last two centuries has been involved in manufacturing drinking glasses, beer glasses, wine glasses, dinner sets consisting of bowls, plates, lemon-sets, pudding sets, etc. in attractive cuttings, charming designs. Glass Chandeliers Since the Mughal period, Firozabad has been producing different shapes and shades of magnificent hanging chandeliers. Many innovative designs have been added to suit different tastes. Glass Marriage wares Bangles, Kangans and karas are made here since ancient period as traditional Indian woman wardrobe accessory. Bangles made here are distributed throughout India. Bangles don't get that much opportunity in the international market, since it is a traditional Indian accessory. But still due to globalization the market for bangles is expanding internationally.
Glass hardware All types of glass hardware are manufactured here for house decoration and other purposes. Glass Scientific and Lab wares. Since last 10 years beakers, flasks, test tubes, containers and other scientific wares are being manufactured here, which are needed in various laboratories. Glass automobile wares. The glass accessories for automobiles like light bulbs, mine battery bulbs and other light and sight equipment's are produced here for two wheelers and four wheelers. Glass hardware All types of glass hardware are manufactured here for house decoration and other purposes. Glass Scientific and Lab wares. Since last 10 years beakers, flasks, test tubes, containers and other scientific wares are being manufactured here, which are needed in various laboratories. Glass automobile wares.
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