ver the years commercial malpractice insurers have come and gone from the Alabama marketplace. End the worry about prior acts coverage. Insure with AIM. We're here when you need us: Continuously! AIM: For the Difference (We're here to stay!) ''A Mutua/Insurance Company Organized by ana for Alabama Attorneys" Attomeys In ...... nc:. Mutual 01 Alabama, Inc.' 22
In~e,_
c-..... Pa,kway
So.'" 340 BO ,m,ngtoam, A'""",,,,,, 35242-4820
r",'1>I>O<1" (205) 980_0009 Toll F,_ (&00) .';26 - '2~~ FAX (205) 980路 g()()9
'CHARTER MEM8拢R : NATIO NAL ASSOCIATION OF BAR.RELATfO INSURANCE COMPANies
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BRIEF Volumr 53, Number I
JANUARY 1m
ON THE COYER: Blue $IUu. dun water W 1I Mlithy ~ronmtnl for this state lire /;OmITIOn goals shared by environmmL'llim and industry.
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Su",,,,.... of C. ..."'ILawI E..acIHI .... ContlltullotW AIMndm.nll I'nIpoIfd by I'" Logi.tolu", or Alaboma 11 th< ri,,1 Sped.1 Scillon, 1991 .............................62
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You nS Lawyers' Section.....•............... .21 Bui\ding~'J COu~ ....... .28 Abwt Mtmbo:rs. ArrlonS Firms ...........36
Ct.E Opportuniliu ..•.•.......................... 44 Building Fund Honor RoIl... ....•.•.•.•.•.•. 4S Pro IIono 1'roject....................... ~~~~~51 OiKipliruory RtpOr1. •. ~~~~~ .•.•.•.•.•.•. ~ .•. 53 Reant Decisions ........•.•...•................... 58 Consultant's CQmer ............................. 60 Memorials................................. ... 76 Article Index ...................•.•.•................. 79 C'-ifitd NotiCQ ._....... ~~~~ .•.•.•. ~~~..88
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TIlE A1.AII..oI.MA U.WYER
PRESIDENT'S PAGE ~r
10 Ihis.. In asking tM qllution, I do not nKfssarily mean the Stale IJar eI Alal»nu, bfa,uoe M I h.a,.. previously lold you, it is mosl definitely impOrlan!. Wh.at I mean when I use I .... tum bar is t .... community oIla~rs in our state, our region and Our nation. Our profusion ... ill role ... its scope ... its resporl$ibility. SiOtt I am president of the Alab,anu State liar. )'Ou could n behalf of more than 9,500 law.,.... of this stalr,l , hardly OXPKt me to Ioay. "No. I don't feel tM b,ar il impor. -«!come you a.s new me~rs \0 tm State liar of lUI!." The bar is important and it II important to.....,rybody Alabamll. Thi' is a day lhat celtbrate!! ~ achieY!· mtnt. In my opinion, then: a«' onl)' , I"" ~)'$ in a in society. not just lawytll.. I bel ....... tho bar pb.ys "critical ptl'$Oll'S lifttime that can tQwol1hr 1.. li~ of ;occomplWlmenl roI. in tht elW>li$h .... nl and nuintenarlCt 011 frer society. 1....1 you and member, of you. family ha~ tocLiy IlIlin« AI; you look ba.ck through the hiMory eI thll country. it i. h5y upon your becominlll mtmbtr of our 10 Itr the iK(()rTIplUhments m;l benefits stale bIo •• Tho,", of)'Ou who Ut being Ihlt Iht community of 1~rs. oT the bar. hl.ve made, HOWfYfr, in my j udg· admitttd tod.iy hive w<lrktd Long lind ment, no t,me in the hiJlory du... world Il.Ird tG am,tn this SOil. Howevoer. I lim /1150 sur. this is I proud dioy lor your PlO'· rivals lhe Il"'"ntnt or luture days for the tnts, )'OUr hu$lW\d$ and wi"" •. rnd your b,ar to 1)., of .servict in t1tablishing and children. Without tM C(lliecti"" effort and nuintainin8 a fret society. ucrifict of family and friends this day The tvtnll 0( the past )'tar ~nd ~ holilin might not have bun pouibl •. My eastern t:urop. ,n d oth.. part. of the nmarkJ today will tit brit/. world haw d"wn a wry dear distinction First. I want 10 ttll you II hili. bit about behveen tht value 01 an active. viable. adwrsarial, in<lfpt"n<lfnt I,gal syslem itnd the Statt Bar of Alabama. Our bar is .1 mamlatory bI. •. You cannot practic. I~ I systt m th;.t a<:ts IS I puPllfl for tOUliin Alab.l.ma if)'Ou art 001 a member of t.>rilnu.n. Cood thoughts and words on p;o.ptr ~re our b<o •• Our state bar is unique in the not enough to ma1(( peopl. Ine. How nation btaUK of its ~r, duties and ruponslbili t iu 10 promulglle lind tfltCINt would lhe Bill 01 Ri&hts in thll "'Inlp E• ......... Jr. fnforu rulu relaling to ldmiuions, country ~ withoul 11~rs? Lawyers elhiu , edu~ltion, lOd diuiplinf of blutht lift into words m:I idtlIs ell ~ .. , The ~I'S of lhe stale bn Irf Ire. people lind I~I i)'Stem. La~rs are administeml by 57 commiuiontl'S elfctt\! by III li~1'S in II the wry center 01 tvtry fiKt! 011 pt"rJon', lif•. II Sftms that the 40 judicial ci""ill Ii our state. .....,ry lime I tum on lhe t.levision or radio or ruel" news",,ptr the .tory i. aboul some lepl issut and la~rs. The lion's sh.a re of the real work done in OUr bar is ~r formed by o~e r 900 members of se~tions, commi!teu ,nd The liw has bun and is now so woven inlo the robric of our tas~ foreu. All of these members ~re votunteu tl~1'S work . counlry that our system will not withSland the .t ....... l~rI$ion ing for the bdterlTllnt of the public and our proftuion. and strain placed upon it without independent, aggressi,... pro"TIItre are INrl)I opporlunitit< ,...ailahl. to the youn8li~r r...ionallawytrs. N you begin your lepl career,! wanl to t.>lkwith you llitt~ for Krvi~e to our bu. This yur. there lire man th.an 45 com· bit;!/)out proftssionalism. l 1m not II.I~i"ll;!/)out pmfn.o!ionllmiUttJ anll \.ask loren Ofltr;lting in In:a:5 SllCh M (I) iKC", to kpl Krvices, (b) ,llunaliw mrthodo Ii dispul. resolution, ism in tht Knse 01 dhial QIIOnl. """hilt it is im~ to be (c) inwrM(t p~, (d) mentor P.... rams. (el spfdlllu· ,thial and to abKIt by tht D:Itk oIProkssionoI Resporuibi/if6. lion, and (f) subrunu abuse in society, to IWnI: II few, I know pn,ll'nIionolism is I broadrr term, it is II state 01 mind. it is an that Keith No!lT1oin inlends to talk wilh you ;!/)out mrmber. lIttitudt. it is I hightr standard upeded Ii ~I ~ ship in lhe Young ~I'S' Section, itnd thil II most impOr_ We 11I""lIntliW)"frs lind the 1....1 pro(n.sion to bt rapected llnt. l~r, I ufllt you not 10 limit your iKlivil," wilh the m:I admired for the role ..... pQy in society. This is not to say tn.r 10 work in Ihe Young LaW)"frs' Section. [ Ich of you that our iKtiom and ""ti",tiu should be done to suit public opinion. [,.. rybody knows. Ih;.t I~I'S cannot be governed by shotJld beeome " nlI'mber of a oommiller. LUI< force or «<lion in which you haw an interest and in which you ferl your public opinion. H~r. tht public has respect for lawyers who conduct themselves in I responsible , profe.. ional ...ay, service nuy be of some betterment to our profusion and soci"y. Is Ih. b,ar imPOrtanl? I wanl 10 talk with you about lhe .wn if Ihe po.sition taken by the la~r disagrees with majo';·
remarks ~ delivered at the October 1991 admissions ceremony of the A/ahoma Siale Bar: Th~
It 11
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4 / hnlJ,l,ry
1m
TIlE ALI.RAMA LAWYER
Iyopinion. J urge you to be prokssional in your da).··to-day activities. I suggut that we can alt improve in our prof~.ssion· alism if we focus and try to remember se'~rat basic idra5. Thryare, I. Rermmber those things that you were taught about right and wrong when you were jo'Oung. Those things like hon· esty and courtesy and rrspt'C! that your parent.s and grand· parent.s told you "'~re right are still right; thou things lik<: lying and chuting and stuling that your paronts and grandparent.s told you were wrong are still wrong. 00 not think that beca.".., you are a lawyer you have some differ· ent set of rules and that ri ght and wrong a1"fc different than lhey ha~ always been. Z. 00 not be afraid or reluctant to ",ek advice from older. moro eXp"rienced lawyers. This year we fonned a task force to establish a mentor program in this state. The idea of the program is to assi,t young lawyers to obtain from ol der. more ex~rienced lawyers advice on the basic CQurtrsks. customs and practices of our profession. HCM"«tr. do IIOt wail on the program to be .. tablishffi. My eXp",;ence has been that lawyers respect other lawy ..s who ~y. "J don't know the an.swer to this question" Or "I need help in thi, area" and are a""a;'$ happy to be of assistance.
3. Cive bark to the public and to the less fortunate. This year is the organizational year of the voluntar» pro bono pro-
REAL ESTATE ATTORNEYS LASER SOFTWARE A co mplcte line of Rea l Esta te Clos in g Programs inclu ding It: HUD 's, Buyer & Sell er Sta teme nt s, Di s bursement Regi s ter, C h ec bTiting ~ Deeds, Mo rt gages, Note s, & Affidavit s It) Titl e Poli cies, Commit m ents and Endorse ment s tot F NMA and Mo re One tim e d ata entry, a ll ca lc ulation s per fo rm ed, hig h qu a lity printing o f complete dOi:ume n t, with data, gener ated o n p lain paper.
CALL FREE
800.67J.762Iiii~
gram in Alabama. If WI: are to be prof... ionals. we must reali:e that it is Our re~ibility as cU5todians of the jus· tice system to make it better each day. Our s;'$tem cannot exist if a signirocant number of citiuns art denied acc ... or aro lock.d out or prewnted from s«king justi« becau.se of thoi, lock of money. Ci~ of your tirm and talents to help those persons who are Ie.. fortunate. Our profession and the less fortunate win be better because of your efforts. Mor. importantly. you win gain mOre than you give. 4. Do not neglect your ramily. \Vhile it i, certainly important to attain profe.ssional goals. the most important goal one can attain in life is to make tim. to participate and enjoy ramily and friends. Do not rver allow the profession to con· surm you. It can exact a terrific toll if you lose your sense of balance and perspecti~. Take tirm to "p'u.se and smell the roses". Participate in activities like Gi,l Scouts. Boy Scouts. Little League and school functions. Cive to your community and to your church. Make your voice heard. (k multi-dimensional and balanced. Again. I congratulate ~ou for you r accomplishment. B. proud! EnjOy your achievement. Malee our state bar better btcau.se you are a member. Lea"" our profe.. ion betttr than you found it. Thank you for letting me be he .. with }'OIl on this s?<eclal occas,on. •
IS YOUR SECRETARY CERTIFIED? Y ",,'ye m.de . I"S" in...,.,,,,.., '" ... n your offices wi,b good. qu.lified p<»ple. Did )'011 _ IMle i •• ""nin",,· tion ..... millllion fo< teg.t 1O«:",.. ri ..1
,ho,
~AI'''!DoA>ooci.ti""of. Logot Secmali.. (AALS) oITo,. Ibo Ccnifoed l'rolessionJ.t Logol Se="'Y Eo:> mino"on ("PLS1
(or t. got ..,.,....ri .. whid> prr>Yide ..... n<lord m.".,.""en' of. prof..,i"""lio",. k.,.,...ledgt .ocI skill.
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knowtedge pi .... in pteparing fQI tho ••• mi .. ti"" improvu on.lbo-job . kill . >0 doti .. con be pelformed """"
.mdendy wi ,h I"", enO<!.
1...., AALS if'"" your emptoy.... ot""'M r""ndotion for ,1>0 . """'" of. yoor firm. AALS will ho oITffing. PLS Ct.", WorUhopon rtbnu.'Y 15. 1991 in Sin.i"sh, ,,,. AI.bomo for ,hQu who ,re int<,.,.ted in .. king this ... .n>i.. tion .. welt .. for !hoot "'''''.re int<rute<l in imprr>Yin, their .kitt•• , 0 tes, t prof,,",,,,!.
F or informotioo """.. d: Rbondo HOlley. Cel1ir,ed PLS. Du ..... rd '" Arnold. IlSO Fi ... ndol Cen'". ~OS Nonh 20 S..... ,. Birmingh .... AI. J5'103 ... Ieplt_ (lOS) l24-66H.
AlABAMA ASSOCIATION Of L[GAl..S[CRETARJ ES
W THE ALABAMA Lo\WYEH
&I
~ Januar»
1m 15
EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR'S REPORT l.e91 .....Iv. . .1tL.tiv.... 1992
nx oo.rd 01 (()mmi»ione:n Iw; ~ the introdl.ldion
oIlfl1isLltion in tnt 1992 Rtgub.r Sus;on of. the AlAbIrN ug. isl~!u re which will tu'lt j ,;gnific:.mt impact on lho lIMUlI licensing procwu ru for rmmbers 0/ 1M AlwrTIlI Stlole Bar, Th< first of thue "iec.. of legislation will be an amendmtn\ to 5«Iion40· 12.... 9 mille Code which govtms IhI: manner in which the annual IkenK ;n currently purchased. I'rcKnlly.
Hernln Ire JOl~ in the offices of the I'l"ONlr judgts or IlccrIH commi$.$ioners in the 67 c(lunt iu of AllI~lTIlI. This is Iht linnulil busineu IictnH which is purc!wed ucll yUT bttwftn Octobtr I MId October 31, The only things uniform in tho currtnt pun:hHI prOC .... Mt the limo fnnw in ",hich Iht purc~ should be midt lind Iht lImount of Iht I;unn. which i$ pft_tty $150.
In some of Iht countiu. li~n art Kill" bill (or their liCf'IIK in ~ of Octobt:r l. whilt in othcn it is Iht rcSpOnsibility of Iht lawye r to go to the courlhoun Ind purchue Iht lice" •• wilhoul any reminder. Also. the license Cill be purchased In ~ny coonty. regard· leA ol ruidcnce or office lotalion. Under the prop(lnd l.g;II;oI;on. Ih. tic.nns will be purchMtd Ihrough Iht AlibooIN Silit. &or hudquart." and ellCh IJW)'tr will be unt ~ bill ~nnually in advance of the October I liunse d~t •. This will providc for iOIl1O uniformity in notifialion whil~ II the ume timt. 8i~ tht bu tht inform.ltion ;\ n«cIs with TUl)tCt to"''ho is and who is not holdil\lll cUrrtnt lictNt. Ur>dcr tho ~t l)'It.m. whilt tho b"'}'tr is ffilui~ to ply for the lietnK in the moolh of October. the bn and the couru art not notifitd olthe purchase of tilt licenst unlil ~II into Ihe nexl a ler4r )'tlr, w;ually in March or ApriL The bu is frequently asked to confirm a pmon', .Iigibility 10 practice. In the pasl, the bar Iw pruumed lhose woo held licellltS in a prending )'tar ha~ complied with the licensing IlIlul. until notifitd oth.rwiH. [t is not unusual whon w. rtcfM: oor lisl from the ~.. n ... <kpartmrnt to find ~II oYer 1,000 bwyen who haw fliled 10 purc/w.o their lic.nse. In 90 percent oIlhtst iMiliIlCU. this is an oYenight or a breakdown in tho bcokk«pil\ll s)'ltem within tho bW)'ltr'J office, Often, this breW,lown isa mull oIbwye.. m(lVing in and out ol""r. ious firms and not being included in the listing upd.Ilt when license pun:1wes Ire made. Ur>dcr lho ntW Itgisillioo. tht mooies would be paid to tho Kcretary of the Alabama SIIIt Bar who Ihen would r.mit them In accordanct wilh the ~nue proceduru ol tilt Silite ol Alabarm. Tho slate bar KCrtlary will also be ruponsible for providing tht prni ding circuit ju dges with a list of those 6 1January 1992
bwye.. in their circuill who haw pun:1wtd tho lictnst with· In the mjUisil. timtfrMl1t. II is my belief that this ...iIl be J KNice to tilt membt .. of tht bu, and ~ ha~ bun aslced 00 OCCISion .... hy tilt lietnStS ~re not sold by tilt bar. 1'101 only ...ill ~ be able 10 afford e~ry member of tht bar adequate nolict of their ticense requirement, bul we wililiso be abl. 10 monilor any oversights thai can result in ,ign;ficant ptNllies for failure 10 purchase the lic.nst in a timtly manner. Tho Itgislation ...ill not tlimiNlt tilt pen.allies for fiilure to purch.l.st a Utense. This action has be.n liken following diKussionJ O\'tr i number 01 )'ti" with th. 5t.1.It IrtUlJrtr'1 office. tilt r~nut dtp,irtmtfU IIld lhe ProbI.le JU<lgQ' Aw>ciition. If the Le,;,'alurt .pprovu Iht amtndmtntlO .0·12.49. the bwyen of AlmlN wi!! hI~ i nntr.ll registration point for lho Ant lime in """"'m hi$lory. Tho Itgisbtion. if passed. will be .fftdiw with tho lictnSt )'ear commencing Octobotr l. ]992. The second pi,,! oIlegisl~tion having an impact on liC" ,"ing will be an ;n<:r~ in \h( annuallktOllot f« from lilt pruent $150. Tho la$t Incrust In the licenst f« occurred in 1935. Until renntly, the ~r hM bun ablt to ..... t ;11 rnponsibilities in spit. of the incrust in numb.r of ll~". tM increUt- in gtneral offict n~nlot and the , i,niAcan! incnMt in progfJIII activities, not to mention pOJ.t: It and communication COIIb. 1M linnse f« in tht.we 01 Alibooma is Ctlrnnt/y 15th;unoog the unirotd ban in lho country. (Unified ban are lhose bars which ItililNinmn responsibility for tilt lictnsil\ll and regulalion of the profenion undtr the direction of tilt Lelli.lalurt and/or IUprt me court of the jurisdictiON.) Lictnse fees currtntly rangt from S428 in California 10 a low of $75 in the Dislricl of Columbia. Thelot feel. in many instancel. do not reprutnt tilt total OOllay of 1M lawyer for 1M priviltSt of practicing on an annual basis in the juri.o;diclion. [n addilion to the lic.nstImtmbenhip f.t. there art addition.al charges for disciplil\t In iOIl1O jurisdictions. MlditioNl COlt! for annual client stCU.ity fund _$$ment! IIld admi5Sion lICIivilits poid to other c1IJrt ·mandalcd agencia. Liktwist. many oIlhtst bar wociiti.xlS do not have the lotal responsibility for lilt licensing and rtfIiskril\ll process. Some also ~ addition.al r~nue JOUrcu when tht bar i\stlf is ~rmittcd to ~ntt • continui"ll .1,..1 t'ducalion prognm from which the bar Cillikrive • dimt and siinifiCillt r........... source. The legislation to bt ;ntrocluttd will c:r.1I for an incrust in the OIIUu....1 liceru;e fee of Alabama ~n from $150 to S250. This incTtaoe, howewr, will be phastd in O\'tr a t....o·year period.
TIlE A1AIlA."IA LAWYER
If the legislation is approwd, the annuallicellU fee for the 1992-93 fiJ;ta1 year will be $200, with the additional $50 being phased in during the 1993·94 fiJ;ta1 year. The board recontly approved the submission of its budget for I'Y '93 to the Legislature. It is an .xtrem.l~ consel"iative budget with minimal increases in Operating costs. This budget will provide for the efficient operation of the new bar head· quarte .. which. for man~ yea .. , has been in dire need of expanSion and which has desperately needed additional per· sonnel. Because of the lack of physical space, some needed p<»itiOlls have not b«n filled and much·needed wwk of the bar ha.< had to ~ dela,.w. The 1993 budget of $1,997,72"9 dots provide for two clerica l employ«S at an entry level loa lary an<l dots provide additiol\lll funding to support the work of the various committ ees engaged in bar work. The budget also contemplates the addi· tion of one investigator to assist wilh the increa.<ing workload in Ihe Center for Professional RespOnsibilit)'. It also reduces the bar's reserve balance 64 percent; higher than us",,! inlerest rates have also had an adwrw impact on bar finances in the recent past.
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Without the increase in the lice""" fee, the bar will not be able to meet its reSpOnsibilities and perform in a manner that will renect credit on the profession and enSure the COIltinua· lion 01 the privile~ currently enjoyed by the bar to regulate its own professional activities. 1 hope that you will be suppOrtive 01 these efforts, since our profession and OUr ousociation will be the sole beneficiary of this effort. • In the NwemiHr 1991 "Executille Direclor ~ Repor(", (he (ol!oo';n9 panel of Ihe Disciplinary Boord of Ihe Alabama Sll1le Bar was omit/ed. The tdilors apologize for lhe owrsighl ami hope no harm or incmwrnien« WaS ro"sed bllihis.
Pane l V: Richard S. Manley. DemopOlis Abner R. PCM,.lI, III, Andalusia J. Tutt Barreu, Opelika La!TJ' U. Sims, Mobile William D. Melton, Evergreen
•
The Alabama State Bar
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l ll'\( l1<sl:llII"~E features benefits for both eligible mcmocrs, spouses, children and employees. Available Lhrough Northwestern NationallJfc Insu~ Company. • MAJOK MEDICAL l.~SUIlll""E provides ocnefits for both eligible member.;, spouses. children and employ. ees to $2,<XXJ,000. Avallabl. through Continental Casualty Company. ll osP'TAL I.~D"-'L~lTY pays daily ocnefits up to 500 days with a muimum of$lOO per day. Acceptance Guaranteed to eligible ntembers under age 60 who are either working or attending school full -time. Available LhrOlIgh Commercial Ufe Insurance Con'pany. ACCJDf.~"TAL 0"" .... .. ~·D DtS~fI'!MOERME.~"T l~,ullll""E provides coverage for aecidentalloss of life, sight, speech , hearing or dismemOCnnem. Benefit amounts to $250.000 available. This is available Lhrough Commercial life insuraroccCompany. D ISABI LITY 1)\-,;o~l~ features "Y 011.01'011 Specialty"' definition of disability as well as coverage for partial disabilities. Benelits available to 80% of your income in most cases. Available through Commercial Ufe and its parent company UNUM. Omcr 0'100'''''0 Expc.,,~ reimburses your eligible bllS incss e.penscs. Available to digiblc members uRder age 60 who arc engaged in full·time pr:ICtice and 1101. on full-time duty with an~ or the armed forces through Commercial Life and its parcrn company UNUM.
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(<IoIach ond mai\l- -
ALABAMA STATE BAR
_ ___ _ ~ irthdata
::.l January 199Z 1 7
BAR BRIEFS W•• I'. a..-krupte't 1111"'111 aoftw......... Hd Wtst'llWlkrul'llC)' Prxtict ~
Chipltrs 7' II '12'13 is now Iv~illbl. (rom Wnt I'ublishing Company. The sdtw.rt PKk.tj[e prod",.. l;uer.qU/llity rtplicu ofllle nfW official lomu that art to 1;1( used in all 91 bankruptcy districts. Th. official fo . ms bUlIme effective AuguII I. 1991. This new ~nkruplCY S(lftw;lre contains all d tho Iorm5 _ ~ry to prodUCt a complete Chapt .. 7. ] I, 12 or 13 filing. Also inclucltd Irt rd· •• tnus \0 Wut', Bankruptcy Cod., Rules and rorms. u _II .. thorough on· tiM prllCtict tips and cornrmnt.uy from Ihm' nMiomIlw>kruptcy nperts. The IQtIwue i$ delignrd to work .,.ith
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The moeling ofth. Judicial CQnftr_
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becarm board Ctrtifitd in civil Irial law
by Ihf Natloml Bo.I.rd of Tri.1ol Advocacy.
Requirements for ctrtification include: documen~lion 01 al lusl 15 triab to vtrdict or j\ldimmt: .to l(\ditioNl QIflIQlrd ....U.I'J;.5
t.ou .. 01 QIfllinu-
ing 1ejJ.i1 tduallon in the th.oe yea .. p.o«ding IIpplialioo for «f1ifiClllion; lubminion of I 1ejJ.i\ brid for rm-: p.ovillon o f sil rtferencu (Ihree ~n v.d thrtt judgn): proof 01 good I~nding in the lejJ.i1 prof_ion; and a day_long uamination on trialttchniqu ... tvhltn« and ethics.
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m« oIthe Elevtnth Ci.cuit will bt May 3·6.]992 at Hilton Head. South Caroli· na. Th. conf..ence il bting con~n.d by tht judgu of th. circuil to cons ider business of their r.sptCti~ courts (the court of appnls and the districi and b.lankrupl.cy courts in Alab.lama. florida lind Georgi,,) lInd to dtviS( muns of improving the admini.tntion 01 jU$li« in thosot COUrU. An~ attorn.y "dmitl.d to practic. beron the court 01 ~ or q of the di.tnct courts of the Eleventh Circuit may att.nd the mHling. Attorneys who wish to illend must ~ thc circuit tucutM. Norn\lln E. Zoll... in writing, at 56 Forsyth 5tl'ftt. N\.... Allantl. Georgia 30303. aencMr I•• ue. for women lewver. e nough 10 fill new II'IIIg. .lne : ......pecU..... P".ptcli~s, • ne"'s!dler for and iboul 'A'OITIen ~rs, is I ntW pro<,\uct desiantd by the: Americin II.. '-.x:ialion Commission on Women in the: Pmfwion 10 fill. gap in nalioN! publiCi· lions. Its inaUlUnl edition. wtlich pol" miHtd NO'o'tn'bH I, is aimrd 01 cowring the .... mul of womtn ~T1i' int.rtsls, from the nalion .. 1 precedent set by Min".-soL!. in haYing a f.....1t majority on a stlte supreme court to a conS(nt decrte in a st~ual harusmenl complaint against a law firm. PerspiclivlS is edited by Marena ~1cPher$On, usistanl staff dirtclor of the commission. For mort information. write 75(1 N. ~. Short Drivt. Chicago, lIIiroois 60611.
ABA comml•• lon upd.ele. dlNC.lory of women'. bIo, ..soci.tlon. The 1991·92 Directory 01 Associations of Women I.li"'l'e'l in now a"ailable from tho AmeriCin Bar Asoociation. The dir.clOry shows thaI gro...th in the number of wom.n's b.lar M.';QCialiQRI has level.d off, . flu significant progrn--
TIlE AJ.ABA."IA LAWYER
lion in the previous oi,ht ynn. Tht numbtr of groupslisttd url'Q.ins steady ~t 178; ~ lirst dirtdory. in 1982.lisltd only 47 OTjiniAtiON. For in(orm~tion lbout prieu. clli (3IZt988-5555 or writf ABA OnIor F"ul· r.tinxnt ~rtmfflt. 750 N. (.ab, Short ~. Chiago.lllinoil606 ll .
M._glng .lto"",», .CKlght for
Mobil. Ngl_t o"lc., LSCA Thf Ltg~1 Servicu Co rporaii on of Alab.ma is Itt king a ppli cati ons for ma naQinQ u lorney of the Mo bilt rtgiolvl office. Unckr t~ supervision of t~ eucu· Ii..., di ..clor. t h. manlgin, .ttorney shall tu.w the IIfl"lfnl mporuibility for ITIIlll1g.menl of th. ugiolllll, ut.llit. ind part· t ime offien in the Mobile reSion Ind supervision of st~(( IUor· neys. panltgllis Ind IUpport staff. !)pt. eifie duhu and mponslbililits indudt. but au not limiltd to:
• Case ITIinagemrnl - SUptMSt .taff with r"ptel 10 cue rtvitw. cue "ccepanet/rej.dion and ca.s. man"gemenl. Supervise lIalf to insure balanced and ITIinageable castloads. • Client eligibility - Interprel eligi· bililyand rl'Q.k. dedJioru oI.Hgibili. ty 01 particular cli.nll..
• Partidp./lte In compl ... liligation as Iud Ind co-counstl. • Work with Ioal bar in uaion. • Oversee lhe UK inllkt and ilCeep· lance pro«II to ''*'u the selection 01 priorily and .Ii,iblt a-. AppliQJlII muSI t.iw three }/tan of liligation n.perience. Minimum slirting Alary is SZ7.669. Pluse lubmit usume. wriling ... m· ple!s] and reluencfS to Sylvia Sanke)'. Legal ~rvices Corpor.llon of Alabama. 500 Hdl Building, 207 Mont gomery SIUfI, MonlilOmery, Alobarl'Q. 36104.
Uwy.,. MnoNd for out.l.ndlng public . .rvk:. Five lawyers. 11 law firm Ind I law school legal Krvit .. clink hiw been seltcted to Tt«lve the kohn !oil...,.. WISdom Public Snvict and ProI~lism Awud, conftmd an....wly by tho Amm can Bar Associlltion Section oIlitigation. The ~wlTd was utablilh.d by the &\,OOG-membu trial lawyer group to recogniu -hi,h Ilirnbrd$ of profeMion · "Iism Jnd outtland ing contributioru in promoting In open profession and an 0\>fIl system of Justice" . Among tho recipientt honortd at the Oclober fall muting of the Lititation Section in Chiugo WII Bryan Stewn·
son. director 01 tho Alabama C.pita l Reprenntation Resource Cen ler in Monlgomery. lie ;s a , .. duale of Ha.r_ van! ' - School. Aceordin( to tho ARo\, St~ -l{Iumtd olfen of IUth-PIIYing iohs with prestigious I.Iw finns 10 follow a ailing in the d.ep South. A product of. syslem tNt dilcrimillllied against him Ind othor Afrkan-Ameri· cans, ho is particullrly Stnsilive to lho quntion 0/ ncism u c"pi tal punish· ment is a~plied in AI.barl'Q..-
Court TV'. "In Pr.ctic.~ .1,. . I ... w II..... Courtroom Ttlmslon Nt tworlc's Con· tinui", Upl Educltion program. "In POOi,,-, slirltd ~irillJ!.t i n.tW time wt month. The prognm now will be tdeyi •• d tach Satu rday and Sunday from OOCM'\ to 3 p.m. (EST). -In PriCIi,,- lin Hmilllln from the Pudising \..;Iw Instilul., Tho Prolu· sional Eduution Croup. The Rut ter Croup and Sill. Ind ICJUI har associa· tions. During its fiYf months on the air. "In PrJc ti,e- hiS coyered such topics as hankruptq. family law, ••111. planning. ftdu.l court moIion practice. S&L ugulation, l.gal ethiC!, counseling trou· bled eomp./ln its. trilll lechniquOl, and modem liw finn ~ment. •
NOTICE 1991-92 Occupational License or Special Membership Dues Were Due October 1, 1991 Thi. k • ...,.,I.-.Mt 1h.>1.1I 1991·92 AI."""",
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1991. SO!C!O(.... ~(). I 2-4', )4-)·17 1M J.·3_I8, CoM 01 Ai.oboltu. 1975. ••• mencled. "" Ionh !he OIOI~ ~ /or 1",-"8 .and "~'oMo"'op In !he Al.obom;o Stole SM. Lie ........ or lj>eC.. l """oMoohoc> dues O<e ~ beIweotn OcIObe< 1 and 0cI0I:0e< 31. w,1hwI pPlWlty. Thne dues include. S15 .<v>uoI ""bKnpooon 10 rhe Alotum.I t • ..,..". 1he oc:c"IloOlIOIIOl Ioc..,.., I /or """'" ~ in !he.ocuw pr"':loc. 011_ and nor _ from hc_ns by vi...., 01. p<o$ition held, i..~ j~~ .ol. u.s. dioI,1cI • ...........,.. eIC.I ohould be p.on:ha...d fmm !he proboIe iudse Of ,.,...,..,. C"'"""""'" in !he el..., Of ....... in .......,h the lawye< t... "" Of .... prlncipol oIIice. The ...... 01 ih.. loe ...... ;, S1SO pi ... !he nomi",,1 counIV "",-"nee Iftl. Spec;..! """toeoohop dues llor oho5t n(JI ~ in tho aclMi! practore 011_ bJI desi.i"8 10 """no.. in.n .ICI,..., """,oMoship-..s1 ohould be """i~ di""'liy II> !he AIW ..... Scale 8;or in !he """"'"-"""I of S7S. The opecW " .. "obe.ship doe-o nor ...,!Ie yoo II> prM11et 1_.
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TilE ALAIIAMA UlWYER
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01
JmuaT}'I992 / 9
LEGISLATIVE
WRAP-Up
By ROBERT L McCURLEY, JR.
Ii II
_f~~" ..
ooJm uary I. 1967 the Uniform
Commercial Cod. became
d/eclive in
AI~bama.
Th e
uce was initially drafted b)' the Ameri ·
can Law Institute and the National Conference of Commissioners on Uniform
Stat. u....,. to bri~ • uniformity through· out American jurisdiction:s". The nation-
UCC Permanent Editorial BO<Ird and uerotm director designate of the Com· mi .. ioners on Uniform State Laws , reports the foliowinjJ nvisioru and editions ~ tun made or an under study: Article 1. Cen er.1 Provl.ionl _ This article is being studied by a Usk lorc. of the American Bar Association.
Code which deals with personal property leases.. There is a bill pending in the Alabama I,egisl~tur. dr~ft (d by the Alabama Law Institute which will add this section to our curr ent UCC. Already enacted in 19 states, this revi· sion defines I~UI'$ to sha~n the dis· tinction between leases and ~ecurity interuts disguised .. I~UI'!.
al study began in 1942 with a 1952 d",ft
and ultimately culminated with th e 1962 final drnft, which was adopted by Alabama on August 23. 1965. This is the first act which wa.o; "<compani ed by utensive commentary. An Alabama Comment follows the Official Comment to the Uniform Text wh ... appropriate. In order \0 maintain uniformity with statutes in the other 49 .tate•. the numbering of sections corresponds with the Official Text.
Artlde a·Co ....ercl.1 Pa, ... This artid~ ha.o; recently brtn revised to tah into account the automation in check processing through the use of magnetic ink characteriUltion and Ihe wide use of debit cards. To keep pace with the modem technology and prac· tices. the law of negotiable instruments was updated _ This revision improve~ unifonnity and resolves ambiguities as a result of Ihis technological change. Articles 3 and 4 were revised t08dher. Now completed, this revision ha.o; been already adOpted in ten states.
Alabama was the 37th state to adOpt
the uce. All 50 states and the District of Columbia have enacted the cock Since lhe nalional unilonn draft is 30 years old. Iht Perm anent Editorial Board for the Uniform Commercial Code h.. an ongoing revision of each section. To keep the commercial laws uniform in the United States. Wt in Alabama must conslantly revise Our UCC .. each otction i. modemi~ed. Professor Fred Miller. a member of the
-BARDIRECTORIES Bar direc tories will be mailed this m o nth. Extra c opies are SIS each. Se nd c heck s or money orde rs to: Alabama Ba r Di re c tory
P.O. Box 41 56
ArtIde "_B.... ~Ib .nd CollecUono _See ~f..ence in Article 3. The first provision being studied is the obligation of good faith - the proper 'tmdard. whether it should be subjective Or subjective/obj.cti.... The r.com· mendation of this committee will be work.d into future revisions of other artidu with the probable completion for this study being in 1993. Article 2-5.1" - A drafting committ.e has been formed which held its first meeting in December 1991. It is expected that this ,tudy will take two or three years.. There is a special commitl« on computer software contracts that will WQrk with Ihis committee looking at Article 2. It is anticipated that com· puttr software contracts will . ithn be incorporated inlo Artide 2 or possibly a new complete articl e drafted just for computers. A recommendation from this committee i, not expected until 1995.
Montgom e ry, Al 3 6101 Article 2A·Leue. - This is a n"", artid. to the Uniform Commercial 10 I JanU21l)' 1992
Article "A-Fundi Traaofen - A
new artide to the Unifonn Commercial Code to m~ke uniform the law which now deals with over one trillion <Iollars' worth of wholesale funds transfers tMt occur intra· or int( rbank and within the United States. The Law Institute is p~paring for introduction in the 1991 session. bill to cover funds transfers in Alabama.. Already enacted in 30 states, as well as adOpted in "F"w....;~" operated by the Federal Re..,,,,,, System and the
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THE ALABAMA lAWYER
CI~~ring Iloust Interbank Payment Sys· tern (CHIPS) !lP"raled by the New York Clearing House. this revision is being rapidly ~dopted in alilhe states. This is the first comprehensive body of law defining the rights and obligations thai ari ... from wire transfer~
Artld e S_Letlen of Credit - A nation~1 commm.e is revising this artide. The first draft is not u~cted 10 be completed until 1993. Ar11c1t 6-Bu llt l ..... dtn _ This artide has been revlsW and four slates have enacted the revision. Nine .late" ~r. ha .... re""aled this article.
,b llde 7-Wuehuu . e Rectlpl • • Bill. uf Ladln t a nd Olhr Dun_ Dlell.l. uf ll11e _ Currenlly there i. no national revision taking place wilh reference tl} this artide.
Artld e 8_Tn~uIDl. nl Securil l .. - This arlicl. was revised in 1977. After the endor ... ment by Ih. SKurities industry in 1983. 45 states have now adopted revi,.d Article 8. The Federal Securi ties Exchange Commission has threatened to pre-tmpt states from reg· ulation of investment ... curiti.s unless all the slatel; have .dopted tho revisions to this article. It is eXl"'cted that a ra<i· sion for Alabama will be ready in ]993. Articl e 9_Secure' lr......cllo n. ; Sal u of Accuu nl . an. Chelle! Pa pen - This artide was revised by the National Confe rence of Commis· sioners on Uniform Slate Laws and the Am .. k~n Law Institute. After such a revision. the Alabama Law [nstitute conducted a study that resulted in a revision of Ihis law in IlISl. This is the only revised artid~ Alabama has adOpted sinee the enactment oflhe UCC. The Permanent Editorial 1Ioon! of the Uni·
form Commercial Cooe is now looking at a SKOnd ""';sion but it is nol expecled to be complel~d until 1996. Tilt Alabama Ltgi,lature is t xpected to consider new Articles 2A "Leases' and 4A " Funds Transfer" in the 1992 Regula . Session of the Le gislature. Upon the acceptance of the5e articles by Alabama . a sludy commi!tu will be formed latt< this spring to review arti· cles 3 and 4 and Article 8. The Alabam~ Legislature goes into Regular Session Tuesday. Februal)l 4. 1992 and is expected to stay in session until May ]8. During that time, the Legislature is e.""cted 10 lake up reap· portionment of Congress . wo rke r's compensation. the general fund and special education budgets. as well as some degr« of Ia:t reform. For further information. contact Bob McCurley. Alabama Law Institute. P.O . Box 1425. TUIC/lloosa. Alabama 35486.
(205)348-7411.
•
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THE AU\BAMA u\\\,YER
January 1992 ! II
REMARKS BY HON. ALBERT P. BREWER AT OPENING OF COURT CEREMONY
1991-1992 TERM October 7, 1991 The following is Ihe memorial address given during the opening of courts ceremony marking the beginning of the /lew court term.
m
Among these] number a niKe, Melea Rodgers; two former law partn,,,; th.e. 01 my law "hool profuwrs: th ... law school classmates; four colleagues with whom I .. rved in government: two distinguished jurists bofo.. whom I was privi the courts. honored guests: leged to practice; and several law;'H friends who trod the I thank you for the high honor and political trails with me. priYilege of addruling you today. The Two 01 thes. law prol• • so ... Harry fi",t Monday in Octoo., ha1s long b«n the Haden and Ralph Williams, strved in traditional day for formal opening of J~ Patterson's cabinet: Hugh Kaul was court of the Alabama appellate courts. In a lour·term member of the I.gislature; yoars pa>t. this day customarily marked Richard Belser served as .eading clerk of the return of the COUr!.i from their sumthe House of Repre .... ntati'~5 for almost mer recus to begin a new term. Now only 21l years: and Hubert Taylor serve<l with a ", •• hnd "paratu the conclusion of distinction in the stat. legislature belore one term from the beginning of the next b«oming a judge on the Alabama Court term. a fact which attests to the onerous olCriminal Appeals. cakload of our courts. Judges Jam .. Avary. Thomas Huey and But it i, beneficial 10 mark the ending Murray Battles graced the circuit bench mel the beginning, a time to conclude the while judges John Harris and Hubert Taypending work and tit. .tarting point lor a lor "]'I.~d with distinction on the court of new work ~ear , a time to revie", and criminal appeall of our stat •. Judge HataMeS6 the previous term and to anticipate tlu also served iI$ legal adliisor to GoverMo... Atba.t p . . . . .. . the next term. nor Folsom. Judge H,H. Grooms brought And it's appropriate that this i. also a to the United States District Court for the time when ...~ pa~ to honor lit. mel1'K>Northern District of Alabaffi/l that mea_ ry of our 41 colleague. who <kparted this Sure of judiCial temperament. demeanttr lif. since the last opening 01 court c ..emony. Among their and intellectual capacity and insight which .... rves as a model for trial judgu members ue government la~rs, gene . al pr.ctition.... judges and teachers. Some resided in small towns. oth ... in Irs not surprising that the.., would ru,,~ beon SO i.w.;JlYed t.,.,ming citie •. some wtre involved in politics and public sersince it has been fo.ever true that lawyers a.e 00 the cutting viet, other. in finanet and industry. Their practicu v.ried edge in public se,,"ce. from the court room 10 the boa.d room to the probate record In hi . D~mocra,v in America, Alui s de Tocqueville room. Some wtre young. less than two score years , and had obse.v.d, barely scratched the surface of the mysteries of the law , while I cannot believe that a republic could .ubsi,t at the other. wtre old by the world's time scale. four score and ten .... nt time if the inHuence of lawyers in public busi· pre Or mor•. and had probed deeply the questions the lawe'Jer did not increase in proportion to the power of the ness present> to the practitioner. Their oommon thread is that all people. wtrtlawyers in the finest tradition of Our profession. ~ I looked O'Iler the names of these departed. and thought And he commended the role of lawyers in public ..,,,"ce in .bout what I should sa~ today. I was O'IleTWhelme<l with the these words: cumulative loss which we, corporately and personally. have experienced. Each of uS identifies in various ways with numerOus of ~ the la~rs constitute the only enlightened class which the people do not mistrust. they are natu rally the .... whO!e lives and contributions Wt memo.ialize today. l2 lJanuary ]992 TIlE ALABAMA lAWYER ay it please the courts· Mr. Chief Justice. J.,5lices of I~ Supreme Court, judges of the tourli of appealJ, memben of the clergy. members 01 the Alabama State Bar. members of the staffs of
tllltd UpOn 10 ooxuP')' most of th. public >lations. Thty fill the ttgi,lat ivt usemblie5. and thfY conduct the lIiminiltnotion; they COfI5otqumtly otreis<: I p(I'oWrful inAU(1"II;t upan the fOT1ll.ition 01 the law. MId upon iu tucution.
Often his name ...-as in i gentration 01" two forgottm. It was from this brotMrilood th.it AmtriCII has dra ...-n its stateSmtn and its judges. A I.ft and Hlf·go .... rning rtpUblic stands as" monument for lht little known MId Unrtmembertd as well as for 1M f"maul men 01 our
pro(ession. Thf5t whom I hM: mnwd art but ewnptes 01 this COOCC"pI 01 pubtic serviu which I hM: mmlioMd. Indmi all 01 \hHo! whom ~ "",morilliu hM: in~led a .ignifltlIlt pl.rt of their lives in our lOCiety. Their imprint is promintnt in the _iiI. religioul and cultural fabric of OUr state. Thty ue a part 01 all that is enduring and elemal. Danitl Wtbster expruwd itthil way.
\\Ihoever labors upon tM temple of justiu with list· lulness and diltinction; whotvtr clurs iU lounditiO<\$. strengthe", iU pillars, adoms its tnb!:>latuRll. or <;OTttributa to 111;," iu augusl 00"'" still higher in the l-kits. coonecu h;Tl\KIf in IWl"I( W famt with that which Is MId must k as dunoblt as the framt 01 hUmin society. Thew who ""Md as judges obstrvtd It.. rnandiott of the ocriplurt in Deuteronomy I; 17; Thcre $hall be no difl"ue""" of ptrsons.)'OU wI! hear the lillie as ~II u tM gTut ... Ar.d if anything _m hard to )IOU. rtftr ilto me. and I will hear it. And when I think 0I11w profe55(lrs or tuchers, I think 01 Perry Hubbard. Ills C<)UTSe when [was in li Wschool ...-as titled '"Trill ar.d Apptllatt Pnoctice". He U5td Whit McCoy's book. lie would COlnt into lhe ~II of the litrw classroom. lit down II the dak, lun bKk in the wooden $Wivel chair. pT1lp his ffd on lht duk. crou his Ifes 1I the ankles. MId procHd in a _ . hour lecture to aMr wriu 01 mandilT\US., wriu of prohibition W writs of urtiorllri wilhout swning to palIK lor brulh. There are _01 in this room todoy ...-1>0 tlT1 alia( to this r2prrimu. But moJI of lhut. u moJI of us. thought of IhmlKIves u "jusl I~TJ" or jusl "counl11' la~rs·. And tMre·, JOmt· thing noble iIboul this apptllation. ~rhaps Justict Robert H. bckson described 1M pncticing la.,...,.en best in his Tribul. 10 C<Jvn1'1lI.llU'Jllrs whtn ht obseoved: Il e\oYtd his p rofe~ion. he had a rtal strut 01 dediCII· tion to the administration 01 justict. he held his helli high IS <I. la~r, ht rendued and exacted cou rttsy, honor and IlraightfoTWJ.rdness at lht Bar. He rnpt<:ttd II", judicial office dteJliy. dtmandtd the highest II.In· dards 01 compettnce MId disinteTtSttdnw lind dignity. dtspistd lIlI politial UK of or \Tifling with judicilll J)O\'~r. lind .... d lin ,,((«tionale reSllrd for evt11' INn who filltd his ttlCting pmcriplion of tM just judge. The law to him was Ilk!: II religion. and iu practiu was It10ft than l"",ilIII of support; it wu II mission. lie was not alwlYI popular in hi. communi ty, but ht wll rupeeted. Unpopulu minorities and individUlls ofttn found in him tM; r only mtdialor and acM:>cale. He wu too in~eptndentto court tM populace _ ht thought of himstlfu a leadtr and .Iaw·gi.... r. not u a mouthpitce. TlIE:ALABA.'tA !-'I"""":R
Haw fitting MId how dtscriptiw: of thut OUr dtparttd col· Iti,JIuu are tM words 01 Justice JKkson. Julian Harris 01 Otatur onct commented, "'The,.. ire mort la~TJ teaching Sunday School in (Ntllur than any other profu.ion ." [ndeed, (hue collugues servtd aJ tru.te ... tlders. deacons and stewards in the chu rches of the respecti.... faiths: on school boards. haspit.1 bo<ords, libraT)' boards and industrial d"·eloprmnt boards; Ihty rtprtwntcd cili •• and towns lInd countiu; they led United Wly umpaigns and numerous DlMr worthy phi1anlhropk endeavors; they~,.. upst.Indina. resp«ltd citiu", who win k lOrtiy missed. Professionlliy. they hindltd the CIIUstS of 1M uppe. clus MId of the undtrelas.s. Thry iKuptfd appointrntnU to rtprt· stnt the indigent lr>d devoted the Jamt inlfnsily to that wignmmt U to their more afflumt c1imu.. Pro bono won. to lMm was not II duty but a privilege. Whal an eumple they 1uV!' for all of us! And thest shall not be forgotten. Rtgin.l.ld HiM ttlls us;
There is tht blessed a~uranu that, as l lawyo1f, his "works do follow him: not inlO tilt Qra ..... but into tho work·,,-day lives of his c1ienu.. Long aAer he is dud and gone. rmn and women will be x ting upon his idvict. will be CIIrrying out his direclionl. will be ordering their affairs in 5I.rict obstN3TlCe 01 his written word. Esut.. will JI<l On devolving ur>der the stllltmtnu he drew. Husbands. wives. childrm will JI<l on king prottcltd by lht trosts he cruttd. ~ ...fk"riu will riM: up and bless him for lht wills he mM. Year after yur, d",nts will 0CC\IIlY Or trade or f"nn. relying on the agrHmtnl5 W 1M lusts he ~nMd. Ves, indml. bl~ iISiIUnonct. these will not be forgotten. As William Jenning. Bryant laid;
Theyare not dead who IiV!' In hearts they ltaw: behind In those .,...hom they haw: blessed They live llif. ag>.in ..
•
Expect Assista nct In Fin Dfpa ct mcnt Rda tcd lawsuits
FIRE SERVICE CONSULTING, INC. 5622 U ( Road 66 Aubu rn , Alabama 36830 Ellis Mitch el l
(205) 826·3098 JanuaT)' 1992 / 13
-ALABAMA
STATE
BAR-
LAWYERS IN THE FAMILY
AIL r""'lomd. /I (1991) and AI l.. Vreelimd (1976) (admillee
andfalherl
Aiida K. I/agne< (1987) ami Kem/flh ~ (1991)/suler ami aJmillH)
SIlo_H. Hoiks (1984) anti MidweiA ~.l!l(J9ill) {mol"'" <m<I admilleti
Jo<m E. I'owtrJ (1991) and Robnl f'./'tJuws (1984) (adm il/", <m<I hw/xmdJ
Ronald""'" """"""'" (1970)
Popo (1962) (adm ilterami
and Tara ElizaiJ<,th
Mall ''eol /l99/) and D. E,,,,,, \'",/ (J!I6SlltUlmill'" and
fa/WI
(/1I91) ((a /her <m<I admm芦;
(athllT)
Naomi Fu"""" (1991) tm4 llou.'<Jrd Furman (1985) (admit/ftI! and fat'-I
Jam拢< A. W",. (1991 J. David C '.I'M. (1976) and l()hn C. w_
/'Qu/ Iv. 8""""", Jr. 099!) and Paul W. 8run<on. S r. (1!J39)
Richard W. FtJquag (/991) and
JMn
(1958), aOO KalherifN' lIogw
(1949), (admilllJll, hrotMr.
lodmilllll! ami (other;
Eugmc Iv. ruquall (1975) (admill... I1t!d fa/her)
LalM.,. (/991) andM.u:C
andfalher)
14 I )an\lllry 1992
Th_
~ (1991 J,
Don PkN:e
f'km! (1991 Iladmitt.." falherlf"ther路in路/au', admit/eel
THE AU\IIAMA LAWYER
-ALABAMA
STATE
BAR-
LAWYERS IN THE FAMILY
/JbbIJI Mri411orlorH<u'~ (1991J. Dout/Ia a...dt Hatfitt. _ (1961) IInII Dou(Jla CI4udtI _inIon, fI(I989) I_'M, f<1Ih6. btodwJ
Jt#ph /(dIWT(JfJ9/J_
a..R. C-(l9fI)_J.
(1MImi1lN """ "'rhwl
RidotmI c..rr(l9Sll) {IMImlIU"'_ "'lion}
SltphmH. w.a(l991}and T1Iornt>J £. Jona (l919) (lJdmill« """ "'1'-1
Trur/i.t Amt Plrillipl (I!J91) tmd John R. PlriJ/ipI (1951) /lIIImlt. ,.., and falM)
Hich«I o-.is Rogtn (l99I) tmd Donn.r EliuUth RofIm (l!J9I) {(:(klI/miIl_ J
( / 991) £MmI_ (1991) (C'IHIdmill_J
~kn £R~ (199I)_
"'_£. Bun/in.,," (19$5)
a..,I",.... m- f /99IJ. Cor)' I... IJJtnM (1911) """ 1'«1. C Blumt (J980) (<<ImII. I,... broll>tr. $iJ1,... ... la.J
!lrdI;' T. RMJU, Jr. (195&) (admiUeund fa/her)
THE AlAJlAMA Wl.WVER
a..ws KdII6. Jr. (IN)
_'III... Bunt';" (l99I}ar>d
RoM! HHrov PmoIf(l!l!lI )
/admill... <md (ollie)
""" H livn ~ Pmoif(l951) (Qdmilln and fol""!
I'idorio Y""I'alkml><ugh Nams
"""John
RoIwrt C BlI><k. Jr. (I!J9I) """ RcbnI C 8I(Id (1961) (.,.Jmit_ IN_foIM, )
Jan ...... ry 1992 / 15
-ALABAMA
STATE
BAR-
LAWYERS IN THE FAMILY
Judi MilcMIi AJexamkr (1991)
tmd Jod FOrreJ/ Alexamkr. III (1983) (admit /... and hilliJand)
Jad Brodt l.ong (1991)_ Crady j. /.i;Jnf; (l9J9)(odmill« andfa/iIer)
RoIJett Spent:er I'r<>sJ (J 989A
Wirnkli Richa.-d Ou"",", (1991)
EI~I" IMeru Frr4t 1/991) and J, eoon",. ~ Jr (l!15l)
and lI'ifflkIlC ~ (1948) (odmill"" and fulher)
(husband, admill~ hloo-)
Warun B. Lightfoot (1964) tm<I Warm! B. Lightfoot. Jr. (J991) (fa/Mr and odmitt'-"I
Cl1mJ Arm 0N.in C/arlt: (J99IA Gnald D. CoWin, Jr. (1972!. ..., B. CoIl... (/95()) and (AnUd D. Cck'm (J950/ (_iliff!,
.so.--
RlJbe,1 IV. No";. (1955) and f,'alhrm NOOn! "'"orris (1991) (falhw ami admill",,)
brotll£r, ",,,N,,", {a/her)
FALL 1991 BAR EXAM STATISTICS OF INTEREST Number . itting
ror eJQ,m ...... ................. ...... ................. .378
Cortificatlon pen:tntag."
Number ctTtifltd tn ALab.>ma Suprtme Court ............. 289
• University of Alabama .....................................92 percent • Cumberland School of L.lw ............................... SO percrnl • Birmingham School of Law ........................... _.42 percent
Certlflcatlon ratt ,................................................ ,76 percent
• Jon.sL""" Institute ............._______ .. __ ............... 60 percent • Mil •• Colkge of Law ...........................................0 percent
16 1 January 1992
THE ALABAMA LAWYER
-ALABAMA
FALL
STATE
BAR-
1991 ADMITTEES ""Ie, llarrinQtDII
Abol. Luther Dickie
Durk ••
A1 ...ndtr, JuditJ. Mit<hlll
Burke. W.r.. " Hunt.r. Jr.
0....",. David LoYertU
A1ldred8" S.... n....
Calli .... , Timothy Roy
Dout<.h. Ebio Mario
A11.n, Lo,li. Mc<;.ff.rty
C>.mpbeil. ,'1.liuo L<igh
Dover, 51""'" Mi l' .... 11
Amb<non. LeV.n<! I4millon. Jr_
Campisi. M.I)' Lynn
DOOd. John David
Anderson, Roy &011
CaMOdy. Tom>. Lynn
Dodoon. John William
And,.,.,.., Rooi" Wy'!!
Clrl;,le , William Todd
Dow. GillOlt< AII.rd
Awry, K.II}' o.ni..
C. rr, Clay Rich>rd
o...ko. Joey Donald
Sa iley, C.roI Glenn
Cart". o.br. R.....
Dull"". Mark An!hon~
lWl· W. lktr, Hilory Eli..t>eth
Cory. Jeff",), Lane
E<leIins. 1U\h<,in. Mil"'"
Sorber, CaB f',.tICU
C.... William urI.
Elll>. Pau l Roger
Sautr, Sam ... 1 Chriotophor
(!o,k , Brian Michael
Evan>, Kartn Br<I'WJ1
s..uchlimp. Tracy HodQ"
C1>rk. Carol Ann CoMn
Furner. WilliMn RO)'
!kll. loon Ddd.1l
(!o,k, ThorTwCnwford.lII
Fe""""", Randy Willi.m
8<11 , l<>l1" Chorl ..
C1a)1on. !\tlli And, ..
PIon. Kathryn Borton
Bennett. Veronica Lynn
Clum. J...", Edword
Folmar. David M.rtin
II<noon, CroAy DougW;
Coat .. linda Fro"",.
F..,.t, Elizabeth Owons
Bishop, J.nni r.r Lynn
Cobum.1W>dy LoVo",
Fuquaj'. Richard Will iam
Black, Kmy Dew>in
Coffey. Frtd
Block, R<>bert Col . .... n. Jr.
Cook, G"g<lf)' Carl
G.mbl<. William CoI,man. Jr.
Blockwood. Roo"i. Hugh
CO\>I'Iarn1. Step .... n Ru ...11
GambrH , Crogof)' LH
Coss<. Minan ... Tipton
CiMlU$, M,li_ Jill
Blum<. ellt!)'t Ly" ....
COIl", ROOII Rai""r. III
G.rdllO'. Goo,.,. Dwight
8o&tick. John )ACbon
C..ven. Danil< It"."..." J,.
C.nlf)'. Ch,is"",""r B~1'OIl
8ragon. ea, 1l i _
l4ni.l. Troq Millar
GillesP!'. C.,aId ""Ifroy
S..,,!]')'. Evelyn H",;"lI"
Duintltr, M id~IAnlon. II!
Gilliland,
Ilridga, J...... Emt.<t. III
Davit •• c.org. Nicholas
Goh. C.rolyn Fortn<r
8ri\,..II, Vond> too
Davis, Bronl William
Goukt. Jillian M.ri,
Brody, [).w;d Henry
Davi .. Elizabeth Sho ...... rd
Gflllorn, John It'M intl,r
BI'<IWIlt •• Htrbtrt Ervin
Davis, Eric CLuk
G,am,."... Prior Aluando.
Bnn"."" Pau l W.. t.rfi.ld, Jr.
D.avio, Mlorill IU..,.
Grange,. RO)' Wiley, III
flucy, Pamtlall.
Davio, Nancy Andru
Grrtn. !\<Vin Thomu
Buntin, ROstmal)' Loigh
Dtbl\li<, Miretl Looio
GrtjfOry, 51"'" Paul
BI4k.,
Rond» Sam.U
18 1 !anu.1'}' 1992
L~lt.
Jr.
o.nn~.
G"gory Todd
Furman, I'>omi N"chama
Krl>t~
Lynett.
THE ALAJIA.'1A LAWYER
-ALABAMA
FALL
STATE
BAR-
1991 ADMITTEES
Griffin. D<1x>",h Ann
Ketti .., Cha,l.. lootph, HI
McDonald. Kelly Marie
Griffin. Ricky Edi$M
KhaW. Nancy Elw
McGowin.
G.iffith. Carol Lynn
Ki lborn ,
Gr;m<>, J>mt, Kevin
King, !'l'ar>CU E",1yn
Meodows. TN Gordon
C,..,.., Dwight Milbum. I•.
King, Kathryn Anneut
Micll>.ol.,
Gunni n, Ca . .. IU/l""
Kwing, O. nitllb.yrn<>nd
Mil ... Philip Earl
ltaddoc:k. BI. i, M.b!}'
l.\rnbtrI. Donald ""ndle
Mi llo. ViclOo MIIn.
1I',"i", ~igh Nobl..
La .."". Lyle David
Mi ll>.lpo. Pomtla Kirkwood
Harki,.., Mal)' Abb<>il
1.0>10)', Thorrw O'Nul
Mi t<:holl. 1",,1 Shannon
H.omon, Chri't.,.".,.. B.......
Lowoon, Carolyn Smith
Mitchtll, Phill ip Di",mo ... II
HArp, Jimmi, c.ry. Jr.
uwson. Edward Kirby. IV
Mitchol l. Shorn 5u:....""'"
113"'"1'. JlmtS St<phon
IA., J<ffrty Alit"
Morgan. Tbdiu. Wi ll ~. Ir.
H.oyu, l.m.. Ma,w.d
Lo"v,kt, Matthew Howard
Morn.on, Ri<hord Du>nt
I.,y...... Ktnooth Dmv
Lewis, Martin Stoda"d
Mom_tie. Henry Tonsmti...
Homb ..., Robert Rouon
Lightfoot. W.mn Brit"'n. Jr.
Mon"",. 5t.phon PorU;r. Jr.
11""n. M;ehotl 000(1 ..
Locke. Eric lkland
M"ItIty. Norwood Bruce
Hitronymi, OTtnl Edword
Loflin. Gordon Bartlf)'.
Ilodge .... Md. nit C.lhtri ....
LM.g, Jock Brod
Mulh.rin. "''illWn Aw;tin , III
lIolli •• J,ff.ty Kr>mtr
Lovt.I.mu 0. ..... 11
Mull>om.smilh. Ko ...n l.ft
H"""" •. Jon><> Lot
Lowt. Wendy Runym
Murph .... Do-;id W'yn<
lI"""rd. Samara McNai.
Lu ke, Colin He"ry
N.,.mo .... R.bt<"" Ann
floword. Btvtrly Jun
Luk< . Kerry Phillip
Nulty, Roben Randol""
lI""",rd. Chrut"""u 1H
l.JJmpki".lul~ Willcox
NtwI"",.I.,."., l'<rry
H""",N. H"""rd Edgar
LupilUoCCi, Timothy Mkll>.ol
Nichola>. Shorry l'Mmas
lIughu. Nancy Ca.i"<lton
MoeOY. Morl< Wi lli. ms
Niel1ol •• Phil lip Anthony
lI ull. M..,k McC'o Uion
~i"'n. 1)0"""
Norri •. loh"
lIunl, o.vid 1'100......11
Mmn. Robtrt carty
Norri •. N. thon Robert
lIunt". Ib.ncbll K.ith
101 .....11. Donald Se n
Norri •• Victoria V. n~·.lkt"bu r gh
Johru<)n, Suunn<
Martinson. AbboIt Mcll'1>ort..
o.k... H.roId Eugt ....
I""... Stephtn Iwly
Matt..."., o. ni.. An""
Odom, o.vid Brian
J<)I'W'I, Wayne Frtdtric
M<£lintock. Chorl .. AJI. n
OfT. J.mu Mur... lI. Ir.
M<£OOty. Tro.cy St..... rt
Owtns. Wlndtll Riclu.rd
101<£ ..1.... Paula M.li...
Pai ..... , I'<t.. La
Kal!,
Todd Heri...",
Kelly. It/frey Todd
THE AU\BAMA LAWYER
Vi"".,,! FO<lde. IV
jjj
Britt
0.1x>~
Dia ....
McGowin. Will~ Claudot
J.,.,.... D>vid
Mouy.l. Helen Kohn
~rd
January 19921 19
-ALABAMA
FALL
STATE
BAR-
1991 ADMITTEES
p.,ker, Dobra Btn .... n
R.... 'I .., Sw.o" Conlon
Tho""".lohn Tho.... 11
Pork", Gl.ndo Dol.
Rydt. , 8",nloo DougLu
Thonw. Kimberl)l Cooper
Porker, lImo. McCollum
Sandon, Rachol Dun",
Thorn.,..,.,. Tara Elizaboth
Puke, Amy L>ssollr
SaWYO'. \I'illum Robert
Thornion. Cl,ndo.LaVon
p,,.., Rkh.l.d c..lvin
Setn!. Kart"
Tomlin. Cing.. Leona
Pc,Io/I', Robtrt J,flrt}'
&<"1, WilH.m E"goo'"
T.. m"",lI. Br.>dlty ElIi,
Porry, Henry L> ..Ttnct
Sduubl. , Edith J.....
Traylor·Wright. 14;11...
I\:l\oio.f. Mic,,""1 DougLu
Sealy. Mi,hatl St.p .... "
Truel",,". DorAru1 Rainey
PhilhlJ'. Trudi. An""
SH~.
Piore<, John Cha,l .. S.
S<it",I.awr<r>« Jea"
Tu .... ,. Jon Ko llh
Pioret, !(atlltri". H<>iIlIt
Stmon. 101.",," Lynn
lyra. Bryan Scotl
Pill<, Melvin Bru<t
Shaw. P.l,kia Swurini/tn
Vaughn. Jo .. ph Lamar. Jr.
Pi,ill:. Rkhard Abn. Jr.
SnNt,. J.rry SI ..... n
V..I. 14;Itthew W.rd
p.,.,.. LH McWhorttr
Simmons. DonUt Ardt"
V,etland. Alb.11 l.<)ring. II
P""", ... loon Eliubtth
Si.. mo .... Rose"",1)' Vivim
Waldin~ I .......
Prau, Laurie Kath~n
Slaughl ... Julia M.lani.
11'. 1,... D;miel H<I'O'ard.lr.
Itoi ...... Kenntth Roboort
Smith. Ceo'i/t AUII)'. II
W.... J....... An<l ......
1WIda1i. Kenntlh C.
Smith. Patrick fitzg... ld
Wutht ... M.I)' Elizabolh
Ro.urt, eh.>,lu 1I111iam. Jr,
Snow. T.m Murrell
lI'.od. f.dword M>.rtin
R,eve>, Alit" Smith
Spain. Dobra
R~.
Sp,adlina. l""'JIh f-<lward
Whil •. Corald C... gGf)'
Rich, lohn Jt/frt)'
5W>I,r. AI.n CI.nn
lI"it,. Mitchtll 0..,..
Mieharo-. Robort Ford
Suhl. lohn William
lI"il •. "anty 8'00",
Hi lr;'. Ro/ltrt Bonfn)< , Ir
Stork. Editn Wilki""",
"""it.htod. "icky Chana
Ritchi<. ,Ilion Arch i.
SI.in. lonn Stanlty.!II
Wiliiarru.l.m.. So""n
Roo;"""". w.. D.n)It
51,1 ... "khoias I.mo.
Willia"". Roger 0.1,
Rogors, Edwin Ogden
St.,...I1. Elizaboth Dot
Williams. Samuel DouiIias. J,.
Rog<rs. Elizabtlh Phi llips
St irling. Jam.. Larry.I,.
Williams. Walton Eugtn<. III
ROIl'''' J.n ...... Suun ....
Sui."",. William Dobbins. Jr.
Willoughby. St ..... n Russen
Rogtrs. MichHl Dtnni.
Sw>gl ... Richard Charl ... I,.
Wilson.
Rosen, Tm; LY"
Tampling. Andr.... William. Ir.
Woodhun . Elizaboth Adanu
Rowsuu, [),wid Woodham
Tank .., I"),. Thorn>$ Claudt
York, o.";d P.... ton
Roym"" Robert J.ma
Tapscotl. Kobort Wayne. I,.
Yoong. Anti> Lynn
Rudd. Nic'ajl John. h .
'lhago.rd. Tho"""W,l1h. III
Zundtl. Su..n P""",II
Rudd. Stevtn Michatl
Thtib.rt. Rid.... rd Wild"
Crti/o'!' A1t.n
20 I January 1992
Po"' Burton
0.."".
Tu .... r. Ann tooi ..
Kevin
Whiddon. I • .,.. Co",ld. III
~iI
Und$ay
THE A!J\BAMA u\WYER
YOUNG LAWYERS ' SECTION By KEITH 8. NORMAN, president state is closely patterned after the ~raphical dispersion of u.. YLS With th~ ntW ynr ",n<!enOla)', I thought it ~pprQpr~le to non-YLS rntmbers of the bar. Possibly the most significant thing the$t numbers KVell is tNt tht pallem of lqal urban· profile ~ YounQ ~rs' S«tion. YLS mtmbers Irt those lawyert who aft 36 )'tus 01 age and younger or who IIaw bun i.l.ltion continues with the majority of young lawyers d>oo:;ing Jdmitttd IQ pr~eti« thru ~rs or less. There au 3,780 VLS to locate in the urban "eal. If tht !'litem l.I suggtsted by members, representing 39 percent of the bar's entiu memberthtse numbers continuts. wt may soon wiln", the demise of ship. Thr« thousand one hundmllfld {orty-thru, or 83 per. tht country iawytr. ctnt. rHide in this statt. Of tho stat. bar'1 17 K<:tiQlU, the n.s is by far the lal16l, _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _-, Wi t h rupee! to the IOCllion of YLS Co .... Itt_ focus member. in Al,ba~, the five [ounlin AlJmWians - Th •• yeu·. fiUldmiswith the la'llUt n\llTlbtr of )'OIIIli lowytn sions ceremony was th~ larg~st ewr. HI:: Jefferson.. 1.256 (40 ptrctnl of in-sut. Mon' than 750 people, includi ... admitA ,,","" of
VLS mtmbusl: Montgomery. 4Z2 (13.4 !ltrcent): Mobile, 362 (11..5 !"'...,nll: Madi· son. 193 16 perunt); and Tusc.iloosa. lSI (4.8 perctnt). In just theK fj~ counties alone IIU 75 pt.ctn! 01 the YlS', in'ltate
membo:rs. Counties with the fewest young la~rs indude: Choctaw, Coosa. C'H nt. HenT)'. Lowndtl. and Pickens. with on. young lawyu nth. CtneVlI, Lamar, Sumter an~ WileD' have two young lawyers uch. Finally. Bibb. Bullock. Cherow. CllY, Cul\Shaw, F"lydtt. fblt, Marengo, lOnd Ibndolph tath hJ."" thr« YO''''II!awytr 1IWITlbtrs. Addition.il lIN1ysii KVells lhal 1M YLS IllS 156, or U ptrtmt, black m"nbus ~ 14 rntmbU$, or 1_ than I pUUnt. rtp.-ntinl otl>.. minoriliu. Of the total numMr of black I'LS memMrs. 140. or 90 perant. lIU insIlIte rmmbtrs. InterutinillY. 51 ptreml of all in-I~tt b""k bar rmmbtrs lire )'OIln, iawytrs. Geographically, the countiu with tM largut numbtr of black young Ia~rs are: Jefferson. 62 (4~ percent of an in-llate black I'LS membenl; Montgomuy, 31 (32 ptreent): Mobile. 12 18.5 ptrtent); Madison, 6 14.3 pereent); and TuscalOO$;l. 916.4 perc~nt). Allhough blatk young Ia~rs Irt located in 23 Alabama counties. 85.2 percent are located In tM fiYl' counties noted aboYI'. l'elNle YLS rmmbtrs 10!.>1 1,082, or 28.6 ptrctnt of tht std.iQn·s tout membtrshilJ. By COO'Ipirisoo. ~malu account for 17_4 pertent of the s~te blr's total membership. Of lOll lunale)'OllnC blO')'trs. 871. or 80 ",remt. Mt: located in~te. Although there art ~male YOUIl,Q Iiwytrs in 111 but 16 countiu. nurly 83 percent reside in Jefferson. Montgomtry. Mobile, MadiJon or Tuscaloosa county. Speci(ltllly, 389 1«.6 pertent of lOll in·s~te female m<:mbo:rs) a .. in Jdftr$Ofl; 13(1 115 percent)",e in Monteomery; 90 (1 0.3 percent] are In Mobile; 60 16.9 percent) a .. in Madison: and 5316.1 pertent) II.. in TuscaIOOSol. Although the minority and gender percentages .ary sormwhat. the geographic dispersion 0/ youne lalO')'trs KroSS the
THE AlABAMA LAWYER
Ius. flmily m~mber. ind friends. Iltendtd the «r~mony in Montgomery on Oct.r~, 1991. For the /lrst tirnt as a pari of lhe .dmiuioru P"'lIram. ntw admilteu desiring 10 practi« in tht Federal District Court for the Middle District 01 Alabam .. were lOdmilted to thai bar. n,., Honorable Harold Albrillon. fe<lt ...1 district judge and immediate past pmident of the Alabama S~te Bar, addmsed the idmilteu .. nd tht Honor.ble Thomas C. Cliver. clerk for the middle district. administered the o.lIth to Il"IO« than 3(1 admiU-. "'-'ning is undt......y to include tht northern district and southern district beginning with the 1992 spring admissions
~-.
Alre' Spruell of TUKlOlO<IN and her commillu dOH"'" much credit for • ""ry successful flln admiuioru «r.mon~ and the planning that is underw.y to Include all of Alabama·s fed ....l toIlrU. Assisting with this f,lI". ceremony _ .. Beth Slate P..,." Montgomery, luncheon chli rp" rson~ Elizabeth Smithart, Montgomery: Gerald Jones. Montgomery: Gilda Williams. Montgomery: Laura Crum. Montgomery; and Charl~ Anderson. Montgomery. Annual s..minar~I.IIre-CuIf _ May 15·16. 1992, Sandatin Bueh Resort. fbi West. 8irmingl\am. ind Frank Woodson. Mobile, aU planning iIlOIMr ootsWlding olfering of ClL pro. .~ MXI social fWnls for this yo .. s annual seminu it tho: Gulf. As is "Mrs the cast, Kcomodations will be iimittd so I encourage)'OU to INke)'OUr '-Mtions immtdi;ot~ly. Reservation. ml1lt br ~ directly with Sandulin R~"'rI. Th. Itltphont numbrrsau (904 ) 261..a<1OO or \-800·2n..Q802_ In i relllltd INlier . ..,me YLS membrr. N"" expressed Intemt in changing the location of the annual semi.".r. Two alttrr'\ali"" Iocati..,.,. NYI' b«n identified. Thty art the Marriott's Ba~ Point Ruort in !'anama Cit)'. Florida and the Pmli00 Beach Hilton in Orange Beach, Alaba ...... If you haw .ny thoughts Or com..,.nts about II\(I'Ving 1M annual seminar at Jinuary 1992/ 2 1
the Culf, pl.a •• drop me a Idlu al P.O. Box 671, Monlgomery, Alabama 36101. The uecuti~ committe< is interested in hearing from you on this mailer. Kudos -Birmingham Young iAu"j/tr$. At the annual meeling of the American Bar A.!.wciation's Young La~'en Division in August. the YLS of the Birmingham Bar Association was awarded second place in the "Single Projtct - Service to the Public" categc>T)'. This award recognized Ih< Birmingh;lm YLS for their ~I project working with the area·. nomelus at the Fire House Shelt.r wd Mission. The Birmingh;lm YLS establishoo. busin<lSs for the shelter re.idenl$ to ffiIInufaclur. fishing lur••• The projt<:t provides finwei.1 support for th. shelter while
providing Jlf(lple at the .helt.. with an opportunity to learn a skilt with which to earn money and to improve th.ir self. ..Ieem. Additionally. th. Birmingham YLS established a scholarship program which providu homeless individuals with an opportunity to obtain thoir high school diploma through a CEO program. The Birmingham YI,S deseT\le. much credit and praise for their OUl$tanding work with Birmingham', homel ..,. Thei r efforts should M an inspiration to uS all-both younger and older lawyers - as wen •• an ellample of a true commitment to public servic •. S.. rvice prOjects like this help uS to im· prove our iffillge with the public and instill pride in our pro· f. ..ion. •
NOTICE OF ELECTION Notice is give n herewith pursuant 10 Inc Alabama Slate Bar Rules Governing Eloc/ion of Presidenlelecl and Commissioner.
PRESIDENT-ELECT The Alabama State Bar wi ll elect a president in 1992 to a",ume the presidency of the bar in luly 1993. Any candidate must be a member in good ,tand ing on March I, 1992. Petitions nominat ing a cand idate must bea r tr.e signature of 25 members in good stand ing ollhe Alabama State Bar and be received by the secretary of the state bar on or before
March 1. 1992. Any candidate for this office also must submit with the nominating pelition a black and white pootograph and b iographical data to be publis~ in the May Alab..ma Lawyer. Ballots will be mailed between May 15 and june 1 and must be received at state bar headquarters by 5 p.m. on july 14, 1992.
COMMISSIONERS Bar commi.. ioners will be elected by those lawyers wilh their principa l offices in the following circuits: lst, Jrd, 5th, 6th, place no. 1; 7th; 10th, places no. 3 and 6; 13th, place no. J and 4; 14th; 15th, places no. I, 3 and 4; 25th; 26th; 28th; 32nd; and 37th. Addi· tional commiss ioners will be ele<:ted in these circu its lor each 300 members of the state ba r with prirn:ipal offices therein. The new commis,ioner poSitions will be determined by a census on March 1, 1992 and vacancies certified by the secretary on March IS, 1992. The terms of any incumbent commissioners are retained.
22 1 Jwuary 1992
All subsequent te<ms will be for three years. Nominations may be made by petition bearing the signature, of five members in good .\tanding with principal offices in the circuit in which the election will be held or by the candidate's written declaration 01 c andidacy. Either must be re<:e ived by the secre· tary no later than S p.m. on the last Friday in April IAflTiI24,1992). Ballots will be prepared and mailed to members between May 15 and June 1. 1992. Ba llots must be voted and returned by 5 p.m. on the second Tuesday in June Uune 9, 1992) to state bar headquarters.
THE ALABAMA LAWYER
A · D · E · M
Regulation by the Alabama Department of Environmental Management By OLIVIA H. JENKINS
Among the powers the legislature has delegated to ADEM are the authority to administer the environmental laws enumerated in the Environmental Management Act and to promulgate rules and regulations /0
carry out those powers.
THEALABAMA L\WYER
I ,II •
esponding to the ~d for. comprehemiV\' envi. ron mental program for the state and for a single a,gency which ....wld administer the various ledt.-
ally approved .n"'rolllnenlal programs, the Alab.l · rna Legislature ."""ted Act No. 82-612 which e.tablished the
Alabama ~partment of Environmenul ManiIlIemenl. CQdified at Code ofAlabama, H22-22A·l through 22·22A-16. theAlabarna Envimmnental Management Act created ADEM II)' combining the funclioll5 nl the Air Pollution Control Commission. Water Impl'OI'ement Commission, Watu Well Standards Board and certain functions performed by the Stile Heath Depart· ment AOEM ;s designated, pursuant to §22-22A-4(nl, as tht state ~nvironmenl.31 control agency for the purposes of federal environmental law, including the Clean Air Act, Clean Waler Act. Safe Drinking Water Act and Solid Waste Di'pO<;Il Act. Since 1982, tht ugislature lias designated ADEM as tilt state environmental agency for the purpose of administering subsequently enacted ftderal programs such as the Resource Con , servation and Recowry Act and underground st(>~ tank programs, as ",,,11 as others. Among the pOWers the I~gi'laiure has delegated to ADEM are the authority to administer the envi ronmental laws enu merated in the Environmental Management Act and to promulgate rulu and regu lations to carry oul those powers. ADEM is charged with developing an environmental policy for the state. it se~s as the state agency responsible for adminis· tering federally appro"ed envi ronmental programs, and it serves as the state's d~u; nghouse for environmental data. Enforcement of the laws administered by ADEM is authorized through the issuance of administrative orders which may con_ tain penaltiu and the filing of civil lawsuiits. AD£M is also specifical ly authorized to issue, modifjl, suspend Or revoke permits, certification, and notices of violation.
O.g_ n IQl ion of ADEM _______ _ _ __ ADEM i, under the control of its director who is appointed £nvironmental Manage . ment Commission. The Office of the Director handles many of ADEM's administrative functions. Included in the Office of lhe Dirtdor are the Office of Public Affairs. the Special Projects Office and Ihe Office of General Coun..,l. The Spttial Projects Office i, responSible fo r planning and development of the state Superfund program, federal facilities cleanup and administ .. _ tion of the state's Waste Reduction and POllution Prevention Program. Within the Office of General CourlKl are the department's ..,ven attorneys who are responsible for repre..,nting the depa r tment in enforcement and defensive litigation, administrative . ppeals, Board of Adjustment actions and personnel matters. In addition, the Office 01 Ceneral Counsel is r~ponsible for preparation andlor review of legislation and regul.tions. drafting administratil'e nrders, preparing logal opinions, approving contracts and leases, and providing generallegal advice. Of the depar tment', five divisions, three are primarily in1i(l1~d in administration of regulatory programs. The Air Di vision is responsible fnr administering the federally
11», and..,rves at the pleasure of, the
January 19921 23
A· D· E · M approved programs undtr the Clean Air Act and the Alabama Air PolluUon Control Act. Included in its responsibilities are the pennitting of air pollution c'lntr'll sources, compliance monitoring. ambient monitoring and data onalysi, and prt>-
mulglltion of air pollution c'lntr'li regulations. The Land Divi• ion administers the .t.te Solid Waste Disposal Act ilnd Ihe Hazardous Wastes Management and Minimization Act, as wen as portions ofRCRA Among that division', respOnsibilities are the regulation of solid waSle disposal facilities. hazardous waste generators and Ire.lmellt, storage and disposal facili. ties, and the management, transportal,!}n and d;,po"] of medical waste. In addition. the Land Di,,;.i'ln is responsible
for app,,,,,al of special wastes for disposal, prwi,ion of techllical asistance in emo>rgency '.'po"'" situations, and investiga. tion of illegal dump ~itu. Ruponsibte for administering the Alabama Water Pollution Control Act, the Safe I)rinking Water Act. the Water Well Stan· dan» Act. and the Atabama Underground Storage Tank and Wellhead Protection Act, the Water Division is compOSed of M>tral branches which have both ptrmitting and compliance respOnsibiltties. The Induslrial Branch managn the NPO.;S and SID permit programs for industrial SOurces and issues wal .. quality cerlifications for industrial and h}'droelectric facilities. The Municipal Branch rnanagt;s the NPDES program for municipal and non·industrial sources. ITIan.'Ij/eS the wastewater operator certification program and manages stOTTT1l'l'ater permitting for go...ernment enlities, as ...... 11 as administering the 205(g) corutrudion grants program and IIw State Revolving Fund Lo.an Program. Permitting of mining, <oalbed methane and agricultural sources. administration 01 the Nonpoint Source Management Plan. Issuanco of water quality ce rtification. 10 non-industrial sources, and management of the Agricultural. Silvkultural and Construction Siormwater Permit Program are all responsibilities of the Water Division', Mining/Nonpoint Source section The duties 01 the Water Supply Branch include the administration 01 the chemi;./Ilibacteriolog· ical monitoring program fur water supply ,yot."", and .nforcement of the Saf. Drinking Water Act Included in the duties of the Groun""'ater Branch are the management of the under· ground storage tank program and the tank trust lunds. the administration 0( the underground injeetion conlrol program. management of underground .torage t.ank corrective actiOns. administration 01 Ihe ground.....ater protedion program. and in,pection. 01 monitoring ...... 11 systems. Deve lopment of ..... asteload allocations for NPDES permits. management of .....ater Quality grants and .....ater quality programs, including dewlopment and revision of the .tate's water quaJit~ standard. and d....elopment of ..... ater quality management plans. are all responsibilities of the Water Quality Branch. 04lv,", H. J ... ~I ...
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24 1 January 1992
Although its primary re'pOnsibilitie. are not regulatory. the Field Ope rations Divi.ion dot~ administer the Coa.tal Pro· gram. which regulate. beach and dune construction. tn addi· tion. Pield Operations manage, the o.:partlTWnt"s foetd office. in !lirmingham. Mobile and Decatur. Field Office personnel are re.ponsible for conducting inve.tigations of rosh kills . emergenq response actions. performing compHanco ,-"alu· tion. and other in ..... tigations. administering the fish tissue monitoring program. conducting water quality surveys and studies. coordinating the Clean Lakes Program. and coordinating c",,-,tal con,i,t.nq reviews. Additionally. the depart· ment's environmental laboratories. which are responsible for conducting various analyse. on water, sedilTWnt and soil5./lm· pies and for certification 01 drinking water laboratories. are housed within the Field Operations Division. Besides handling pe~nnel. physical and fiscal matters for the department. the Permits and Services Division cordinates communications and administrati.... functions for issuance of permil>. se""" as. focal point ri garding permit applications and information. arrange. for conferences with private andlor gowrnmental agencies regarding permit requirement •. and is responsibl. lor rec.ipt of permit application r.... Envl ronment.1 Menegement Comml .. lon _
Along ..... ith the creation 0( ADEM. the Environmental Man· agement A,t also treated the Environmental Management Comm ission , The EMe is a seven.member body ..... hich has the duty to select ADEM'. director. promulgate rules and regula· tions, develop environmental policy for the .tate. and hear and determine appeals of ADEM's admini.trati,,,, actions. Initially appointed by the governor. lieutenant governor and .peaker of the house. EMC memben; are now all appointed by the governor. Appointments are for six years and terms are .taggered. The composition of the EMC i. set forth in O:xfe of Alabama § 22.22A-6 and must include a physician lictnud to practice mediCine in Alabama. a prolessional engine.. regis· tered in Alabama. an attorney licensed to practice law in Alabama. a chemi.t or .... terinarian. and a biologist or e,ol(lgist. In addition. One member mu.t be cert ified by the Nation· al Water Well Association. The se .... nth .Iot requires no spe. cialized experienct. but the member filling the slot must ha.... been a ruident olthe stale for at le.. t t.....o years. Rulemaklng _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ There are thr.. basic functions performed by most regulatory agencies such a~ ADEM: rulemaking , permitting and enforcement. ADEM'. rulemaking procedures are gowrned by the Alabama Administrath-e ProceduruAct, Dxk of Alabama, t§ 41-22-1 through 41-22-27. Because the majority of the environmental progra"", which ADHI administers are federally approved programs. most of ADEM's regulations are deriVl'd from l«Ieral regulations. Pur. suant to th. led..al awrovals. ADEN', regulatiOns lor those ftderallyapproved progra"", must be at le3.\t as .tringent .. the ftderal regulation. but may be more stringent. In many cases. ADEM's regulations are identical to the federal regula· THE A\.o\BAIo1A UI.\\lYER
A· D· E · M lions. Ktgulatioos 11l' g.enmJIy d",fttd by appropriate tedmi· ClO1 di~ision lIt.so,,,,.1 with f~",' by the omc. of Central COu~1.
Prior 10 the adoption. amendment or repeal of any rult. not ice of Ihe proposed ru lt is published in the Alabama AdminiJlrail'lII1 Moo/hili, as ~II as it leM! thr« ~pel'$ wilh 1M la.gut circulation in 1M sllot •• no. notice gr...... brief JU~ry 01 tilt ~ reguLali(ln$ Mld pMYidu info.· "",lion 101; 10 how 10 obt.oin eopics 01 1M UlUlations. how 10 .... bmit commtnu on the regulations ••nd SWi I time, dille and pIKe for "I last 0IIt- public Min",. At thr public hearing. <I "",mM. 0(111. Office of Cener1lt Counul pmidn u hearing officer. After .~pla;ning the pur-
pose oltlle heuingand the proceduru to M uud. the hearing officer recoQn;zu .n ADEM $1,(1 member to uplain tho deparlmtnt's pOsition on the p'(IpOHd rule. Afltr tht SIll! ~sentatlon. members of the public who twit rtgislertd to spuk Il'\aM lheir ~nt.atiOlll. Whilt the huring offictr prt-
sides O'o't' \m Iw:uing and "' rts.poruiblt for (ompili", the r«ord . ht i$ not a part of tM dtdslon'!lYking proceu. A1thoulh hiJ advice !Ny lit sought if lept questions .niH. it is the director. with the itdvice elthe affected division chitf. who makes the fiMI decision on regulations to lit proposed to the ~:MC, On(e tht hUring has born concluded Ind the comment period cloKtl. ADEM mff rtview the commenu to determi~ if uvilions~ .. lpproprlou and p"p.I." a resolution mumo:nt a<idrusin8 111 subsl>ntive comments. The ngulalions. u reviHd .... then prtKnted to the EMC fO'I' adoption. After idopIion. the ngula\ions are filflJ with the legisl.i.tiw mer· m« HM« and btcomr rffecliw 35 days lfter filing. The public alJO Iw an opportunity to fII'OIlOiH rules to the EMC purSUllntto Code 01 Alabama. 14 1·22·8, The EMC has a $tanding ruiemaking subcommittee which evillU/itn the mer· iu of rulemaking petitions and makes recommendatiolUl on such pttitiOlLl to tho full commi$Jion. Procedures for filing ruknWcing petitions a.. found in Allt:M Admin, Code Chap. 335·2·2. Pennlttlng _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ A1thou~ p!'OCtduru may difftr among the various medllo and program uus becaUH of the diversified ..quirements impOHd by applicable stale and fede",1 Ia ....~ .nd .. gulotions. the pu rpose of permitt ing i. uniform: to assure th.t any SOUr(t with the pOttntial to have an imp.l.ct on the environ · mont compliu with applicible environmental slotutu and ..gulitions ind has rigid controls on iU operation to prownt detrimental "wirorunonlol im~ Permitting proc.duru lIrt initi.lIIed when an applicant apprOKhu ADEM r.g.nding construction pl.i.ns for. new bcilityor .. l.i.ted to a modifiQtion or u~ elm e:xisting induslry, The Ptrmit Q:n~r Coordil'lltor lrranges. meeting d the lpplitant with ADEM t«hnic.al staff from the apprOpri· at. media. The purpOSt of the mttling is twofold: to provide permitting authorities with details .. Iative to the >cop< at the proj.ct in order to determine in what CI.H perm ill would be TIlE ALAI!A."IA LAWYER
rtquired arid to provide tht applicant with requi ..d permit procedure information to assu re compliance with 'Wlic.abl. procedures in a coordifllOted lnd dficient manner. The review of poll ution controlnquirtmenU .. Iatiw to the project is procesud by t«hnlell pe~ntl in the ruptClive pl'OQram lrU. Or lrUS. with continued coon:IifllOtion provided throughout the procw by tilt permit cen~r. On« the permit application iIIId ~tt fH is rt«iYed. the iPCIfOI)ri;Itt division dt~rmil'lH if a permit can be islut<I iIIId. if so, drafts I pl'OllO$td permit. Notice of the dnft !Xflllit is published in the loal p.l.per with tht largest publiQtion itwiting public comment. If a requnt is r«eived or if tlltn appears to be substantillpublic inte.at. a public huring will be schedu led and not ice of that hearing published In the newspaper. Tht conduct of public hearings is procedu"l1~ identical to tht« for ..gulalions t:lCtpllhat i npruentati..-e of the applicant is givtn m OPpOrtunity at the public hu.ring to plia the awlicant's views in the r«nnI. Enf~.~
. .___________________________
AJ)EM follows I ~uated enfon:ement st"'ttlb>. with the being appropriatt for the I'Ilture of the vioLlIion. An effort is made to achi ..... complianct ..... ith tht least amount at regulato,), effort in order to coruef..-e ruources for the fIIOIt serious problems. lIowtYtr ...... n minor probltms may ~qui~ In devilted ..SponH when Ius ming.nt actions do not ..suit in compliance. Upon disaMry of a violation. the ilU!>fC\or for the facility ISHSHS tilt Yiol.i.tion and makes I recommendation which is Io<wlorded to the lPP'OPn,te a~ 1.....1. Informll adions such as telephone: Qlu. ptl'lOfllJ mHtings. or _ming kUtrs may b. appropriate if th. violation is tnvironmenUlly InsignifiQnt or. because of p.l.Sl experience. it is I>tli ..... d that Informal action will result in r.solution of tht probltm , Paui · ble forll\lll COUfK5 of Ktion include: "sponH
A
NoIoee 01 VIOI8\1Ofl
The NOV rek .. ncu previous informal adions. if my. JUtes the fIlOtU" cI the violation. Jlatn thaI the violator Iw failed to rapond. tlObblishes I d".If for ~ ~ the viol.i.tor. and _rns the violator that more strin.Qtnt ildion may be forth. coming if he does not rapond satisfactorily. NOVS a.. Hnt c.rtified mail and I ... pproved It the Division Chief 1.....1.
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A• D· E • M B, Admirltslratove order The ded~ion to r«<:>mmend the issuan« of an Admin;s!'a·
liw Order is made by the proponent division chief ~nd nOTmally will be considered only when less formal actions haw ("iltd to achj~ compliance. A referral is made to the Office of Genual Cwns<:I , and the drnl\ing of the AO is ..... ;gn.d to 0"," of the OCt's attorneys. A proposed administrative (mitT is stili
to the violator and a w,itten "SPOIlU is
re~uested,
If the
allege d violator wishes. he may .. quut. in his wri tt en
responst. an infonnal conference to discuss the order. The informal conference is usually chai red by the attorney who drafted the AQ, but in lOme cases by the division chid. The violator is gi""" the oppoJrtunity to show cause why the order
should nOI h<': issued Or why 1t should be modified in !.Orne manner. The violator IT\a)' be represented by an altomey. and il is strongly suggested that he be represented by a profwional engilll'l' r or other en,,;ronmental consultant at the conference. n... ";ol.tor i, giVl'n the opportun ity to deny the finding, of fact contained in the proposed oTder. and he is allowed to pre· $(nt any evidence he f«b is relevant to tN: issues. Mltr the informal conference i, completed. the ,taff has evaluated the alleged ,,;0Iator'5 responses. and. in some casu, conducttd follow-up inspectiOll$ andlor in''tStigations, a recommendation is pr .... ntl'd to the ADE M director who maltes the final deci,ion based upon the staff recommendation and the evi<knce presented by the aUegl'd ";olalor.
C Admin istrative p8f1atty Pursuant to Code of Alabama, ~ n ·nA · ]S. ADEM may """'" an . dmini,t .. ti"" pellillty rang;ng from $]00 per day per violation to S25.000 per day per violation . with. cap of 5250.000. In asses.sing a civi l penalty. ADEM is required to consider the $(riousness of the ";olation. the standaTd of care manifestt<l by the "iolator, tht economic b<:nefit which delayed compliance m. y h.ve d.ferred on the viol.tor, the n. ture. extent and degree of succw of the violator's efforts to minimiu or mitigate the effKts of the ,,;olation on the etwiron · nwnt. the \"iol.tor·s history of previous ";olations. and tN: vio· lator', abilit)' to pay the ""nalt)'. Code of Alabama. § 2"2·22A· 5(lS}c. ls.suanc e of penalty orders is handled in the same manner as non·penalty oTdcrs. D litigation When alt other enfo",ement responses haw failed, litigation may be mt<l. Criminal violations are referred to the Attorney (d,ner.l"s office for prostcution. Civil litigation;" handled by ADEM's Office of Ceneral Counsel and is med in the count)' where the ,,;olation occurred Or wlltre the violator res ides Or d~5 business. Where an administratiw order with a penalt)' has been issued and the penalty has not been paid, the (.IlSl' is filed in Mootgomel)' County Circuit Court. Cenerally. enforcement responses follow the six stepS outlined a'oaw. However. each violation is • violation for which the full ..nge of enforcertll'nt responses;s ava.iJ<,bl~. Dettnnining the most appropriate r~lpon$( r~qui re5 consiMration of the $e\"erity 01 the violation in terms 01 the degr", of variance from the ,tandard of compliance. the impact on th~ environ-
26 ! Janual)' ]992
ment. and the integrit)' of the applicable program; the hiltol)' of the violator in terms of past violations and good faith: the impact on other facilities: the a"ailablility of resou rces; the importance of the violation in comparison with other violations that mu,t be dealt with by limited resources; and consid · erations of fairnw and fqu ity. Although achieving compliance at the \o:M.. st Il:\"tl pos>ible i. the pref....d course of action. in some ca5es th e severity of t he violation may dictate th e is.suance of an administ ..tive oTd ... or even litigation, without going through the intermedial)' stepS.
appeals Pursuant to t 22-Z2A-7(cl.• pptals of ADEM ', admin;"trative actions may be fitod with the EMC within ]5 days of receipt of notice of the action or. if no notice was provided. within 30 days of the action. The hearing must be comlNnced within 45 days of the filing of the apptal request. Centrally. the EMe appoints a hearing officer to c(fnducl the hearing and make a reoommendlltion. Limited diKOVeI)' is available. and the hearing is conducted much like a non·jul)' trial, with the t<eeption that strict rul., of l:\;Mn.. do not apply. Pursuant to Code of Alabama § 41 -22-27(1). ADEM is uempt from the contesttd cases provisions of the Alabama Administrative I'ro<;edures Act. Adm]nlst~atlv.
Information l"9CI....sts Wi th the increase in ciliten suits. to_it tort litigation. and other types of litigation dealing with environm.ntal issues, there has bun . corresponding in"ease in the number of information r"qu •• ts and fite review requests which AO]';M must process. Increasingly. ADE M emp]oj«<s are being sub· poenaed to testify in private litigation. The$( ever increasing demands have seve rel y ta xed ADEM 's al ready limited resources. s.cau.se of the", demands. procedu ... for obtain· ing information from ADEM h.w been developed. A. File reViews
Li ke mosl state agencies. Ihe majority of ADEM's records are public documents and availahl. for inspection. Due to sew.. sp. ce limitations which limit the number of file reo views which ADHI can handle simultaneously and because most of ADE M's mes .r. working fit.swhkh may b<: taken out of the office during inspectiOns. wal k·in fite reviews. without an appointment. cannot be accomodattd. If}l<lu wish to review fites. }I<lu should ma ke a wrilten request addressed to the ~r· mits and SeJViees Division. and you will be contacttd to $(t up an appointment. With the e",~ption of coastal permitting records. all mes aro kept in Montgomery. and information requests should be addre...,d to the Montgomery off" • . Send· ing a request to a field office only slows dm.11 the process. as aU file review and information requests, other lhan for coastal records. are 10';o:aTded by the field office, to the Montgomel)' offi... Information and fite review requests for coastal prog.. m records should be .ddres.sed to the Mobil. f"ield Office. If copies afe desi red, the reviewer may indicate which docu · ments he Or she wish.s copied, and copies witt be sent to the revie-.·er as soon as possible at a .. te of50.40 per page. THEALABA.\IA
u\WYER
A· D· E · M B InlormllbOn requestS RtqUoeSts tor c.opiQ 01 dotumtllU mlUl. M ~ in writing ~ mould be addrt$Std \0 the ~rmits and Servicu DMsion. Such ftqUHlIlrt honoud if the ,,";Utn ~ mtes I "ill· illjJntS.llo PlOY 1M copyillll charge lnd is lPKific moogll to lit
usily ucerUin~b't wilko\lt INking lengthy file r""i~ or INking judgrmnlJ Jbout ",!>tIM, individual documents Ut wit hin the S(Opt of the request. Thus. a ,equest for "the NPDE$ permit dated August 8, 1991 issued 10 Ala!»"", Dis· chargers, Inc .. located in GI'<)\'\l's Cornert. Alab/lma" will be honored. while I "q~,t for "all r«Ord, .. garding the com · pl~l\tc sUltl1l 01 A~ Dischargers. Inc: will not. In the u.., 01 requests which '" vague ind ~rly brl»\!. ADEM ,mila the nqllUlor tither \0 $ptCifiQ.lly identify the PIIrtic:u' lar documrnts he or ~"';'!In or to conduct I fil. rmew.
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Subpoeneong wttnesses II is the 1onC·$bndint policy 01 the agency tmt no ADEM nnployel: willttslify In priv:lu litigation .."thout I J~ 0Ittn. atl!'IIoI'ta an ~ whm the (lilly nmlior the tf:$li· ITIOIl)' is to illII/ItnIi(;att dorummts. If mp:SUd. cmified .:q'lies d ADEM', I'tI:()<d$ can be ~. thereby tliminMinQ the nmI for the employee to ltSIify. ADEM encourages the _ of ~rtm.d 00pits as the lime tmployees sptnd testif).;ng in castS ....t1ich do rot itmlM ADEM il lilnf- takm from regulatory dUlies. Ofl~n. attorney. tfek to ust ADEM staff;u unpaid tJlpe rt witnusu. While this rmy cut down on Ir;al expensts. il is r.r.rely in the cli~nt'l !)fll intunt. Although ~re is, ~alth oll~chnial experti", ltTIOIIi the ADEM mff. I1lOIt ~mployffs h,,~ wry Sp«iloliud ~ and ire r.lrely lOble 10 provide ~ comprelltnsivt IUlimony an expert witntSl isabk to provide. Addilioollily. ADEM anno! 5Ptfld i\$ limilfd mour«s working wilh pOOlf ittOrntYI to prtpan privitt liligalion: sbff tilTlf QnnQt bf ,Jpent rrvitwing fila and/or scientifIC liltfllu r. in prepar.ltiGn for testimony in private liligation. FiTlllly. ADEM iliff IO.ill makt 00 effort to prtstn! Intimony in alight most ,.""",ble 10 tilt subpoe .... ing party.
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tilTlf. il is wry impor1Mlt that I ~r rep.-nting I violitor sttk to ruol", tho violations It tht artiest st/Igt pcw.iblt. lmmtdilltt rtSpOnst to violations. both to prevtnt thr viobtion from recurri .... and to minimizt tho i~ of tht viobtion on tho ~Ilvironmml, lIS ~ll u rtmfdilltion dforts. win twit , positiw i~t on thr 'if1>Cl' whrn making ~nfQ1'ct "",nt drci.ioru. Not only will quick I(tion bf wtll rtaived by rtQulatory agencies. but it will probably IIKllimi t tht imounl of en~ironmtntal harm done. thereby limiting liability. Promptly reSpOnding to waminglttttrs , nd nolic .. of viola· lioru with iUl tJlplanation of the caust of tho violations lind thr rtSpOnSt made by the vioLltor win ~Igh in tho vioU.tor's fawr. R~pOrting violaticMu \0 thr 'ifntY befort. they are dis· """red by insptclorJ willllK1 be COII$idtred fivorably. C_fu.lon Ci",n tilt compltIity and ttchnial detiil of Ihr errviroomtnllli laws and regulatioN administtred by ADEM, prxtict belort tht ~mc:y ~ Sffm I btwildo:rlng nightmar~ 10 tht novitiate. If you are handli"lllln environmtnul CIISot for tht first lime. Or bra.nchin.& out into I new tnviroomml.lll medium or program. you rmy find consulting In tnviroo"",nllli tnginetr or OIhor ~nvironmtnul proftssioml who sptcillliw; in th~ particular medium which )/Our CIISot irwoh<e$ will be 0/ <norma'" benefit. Armtd with l good consu ltant. some Imic knowledgt of administrativt law and I cOlly of tht awlicablt r~gulations. any lawyer tl-n reprtstnt .. clitnt before ADEM . •
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Now thit buytrl ,nd lenders are frequently requiring environmental audit! prior to consumating a IralUaction, ADEM is geuing an Incrtaslng number of requests for certifitl-tioru of complillnce. Frequently. ADEM r~ctivu tl-lis from IUor· neys woo suit thill dosi"ll i. scMduled for the r.ut day and ctrtification of CornplW.Cf is MflIed immedi'i.tely. UnfOTtu · nllltly. ADEM does 001 haw acitquale iliff to provide this )fr· vi«. oor. lIS .. illt~ ~tnC)'. an il llSlU/Tll' tht lillbility IlIendant to rnalti"ll such certiflCalion!. If you IIntidpatt rotedi"ll lin mvironmtnlll iudil. you should cantllet II reputiblf environmtnl.lll consulting finn wry flrly in Ihr pl'OCfS$ to tn$Ure thai 1111 nfCUliry filt ~ lem and inspectioN Irt done and iUliudit repOrt is IVlilab1e III tht lime of closing. R.pre_tlnll • e ll... t befo.. ADEM _ _ _ __ Ikci UH violations of environmental laws and rellulatiolli, ewn if accidental. haw the pOlential for almost unlimited lia. bility Ind !)faust thit liability increaKS upOnentiatly with THE AlABAMA
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Jllnuary 1992 / 27
BUILDING ALABAMA'S COURTHOUSES FAYETTE COUNTY COURTHOUSE BII SAMUEL A RUMORE:. JR.
The (ollouiing continues" hislor, of Alabama's COUrI/V courlhousesIheir origins and some of Ihe people u'ha oonlribulM 10 Iheir grou:lh. Th.
Af"6"m,, L •
..,,~r plan. /0 rlln one
coun/il's slory in each issue of Ihe mag· azine. If gou h~ 01lJl photographs of
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earlll or present courthouses, please forward them 10: Samuel A. Rumore, Jr., Mig/ion!co & Rum(m. 1230 Bmu.,
Marx Tou'er, Birmingham. Alaboma
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F.y.He CCHoInly
uring 1824 and 1825. ~neral Lafayelle. Iht frtnch
hero of tilt AmeriC!n Revo-
lution. made a triumphant national tour and "Final Farew.lI" through the Unjt~d Slates. Wherever he "'tnt. he w... met by local officials and greeted by largo admiring crowds. It was reported Ihat man~ babi es we •• namtd for the wnerable genual. Also. many plac~ names were ~el~cted to Ilonor him. In Alabama alone there are Fayelle County. and the towns of Fa~tI~. Fayetleville and Lafa~tle. the counly seal of Chambers County. Fa~lIe County wu created December 20. 1824 duri ng the time of Lalayelle·S tour. It was made up ofterritol)' taken from Tusc.oloo!.a and Marion counties. The Alabama Legisla t ure acted to honor Lafayellt who was to visit Alabama in April 1825. It is remarkabl e to note that Lafayelle. in true aristocratic fashion. had seven names. His full appellation was Marie Joseph Paul Yves Roch Cilbert du 28 1 Janual)' 1m
Motier the Marquis de Lafayelle. E"..,n more remarkable is the fact that the cOIlnty seat of Fayette County hu had mOre namu. At various timn it has been caned Frog 1.t;"..,1. because of the swampy land where the t(}lO"fl WiU lotat· ed: Alfreda. in honor of the wife of the first postmaster; Icy. in honor of the daughter of the second postmaster; Fay~tte Courthouse: Fayetteville: latona; Depot Town; and, fi~lIy. Fayette. Local tradition claims that Fayette County has had seven courthousu. Lit· tie is known 0( the first two except that the forst court was located in a haller"s shop called "Van Hoose·s store: and the
second is beli. "..,d to have been a log stmctu .. that burned in 1854. 11 is known that On May 30, 1854. the Fayelle County Commio.sion awarded a contract to John J. Spain and Ira D. Farmer to build a new courthouse on the site of the burned st ructure. This building likewise burned on April 14. 1866. probably as the r.~ult of arson. Most 0( the record~ in the C(lurthouSl' were destroyed. On June 11. 1866. a building wu rented for us. al the fourth fayette County Courthouse. This building was John C. Robertson·s ta"..,rn for which the county p;oid $200 in rent. uter. in THE ALABA.'1A !J\WYER
1861. Robtrl5Ol1 was ~ ..... nled ~ contl'3Ct to build ~ fifth courthoust. The conlrxl pric:e was $4.000 ~nd the structure WilS rompleted on NOIItmber 23. 1868. This building was described as bric k wilh large white columns supporting an "tended portico. and JUrrounM<! b)' II f.net and hitching pOsls. This fift h toUrthousot r..... ine<! in use until 1892. On February 4. ]867. II Jigniliunt event in t he lile of t he county took pl"e: Jones County ...... ' n eattll from the ..-tstem portion of .'ayette County. Jones County Wils abolished taler th/lt Qme ),ur. bul Wils re ·tltllblished iIs Sanford County on Octobtr 8. 18611.. On FebrUllry 8. 1877 . the n~me ... iS ch/lnged to ........ r County. In any ewnt. .·~yelle "'as signiri"nlly reduced in area. and it no longer borik red the .late of Miui ... ippi. In 1833. inother si8nilicant event took pbce-: the Gwrgia PacifIC Roilrolld CIIITIt to ~tt. County. This ewnt ult;· INlely mnutnced the 10000tion 0( the county Kat I.,..n. The railrwd had built its d.pot appro~ imal.ly Oot mile south 0( the CQurlhou ... Many Ilomu and the busin", district gradually I'I1OYtd cI_r 10lhe new "Depot Town". lIo....e .... r. the toUrthowe mmine<! It the old town. By 1890. Iht cit~n$ 0( ~tte Coun· ty fact<! II recurring quHtion in the his· tory of Alabama counties. They h/ld to decide whether to buil d a new court· hou .. on il$ existing l it e. or construct II new cou rt house at a new 10c'lIion. the There wu much support 10 _ t'OUrthousot to the new town brea .... of the nu"""'r of .... rch.ulll who had relouted ...." r the .Jepot. On D«ember 8. 1890. tho I...,gi,taturo passed an act crnting a comm ission .... h ich was authorized to Hlect I site
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and build II rourthOUH. The commissionen ikcidN that the peoJIle should VOI~ on the location. The choices \rtre Ihe old location of the courthouse It .·i)'tlltville. the new ~po\ Town near· by. o r the geographic center of the county c"lIed ·Center". In the lirst election, no choice rtttivtd I ~ty. In the second elect ion held in July. ~pOt Y""'n won. TM old town soon PilSHd from importance. and In 1898 by popular 'JOte the citiuns finally decided to name their ci ty .'ayetle. and it remains FiY"'te to this day. The sixth structure 10 HI'Yt as FlI)'ttte County CourthOUH Wils compldt<! in 1892ltl site ntII. the depOt. EJ. Osttinfl of Montgomery 1'111 the Irchitect. In 1906 In OIl"'" wilS added to the court· howe. and Ostting also designed it On Friday. March 24.1911. Fayelle suffered ill wont diSllSter. A fire Sprtid through the town and destr~ ITI05t of the business district lind the CQurt· !louH. Mllny court record. \rt r! lost fon ... tr. A local ordin~nct was soon PilSHd requiring that all new structures be built of brick. On .... pril 17. 191 I. a contract was lwarded to the Little · Cleck!er Con· llruction Company of Anniston lor the construction of I ........ court!lou.st on the ume sit~. The contrllCt prico ...... SSS.3-17.2t. This building wilS complet· ed in 1912. and se ..... s today iIS the sevt nth F"loytue County Cou. thou ... This courthou .....·iIS built in lhe roeod..nicll] style. and its most BOtt<! ftll· ture is its columned cyhndrial dome. Clod fIlCH lire 10000tfd on tIICh side of the dome. The main entnnce to the building has a pedi .... nted portico. The pediment is support ed by loor two·story Ionic columns. Originally the court· hou........ planned to h/I...e similir en· tnnus on 1111 sides.. but the .. tn cost made th/lt plan unftllSiblt. The building i, constructed of buff-wlortd brick. Modern con .... ni onctl hive be.n ad ded to the interior of the building owr the )'tars. but il5 uterior hilS re· mained unc han ged linct 1912. The FII)'tUt County Courthousot ind ill SUr· rounding business dislricl rruins the apprannu and IIrchltectunl chifllCter of the first quarter 01 this Ctfltury. The district wilS narMd to lhe National Reg· ister of Hi storic Placu on Ap ril 30. 1976. •
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The Bill of Rights guarantees religious freedom. Otherwise he wouldn't have a prayer. Shunning modem colwenicnces,lhey Ii\'t peacefully in simple communities thaI dol the landscape.The Amish. Across the nalion.Americans pr3C1ice their ""ligiOU$ beliefs in many waysJrom lonnal worship [.)Simple bedside prayer. For the Amish. tllese convictions are $0 strong that they ha\'t tested the Bill of Rights on more than one occas;oo. Thankfully, lhe First Amendment rightS accorded 10 Ihe Amish apply 10 us all.
Freedom 01 religion aUows the Hari Krishnas to p.1l1lde ",ilh bells on their fingers.just as it aUows the Baptists to ring their church bells on Sunday
mornings. It supportS the JehO\-ah's Wimesses in their refusal \0 p1edb>e allegiance to the Rag,just as;1 permits the Amish to remove their children from public
schools after &h grade. No other nation has the oombination of religious diversity and tolerance thaI we do in the U.s. - the Bill of Rights insUres)".lllT righl to practice the religion of you, choice.
Environmental Considerations in Real Estate and Other Business Transactions By H. THOMAS WELLS, JR, and JARRED O. TAYLOR, II
Not so many years ago, real estate sales, asset purchases, Qnd other business transactions were conducted with little or no concern for environmental liabilities associated with the deaf, The passage of Superfund Qnd its brood liability provisions. and the even broader interpretation giuen it by our federal court system, have caused environmental collcerns to be expressed before, during and after such transactions. Environmental issues now not only constitute a threshold hurdle for the imaginative lawller, more ollen they are becoming the fatal blow to manll business transactions.
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his article assume. th~ read .. has some familiarity with the primary SOurCeS of statul"ry and C{lm· mon law liability for businesses and financial insti· tutions. including federal and state environmental st~tut .. and common law cau$\'S of action . The impact of these environmental laws and liabilities on real ",tato , banking. and other business transactions is the subject of !hi. article. REAL ESTATE TRANSACTIONS
A. Due dillge nc:e . nd the innoce nt pu r<:h. . ., de l e n se Under C£RCLA. the cu rrent OWner of real •• tat. potentially has liability (or cleanup of contamination even i( h. did not cause or contribute to the contamination. or ..... n if the diSpOsal was legal at the time (strict liability), TH£ALABAMA LAWYER
even if there are others "more liabl." (joint and $\'veral liability), and even if the diSpOsal occurred many years ago ...... n Mfore CERCLA wos enacted (retroactive liability). Jt i. merely his status as current owner that grants him full CERCLA lia· bilit)'. Congress, how ..... r. recognized the unfaim~ of this liability. particularly with regard to undetectable oontamination. Congr~, therefore, exempted a purchaser of property from cleanup liability if h. oould .stablish thai he did nOI contribute to the contamination and that h. did not know or had no ruson to know of any conlamination. 42 U.S.C . § 9601(351. In order to fulfill this condition, a prospective purchaser muSI make some dfort to determine if"ny contamina_ tion is p!"elent on the property ~fore consummating the pur_ chase. This im... tigalion is commonly rderred to as 'due dili· gence". Due diligence is defined under CERCLA as "all appropriate January 1992 / 3 1
inqui ry into t h~ pr~vioUl own~rlhi~ Ind USU o( the ~roperty with good cOOll1'llrcial o r cUllomuy practice in an tffort to minimilt liability." 42 U.S.C . f 9601135). In order to detumint if a purchaser has met tho requir~ments fo r this defense. CERCI.oI. r~quirei the fact lindtr to considu how much uperienee Or knowlNgt iIt has. if tht purchase pr ice for the proputy in In uncontam inated .tate is too small. rommon Or uctrt..tirW)le information aboullhe PTOl>' ~rty and its past uses. the oIwiousntu of the prtstnct of cootuni"",ts, lind tho abil ity to dettel such oon1oomillllioo. 42 U.s.c. I 9601(35). Thtst factors. at I m inimum. rtqui~ SOITlt !OI'I 01 inwitigali(ln 01 lho prope rty. commonly known as a " Phase I" UHSSmtnt. Accomplishment of such an ISHUmtnl i. achieved Ihrough an independent envi .on· menlil ronsultilnt. This consultilnt Iypiully rmtwS public rtcOrds ~Itvlnt to Ihe , ile ~ conducts in act ....1 invesliga· lion <Jl the sile. If IM~ is; any indication of;lll environl1'lln1oo1 problem in ~ I. the innocent l&ndownt. defense maywtll ~qui .~ jill. ' ti~s to tho \!7UlSi ctioo to tilke furtho. steJl!S. inelooifli physical >amplingoftht ai •• land or Witer. This ~ .uult in ~ntgotj· alioo of Iht turns of tho t' lIflSilClioo or ab.l.ndonment 01 lilt transaction itself. If oontilminants II~ disc<Mrtd btfort sale and tht purchast, PflXHd$ with tht $lIe, ho no looger will he "i.moctnt" as to Ihose contam inants diKQ\/tr~d al the sile hefo.e sale. Not on ly haw environmenlal laws had an im~1 on what part ies may do btfort a !.lIt. thue laws 1110 haw had an tired on tht way business I. conducled anc. the $l Ie, Th is is true because landowners must .110 take certain action ant. pur· chasing property in o.der 10 maintain Iheir qualification for tho innocent landowner dtftnH. TheH oactions include nol causing any oon1oom inalioo )'OUl'Hlf. exerd,i~ dut ca~ if you Jearn of contamination, I;Iking rtillONlble IIrtcaullon$ against foreseuble OICU of Ihird jIIIrtits, ind ....'hen),ou sell till. proper. ty you must disclose all knowledge ~1a1ing to any cootilmina· tion. 42 U.S.C. If 96011151. 9601{b)(3)(1). (b). consist~nt
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1ht haza.dous waste ~lIulaHQf\S in Alabama ~ui~ oollce in till. ual ~.tat~ ~CQnb or a s~cific type of hazardous waslt OIClivity. ADE M Admin. Codf: R. 335· 14·6·.01(lO)(bl . Thi' res· ulitioo rtquir~s thaI no Ial~r than 6() days followi'" certifiCIl' lion 01 ck>sur~ of II hazardous """t~ unil. In owroer or openo· tor mUlt r~rd II notllion on the PI'OI"'rty's dtN tlllt will notify any potontial purchaser IIw the land Iw bHn uHd to TnaNj/t ~rdous ....'aslt and that iu use is Illtrtfore rtitricl. rd. Id. For tilt othe . rtquirtments of this 'tgulation pleiIK refer 10 the regulation iUtif.
C . Envlromnent.II .._ . In cont..c:t lM1IIoU.tlon NoJwM~ is; tilt I~'tr's imagUlll lon ind crtill,vily aliN upOn mon: tIw1 in contract ntgotialion COf'«ming 1M pu" c~ o. IlIle of rul utate o. ;w.tU. lind this is IIoubty SO wIltn ~",i ronmmlal issuu exist. This ~rt of the artic:1t iden. tif.... potonlia! a~:as for ntgotiation lind idenlifies tnviron· mental issuu in conlr.>c:t ntgotiation. AMume you rtpresenllM potenlial b~rofll pitct of prop. rty. You willlldvi~ )'Our client thlll an IIlIotSSment of 1M property by II qualifiN corusul"'nt is rtqu,,~d. Ilow do 1M HII · n ind potential b~r ~r« on who perionns till. tnvi.on · men1oo1 auusmenl? It seems wasleful to haw two perio. mtd, ,inet lhey often rost 55.000·$ 10,000 each. Perlllp.l )'OU /lliow till. b. oker or fonancer 10 chooK. Onct a consullant is Hied . .d. it is be.sl 10 specifically identify in the purchast agl'ttl1'llnt o. cl osing documenl lhe romultant and ~""ctly ....'hat the con · sul"'nt i, to do. You obviously will wanl 10 slate whQ pays for 1M ......!$men\. ShQuld th~ buye ' JIIIY for il ,ince it benefi ts his innoctnt PUfChaH. dtfenst, o r is ila rost that should be bomt by the selltr as II cost of selling the propertyl U ke ITI/Iny of lhelot i!$uu, it is simply a mall~r of negotialion. What if the ~nt cannot be compltltd prior 10 clos· ing? elln you do .. tht dul wit hout knowing whethe r i dtanup mUll be conducted. how much it will cost and who is going to JIIIY fo r it? You can dose but you must pr(I\'ide lor t ' - unk"",,'nS or d .. lengthy and expensiw Iiligation will rnsut - JIOOd lor the Iaw~'I'f$, bIId fOl' 1M clients. Tak. are 01 1M oontingmcito ahead of time. P.ior 10 closing. you lTIiIy know 50mr $Ort of clunup is requirtd. you just do flO! know how expensive it will be. You could ntgotiatt a lTIiIlI' mum Iott flJlurt fo r tilt Hiler to bu •. or provide lilal 1M Hllu will pay lor II ctfillin pefctnUgr of the toS\. You could ilso imoert , pnlYision giving selltr o. bu)'l'r 1M right to void tilt ll'i.lISlICtion in 1M twnl lilt proposed cleanup =«ds a ctfillin sum. Indtmnilits ,Ut comroonpbc:e and fully rnfor<:ublt $inst the other JIIIrty. H"..,.",., . private irxltmnilits a •• not . nlortr· abIt against EPA Thus. II purchastr anflO! rtly 00 0U1 indtm. nity from iU buyer:as a drfrnse to II CERCI.oI. claim by t:PA Tho purc~. still has cu. rtnt ownrr liability lind will Illw to sue lhe purc~r unde. the indtmnity agl'ttment fo. r~cov· try or cleanup C05ts incurred at 1M di .tdion of EPA Yoo tan also tit lhe indemnily 10 1M monetary Or perctnLll/li lim ill ' lion prt'\lioosly discussed. II method of limiting a Hiler's liability after tho $III. il to provid. that his lia bility i, limite d 10 cosu or u~.nJU incurred by the buyer only i(the COSI o r .X~nH is rtquired as a rn ult of a go.... rn mental action o r a third· party claim, Thu"
TIl"; AUl.I!AMA lAWYER
the buyer would be prevented from ronductinS. I"'rhaps. an unn"" ...... ry cleanup and I~avi ng the sener with the tab. You might even consider providing a mechanism by which the sellu cou ld prove that the buyer purposefully instig. ted. sought. requested or brought about the governmental action or thi rd·party claim or that buyer was not otherwise under a legal obligation to perform the cleanup. The document eQuid provide that. in ,uch _nt. the ,..11.. would have no liability or a limit of liability. Another limit of liability would be. pro. vision reducing the seller's liability by the amount by which the propi'rty's fair IT\IIrket value increases after cleanup. In this way. buyer could not ha.l' his cake and eat it. too. TRUSTEES, PARENTS, SHAREHOLDERS, DIRECTORS AND SUCCESSORS
A. B.ckground Onct thought to be a sanctuary from.n liabil ity. corporate directors. sharehold • ." parenl$. sucreuors. and trustees all' finding thenuelves more and more often defending environ. mental cl.,,,,,, not only from private parties but from government entitie,. Cou rts han been more willing to int • ."ret CERCtA in ronjunction with oorplrate Law, to provide a buis for holding oorplrate shareholders. directors. parent oompanie. and .uCctssor corporation. liable for cleaning up environmental contamination.
B. St.. ..hol6er, dir.ctor .nd p ...nt lI.blllty Case law on this issue in Alabama is littl. Or non-fli,tent. No doubt th"'" issues will begin to be litigated in our state courts as ADEM continue. it. incre"", in enforcement. Most courts ronding CERCJ...\ liability for sharehold • ." directon and parent corporations. however. have done so not merely because of the defendant's identity. but because the defendant participated in the activity cau.ing the environmental problem, See Moba/l Co"". II. Allied SigrnJI. Inc.. 761 F. Supp. 345 (D. NJ. 1991): GIlpher Oil Co. v. Union Oil Co.. No. 4-88-18 (D.C. Minn. Nov. 20, 1990); Uniled Sioies v. Production Plated Plastics. Inc .. 742 P. Supp. 956 IW.O. Mich. 1990); United States v. Corolina Tronsformer Co .. 739 F. Supp. 1030 (E.D.N.C. 1989); State of Idoho v. 8unker Hill Co.• 635 F. Supp. 665 (D. Idaho 1986); Neu; York II. Sho>l' Ikolt/l C'"'P., 759 f'.2d 1032 (2d Ci r. 191'.5); Uniled Siotes II. Kortfwastern PfwrmaCliulicol & Chemical Compan/l. hlC.. 519 F. Supp. 823 (W.D. Mo. 1984). ofrd in part ond >l'v'd in part on other grounds. 810 F.2d 726 (6th Cir. 1986). cert. dmied. 108 S. Ct. 146 (19B7>. One of the mort reant federal circuit COIlrt decilions found no liability for officers and former majority shareholders bKause of the little time Sl"'nt at the plant and the lack of participation in the contamination in qutition. River· side Markel Development Corp. lI. International 8uilding Products. Inc.• 931 F,2d 327 (5th Cir. 1991). Some court •. however, have found CE RCJ...\ liabilit~ for these entitits with linle Or no diseussion of the defendant'. control over or participation in the contamination. See Uniled Stales v. KaV=-Rolh Co"".• 724 F. Supp. 15.22 ID.K!. 1989), affd 910 ~'. 2d 24 (1st Cir. 1990); Stale of CoIorodo v. !dorado Mining Co.• 707 P. Supp. 1227 (D. Co. 19891. rev 'd on other grounds, 916 f. 2d 1486 (lOth Cir. 1990), wt. denied. III S.
THE AJ...\IlAMA J...\WYER
Ct. 1584 (1991); United States v. Moitolo. 22 Erw\, Rep. Cas. (B.NA) 1026 (O.N.H. 1984). Some rourts have held that the "corporate veil" must be pierced before corpor~te shareholden, di re<:to., and parent rumpani •• can be Hable for contamination. See, e.g.. .105111" Corp. v. T. L James & Co., Inc.. 696 F. SU1>P. 222, 224·25 (W.O. La. 1988). affd, 893 F.2d 80 (5th Cir. 1990), cert. dmied.lIl S.C!. 1017 (I99I)(parent company held not liable for environmentalli~bility of its 5ubsidiaT)' I>.ued upon court'l finding that mere ownersh,p of a Sub5idiaT}' will not lead to parent liability under CERCJ...\).
C. Succ•••or lI.bltlty After a merger or consolidation of two or more rorpora· tions, the resulting corporation may be liable for the act> and obligations of the predecessor. Typican~. if the successor COr· poTation purchases the assets of another. the successor will not be liable for the predectssor'sliabihti.. unless (I) the .ue· ceuor e~pl kitly assumes those liabilities, (2) the transaction is a de facto merger or consolidation. (3) the successor i• • mere continuation of the bUlino.... or (4) if the transfer of assets was fraudulently arranged to avoid liabilit~. !nAnspec Co. v. Johnson Controls. Inc.• 992 F.2d 1240 (6th Cir. 1991). the COIlrt held that lince a corporation is a "I"'r' son" within the meaning ofCERCIA and thue/ou potentially Hable for cleanup costs, a succeuor oorplration under ~n ..al oorplration law can be a potentially respOnsible pa rt~ und~r CERCLA. Similarly. in Smith Land & Improver",,,,/ Co"". II. Celolex Co'1l .• 851 F.2d 86. (3rd Cir,)' rerl. denied, 109 S. CI. 837 (1989). a succes.sor corporation was found liable under
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Legal Systems, Inc. 1·800·844·2483 Janllilry 19921 33
CERCLA where there had been. mergor. Finally in /" Re AcwImet River & New 8edford I/arfx>r f'roceedings Re Alleged PCB PrJ.Ilulion, 712 F. Sup. 1010 (D. Mau. 1989), a new CQrporation purchasing substantially all the assets of a predecessor CQmpany, but di$(:laiming liability from lhe predecessor's e!Wi· ronmenttl liabilities. was .till found liable for cleanup emtt Nause lhe transaction amounted to a merger. The CQurt held that tho new CQmpanjl had merely continuro the business with the same eQuipment at the same lite and with the :I/Imf. per· sonnel. Id. at 1015·16. D. T.,..t_ Il.blllty What happens to a bank Or other fiduciary Orlrmte. holding CQntamill1lted property as part of a trust estate? Can the bank or fiduciary be held liable for cleanup as the legal owner of the trust property? [sliability limitro to the entity in its fiduciary or trust« capacity Or can assett of the bank or CQrpOration i~lf be reached for such liability? Some courts have found such trustees liable under CERCLA when the» rn«t the <kfini · tion of owner Or Operator of CQntaminllted property. In lkliled Siaies v. Bums, 16 Chem. Waste Lit. Rptr. 1058. 1988 LEXfS 17340 (D.N .H. 1988). the &f.ndant was the sole beneficiary and trust« of a trust ""'"fling contaminat.d proper· ty. In &nying his motion to dismiss him from personalliabi!i· ty. the CQurt reCQJ!niud his liability as trust« and therefore record own.r of property. ' Congress did not intend for a responsible party to be abl. to avoid liability Ihroogh lhe use of a trust or othu forms of ownership." Id. In addition to liability as an owner of the property. a trustee may also be subject to liability under CERCLA as an ·opera· tor". 42 U.S .C. § 9607(a). Such liability would be pr.misro on the lrustu·s man~ment and CQntrol over the trust assets. Although most """"5 in whkh liability is imposed on an Opera· tor of a facility invoM defendants who are directly involved in the facility's waste man~ment practices. the stttutory lan· guage is not limited as such. The counter argument to liability under these circumstances is, of CQu rse. that the trustee's "cont rol" over the property is strictly limited to financial involvermnt and does not invol\.. any actual optional manage.
~"' A trust or trustu can ilSSert various defenses to claims for environmental liability. CERCLA provides that no liability shlill elIist for a person who can establi,h that the CQnttmination was caused solely b}' a third party. The third party cannot be an employee or agent, or one whose ad or omission OCCurS in conne<:tion with a CQntractual relationship with the person. The operative term in this d.rense is 'contractual relation_ ship", which is defoned to indude "land CQntractt. deed. or other instrumf.ntt transferring title or po6Session. unless the real property on which the facility CQncerned is located was acquired by the ddendant after the dilPO:l/lI or placemf.nt of the hazardous substance on. in. Or at the f",ility ... "42 U.S .C. t 9601(35). The defense also requires a defendant to prove he "did not know and had no reason to know" of the hazardous substance. or that he acquired the facilit~ by inheritance or beQuest./d. Does the Itgal imtrument creating the trust constilute a "contractual relationship"? While il is clear that certain docu· rmntt. such as deeds or I~s, art CQnsider<:<J suffident to link the current o-;,"fler to the wrongdoer for purposes of liability. it 34 1 January [992
is not clear that a \ru$t agTffrmnt fall. into this sarm catego. ry. Section 9607(bj(5) of CERetA provides thllt the defense is not available if the acts of the Ihird party occurred "in CQI,...ec· tion with" a contractual relationship. Arguably. the amttminll· tion of the property b}' the transferor has no relationship to the legal doeurmnt setting up the trust. Nevertheless. the defini. tion of "contractual relationship" expressly include. "other instrumentt transferring title or possession: which potentially CQuld indude a trust relationship. There are no reported """". which address this issue. and as such. it is an unseltlro arra in CERCLA litigation. Even if the trust agreement is a contractual relationship under Section 9601(35), the trustee!l\lly still escape liability if he can establish that he acqui red the property alter disposal of the hazardous substances. and that he hIId no kno-;,·Iedge Or reason to know thllt any hazardous substance was disposed of at the facility. 42 U.S.C. t 101{3S)(A){ij. A third potential defense is also available under the "cont"'c· tual relationship" definition . if the property was acquired after disposal of the ha2ardous substances orld the propert~ was acquired by inheritance or bequest. 42 U.S.C. § %01(35)(AJ(iii). Although this defense looks promising for a trust« who acquires property b}' way of a d«edent"s will. CQmm.ntary suggests that there ar. some potential obstacles. First, the trustu is not actually a d",isee. i.•.. beneficiary, and may not be within the scope of this provision. Second. and more importantly. the legislative history of CERCLA appears to recognize <I duty to make a reasoTl/lble i"Quiry into the condition of the property. AcCQrdingiy. the Phase [discusud above tould make this defense unavailable in the cast of land should such a duty be expressly recognized. Again. it is not entirely clear how this provision will b< interprdw, as no reported decisions hllve addressed this issue. LENDER LIABILITY
A."ckgfOUnd CERCLA provide. an uemption from the definition of "owner" for. lender who "without participating in the manage"",nt of a facility. holds indicia of ownership primarily to protect his security interest in the ... facility." 42 U.S.C. § 9601(20)(A). Prior to 1990. only a f"", casu had b«n decided on lender liability in tM enviromTII:ntal area. in particular on this e~mption. Two courts hIId held thllt foreclosure on real estale transformed a lend~r into the owner of property fully liable for cleanup. Guidice v. BFC Elwropla/ing om! Mtmufoc· luring OJ .. 132 F. Supp. 5S6 (W.O. Pa. (989); lklited S/oles v. Maryltmd 8tmk & Trust Co.. 632 f. Supp. S13 (D. Md. [936). One court, however. held that because foreclosure had been performed mer.ly to protect the Stturity inler~st. the mortgagee was not transformed into the status of an owner. United Stoles v. Mirable. 15 Erwtl . L. Rep. (Envll. L [nsl.) 20.000. 994
(E.D. Pa. 1985). These cases, particularly the Miroble case. distinguished financial maTl/ll!"ment from operational management. A bank involving itself in the financial maTl/ll!"ment of the debtor was acceptable, but partkipaling and directing tM day·to-day Operational decisions was f~lt to be Itepping over the line, incurring liability. THE ALABAMA LAWYER
8 . F"'f F.cfo,.. 011 Jan",,,,), 14, 1991, the United States Supreme Court dtclined to ~ the £leYmth Circuit of AppelIl's decision ill iJnitN Stal~SI1, FlNt FactrJ<'S Corp., 901 F.2d 1550 (11th Cir, 19901, arl, dtmed, 59 U,S.LW. 3481, 112 L Ed.2d m (1991). The F7«I FIJdrJ<'S dtciYln by tho £leYmth Circuit was the 1if1l ftdtQ\ drcuit oourt OJIinion interpreting the "lender's oclu· sion". The court held tNt "II secuml creditor "'ill bt 1w,le [for the cleanup 1~lilits of its borrower) if its ill'.'Olvnnellt with the ~lTIfllt of the btility is $UIf,dentiy broad to $UJII'lOf1 the ~ thIIt it <wId ~ect hazardou., ....a.te dis;>O$al deci· sioN if it SO ctoos.e." 901 F.2d at 1558 (emphasis added). The court further noted "generally, the lender's capacity 10 inOu· enct a debtor facility's treatmellt of ilazardous .... a.tt .... ill bt infnred from the extent of its illwtvement of the facility't filWlCial ~lTIfnl" Id. 11.13. The coort aclmowltdged thIIt its cornrnent poKS I risk tNt inroocmt borrowerswill now lind il diffICult. if no! imp(l5Sible, to oImin cmlit btc.aUK of the natu~ of their busineK. but mtt<! thot such" ruult illCCfIlt· ..". btuust it is aonsisltnl with CERCLA's public poI~ .ltf:k. ing to Sflru.d the <;()Jt of hnoonlous wastt cleanup industry-
....
The Eltwnth Circuit ~jecttd tht SlInd..ml pm>iously Iott forth that "pirtidpation in management" means participation in the ~to-day opfr;olionaJ a.prcts 01. a fKility, The EleYmth Circuit found th;.t stliNlard "too perm~M tOWJ.rd crtditors ....1\0 lire ilWOlvtd with t(lJlic waste facilities." 901 F.2d at 1557. Undtr FI",u Factors. II lender may be liable under CEIICLA if Its involvement in its borrowtr's management is broad mough to support an infe!'fnce thllt it "coold elftct huardous .... il$\t dis· pos;ol llKisions ifit so c/ro.JI!", Id, at 1558 (tmplwil addtd). Th", decWon has imposed /I new burden upon lenders eithtr to rrluK to deal with businwes ",'host opfTlltions imo!vt hill· Irdous wllSte or to becomo aclrpt lit IwKIling the hnoordou$ _tt prOblems lor which they will ultimatdy br liable. The coort indicated t~t iii ruling should tncourage lendtn to monitor the huIIrdow: waste systtlJl$ MId policiet 01 their ckbton ~ to ir'OJUt upon compliance ~" prtrtquiJite to con· tinutd and future filW"OCial support. H~, such a finding placu Imtling instltutiom in II "Catch 22", If lendillll institu· tions monitor the systems and policies 01. lheir debtors in ill effort to determine lhe risk of contamination or dunup at a given facility, it the refore risks stepping over the lint and bttom ing an owner or operator. Tht Ele"enth Circuit, therefore, not only rejected earlier aKS requiring OpnrItiona/ management, but Wfnt SO far to say tt.lt altndtr dots not even haw to participate in fi1lallCia1 rnamgtment, II ~ II the lender "could have. if it sochoM". ktMti" of b.allk$ and their loan officeu that. brfore Flfft Fac/oIq, Wfrt SIIIrlIb.rd and routint. now are SUSj)«t. Considtr· ing the a~~;afl' clunup cost of a Superfund site is now IpprOM:hing 130 miltion;lIIIIny banks simply will not gtt irwo!vtd and will Opt toiost the loan or mortgage TlOther than illOU r CERCI.o\ 1~lity.
its opinion in In Rf ~ Mtlal Corp. D. EQJjt Atheistic Corp., 910 F.2d 668 (9th Ci r. 1990). The Nillth Circuit btarnt the Hcond ff-deTlOI circuit court to consider the mu/1in, of the phTllH "particiPIOtion in the ~mmt of II (idlity'", The coort Mid that some ~~ ~mmt must cx:cur bdore the e:umplion illost. 3. Rq;ublory _ EPA has also rtllCttd to the FlNI Facton decision by issuing a draft ruk. The draft rult sets oot ....-hat lenders can do to still fit within the Imdtr's aemption. at last in EPA's interprtllltion of the aemplion. The rult iI under considmtion by the ""'hilt I\QUS( Office of Manage. ment and Budget. Tht drllft rule includes guidelines for lenders ;n different stagu of the loan process, includ ing making the loan, policing the loan, loan workout. and fore· closure and liquidation. The rule ckfines ·participation in tho ~mtnt 01.1 btility" IS "actUlI OptTlltional partici. pation by tho lender. and dots not inclo.oio meTt c.Iop/lrity or ability to innlltn« fllcility opfTlltions". The rult suggests thllt i prt·1oan audit (Ph.ue I) br conducttd but wd1 ill audit is not rtquirtd . In ~ition. the draft rult includes a list 0I.1<:tMtin COf>Sis.. tmt with "protecting II SttUrity inttrest" lor pul'!)OlotS of the Lender's txdusion. These iIICI;,,;tin include requiring the bar· ri1'rrtr to comply wi th m"jr<)nrroenul 1aW$, monitoring the busir"IW Or filWlCw condition 01. the coIlateTlll, cltaninlil up the collateral, giving financial or opfr;otional advice to the bor· rower, and foreci(ll;ing on the prope rly, The draft rule also ltatel that if proper!)' is held l fter foreclosure for Ins Ihlln si~ month.'l there witt be a presumption tilat the holding of said property i, solely for the purpOU of pT(OttttiTIII 1M security interest. If the proper!)' is held for ~r than Iii months. the Lender's eumplion iI notlosi.lIcJowrwr, the lending institution will bear the bunlm of proving that the holding 01. the PfI.lCltr· ty for TI'OO« than Jill month.'lwas not lot /I ruson other than to protect the security intntSt. ApptaiJ
~utd
CONCLUSION
The errvironmtllt.l.l COIIJidtTlllions in Ttal estate .>nd other busillW t1\illl!oKl.ions are many and variN, OtaJiTIII with them often requi re. the ;aSSiltallCt of I competent environm~ntal coruult.l.nt. Solving them always !'fQulres an abundance of cre· ativity, imagiTllOtion and patience, If this article at lea.t ilas .Itrt~d the reader to some of thf iss UtI to considu .... hen ;tdo,iling a client involved in a !'fal estate or busir.tSS transac· • tion, the luthors witt be SIOtWitd.
~ In t:.prn1bl;..y
•
\oodolwioI" c-tiooo A«iIImb F RED
MEL 0 F
C . Po.I.F,..t F.cfors ..... I09menl. I. iAll.btlve _ StwTlOI bills hIIw I>ttn introductd Into the last two swions of Congrus to deal with this issue, but, to
date, none hllve passfd. 2. Jlldkt&i _ On August 9, 1990, the Ninth Circuit Court of TIlE AUl.1IAMA L.AWYER
JanUlry 1992 135
ABOUT MEMBERS, AMONG FIRMS AIabima 36652. Phone (205) 433-3100.
ABOUT MEMBERS
o..u.:t L S..J.lh announces thIot M is no longer ~"ttd with tho finn of CullahoTII &I Hare of Albe rtville. Hil o/ficu arl' now located ~t 201 North Main SI.«I. Suitt \, Bou. Alwin 35957. f'hont (205l S9J..4OO9. Lull. R. B.rine.a ,nnouncu Ike (lpening d her otrlCt at the TiUt Building.
300 2111 Strut. North. Suitt 5002. Bir· m;nttwn. AIiIwno 35203. """"" (205) 254-9200. D. Coleman " ..rto .... u~ announcel tht relocation d his oIfocu kI 2860 Ztklil
Roood. Mont,omery. Alabama 36106. Phone (2051 m·9559. nanlel E. Boone. formerly O)!" flill, Young & Boone, aMOUnces tilt o.,enlng fA his office at 102 S. Coort Stmt.. Suitt 414 , Flounce. All1b.om.a 3S630. Phone (2<15) 760·1002. Roland L. Sled,. ilnnouncn tht opening of hi' office ilt 4002 20th Avtnut, Suilt B. Vill~. Atillima. 36854. Phon<: (2(l51768~. the Ilnn oIW. Euffne Rutleqe an· nounce! the relocation of iii offkn to \901 SiJ.lh Aml\lt, North. Suitt 1540. AmSoutM1arbtrt Piau.. BirmingNm.
AlWma 3520J. Phone (205) 254-0050.
AMONG FIRMS CanInn'. MWcUtllrwlra a Fltml!\f the relOQltion of its offices to
BnllOllra:l
M No.11I Royal S\ rett. Tht maiUna add ress;, P.O. Drllwer 3 103. Mobile.
Richard Wilson & Associates Registered Professional Court Reporters 17 Mildred S\feel MOntgomery. AlabJ ...... 36104
264-6433 36 1 bnu.lry 1992
Tho ...... JIkanI " Cillu ~ Ihllt Don.ld lItall.iu J u .... o has bt<;:omt »JOCiatt<! with the finn. ()(fia:s an Iocalfd at 3121 Ztldo Court. ~ the mailing address is P.O. Drawer 5058. Moot· gomery. AllIblIm .. 36103-50SS. Phone (2(15) Z1O-I(l3J.. T1lt firm ~ hal dr;Q in Birminglwn. Illve. <lit PUe"o" announCH that EII,eola Hof... mann 1IIcCIII, Rut...11 Q. Allboo. S.......... Scott H~ Val"" W. Early. pqty C. H....... cr, FnniI I. B ......... Charla J. Rel1e)t. Ellubeth H. Sha"" Clenn E...... ....... Julia Jonlu WeUer. lInd I.e!,;h N. Ha.r4lo hiM brcorroo associll1a 01 the finn. Offoces a", Iocalt<! it 1700 Piflllnciil Cmter. 505 North 201h 5trttl. Birming· ham. AbbarN.l5203·2607. Phone (205) 328-8141. Pitt ......... Pltt... n anllOlJJ'lUS the .elocation of il5 Mobile omee 10 1111 Dauphin Strttt. 36604. Tht firm abo anOOllnca that Rltk.n! Y.,u.,. has brcorroo an I'l~t 1ht rmilirC addrm is P.O.1kn< 4OZ78. Mobile. AbI:wnl366400'278. Phone (205) 433·8383. V_II" McdlMu.. ~ that Jama E.. V.ILD.I(lorITI«!y 01 Morris & Vann. hilS joined the non and tha! C. Sitphen AJaandet' has betomt a mm!' be. oIw finn. 1ht rwne oIt.he finn has dwlgtd and is now V_O. lItetllMt. <lit Vann. omenllrt IGcllltd it 1900 SouthTrust T~r. Binningham. A1lha· ma 35203-3200. Phone (205) 252·Z500. Tht (i.m of Domlolck. Fletcher. Yell,lo" W....... Llo,' InOOllnc.. that Victoria VanValktnbur1h Nom. has become an associate. Offias an Iocat· ed at 2121 Highland Avenue. Binning· twn. AIabamo 35205. Phone (205) m-
m.
0033. lIIark C. Monllel and ,o\I,ert S. ",". cola . Jr. announce the relOCi!ion of thtir firm. IIhotiel " AII.I(ola . 10 lntcr$u.t~ Pirie etnter. 2000 Inter.litt I';}rk Driw. Suitt 204. Montgoll'Cry. Ala· bmIa 36109.1'hont (205) 272-3003. They lIlso lII'\I'IOUnct t~t Daniel H. Alii"". Ionntr still' toUfIWl to U.S. Rtpltimlll· live Sonny CaIWwl in W¥hineton. D.C .. hilS become associated with the finn.
McCortl, Fe ld " Hoff.ao InflOUnces tht rtlocation of ill omen to Tht Ma<.Ky Buildin", 290 2ht Street. Sorth. Suitt 500. Binninghim. AlabamI 35203. Phone (2(15) 252-2 100. EKuftdo, Can,yo, Peru de V...... " VUIan_ announct$ that MJUa.. H. OU_ has b«onK I member. Tht Iddrt'" il CI JOK Abuelll 5-8. Midrid. Spain 28003. Lell. .o. SIc,.I, PaJ'IM " C.m .... MO announces that h .. o.... Joh"_. K. Philli, Luke and Daolel H. Waten, Jr. hiM become iWOciattd wilh W finn. OffICU ~re Iocatt<! at 1ht Land Title Build,n", 600 North 20th Strttl . Suitt 400. Birmin&ham, AlaIwno 3S2OO.
Phone (205) 25]·5900. Robert P. Reynold., Chri.to,her Lyle Mel""",, and W. /IIarnII B..... field. fonm. 1y with H~. Wildrop. Reynoloh. l)avil" Mdlwlin. anOOllnct lhe form(ltion of H .. hloan!, Reyruolcla, Mcll",.ln " Brakeneld. Offkn Irt louted it 8(18 Lu,l«n Walliet Boulevard. North. P.O. Bo:I; 2427. 1'uKi1oo$&. AbI:wnl3S403. I'hont (205) 34!>-6789. E. Ke ...... th Aycock and R. Cooper SNoth.ck haw bKomt;wociatQ 01 firm. BI ... e " Blu._ announces thai C1wQ'I L Blu_ his bKomt I'loSOCimd .,.ith W finn. Offi""ll are located al 2300 i:ut Univerlily Boulevard. TUKiIOO$ll. Alibooma 35464-4136. ~ (205) $5667]2. lIIallme_ <Ii: Let ...... announca that J . .ltl C_ Powell i$ now an associate. Omcn lift Iocatt<! II 23 North Stclion Sirnt. fl;'~, Alabama 36532. The rmiling addrw i> P.O. Bo:I; 966. Fail'llollt 36533. l'hone (205) 928- 1492. CUffon! M. Speacer, Jr. lII'\I'IOUnc:.. tht u~illion of JeooUer abho, . 0I6caan: Ioattdal 1010 CommtrttCm· ttr. 2021 Fillt Avenue, North. Birming· ham. A1Wma lS203. Phor.t (205) 322". F_ lIMOUII' as that Charla H. Pulltn. former law clor k and $taff attorney 10 Aliblma Supreme Court Justict Rcntau P. Almon. and llmol E. Hk ......... t2I't bto:Irnf .woc:iated with the finn. Offoces ire local· .d at 200 Clinton A,·tnut. Wnt. Suitt
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800. Hunuvillt. AlO\b.l. .... 35801. rooM (205) 536-7423. to_e l... 6 Ba ..1n ~nnounces tllit Bdll Ma .. ltna·l.Jlo ... m.. jOiMd the finn, which will now be known ~ loft. It-. ......... ~ OIfoas m Iocat· ed at 28 North I'loricb Slrut. Mobile. AiablI .... J6601. N. BI'UC'I " _I", Iw btoJmt moc;,\fd ....ith the finn. StIIQ .. "-"'bo.. iUUIOUnces that J. !koI1 C1'H .. e Iw joiMd the firm:as an auoxiatt in the Louisville. Kontucky office. li e was formerly associated with Gordon. Silberman. Wiggins & Childs and Bishop. Colvin & JohnS(ln in Birming. ham. St ilts &; Ilubiron hl$ officn in LouiMlit. Laington and FrankIort.!\tnlucky iIIOd Jttrenonvilk. IndluIi. Hart.m CorponU- d Birmirlglwn announces that "1lUa.. W. B..... hl.5 joined lhe firm 1$ ~ and tim-
• Joh ... IO .. mnouncu thai Ht...,. T. lIIom_lIt. Aile .. 5. Ru"" ;ond J . Sitplot. Harlt1 ~ btoJmt wociotrd ..... ith the firm. Officu Ife IOCiited in Mobik, AbbMN mI \\'Woi~ D.C. lIIartl ....... , a.. ........ H.... _ announces tlllt A. iliac M.rtl ....... ha.s joined the form /iii an wociile. ()ffius lire Iocattd at 115 North Side Squart. Huntsvill~, Alaba .... 35804. Phone (2051 533·
''''.
Andre M. Torrell .nnounces thai lIIartl.. S. LtwU has be.:orne iWOC .... ttd with his form. Officu ,I.rt located at Brown Marx Towu. 2000 l'i151 Avtnu~. North.
Suilt 110-'. Birmine/Wn. ~ 35203. I'hone (2(l:5) 252.7115. La ... t. 51 .. , , 0 .. . Rolol .... .. " So.. t"lIte InnouncU that N• .,ey C. H .. , I0 .. , Rololo W. A" ... tw. lind Nancy A.. Da'tIoo ' - btoJmt moc;,lrd with the form at iU Birmii'l,lfh.l.m olfkt. 1700 First Alabama Bank Building. 35203. Phone (21)5) 25(1.5000. Farmer, I"rkt. S... lth, Ho"""',. • Wtatherl'..... annou~~ that D. LtwU Ttl'l')l. Jr, has become an iWOCiate. The mailing addrUI il P.O. Drawer 2228. IXlthan. AI~b~ma 36302. Phone (205)
193·2424.
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Baku .. JIlt M\noun«$ the remlion d iu Huntwillt o/fa 10 300 E. ClinIon A~n~. Suilt'. 35801. 11>( firm iIlso ~nnOuncU Ih~t Onl d L. Rawl. hu btoJmt an auoxiale. Tanner .. Culn MIfl()WlW the association d J./llutand fb"otto and Ilf,w, l E. ~. OIfoas art mttd at Z711 Uni· versity Boultv,I.rQ. Suite 700, T~1oosi, AIaboml35401. Phont(205I349-4300. Booker .. La..lttr announus lhal Kerin T. CI'Hft hl.5 btoJmt an - ' " at •. with o/Iic:es mltd at 105 South s.c. lion • •'.ili rhopt. AI..... 32532. POOM 12(5) 9Z8-26S8 or 1.$1).54-4.3568, LI, h lfool. ",a .. kll ... Wh itt" Lllcu IInnouncu Ihllt Sarah Bnou Jacboa.. former IIw cI.rk for Judge Sam C. Pointer. Jr .. Wil li •• H , Broon . former law clnk for Judge Trum. n M. Hobbs. S. Do .. , lal Wil li . .... , JI' " fo rmer IlIw cler k lor Judge R. l.anier Andtrson. 1111100 J oh .. Banko StoreU. m, former Ia ..... ckrk for Judge Bo)"ce F. Martin, Jr" hllvt jointd the firm 115 lIuocillU. Officu iU locilled .1 300 I'i,wleilll ~nle f, 505 20th Stfftt. North. Birmingham. Alabama 35203·27(Hi. I'hone (205) 581.{l700. Najjar. Oualuort announces thai Jto .. lrn" p, De ..1. formrr iIfputy ckrl< for the U.s. &nkruptey Court. Northern District d AiablIrN. hl.5 joined the firm H an wocillle. Olflcu art Iocattd ~t 2125 Morr;s A'.'tnut. Birminllham. AI'Nma 35203. Phooe (205) 250-8400. Hand, Anodal!, a..d ... le. Crta"" TIl!: AlABAMA ~WYER
January 19921 37
A. Sllvie ult..........."tion under CI.en Weter Act:
for the prh·~te l~nOOw!Wr to fully uti. lize property for the production of for~,t products.. an understanding of the Clean Water Act is imperative. Section 404 of lhe redentl W31er Pollulion Conlrol Act (known u the Clun Waler Act ). 33 U.S .C. § 1344. prohibi~ the discharge of dredged and fill malerial inlo "navigable walers." defined as ......·aters of the United States". without a permit from tht United Statu Army Corps of Ellllineers. The Environment311'rotection Agency has genera' oversight authority. In 1977. Congress amended the Clean Water Act to exempt the di>.charge of dredged and fill material associaled with normal sil· viculture activities from permit require· "",n\s:
. The discharge of dredged or fill material ... from norma l farming, , ilviculture. and ranch· ing activilies such as plowing, S«ding, cultivating, minor drain· age, harvesting for the produclion of food. fiber, and for.. t produc~, Or upland so il and water CO"","",a' tion practices .... 33 U.S.C.
~
1344j1)m.
The silviculture exemption is subjecl to a recapture provision. found at 33 U.S.C. § 1344(fl(21. which .tate" Any discharge of dredged or fill material into the navigable waters incidental to any activity havillll as its purpOSe bringing an area of the navigable waters into a use to which it was not previously sub· ject. where the flow or circulation of navigabl. watu. may be impai red Or the reach of such waters be reduced. shall be required to ha,,, a permil under this krlioo . For. disc .... ion of the legislati"", his· lOry of 33 U.S.C. i 1344(1)(1 ) an d (2). see Sar. Schreiner Kendall. The Silvi· cultural £nmpliOll aller BallOU Marcus. .; Natural R~urc"5 and Environ· men!. page.; 13, 58 (wint .. 1991 J. The exempt aclivi tie., including nOr· TH E AI.'.BAMA LAWYER
mal silviculture operations. have bten construed to include activities which are part ofa continuous. ongoing and established operation which (a) do not converi wetlands to dry land. (b) do not conve rt wetlands to a new use. (c) do not impair the now of waters of the United States Or reduce the ruth of such waters. and (d) do not modify the hydrotogy of the land although the property "",y. as part of a conventional rotation cycle. ha"" la in idle or fallow (or a time, 40 C,f.R. § 232.3; 33 C.F.R. § 323.4. Other aClivities which are incidental to (}r part of an estalliished silviculture operation are also .,.emp!. The.., activitin include (a) construction and maintenance of forut roads utilizing btst management practices. (b) cultiva· tion and soi l treatmen t to improve growth. quality and yield , (c) certain harvesting methods. (d) minor dl'llinage which is incidental t() planting. cultiva· tion or harvesting operations. and (e) plowing which does not redistribute surface malerial. 40 C,f.R. § 232.3(c). Although thue have heen several decisions construing the 33 U.S.C. §
1344(1)(1) normal farming operation e:temption.lJnited Stalu u.lArlrim, 852 F.2d 189 (6th Cir. 1988), Cf!rl. denied 109 S.C!. 1131 (1989); United Slatu v. Alrers. 785 F.2d 814 (9th Cir. 1986), =1. rfmied. 479 U.S. 828 (1986); United Sioies v. Jluebner. 752 f .2d 1235 (7th Ci r. 1985), cerl. denied. 474 U.S , 811 (1985). there has heen litt le judicial inteT')lretation of the exemption relating to normal silvicultu re operati(}ns. The first and. to date. the only opinion examining the KOpe of the silviculture exemption was made in Bayou Marcus l.ivesloclr & Agricllltllral Company v. V.S. Erwironmenlai f'roteclirm AgenC!/ & V.S. Ann.ll Corps 01 Engineers. No. 88-30275 (N.D. Fla. 1989). In Ba.llfJU Marcus the Court rejected claims of Bayou Marcus that its oprration. WfTe entitled to exempt status. Bayou Marcus purchased pr(}puty in Florida and conducted certain Opel'lltions on the property including the cle.ar-ruthng <i. timber. the filling <i. wetlands. the installation of drainage ditches and the
constructi(}n 01 perman~nt roads. The Court found Bayou Marcus to be in viola· tion of 33 U.S.C. f \344 by detmnining that (aJ the Opel'lltions did not Qualify "" normal silviculture operations btcause Bayou Marcus failed to show any history of planting. site prt'J)ill'lltion or other sil· \;culture activities. and failed to conduct any investigation of prior use. suitallility or site conditions of the property, and therefore. the OpeI'lItions were not part of an established. ongoing tree farming operation; (b) even if the exemption applied. the oper.ti(}n •. clear_cutting timber to estalliish an even. plantation. con,tituted a new use prohibited under the recapture provision of 33 U.S.C. f 1344(0(2)( su al.\Q 40 C.f.R. ~ 232.3 and 33 C.F.R. f 323,4} which had a .uI:>stantial effect on the wetland hydrology and adjactnl navigable waters; and (cj the activities altered the of the chan· nel o( navigable waters of the United Stale, without a permit in violation of Stction iO of the Riwrs and Harbors Act. 33 U.S,C. i 403.
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January 19921 39
Tht Ba/lOU Marcus Court suggesled Ihallhe r«apture pl"Q\lision. 33 U.S.C. § 1344(0(2). would apply. and, th ..efore. a discharge permil would bt required for an~ new or additional activity that affected, a. opposed to "im paired." the walers of lhe United States. The court apparent ly failed 10 realite that both element3 of the recaptur¢ provision. chang.s in U5e and impairrmnt of the now ofwater. mUSI be present 10 trigg.. the recapture provision. The requirement that both elements be present has bun previously noted by one commentator. To trigger the r«aplure ctause. an activity must (ll involve disposal of dredged or fill materi.l, (2) into navigable wat ..., 131 for the purpose of bringing the site into a new use. (4) with tht effect of impairing the n"", and circulalion or reducing the reach of navigable waters. Kendall. 5 Nat. Res. and Envir.. at 58. the fact thaI bOlh requirtments must be met for Ihe recapture proviSions to apply has been recognized by Ihe CorpS of Engineers . MEMO o r GENEIW. COUNSEL. EPA. Issues Concerning the Interpretation of 404(fJ of the Ctean Wate r Act. february 1985; REGULATORY GU IDA NCE LETTER CORPS OF ENGtNEERS. Section 404 (f)(I)(C) Sialulory Exemption for Drainag<! Ditch Maintenance No. 87-7 (August 17. 1987). Bayou Marcus directly affects private silviculture operations by implying a requirement of substantial in'l'Stigation of the Operational history of proper!)l and restricting any operation different in degree from the historical use or uses which existed prior 10 l\1n. &/IW Mareus m a~ ,Iso be rtad as requiring a dredge and fill pe rmit for inciden tal activities such as construction of roads. dra inage. bedding. sil' preparation. ewn-aged cultivation and use of fertilizers and herbicides. which may be construed as "new" Or "additional" activiti... Tht limited applicability given the sil· viculture e~emption in 8agou M arcus should cauu spedal concern for landown£rs ha!Wsting timber in hardwood Likewi~,
40 I January 1992
bottomland Or
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hardwood/pine
areas and replanting pine only. The pracHct usually rt quire, ,orne drainage of water. bedding and other actions which may "affect" lhe fiow ofwaters. H~r. an activity is still exempt if it elevates the bottom of the waters without converting the wetland to dry land and does not alter the now or circulation of Ihe waters. 40 C.r.R. § 232.3. Some support for cultivation of pine plantations in weIland areas is given by EPA Region IV in its draft guidance letter on silvicu lture exemptiOns. Draft. Region IV Guidance OTI Siwicultu,"" Exemption of § 41J.1(f) of Ihe Clean Water Act.
The limited applicability given the silviculture exemption in Bayou Marcus should cause special concern for landowners harvesting timber in hardwood bottomland or mixed hardwood/pine areas and replanting pine only. Although no reported cases halle deall with the exact i$$ue mtntion~ above, there is at I.,.,t one case pre,.,ntly in litigation where Ihe cent ral question is whether a conversion from hardwood bottomland and mixed hardwood/pin. sile to a pine plantation is an eumpt activily. Environmental Defense fu"d, d 111~. Tidwell, et 01, Case No. 91-467_ Civ-S-D (E.D.N.C. July 22. 199 11. In Tidwell. a citi.en suit filed by environmental organiutions. the plaintiffs challenged an EPA dtlermination that ongoing , ilviculture operations of We)'erhauser. inWllving .uch a converSion. conslilute exempt activilies. The plaintiffs claim thaI the Weyerhauser's silviculture activities are not uempt and thus constitute lhe unlawful di5(harges of dre<lg~ and fill material. The plaintiffs claim (a) that the harvesting of timber in the privately OI<-lled East Dismal Swamp and lhe planting of pirw plantations constitute a new use subject to the rec apture provision of 33 U.S.C.
1344(012). (b) that land clearing and site preparation methods and use of bedding cons t itute unlawful discharges of dredged and fill by redistri bution of 'ur" fac. materials (see also REGUIJITORY GUIDANCE LETTER U.S. CORPS or ENG IN EERS. umeJ Cleo' ;"g Act;'·it;... Subject 10 S«tion 41J.1 Jurisd;ction. No. 90-5 (July 18, 1990)). and (e) that the COTlllersion of a hardwood Or mixed hardwood/pine . ite to a pine plantation does not constitule an •• empt normal silvi_ culture Operation. If the OJUrt dctmnines thai Weyerhauseis operations are not exempt. restoration and/or mitigation for current and past activities may be ordered. lVeyerhaus... may bo ordered to pay tho plainliffs' attor· neys' fees and restrictions on Ihe use of the M1l aged regmeration may be made. Such restrictions appear to contradict the Congressional intenl behind tho sihicul lure exemption. Set Kendall . .supra. 5 Nat. Res. and Envir .. at 15. We have not discussed the definitions of "waters of the United Stales" or "'wetlands". or tht delineation process for ",... tland classifocation. Each term is now the subject of review and Congressional debate. It is e.pected that Ihe statutory silviculture ..empt ion will remain unchanged through the Clean Waler Act reauthorization proce5.l. and. therefore. any evolution of the scope of the e~emp" lion will be made by adminislrative and judicial interpretation, B. Endangered Specie. Act Private. as well as federal. timber sales and silviculture oclivities can be severely limited by the prohibitions of t he Endangered Species Act. 16 U.S.C. § 1531. et ~q. The ESA is designed 10 protect listed endangered and threat ened species and their ec(J')'Jtems. ld. at § 1531(b). Two sections of the ESA cause particular concern for private landowners and timber operalions. (I) 16 U.S .C. § 1538(a)(l)(B) which prohibi\li the laking of protected species by private action; and 12) 16 U.S .C. § 15361a}(2) which requires federal agencies to insure thaI their aclions , and thou of pri,·at. parties whose activities depend on federal action (permits , )i cenus. funding. easements. etc. ). are
THE AlMlAMA IJIWYER
not likely to je(lp.lrdize tht c()1ltinued aistence cI a li!led specia. "Tau· is defined in 1M [SA as.:
To haTilS$. harm. pursut, hunt. shoot, """,nd, kill , tnop, apturt, (II" eo1ltct. or to attempt to tfI~ in any such conduct. 16 U.S.C. § 1532(19). Regulatory definitions of "hams" iUId "harm" include inl(ntioNJ or III'gligmt kl$ or om~ions, ~ni wildlife to such M1 t1Itflt that IMir nom"IIl btlultlor patterns cI bmdirc. ittdillll or snel· Itrini art disropt(t!, ~ acts whith Jig. niflUntry modify or degrade their halIit.l.t in a manMr which ktually kills Or injures the ....ildlift. 50 C.F.R. I 17.3. Judicial conslructi()1l of tht words
"hann" iUId "har;w" hM' b~ tho ~ of 'Ukt". The injury need no! bt direct or necessarily Cluit death or injury to a listed Jl)fCia, but may mere· Iy afftct the '"",,its' habiLl!. Sierra Club v. Ytuller. 926 F.2d 429 15th Cir. 1991): fu/ila II. HauJaii Dept. of lAnd and Nal_ uTol R"'~OUTC"'~. 6~9 F. Supp. 1070 (D.tb.. 1986). affd 8S2 F.2d 1106 (9th Cir. 1988). In shootini klions. courts have Ileld thM letual knowledge or inttnt to inju re a listtd species i. not necU$lry.llniledSlaleJ u. 51. Onge. 676 F. Supp. 11)44 (D. Mont. 1988): United Stata~. Billie, 667 F. Sopp. 1485 (S.D. FI.l. 1981). In a J>fndini Ust. Slt-ffl
H_ Chapler 01 Communities (or
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Greal Ortgon u. lAdan, Civil No. 911~68. (D.C!. D.C .. June 14, 1991). pri· vate individualt. communitia and tim· ber Industry orllanintions have filed suit ~inst tho U.S. Fish &: Wildlife Str· vice c hallt11li~ 1M rtgubtions which Glendtd 1M definition of"bkt" 10 habj. w modification and to all spWa listtd '" thrmtened, SOC.F.R.117. The U.S. Fish &. Wildlife Service has applltd the ESA prohibitions to actions which aff.ct species whou p~nct is only SUSJ>fctod. For tumpl" tim bor huwstini Operations on the Sumner TrKI in El1Il.nuti County. Georgia. I privalely held too, ha~ btcn deboYfd. to iflYUtigate the lUSprctN pmmct of red ·coc kaded woodlltGkers. In a letter written by the USFWS rtlerring 10 the
usrns
Sumner Too. the I1Il.de rtfer· enct to draft guidelines stating. in part:
••. A WIdowntr who has a plan or project that l1Il.y affect an ~mI opeCiH has a rtSpOflSi. bility to hiW a qualified person document its presence 01" abstnct. In this case tho species is tho mi· cockade d woodpecker. Current guidelines, bued on sci entific rt$U!"Ch...-. thr: Jl)fCits. have deter· mined that IM}UBof docummt· (t! illldil-ity is needed to show that red 'Gocbded woodpeckeu ha,.. abandoned the colorly site. Then we would revisit the site and I1Il.ke I final de te rmlnalion for the tandowntr •..• Fursuant to the
ESA. "any person"
found in IIioIation will bt subject 10 civil and criminal penalties and prosecution, inc]udi~ eitiun Juil$. 16 U.s.C. f 1540. "Ang person" indudes Individuals. part· nershi ps, corporations, associations. truJI$ and &rI)' other private entily. '" well as any offittr. ernpIooyte 01" IIImt of ftdtral, 5latt and municipal ijImcies. 16 U.s.C. f 1532( 13). An txampJ. Ii tho b,,* definition of "any person" ;s found In USF WS II. Mmel M. Varo.:mum & Co., Inc. and TfIt Water Works and Stu.',Ir Board oItflt Cit/l of Birmingham , Alabama. INV 7997AF' (U.S. Office of Solicilor. S.E. Rtai...-. May 1988) whrrt civil penalties "'Crt _ _ d against a timMr corutIl· IlInt who dirt<:ted and supervised har· vesting OJ>frations in an area known. arguably, to contain a rtd.Gockaded woodlltcker colony. Although the action brougjIt against the COMUltantwas ulli· I1Il.teiy stilled. il II'JIfImI that tho pat. tits with poImti.ol tiability included no! only the consulunt. but also the landawnt. and the logger. The USl'WS. <IS tht primary enfon:t· mtnt agency for the ESA. is COI'I>ideri"ll the adoption of management am guide· linu for use on federal and p.ivlIIe bonds. Guidelines ..... rt adopifl!1or tho nortMm sPOtt.d owl. entitled Proadllres I.I!oding la endangered SpeCies Act Compliance fOt' tilt Northern SpoI. led OIL·I. U.S. Fish 61 Wildlife Service
Region I, July ]990, which suggested procedures that (edenl and private par_ lin could utilize to avoid prQStcution for the unla.....ful taking or habit.l.t modification of the northern spotted owl. Thest euidelinu were challenged btGllUst USl'WS failed to comply wilh regulatory procedurts such IS proper notice and public commtnt rolema-king.
SWeIIl Home Chopler of Communities
for A CMlI Oregun u. Tumn, Civil No. 91.2218 (D.C!. D.C. Au, 30. 1991). In ruponsoe 10 1M suit. USF\'!'S rescinded lhe owl guidelines. Simila r guidel ines haV1' bton proPOsed by EPA Region IV aoo art now in draft.. These draft guidelines address the red·cockaded woodlltcker and provide iuggested silviculture proctduru (best 1TIlNt,,,,,,nt pnocticu) for frdtnol and privM:e Iincb which ..-..y host ftd-coclc· adtd woodpecw colonies and habitat. In light of poIml~1 ESA vioIatiom, ~ Iandowntr may consider defensi~ allernatlvu such as implemtnt;ng a constr· vation plan and lI'Plying for an inddt-n · III taking permi t . An application i. made by showine the Impact on the iJ>fcits, stellS taken to miligate such imPld, iUId alterNtive xtions consid· ered by t he applicant. 16 U.S.C. t 1539(a). While conservation plans can be utilized as a defense to a takings action, tht prOCts. c~n be V1'ry time· CONUming and expensive. Enforamtnl of [SA prwisions, in tho 0XIntelt Ii pm... lt silviculture opcntions. has btfn thr: subjtct of wry little judicial interpretation. HOwtwr. il should b-t notfl!that actions 10 enjoin iUId restrict logging and timber haI'Vuting oper~ tions rmy constitut, unlawful regulatory takings of ptMlt property for which tho landowner i. entitled compe nsation.
No/1M! u. California C<Itl!tal Commu· sion. 483 U.s. 825 0987); Florida Rock Industries, Inc. II. U.s.. 21 CI. Ct. 161. 31 eRC 1835 (CI. Ct. 1990); and Lwelodie.s lIarbor. Inc. II. U.S., 21 CI. Ct. 153. 31 ERC ]847 (C1. C!. 1990).
C. Silviculture best .......!II.ment practlc •• aIId • • IM q .... 11ty Tht Alab<oma Forestry Commission prese ntly has in effect two manuals January 1992/ 41
•
dtscribing IInl Ml.n.agement PrKticos
for ,iNkultun operations: I. AJa60mos l/andOOolr 01 WaleI' Quali· til &sf Mtmogemlml PrQclica for
SiMcullunt. AUBAMA FORESTRY COMMISSION (19891: MId 2. Waf", Qualilll "'~ment Cuidelinn cmd &sl M<magemml PYoclica for Alabama Wellands. ALABAMA FORESTRY COMMISSION (1989). (Collectively rdtrred to IS "A FC Cuidt]ine$1. The 1991 mlraft 01 the Arc Guido:li_ drfillt$ the partiu raponsibk for the i"",t.mmtation 018.'011'1. includ· ing thoH parties ilNOMd In 1M "iUtOOriution. p14lnning itnd impitlMntation" of I fort$tf)' operation. This IT\l)' illClude landowners, professiOOlll {omlry practi·
tiomn. 1'oJut
rtSOUl'« l1\II~rs.
btr pUrc~rs.
lim·
!oat", .... ndol'l,
fortst tnginttrs and "others', S« also. Don Burdette. CINn Wort>' and F'0tYSJ Man· ~I. AlWn"la's Trtuurtd Forests. spring 1991, at 9, II.
BMPs art emphatically described and dutribUltd III voluntary guidelints itnd
TtcomrMndtd procedures for "rtain silviculture operations pe rtlining 10 Jtrum mlnl.gtmtnl 10lln, Jtrum crossings, road construction. ha","ling and sitt p~ration. HiJlorically. BMPs ha~ relatt<! 10 volunuuy, practical and uonomically f.""iblt .ilvkultu~ prac· lieu. While 1m tmplwiJ and _ oftht BMPf remlin volunt ....y, the use of BMPs is inr;rusingly Ixi ... rnuw.IIotfd by flalUle. adminiJtraliw actions. court orders lOd prNillt al1'1lllgt"ments. (erUin pl"QYi$iono of tilt Clnn Water Acl require BMPs "" a part of $IlIt. WilSte t.utment nanagement programs. J.3 U.S.C. 11288. non.point source programs. 33 U.s.c. f 1314 mel 33 U.S.c. t 1329. mel dred# and fill permittirJi. 33 U.S.C. f 1).t4. UkfWiK, fecle'il Wiler POllution regulations, 40 C.F.R. t 232.3 and 33 C.F.R ; 323.4. I"t<luire tht US< of BMPs for lilt construction and mainlenmc:t of forf:It roa<b $p«ifyinQ the mini_ mum ~Ii..., crittria to ~ .,..rq>t statUf under 33 U.s.c. f 1344(1)(1). F:.ilure \0 impltmtnt BMPs 11&1 bttn dted by Ihe Alabllma Deparlment of Environmental Management as a viola· lion of tilt Cltan Water Act. the Alabama
42 1JanU.l.ry 199'2
Wale, Pollution Control Aetn ADEM Admin. Reg. 335·6-6. In reunt admini:!· lraliw actions. ADEM has claimed that c..lain logging lctivi tiu violated the Citan Walu Art. tilt AW!'CA and ADEM ,ttuLatiom by failinC to utilize BMPs. causing erosion MId Jotdimentatio!l. tilt wrongful pIKing of tret tops in idjicml streamo, lOd the ...-rongful US< of stream crossings. Sre In tIM Mall.". of Capital 1'('11«>" Worh. Inc.. falladqa (A,unljl. AlQOama, ADEM Order No. 91..o.tO-WP (lanU.l.ry 31.1991); Notie. of Violation i"ued March 26. 1991 to St~1 Corporalion, Ceorgia Pacific, TUJulOOSll Fore$try ~rvi«... Inc.. by ADEM; Notice of VIOlation issued July 3. 199110 Forest Manag." and Consultants. Champion and R. E. Blankenship by ADEM. Upon finding such a vioLalion. ADEM has 'equirt<!, in iddilion 10 monetary lints, that (a) a stream clnnoul and rutoration plan Ix prtp,lred and crrtirltd by I registered lictnsed foresttr. and (b) ~ BMP plan be prepared ~nd ctrlifit<! by .. registered proftuional forutu \0 pernantntly conlrol non-point source pollulion from silviculture lCIivitiu by rtvtgftatil\i bmks. cstabIishin( J1.rumside rn.anagemtnt zones. mel pm-tntinC diKhirgu of polluWlu into witen of the stalt. 1he plano must be submitted to AOEM for approval and must be implemented wilhin the time deter· mined by ADEM_ 1he revisions to tilt AFC Cuidtlinu pruentiy undtt consideration mlIY be consid"ed. in the futurt, a part of AOEM·s non-point source pollution pr0gram (which has not \'tt b«n ~Ioped I>r approved). Although the guidelines will remain voluntary as flIT as the AFt i:! COIICtmed. the guide1i!>U may become mandatory PIl"U.l.nl 10 ADEM rellulations.. II is also probable that progmns impltmmled by the Corps of Engineers. Ihe EPA and Ihe U.S. Fish &; Wildlife Service will incrusingly mandate the US< of BMI". BMPs are being considered as I part of lhe Environmental Impact Statement pre~red PlImwll to ill apPlication by prilllltt partiu for the constructioo of chip millttrminals 00 the Tenntssee Rivtr. In Ihis particular cue, the EIS staIn Ihat the chip mill ope rator will
u.s.
requi ... IotlI!ers. <lr.al." and OIher wood stlltn 10 imple"",nt and ulili .. pre·harvtsting and post-harvtsting 8MPs as a requisite to doing bwlnw with tilt chip millf. Although the EIS is It prestnt under conPdtration by EPA and in dnft form. tht situition illustrates the incrustd focus on B~Ps. The use of BMPI will be uKd mort freQuently in contracts I1ftween land_ ownen and l..sson. Ioggm. consultants and millJ. Clost attention to apentions and tontnctuat dnfti.., must conPdtr thHot ifSua..
o . ....Uclcle •• ncI hertllclcle. Puticid.. and herbicides art port of normal filvicultur. operations. Their ...... ",gist.ation and .pplia.tion il ~b jte! to the prowisions of the Ftdtral lnsteticide. Fungicide and Rodmticide Act, 1 U.S.C. I 136, t/ Hq., and state SUtulOry rtQui",mmts under the AIab;o. nu PWieidt Act of 1911,Alabom<I Qxk f 2-27-1 (1975). Local \IOI'tmments may now ~gulatt the US< and application of puticide. and herbicides. including those utiliud in silviculture operations.. 1I'iKtIn5in l'lIblic mlnlJf'nO' u. AA:Jriier, 59 U.S.LW. 4755 (1991). In Mqnier. the U.S. Supreme Court held thai FIFRA dou not p.etmpt local pesticide ordi_ nances. Although the pretmptioo is..ut il presently being det»;tt<! In Congress. \.and(o,o.mrs. conwltants and lllPIicators should be awart of any stale or local Laws. ordinances or regulations perUininll to lhe ..... or application of pesticides and htrbicidH. Orw suc:h Ior.;ol act prohibits atrial spriying of timbe r in Shelby County. Alabanu. 1971 Ala. Acts No. 39. p. 4173. a. Qmended by 1986 Ala. Acts No. 86-204. p. us. AIlplication of pestkicles and herbi. cides by atrial ~Il is • popular and economical method utiliud in s.ilvicul· ture operations such is Jilt preparation of clnr·cut "ellS. Tht method is both cost·eff.ctiw and ~lIevillu $(Iii distur· t»;nce. Utilitation of urial spraying is not withoul risk. It is important \0 not. tNt <:ornmon law ca~ of lClion .rut in cues involvina atrial spraying and drift of Ihe cheminlf. In fact. most reported Alabama cam involving ~ral peslieidtlpplication ruve involvod comTHE ALABAMA LAWYER
man law th«>rie.s of rtCO'lil'ry lor injuri es allegedly caus.d by the drift of pe~ticide.s and herbicide. lrom agricultural aerial ~praying operations.. Cooper v. Peturis, 3M So. 2d 1087 (Ala. 19&1); &Jrouglu u. Joiner. 337 So. 2d 340 (Ala. 1976). Por a general discussion of pe.ticide litigation and liability. we Johnson & Wart. Pesticide Litigation Monual, ( New York: Clark Boardmim 1991); and Anno!., Uabili/J/ for Injury Caused hI SpraJ/ing or Dusting Crops. 37 ALR 3d 833 . Tho~e prindple~ and liabiliti e~ .. late directly to silvicultu re ope rat ion. in which ~pra}"ing is conducted. Common law. as .....,11 as .tatutory caus.s 01 action. exi.t in case5 involving aerial spraying and drift of the chemical •. As diSCUMed .Is.where in this article, a private timberland owner i. prohibited from takiTl./l, r.arming. killiTl./l. injuring, or harassing a listed endangered or threatened spedes. n.. prohibition has not yet ~n used to restrict private use 0( pesticides or herbicides. but was elfee· tively used to re.trict the EPA's aPl'fOVal of. pesticide registration for US< on federallands. Defroders of Wildlife v. t-·PA. 882 P.2d 129-1 (8th Cir. 1989). Although puticide n gu l.tion is enforced by the Alabama ~partment 0( Agriculture and Industries, surface and groum!w.ter pollution from ptslidd •• is regulated by ADEM. Pederal and state point source and non'point source statutes and rtgulations apply to the use and misus. of pesticide •. herbicides and fertili~ers in conjunction with silvicul ture OfI':'rations. Responsible partie. may include the landowner. fore.t consullant, louer and the applicator.
Don't Risk A Valuation Penalty. Introduce Your Clients to Business Valuation Services. John H. Davis Ill, PhD, MAl, SRPA, ASA, p!\':5ident ofBusin= Valuation Services Inc., is the only designated ASA Bu:;in= Valuation appra~r in Alabama. Busin= Valuation Services provides consulcnion by the hour. appraisal n:ports and expert testimony in casesof:
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o Bankruptcy proceroings o Mergers or acquisitions o Buy-se11 agreements o Dissidcnt srockhoklcrsuilS
plans Contact John H. Davis Ill. PhD. MAl. SRPA. ASA 4 Office Park Circle . Suire 305 • Binniogharn , Alab.1ma 35223 P.O. Bolt 530733 • Birmingham. Alabama 35253 (205) 8Xl-1026
Conclu.lon The discussion has touched on several areas of environmenlallaw which affect private t imberland (w'·ners .• ihiculture optrations and the general practice of fore.try. While some 0/ these laws are ,ubj~ct to pending litigation and admin· i.lr.tive intorpretation. ,~v€ral major federal acts which ,.ill directly alfect silviculture lll2Iy be changed through the pending Con8.... ional reauthorization process including the Clean Water Act, the Coastal Zone Management Act and the En~red Species Act. • THE Au.BAMA LAWYER
At Union Middle
Is Our
Offering Solid Trust Service Since 1901 J..,... G. H...'tho,"", Jr.. Ex~t"" Vi<c ~,
• UNION BANK& TRUST COMPANY till CO MM EKCf.snu;~,. f MOlo1'GOM fln', AlAHA.'M/ :!Q6-2<O-ZI!65/ r.tElltBF.I! rotC
January 19921 43
I OPPORTUNITIES The foIlOfl'mg progrww; hove l>t!en approved by the Alabama Morn/alory Continuing 1.Rga/ Education CommissUm for Cu: credit. For information r<i9<Jrding a/her owllable approood prograrru. ron/act Dione IIWdon. administrative =islant for programs, a/ (lOS) 269·1515, and a romp/ele CLE ",tendor ulill IJe mailed 10 gou.
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44 1Januar» 1992
•
THE AlABAMA lAWYER
HONOR ROLL
8eluwn Nooember 2 and December 13. 19911he foIlou:illl} attorne!ls nwde pledges to the Alabama Stale &11 Building Fund. 'The;r names u:iII be inclutkd on Q Il'tlll in I~ portion of/he /wilding lwing all contributors. Their pledges are acknowledged with grateful appreciation. (For a fist of those making p/edgej prior to Nooember 2. please see p''fwious issu~ ofTh, A/aoomll lAu!짜er.)
James Ray Owen
Eberhard E. Ball Pamela Willis Baschab
Furman
~Iichaeillaney
Little Dick ~n. III
BaxJ~
George R. Irvine. III
John Malcolm Patterson
Ceorge Lamar Beck. Jr.
John Mann John!rOn
Roy Harding Phillips
BayIH$ Edward Biles. Jr.
Richard Cobb lacty
LH
Wade Itamplon
Bowen. Jr.
James Patrick l.ogan
Jesse Norman Bradley, Jr.
Timothy B.l.oggiru
William
~Iarion
Lori Stutts Collier
Charles It.
~IcDoullle.
Pope
Ma'< Cleveland Pope. Jr. J(II:'I
Jr.
~kWhortu
W~tdlaw Ra!TlS<ey
~nnis
Richard Sandlin
Eliubeth D. Eshelman
John C. H. Miller, Jr.
Sam W. Taylor
Philip Aloysius Faix, Jr.
James \\1I5On Mitchell
Robt:rt Alan Wills
William Iltnl)' Filmort
Betty Corina Moort
William C. Younger
Gtorgt Brady Gordon
Larry Wade Morris
let Ii . Ztll
THE Al.ABA."IA LAWYER
Jam.. ry 1992 / 45
,~...... I
<
THE CLEAN AIR - I
~ +
•
.
~ACT .AM~NnMENTS
(
OF~ Jl!:90.
1 Expensive, Confusing "-,,f"'J
Introduction All of us IwJt hard of the Clun Air Act. and ,.,..... of UJ an ~n familiar with the C!tan Air Ad Amendlnfnts of 1990 ("1990 Amendments"). for tht most poort, ~r. the genen( perception 01' this IJw has Imn tllat it i, of t<)flam only to the. I teel companies. utilities and manufacturing op<rati<)ru and their attorneys. Unfortunately, under the T«ent 1990 Amendments. this is no longer the c:ast. Any attorney repnsenting dients such .. dry cI"Ultr•. print shops. funt",1 homes and bMeriu must ' - ~ KnsitWtc to the impooct of tllis Itg~tion. UnfortuOitdy, the Clan Air Act ;s much mort difficult to understand than IIWI)' othtr sutut.,. IndffiI, getting II grip on tht bllSic .. quirtments of tile 1990 Amendments reo quiru 5I>«r hud work. first and fonTOO$t, tilt pr<>etitioner must understand the OYI'rall ,!aMory "heme. as well as the interrtlltioruhip of the various 5Ilgmenu of the SUlute. 46 IJanual')' 1992
,!
Possibly Jail Time
This article jJ designed 10 fllCilitlite that pllXflJ by prtst-nhng I blWd 0'0'H. virw 01 tilt impKI 01 the 1990 Amendments in Allblimli. Tllis lrticie will lssist thoK attorneys who lre somewhat unfamililT with the law', provi. ,;01,. by pr<)'l'id in2 I rudy_mad. ,ummary of its general application. from that starting po int. those of us ,,·110 will 1Ia", to confront the compl..ities of the Clean Air Act , to keep our "mom and pop" (and lugerl clients out of jail, be. it is hoped. aided in attrmpting to moM specifIC lir quality issua
",11
B_k.,ound conc:.mlng CI. .n Air Act ........nd......" of 1990 Rectnt amtndments to the Clun Air Act npreKnt the most compliated and fl r-naching environmental IrgisLation ~vu enacted. President flush 'ign~d into Law tilt elun Air Act Amendmwts of 1990 OIl NOIItrnbtr IS. 1990. Pub. L. No. 101 .5 49. lOW Cong .. 2d Suo. (19901. Thtre are many re.trictiOlls and
pittalb in tilt nt\<o. Law. and it is diffICUlt to unodeTJtand any pOrtion of tilt ....... Law without II thorough k'-Itdge of tilt entin Clun Air Act. Much of tht crit icism 'urrounding tho ntw leQi,lation is cent,,~d on the resultinQ costs impO:ltd on an al ready weakened Un ited States economy. The 1990 Amendments wi ll impose e normous costs on businesses and consume", and. when fully implemented. will rest bwintUU In tstimatrd $2(135 billion annually. In turn. affected businrun in ALabooma ...il1 ~ Iorced to pan tlli. upenSt on to eu.tomu . through hith« prius lor goods and ..,rviets . ....'Itile !lorQr compoonits will fllCe the aQOni1ing. but UfIlIvoidable, prOUS6 of passing on these costs to consumers. I numbe r of Jmall busineloSts will not be oble to .bJorb Iht initial cost of m•• ting tht compliance requi rement. for the new legislation. and may be forced ei ther out of businus or into bankruptcy. AI.ABA.'VIl.AWYER
rm:
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 SupPOrte .. of the 1990 Amendments claim that despite tht S21)·35 billi on ann~l C06t . 1M rwotion 's hulth·ure tosU will lit tWO hither if tho nl$ting air quality is no! im~rowd. At the wne timt. ~r. the publk uai for "cl.an air at any COlI!" m/I~ wano over tilTlt as the rost of tho ~Iunup is m ..... li)' pUled
on toCOl1SUJ1lrrs. 1M firwol \991) Amtndmtnts include titles thit addrw. lmOIIlI other 1000ies. the foIlO'o<'ing; . alliinmo/l! ind maintonance of imbient iir qUillity standards !!I1lO8l: • mobil. sourCti of lir Jlollut ion. including motor ".hicles and futls: • toxic air pollution: • acid d'poIition i~id nin); • i permiUin, sy.tem 10. sou.c.. of pollution of the stntosplw:rk _
"""
• more stringent tn(o.ctmtnt ~rovi· • ions: and
ntllts that have never bt(ort had signif· icant e min ion concerns. Mo.eover. numtTOUS types of businesM:I that probalii)' do no! vir.. thomselYu as traditiorlal "lIir polluters" now will bt rtqui~ to obUin optn\ing permits. For example. bus ine$$U such a. au tomobile bod~ shop$. b,akeries. dry cleaners. printing COOlpanits, mtUI finishers. and gasoline
st.Itions m/ly lxo stringent rf1I\Itations in the".ry nur futurt. 11$ diKumd a~. this artielt pro· vidu an overview of the ]99() Amend · mtnts and the pOtential coru.tquencu lor Alib,ama businuses ind industry. Out to the exttnsivt requirtmtnl$ 01 the 1990 Amtnd"",nl$. lath pOIentiol . ly affected business entlt)' should seek Individualiled ttchnl cal and legal ~dvke regarding the ~pplkation of the 1990 A"",ndnwnts to its ~irlC oper· ilions.. The EPA and .tal. Impl • ..,.,ntation .trat-.I••
for the CI.an Air Act of 1990 Tht 1990 A.... ndm.n\$ an fordng
• clean ii. rtsearch provisions.
.....n ........ t.
The 1990 Amtndmtnts will hlvt I dn·
the EnvironmenL1<1 Protection Agency to develo~ i large number of regula· tions and guidelinu within a very short time [ri mo. EPA recently ro· leiStd a list 0( forthcomin, propostd f\lltmakin&l involving tho 1990 Ammd · monts. ind this list contained ntlrly 11)0 proposed rults. In that rtgard. EPA has alrtady published proposed aci<,lnin and pormit regut.tions. and is beginning work on the fnforcom.nt provis ions. In addition. EPA plans to rfltut • Hst 0( tho SOUrct ategoritsto be regulated under the 1991) Amend· mtnt. in the ntar futun. EPA hal con· dueled frequent diKussions with inltr· ested p.o.rtiH. including rtp.tsentatlvts from tnYi ronmtnll1 groups. industry officiol$. ao-~mnwnt organizations and other related individuals. In addition to EPA's efforts. the various statt air Quali · ty divisions will be requi red to updatt thoir procedures to eNUn complian« with the 1990 AmmdmmlJ.. For wom· pie. in Alabi ...... the Alab,ama IHp.o.rt. ment of Environmental Management will bt rtquirtd to develop a regulatory , tnlflb' whkh is ad.Q ..... te to fully im ·
matic impict on many Alabama busi·
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plt llltnt the openting permit prognm
..... r>dated by tho 1990 Amtndnwnts. TITLE V
Permit ,",owl.lon. A. Inlroducllon Tit le V of the 199() Arntndmtnts in· eludes proYisions which require owne.. or Optnto.. 01 air pollution SOUrcH to oblain optnling permits which will add, e .. all appliabt. rtquirtmtnts of the Ac\. Pub. L. No. IOI·5-t9. 50] ·5(17. The penni! provisions will drastically change tho manner in which businems and induslry in Alab,ama optratt be· ause of tho owrwhtlming numlxr of ntW requinmtntJ contained in Title V. 14 stated earlier. the now operating per· mits will have Ul impact on many SOUrCtllnd types 01 businwes in Alaba · ma thit mvt Mvtr considend thorn· ilflYu to bt "lIir poIlultrs". For example. it is doubtful that IIWI)' 01 tho Ioal dry deaner> or print shops in Al~b,ama ever thought that approval from AO.:M in the lonn of in ii. pennit would bt nee· H5lry in order to continue optT'lting. 9 FaclH!J8!I sub]llCllO ,<lie V pefrnot
r!quuement& Virtually tvery source of ai r poilu· tants will bt subi«t to tho ntW Optrlt. ing ptrTIlit pn:MJ.ions c:onL1<ined in Title V. Furthermon . Sedion 502i. ) pro· vides that it will bt unla"fullor ~yone to violate any requirtmtnt of a permit i.. ued under Title V. C Applicable 1*l1'li1 lees ~h sourco that is nquind 10 obUin a permit under Title V must P'Y the alllllicable pennit fets that an asstmd annually lor tach 5Ou rCt. The ~.imary IiOil of tho pormit ffl: is to allow $Utu to rtCowr all di.ect ind indi rect casu oJ. administtrilllllhe air pollution con· trol progum . These COl t s indude reviewing and K ting upon any ap~lki' tion lor a permit. im~lementing and enforcinG tho terms ond conditions oJ. ~ permit. Wlbitnt emissions monitonna. prepiTina ippt iubtf regulatio n •• pnpuing in~ntoriu and trac king emissions. Title V states that the pennit lees will not be Ie" than S25 per ton per )'t',r (or nch regulated pollutant. 0.
JanUllryl992 / 47
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 suc:1!. other iUMUnt <kttrmintd by EPA to adequate ly rdl ~ct the reasonable C05($ of the ptrmit "reg... m.
o Early' penntlees proposed 101 Ala!)ama
AOE~I rtcently appl"()Ytd a sY'tem of dun .. ir leu to be p;>id in id\"arICOt of thr mruin'mffit to obtain an op'Rling pt •. mit under Till. V of tho 1990 Amend.... nlS.. The early pt.mil feu will nist l PproximiUly 512 million betwe.n 1992.1995 to .nh.. nn th •• UGU ' C'S available 10 ADEM 10' implem. nlation of the pe. mit progl'll/'ll in AIabarroi. The urly fftS will be butd on KlUiI emission> of regulated poIlulMlts iIId will be phased in over the three-yea. period. ~.ge, 1OUr«S emitting 1.000 tons pt . yor or rTIOI't. pt. pollutant. will be obIi· glotodlo pay thr urly f... beginning in 1992 and all sources emitting 100 tons pe. )"Uf or groat ••. ptr pollutant. will be obI~ed to pay boginning in 1993 iIId
1'" E Propo&ed EPA per ..... t regulatlOOS EPA his;already relused its p~ permit re8ul"lions designed to imple. ment the pe rmitting prQ\Ii,ions ollhe 1990 Amend ..... nts. 56 r ed. Rta. 21.712 (~ 10. 1991). Tht regulatiom address the SpeCifIC IOUIUS thai will be required to obtain an opt",ting permit undu the requin' ..... nts of the 1990 AmendrnmU-. It Jhould be noted t~t UI1lX. the propOstd ngulations. EPA is considering dtfering the n'qui . ement for I1l(l5t non· majof IOUTCU to obtain .. ptrmit lor f_ )'elf!; from the tfftcliv! dote of the per. mit pregnm. EPA bast<! its dmsion to providt /o. lUCh .. dderment. in pa.rt. on the fict that it did not beli~ the sQle pumiuin8 programs WQUld initi.o.lly be .. bl. to handle the talk of issuing ptr· mits fo r bot h m .. jor l nd non·m .. jo. SOUr<;U. Mortowr. EPA don not beli~ the deftrment will h...... a subslanli ..1 impact on air qua lity p. ogn'u initially.
Ad(j'honal. mote atnngenI . ,tale perrrutnong requuamenlS
F
Titk V specifoc.ally provides I~I a state eMablilh additional. mon' Slringent. permittin. requi.emenU-. Any require· menll Ihlot .. st .. te develops. I\oo.o.~ •• must be consisl~nt with tht national ptrmiUlng requirements of 1Iv Act.
QIl
48 / hn ..... ryl992
TITLE I
Attalnm.nt .nd m.lnten.nc. of _tlomll ambient ai, q~Uty .t.nthont. In rtsp(lflSt to the failure of certain u. · ban areal to mod the 1970 and 1917 Clun Ai. Acl', .... tional "mbitnt air quality sUoda.ds. Tille I 0( tM 1990 Amtndments mandates tho <:(Intro! of criltria pOlluta.nlJ. which a. t emilled from numerotU iIId diwrse mobile and
sWioNry 1OUn:tS. Pub. L No. 101·549. 101.111 (19901. The s;~ c. ittria pollu· t.. nts 10' which EPA has established NMOS .... ozon •. Iud. sulfur dioxide. pa.rticullitu. nitrogon diolide. iIId <.a. ' bon monQICide. Each .. ir Quality conlrol region must be dwifltll as " noNttain· men! am if a violation 0( the ~. quality standardl occurs wi l hin the region. Stales aft • • quirf<!lo develop Statt 1m· plementation Plans to cont. ol JOU.ces tmillini the poIluUonts within the des·
ignated arus. Title 1 tstablishu the framework for addressing ozone nonall"inment by outing f..... pollution ClOtegorie:s:: ginal. modente. Itrious. stvere. and utreme. with attainment du dlin .. of Ihr«. Silo ni ..... ]5.;and 20 yu.s ...• sptcIiYely. 8irminglwn is theonly non· attainment area in Alabama lind is cia.!' ,ifl.d i I l margi nal nonaltainment a ...... The requim1 air qu;ality sta.n<b.rd for I h. 8irmi n Sh .. m area must be a<:hievtd by November 15. ]993 or the area will ~.... to S-lotWy the more Itrin. 8enl .equi.ements for II mod .... '. nonattainment aru.. Ntarb)'. Atlanta is listed .u I Krious nonattainment area. The pr imny SOil of T it te [ is \0 .educe urban smog which is formed in the atmosphere from II reaction c.aused by emission. of ..-ol .. tile org .. nic compounds ("VOCS") ~ oxides of nitrogen ("l'>o"1. Ul1lXr the 1990 Amtndmtnts. small.. sources. emitting.u liUI~.u len tom per year of a VDC or NO.. will be required 10 i...ul1ltringent controls. SpecifiQlly. in .. maTii .... 1 nonanainmont ue ... uch i I Bi r mingham. any source iC\ually emining or ~ving the potenlial to emit more than 100 10... per yur of II VOC or NOl will b. requi . ed to i... tall n'asonably available control techno\o8ll to reduee its emis-
ma.-
lion •. Tille I also contains stringent permit rt1jui.tmenll for sourc.. rlgu· latf<! ~ the nonatlainmonl provilions which ue in addilion 10 the geM.,1 p .. mininQ provisions of the 1990 Amendments. An affected source may also fall under additi~l n'gullillons if it ~ or """'if... its aistin8 op'T' ations due to the new source n~iew r.gulations being t. iggert<!. In addition . rich st .. l. in which .. non~lt .. inment IrU is Iocatf<i willllso be required to submit SIP rtVisiom 10 comply with tho .t<luirements of Ihe 1990 Amendmtnts. Title I ..Iso contains nume1'W$ other control me..... res mandatod lor ~ific nonattainmtnt lrei$. "nitS': f;OI1lrols in· dude tiQhter 5tandards on motor whide emissions. additional induSl ri .. 1 soura controls. use t/ ..ltematM dun futls ... nd other control mtuuru de· pending on the severity of the problem. for tllmple. in ITtiI unked H.ious. ........, or atremt. PI stalions must in· stall hose and nonle cont . oll on ga$ PUITIPS to captun' fuel \ripon.
TITLE III H.urdou. air pollut.nt. Tille III of Ihe 1990 Amendments Iocwts on haDrdoUI air pollutanll. or ai . loxia. is opposed to the six criteri.l pOllutants .egulated under Titl. I. Pub. L. l'> o. 101-549. 301-306. TOlic pollutan\.! f;OI1trotitd under this stcIion tmd to be Ius wide>prud lhan the si~ criteri a pollut ants con trolled under the nonaltain ..... nt prOVisions. bul otten are USGciil.d ...·;Ih more H . iGUI heallh issuel such as Qneer. neurologic.al disorders an d r.p.oducti .... dysfunctions. ror eUfTIIIl •. ;KCOrding to its $POIl5OTS in the COr\ims.llludy by Tullo .... lIni· .... rs;ly which dealt with pOllutant·relat· od health problems repOrted the lung canceT ... te lor .uidtnts livinQ within .. miLe of major chemiQI planll i$ fou r timu the national aw~. By virtue of their cm;uion of the following haDrdous iIlr pollutants. sevenl common iodustrLes will be affected by lhe limiling provi1ions of Title 1\1: • printing shops (Toluene ~ Xyl .... ' " dry cleaMrs ITet . .. chlo.(It·thylont and Pt . chlorocthyltM) • gasoliM statiom {8tIUtM) T1iEAU\BA.~
I-'''''\"tll
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 • fu"'l'lIl ~ (YOI'TNIlllth)'dd • hospital and labQrltory siniliur. (Elhyl.", oxidtl • melal fini.htr. (Chromium com·
.....,
• bUmH (Hydrocarbon tlhmol) • IUto body finlshus and painters. fur· nitun painters (Hydrocarbons) Tht low threshold on emissions of th ... SUbstlincts lind 01h.r5 ensures that many small bwinfsu, ""'" will be forced to Iddress clean air limitations with "n unprKtOtnled IItg ... of spKi· focil),. Om e..ample of an industry that may fKt t1'IOn1'IOU$ cow for inst.olling compliinct equipment is the autO<TK»bile bod)' lhop industry, where compli· ance COStl (or individual body shops may be al high u Sloo.OOO. McKet, "Cltan·Air Ruin Affect Sm.a.!1 Finns: Nalioo's /Jusmas, luI)' (19911.
A Regulatecl ~Iutants The ~ct tstablish.. an inlti~1 list of 189 hazardolu poll utants lor regulation through ttchnolOQy and health·baRd standards. EPA Is reQuired to period,· ally rfIIi.ew the list, publish tilt results of tht rtview. Ind revise the li5\ b), adding pollutant$ .... htn appropriate. Pollutants that may be addtd to the list include lhose lhat p~sent " thnat of .dw..,.. ffftdS on hUOWl ht.o.llh or Iht environment. The 1990 Amtndmtn15 fI1i!ldate iltwo·phase Slfilttgy fOf reduc· tioN in emissions of haurdous poilu· tantl, involving thf use 01 M""imum Achitvable Cont rol Technolc>gy .nd additional htalth·b.-.sed emission stan· dards. B. MaIO' $OI.IICI doelirubOO 1llt ~t dtfInts a major IOlIrce of ilir tOJ.iClII inY I~tioniry IOOru Of group of stationary SOurctl IOQttd within iI con tiguoul In" "nd under common control thai emits Of has Iht poltntiil1 to emit tf11 tons pH )'fir Of mo.., of any haAnious .Ir pollutant. Or 25 tons ptr )'tiIr Of mort of /lOY combination of tw· ardous ilir pollulilnb. EPA may .ecog· nix Ithrtshold 10..... than len tons ifa particular pollutant il deemed txlfilOr· dinarily hazardous in smaller amounts. Thtrefore. dtpending on the approach
THE AlABAMA Ll.WVF.R
lllcen by EPA. INn), industriH within Alabama rna)' fall undt> Ihue ne ... Slringmt rtgulatioru IMn tt.o.ch thty emit considerably lui thin ten tom; of a particular poIlullnt.
eOSUn that 1OlIt«$ thot IoW,lIlnt for lit levt 90 percent of the ~te emU.· lions 0( tach pollutant are lubjtct to tedmoIOllY.b»td s\llnd.i.rds by Nowm· bu IS. 2000.
C, wst olllOlJrce categor_ In addition to the list or 189 poilu· tanU. EI'A mwt publish a 1i,I of all cat·
o Aree. klUrCI Pl'og.ama
egoriu of $Ourtts of the li,ted poi lu· tanu that will be llIbjtcl to the Title HI ngulatioN. EPA proposed to publi ... a fin.allisl ollOlIrce categories by Nowm· ber 1991. but v ol this writing, EPA tw not dont 110. EPA alllO must list co.le· gorin 0( stYen specific pollutants to
Ii. pollutants present in urb.-.n artll' , .;PA must conduCla stud~ to identify at Ins] 30 hau.doUJ ii. pollutants that prosent Iht g.nt"t hulth haurd in the largest urban II",V ¥>d msun IhIIt lhow industries rtpresenting 90 ptr· ctnl Iht un emissions of Iht 30
Undtr the Kt. special attenlion i. to be given to uea sources of hazardous
or
For 50 ytars attorneys, mongage lenders. builders ;md realtors have called on us to help close on t htir real eSlate transactions -commercial or residential. Some say ils because we're prompt. Others say it's because we're dependable. ]\\051, howel-er. Soly ;I'S because with 50 years in the busilltS$. wt know what wt're doing. Iryou're in ~ of title insur.loce in the nut 50 years Of so. call us. Well be hel't.
FtJ
Mlssl,,!,,! V.II. y TiM. 111.....11 •• C..,..y 11.,... 0Il"~., J."ko.... ,\\ ....... 1~ .. 31 S T"","''-' .. 0 j).. ~.... 24:18 l.{oOt.9b'J.om!
Jan"",ry 1992/ 49
THE CLEAN AIR ACT AMENDMENTS OF 1990 hazardous pollutants are subject to regulation 00 latu than November IS, 2000 , Thntfore. numerous businesses r>O!. regulated under the other provisiO!\$ of the 1990 Anwndmtnts may face addi · tion/ll regulations if they fall under the area ><>urce controls. An "area SOUrct" is basically any source of hat3rdous air pol. lutanls. excluding automobil es, that is 001 a major source. Preliminary results of research on area source controls are to be reported by EPA no later than Nowml>or 15. 1993, and" comprehen· sive national straleg)l for control of area ><>urce emissions of ha1.ardous air pollu· \.iInts in urban areas ba<td on inforrna· tion galhere<l through the r.-rch program is to be submitted to Congress no later than November IS. 1995. Title IV
Acid c$epo.ltlon control Acid deposition, or acid rain, is cov· ered in Title IV of the bill. This title sig· nificantly limits emissions of sulfu r dioxide (S021 which is a precursor of acid rain. Title IV provides for an innovative "l1'IIIrkel·ba<td" approach 10 alloca t ing and enforcing the acid rain reduction program throu gh the use of an allowanct trading program recOm· mended by Pre.idenl Bush. An allow· ance is a federal authorit3tion to emit one ton of SOz in a specified calendar year or a subsequent yea r, if it is not used in the specified year. Holders of the allowances art prohibited from emitting unless they hold an equiv· altnt numbtr of a\l(M·.nc ...
So.
Title VII
Enforcement Title VI! includes a number of provi· sions that sign ificantly increase the enforcement authority of the fede,"1 government under the Clean Ai r Act. Pub. L No. iOl·549, 101·711. This title strengthens the available criminal and civil sanctions and enhances EPA 's aisting authority to impose administr... · p<>naltie. for violations of Clean Air Act provisions Or State Implementation PI~ns. The new sanctions include : longer jail terms for compal1}' officials, greater authority to as~ss administra· tive penaities, wider application of ,,·ail. able sanctions. and increased citi~en 50 I January 1992
Ii,,,
involvement in enforcement and admin· istrative <lecision·making. All of the new penalties are designed to make ooncom· pliance with the t990 Amendments much more expensive than compliance. Administrative penalties have been increased to $25.000 per day (with I limit of $100,000 per violationl. bUlthis cap dots not preclude EPA from ~eki ng recovery of any economic benefit that may have been realized as a result of the violator', failure to comply with the Clean Air Act. For sourCes that fail to comply with the 1990 Amendments' provisions. the severity of penaltiu available to Ihe gO\lernment has been i ncrea~d significantly (particularly for offenses deemed to be "knowing"), and
By any estimate, the 1990 Amendments will be the most sweeping and costly set of environmental laws the United States has ever adopted, the allowable fines and prison turns double aftu Ihe first offense. Even reporting and recordkeeping violations are included in the broader range of IICtiv;ties now subject to criminal sanc· tions. Other new administrat ive penal· tlu include a "field citation" program that will allow EPA to i.. ue a "ticket" for minor violations of the 1990 Amend· ments. Each ticket wil l be in the amount of $5,000 per day for each minor vio lation. and a hearing. if requested. will be an informal hearing befoTe the EPA rather than an adminis· trative record reviewable by a court. Furth.r , Section (f) of Title VII. often cal led the "l><Iunl)' huntN provision". state, thai an award of up to $10.000 will be poaid to anyone who furnishes information thal l..ds toa conviction Or civil penalty un der the 1990 Amend· ments, This award does nOI apply to re-portS by governmenl emplO}"es acting in the course of duty. Title VII abo provides for st ringent crim inal penalties, including fines and jail terms up 1(1 IS years for a rang. of
violations. The criminal sanctions that can be handed dOWTl by EPA are sepa· rated into f,ve categories under Section 701(c) basW upon whelher the criminal actions were knowing or negligent violations. The government also has enhanced authority to impose adminis· trative, civil or criminal sanctions lor the failure 10 pay a requi red fee due under the 1990 Amendment •. Section 107 of Tille Vil also revi .... s Section 304 of the 1977 Clean Ai r Act with rupeet to citizen suit •. Citi.en suit. are now expressly authorized 10 enforce ~ wide range of actions required under the new t990 Amendments. For ellample. citiun suil> may now be uti· lized to enforce the provision which re~uires a p<>rson to obtain an operating permit under Title V of the 1990 Amt ndments and can also be utilized 10 enforce compliance with the conditions of an operating permit. Citizen suil> are also authorized to compel EPA to \.iIke action whtn the suit alleges that an action has bun "unreasonably delayed". Additionally. beginning in Novembe r 1992. p<>oalties may be imposed for paot violation, if it can be shown that the violations have been repeated. Citiun suits may now also be brought in the federal courts of appeal to challenge deferral. of aclion "where a fonal deci· ,ion by tht £PA Administrator defers performance of any non·discretionary s\.iltulory action to a laler time".
Conclu.lon By any estimate, the t990 Amen d· ments will be the most sw.,eping and costly set of environmental laws the United States has e.·er adopled. Esti· mated annual C051> do not even btgin to lakf inlo account the rosl> that ((1m' panies l1'IIIY face in providing input into the regulatory proce ... In addition, if experience is any guide. there will also be Iremendous =1> for judicial regula· lOry challenges. The tremendous costs associated with the 1990 Amendmenls will cause an inereue in the cost of goods and ..,ovices acTOss the ((IUntry , along with a red uc tion in numerOuS types of jobs. In all. there is probably no ..,gment of the economy that will not bear some direct or indirect cost of the 1990 Amendmenl>. • THE At.-\BAMA Ul.WYER
ACCESS TO JUSTICE Establishing a Pro Bono Project Bg MEliNDA N. WATERS
m
urinj[ the I'ut two yeaTI. tho provision of pro bono ~ivilltgal5otrvicu to tht po(IT has btcome I
high priority issue for the Alab.lma State ll.ar. In 1989, th. board ofbar commissionm. in COOCltr· ilion with l~ Alabama Law Foundation and Ltgal $frvicts COfllOrat ion of Alabama. oommissioned a SU~ ollht legal
netds of indigtnl Alabamians. This survey n~ultd thil though l.dtro!y fu~ ItpJ KIVi«t prograll'l$ 110 much to help, the n«'d for cMllfi,ol ..,rvic.. slill aists among _ of oUT klw-incotne citiUfli. In rtSj)OIlK 10 the JUMY mutts. the boiord dba, commis!ionus tTnl~ the Votunt«. ~W)"I'U progrun durine lhe m t. bar prUidtney 01 Iudii' W. Harold Albritton. III. Its purpo5o is twofuId: first. and most imporUnt. to wist local bir woc:iitiom with uliblishing ~II-organiud pro bono pm. jew through which IItOmrys tan \/Oluntffr their pro(c~l
..,,,,icts 10 mUI th. n«d. of I... fortunatl Alabamians for civil legal stNkts: and. second. to determine with somt degru of accuracy the present Itvt!1 of pro bono activity in our
Il0>l. IkroJd Albritton, ImrMd,"al. P<UI"..;dm1 of 1M Alt1hf1ma StaI4~. and Phil Adam<. 11>11 <urm>1 PNSIdmI. """" among 11>11 firsl IHrr meml>ers 10 enroll,." 1M VoIUnlrtr UJU!IIn$ f'ro;jTarn. &ih 0'" shoo., lorn! as I~ oITIciall~ ,'OIunu" mf f&r Ihe proj«t during 1M kmuo/ Comienliot> in J~/~.
state. 1lIe~ ~rt currtlltl~ f~r than lell programs spOIU(lred b)local bar l$SOCil.tioN ill Alabarm through which KlorntYS Tt1>" reKnt indi~lIt client •. H~r. ~ lIumbt-r 0I10Cl01 ~i.o_ tioni "e now ~ri"" orpnizing ~ projrct for IMi. mtmbnViip. Establishi"" such I program is not I difflClllt wit. All tNt is n«ded is I motiYilted bar ~ion, ~ pro bono tOmmitt« from th;.t bar, ~ I small amoont ollimt. 1lIe~ Ire ITIJ.ny o¢ioni lor deliw.i", pro bono Itill Sotrvictl to the pOOr, dNidi", which format would be most ~riate tOr. p.lrticul •., loal bar ~tion and surroundilll! community is probably the ITo05t limt-comuming "",Iter invoM<l in stlrti"ll ~ PI"OllTlJTl. Attorneys interested in beginning a pro booo project need not do this ~Ione. The Volunt«r t.n.Y"TI Prognm il a'·ailable to ""Iisl wilh tach stage 01organizing and adminislerinS a pro-
TIlE AlAIIAMA I.AWY ~: R
gnm. Through 1M rnoureel of the Alaba",,- Siale Bar. the Volunlttr !.;,wye.. Program can provide ttchnial ~i5\an(t. reeruitmtnt "wi enrollmtnt rNterills, inlom'\ol.tion on sue ct!Slul pro bono projects. Ipflkers. eutiflC.ltu. and atho r items for ~ition of voIuntttrl. and publicity. AdditioNl ao.sistlnct is l"lll_lt through Ioal offices 011 fedeT"il11y fundtd lepl Sotn.-ka program. Relyi"ll on legal SotT· Ykoos pe.......,nelto administu I pOrtion of I project e.w.1n the bn membership to devote iU "Iluable time to pOlicy-mal<· Ins 100 actual representation 0( iooi~nli. For example. client inW;t and screeniog for income eligibility is be$! performtd b)' the Ir.ined profusiol\l.l staff 01 the ItQII Sotrvi.e. office. ReferT"il1 and mon itorinS of casts also can be handled by legal services personntl, or, if local attorneys prefer, by Iht office of the Volunl.u Lawye .. Program in Monlgomery. Furthuhnuaryl992 / 5 1
ALABAMA STATE BAR VOLUNTEER LAWYERS PROGRAM more , malpractice ~rage is provided by legal services programs to cove. attorneys for work ~rformed on cases proteMed through a Itgal servia, office . Whether and to what extent a local bar association c~ to work with the local legal services program. the Volunteer Lawyers Program can provide all aui,tanc. necessary to begin, Or eljl<lnd, a pro oono project. ]fyou or)'Our bar """";alion is interested in investigating the pOSSibilities for activating a program in your area. pleue contact Iht director of the Volunteer Lawyers Program in Montgomery at 269·9242 Or
269-1515. Or write for infomalian at P.O. Box 671. Mont· gomery 36101. For IhI>M aUorr.eys C<,lnsi(\ering participation in an organized pro oono fifort, the following i. repri nltd with ".. mi"ion from the ~ptember 15, 1991 issue of the Dallas Bar Association "Ueadnotes". lIS author. Mar)' L. Murphy. i. an anomey with the 0..110$ office of Jenxill$ 0; Gilchrist and 500.',VU on the Dallas Bar Association Legal Aid and Legal Servicet CQrnmitt...
Pt'o 80no: Why Me? Sick of I1earing about ·pro bono" 500.'rvices? We talk about it at bar m.. tinll'. Wi! read about it. and we gel unsolicited mail about it. At least ten reasons can be argoed for oot having to provide pro bono ",rvices: I. LaWyer jobs are becoming scarCt. and I haw. 10 worry about whether I ewn haw a job. 2. Clients do not pay thei r bills. so I am already perfonning involuntary pro bono ",rvkes. 3. Doctors make more money than law)'ers and no one is threatening to make them provide fr.. servicu. 4. I do not Uk. family law. which is all that is needed , 5. I am incompetent to perform legal WQrk on anything but antitrust and international maners. 6. It ",'Ould take hours to figure out what ronns to use. 7. I bill 3.000 hours a year and need to .pend what little waking ti"", I have left with Ill;' family. 8. How can I bring in business. bill enough hours to keep Ill}' job. and still have enough time for pro bono work! 9, I give money to WQrthwhile organizatiOll$ and, therefore. am already serving my community. 10, I just don't want to. Why should we help? I. As members of u.. legal pr<)/e .. ion. _ PIlrsl>e a common
calling in the spirit of public service. As Such. we art r"pOfISible to ... ure that all persons haw access to compe· tent representation regardless of wealth Or pOSition in life. We should be committid to an adequa~ and effedive pro bono program. 2. If wt: do not voluntarily choost the type and manntr of pro bono servico to provide. _ may be forced into something truly distasteful. 3. A mountainous need for pro bono legal help exist... 4. The existing netd includes human survival i .. ues - soch as preventing fam ily violena and child negltct. 5. They (Volunteer Lawyers Program and legal services 52 I January 1992
offices) have manuals. forms. computer disks. and assis· tance from family law specialisU and jurisU to help mini· mize timt and alleviate feel ings of in",curity . Pro bono work dots not haw to be hard or time-ronsuming. 6. W. can gain community and bar recognition for ouThtlves and our finns. no matter how large or small. il ea<:h of US gives only an hour Or tv.'O a month. At the sa"", time. we would be metting the majori\)' of pro bono nffib:. 7. We can participate in pro bono ",rvices through varied groupS and functions. & Lawyers need advanct"",nts in the public relations depart· menU and providing \iOluntary pro bono se"ices can only hoi. 9. If _ do not help. II<) one el'" can or will. 10. Wt'll letl better about ouThtI\'es and our profession. The variety of pro bono activities available through local bar associations is e.pansive. We continuously argoe lespecially with the benefit of hindsightl that people should not try to make a contract Or affect other relationshipS without the help of a lawyer. Lawyers are t xpensiw even for those who can pay. W. all make it through law .chool. som.how , Many of u, started "'i th no money and many of uS still do not haw a mass of i\. W. do ha,... hov...,.."r. a mass of w.,alth to thou needing legal help: "''' can provide the acct ss to a judicial system that no on. else can provide. _
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Fur Research Assistance contact: Sa rah Kathry n Farnell III Moore Building Montgomery, AL 36104 Ca n (205) 277.;79)7 TH E AlAIIAMA LAWYER
DISCIPLINARY REPORT R.Jn.t.t,," ~"t
• "lUlam Darid " ' adm, lormtrly d Uinning/!llm. Alabama, now ruidin8 In JlCksonvilt., Florid.!., was .e;nsuted to t~ pTactic<: of Ill", by order 01 tht SupJtnlI' Court 01 ~ di"«Iiw Od~ btr28. 199I.IPtt. No. 91-f171
OIlurment. • Binninghlom !lo~T lEd". .... MinD, Cob was diWrffd (rom the plXti« 01 Llw by order of tht Atalwn.o Supreme Courtril"<d.i\oe Octobu 3. 1991. Coke_ prtViously .wpeOOtd from the pra.<:l ict of I"," for a period of Jix months tfft<;liw hnuary29. 1990. Coke was found guilty on April 5, 1991 by Iht Oisdplimry Boord 01 1M "lib" ..... Sill\( 8... of I] compl"in!! invol";ng J9 charges 01 \iolatioos 01 the C«k of ProIessiornJl Nespomibililil' In ASB Nos. 89· ]00, Coke represented plaintiffs in 1I civil wit filed Stpltmbtr 29, 1987. Su~omt 10 tho filing. Coke f"iltd to ;tppta. in COUrt lor 1I numbtr 01 Kh.dul.d htllrings which rtsulled in the dismissal of 1111 six ddendants. In mother caK, (:(Ike filed an appal 10 the AJlob.amll Court Civil Appuls Ind. Illeruftu. filltd to filt lin ipptllllit briri, thus causing the ~l to bot dismined. In addition. Cob was found Suilty of failing to coop... t~ with the Birmin~m liar Auociuion GrifYance Committet in their i","uti~tion after Minai rtqUUkd to cIG 5(1 on I'M ~te
or
--
In ASH No. 89-326. a ditnt paid Colle S500 to file a civil section . SummiU'Y
judgem~nt was granted for the dden.
dints. and Cokt. Qilld to infonn his dimt Colle infonntd his ditnt tNt tbe caw: "'-u still pending and he would notify her whm a court date was set. Cok~ a lso failtd to cooperate with the Birmin~m liar Association's inwstiption in this nutler. In ASH No. 89·643(A). "client paid Cob $500 to file a cMlaction. Sl.Ibse. Quent to filing this action. Cob fikd , motion to dismi$ll on btllalf of his clienl without apprO'>'al or prior Imowl~dg~ of 0( this IKt. Thtrufter.
nlE AU.IIAMA LAWYER
his client. On dtmand. 0( his clitnt Colee filed II motion 10 set ;aside dismi$l.lli. The COlIrt gave CoIe~ ten days 10 file " j suc' cinct statemtnt as to the nature of_h cbim 19iinst mch party". Coke did not comply with Ihis order lind the motion to ~insUte was dtnird. In ASS No. 9O·34(B). the circuit court cieri< was ordered to pay an indi.idual .11 funds held by the court btlonj/i"ll to thai indi~idulll. an lImount in eueu of S36.500. Colee obWntd this check and rriustd 10 tum il """r the Individuil. He. therufter, ntgOtiated the check ...ithout Iht authority or consenl of the dient. Coke deducled one·third 01 lhe pl'OCt>tds as his fet but failed to ImrTlfdilitely pay the ~lTIoI.ining lImOUnt to the indiYidwJ. This wu done only afttr the indnidlloll <.>bUintd the 5t\'"I1i«s 0( another ~r. COke also failed to cooperale with the in\lt.lliption of this compLaint In ASB No. 9(1·261. Coke. while sus. pended from poolee. ~ i""""-'td in II divon:e nutter on bttwf of a client. Coke also failed to cooperate with the Birmin~m liar Association in im·u ti. Piing this compLaint. In ASH No. 89--869. Coke. while ..... ptnded from practia. acctpttd a ret to <.>bUin II divor« for a client lind. the~. aft .., performed no Ifpl service for the dient. Coke also failed to COO!>trate with the inwsti"tion of this romplaint In ASB No. 9(1·920. Colee. whik sus. pemW from pnoctiu. auistfd" client in the preparlliion and filing of II civil rompu,int. In ASB No. 89·309, Coke failed 10 appfu befo~ the board of boor commis. sioners to be disciplined Ifltr being onlfrtd to cIG so. IASB Not. 89· IOJ. 89. 326. 89·643{AJ. 9(I·34(B). 90· 261. 89.
869. 9(I·920,lInd 89-3(l91 • Former Birmingham lawytr Willia m SI"'e!l Unclerwood, Jr. COOKnted to <fub.1rmtnt., ....hich ...... ril"KtiYt Octobtr 2. 1991. Suapen , lon, • The Supreme Court of Alabama, on
Octobtr 3,1991. suspendtd f'om tbe practice 01 law Ruutllvillt lawyer H. Nell Taylor, Jr. klr .. period of 91 days. r,lylor ..u found guilty by tht Di sci. plinary Boird 0( lhe AlabarN Sutt &or of viol .. ting Disciplinary Rulu 1_ 102(A}(41, OR l · l02(A)(6), OR 2. 111(A)(3), and DR 2·11 1(B)(2) of the Code of PrQf~$SionQI R~$pon.ilJifiIJl of the Alabama SUit Ba,. Said suspension 101>«0.... dfect i..., Octobtr 3, 1991. IASB No. 89-366 W" (B)1
• On Novembe' 6. 1991. the Supreme Court of Alabanuo enterN an order sus. pending Euuw Lo ...~r Wlllla ... S lclney Uncluwoool, Jr. from tht Prllctice of law tR«tiw: July 15. 1991. for nouco",. pliance with Ihe Alab"Tni1 SUtt Bar Rules for M~tory Continuing l.(~l Education. [CU: No. 91·381 ""bile R........ ncI. • On No~ember 15. 1991, Wnle.r Tb o . . . Ne ill of Birmingham WIS given a jlI.Iblic rtprimand "ililout tltntr. al pub lication. The reprimand was the rnult of Neill's engaging in conduct that ~ ...Iy rtflec" on his fitnw to pra.c:tice law under Ionntr Disciplinary Rult H02(AJt6J 1_ Rult 8.4(gll. tWil was ~tll1lll /erNie dionl durinS t99O. On September 19. 1990, he Ulowed up al her homt in an inlo.icaled condition. He told the ciiml that his own ...ife had thl"O""n him out of their home. and thit he nuded II pillct to spend tht night. Tht dient ,Ilowtd Neill to sUy in her boosement. The following morning Neill bQught beer with mon~y he had bor~ from the Client. He sUytd It her horne drinking lind ulking on the ttlfpho ... most III the morning. The client's daughter was liso at hom •. When the tlienl got home from work she found Neill aslup in his car. Ulti. nulely. another ~r ~prumted the dient lI\ tn.t.lAS8 No. 91· 1641
• On Octobtr 4. 1991. Mobilt attomry Wlllla ... Edwin III.,. was publicly ~p . imandell by the bar fo r engaging in conduct involving dishonesty. fraud. J..,~ry
199'2 / 53
deceit. misrtpresentation. and willful misconduct. which conduct ad~r~l~ refiocted on hi. fitn .... to practice law. May was ad"anced an attorney', fee to handle a matter f(lr a clien\. Howe"er. prior to May's conclwion of ..,presenta· tion. the client tenninated him. wher.· upon May p. omist<! to ..,turn. portion of the unearned fee. H""""",r. May f.H..d to make .uch refund. [ASB No. 87·5391 • On Octobe r 4. 1991. Centre I''')'tf Ca'l' Ed ..... Dam was publicly repri· manded by the Alabama State B:lr. Davis was ..,tain..d to represent the interest of a certain client but failed to keep that client informed as to the statw of those matt.rs for which h. had be.n hired. The client filed a complaint again.t Oa"i. who failed to re.pond to the request of the bar cooceming said com· plaint. Davi.' conduct was found to have constituted a violation of OR 6· 101(Al. willfully neglecting a legal matter entrusted to him. DR 7-iOl(M(ll, fail· ing to suk the I."ful objecti..e. of hi. client. and DR 7-10l(A)(3), prejudicing or damaging hi. client during the COUrse of the profeSSional relationship. (ASB No. 91·011 • On Octobtr 4. 1991. A1beffioill. attor· ney J l mu RIMord Bur,. was pub · licly reprimanded for making threi'l~n. iog .tatements to witrw5reS and/or com· plainants who were oppooed to Borry's client. It was found that Berry's action. served merely to han,"" or maliciously injure another. were prejudicial to the administration of justice. and ad-versely reflected on hi. fitness to p=tice law. (Di.ciplinary Rules 7.102(A)(I), 1102(A)(5) and 1- I02(AI(61 . ..,sp."tively). [ASB No. 90·9461 • On October 4. 1991. Daphne lawyer J . m" Ha...,ld Swnt was publicly reprimanded by the Alabama State Bar for having engaged in conduct that ad-versely .efi«ted on hi. fitness to practice law in thaI he continu~d multiple employm.nt whereby the ex.rcise of hi. inde· pendent professional judgement on behalf of his client was ad\1trwly aff«t· ed by his repre~entation of another client. thor~by invQlving him in repre· ~enting differing interests. Sweet. in handling certain maners for a client. failed to disclo:se to other clients he was .epresenting at that same time of CQn· 54 / JanuaT)' 1992
fiicts between re.pecti..e clients. tru:reb~ causing prejudice to certain of the mul· tiple clients being rep.esent..d by Sweet. IASB No. 89-8371
• On October 4. 1991, the Alabama State Bar publicly reprimanded Binningham lawyer Charlu E. CI . ... for willfully neglecting a legal man .. entrusted to him (DR 6-IOI(A)). for failing to seek thela"ful object1vts ofhi. client {O~ 7_ 10I(A)(l)l, and for prejudicing or damaging his client during the COUrse of the professional relatiQnship (DR 7101(A)(3)), Clark filed a lawsuit on behalf 01 a client. However. due to Clark's failure to attend schrouled dock· et calls in this matter. the case was di.· missed for want of prosecution. [ASS No. 90·9731 • On October 4, 1991. MontgDmery lawyer J Ust Eldrid, e Holt was publicly repri manded by the bar for tngaging in conduct that ad-verstly reflected on his fitness to p.actice law. A fonner d ient of HQIt'. filed a complaint against him. Holt's failure to cooperate with the gri"".nc, cQmmitt~e·. inve.tigation of th. complaint wa.o; found to ha..e con.ti· tuted a violation of Disciplinary Rule 1IOZ(A1I6) . [ASB ND. 89-492) • On October 4. 1991. J.m u Arthur To ohr , J r. of Jackson, Alabama was publicly reprimanded for engaging in conduct which adve .... l~ reflected on hi. fitness to practice law under DR 1I02(A)(6). Tucker handled a .. Ie fo r divi.iDn and deposited $15.785 in pro· ceeds to hi. tru.t account. He failed to make disbursement of the sale proceeds for several weeks. d"pitt frequent demands that ru: do so. When ru: did dis· bu .... the proceeds. some of the checks were di.honored by his bank fDr insufficient funds in his trust account. H. ulti· mately b-orr",,·. d money and paid the checks. Tucker also fail.d to cO<"lperate with the Office of th. Ceneral Counsel during the period when the mailer was being inve.tigated.IASB No. gs·272)
• On October 4, 1991, C.m elb Cfte ne Norm a n Df Bi r mingham. Alabama received a public reprimand for willfully neglecting a legal matler entrusted to he. under DR 6-101(A) and fQr inten· tionally failing to carry out a contract of employment for professional .ervices
under DR 7-IOI(Aj(2). The clients' com· plaint arwe out of Norman's failure to fo ll ow through with cQmpletion of the client couple·s uncontested di,·orce for five months. Norman c.... d C<)mmuni· eating with the cli. nts and would not refund their money. The clients w~nt to another attorney and had th. ir divorce within three weeko.IASB ND. 90·8681
• On October 4. 1991. Birmingham law· yer Rich ard LI "J' McClu don w~. publicl~ reprimanded for willfu lly neglecting ~ I,gal matter entrusted tQ him in violation of DR 6·1Ol(A). Me · Clendon agreed to file an ~ction on behalf of a client in January 1990. He did not file the complaint until &ptember 1990. In t he interim pe r iod. McClendon was not re5pOn.i..e to hi. client'. request fo r informatiQn ab-out the .tatus of the case and. at times. led the client to belie..e that certain actions had been taken when. in fact. they were not. The dient (who was out-ol-state) had a lawytr there try to obtain info.· mation and document. f.om McClendon. That lawyer also had no .ucc.... in dealing with him. McClendon had nO contact with his client after July 1990. but did not withdraw. The fi~t time the client learned that hi. ca.e had been filed was when the Cene ral Counsel's Dmce provided the information. [ASB No. 90-9501
Tr. n . " " to Di. .bllity I.,.clive St. tu . • Hunwille attorney William R. Se lf, II has been t.ansfe r red tQ disability inacti,·, status pu rsuant to Rule 27, Rules of Disciplinary Proctdurc (inter· im), dfecti..e September 3, 1991.
Petition. for R . ln. I. I .......t Den lfld • On November 15, 1991. the Disci· plinary Board of the Alabama State B:lr denied the petition for reinstatement of Cedi Wilbur ElI ed,e, Jr. IPet. No. 91-04 ]
• On October 24.1991, the DisciplinaT)' Board of the Alabama State Bar denied the petition for reinstatement of Lloyd Earl Ta.)'lor.IPet. No. 91·03) • TH ~:
AU\nAMA LAWYER
Uniform Guidelines for Attorney Fee Declarations Recommended by the Indigent Defense Committee of the Alabama State Bar PNf.ce n.., followi"ll .uilklinu ....1't promulgat«l
Actlvltle ••,. to be Hpanotely lI,t.., by
the Indigent Dl'ft~ Commiu~ of the A1ab.i.1TIlI SlIIle Dar. and adopted by tht Ho.lrd of Bar Commissionm of lht Alabama State Bar on Novtmbtr 2, 1990 to assist and guide iawye" th ...... ghout ~ IlIIlt with Ttl!",cl to billing proudU1't1I in QKS in which they Ht allPOinted by ,ho court 10 repm.enl persons KCUStd of crimu who ha~ ;tlso been dotltfminnl to tit indigtnl II is Ihr hopt 01 tht ~ SUtt IN.
tNot thut .... idtlin.. will provide Quidintt to la"')'<'n and KI'Ye U I standa rd by which qutttlon.llbit conduct t.ln tit judged. Thou lawyul who follow tht Itttu and spirit of Ihnt guidtlinu will bf: protected from ( hngn of impropridy; lOOK who do 001 will have no added protedlon from charges to the contrary. In short, t""Sf- guidtlinu, though desigool chitny \0 aid omd aMiSI ,,",mbtn of the bar, also ,WId "'II this _i.I;(II1'1 self'pOlicing mechanism for qutstioruoblt In
""'....
Thr ~ Statt Bu upusses its Mn«1't appreNtion to thott ..t.o &dialt u..rnst"-'u 10 tht rtprtstnt.1olion 0I1host who do not IIa\It the mans 10 hiu I ~r. AI the ~ time. ;1 aoutions anyone woo attempu to takt advantage e;ther 01 their clients or the State of lllibam1l (b)o practices such as double billing). that abuse. of !hi, oonorable system will not be toterlttd. TIn: A1.AIIA."IA u\WYEII
All lICt;~;tiu fo r which compensation is cliimed ,hall be M:~rat.ty tisted on contempora· neous time records. In order to rteti"" I'lymenl. activiliu musl be listed in the appropriate spacts in the F.t Declaration Form or, if contemporaneous time rt<:ords are ktpt in a man· ner that conforms to the Fet Oedaration Form, the contem· poraneous records ttM.mstlws may M attached to the Fn DKlmotion Form.
St.nd.nI time reportl nll 1111 time shall be declared ;"" .. menU of 0.1 hour (six mlnutu). Counstl may bill for time spent under six minut" ata minimum rate orO.I. Telephone c.ll, The purpose, not SUN/ana. cI telephone aolls ohotJld be brieny IPKifitd. for eumpl., "Ttle· phone a.1I to dd.r1<Iant"1 brother re: raising b.oil" or "Ttle· phone aoll to defmdllnt rt: trial date." EAch aolilhouid be KJIOIflilely lilted (on the cootempoTal"lt· (lUS time rKOrds, not on the ret DKbration Form). Mile.lle The flit. lOr milt"*, wll conform to f CoQ,ofAJabamo 1975.. This ralei>25<xou
3&-7·22, ptrmi!t.
JinUl.!), 1992 / 55
Expen ••• Cortain expenses must be approved by the appointing judge prior to the time the~ ne incurred. S«tion 1S.-12-21Idl. Code of Aiaoomu 1975. A gen· eral deftnition of expenses is impractical. Therefore. a deftni. tion is given by way of what is and what is not an expense which ..quires approval prior to b-eing incurred. Counsel should file the appropriate motion in cast'. of uncertaint~. In cast'. where court approval is required. counsel shall file a COllY of the court's pre·trial orMr along with the ree Dod .... • tion Form in order to obtain reimbursement. TM (oJ/QUJing are examples of exper!5t'$ u:hieh do reauire approw/ prior 10 being incurred: A. Private inve,tigators; B. Expert witness.es; C. Transcripll of trial, Or hearings 001 olherwise available: D. Interpreters; E. Scientific lesll. The following are examples of upenses which do not require approval prior to being incurred: A. COP}'ing (Iimiled to 25 cenll per copy. excepl in extraordi· nal)' circurmtance,); B. Long distance telephone calls; C. Travel.
Op.nlng .nd elo.ing c ••• fil •• Counsel may bill for this activity. but Ihe maximum time which may be billed (for opening and dosing combinedl is 0.5 hour 13() minutes).
Tr.v.1 time to .nd from eoul1 Travel time to .nd from courl appurances should be billed as out·ol·court time, ncept under the following circumstances where it may not be claimed: A. T... vel lime to arraignment when counsel is not 1U.\igned a defendant prior to ar ... ignment; and. B. Travel time to arraignment when counsel is not a.signed a defendant prior to ar ... ignment, but coun.sel fails to file a waiver of arraignment (where "waiver" is provided by local law or otherwisel without just 11'0WIl. Example, of jll.lt rUsons for failing to file a wai""r are lhallhe dient refused to waive arraignmenl or thai counsel could 001 loc.ate client prior to arraignment. elC, Ift ... vel time invoh.. s more than one case, il should be divid· ed equally among the """"s, e,g.. if two cast's are involvell. one· half of the lrawl time should be billed 10 tach cast'.
Arr.lgnm.nt Onl~ Ihe actual time spent ~rra ignin8 a def~n dant is compensable unle .. counsel is ;willned a dient prior to arraignmtnt and counsel is required 10 wait due 10 circurmtances beyond his conlrol. Such waiting time may be billed as in-court lime and should bf: noted as such on Ihe f« Dodaration Form.
H••• ing •• nd hi.ls of eO.c;].f.ndant. o. dlreetl, rel.t.d c •••• Attendance at the hearings and Irials of co·
56 1Janual)' 1992
defendanll or cases directly rtlaled to)lOUr clients should be billed as oul·of·court lime. and )'Qur attendance should be justified by an .ttachmen! to Ihe declaration. How"".,. in cast'. where a co-defendant's cast' has been coo>olida!ed with )'Our cast'. in·court acti,·ili .. may be billed as in·court hours. Altendance at a Irial in which a clien! is called as a witne-'$ ~gai"'t anoth., person charged in tht SlIme or related case may be billed as in-court hours, pI'Q'Jided that the period of time billed is for the period of cli enl testimony only.
Pr.llmln.ry h •• rlng. An appurance at )'Our client's prelimin~ry hearing should be billed as in-court tim~ even in the e.... nt you are proffered the State's wilne ..... , for inteNiew and the preliminal)' hearing is Ihereafter wai .... d. H~er. inluviewing wilnesses after your dient's preliminal'}' hearing is concluded should be billed as oul-of· court time. Wailing lime required by circumstances beyond counsel', control may be billed as in· court lime and should be noted as such on tht fe. Doclaration Fonn.
UlW cl •• k.,
p.r. I•••', .nd
••• _I.t •• Time spent by qualifoed law clerks and "a.ralegals working at)lOUr dim;tion should be billed at one ·half lhe hourly out·of·court rate. and the name of the law clerk or I'/Ir· al.gal should be noted On the decla ... tion. Time spent by qualified as>Ociates wor~ing at your direction should be billed at Ihe stalutOI)' rale. provided that (a) lilt as>Oclate's assistance was required by circurmtances beyond your conlrol and (bl the T\ilme of Ihe associale is nOled on Ihe declaralion. An aS5O-ciate will not be permitted to kTW as lead counsel wilhout prior approval from the court.
Actual time record. Actual lime records. notal ion>. Or memo ... n· durm shall bf: maintained contem]'X>rantously.
Tot.1 billing I. requl •• d A declaralion should not be filed until the case has reached conclusion. e,g .. il is not pennissible 10 file a declaration ~ft.r preliminary hearing where the defen· danl has \lttn bound over and been indicled. \'i"hen.ll<;M.'t1... r. a dient fails 10 appear or abs<:onds. a declaration may be r.led 60 days thereafter. Similarly. if new counsel is ap]'X>inled or retained, a declaration may be filed imme· diately. However, Ihe continuity of counsel provided by statute is 10 be strictly .dhered to and should be departed from only in lhose caseS in which il is absolulely necessal)' to ha .... newcounsel.
Sep.r.t. d.cl ••• tlon •••• requlntet In multlpl. e .... g. c ••• • In the pasl. il has been the normal practict 10 file a separate Fee Declaralion form for each kparate case number in cases involving multiple counll. defendants, andlor indictments. Th.at was prior to joiner and con>olidahon under tht new Tem]'X> ... ry Rules of CrimiT\il1 Procedure. Thek cast's TilE AlABAMA LAWYER
dIould no Iongtr be truted stpIIr.ltely. but ",too should. be billed in tht fol""'in, IIWlntf. All cuu ~r;l;ng OIIt 0( tht wm tl"lllUiClion shall be billed a.s ooe CMe. For ~xample. if a client is chargW ",ith bruk in, and enttring and bur,b.r")I 0( the same dwelling. and the wn , re joined.Ihqo ......1I bt treated as one case. Jr. at the initwion 01 the prOCftdints. the cues "'tre listed stpIIl"lI.tely, ,imply list the idditional cue nu""" on the F« Deduation Form " i!h an elq)lanation thlot tho ...... we.., eoruo!id.ated. In contrast. if cues arise out 0( separate tl"ll!uactiOl\l, they may be billed individUil1y; even if t~ I>a\'!' bttn cOOJOl""teil. Ihqo maybt billed sepal"ll.ldy. Double billinl will not be tolerated under Iny circum· sbnca. Thenfort. if I'OU ..,.., billing for mon than one cue, be ,",rtful not to c~ Mr the same -.rork more than 00«. Finally. though payment will be ptrmitted fo r new t. ial motions and likt procHdings. including sentencing, .. 11 such billing shall be truted lOS tri.al billing rather thin pOSI...:onvic. tion billin&~1n-courtM
...... u. "1;>ul.... f .... ourt" II".. Coosistent with ""etiON VlI1 and X. supra. all
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Any feu o. txpense monty collected from tht dient lor from anyone on the dienfs btiulO btfore. during. or lIfl.er working Ihe case fOf ,,-hieh the toon· sel hiS bnn appointed, sholl be rtporled. All "mounts m:ei\'!'d Jhall bt deducted from the lmOtlnt finally paid to the lawytr. In the event of ch.n&ed circumstances Ii.e .. tht client btC<Irms .ble to Ttt"in coun~1 or ~curu outside :;wistance 10 fetlin counsen. counKI .hall immediately notify the court thlt !whhe his bttn ret.1ined. and the appointmenl lhIJI bt wilhdrawn. Ret."l;ned counsel will not Ix requlrtd 10 file I fee Declaration form. bt'"'use no stalt funds "'ill bt paid, •
NOTICE JUDICIAL AWARD OF MERIT NOMINATIONS DUE The Boord 01 Comm'~sion<-rs oI.he AI.b.>ma ~OIe h. wil l f«t< ..... """,Ina'ions for.he swe I>;I~~ look i.1 Aw.rd 01 !-.\efi, .hrough May I S. Nominallonllhould he prep,,,.-d and ...... ilM 10 RflitYld I.~, _.oy, IIo.ord of h. COI,WII;";Oh."" AIob.> ...... SUM h., ~.O. Ik>o 6n . 1010111'
.'.,
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F_. collected from Ihe cllenl
.
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lQitin, lime at 1M courthouse (0 . I scheduled court "ppn.· inC. g,used by circurrut."lncu btyond COIlnse!"S control may be billed as in-oou rt time Ind should be noted as .uch on the Fu I~cb.ation Form. I.e .• tllat po.tion of Ihe total in·court houu which •• nects ntcessary wailin& t ime should be lP«irlg,11y noted as ....."itin, time" on the Fee DecLulition Form.
,..,....,.,., Al.lb;Imo )6 10' •
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l he IOOidal ,o,1Qr(l 01 was e!L>bJ,$hed in 1937,.nd .he r,,,, ,ec i pu~·nll w<.'I"e Senio< U.S. O,,'.oelilldge Seybou.n II Lvnne and ""I~ ClfCU'lludge \d~ D. Ha~. lhe..won! is noo ~nly .n .n.....1 .wa,d. h ...... y bot
---
10. iu<IIo ..h.d.... ~ Of Jo.do<.1 COO>fI. 1/;'1 Of who is ~,",mined 10 11.> ..... c.,.,.,IOO.ed .. ",ifl. ,"nlly 10 .he ~miniw •• ion of lustice In AI.b.>ma. The "",ipie'" is presenl<"(! with. Cry$1<Il g.1~1 be',i ng lho ~
'PII"It.~,
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1», seal.nd.he ~.r 01 """""Lillion. Nomi ... tjons ore e~ bv. ""-"..,,>be< , ........ i,· ~ _nIIed bv !he president 01 !hot ""~ 1>;1, whkh ...... ~ I ,ecommendOl,on 10 lhe boa.d 01 commi ............ w,lh respea I i ) ' """,i_ Of.....t.e!her rt.e award """'10 he ~ _led In any gi",," ~ ... Nomi ... ,1ons """'10 i""lude. det.ited bkIgr.pt,k. 1 PfO-
-,
me 01 the """"nee and .... "'""" OUIhnins the ,"gniflcanl
c....uibutlOl'l(SJ the noml_ Iw made 10 ,he odmin' ..... OOn 01 justice. Noml ... ,ions ...... y be '""IlPOfIed ,.,.nh "",,,",I 01
JiRlIillJ 1992 157
RECENT DECISIONS By WILBUR C. SIWeRl'1AN
BANKRUPTCY New vel.....o;:eptlon to p ... f ....nc. clei_vldence
required ,,, r. Arrow. /nc .. Deb/or; OfficiQ/ lim«:urttJ endilors' Ccmmifl« D. Air· porI Al:iati<m 5enJka. 11lC .. !j,40 r.2d 1463 nUh Cir. &pltmbt. 4.1991).22 B.C.O. ]31. Tht debtor mado: ni .... ~nt p,aymtnts to Ai rp<:>rt Avi~tiGn Sl: rvict5, ilK. in lht 90·day ptriod btfo,t bankruptcy, The Elewnlh Circuit OYtrruled the bankrujltcy and dmrict courts' find· ingl tNt tht poymrnU wtn conttrnpGr~ntoUS ndwl~' for rww VIIlu •. 1M 1~I~tt court said tlul a$ Ihtn we«' substantial bl.lancH which had accruro prior to) tht piI)'fNnu being made during tht gO·day ptriod, tht Creditors' Committ« had not met till: (Qrltnnporaneous~
for new value
~P"
lion which is an IffinTllllM dtftllK to 1547. lnd llu! tht cue WOuld tit: rt·
'"""".
It IItld that l party rtlying upon th. exception must pro~ with sptcificity tht meaSu re of now valut lIiven the debtor in tilt uclw1~ Ir~ion. and Ih.e challenged payment i. proteded only to Iht u tent cI. lhe lfIKific mra_ w re of MW ",,11K oIM)wn.
•• nkruplc, CCKIrt' • • vthoril, 101 ...1 I •• ~,menl •• lru.t fund ~'mttnl. In 'It Ka,e KemicaJ. Inc.; U.s.A. u. I<irrf KemiolL JlIC•. 915 P.2d 243 (llth Cir. J... ly 10. 1991). Thil wu ~ Chop:tT II liquidation procttding. The IllS t.MI .11b ... (I.
-..... ---...I_n
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Sfl I Jan",,1)' 1992
Uluud ~p1Holim~lely S90.000 in WlPfoid tmpioymrn1 (tTl1lt fund) 1aIes. plus inluest and I"'~ltiu. The ylr of UMtI by Kare Kemicals did not bring enough 10 pay the IaI dtbt in full. and tilt debtor sought aJlllTO\la l of a liquidation plan requiring lhe IllS to fil'lt yti5fy princiiW d the lues and. therufttT, the inlensl and IH'n~ltiu. Upon ~p_ prova1 by Ihe N.nhupt~y court, Ihe United States ;JWrlled and the Elevrnth Circuit I'l'V'eOO, llatina: INot the holding In I" re Ene'flV appliu only to Chapter II reorganization cun. The Elt\I(nth Circuil staled that lhe rt-.xtS for allowing p~ymenl Ilioulion in Ch.Ipltr II ~rganiul iom. regardlrss of whelher such paymtntl ~n properly ch, r;acterind iI.S "voluntll)'". ~rt not pns.enl in liquidalion castS.
Sub,t.ntlve con.oll.tlon of ClMopler 7 c . . . . EllS/groUP Pro~rtilts e. Sou/hem Molel Ass«iolirm. LId.. 935 F.2d 245 (11th Cir. July II. IGGI ). The ;JWrllants contendtd Ihal the bankruplcy court and dillrkt cou r t erred in a factu al finding for C()n$OHdatiOll d IWO entities. and, further. that thut WII no legll buil fo r consolidalion. One of the debto", was I limiled pnlnuship formed fo r holding title and IUHoold inlerest in mattl Pl'OI'frtiu. The other debtor W/ll a corporation fo r m.d to op..ate tho molel. The deblors wero commonly owned; the ippel lanu claimed that the u.nsecund ~laims would 001 be paid if the mata wen roruoli dilled. The appellal~ court held that the purpose of subounh'" consolidation is "to ensun the eQuitabl~ treatment of all crt~itors·. il invol~s Ihe pooling of a$$tls and liabilitiel of tne relaled enli_ ties. and in I Chllpter II. creditors au combined lor the purpose of YOting On notganiulion plans.
The EIMnth Cin:uit C(IrICludtd IhM the t..ic: criterion is to detnmine whtthtr the e~onomic prejudice of being H~rat~ outweighs the economic prejudice of cOlllolidation-in olher words. whelhtr
the bmriitl otfstt the harm. The Court adopt'" the Wndard thII the POOpOi .. "t mUSI ~ subWntiai idtntity betwttn the debtor and lhat consolidation is Oft:_ usaI)' 10 avoid hIIrm or 10 r",lire benefit. but. ()nCt th is il shown. Ihe burden Ihil\s 10 thaI d the objtcllng creditors.
ObUplion of debtor to conll_ 10 ~,hee"h 10 .... 1_•• ft ... termlnetlon of w . . . .g_mttnl In " ChateaugoV Corporatian, {HMo r; LTV Stul Compa"" Inc. ... United Min<! W(rien of..tmfflal. P.2d.
bene,",
2211.C.D. IH (2nd Cir. September 17. lGGIl. The debtor WI! obIipted to Pl'Y hnlth benefits to mirres IS long '" the wage 'IIre~mt nt5 ,emillned effective. Thes.e agreement. terminated ilfter the debtor filed its petilion. The Second Cir_ cuit affirmed the lowe. court's holding. thill the Bankruplcy Pro\~dion Act is OOIappliable if lhe wage I,(Il'ftment has upi r ed. HQWtvtr. the court did hold that the Pmsion ~nefit Trust then becomes ruponsible for the conlinued provision of thc>!' health benefits.
Rlgftt to ._k lMountou. w ••te cleanup co.l •• pln.1 ",""""nlHCI debtor flkllteT oFPmn Cmtnll T'ron$ponotion Comptmg. F.2d. 22 B.C.D. 154 (Jrd Cir. Ct. App. September 19. IGGl). Under lhe old Bankruplcy ACI. a consummation order had bttn entered in 1978. In 1986, under CERCLA. there ...·ilIa wit brought by the United SWtI for danupdi ~I. y.ard. The U.S. Dislrict Court htld that Ihe 1978 o rder ind appliuble binkTUptcy ~ would not, after COOlUmmalion. lila...' CERC~ 10 be later wtrttd ~Inst the debtor. Thl Third Circu il n vtrs.ed. Ital ing that the comummation o rdtrwu no! iI bar beuUJot CERC~ did not uistilt the limeofllle onltr. ~ er. the court did distinlluish bet...~en reorlliinint ioTl ilnd liquidation. and ipptilred to hold thaI if then hIId iI been iI llquidation. its determination would Novt betn different. THE ALAWlA ~WYER
1~10fI to Innoc .... ,.rtner of fnlud c:o.....lt1ed by a... fImI In n Ctl/hourl, 0991) WL 1913(13, Ilky, DUtrict 01 CoiumbY. In ~I prOb,I., biiil)', this ~ "'ill be awaiN, but the bJnhupte~ eourt fol1ow~d tht U.S. Suprtme Court in In r~ Slrtlng v. Braud",,,. 114 U.S. 555. 5 S.Ct. 1038 ~/884) which held th~t fr"ud of one ~rtner could be imputed to ,..other I"rtner on tht issut of discNrllUbilil)'. ~rdlw tNt the othtr I"rtntT hid no knowledge of the fraud. The debtor ~ his ~ on tht 8th C.CA ~ 01 Mal/er of LI'aik..r, 726 F.2d 452. hold· illlllilal unlu.$ the oth.. partntr knew or thould have known of the fnud. fraud could no! be cilarged against him. The bankruptcy judge held tilat tilt Ian. gUij/e of lhe U.S. 5upurTN' Court con· IroUod . and thert was nO rtaSOn 10 btlirw Coogm.s intmdrd 10 make JUb.. SUntn-t chinges in the 1978 Codf,
.ankruptc:y Judge allo • • c:urrent r_ther than billing ,at•• at ti.... of ,.rfo...... nc:. of • • ntlc: •• 111 ..., Cammerr:itli Comorliu", of C<JI, iIom>a. fWlkr. No. LA 86-10794 (Octobor 22. 1991 ). Legal 5ervicn Wert incurrttl during the first lour )"U'f 01 tht ~. Tht attomry lor the tlW\et hid b«n paid nothin&- Rtgubr billings at tht limt 01 pnfonnanct weu iIIlPfOl\. imllitly 53.000 iw thin at the limt of tht application. The bankruptcy judge in an t~tfnded opinion r~lotiw to feu. particularl~ intorim foe applications. In whkh she uid the four,month inteMl1 nt unlair 10 allomrys 0$ being unua' sonably ionQ intt"",ls. held liIal when Ihue is a dellY in ~yment. COllnMI should not haw to beM tht full brunt of lhe multill8 fonmci.ol impact.. One "..ay 10 prevtnt Ihis is to allow curnnt hourly r3tu. As .. basis for her holding, .he citttlill ,., l'e>msy/U<ITli<l v. INI(1u'IlI'f! VulI~1I Ciliu' ls Council for Cle(1n Air. 107 S.C!. 3078 (l987} and In ..., LmcIer. 807 F.2d ]207. ]212 (5th Cir. 1988}.
tM Court eon-cluded Ihal Ihe ltaluto uempting relirement benefitJ from cffililors was not wbKrvitnl to ERISA bul liIal the peruion pbn was oempl lor tht bankruptcy "!.lte. (Act~I1y. two easel with limil ... faci$ were appealed 10 the Fifth Circuit}. luues raised in the appeals were: J. Whtthtr the anli,;tiitNtion provision 01 ERISA is "applicable ba.nkruptcy law" undor ISoIL(e)l21 0( Ihe 1WIk· ruptcyCodt. 2. Whtther Ihe anli'lIlienation provi, sion 01 ERISA is "other ~dr ....1 law" under 1522(b)l2)1A.1 of the Bankruptcy Code (tSZ2 is the txemplion section in the Bankruptcy Code,. 3. Whether EIUSA preempl5 the TelW uemption statute. As 10 the first iU~ abow. the Fifth Circuit pan~t dotermined that the E:RISA .. nli'lIlieniIJon provision dots nol seclude pension funds from Ihe boonkruptcy u!.lte unltu the pension plan qualified under stUt law as " "spendthrift trust ", and Ihal under Teus I.lw. it would not 5(1 qualif)-.
As 10 the secnnd issue above. Ihe rifth Circuil Igms with the Eltvtnlh Cil"C1,lit hoIdill8 in In '" Lichslruh/, 750 r.2d 1488.1491 (19&5). that the ERlSA. .. nti'lIliellilion provision is nOi "other fedtralla",". As 10 the third issue abow. the Court first uid that ERISA will not prumpl unless the stat. law ..I... tn an tmploy, U benefit plan. but thai in In '" S/IQw ~. Delltl Airlines. 103 S.C!. 2890. 2900, it was held theu is enough rtbtionship"j{ it has J ((InntCtion ""th or rmm"M% to such a plan", iOCIliIat ERISA. pnempU tht sute law "insdar lIS" the law IP\>lits to benefil plons in P/lrticulor c.utl, thus uniw thert be an applicable e~ceptinn. Th. Ftnh Circuit then held that I:RISA. dots nol exempt ,tate laws which (II usisl in the implemtnlUinn .. nd en, Ion:tmtnt 01 «her fedtr31 laws, iOCI 121 lTe consistenl with other ~d.r31 1iW$: lhe statule asMsts in lhe imple, mtn~ion and enforcement allhe j,piril 01 tht BIIllkrupiCY Code 10 1M l drbIor " fmll !tart, and. thU$. ERISA ~ 1101 prwmpt il. (emplwis supplied) •
nus
LANDTECH86 Rea l Estate Settlement System For Utser or Matrix
Pri,rlus
• HUD 1 Automatic Calculations • Checks & Escrow Accounting • Word Processor· Spell Che<:k Policies & Commitments Deeds & Mortgages • Data Base Repor ting (SQU • On Site Training Available
$1,495.00
... _._-
..' -...... - --.'-
""" -"
St.t . ....... ptlon. I••• a re not p ...mpted by ERISA In 1M Malter of Marshtlll J. D,ke.
F.2d B.C.O. 233 (51h Cir. October ]5. ]991). The U.S. Supreme Court un, oJoubttdly must 501", the I.gal questIon of state exemption statutu and thei r tensions wilh f.deral Law. In Ihis cut. TW: ALAJiA,"(A LAWYER
LANDTECH
CORPORATION
(407) 833·0454
January 1992' 59
Consultant's Corner The following is a _iew of and commentary on an offICe au/omalion i5sue thaI has w"enl impOrtance 10 I"" 1"fId1 rommUl1i1v, pri?pQred blithe office ""tomalian coruullimllo the sial' /xl., Poul Bams/ein, whOSfl views tm1 not ,re=rilV those of Ihe slole bar. This is the 23.J article in OUr "Consul/anls Comer" _ies. It" would lilre /0 hear from g<>u. bath in critiqw of the article wrililm and for su~slions of topics rOT future arlicles.
Str.tevy for ttt. '90. AI the '90s come of age. the Quution naturally arises.: 'What is the strategy, if any. for the '90s?" I ftel vel)' strongly that: -EveryOne mu.t have some Itrategy.
,,'
.Every viable strategy must include locUlI. effidtIll)' and a wary approach to expansion. Nattd for . tnot-s,
StrateI!)''' 1101 just for soldiers, politi_ cians and corporate moguls. It even applies to law firms; in fact. it applies particularly to law firms since so rew have a well-defined st rategy. Consider the following dclinition of "strategy" as
it appli« to law forms: -Strategy is the sum of the prac_ I;ce-sensit;,'e decisiOn. intended to iNure that the firm reaches the end of the decade as a viable entity in a flO$\ure at least as healthy as the firm', poslure al the beginning of the decade," 00 not mista ke st rategy for goal., such as make more mo~, have a more enjoyable life -.lyle_ spend mo," time ",ith my family, etc. These are laudable in themselves. but the)' are not a strate gy. A (well-developed) strategy merely enables one to have a ehance al reaching one's sools.ln a sense. a Slrategy isa rQ1ld map laying oot the route to one's objective. hul Ihe roule and the objec -
BAR DIRECTORIES Bar dif'KlOr;e. will "" "" il«l ,hi. month. btr. copios are SI S ea<:h. Send chech
'" money ",<lets 10:
AI~b;onu
Ib, Di ...,.;tory
P.O. Bo. 4 15&
Montgome'y, Al 3&101 60 I January 1992
Ii .... are not one and the same, Another
,iew is that of a strategy as a set of behaviors that can lead to certain rewards. Focus E~ctpt for urban mega-firms and ru ral wi. practit ioneu, no one these days should attempt to represent himself as a ~neralist in the classic tradition. Law has become increasingly complex. and the speclr. of certification looms as an uncertain cloud. Will lay people seek to identify with only certified practitioners, as they genera lly do with do<;tors' The prudent strategy W<luld ..em to luggelt that StnlO\I - and medium-sized firms Sdk to focus Iheir practice. The focul need not he limited to •• ingle practice area. such as patent law or labor law. The focul. howewr, ought to be on a group of relaled practice areas that at le ...1 ha,,,, the appearanco of syn_ ergism. ~re i. a payoff in this .I",tegy beyond mere client identification. Think of the economies of library purchases, ;w;oo;i;lte croS1Hraining, secretarial utilization. bUline •• development, and tnIOrketing. Lay people have a primary care ph}'sidan_ yet regularly s« other spedali,t •. Lay peopl e (and corporatioos) may well be on the way to a similar leI of relationships. and only the megas and the solos will have ••elusive -""'T1.",hip" of clients.
Efficiency No matter your fOCUI , even if you have nooe. all lawyers will have to learn to practice more efficiently. This efficienqo must be reflected in both individual practice and firm management. The key to individual efficiency is time management and the key to time management is lhorough. scrupulous-to-a-faul! record~ping On a daily basi$. The documentation of non-billablt time mUlt
be ... rigorous ... that of hillable time. Utilization. the ratio of hilled hours to hours worked. must be 80 percent or better, How can you pace yourself if you do not record .11 your hours? Firm meetings for purposes of deci sion ·making and mutual enlightenment must be rigorously controlled. Mutual enlighlenment meetings (O\"'l)'OI1e present) can he cont roll ed by the use of agendas and scheduling them for 7: 15 a,m, with a planned end time of 8:45 a.m. Decision_making can be simplified by ...,igning various functional areas to different partners who are authorized to make decisions within certain paramete ... A dedsion once m<lde can be announced to the other partners "'ith a memo of the form ") have directed". Partn.", objecting. or ..eking amplifica_ tion, can meet with the action partner prior to the effective date outside of normal W<lrking hours. Exp. n s ion The uncertainties of the ecOOOt1ljl. the overcasl of fu rther Ilat. and feder.1 involvement in law practice, and the continuing oversupply of law school graduates tn tnt private sector all .ug_ gest e, treme caution when it comes to the significant growth. This applies equally to int.mally generat.d gTQ\<1h. as well ... to merger. The C<lution applie. both to professional and sUppOrt staff. Having to layoff someone (generally a person with a famil y to support ) il much more painful than passing on that person in the ('",t place. Before considering any expamion, make lure everyone is at Or nea r capacity and the prospects for future work are at least modelt to 1/OOd. By capacity. the profes.ional staff. on average, should ha,'e a uti lization factor of 80 percent .nd I realization factor (ratio of effect;"e rate to budgetJ:<! rate) of 90 percent. • THE ALl.BAMA LAWYER
Request for Consulting Services Office Automation Consulting Program SCH EDULE OP FEES, TERMS AND CONDmONS
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$400.00 $333.00 $307.00
$
52.soo.oo
S2n.OO $250.00
"Ou!'Miooo rcftrslO tho pbnntd on.""' ...... limo ond ..... not inch.de Ii.... spont I!r tho consultanl in
REQUEST FOR CONSULTING SERVICES OFFICE AlrrOMATION CONSULTING PROGRAM SpouomI by Alabama State Bu TH E fiRM
';~~~~~~~
Add,us City
ZIP
ConlXt J)t'rsofl
Telephone'
Tit"
Number of bwytn _ _ Pllralegals _ _ ,eCTd~rits _ othus Officn inQlhoTcitin~' _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
m
P RACTICE
Prxtia: Mus (lib)
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Maritime
Utig,llion
Rut F..staote
Eslatt Pbnning
Ubo,
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Number of clients handled ~nnually
Number of rnatlU1 prUently ope,, _ _ _ _ __
Numbu of matten handled annu.lliy
How often do you bill?
EQUIPMENT
Word (iflfl)'1 ::========================== [)icU.lion tI "ip""'' 1 'ifl.l'l".':'I~============================ Ibt.l.llfCKW.ing pl'OUS$ingtqUipmtnt rqu,pmmt(if &I1Y) _
CO!')' tquipment (if any)_ Tcltphonetquipmenl _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ PR OCRA.1Il
" 01 t~ ~mI
AdmilL Audit ( I ) Wit:
(2) WIE
Mail this '«lues! for service 10 the Alabarna Statt llar (or schfduling. ~nd to tilt ~Uention of ~brgaret Roon ••• -«<",tive Ulistant, Alabama State Bar. P.O. Box 61 1. Montgomery. Alabama 36101.
Tin: AlA8>\.>otA I.AWvt:w.
JmWlrylm l 61
SUMMARIES OF GENERAL LAWS ENACTED AND CONSTITUTIONAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED by the Legislature of Alabama at the
1991
FIRST SPECIAL SESSION,
September 9 through September 24, 1991 Prepared By LECISI.ATWE REFERENCE SERVICE Alabama Stale House . Montgomery. Alabama 36130 . (LRS91 -1725A) INDEX of SummAri•• of O_nera. L.8ws Enacte. end ConstltuUoNlI Amend"...nt. Proposed by tho Leglst.lure of AI. . . . . . .t the FIRST SPECIAL SESSION, 1991
Act No. 91·T,M
91·735 91·736 91·137 9]-738
91·750
em No.
Act No.
It 18 It. 53
am No.
lI.n
9H86 91·188 91·189
S" S"
H.76 S.lS S.SS S." S. 70
0·'"
II. 8
91·791 91·79'2
S.3
Aet No.
Bill No. S.~6
9\·793 9\-794 91·795 9\.797
II. 11
91·798
II. 62
"....
S.52
S" S"
Act Mo.
...
".."
5.43 S. .. 5. 46 5.47
S.52 S. SS
Act NO'. 81.734, H. 18,
S." 91 ·791 S.52 91 ·194 5.10 91 ·192
p~
an iUl"Iendnvnl 10 \h.t Conslilulion
r~·
Liling \0 lhe compensation of \h.t i,. of probI.t~ MId other county otrl«rs of MKon County.
Act NO' . 81 ·735, H. 53, proposes an lnvndmrnt to Ih~ Constitution to pllJ'Jide lor the election of \h.t members 0/ the Board 0/ Edualion in lhe Cit~ of Tallassee , Act NO'. 81.738. S. 12. ..,peat..~· 62 f JinUl1"jl1992
91-818 91-814 91-815
"".." 9]-.811
91-812
H.
"..,. "..,.
is
H.36 H. 6 II. 16
H." H. IO
HOUSE BILLS
5.59 91 ·80'
9]-807 91·808 91·793 91-811 91·795 91·790
Ael No. Bill No.
H.37
S.<l S." S., 5.47
91-807
SENATE BILLS
S, 91·800 S.3 9P50 S. 12 91·136 S.1O 91-328 S. 13 91·737 SlS 91·789
alii "0.
91-81 4 91-738 IU O 91-828 IU6 91-815 H.11 91·797 fl . 6
H.18
11.8
11.36 H,37 IU 7 li .51
lion 36-15·5. Codr ofAkdxm>o 1975. re-Liting to \h.t OffICe of ~puty AltOn1e}l CmeTllI. II IH'O'I'iOes for additiool.l p(r· _ I and furthrr duties 0/ \h.t Offi«, 01 Altorney c.:nf .~1 lnd ftt~bli5hu an addilional muns 0/ funding wch off..,.,.
Act No. 81·737, S. 13, pnMdts lor \h.t appointmenl o/lnvtSligalors f<lr \h.t Otfi<":e of the Atlornry Cellfnl. II also provides for Iht hiring. salaries. expenses. authority and duties of such inv~sligators.
91 ·734 91 ·813 91 ·805 91·811 91·795
11.47
91-786
91-735 H.62 91·798 IUS 91·812 H.76 91·788
IISI
"""1.
Act NO'. 81·738. H. 8, is the gellfTllI fund It malces appropri,llions f<lr tilt. ordillil"jl apenHS of tilt. a«Uti\of. IrgisLlIM ~nd juditill .ncio. of \h.t w.1~.
Act NO'. 11·750, S. 3, ammds 5«. lion 9·11·236. CDik of AlalNmw 1915. ..,Iating to the huntinQ or taking of cer· tain protected birds or aninutJ during closed hunting season. so as to prohibit further the posKssion thum and pro·
TUE AlABAMA lAWYER
I
SUMMARIES OP GENERAL LAws ENACTED AND CONSTnUnONAL A.'IlENDNENTS PROPOSED
vide furthrr lor cutain prohibitions and pt .... ltit$. It al$O I'l'JII'JII section 9·11· 239.Coo:kofAhlbomo 1975.
Act No. 91 .786, H. 47, provides lor transftr 01 funds from tilt Al:>andontd I'ro!ltrty Trust F'und to tilt SUItt Ift""ral "od, Act No. 91 . 788, H. 78, ~mtnds sections 35·12-22. 35-12-23. 35·12·25. 35·j2·27, 35·12·29. 35·12·31 ind 35·12· 39, CodoI of AIa6u"1fI 1975, the 'Uniform Dispooition 01 Uno;:Ll.i~ ~rty Act," $0 ;as to rtdua tilt stYtn.)'Ur dormanqt Jll'riod to a rM·)'tar 00rrru.1'IoCy ptriad, prwide for a singlf add,tional reporting and I'l'millm, datt, and pn:Mdt furtlltr for the MP06it 01 fundi to the I/I'""ral j
"'"'Act No. 91 -789, S. 35, amtndsste· tion 36·27· 15.2, Code of AJabamo 1975. rtlating to crWit for out-of·state serviu in the "'ti",ment systf'ITII, $0 iIS to provide further for tht cosl of purch3sing such credit. Act No. 91.790, S. 55, amends5«' tion 34-3-2.1. CO<k of Alaooma 1975, rtlitinQ to graduatu of et rtiin law schools being ~thoriud 10 lAb the bar nami ....tion. 110 ;as to ,~ the """'" of Jona 1.;,w Institutt to Jonts School 01 ~ and to prOVide fu"her for teach· m it such """ school$. Act No. 91.791, S. &0, amends 5«. tion 34-3·3, Code ofAlabama 1975, ",Lat· ing to ;odmisslon fees lor ippliwlto; to the slatt bar. 50 iIS to increase such fteS.
Act No. 91 _794, S . 82, ammds 5«tion 32·6·150. Cod.! of Ai4bomtl 1975. ",Lating to the iuuan« 0( ptl'SOlWiud licert$l! plata lor rolltiIU ~ unilltrsit ies. $0 u to includt Athens Colltge within tht collegtl1nd universities luthorizWto haw Juch liurt$l! plat ••. Act No. 91_795, S . 52, TWfl< nsthe jud icia l retirement fund to allow oerbin actiw and contributing circuit judgr. to cI~im and pu rchast crtdit for cutain service in the flIecutiw department of the mIt. as I full-time iWmnt district attomt)'. Mputy district 1110,.,.., or IS it! wimnt lItOTTlltY Iftntl'lli. Act No. 81 .797, H. 17, ~Jw:t No. 91·252, H. 556. 1991 Regul~r St.. sion. I'l'lf,tinfl to ... ilMII3l ilW'OI)I iation from the Public: ROAd 100 Bridge F'und of tht Highway Department to the Dt_ partmfnt of l'ublic Safety for the pur· chut of tquipment for traffic lawen· forcement. 10 as to provide that for fis· ral )'t'.r 19-91 ·92. lhe purposu lor which said approp riation shal l he up~nded shall be the tnforctment of state traffic and motor whick tn.'1. Act No . 91 -798 , H. 82, amends 5«Iioos 4(1.2l)-4, 4(1.2(1.5 ind 9·17-21i. Codtt of A1Dboma 1975. "'btinfl to the filing of oil and g.u priyiltet IaJ. mums. 1IO;as 10 provide furlher lor such filing. Act No. 81-804, S. 59, ...peob Ad No. 631. 5. 722. 1977 Rtgulu Swion. ",. Lating to the compensation of !he DirK' tor of Ltgislatiw llerCrtllCf Service.
Act No. 91 ·792, S. 70, ame nds sec· t ion 36·6-11. Code of Alabama 1975, nlatinQ to longevity pay for state tmployees, 110 IS to cLl.rify that kmGf\ity pay shall be paid 011 the first pa~ in DKombt r 01 tach )'tu. It allO repeals S«tion 36-2 1·3. Codr of AMlOOma 1975. ",Iit'na 10 IUIllJl ,urn paymmto; mad. to ilIw tnrorctlMnt offictrs which ,rt in conI1ict with thiuct.
Act No , 91 -805, H. 37, amend. Jtc t ion 41 -9·249, Code of Ala bama 1975. rtLating to the ]!OWI'rs and duties of tilt: Mabarru. tliJtorleal Commission, 5O;as to pl'Olidt further !hertfor.
Act No. 91 .793, S . 4&, immds5«' t ion 22 ·20·3, CO<k 01 Alaooma 1975, prOltidinll for fIfOIlatal testing for Ctr· tain di~s, 50 IS to authorize w'tain other tem and the coll ection oIa fu for the newborn SCTffning program.
Act No. 81 _aOa, S . 4 4 , rru.kes iIf1 appropriation from the Special Educa· tion~1 Trult fund to the Alabama Lugut for tht Adv.!.ncemtnt of Educa· tion for the fiscal )'t'ar ending s.ptem· Ixr 30. 1992.
THE ALABAMA 1 .A\I'Y~:11
Act No. 81 -807, S. 43, mak", ... (rom tht Si:l«iaJ Edua· tion~1 Trust Fund to tht Blackbelt Human Rtl-OUrUJ for tht flJ(:al yur eOOina ~tmbtr 30. 1992. ~pproprialion
I
Act No. 91-809, S . 2, J>I'I')IlO5tJ iIf1 ammdmtnt to the Constitution 10 provide thIot tWO)' IlI0.)'0I', lheriff and eltct· td county official Jhall he entitled to participatt in the EmpIO)'t'es' Reti", . mmtSystem. Act No . 81-811, S. 47, makes an appropriation from tht gene ral fund to the Department of Conservat ion and Natural Ruourcu, Alabama Animal DaIN# Control Pl'OIIram for the f&.al yUr ending September 30. 1992. Ac t No. 91-812, H. 75, makes .... propriMions from !he Sj)ecial EducationII Trust F'und lor «Iuin public educa· tion functionJ ptrlonntd by the State Department 01 EduCltion lor the fiscal yUr tnding September 30. 1992. The appl'tl!lri-ltions art cooditionld on determi· nation by the courts that tilt atttmpttd line.item velo in Act No. 91 ·732. 1991 Regular Swion, is constitutional. Act No. 91 -813, H, 36, make. an appropri~tion from the general fund to the Alabaml', Young Woman 01 the Year Program and to the AmerkJ's Young WOITIiIfl 0( the Vtar f'n:Ignm lor the fl$Cll )'Ur Vldinll SttMmbtr 30, 1992. Act No . 91 -814, H . 8 , makes ~n IppfOl)riation from the Si:l«ial Educalional Tr\lst Fund to the Attalli City Baud of Ed\lCltion for the filCll ~~r tnding ~tmbtr 30. 1991. lor rtpairs to VI)' CIt)' school damaged by fin. Ac t No . 8 1-815, H. 18, makes a... appropriation (rom the general fund to the Shoitu Enlrtprtne ural Center for the f&al ~ar endinQ September 30. 1992. Act No. 91-824, H. 38. amends $telions 1~·19·171. 12·19· 172. 12·19-179. 12·14·14 and 32-5-313. Co<k of AIoOOma 191'5. nLatil1jJ to COUrl 00ItJ. >0 iIS to inI;ffiIOf mtam coMI on traffIC inhactioos and to pn:Mde lor the diRribution 0( the ;~
Act No. 91-828, H . 10, giws U r· tain former emplO)'H' of the Depart· menl of PI.Iblic Sifet~ all righto;. btntfito; and privilege! gi"on to other reti red ,tate law enforctmtnt officers including a retired badge. a relired commission card and a pislol.
January 1992 / 63
SUMMAJUES OF GE"-"ERAL LAws ENAC1l:D AND CONsnnmOSAl. AMENDMENTS PROPOSED
to .............. at
Acl No.
8111 No.
91 ·94 91. 120 91· 121 91 . ln 91 ·12-4 91. 125 91·126 91.127 91·129 91·152 91·153 91.154 91·ISS 91·157 91·162 91. 163 91· 1&\ 91·165 91· 169 91.171 91· 187 91·196 91.197 91·198 91.199 91·209 91.210
H.I44 S.79 fl. 4&6 S. 110 H.374 H.375 H.376 H.3n II. 145 II. 159 H.547 11.63 II. 130 It 160 II. 14 H.687 II. 162 Ii. 163 II. 428 It 429 II. 366 II. 164 II. 161 H.I65 II. 166
91·211
91·2 12 91·2 17 91·218 91.2 19 91·223 91.250 91·251 91·252 91·254 91·2SS 91·268 91·3 19 91 ·320 91·321 91 ·322 64 1 January 1992
&0. S.44 5. 81 5.82
H.83J H.956 H.JOI Ii. 789 Ii. 135
, .", Ii. 556 It. 907
' .72 S.321 II. 294 II. 664 Ii. 120 11.348
INDEX LIIw. En.clecl and Can. Ub,tI_1 ....... ' ... ' .. nl. JOn)pa.... by t he L.8tIi. ..t ..... of "'lotN.lNl o l lIMo REGULAR SESSION, O~I
Acl No.
91·323 91-324 91·347 91·356
".." 91-433
""'" 91.." 91-440 91-441 91-442 91-443 91 .... 91-445 91-446 91-447 91-448 91-460 91-466 91-470 91 ...1.7\
91-4n
91-473 91-474 91-475 91-476 91-478 91-479 91-480 91-481 91-482 91-483 91·545 91·546 91·541 91·548 91·549 91·550 91·SSI 91·SS2 91·553 91.554 91 ·556
1.'
• 111 No.
5.459
'.55 Ii . 389 H.591 S.27
,. '" II. 27
'.85 II. 423
,." Ii. 748 H.618 H.706 II. 11 11.29
H.35 5. S34 5.629 II.JII H.279
.509 ,' .... ,.""
Ac l No.
91·557 91·559 91·560 91·561 91·562 91·563 91·564 91·565 91·566 91·561 91·568 91·569 91·570 91·571 91·5n
91·573 91·574 91·575 91·576 91 ·5n
H. $96
91·578 91·579 91·580 91·581 91 ·582 91 ·583 91·584 91·585 91 ·586 91·587 9] ·588 91·589 91·590 91 ·591
H.3 19
91·592
""
91·593 91.". 91·595 91·596 91·597 91·598 91·599 91·600
II. 183
' .m II. 326 II. 170 H.325 H. 420 11.819 H.I32
H.57 II. 396
H. I46 H.458
1I.9S3
' .99 H.100 II. 153 H.401
8111 No.
11.419
,.", 11.870 H.412
,....
H.959 Ii. 109 H.I36
""''' 1i.5n
Act No •
91·602 91·614 91·6]5 91·6]6 91 ·617 91·618 91·619 91·620 91·621
91·622
'.295
91·623
''''
91·624 91·625 91·626 91·627 9] ·628 91·629 91 ·630 91 ·631 91·632 91.." 9J.ti34 91..,. 91 ·631 9]·638 91-640 9]-641 91 ·642 91 ·652 91 ·654 91 ·655 9]·656 91-651 91.... 91 .... 91·660 91-66] 91..., 91<63 91·664 91·665
1i.4n
11.258 H.266 11.265 H.267 11.3;0 H.37 1 H.372 H.217
' .84 fl.79t
,."197 11.
' .352 H. I80 H.469 H.5M
H. 356 H.392 H.I55 1I.3J(
'.505 H.440 H.187
' .88
"'" fl. 497 H.531 H.128 H.357 H.437
91·666
91·667
alii No. ,. JJ<)
II. 579
'.5S<) 11.287 H.324 11.231 H.251
'.233 Ii. 243 H. 244 1i. 416 11.857 11.211
H.234 H.246 H.281 11.653 It. 227 H.n8 H.672 H.152 H.141 H. 367
H.I94
a'" S.343 S.412 S. S58 S.S3S S.96 S.512 S.193 S. 15 S.51 S.400 S.... S.443 S.97 S.47 S. S<l8
S.'" S.JJJ S. 432
TIl E ALABAMA LAWYER
I
SUMMARIES OF GENERAL lAws ENAcn:D AND CONsnnmONA.L AMENDMENTS PRoPOSED
kiNo.
91·669 91·670 91·671 91·672 91·673 9]·674 9] ·675 91·676 9] ·6n 91·678
9\0679
B ... No.
S" H.1I 7 II. 3J3 H.354 H.237 H.646 H. ' " H.2SO H. 110 fl. 235 H.261
Ael No.
Bill No.
91·680 91·&81 91.1)82 91·&83 91·&84
H. ' "
"..., "... "..., 91-687
91·689
9] ·690
Ael No.
91-691 91·692 91·693 91-694 91-697 91·707 91·709 91·712 9]·713 91·114 9] ·715
H.~
H. S37 fl. 700 H.347 H.785 H.247 H.872 H.240 H.270 H.219
ACI No. 111.114, H. 144, amends Kdion 5-IJA-3. Code 01Akll>oma 1975. rdating to tilt ~u ... tion of an Abba· ifill bank holding company or an Abba· ma bank by I regio","' bank h-oldinll company, $0 U to provilk furttltr for any such acquisition.
Act No. 91,125, H. 375, utablish· tI tht Alabama tlnlth Clfe Trust Fund in the state t~asuf)l for the purpOSot of prll"iding further for the optrlltion of tht ~icaid program ~ tht .... inte· nmct and txpmSion of medit.ll ~Met. availabl. UKreundtr.
Act No, 91 ·120, S, 79, establishes the 'equirtrMnl$ for inform.d comtnt for huma n immunodeficiency virul (ttlV) testing .m d pro...idts for oounstL· inll. rmrnl to tltalth tI~ services and an ~ion 01 individlloll ~i1i, ty fonny individwoltesting HIY poIilivt.
Act No. 91.126, H. 376, impo$('S a privilege L1x upon certain nursinll facil·
Act No. 111 . 121, H. 466, lmtndl Kdions 24·7·2 and 24.7·3. Coth 01 Ala. boma 1975. providing for the Mowa Choctaw Housing Autho.it~. 10 as to pro...ilk furttltr for the appointrMnt 0( rMmbtrs of the Authority and for ttlt duties and J)O'o'I'rs oIttlt Authority.
ities to provide further for the availabil· ityof indigent hellth t.lrt; tht opera· tion of UK Medicaid prqir&m; and the m;oinltfWIU and H!)Insion of medial se .....ices thtrwndH.
Act No. 91 ·1 27, N, 377, imposes • privilrg. tax upon tvtry diSllrQp:)rti<.ln;lte shart hospital in 1m state to provide fur· ther fOt" the availability 01 indigent health care: the operation of the Medicaid program: and tht .... intenan« and upan. lion of mrdic:al ...rvices therwncltr.
H.2-42 fl. 208 H.271 H.659 fl.M5 H. ' " H. 101 fl .2S3 H.232 fl. 272 H. 241
k l No.
91·716 91·717 91·718 91·720 91·721 91·722 91·725 91·m 9]·730 91·731 9]·732
Bill No.
H. 463 H.238 tl. 439 fl. 121 H.911 H. ' " H. ' " H.'" S.5(l5
5. 411 fl. 203
tain ~il utat. Of!erations and trarlSKtions in tilt CO\lnt~.
Act No • • '·154, N. 83., pfllllOSU an ammdmtnt to tht CQnstitlllion rellttine to ElC.I.mhia County, SO U 10 provide further for the distribution 01 oil and severanu IU ~nutS in the counw.
su
Act No. 91.155, H. 130. pl"OpOM:$ an amendment to the Constitution to allow the l..tllislature to pn:Mdt by local ad for the eltd.ion 0( tht members 01 th. Board of Education of the City of AtUlii in t:tOWolh County. Act No, 91·157, N, 160, continues the uistence .nd functioning of the Board for Registration 01 Architectl . It also ,mends ~ctions 34·2·33, 34·2·34, 34·2-311 and 34·2-<10. Cotk 01 Ala/1Qmo ]975, $(I as to pn:Mdt further for such
""....
Act No• • , . IB2, H. 14, proposes an lmtndmmlto t.ht Constitution ~latlng to Gt~a County, SO ilS to requirt or authori~. the counly CQmmiuion to I~ additional count~ liulUt taus and registration fus on motor vthiclts and to provi de for the distribution of the proceeds of such lues.
Act No. 91·122, S, 110, ammds Kdions 34·24.$0 and 34·24-33, Code 01 Alabama 1975 .•tl.tinllto tht rvalwo· tion by ttlt Statt Board 0( Medical ~:x· amint", 01 collelits of medidne loc:.oltd outside of the Unittd StalU and the District of Columbia. so n to provide further for such evaluation and the licensing of Jlraduatts of such schools..
34·17·20, 34· 17-2]
Act No, 91 .124, H , 374, impOMS a
01 Alabama ]975. 10 as to pn:Mdt fur· ther for such 8olrd.
lrl
priviltge lU upon urtain providers 01 pharmaceutical ... MetS 10 pmvilk fur, ther for the availability 0( indiSffit hulth tire; tht Of!eration of tht Medicaid program; and the lfIlIint""llflce and upan, !ion of medial services thereunder.
Act No, 91 . 1.53, H , 547, PrllflOKS an amendment to the Constitution relating to Jefferson County. so as to provide further for the collection of municipal bwint$llictnu taxes on ctr·
Act No•• "'64, H.182, continues
THE
ALABA."IA tAWYER
Act No. 91.129, N. 14S, ~quim timely inYtstmtnt olldk funds by bank and trust company fiducii;ries.
Bill No.
I
Act No. 111.152, N, 159, continues the tl istonc. and functioning of the Board of Eumi ... rs of Larnlscapt Archi· treu. [t also amends I«tions 34·17·5. ~
34·17·25, CQdto Act No. 91.163, H. A7, pfOp(l$ts
llmendmtnt to tht Constitution ~. lating to Class 2 munici~itits. 10 as to luthorize ctrtlin investments of the wt\s of an)' Class 2 municipality poliu and firefighter pension plans.
January 1992 / 65
I
SUMMAJUES
OF
GENERAL LAws
th~ niste"". ~nd fu""lioning of th~ PolygTlph Enmintr$ Boord. It also Im~r..,1$ Hctiona 3<4 ·2!>·36 and 3<4-2529. Cod. 01 AJ<JbamQ 1975.50 all to provido furthor for such !k».rd.
Act No. 91.1115, N .1113, continues the uistenct and functioning of the Slat. BoIIrd ofOccupatiooal Therapy. It als.o aml'nds HCtionS 3<4-39-] 4. 34-3916 and 41 ·21)·3 , Cctk 01 Alab<mw 1975. 50 ~ to pFOYidt furthor for such !k».rd. Act No. 91-189, H. 428, amends Hct ion 11 ·43C ·!>2. CtHk of AI"f)a ..... 1975. nllllnil to ctrtlin procedu rrs under tho ma)'Or·council (onn of gov. emmmt for CLMI 5 munici~litits. so all to provide further for Ihe votr to OYerride I line ittm ... to 01 tho mayor. Act No. 111.171, H . 429, ~mtnds section 11 ·43C·21, Code of Alabama 1975. rtllting to the powers of the council under the may<lr,cQUncil form of gowmml'nl for Clus 5 municipali· tin. so ~ to provide that tho council may appoint «min emplol-'«s to HM thoooundi. Act No. 111.1117, N . 366, amends numUOUI lectlonl of chapter 65 of Title II. Coth oIlJabImNI 1975. reLit· inll to hOrR rldnllind p;iI.i.mutuel WoIge.irlllthomMI in Class I municipali · tits. 50 ~ to pFOYido furtho. for horse racing and Il. tyhound rKing and pari· mu t uel wagerinll th ereon, It also repeals stCtions 11 ·65 .... 5 and 11·65.... 6.
ENACTED AND CONSTITUTIONAL
Act No. 91 .197, N. 1111, continues the uistence and funct ioning of the State Licensing BoIIrd for Ctneral Con · tractors, It also amends sections 34-8-2.
66 f JanUlOry 1992
PROPOSED
II
.,."'.
dam coruIruction and muwi. dcwtop. menI. for indUJtrial dcwlopmml. flood control. rllIviption. irription . public recreation and reLited purposes.
Act No. 91.198, H . 185, conlinues the ui.tence and functioning of Ihe Hea. ing Aid Dealers Licensing BoIIrd. It also amends "ctions 34·]4. ] ]h'ough 34-14-4. 34· 14·6 through 34·1 4·1 1 and 34-14·30. C«Je oIlJ~/xmIa 1975. so a.s to p.ovide further for such !k».rd.
Act No. 9'.2111, H. 9511, proposes an amendment to the Constitution to pFOYide for the eledion of the mem~rs 01 the Boar<l of Education in the City of OK.atu •.
Act No. e1,'H, H. 1116, continues the uistenee and funetioning of the SUit !k».rd of RtQistrlltion for PTofessianal £niio«rs and Land SuM)'Ors. II "Iso lmtnd$ $fl;lions 3<4. 11 -3. 3<4-11-9 and 3<4- 11 ·36. CoM "'Alabama 1975. 50 iQ 10 provide furlhor for such BoIIrd.
Act No. 91 . 2t9, N. 301, propo$ei In amendment to tho Constitution to pn:widt for the KquiJition. IT\iIintenanr;t and protection of lands and Wl~. a ..... hlI\;ng unique «OIoiica1 systems. plant and ""i.....1 life. geological (OfITIiItions. wildlife hlIbital$. recreatioN! v.tlue and sunic beauty. II also establishts the Abbarna Forever Wild Land Trust.
34·8-4 lnd 3<4·8·25. Code of Alabama ]975, 50 all to pFOYidt furthor for such
Act No . 511.209, S. 40, ~uthorize. municipolitin and counties to pFOYidt assistance to the \l(l\>eming bod)- of any ot her munlclpalily o. county when .uch municip;itity or county has been dtcLi.ed a diN$l .. arU b)' tho Gowmor Or tho P. esidtnt. Act No. 91.210, S. 44, allows certain hindicapped ~ to UH emu· bows (or hunling pme and unprotW.ed wildlife. Act No . 91-211, S . 81, Imend. stCtions 28-J..I and 28-3-187.1, Ctxk 01 AlaiHIma 1975. relating to alcoholic beverages. so as to define the term - b.andy" and to uempt brandy from ctrlain labeling . equirements.
DxltollJ,,/xmIa 1975. Act No 91.1911, H. 1114, contino u.,. tho ujllence and functioning of the BOlFd of Funeral Service. It also amendl Hetion. 3<4· 13·70 lnd 34-13· 90. Cod. of Alabama 1975. so "s to IUthorize the !k».rd to aIibIish I rea· SONbIe enmiNotion ftt for preparing lind administering womi ....lions of tho BoIIrd·."pplicints.
AMENDMEI'fI"S
Act No . 91 -212, S . 82, amends Hctions 8·21)-4. B·ZO·5, 8-20·7 and 8· 20·9. C«Je ofAIoOOma 1975. rebti", to the Moto. \'ehicle Fl"IInchiH Act. 50 a.s to providt furthH lor unwr and dt<:epIi... Inde praclice •. ttTmirllllions "nd nonre ......... ls of fnnchise .ebtionships and tho ..... monty obligations to dulers. Act No. 9t.2t7, N. 833., proposu an imendment to ]he Constitution to authorize the Incorporation of the Tom Bevili Rese rvoir Man agement Arta Authority in l'lyeUe County for the pur· pO$t.S of watef constJVltion .md supply.
Act No. 81-223, H. 7119, makes an approp.iation from the g.n ..~1 fund to the Boa.d of Pardon. and Parole. for the liSClI year ending September 30.
1991. Act No. 91 . 250, H. 135, amends Hetian \-3-8. CoM of lJaIxJ"", 1975. reLiting to ItCaI hoi""),! in tho state. 50 all to provide \lut rllItional Memo.ial DiY lhill be i lepl holiday: Thomas Jeffu"",,'1 birthdiy shII]1 be obstl'Ved in conjunction with Gtorgt: WlI5hin,gton's birthdiy; Mardi Gm wll be i holiday in Mobil~ and ruoldwin counties: ~nd ctrlain stllte employtts shall ~ grant,d one persooallea .... diy each yea •. Act No. e1-251, H. 555, almnds section 23~-8. Code 01 Alabuma 1975, relating to the bonds of the Industrial Accw Rood and IlridiC Corpon.tion. 50 all to ;ncrose tho amount <J bonds such corporation un IIlIw outstanding at :any one timr. Act No. 91 . 252, H . 5511, prtJYides for In ""nl.lllllpprOpri."llion f.om the Public RNd and Bridge fund of the Higm.'lY Dtp;trtment \0 tho Department of Publk S~fe ty 10' th( purchase o( equipment for tnffk Liw enfor«ment. Act No. 81'2154, H. 907, I'TOpases
TIlE ALABAMA l.'.WITR
Sl!MMAIUES OF GENERAL LAws ENACTED AND CONSTtnmONAL A.~ENDMEl'n'S PROPOSED
an immdmtnt to the Constitution proI.'iding for tht tl«lion 01 tht mtmbeT'S of the BoiIrd 01 Edua.tion in tilt City 01 fil~.
Act No . 11-255. H . 72 . is the ",lJabalN Sifely Btll UK Acl of 1991". Act No •• 1. 288. S. 321 . amends
Kctioru 4-3-4 1. 4-3-45, 4-3-41 and 4·359. Ctxk of AlubQma 1915, relaling 10 ai'l'O'1 iuthorititS. so as 10 providt for tht reincorpor.lt ion of Hiilin, ,irpOrt authoriliu. Act No • • 1· 31" H. 214. Imtnds Kdi0n5 1~·9· 1 3.1, 13.-\·9·13.2, &.8-15 11"K112· 17·224. C«ltt of AI<lb<Ima 1975. nllllil\fl 10 rulitulian lor tilt otaot~· lion 01 a worth lm check or other ntg<>IWlle instTUmtnl. 50 iIS to increast lhe sf/vict cha rge on such worthless c!Kcks or instrumtna. Act No . '1 -320. H . 66-4. amends Hclioru 8·/J- I O. 8·6-11 and 8·7·6. CO<k of Alabama 1975. relllting 10 the Alab.l.· mi Securitiu Commission. so IS to provide furllltr for funding $aid Com· mission and 10 pr(Widt for III appropri. ilion to tht Aiaboomll S«u.ilits Com· mi .... on from mooin Ikpo$ited in tilt AlaIwnI S«urilitS Commission PUOO. Act No. 111 . 32t . H . 120. lJTII'nds Hctions 40·1·33. 40·12·390. 41)· 12-391. 40 · 12-392. 40· 12·394,40· 12·396, 40_ 12-398 and 40· 12·414. Ctxk of Alaba· ma 1975. relaling 10 aulomolive veh; cle dealers. iO as to uclude ce rtain lictnst inforfmtion from genu al conli<.!tnt;"lity provitioru and 10 provid. further for such iulomotiw w hiete deal· u s. II liso . tpulJ Hclion 40·12·52. c.,dt! of Aiob<zma 1975. which Rqu;res i priviltl/t lictnH for IUlomobilt Silts~".
Act Mo. 11 -322. H. 348. PfOIlOKS in amendmenl 10 Ihe Const itution authorizing the IU ww.ors, \a:( collec· lors. rtvenut commiuioners, littnH commwiontrs and other ad valorem WI oflkials to eled to part icipale in lhe Statt f;mployeu' i-Id in mtnl System or Ih. county rttiremtnt symm. if available. THE ALABAMA LAWYE R
Act No . '1 · 323. S • • 5'. is "Tht Alob.vni Eduation l~fOItmtnt Act 01 1991". It il5O;amends Kdi0n5 16-23.-3. 16-3· 16. 16·23-14. 16·23-15. 16·3·15. 16·35·1 i!Id 16·28-4 , Cock of Alaba"", 1975. rtlalin, 10 schaab and ctrtifica· tion of Inc h en and it specifically rfpuls Jections 16·40·2. 16-40·3, 16· 40·4, 16· 40· 5.1. 16·40· 5.2, 16-40-5.3. 16-40-5.4. 16-40·6100 16-40-7. CO<k of Alabama 1975. efft<:liw AugUSI I. 1992. Act No . ,1 . 32• • H . 55. t~fmpts ce ruin rescue service orglniZlllions from 1111 fIll It, counly Ind munici~1 >lJn II"KI us.t lalts. Act No . I1 ·:M7. H. 38• • ammds Kdion 29·2-51. CoM of Alabama 1975. .eliting 10 the Per!Notnl l.tgisllll;w Commllttt on Rupportionmtnl. 50 ... 10 prOl'ide further for addilional al·large members.. Act No . '1 -356. H. 517. providu lor lhe f mployment, pOWfrs and dulie4 of pOlict offictrs 01 the Universi ly of Monlevallo. Act Ho . '1 -.32. S . 27 . imends stction 33-4·38, (;(Mal AJabamo 1975.
pl"OYiding lOr lhe levy. PIYmttlIIl"Kl disposition of ship piloff lictnSt tu. 50 as 10 incnllK tilt ilfTIOU/ll \lw:reo/. Act No. 111-433. H . 736. amends nc t ion 32-5·313. Code of Alabama 1975, rt laling to ptna lt iU for tra ffic infractions to provide funding for th( driwr education and Iraining fund . 50 11$ 10 incrtllK tht penalty lind providt further for distribulion of the funds col-
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Act No . 111 -.38. H . 21 . lmend. HdiolUl 12· 19- 171. 12. 19_172. 12_19· 175. 12.19-17811"K112. 19-179. CoM aI Alabama 1975. relllling 10 ~ in IrafflC infrllclion ind misdemunor casu in di s trict lind ci rcui l cou rll, so as to incre .... the f_ and 10 providt for dis· lribulion 0( lhe ftt increase. Act No . 11 · 43 • • H . 85. is "The Voluntur Strylct ACI". It provides
immunity from civil liabilily while in voluntttr Hf"i« withoul tomptnslllion for 10 nonprofil Of1Iniution or corpor.o. tion or 10 gowmmtnul t1Ility. Act No. 11-440. H • • 23. imtnds ..ction, 22·52-2. 22-52 ·3. 22·52-4 . 22· 52·6. 22·$2· 7. 22 ·52· 8, 22-52·9. 22·52· 11.22·52· 12. 22·52- 13 and 22·52-15. Coik 01 Alaba"", 1975, relatil\fl to men· tal health iOO mtntal retardalion, 50 iIS 10 provid. fu rthtr for Ihe involuntary commitmtnl, discMf"it and lransfer of penonl in Itlltt inlti lulionl. II Ilso spKifiatlly repWs Kdions 22-52-1 and 22·52· 10. C«ltt of AJaboma 1975. Act Ho . '1 _•• 1. H . 3 •• is tht "AWwna Community Punuhmtnt and Comctions Act 01 1991 ". II provide. for
communi ty puni.hmtnl1Ond co.rections prograrnslnd procedures;u llternative puni,hmtnt for tliQibl. offend.
".
""""2,
Ac t No. H . 74-8, prohibits lhe Library EnMlKemenl f und in lilt educalion approp.;"!ions Irom rtcti .... ing Ie", Ilwl 70 ptn:ml 01 i\l """"",riilion in ;my fllCal yeif in ..."hich prorlI' tion is drdued. Act No. 111 ...... 3. H . 878. allows 1111 full·time tmplO)'tt1 and tltculi~ officeu of Iht Dtvtloping Alaba ma Youth I'ounclation 10 become eligible 10 participalt In lhe Teachers' Rtliremtnl System. Act No • • 1 ....... H . 708. expands Iht pu rpOses lor wh ich Iht Alabami Youth Services Hoard ITIiY t xpend «:r_ ta;n funds apPl'O!>rialed in Act No.. 90· 764, 1990 Regular Session. Act No . 111 .....5. H . 11. re-ptaisAct 1'0.81 · 153. S. 392. 1981 i-Itgular 5es.ion!ActJ 1981, p. 176), whidl consoli . daled th( admini$l ral ion of Alhens State Coltt't and John C. Cllhoun Communily Colltge. This act rt-tstabli!-he. two aulonomoul admini$tr:ltions and providu fo r the appOinlme nl of prnid(lltJ of the collegu, Ihe jurisdic· tions and optl1llions.
January 1992 / 67
I
Sl1MMARIES OF GENERAl. LAws ENACTED AND CONS1TIUI10NAL AM£NoMENTS PRoPOSED
II
Act No. 91-446, H. 29 , provides a means whereby any insurer organized und~r the laws of aO)' other state may become a dome.tic iruurer.
"Alabama P..school Special Education Act." !t ..tablishe. ,peeial education ..,rvices for children ages three thfQUgh fi"" with disabilities.
.ection 11·43C·35, Code of Alabama 1975. relating to the compensation of the mayor of Class 5 municipalities. so as to increase the compensation.
Act No. 91-447, H. 35, amends 5\'ction 13A.12·Z31, Code of Alabama 1975. relating to the offense of traffick· ing in illegal drugs. SO as to include amphetamine and methamphetamine within the offen..,.
Act No. 91-475, H. 292, amends 5«1ion5 34-23·1 and 34·23-32. Code of Alob<lma 1975, relating to the annual registration of drug manufacturers with the State Boord of Pharmacy. so itS to r~quire wholesale distributors of drugs to register annually.with the Boord and to increase the fet for pumits and renewals of permits.
Act No. 91-492, H. 132, amends section 11·81·21, Code of Alabamo 1975. relating to in\ll'.ltment of munici · pal or county funds, so .5 to permit municipal and county funds to b. inVl'sted in certain open ... nd or dosed· end inVl'stment trusts which art inVl'st· ed in direct obligations of the U.S. or .. purchase agreements respecting such U.S. obligations.
Act No. 91·448, S. 534, autho· rizes certain state instrumentalities Or agencies to purchase and pay for group health. acci dent or hospitalintion insurnnce c",""rage for it.'! office", and employees and to contract with the State Employees' Insu rance Board to provide such insurance OO\-er~. Act No. 91-460, S. 629, relales to Cl... 2 municipalities and provide. for the paymenl of assessment.'! to any such municipality for local imprQ\--ement.'!. Act No. 91-466, H. 311 , proposes
an amendment to Ih. Constitution to authorize the op<'ration of bingo gam •• by cort..in nonprofit organizations for charitablt Or educational pu rposes in SI. Clai r County. Act No. 91-470, H. 279, is the "Alabama Act Rega rding Liability for Persons Responding to Oil Spills". !t provides immunity for certain persons responding to certain oil spills. Act No. 91_471, H. 509, amends ,"ction 12_17·81. Code of Alobama 1975. relating to salaries of the cirmit cterks and registers. so as to inerta5\' the amount of the annual salariu. Act No. 91.472, H. 658, authorizes certain employers to purchase workers' compensation insurance with a deductible provision.
Act No. 91-476, H. 328, prohibits nonresident fishing pursuant to sport fishing Hcen5U providw for in ..,ctions 9·) I_55 and 9-11 ·56. Code of Alabama 1975. from taking Or attempting to takt fish from the public wate", by means of one or mo~ trotlines having a rombi· nation of more than 100 hooks. Act No. 91-478, H. 170, amends section 40·16-6. Code ofAlaboma 1915. relating to the payment and distribu· tion of financial institution exci.., wes. so itS to permit all inrorpornted munici· palities to)evy privilege license taxes on financial institutions. Act No. 91-479, H. 325, amends sectiOn> 12·17·220 and 36·26·10. Code of Alabama 1975. relating to certain employees within the district attorneys' office. and the Merit 5ystem. SO as to provide that assistant district attorneys. investigators . clerical, secretarial and other personnel employW in a district attorney'S office..,1V\' at the pleasure of the distr ict attorney and are in the e ~empt service of the state. The provi· 5ions of this Act are retroact iVl' to May 18, 1977.
Act No. 91-473, H. 280, requi .... an additional fee for licensure and re· newal of licer\$i's itS a general contrav tor.
Act No. 91-480, H. 420, amen d5 section 4{1·18·19. Code of Alabamo 1915. relating to exemptions from state income taxes. so as to eMmpt all pay. ments made to a retiree or b<>neficiary of a "defined benefit plan" as defined unMr the [ntemal ReVl'nue Code.
Act No. 91'474, H. 183, is the
Act No. 91-481, H. 819, amends
68 1 January 1992
Act No. 91.483, H. 57, amends ..,ction 27·8·10. Code ofAlab<lma 1975. .. Iating to lif. and disabil ity insurance represe ntati ..s. sO as to reduce the waiting period for a person who failed to pass two examinations for licensing itS a life or disability insurance agent and for" person being examined for licensing as a prope rty and casualty agent. It specifically .. peals section 27· 7·16. Code ofAlab<lma 1975, relating to reapplication or reuamination upon den ial for lictnsing 35 a prOperty or caJSualty insurnnce repr .... ntativt. Act No. 91_545, H. 396, is the "Council- Manager Act of 1991 -. It authori.e. and provides the procedure for any Class 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7 or 8 municipality operating under a coundl·man· agtr form of gO\·ernment. or under a m;oyor-council-city manage r form. to establish a council·manager form of government. Act No. 91.546, H. 596, amends sections 40·23·2. 40·23-4. 40·23·61 and 40-23·62. Code of Alabamn 1975. r.lllt· ing to exemptions from sales and use IaxlItion. so itS to provide further for W exemptions on certain ship.! and VI'$Uls and romm.rcial fi.hing ""$Uls of over five tons load dis pla cement. 11 is retroactivt to August I. 1987. Act No. 91·547, H. 319, provides for the appointment of a private non_ profit corporation by the CQUrts to..,T\'\! 35 guardian or ror\$i'rvator or both for TH E AU\BAMA LAWYER
persons woo Ire dewlopment.'lily dis-
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Act No. 81 ·5.8, H. 85, lImends SKtions 22.2 1.2(1 and 22.2\.27, C4tk of Alabarrw 1975. relloting to liansing of hospita ls. nursing hom .. and other health cau institutions. 10 as to include hQ3pku and to pl'OYide further for the compOSition of the AdvilOry Board.
Act No. 81 -548, H. I.e, rellotu to motor vel\idu and provid .. thllt a t.lIlUKtioo dOts not cru te II ...1. Or security internt merely MUuse the trlnnction providu thllt the rental pric:. ~ Ix adjuRed by refeunc. to the lIm()Unt _liud upOrlule or otMr disposition of the moIor whicle. Act No. 81 _5SO, H • • sa, amt nds further stction 11-3"', Code of Alaba· ma 1975. rtlatinQ to the coml"' fI$.ltion of county commissioners. so a~ t o change the amount allowW for mile~ to tho "mount 11l0W0<! by the IntU N l Rew:nue Code for income In ~duc
,.....
Act No . It -Sst, H_ 853, luthoriUI nc:h public COfllOI'lItion which is luthooriud by IIW to ope rlte II water syslem and 10 borrow money for UH for one or motl' of its COfPOntt pUI'J'OHS to ...n and i$.l .... bonds of such public corpQutions; specify the use of pro· cwls of such bonds and the sour« of paymen t the r.of: lind to ma ke other provi.ions for such bonds. Act No. 81 . 552, H . n. amt nds S«Iion 22·2 1-5, COIk 01 Alabama 1975. .. Ilting to h~pilil.l lInd oth.. hullh CoIre W:ilitits. 10 is to provide further for the powers of hellth ClU luthori, ;".
Act No . 81 . 553, H . 100. Wopts and incorpQrltu into 11\. Cod~ of Alabama 1975 those g.nerllind pe •. ",,-nent IlOWS .n:acled during tho 1989 Special Stuion and the ]990 Regular Susion of the Ltgislaw ... Act No. 81 . 554. H. 153, allOW!! a
TIl E ALABAMA I,AWYER
licensed plu.l'rNCist to retill l pftSCription for up to II n ·ilou r supply when unlble to Oblllin nfilllulhorinlion from the pmcribtr. Act No. 81 ·5,.. H . 0401, amends section 2·27·9 , C«k 01 Alabama ]975. relating to the registl'lltion of pesticides. IOU to r"ise the annual registration f« from $50 to S]00. Act No. 81 -557, H. 418, makes a from th~ Firmtrf Marlett Authority Fund to the Flormtrs' Mlrktl Authority lor lilt fiSCl] yur meli", Septembtr 30.1991. luppl,m.nt~l"ppropriltion
Act No. 81·558, H. 583, amend. sections 30·3·6] Ind 30·3·62. C«k of Alabama ]975. ulltinQtochild support withholding or~rs. 10 U 10 requiu the employe r to rt mH the child 5uppQrl withh.ld witl\in ttn da}1 of the date the obligor II paid and to provide for with· holding by employe". It also amends section 30·3·94. COtkolAlalNnna 1975. rellot;ng to the Interstate Income With· ooldiflll Act, 10 IS to pTO'o'ido for imme· diat. wage wilhholdinQ on inte"tatt child support ClSH. Act No. 81 . sao, H . 870, maku an lpproprilltion (rom th~ AJlricultural Fund to the Dt~rtment 01 Agriculture and ]ndwtriu for the flJc.li)'Ear ending September 30. 1991.
Act No. 81.5.1, H. 412 , i. the "Alabama State Employe~ Combined Charitable Clm~iQn Act-. It provide. further for ~roll dWuctions for public officers and employee$. It "Iso lpecifi. Clliy rep... l. KCtlon 36-1 .... 1. DMk 01 Alaboma 1975. reliting to Ioal United Way illtncits and c.rtain other health charities and ~yrOil doductiom. Act No . 81 .5&2, N . ...., prtMdes for II "pilot project" for the SK~tary of Stlte to establish specifications for a uniform s)'Stem oIelectronic voting and for the electronic transfer of election lolab from countiu 10 Ih~ Secrdary of State's off,ce.
Act No . 81 .,.3, H . 858. authoriUI lhe iIO"tming bod)' of II munici~Hty 10 utmpl the homrstods 01 residents eMr 6S ~ars ofljfe. or who Ir~ rtlired due to pe~ntnt and total disability. or who are blind. from any ad valorem tax Inc rease Itvied for public school pUrpoHS. Act No. 81 .,.... N. 109. a~nds KCtion. 36·7·20 Ind 36·7·22. Code of Aloboma 1975, <tilling to per diem and mil• • a]lowlncc for persons tl'llw:ling on Slate bu$inus. 10 IS to provide fur. ther for such .11owince. Act No . 81 ·5.5, H. 131. lulho.ius lind providtt Ihe proc~dure for ~rUin full ·time employees 01 Soil and Water Consel'Voltion Districts to be coYered under the St.1le r.mplo]l~u· 11..,111'1 Il1.Iunnce Plan. Act No. 81 -see, H. 380, amt nds Section 2C. ittm Ill. 01 Act No. 9(1..7&4, 1990 Regulu Session. relltinQ to the ge ......1 appropmtions, 10 u to pl'OYide fo r tho retent ion of inlP<'ction lInd supervision feu to mHt the tinanc;..1 responsibilities 01 the Public Service Commiuion. Act No. 81 · 5&7, H. 572, proyides thllt III proceduru. prottctions and rem~diu Ifford~d to I molor w:hicle deal.r s~IIIIJO be lvailable to a motor vehicle distributo r who," dist ributor agreement Is terminated. canceled, not renewed. modified or replaced by a ",,-nu/""ture r or an importer. Act No . 81 . 5611, H. 285, amends KCtion 36-2]-8, Cotk 01 Alabama 1975. ~liting to «ruin ilIw mIorcnnmt offi· cers ~t.'Iining their bidft ;md pistol IS Illn of retirement benefits. 10 IS to in· cludf: certain officers ...'ho are trllllloy«101 tho Fortltry Commission. Act No . 81 .,.8, H . ....., /lmonds sections 36·21·60. 36·2 ]·6] and 36-2]· 63. Cod;J 01 Alabama 1975, ulating to the I'eace Officers' Annuity and Btnefit Fund, so as to pr(Wide for additional hnuary ]992 f 69
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SUIltMARlES OF GENERAL LAws ENAcn:D AND CONSTIT'Ul10NAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED
memil<':rs to the Board and to pr()\Jidt further for a quorum.
Act No. 91·570, H. 477, autho· rizes .tate agencies an administrative option to require the timely electronic remittance of immediately available fund. by any person. corporation or partnership ~quired to sati.t)' an obli. gation due any agency of the .tate amounting to $100.000 Or more effeetive January l. 1992; SSO.OOO or more tffective January l. 1993; and $25.000 or more tlf.ctive JanUllry I, 1!J9.I. Act No. 91·571, H. 258, makes an apprOflriation from the general fund to the Reti red Senior Volunteer Program for the flscal year ending September 30. 1992. Act No. 91.572, H. 266, anwnd. Act No. 9(]·556, 1990 Regular Session. concerning the repayment of fund. tramferred from Fund No. 305735. Act No. 91-573, H. 265, amend. $\'ction 41-4-17. Code of Alabama 1975 , rdating to rent in .tate·owned buildings. so as to eliminate the State Capitol building from exception of rent_ Act No. 91.574, H. 267, amend. Section 2C. item 52. of Act No. 9(].7&4. 1990 Regular Sel:sion, relating to general appropriation •. SO a. to eliminate the requirement for I tran.fer to the general fund from the Capitol Complex Maintenance and Repair Fund. Act No. 91-515, H. 370, amends -$\'ctio", 40·1 8·52 and 40-1·33. Code of Alabama 1975, and ~peals $\'ctions 4023-29.40·23·84.40-1 4·57 and 40·17202. Code of Alabamu 1975. ~Iating to the RevenuelKpartment. so to prO'Jide further for crime. and offense.\ committed b)' emplo)'!'.. for violation. of rtv· enue and taxation statutes. regulalions and procedure requiring confidentiality of information and certain ..elusions therefrom. Act No. 91.576, H. 371 , amends • ection 40·23·68. Code of Alabama 70 /Januaryl992
1975. rdating to u.. tax. so •• to re· quire out-of-state businesses with Ala· bama nexus to collect and r.port Alaba· ffilI use tax on thei r .salt. to Alabama custom ....
Act No. 91.517, H. 372, provides statutory basis for the reco,'ery of unclaimed property from out·ol,slate holde .. when such holders did not orig· inate the unclaimed property and are merely int~rmediari ...
I
Act No. 91·578, H. 217, make. an appropriation from the Special Educa· tional Trust Fund to the Department of Youth Suvices for the fiscal year end· ing Septemil<':r 30. 1992. Act No. 91.519, H. 84, amend. $\'ctiom 32·6·270 and 32-6-2n. Code of A/abamu 1975. relating to motor vehi · cle licenses and registration, so as to define further "firefighter" and to provide furthtr for firefighters distinctive motor whiclt licen~ plate. Act No. 91.580, H. 194, amends $\'ctions 9-11-141. 9·11-142 and 9·11· 143. Code of Alabama 1975. relating to commercial fishing •• 0 a. to pr()\Jide further for the regulation of cOmmercial fishing. Act No. 91.581, H. 19, amend. .ection 11 . 43·80. Code of Alabama 1975. which authorize. a municipal governing OOdy to empiO}' tht mayor as superintendent of the municipal utility system. so as to authorize the municipal governing body to establish the mayor's compensation fo r serving in such pOSition. Act No. 91·582, H. 197, amends s«tion 34-32-9, Oxk of Alabama 1975. relating to 1m qualifications for ~gislra· tion as professional soil classifiers. so as to prwidt further for .uch qUIIlifications. Act No. 91_583, H. 352, amfmh section 17-8·25. Code of Alabama 1975. relating to the numil<':r of ballots to il<': pr()\Jidtd for each voting place. SO as to deerease the required numil<':r .
II
Act No. 91_584, H. 180, provid.. that persons who are ~qui~d to register with the U.S. &Itclive Service System may not enroll in institutions of higher learning nor be offered employment or advan«ment or promotion by the state unl ... such persons offe r proof that they ha,oe so registered_ Act No. 91·585, H. 469, provides that certain memil<':,-,; of the Retirement Systems may purena.. credit for up to eight years of pr ..';ous service ~ndere<l as a county solicitor. Act No. 91.586, H. 584, amends sections 37·2-41. 37-4·23 and 37-4-116. Code of Alabama 1975, relating to the inspection and .upervision fus paid b)' transportation. utility and radio utilily companies. SO as to provide lurthe. for .uch fees. Act No. 91.587, H. 356, allows employees of ~gional and local legiJ;1alive delegation offic.. to participate in the Employee,' Retirement System. Act No. 91-588, H. 392, perm its a domutic limited pa rtnership to merge with one Or more domestic lim · ited partnerships. corporations or cer· tain other busines. entitie •. Act No. 91-589, H. ISS, requires that the State Board of Pharmacy estab· lish and periodically updale a published Jist of precursor chemicals which are essential to the manufacture of unlawlui controlled substances. Act No. 91.590, H. 314, amwds $\'ction 11-45·2 , Code ofA/abama 1975. relating to ordinances and ~solution •. so as to provide that in all towns and in cities of ks. than 12.00(1, no ordinance or ",solulion. intended to be of penna· Mnt operation shalll be valid unless. on its final passage. a majority of the memo be .. elected to the council, indud ing the mayor. shan vote in its favor. Act No. 91·591, H. 505, amends .ection 9·11-244, Code of Alubama 1975, relating to the taking of certain THE A~BAMA LAWYER
SI]M.'IWll£S OF GENERAL LAws protKtfd birds or lIlilNls by biit. so as to provide for an f.«<ption lor cfTUin hWlling ol mig11ltory bird..
Act Mo. fU_2, H. 440. rnili:s an ~ from the gmmIlUnd to tht State Highway Drpartrnfnt lOr the OJII'ra· tions and maintfl'\al1te of the Culf Broo.e Amtrak
rl$Hn~r
Train SeJViCf for the
fi$caI ye1r tnding &r>t~rnber 30. 1991.
Ao;:l No. 91 ·593. H. 787. ~mendo section 7·9-403. Cotk 01 Ai<Jbamo 1975. rdating to the filing of financing mte· mmts under the Uniform Commercial Code. so as to provide furthrr lor such filing.
Ao;:l No. 91-594. M. 88. crutu the Trust Fund fo r sptcia l educ~tion 10 be administtred by the State DtPl'rtment 01 Education for Ihe pu rpose of luist ing locJ I educat ion agenciu in proYiding special education ~nd related servicu to chi1d ~n with dioabilitiu in atastrophic casu. C~t;utro~hk
Act Mo. 91 .595. M. 296. ~uiru insuranct company. hulth mainte1IIn« orpniulion. emplol'u or atMr o<ganiution thlll prcMdfl ~ phiinNI' «utical prOgfml to their e~ or membtn to obtain .... itten proof tN.t the pn:Mder pNTTI"IKiH a~ registered wilh lhe SUIte Bo.ird ol PhlIr"n"OC)'.
Illy
Ao;:l No . IIl·5M. H. 4117. authQriln Iht 1>h diclid Agency to mall e fi na ncing available for add reS.\ing liabil· ill' insurance cosls for fami ly practi · tioners. ptdi,lrki.lns and obstd rkians who vrovide obstet rical strvicu in runl or lIfIIItr Krwd ~~IS. Act No . 111.5117. H. 531 • • utho-
nus the S«rellry 01 SUIte to employ an -'<!itionll trnployte.
Ao;:l No . 91 ·598, H. 128. requi ru perwns tnpgtd in the busilW'S$ 01 pur· chasing and receiving Or collect ing wasle greaK lnd Inim .. 1 by· products for renMring or r~qcling from busi. nUKS located In various cities to pay a licfnse tn in tach such city.
ENACTED
AND
CONsrmmONAL A."'IEND1IIEPn"S PROPOSED
Ad No. 91 .5911. H. 357. amtnds Kdion 1I-M-5. CodrolAlabama 1975. rdating to the .. ulhoriulioo;and proce· dun for lmendmmt ol lhe urtificate olilKOrponti(ln olwate>. ~r MId fin protection authori t ies wit h ~ servict ana Ihal lin solely within one deter· minin~ county. 50 IS to permit changes in th e numbtr 01 di rectors. to provide the minimum and nwtimum numbtr ol directors allowed and to ~ilidate the membtrship ol all b<N.rds preKntly in nistmC<!.
lic Accounts to uWlIis.h proceduru lor lhe prepooyment of t f~l uptnses 0( state oftken MId fmploo,-ru.
Ao;:l No. 111-4100. M. 437. requiru all penons 16 YOri ol age Or older to pnsenl certiflUtion ol completion 0( an approw<l hunler wucllion course vrior to) oblaining a huntinglictllK.
Ao;:l No. 111 .. 17. H. 324. amends section 36·26· 36.1. C«Ie of "'DOOm<! 1975. rtlltin, 10 lick ltaw for state tmploo,otn ..d tudltn. 50. to prwidt further for the accumulation and UK of such sick Ita .... in detenn;ning yea ... of creditable service in the Emp!oytts· or Te<>ehers' Reliremenl Syslem.
Ao;:l No. 91 ·602. H. 330. author,uund I'roYiMs for the ulablu hment of walerihed management luthoriti ... Act No . 91 .81 4. H . 579. aulho, rius stite IItpartments and ",elKits to) I'~pa)' to oIfw:tn MId employtts ntces"'I)' trawl Hptn$t$ for authorized. offi· cial mit buslnw.. Ao;:l No . 91 ·615. H . 580. auloo. ri.n the Stale Comptroller ",ilh the appnwal ol the Chief EwniArr of Pub-
Ao;:l No. 91 " 16. M. 287. provides for loans for books. tuitions. ftu and other educatlonally · related expenses incu rred by emp loyees of the Depart· ment of l'ublic Health attendin~ nurs· ing s.choal on a parl' lime or full·lime bui l. It lliows forgiveness of SO)me loans and 'u.lnntfts employ .... nt for ncipitnlS while attending school.
Acl No. 111"18, H . 231. maleu an ilIlproprialiO<1 from the general fund to the Lighthouse Counseling Ct nler for the (js.c~1 )'tIT ending Stplember 30.
"" .
Ao;:l No. 111"111, H. 251 . male .. an ~tion from lilt geArnl fund to) the ~ma COuncil for rannlillll and Protrct ing Children. 11K. for the flU yor mding September 30. 1992.
ALABAMA BAR DIRECTORY The 199 1-92 Alabama Bar Directory will be mailed within the next month. Each member in good standing of the Alabama State Bar will receive one free copy. Additional copies are $ 15 each. PI . . . . mall o;:hee.... m.de payabl. to
Alabama Ba r Directory. to P. O . Box 4156. Montgomery. AL 36101.
January 1992 , 71
I
SUM.-wuES OF CENERAL LAws ENACTED AND CONS'ITIVI10NAL
Act No . 8''''20, H. 233, makes an a~ion from Ihr gmt ....1 fund to tm EI)'Ion Rtcowry Ctnttr for thr rl$Oll yur tnding Stptembtr 30. 1m.
Act No. 8''''21, H. 243, makes an apprOpriation from tllo gtntral fund to tho Commlulon on Aging for tht Cart A.. uran,. System for tho Aging and Homebound for tht fiSC4lI year ending Stpttm!)(r 30. ]992.
Act No. 8''''22, H . 244, makes an IPPropNtion from thr gmtl1ll fund to ~ Ikxon HOUK·J~ for thr fis· a! ~.. r tndi", Stpttmbtr 30. 1992. Act No. 8''''23, H. 4'6, ammds wction 41).2J.2. CtJtX 01 A/QbamQ ]975. rtlatillil to uxes IcviftI on ,orbin gn.>6$ rt'tipll. 1.0 U 10 providt that athletic .wnU conducted by .. primary or Stc· ondary public school shall !)( oxtmpted from loIIid tu but shall ,ontinue to !)( rolltcttd If\d retained by the rolltcting
.""'.
tional Trull fund to ttlt Sl.ile Deport· ment of Eduation for tilt fiscal yar mdi"ll Stpt.mbu 30, 1991.
Act No . 1J' -628, H . 653, is the "Alabama Public LiwstOtk Markding Businus Act". II ul.iblishu a board to promote tht marketing of livutock. Act No . 81 -630, H. 227, maku an apprOprilltion from the $ptcilll EduatIona] Trwt FUnd to ~ United ~rtbl1ll Pally of Alabama. tilt United Certbral Pllsy ~Iopmml Cfnter for Eut Cm1....1 AUbioma. tho Simpson·May C.rtbra] Palsy Ctnter, Iht Ctr.br,1 P,lsy Howi", rouod.l.tion, ~ Unitt.:! c.:rtbral Plby of Mobilt and tht United Cfrtbra] Pllsy oI llunl.l\'illt for ~ r",_ cal yu.r tndi", $tpttmber3O. ]992. Act No . 9'_631 , H. 228, maku ~n appropriation from the Sptcial Educational Trust Fund for Ihe JUpport and mainttn.l.l1(t 0( tilt Sptcilll Schools for Sptcial Education for the Ii.cal )'<'aT ending Stpttmbtr 30. ]992.
Act No. 8''''24, H. 857, ;une1lih SHtion 40·23· 68 . Code of AlalHIrI'Ia 1975, rt\ating to UK tun. KI U to p,..,. vide tNt ~ use tutI; "'-II !)( ~ on a monthly buis ~ginning October I. 1991.
Act No. 8''''25, H. 2 " , makes an approprialion from lho Sptdal EdUQ· tional Trust Fund to the Dop.o.rt .... nt of Education for tht fiscal year tnding September 30. 1m. Act No. 8''''26, H. 234, makes an appropriation from ttlt Sptcill1 Educa· tional Tnut Fund to thr Eut ~ Child ~Iop .... nt Cfnttr for ~ f..al yur ending Stpttmbtt 30. 1992. Act No. 8''''27, H.
2of~c.:..01~
1975.rtbl.i"ll to instcl and dis-tUt tOntrol of plmll and 11'«1, 1.0 U to providt further for "",h tontrol. It also rt"])tlls wctions 2_ 25-7.2·25·17 and 2.25- 19. Code of Alobarl'lll ]975, rtlating to such control.
Act No . 8''''28, H. 261, mak •• an appropriation from tht Sptdal Educa·
PROPOSED
~
Act No . 81 -635, H. 367, aulhorizt, ~ SUte Industria] Ikwlopment Authority to Mil and issue from II .... to Ii.... iu bonds.
Act No . 81"'37, H. 194, amends Kdion 1~·9 "'1. Code 01 A.Jobumo 1975. rtlatinS to tht computlltion of incentive time deduction(s]. 1O.u to allow an in· mate who his !)(en s-tntenced to a ttnn of 15 yun or less in tho state ptniltn.
tiary to u rn corrtclional incentl,·. time_
Act No. 81"'38, H. ~, amellih Stdion 2C. ittm 113. of Act So. 90,764. 1990 lkiull. Susion. ~ ammol fund budtlet. 10 ;as to il1(lUH tho appropria· tion from th. "E.arrmrk.d Funds" to tho: Department 0( Rrwnut and to pro~idt for a Iransfer of funds from Ihe Dop.o.rt .... nt 01 R.,... nue to the Dopartmental E.... rgtncy Fund for the fiscal ~ar tnding Stptem!)(r 30, 1!l9l. Act No . 8' _640, S . 343, cr.. tn and pfOYidn for new circuit judguhips in ~ tenth, 15th. and 19th judicial circuits. Act No. 8t-64' , S. 4 '2, .vnends stction 12- 18-87, Code of Alabama 1975. rtbtin, to probat. iU<.\#:s· rtlirtmenl !)(ntfits. 10 1$ to provide furtho:r for such !)(nefill.
Act No . 8' _642, S. 558, amends
Act No. 8'-633, H. 752, amends
Stctions 24·5·31. 24-5-32 and 24-5·33.
section 22·308·2. Cade of Alabama 1975. relating to feu p.o.ld by operators of commercial siln for the disposal of hnardoUI .... utts or subslances. KI u to uttnd the tim. p.riod in which exempted businesses rmy ptlition tilt ~p.o.rtmml of Rtwnue to q ...... lify for such oompted status.
Code of Alaboma 1975. relating 10
248. nW<n an
appropriation from thr Spttilll EdUQti_1 Trust Fund for ttlt support and maintonarw;. 0( Clmp ASCCA in JiC:kson Cap for tht filtll yur ending Septem!)(r 30. ]992.
72 1 Jan ...... ry 1992
Act No. 81"'32, H. 672, .untnds nu .... rous stdions 01 thap!" 25 of Titlt
A....ENDMENTS
Act No. 81-634, H_ 141, ammds seclion 12- 15-61. Cod. of A.labarl'la 1975. rtlating to cerU;ln fKilitin used for dettntion and shtlt.. cart of chil· dren. KI U 10 provide further for such dettntion and sheltu ca.~ and to pro",de for subsidy by the statt of certain ,~"-
anchoring 01 mobile hom.. and manufKtured buildings. IO;IS to pfOYidt fur~r for anchoring IoUCh structures.
Act No. 81 ...52, S. 535, ' .... It:.'Ia hrmment Joint Lraisbtill! Commil\« on Finances and Bl!d#u to !Iud)' ItIt financial wnr,Iition 01 ItIt 'We. Act No . 8' .654, S . 86, amtnds sections 7- 1· 201. 8-25-1 and 8·25-3. Code of AlaburI'Ia 1975. rtllting to rtnl.il .purchase llIru""nu undor the Uniform Commercial Code. so a. to exclude such agree .... nts from coverage of ttlt Uniform Commtrcilll Codt pfOl.'i .
THE ALABA...". L.-\WYER
SI.IMMAR.IES OF GENERAL LAws ENACTED AND CONmnmONAL AMENDMENTS PROPOSED $ions re~lintllo s«urily inlfrHl$ and to Mllhoriu ~ruoin practiCQ by rental. purcha$t "",n:hlnll.
Ao;:l No . 91"'55 , S. 512, amtnds section 36-27-23. Code of Alobomo 1975. relating to the Board of Control of the Employeu' Retirement System, 50 as to provide for uprti\entation from 100000lunilS. Ao;:t No . 81·656, S. 193, autho· rize. football tooochu of public four· yor institutioos of higher lurning to ~rlici~te in the A"",riun Football CoKh.. Rttirtmtnl TNSl401(K) plan. Ao;:t No . 81·657, S . 75 , "mends SKliQns 32·6-250. 32·6·251 lInd 32·1>254. Cock ofA10tNJma 1975. which pr0vide distinctive motor vehicle license pl"t.. for Med"l of Honor Recipients and PriiQr>t1"$ of War. iQ .u to include recipients of the rurple Hurt Medal. Ad No. 81 ...se, S. 51, pTOYides for sale Or dilp(wl 01 ~8ible ptrson.o.\ propoTt1"nd standing timbtr owned by the AI"bama Instilllte ror Ouf and Blind,
u..
other necuiiry KrvitU for sped,,1 nmbchildrtn. Ao;:t No . 91 _1163, S. 47, am~nds Stc!iom 27-26·5 and :W·24-56. Cock 01 Ala/J<nrnl1975. rel.1tinQ to the .. porting of medical mlOl!,>rKtice judgmtn15 and wtltments. 5O.u to pTOYide furtlltr for the report ing of judgments and settle· mtnl$ entt red "gainst professional cor· porations. Ao;:t No. 81 ....., S. 508, amtnds uction 36·27A . 4. Code of Alabama 1975. relating to lJ1YUlmtnts of Public Employeu' Individual Retire· Intnt Account Fund. $0 as to provide thot.oll invutmtnts shill bt maO. pursuant to tilt Umt authority and rtStric· lioni th.,t govern the investment of funds of the Reti .."",nt Systems.
u..
u..
Ao;:t No. 8t -MS, S. 684, uempts all Class 2 municipalities from the payment of In~ and "II oil. garolint and die~1 fuel !.lxU. Ao;:t No. 81""" S. 333, amend.. sections 35· 15·1.35-15·2 and 35·15·3. Code of Alabama 1975, reLotinQ 10 tilt
duty of W't owtd ptnons on premises for $pOrting or m: .... tiOOil PUrpo5eS. SO u to provide furthtr thlt sporting or rccre.,tiOOil Ktiviliu include exploring cavu and rock climbing.
Ao;:t No. 81-M7, S. 432, !,>rovidts for the organiution and O!le n tion of a publk corporation to be known as the Alabal1llO IntelTllltional Airport Authori ty. Ao;:t No. 91-M9, S. 29, ~>labliws lInd providu for the Alal»l1lIO ~gisLo· tiw Comperuation Commiuion. Ad No. 91"'10, H. 117, omtncI5 KCliom 9· t3-l96 and 9· \3·197. Cock of
J4laOOma 1975. relating 10 flilure tD ~ urt.iin ~nts 00 IOnsI land!;. $0 ;IS 10 pnMde further lor the sa~ and reo demption of Slid I"nd lnd to provide further for the retroactive rePf;u 01 cer· tain local Lows levying In acreage ass.$5ment Ad No ••''''71 , H. 333, amends Stc!ion 38·2·6. Cock 01 Alabama 1915. •• llIting to the dutiu . po..,er5 and ruponsibilities of the Otpartment of
u..
Ac:t No. 91-659, " 400, is "All· bamlO Fair ttousinQ Uw". It prohibits discrimination In the .. Uina. .enting. IosiRII and financintl 01 hawing. Ao;:t No . 91 ·660, S . 466, .,,,,,,nds SKtioos 38·10·9 and 38· 10·12. Ctxk 01 AlalJaffl<1 1975. relating to child support. so as to luthoriu the Department of Human RU<l\lrm to conduct i""".ligations to locat. absent pntnl5 and to exclude r.denl and sute offset col1tetions Ind disregard ~ymenu from tilt requi .."",nt thll child suppOrt col1te· tions bt distlurKd ..,ithin five diys of ~ipl
Ad No. 8t-M1 , S . 443, pTOYides urt.,in •• "",diu for courts uercising juvenile jurisdiction in dependency ~
..
Ao;:t No. 91-M2, S. 97, authorius the Otpartment of HUl1lIOn Rewurc .. to enter into interstate adoption assistance compacu to provide for medic~1 ~nd TItEAl.ABA.\IA U.WYER
SIMPLE LOGIC, INC. CHILD SUPPORT CALCULATOR SOfTWARE FOR
IB~t
COMPATIBLE COM PUTERS
C alcu latu e bild $Upport per ARJA Rule 3 2 Tabl es. Federal Cbild Care C red it, and DHR Day Care C o st Ou ideli nu , Prints Rule 32 fo rms witb informatio n fill e d in o n p laiD wbi te piper. Sup po rts laser. do t matrix., dai sey wbeel. iok j et a nd o lher prioters. Easy to us e menus. C o o lUI se outive help K r«o s.
14 day fTe e Ifi al. If 00
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$O ftwart fo r I lIo.oe)'5 a vail able.
P.O. 80. 1200 Phone: (205 )625-4821
Oneonta, AL 35121
Fu: (205 )274-0 I 78
Jan~f)'
1m I 73
SIJMMAIUES OF GENERAL LAws ENA.CTED AND CONSTlTUTIONAL Nu:ND!ltENTS PROPOSED Human Resources, so as to provide for u tablishing rul es and standards for inspection ;md approval of adult foster care homes and adult day care centers and homes,
Act No. 91.686, H. 247, makes an appropriation from the Special Edu· cational Trust Fund to the Children', and Women's Hospital in Mobile for the fiJ.ca1 year ending September 30, 1992.
Act No. 91·672, H, 354, amends Stelions 40-17-31 and 40·17. 240, Code of Alabama 1975, relating to gasoline and oil la:<es, so as to provide an exemp· tion for gasoline, motor fuel and oil purchastd by city and county boards of education. the Alabama Institute for Deaf and Blind, and the Department of Youth Services School DiJ;trict.
Act No, 91.687, H. 872, mak.. an appropriation from the Special Edu· cational Trust Fund to the Helen Koller Eye Research Foundation for the fiJ.ca1 yea. ending September 30, 1992.
Act No. 91-673, H. 237, make. an appropriation from the Special Educa· tional Trust Fund to th e Marion Mili· tary Institute for the fiJ.ca1 year ending SeJ}tember 30, 1992. Act No. 91-674, H. 646, makes an appropriation from the Special Educationa! Trust ~'und to the Commission on Physical Fitness for the fiscal ~r ending September 30, 1992, Act No, 91-685, H. 785, provides for the reopening of the Employees' Retirem ent System for cUlain active members who had employment with the Legislature prior to 1979.
Act No. 91-688, H. 240, makes an appropriation f.om the Sp<><:ial Educa· tional Trust Fund to Tmkegff Universi· ty /0' the fiscal )ltar ending September 30,1992. Act No. 91.689, H. 270, makes an approp.iation f.om the Special Edu· cat ional Trust Fund to Lyman Ward Military Academy for the fiscal yen ending September 30, 1992. Act No. 91·690, H. 219, makes an appropriation from tlu! Special Educa t ional Trust Fund to the Cent.al Alabama Opportunities Industrialization Center for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. Act No. 91-691, H. 242, makes an appropriation from the Special £du ·
ALABAMA BAR DIRECTORY The 1991-92 Alabama Bar Directory will be mailed within the next month. Each member in good standing of the Alabama State Bar will receive one free copy. Add itional copies are $15 each . m.n check., mad. p.y.bl. to Alabama Bar Directory, to P.O. Bo)(4156, Montgom.ry, AL 36101. pt • • • •
74 1January 1992
cation. I Trust Fund to the Walker County Junior College for the fiscal year ending September 30. 1992. Act No. 91·692, H . 208, makes an appropri.-.tion from tIu! Special Edu· cational Trust Fund to the Children's Hospital in Birmingham for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. Act No. 91-693, H. 271, makes an approp.iation from the Special Educa· tional Trust Fund to the Coosa. Vailey Medical Ctnte. School of Nur.;ing for the foca! yeannding September 30. 1992.
Act No. 91-694, H. 859, ammd. sections 40· 7· 1. 40·12·255. 40· 12·252, 40· 11 · ]' 40·8· 1 and 32·8·2. Code of Alabama 1975, relating to mobile homes, so as to redefine mobile homes as manufactured homes and to provide for registration and issuance fets for manufactu.ed home <!«ats; p.ovide fu.· ther for ad .... Iorem taxes on manufac· tured homes; provide penalties for cu· tain violations; provide for distribution of the f. es and p.ovide for t trlai n exemptions from the registration fees. Act No. 91-697, H. 645, makes a supplemental appropriation from the Alabama Li quefied Petro leum Cas Board Fund to the Alabama Liquefied Petroleum Gas Hoard for the fiscal )ltar ending September 30. lWI. Act No. 91.707, H. 282, amends section 2·5·14. Code of Alabama 1975, relating to the Farme..' Market Autho.ity. so as to autho.ize such Autho.ity to make grants for the benefit of agricul . tu ral markets and other agricu lt ural oriented facilities. Act No. 91·709, H. 101 , amends ..etion 29-1-18, UxIe of Alabama 1975, relating to legislative albin;, SO 0l.I to pr0vide further /0. the number of members on a sunding committee of the House for the quadrennium ending January 1995. Act No. 91.712, H. 253, makes an appropriation from the general fund to the A!abama T.avel Council for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1992. THE AUlBAMA LAWYER
I
SIJMMAIUES OF CENERAL lAws ENACTED AND CON'!I'TTTVrIONAL ANENDfIIEtfI'S PRoPOSEO
Act No • • 1.713, H. 232, mikes
faclurtrs, diltributon. wholenlnl.
an -wl'Opl'i»ion from the Spm.1.I [du-
dukn M>d their n-prtstnbliw$. It .00 repuls SKtions 8·21-1 through 8·21· 14. Code ofAlabama 1975.
GltiOOIoI Trust Fund to the E"I'lortum Museum of OilCCMry for the liscal year ending September 30. 1992. Act No •• 1.714, H. 272, makes an appropriation from lhe Special Educational Trult Fund to the Alabama YMCA Youth and C<Mmment and the Cleveland Avenue YMCA for tho fiKil year ending Septembe r 30. 1992. Act No. 81.715, H. 241, mikes
an appropriation from the Special Educational Trust Fund to the Alabama HUJ1liniliu Foundil ion for lhe flSGll year endillll Sept.rOOfr 30. 1992. Act No . 81-711, H. 463, J1lik ..
an appropriation from tt.. Special [duo utiaNol Trust .·uoo 10 the Bmll ~nter for Advanced M~nufxturing Technology in Cidlden and to the Bevill Advanctd t:lectronics Center .t Sparlu Technical Col lege for the fiscal year ending September 30. 1992.
Act No ••1.722, H. 830, pr"Ol'ides "n uemption from the cutificale of need requirement for an~ kidnt}' dis· ease tr~atment Cfnttr that is localed in a CIQ,S 4. 5. 6. 7 or 8 municipality and that contains no mort than ten hemodialysis uniIJ.. Act No. 111.725, H. 248, rmkes an ~ion from tt.. ItfOtnl fund to the Coalition Aelolnst DorneJtic V"~ for the flSCll )Or endillll 30.
1992.
Sept...-.
Act No •• 1. 726, H . 264, ITIllkes an appropriation from the Special Educa· tioml Trust f und to the Department of Public Hulth for tile flSGll )'tar ending Septtmber 30. 1992.
I
Act No . 111 · 730 , S . 505, m.ends _lion 37-3-32, D!dcofAlabama 1975, rtl"ling to motor urrier fHI paid to the Public SerJice Commission. so os to proYide further for luch fHl. Act No. 111.731. S. 411 . amends section 2·3·22. COOe 01 Alabama 1975. relating to agricultural markell. to as to allow the CommiUiontr of Agricul . ture;md Industries to employ one ~r· loOn in the urKlusifitd It""ice of the stlit for nch mlTktt o ...·ntd. con· trolled or ~ by tt.. Department of Agrkulture Ind Industries. Act No . 111.732, H . 203, is tM education bu~l II ITIllW llppropria· tion! for the support. lTIllintefllllCt and developmenl of public education and for debt It""ice Ind Glpitat improve. mentl for the fileal )'tat ending Sept· ember 30. 1992. •
,..-_."",.,", " ' " '-'UDITOIlS. '"" . -- .
Act No . 81 · 717 , H . 238, J1likes an apprOpri.l.tion from tt.. SpKial EduutioNJ Trust tUnd to the Kite Duncan Smith OAR School for the lisal ~ar ffldillll Septembfr 30. 1992. Act No • • 1. 718, H. 439. nWtn
an appl"()I)Ntion from tt.. SpKial Edu· utiaNol Trust ......od 10 the Con>litulion Mill Villige at HunllYillt for the fiscal year ending September 30. 1992. Act No. 91 . 720, H. 121, amends .ections 5·21-2. 5-2 1·3. 5·21·4 and 5· 21·11. D!dc of AltJbamo 1915. rtLating to the Ceorge W"Hue. J r" linked ~II plan. to ~ to exp'lnd tho plan to indude discrtl ioniTy emergency interim dtpoiru 10 iUpport loans made for property IoN "'"' \0 mturaJ or man· rmIk diwterund to otffld the plan 10 Septtmbtr 30. 1995.
Act No. 91 .721, H. 911, is"Tht Tractor. Lawn and Carden and Light Industrial ~ulpment FnrKhilt Act". It provides for the fair regulation of tractor. farm equipment. lawn and garden and light indultrial equipment manu· TI l E AUdlAHA LJ.WYER
• We are NOT simply a referral service. We work doaely with you to BUllD YOUR CASE • All medical experts are actively practldns
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exact needs IlCAJ MEDlCA.L LnlGA.TION SUPt'ORT T£..t.M P.o.S-Z2OO1 _:13742 51H79-t1(l5.4 roo SUoI 50""""= FAX (8t3) 573·1333
s.....,_ . .
bnuary 1992 175
• M·E·M·O·R·I·A·L·S • Au\BAMA SUPREME C OURT J USTICE ROBERT 8. HARWOOD
(1902-1991 ) 1 haw. on U\'occasions, recounted a 5\0!)'
~r31
('(1m th. l ime of
my initial appli· cation to take th.
Alaham/I bar exam ~nd for the Character and Fitness submission. On both of which I had
listed "Judge" tlarwood ' as a reference. 1k<:ause I had srO)Wll up living (mly a lew blocks from him. and because hi. son was one of my earliest and best friends. 50 lila! the Harwood house was a kind of second home \0
me, Judge had be<!n abl. to watch. fortunately with great patiel'K:l! and good humor, all of our youthful and
1"""8' behavior . When the ,.quest for a character rderence went to him, Judge W1"<)te to me in law school. "I am glad to see }'QU' application. and I .mil be glad to "".j ure myself to tilt
fullest on your behalf: When Itle bar gave me the sad privi. lege of writing on the ocCIISion of Jus-
tice Harwood', d•• th. I thought how easy it would be to talk of his many great achit~ments and his remar kable character, all without the slightut need to "p..ju re my.elr in any degree. The task proved hard only because of the inad«l\laCY of trying to CIIpture some of the .pecial nature 01 hi. Ji le and p"rsonality, and because of the sadness that any such r.nedion bri ngs. Biographical detail s cannot do that. and I promised only to write a remembrance. not a curriculum vitae. Because I had the pri\;loge from the time of my earliest memory to koow Judge and hi. wife. Mary Lee. and because he was so quiet and unassum· ing about himself an d his achieve· ments, I am not ,ur. that I l ully apprtciated the unique distinction of
76 / January 1992
his caree r in Alabama government, until I became a member of the bar. Ther. cannot be many public careers to match Judll" Harwood's: high academic hono rs in college and law school. private law practice. assistant U.S. Attorney, profeuor of law (University of Alabama). Attorney Ceneral of Alabama. major in the U.S. A1"Il1}' in WW II. and judge on the court 01 appeals and Alabama Supreme C<lurl. His jud icial service spanned the time from 1946 until his retirement from the supreme court. E~n after reli rement, he "'T\'I'd the legal profession as a lectu .... r and adviser at the University of Alabama School 01 Law. His father "'as a circuit judge in Tuscaloosa. and oow his 50Tl holds that S,lIT1< pOsition: th ..... generations of judicial service in one family itself holds a sllKial place in history. But even a long, honored and hon· orable career at the highest levels of his pro/e$sioo doH not come clO$t to capturing the wisdom. the wit, the warmth and Ihe worth of Justice Har. wood . His personal modesty and com· mitment to the bench as a service rather than a 5O\lrce of personal glorification ,,'I're s..eh lhat. in growing up in and around his home. I "'as almost unaware of the high ofr.Ct and tht great pOsition oIl'O"'-.;r he held. Even less. because of my lack of experience in the world , was I aware that. by any standard of intell igence, character. honor . service and wisdom, he nol only held great office. but he was a great man. l,ool.;ing back O\'er the range of his judicial opinions, it is easy 10 see the 5ame sense of balanct . moderation. tolnance . wisdom, and good humor that characlrrized his personality. He was. in a sense. without a judicial or political "agenda". deciding cases sim. ply from a neutral middle g round based on the law, on the fac,"" On logic and on Cllreful scholarship. The identity. status Or personality 01 the pal1iu and aUomeys in the caso:s
before him played 00 role in his deci· sions at all. When the Judge authored an opinion r.~rsing an tarly SUCCfiSful ~rdict in a case of mine. I may have been "SU'l'riiN" to lose on the law (since. like all trial attorneys. I had no clients Or victories that were 001 "right"), but I was not at all Surprised that Ju~ would Simply call it as it fell out. and that no degree of affection and friendship would . ffecl hisdedsion. Mer Judge rendered a decision that caught his son's eye. Berna r d. Jr. wrote his father a long, detailed and researche d lettu . taking highly offended issue with the decision (aca· demically. as opposed to as a litigant or adl.«ate), and concluded the leller, "So you ue, Dad. what you held is simply 001 the law." Judge. with characteristic realism and brevity. simply wrote back. "It is
-
It is a tr ile ","pression to say that someone was a devoted h usband. father and grandfather, but Judge was very much that: he and Mary Lee not only were a loving and loyal couple, but it was clear that they look special pleasure and fun in ea<;h other's com· pany all thei r \i\-.;s. As. teenagers. ,,-.; knew they were Our friends. were inlerested in us, and that they vit'><'I'd OUr foib les and foolishness with good humored tolerance. but we did not think they were us-they were parents. and they guided uS with that .ame sense of balance and wisdom that is so visible in Judges decisions. Judge always sumed genuinely inter· uted to sit on the screened porch on the sid. of their howe and talk to u, about all tho.l.e things that are so desperately important to 12- or 15- Or 18'Y"ar-<;>ld boys. I do not remember his eve r "Iecturing" uS on the right decisions, Or the fair ans,,-.;rs. or the ~i nd and truthful thing to do or say . but somehow his vit'><"S. his questiom. and. most of all. his example. made those things dear.
THE ALABAMA LAWYER
Judge lived 1I long and imrnel15t1y succusfullif( . udd(n(d in his lMI )'W'J only by thr low of Mary Ln. lind by i11r>t$S. ~iclIl 01 him. lIS long lIS his hralth ....ould lIlk:J,.. hr d~ed a grut dul ot' lilm and caring in his rdil'l'lmnl. ulltrly withoot bothrr or stll-intutst. to continue to hrlp others Ihrough Ihe Soup Kilchen program in TUKalOO$ll. li e lived 10 $\'e his son beCOIm a judge. and 1 k now w~1 Bernard mtant whtn hi' said at his invutiture. that. while he was proud to have hi s lither's robe to wt.l.r. il wau .-ery li~ ,job to think of filling il . [ SUSpI'ct th.t m.ny AI.·
bami&ns
t.
do not ""-' thr htmt.
thr length lind Iht Quality of strvice Judge .endtrtd to this .tate. bul thr km of this QUltt. wis.e ind I'ooorabk man is a 1Itry great km indffil. lie woold think t~t a eulogy "''M a 101 of undeserved fuss, and WOUld. I think. be conlent to ~ve left behind some of those who knew him as a teacher. a fathe •. i grandfalher. a judge or a fri end III having gained somethinJI in tht quali\)' of their lives ind dwac:te. so 0l.S 001 to I1Hd anyone to ha1It to perjUI'l' himself on our
belllli. RicIK1rd I/. GiU Ct;prkmd. Fnmro. ScmcJ &CilJ Iofool(1OfTlef). A1abama 14< _
-'""i«-
of ......... Horwood. buI >t/tm<110 ~ .. .. . JudoIt-. H;' ",10. ~ \,tot. in. --,<,fully Imwmlt _~
wo •. ~juot c:ot ... him "lb.....,."j",
A1.ABAMA SUPREME COURT J USTICE P WWI J. r-1E:RRIll.
(1907-19911
I""
.mo
"He iJ IJIPt ofvoun9 mm • rrill urnioubftdl/l ochieroe high sue-
=-
-C<!orge H. l~mnJl
Th , .e wordl we .. penned in 1924 when Pelhim Jonn Merfill wn 16 yean old ind _ll into his second yur o f study lit the Un""nity of ALa· bama. ..-hich he Iw:I entertd it 14 lind from which he was gnduat.d with Ih. A.B, d(g ... in 1926 a1 age 18. President Dfnnis prophesy was in dud correct when he endo rsed a scholarship application of Ih is Cleburne County n~lIve, Pelham Jones Merrill did ~hin't high 'UCCUI-a.< (txhtr. I.I.wyer, soldier, and jurist. Rttirtd Associate Justice Pel~m J. Merrill died ~Iy;lt his home in ,\Ionlgomery N<MIIIbrr.5. ]991. Jus· tice Merrill H fWd 24 ytus on the Jbte's hight:sl MUrt ind WlIS tht stnlor W(l(iate justIce whtn he rttirtd in 1976. Justice Merrill had bmo lil'ry ,eti... in the judici~1 impr(l\'ement I1l\I'>'tmtnt in Alabama and had keynoIed its Citj ~ns eonfel'tnu of Ala· barm Stal( CoorU in 1966.
Justice Merrill mtertd thr teaching profusion in 1926. lie served as teacher ind «)OCh at \\'est Biodon in Bibb Coun\)'. His first tum ...;th 13 playtrs. Iw:I not won i g;ome the pl'l'vioul }'ur. That tum would lo$\' a single game and win the county c~mpioruhip. li t was always "Coach ~l erril l " in Bibb Counly, lie laught fivt ytars and lubsequtn!ly served as princiPIII of the junior high and elem~ntary schools at Blocton. An 1<:romplishmmt in which "J~" took gmt pride was his work in the 0pportunIty Schools which taught adults to rt.ad. It is Khool WlIS the lirjJtSl in tht state in 1929-30. lIis legal studies bepn in 193] and he recei''ed his law degree in 1934 from the Uni''ersity 01 AI~bama. lit worked his "-ay Ihrough I.I.w Khool by working In the dining ~llllnd seov· ing as a dorm monitor. lie ent(r.d the practice of law in tltmn. Alabama in January 1934 and practiced the re unlil 1953 when he ~d 10 ~ Iont gomery til seNt as an ;>UoOtiate jus· tice of the Supreme CQUrI of Alabama. lie had previously s erved lIS depo\)' dutrict attorney for Ckbume Coun\)' from 1935 Ufltill942. Judge Merrill wlJ elected th ..e times to reprUfnt Cleburne c.:.unty in tht SUt.IlOUK cI Representatives. fint Hovms in 1936. Ite W"-l nominated II fourth time in 1942. but resigned the nomiNltion to enler thl' Army Air Corps. FollowinQ his military seovice. he wOl.S elected in 1946
~I EIIHILL. PWtA.'1 JONES
DAIlLE. LAURA A.'>N MCDoNALD F'Ii~
AdmiIlN: 1987 0i«I: September 17, 1991
EM ERSON. RtCIIARO BAtLEY ""nnWon AdmillN: ]939
DkrJ:September 18.1991
"""-
AdmiIlN: 1934 0i«I: NO'o'embe • .5, 1991 GARRISON. ROIIERT CAAtTO!>' BirmingMm
AdmillN: 1926 0i«I: Ck!Qber 25, 1991 G RImm. JOltN IKE Moonlain Brook
AdmillN: 1937 Dltd:Oclober 14.199\
SEARCY. E\"ERF.TI BRtNNON
BirrninghtJm AdmitlN: 1968 0i«I: Ck!ober 1. 1991
StM.'IONS. IRA FRANK Birrninghtnn AdmiIlN: 1966 Died: September Z3. 1991
JanWlry 1992 177
Memon.l. and re.eleded in 1950, He r~5igned hi5legi.latiw seat in 1952 follQWing his election to the statt' S hi g hest wurt, He .... as twice elected speaker pro tern of the Hou~ of Repruentatives and honored as its mo:;t df"clive member in 1951. Judge Merrill remained ad ive in the United Stat.. Air Porce Rue"'" following his releas. from active duty a5 a major in 1946. lie was retired .... ith the rank of colonet in 1967. Judge Merrill was a ltading Baptist layman in Alabama. He .... as ordained a de acon in the Ca lvary Bapti st Church white a student in college. He .... <15 an active Sunday SchoQI teacher for over 60 yearJ and asked to addre ... the Alabama State Baptist Conw n tion in 1962. He ....as a frequent tay pulpit guest throughout the state. Judge Merrill w<lS inducted into the Atabama Academy of HOMr in 1978. He W<lS honored bl' both Cumberland
and the Uniwrsity of Atabama schools of law. He was alw honored bl' Jacksonville State University and the Universit y of Mo nteva ll o . His c ivi c involvement included Lio ns. Civitan md Exchange club membershipS. He was a lo ngtime supporter of YMCA wo rk. having first been elected presidenl of the YMCA at the UniverJity of Alabama. He later .. rve<l as chairman of the YMCA Youth Ugislature Boo.rd of Directo rs. He alw helped organize and was the hr.t secretary of the Alabama-Ceorgia Baseb.1l Ingue. Judge Merrill is survived by his wife of 55 years. the former Gladys Morriwn of West Blocton. Alw .urviving are three brothers: Walter J. Merrill. an Annisto n allorn~y; Carl H. Merrill. an attorney in Hemn; and Fred L. Merri ll of Anniston. He is also survived by hi s sisters: Mary Frances Durst. of Columbia. South Carolina: and Mrs, Clyde M. Ma,guire and rea,' M. Burn" both of Jack_ sonville. Plorida. His father was th. lale Judge Walter B. Merrill and his
late mother. Lilla Jones Merrill. "'as Alab.ma·s 1951 Mother of the Vear. The Montll<>nwry. Alabama Ch.apttr of the University of Alabama National Alumni Auociat ion named it. end<!wed scholarsh ip in honor of Judge Merrill. In lieu of fiowers. memorials were suggested to the Pelham J. Merrill Endo'ol-w Scholar"$hip, P.O. Box 1928, TuscalOQ:Sa, Alabama 35486-1928. Judge Merrill concluded his 1966 keynote address on Alabama courts as follo,,"s: "1 shall be conten\. if. when my days are numbered. it can be truthfully said of me that with such ability as I possi'f>sed . and ",hen"""r opportunity offerw. I labored faithfully to buil d thi5 temple (ol justkel in my time." The respect and esteem in which Justice Pelham J. Merrill was held for his many wntributions to the justice system of the Stale of Alabama is proof po$itive he was a laborer of infinite worth. - Reglll<1ld r. Hamt!.f'f
NOTICE To Members of the Bar and the Publi c Concerning Publi c Hearing Nook<: i. hei-eby given ,h., a public he"ing will be eonducted try Chi'" ludge Gerald Bam TjoIIat, United 5l.1 le< Court of Appe. ls lor ,he E""""th Cir<:ui~ on .......",.;;ay.l.nuary 20, 1992 at 9 un. In Cou nroom A of the v nited State< Coun~..,. 6 11 North florid. A__,,,,,,,, Tampa, Florida lor !he puljlQ\<t of receivi ns 'Ugge5tion<, p<op<>sa l. and comments concerning the appiic3lion Of enloreemenl 0/ E~,h Circuit Rule 46-lIdXO ond of S«tion Id X21 of ,he Eleventh Circui' Pla n unde, the Crimin. ll wice Act (C)A). (lhese provisions became ..rf«'ive Aptill . 199 1 after publk no<k<: and an _unilY to comment had been given in ,he rail of 1990 and winter 0/ 1<)90.9 1, as 'equ i,ed by 18 V.S.C §2{t71Ibl.) Eleventh Circu i, Rule 46- , (dXII ~a"": Appellale ObIi&oltion. of Re,ai oH Cou ..... l: Relained cou n",1 foo-. c,im i""l ~enda nt has . n obligation 10 'ontin.... I() ...".."""" thai derend.nt unti l !.ucc,""", cou n",1 eithe, enters an ~ppea,ance Of i. appo< nted uOOer the Crimi nal JUOlke Ac~ and ""'Y no! ab.andon Of ,ea.., rq><eStntation of • ~enda nt excop! upon order of the court. S«tion (d~2) 01 ,he Circu i(. CIA plan "ale<: If • pa~y wa • ..."..""",ted in the di>lfict cou n by counsel appOi nted under ,he Act .• uch coo"",l >h. 11be mindfu l of ,he obfigahon . nd ,e<ponsibi lily ' 0 continue ..."..e..... '.'ion on .ppeal unlil eithe, !.UCcesSOl cou"",1 I. awointed under the Act Of ,00n",1 i. ,efieved by order of thi. cou~ .. . Re .. ined cou n",1 foo-. crimina l ~endan' an obligation to contin .... to represen' tha' defendan, unlil !.UCee<SOI counsel eithe, ent .... an appear."", Of i. appoi nted under the Ac~ and ""'Y no! abandon or cea", ..."...,..n,a· ,ion of • defendant ""c.". upon Ofde< of thi. court. Unle<. approved in advance bl' ,hiHourt, the di>lficl COUrt i. no< . u,r.:--ized to appoint cou"",1 on . ppeal to repre5Cfl' a defenda nt who ..."..esenled in the di~,kt court try retained cou n",1 ... i l ~t firs, con_ ducting an in c~",..,. review of the financial circumUllnce< of the defendan' .nd 0/ the lee . " angemen" betweo:n the defer>Jant and 'etai""" trjal cou n",l. Appoinlrnen' 01 coo nsel on appeal may be re<tUe<led in thi, CO<Jn by foli ng an appropti .. c moIion ",pported bY' n affidavit which ....r:...a ntl.lIy compl ie< with FOfm . in ,he "'Wendi' '0 the FRAP Rule<. Memben of the _ a l bars wilhin ,he E~lh Circui, arid conc.,""" ci,i,en, .te inv i,ed to . ttend thi. public ...... 'I ng. lnl",e<Ied perwru may alw ",bmi, w,itten commen" to ,he CIe'k. Elevenlh Circui, Court <>I Appe.>1., 56 FOt$yth 5,,,,,,,, A, '.n.. , Gtorgia
h,,,
w.,
JOJOJ.
78 1 January 1992
CUMULATIVE INDEX
1986-1991
Volumes 47·52 Adams, Ptoillip E. Jr, " PTtsident'J~' 52:236. 52:30' ADMINISTRATIVE LAW Adminis'nlivt Proc:tdUft Act: The Vtnue
.~
Issue Ruolwd" Helen Currie Foster 48:275 "An Introduction to federal Administrative Law Pan I: The .:urcj~ 01 Adminislratiw P""''er Irnl Judici,1 Rtvirw" Willillm L Andrun 50'.322 "An introduction to ftdcf1l' AdminUt ....tiYl' Law hn I: Thr ~rriJt 01 AdminislJ'lotM I'OWH mel Judicw Rt\'iew" 50-.322 "An Introduction 10 Ftdtnol Adminislratiw Law PaTlIi: The A.'ailability 01 Judicial Rtvirw" V.C,lIilrn L ll00 ••• n51:28 AOMITTEES
Fall 1985 47:25. Spri"lll986 41:206. FJJI 1986 48:35, Spring 1987 48:22l. Fl.1I198149:34. Spri .... 1988 4!r.274. .',11 ]988 50:25. Spring 1989 50;218. rail 19a9 SUS, Spring 1990 51 :203, Fill 1990 52:21. Spri"ll 1991 52:211
Albrinoo, W. Harold. III "Pmident's P1Ige" 51:248, 51:32(1, 52:4. 52:68, 52:116, 52:]80 ~r. JMIIO:l P. and IllortroW. Jolm W. "Drug Ttstina in Emp!oymtnl: I
~giJlaliw
Proposal for Alm1mi" 50:10
ANTITRUST "The StJt. Action Immunity DoctriM: a R~asKSSment" John
F. M.l.ndt 47:136 APPli:LLATE PRACTICIl "Corrtdi"l! the RK.Ord on Appul: A Primtr" C. Houston Ilow~rd. 1149:212 "F~i\ure to Read Thii Article M,y R!'.5ult In the OiJmiual of Your Apl)(al" Kerry R. Guion and C....le w. SaMI52:252 "l'05$iblf Apprllal. Court RUlructing in AlabarN" Bert S. Ntttits 52:n ARBITRATION "Arbit .... tion oIComme«:ill Disputes: An [mt.-ging AlttrNlw. in AlabarN" John M. lIu.cock. Jr. 48:~ ATTORNEYS "A Surwyol AiabarN ~rs: 1986" ~muel H. Fisher, III. bmts C. StOOllIl " Palrick R. Cott..,. 48: 160 "Attorney Discipline and tIM: Role 01 tho: Loal Crievan« Committet" Ala W. lxk$on 48:]55 "Attornt)' Liabilit» Uncler tIM: Fair ~bl CoII«tioo Prxtkes Acl" Wi1l~m s. Shul~n 48:134 "AVOi ding Malpractice and Clitnt Complain li" Ale~ W. Jackson 47:269 TIlE A1,A8k\IA LAWYER
"Courting tho: Ide>.! Uwyer" Charley Rtne 52:361 "Handling Climl Funcb in the IOLTA ["," Alb W. Jack$on 49:7 "I.tpl AisistanlJ: ACrowing Role in the Pr.octice of ~ in Aillbama" Kathlem A. Rasm~n 52:214 "PrO Bono Publico Service In Alabama" 52:357 "$rope mil Appli .... tion of the Attorney·C li.nt Priviltge- m Ovtrvitw'" I.ft H. Zell 47: 100 "Statutt of Limitations Undtr the Alabama Ltial Srnices Lilbilit» Act" J_thin H. WlIl~r 52-.276 -'!"he Uwyer<l5l1 Lobbyist" Luther J. St~ III 49:14 -'!"he Worle Product Doctrine" LH H. Zell 47: 142 "The Rewards of ProfusiolUlism--An Interview with Chief lusti« Harold C. ClarK." 52:347 Badlwn. WaIMr P..cy. III "Young Uwye ... Stction" 51:316. 5]:lM. 52:62. 52: 160. 52:209 1Ngwt1l, Divid A. "Economic Elperb for Reduction to Pre:5ent Val~ of Futu~
LoIIt Earning Awords" 480M , "Nonpartiw> Judic ..1 [I«tions and tho: Stat. Ba .... 52: 156 Balske, ~nnis N."An Urgent Plea for Help from the Alabama StiteBar:H:14 BANKRUPTCY "Automlotic Stay litiption: I Primer" E. TelTjl Brown 47:319 "Comfort Orders.1..tg.i1 Title and the Cons!itution--Should SoIlei by the TTu.it« be Judiciol Salu?" lion. Sttphtn B. C:litman 47:208 "Farm Bankruptcy: The New Chapter 12" Tauwell T. Shepard. lU 48:10 "Involuntary Bankruptcy-UnJmoo,.TI and LiUle·U~ Remrdy'" M. ilooNJd OMs. Jr. 49:10 "litiption After Bankruptcy Of ~Iid is Only II Court (or Two AWiY}" Rornaim S. Scott, III 50".24.8 BANKS AND BANKINO Interstate Dankins I..lgislation" John A. Nathan 49:80 "Bank Cuotom.. 1'rivKy in~" Byrm. Btadley R. 52:40 "8ew;l~oICoiombiml; Bwin, Gilb" Roix:r1 F. Clark and W. Lloyd Copelmd 49:350 "Introduction 10 Lmdtr Liability" Crtl/Ory 11. IbwIey 48:214 "Alaba~·s
DarlUrd. Il ollinger f . • Justice Hul/O Black and the f'irst Amtndment: an Alw~ Conn«tion" 49:220 BaUlt$. Kenno:th W.. Sr. "Aw.ssing the I..lpl Needs oI tht Poor. 8uilding m...,.ooa for the 19905" 51:lS4 Blick. Claire A. "You"l! Uwyers' Section" 47:285. 47:326. 48:4S, 48:105, 48:173. 48:234 Bonnell, C",ig S. and W~II ... Christopher W. ·AIaba~ Wrongful Death [}amagtJ No Longer Taxable" 47:272 8r~dfonJ, Robtrt W.. Jr.""Th~ Mini.Trial and Summary Jury TTi.l.I" 52:150 IMiUlry 1992 / 79
Thelma "Vi(\eorecording Court Procudings Comes to Alabama' 52:92
BraSI<~lI.
BOOK REVIEWS
"Alabama Civil Practict Ponn." r"" i.....ell by Greg Ward 48:356 "Consumer LIIw: Sales Practices and Credit Regulation " revi(lO.'W by Greg Ward 48:98 "Handling Automobile Warranty and Rep(ISUssion Cases" r""i.....ell by Greg Ward 47:n Dormtein. Paul "Omce Automalion Consulting Program" 47:146. 48:50. 48:96. 48: 126, 48:359, 49:25. 49:89. 49:218. 49:368 , 50:159.50:200.50:276. 51:56. 51:84, 51: 170, 51:207, 51:258, 51:332, 52:100.52:228.52:290 Bowdre. K<\ron O. "Immigration LIIw: What You 00 Not Know Can Hurt You-and Your Client" 50:234 Bownu, Michael"" "Alabama lXceptive Trade PractieH Act" 50:78 Bradford. Robert W.. Jr. "The Mini 路Trial and Summary Jury Trial" 52:150 Bran""n. J. Bernard. Jr. "Young LIIW)'t'I'S' Section" 47:21. 47:97. 47: 141. 47:219 Braswtll, N. T, "Alabama Potu" 47:94 Br<M'n, E. Terry "Automatic Stay Litigation: a Primer" 47:319 Buey, Pamela H. "White Collar Crim. and the Rol. of Dl>ferw: Counstl" 50:226 Buey. Pamela H. and Marshall. Steven T. "An OveNiew of RICO" 51:283 Byrne. Bradley R. "Banl< Customer Privacy in Alabama" 52:4(} Byme. [}avid B.. Jr. "Recent Dl>cisions" 47:54 . 47:105. 47:21 4. 47:273. 47:335. 48:52.A8:99. 48:147. 48:230. 48:304. 48:345, 49:49. 49:11 1. 49:1 69. 49:237. 49:303. 49:369 , 50:42.50:92.50:142.50:187.50:255.50:333, 51 :41. 51:101. 51:175. 51 :237. 51 :307. 52:51. 52:109.52:168 52:222. 52:363 Caine. Ah-a C. "Pres ident's Page" 50:204. SO:288. 51:4. 51:68. 51:132.51:196 Campbell. Andrew P. "Interien<nce with Business Relations: the Unifi~ Tort since Gro.芦 u. Looxkr R<itlflJl" SO:86. 50: 128. "RICO in the 11th Circuit afler HJ., "Ie." 51:2n Carr. Davis "l'unitive [}amages and Post 路Verdict Proctdures: Wher. Me We Now and Where 00 We Go from Here?" 51:90 Clarke. Jack "Alternative Dispute Resolution: An Introduc路 tion" 52: 126 CIVIL PROCEDURE
"Service b~ l'ublication under Rule 4.3" Jorome "" Hol/miln 49:18 CIVIL RIGHTS RAge Discrimi""tion and Reductions in Force" Rkhard K
Neal 47:S6 Clark. William N. "\~"at a Civil Practitioner Needs to Know About the Dl>lense 01 White Collar Crime" 47:250 80 I January 1992
Clark. Robert F. & Copeland. W. Lloyd "Bewart of Colombians Bearing Gifts" 49:350 Cole. Randall "Vidro Court Reporting: What Judges and LIIW)'t'TS Think" 52:95 Coleman. Hon. Stephen B. "Comlort Orders. Legal Title and the Corutitution-Should Salel by the Truste. be Judicial Sal. s?" 47:208 Colquitt. JOstph A. "Should Alabama Adopt the Federal Rules of Evidence?" 49:n CONSUMER LAW
"Alabama 50:78
~ceptive
Trade Practices Act" Michael A.
BowI'\l'I
CONTRACTS
"By the LIIW)'t'TS and for the Judges: An Irreverenllliitory of the Bill 01 Rights" Michael E. Tigar 51:78 "Due Procom Rights of Students in Public School Or College Disciplinary Proceedings" Albert S. Miles 48:14 CONSTITUTIONAL LAW
"Justice Hugo Black and the Fint Armndment: an Alabama Connection" Holli nger F. Ba"",rd 49:220 CONSTRUCTION LAW
"Building Contractor's Recm~ry lor Incomplete Per/onnanee" Christopher Lyle Mellwain 51:230 "Meehanic's and Materialman's Lien LIIw" J. Lister Hubbard 49:W2 COpeland. W. Lloyd & Clark. Robert f. "Beware olColumbians Bearing Gifts" 49:350 CORPORATIONS
"Issues in the Sale 01 a Small Business Under the Alabama Business Corporation Act" Michael D. lVaters and [}aniel B. GraV('151:338 Cotter , Patrick R.. Stovall. James G. and Fisher. Samuel H.. III "ASurvey of Alabama LIIW)'t'n: 1986" 48: 160 COURTS
"Non",rti ... n Judicial Elections and the State Bar" David G. aag...~11 52: 156 "Unnec ..... ry Dl>lay in Our CourU Reduces Respect for the Rule of Law" Chief Justice Sonny Hornsby 51 :74 Crane. E. LIInny "Of Interest- IRS Reporting of Real Estate Tran ...ctiOfll" 48:303 Cra"ford. Uoyd V. "Th. Revenue Act of 1987-S.lected I'rovisions" 49:94 Crawford. Vernon Zioncheck. Sr. "Memorials" 47:230 COURT REPORTING
"Court Reporting in the 1990s" Jenn~ Dunn 52:98 "Videotaping of Court Proctt<!ings" Aswciate Justice Hugh Maddox 52:91 "Vidtorecording Court Proc.~ings Comes to Alabama" Thelma Braswell 52:92 "Vidtotape as the Official Record of Tri. l" Stu. rt u,ach 52:94 THE AlABAMA t.AWYER
"Vidw COUrt RtPOrtlna: ""'hit Judges and ~"~f5 Think" IQ,ndili Cole 52:95 CRIMINAL LAW
"An o....rviNoiR ICO" Plmfb H. 8uey &i Sttvtn T. MarsIW 51:283 "An Uramt PIu for Htlp from 1M AIaI:wnI. Sutt &r" Ornnis N. & IJM 47:1. "8eware oICoiombiuls Suring Cifts" Robtrt F. Cb.rk &i W. !.loyd Coptllnd 4~.35O "Emphasis and Inttgrity; F... nk Johnson and the Administra. tion of Criminal JU$tke" b)' 8ryan A. Stevenson 51:338 "What II Civil Practitioner Net<is to KIlQW About Ihe Orlense of While Collar Crime" Will iam N. Clark 47:250 "White Collllr Crime ind the Role 0( Drlense Cwnstl" Pvndi H. Buey.50:226 Croom. Sttp/lens G."A Ritof Rtl;..r 4&128 DAMAGES "~Rtcownble
lor Wronaful Doth in AIWmlo Under the F~ ... I Tort CblmsAcl" DalerC. HobbJ48:16 "Profit RKI)\.~ry for the New or Unesblblished BusintS$" Mic~1 L. RobtrU 48:78 "Punitivt D.!.rnaau· A Historical Puspedivt" Gorman fiouston 52:262 "Puni tivt Dal11illn Ind Post·Verdict Procedures: Where Are We Now Ind Whe.e Do We Go from Here?" Divis Clrr 51:90 "..:cooomie Ex~rU for Rtduction to !'ruent VIII~ 0( Future !.ost ~rninll Awards" fnvid A. Bagwell 48:84
D.l.wnpOrt. RONId G. "Underiosured MOIorut CIM,..: ""'here Did it Come rrom? ""'here is it Goi"ll?" 4~284. "Undtrinsured Motorist V:M"'*' ill UJXbte" 5O".J06 \);lvis. M. DoNld, Jr. "Irwotunury IIIInkruptcy-lJn~ and Lillie I/s.ed Remedy" .9:70 DE8TOR-CREOITOR "Ahbarm Stlf. llelp Repossession" Grell WlTd 47:8
"AUormy 1.iability Under the rair Orbt CoIltclion i'racticH Act" William S. Shulman 48:134 "Eviction or Ejectment: How Dot5 tilt Mortg.tg« Take Pom'loIion 0( Mort;pged Property Mltr Def.ult" Romaine S. Scott. IJl4 7:1S8 "Introduction to l..tnder Liaibility" Cr.gory H. Hawley 48:21 4 Oak . •:li~lh "Princi~1 Address·AIabama State Bar" 4&265 DoNkison. Frank W. -Sod..1SKurity DisabilityAct·rttd· Nck" 47:95 Donley. C... IIIA. and lIIunby. R. 81ake '"The Second Injury Trust Fund and AWwnf$ Worker's ComptlUlltion Act" SI:110 Dorrough. RicNrd H. "Rule 32. AIWma Rulu 0( JudiNl Administ ...tion • Child Support Guidelines" 51:34 Dunn. Jenny "Court Reporting in the 1990s" 51:98 EDITORIALS
"A Hit 01 Relier Stephens G. Croom 48:128 '"Open l..ttter \0 Jimmy Clark" /larry Lyon 48:323 TIlE AU\HAMA u\WYER
· Professional Etiqlll'tlt, Mobile St~le" J. E. Thornton 47:301 "Secretarial Subwrvi.nc •• Binni"iNm S\)'lt" Lindsey R. G1TJItt 4&7 EDUCATION '"The Out Proass Righ~ 01 St"'n~ in Public School
or CoIItge Disciplinary He",ri",," Alwrt S. Milts 4&1 44 "PaiS the Torch" ~rtt L..l.athumand J.... l.oomis 51:356 EMPLOYMENT LAW "~Discrimination
and Reductions·in.Force" Richlord E. Nul 47:86 "Drug Tuting in EmplO','lmnt: a l..tllislative PrOp<»a.1 for "Alabama" Jam~s P. AI.Qnder ~nd John W. tlargrove 50:70 "SulIIl Harassment in the WorkpliICe" E. Wra~ Smith ind Shirley Darby Howoll52: 194 "Employment Torts" George M. Walker 49:148 ENVIRONMENT
"Envin'lnrTl<nlAl Liability lor Vendees and l..tncltrs" T. BnKt McCowin 49:264 "The Hawk Ou\$idt the Judici318uildinf: Rean! Environ· mtnul Cue$ in Ab.b/Inv"1by Vaughln 51:220 ESTATES
"Esule Plillninil for the Modt ...tely Wealthy" I..tooard Wertheimtr.l11 .. nd Louis 8. Ftld 47:74 "Lawyers as E:teCUtors and Trustees: SnaMJ and Ladders" Edgar C. Gentle. III 48:94 EVIDENCE "Scope and AppIiCII\ion 0( the Attorney·Client Priviltge..-.an o....rvitw" Let: H. Zell U:lOO
'"Offeri"ll and Obj«tinS to Evidence in AW>o.ma" Jeromt A. Hoffnoan and William A. Schroeder U:305 "Should AW>am. Adopt the FfOtrJI Rults 0( Evidtnct?" !_ph A. Colquitt 49:72 FAMILY LAW
"Antenuptial AgntmtnlS" Htmdon 111#. Jr. 48:1 40 "Retirement I'tans and Divorce: Some Considtntions in Planning Stttlmtn~" Willivn 8. Sellers 51: ISO "TermiNtioo of Parenllli Rightl" Grt' W",rd 49:143 "Rule 32. Alabama RulH 0( Judicial Administ""tion· Child Support Cuidelines' Judgt Richard flo Dorrough 51:34 "The Relationship Between Divorce and Bankruptcy" tOile. Herndon. 11151:142 "Modifyi"ll Child Custody Decisions lkaust of Indiscreet Sex .....1Behlovior " ClYnlling TimtS and an Elusivt SUndlord" IWIcb.II W. Nichol" 52:36 r eid. Louis 8. &i Wertlltimer. I..toNrd "r.slllte Plvlning lor tilt Modmotely We",lthy" 47:74 .·ishtr. Simutl H. 111. 5("'...11. hmts G. and Cotter. Patm R. "A Sun>eyof Alabima ~rs.: 1986" ~: I 60 r ooter. Htltn Currie "AW>o.ma Adminlst ...tivt I'ro«dure Act: tilt Venue [.. ue Rt$o[ved" 48:275 ~'oy. Sunley W. "Trucking Regulation ilId E•• mptions from R R~gulatioo in Alabllllli" 49:290 r uhnnri,ter, Patrici .. Yeager "Asstlolinlltllt L..tgal Needs 0( the Poor: Building ~n Ajjendlo (or tht 19905" 51: 162 Fuller, W. Sidney "Alabama Poetl" 47:94 Januar;o 1992 I 81
Funderburg. J. Noah and l'IatKiru . Keith "Mediation in Alabama" 52:133 Gamble. Charles 1'1. ""Opening of Court Ceremony-Memorial AddreS$" October 6. 1986 48:26 Gaston. Kerry R. and Sabel. Celute W. "Failure to Read This Article May Result in the Dismissal of Your Appeal " 52:252 Gathings. Lloyd 1'1. "I" m the La~r. You're the Ex~rt" 49:338 Cfnlle. Edgar C.. III 'La~rs as Executors and Trustees: Snakes and Ladders" 48:94 Gibbons. Gfcrald R. & Stewart. Carol H. "'TheAlabarna Uniform Cond(}minium Act of 1991" 52:294 Craves. Daniel B. & Waters. Michael D. "lS$ues in the Sale ofa Small BusineS$ Under the Alabama BwineS$ Corporation Act" 51:338 Gravl«. Lindsey R. "St<;rdarial Subs\'lVience. Birmingham Style" 48:7 Crenier John E. and Reilly. Salty S. '"Civil RICO-The Scope of Cover~ after Sedimo" 47:260 Guy. N. Cunter "Young La~rs' Section" 49:289. 49:355. 50:24 50:67. 50: 124. 50: 185. 50:282 Hamner. Reginald T. "E. ecuti'~ Director's Report" 47:5. 47:69. 47: 126. 47: 183. 47:233. 47:302. 48:5. 48:70. 48:127. 48: 193. 48:257. 48:321. 49:5. 49:65. 49: 125. 49: 192. 49:253. 49:321. 50:5. 50:61. 50: 111, 50: 165. 50:205. 50:289. 51:S. 51:69. 51: 133. 51: 197. SI:249. 51:321. 52:5. 52:10 52:118. 52: 184. 52:238. 52:306 HargrOVl:. John W. and Alexander Jame. P. "Drug Testing in Employment: a Legislat;"'e Proposal for Alabama" 50:70 Harris. Ben Harte. Jr. "Presiden!". Page" 48:256. 48:320. 49:4. 49:60\, 49:124. Ha"is. Martha "Slovak La~rs Hit Alabama: Jana & Jana" 52:208 Harris. Rick E. "Recent Decisions" 47:157 Hawley. Cregory H. "Introduction to Lender Liability" 48:21 4 Heacock. John M. Jr. "Arbitration ofCommen:ial Disputes: An EmergingAlternative in Alabama" 48:20 Hill. W. [nge. Jr. "Moxleit Proposals for Preventing the Prob· lems of Law Office Management from Being a Burden to Lav>Wrs Or Their firms" 50:126 Hobbs. Outer C. "Oamages Recoverable for Wrongful Death in Alabama Under the federal Tort Clairm Act" 48,16 Hoffman. Jerome A. and $<:hroeder. William A. "Offering ~nd Objeeting to Evidence in Alabama" 47:304. "SeNior by Publication Under Rule 4.3" 49:18 Hornsby. Sonny 'Unn«tssary Delay in Our Courts Reduces Ru~ct for the Rule of Law" 51:74 HOlLlton. Corman "Punitive Damages-A Hi.torical Perspective" 52:262 Hubbard. J. lister "Mechanic's and Materialman's lien Law" 49:202 Huckaby. Gary C. "P,,,,idenrs Page" 49:2S2. 49:320. 5003. 50:60. 50: 116. 50: 184 Hudgens.A. Neil. McClothren. Michao1 S. and Nolan. Thomas H.. Jr. ' StatlLl of the Causation Rflluirement in Medical Malpractice" 49: 158 Hutchinson. Timothy C. "Method for Calculating Pustnt 82 1January 1992
Value of future Payments in WMl<er's Compensation Cases"50:182 Howell. Shirley Darbyand Smith. E. Wray "Sexual Harass· ment in the Workplace" 52: 194 Houston. Howard G.. II "Corrtcting the Record on Ap~al: A Primer" 49:212 Huffaker. Robert ·[nt..vi ..... with Bill Scruggs" 48:121 "Interview with Ben Harte Harris. Jr." 49:188 Sellers. William B. "Reti rement Plans and Divorce: Some Con· siderations in Planning Settlements" 51:150 HUMOR
"'The Closet Cl ient" J. Mark White 49:344 "Modest Proposals for PrtVtnting the Problerm of Law Off,ce Management from Being a Burden to La~rs Or Thei, Fi rms" W. Hinge Hill. Jr. 50:126 IMMIQRAT[ON LAW
"Immigration Law: What You Do Not Know Can Hurt Youand Your Client" Karon O. Bowdr. 50:234 Ing<. Herndon. III "'The Relationship Between Divorce and Bankruptcy" 51 :142 [NSURANCE
"'The Comprehensive GeMral Liability Policy in AJabamaCoverage Provi.i(}r\S" Christopher Lyle Mcilwain 48:326 "Undl'rinsured Motorist Cowrage: I'.'here Did it Come from? Where is it Going?" Ronald C. Davenport 49:284 "Undl'rinsured Motorist Coverage-an Update" Ronald G. Davenport 50:306 "Medicare as a Stcondary Pa;",r I'.'here Services are Reimburseable Under Automobile Med ical. No·fault or Any Liability Insurance" Cray Parker 52:46
IHOIE)( Cumulative Index 1983--&5 47:59 lnge, Herndon. Jr. "Antenuptial Agr«ments" 48: 140 Jackson. Ale~ W. "Avoiding Malpractice and Client Complaints" 47:269. "Attorney Discipline and the Role of the Local Crievance Committee" 48:155, "Handling Client funds in the IOLTA Era" 49:1. "Opinions ofGeMral Counstl" 49:375. 50:150. 50:194. 50:261. SI:S1. SI:99. 51:173. 51:216. SI:362. 52:S1. 52:80. 52:142 .JOHNSON , FRANK M., .JR .
"A Colleague's P.rspe<:tiw of PranK J(}hTl5On" by Judge Gerald Tjoflat 52:319 "Anecd(}tes from Judge Johnson's l'.C,f•. Ruth" b}' Ruth John· son 52:321 "Emphasis and Integrity: f rank Johnson and the Admini.tr... tion of Criminal Justice" by Bryan A. Stevenson 52:338 ' Excerpls Prom Opinions" 52:3 11 "Questions & Ans_rs with Judge f ran k Johnson" by Stephen J. RO'o'o'e 52:328 "S~ech at the Dedication of the Robert S. Vance f ederal Building" 52: 17 "Tales of Judge Johnson" 52:309 THE AI.ABAMA LAWYER
"\I'lltn !Iv Coin' Got TougII .... 52:308 Johnson. Ruth "Antcdotts from J . Jchnson's Wift. Ruth" 52:321 Johmton, WilIWn Edward$43:I85 Kitclltru. Lynne B."A Thowand~. A Billion Bytts: Computer·wisted Legal Rest4Irch Revisittd" 47:312 Kohn. Jeff. Jr. "Revocable Trus~n Overview" 49:332 LAW OFFICE MANAGEMENT
'"Offict Automation Consulting ProtInm" PJul Bomsttin 47:146
"Consultant's Comer'" !'loul Bomstein 48:50.43:96. 48: 126. 48:359. • 9:25.49:89, U·.2I8. 49-.368. 50: 159, 50:200..50".276. 51:56. 51:80\, 51: 170. 51:2()7. 51 :2SS. 51:332 52: 100. 52:228. 52:366 Lawson. Mark M. Go Woodall. Paul O. "The New 'Prudent Pmon' Rule In Alabarm" 51:348 Lathwn. Mareant L MId Loom;" Jan "Pass lilt TOKh" 51:356 Laztnby. R. BWce ~nd Oonlry. C..aiQ 1+.. "'The Stcood Injury Trust Fund lind AbblImlI's WorUr's ComptJUalion Act" 51:110 Ln.c:h. Stuart "\'idtobpt as lilt Offieal Rtc(lrd of tht Trill" 52:9-1 LtH-llaley. Paul R. "CopinQ with Vocalional E~pert Testimony" 47:150 LEGAL MALPRACTICE
"A1IOidinQ Malpractict and CI~nl Compll.inu" Alu W. Jackwn
"""
'Swule of Umitalions Und« tilt AIibamlILtIPl Strvicts Uibility Act" Jonalhan H. Wlllltr 52:276 LEGAL SERVICES
"AssowinQIIlt Legal Needs o(tllt Poor: Building an Agenda for the 1990s" r.li~ Moss and Annt Mitchell 51: 106 "AsKssing the I.egal Needs 0( the Poor"" lIuilding an Agenda for Ihe 1990s" PatriciJ Yeagtr Fuhrmtitter 51: 162 "AsseuinQ tilt Legal Needs o(tllt Poor: BuildinQ an Ag<nda for !Iv 1990s" Kenntth W. BaU]ts. Sr. 51:354 LEGISLATION "Tl\ICking RtQuLotion and Eumptior\$ from Rtguwion iTi AWwN" StanIry W. 1'"0,.49:290 LITIGATION
"A SUIVql 0( Alabama Law PeruiTliTig 10 Closing ArgulntTlu" Ilenjamtn T. Rowe aTid William 11. Pryor. Jr. 50:9 "The Work Product Doclrint"l.tt II. ZeU 47:142 "Coping with Vocational F.xpert Testimony" !'lou] R. LH.Iu1fy 47:I:;Il Ar m lilt uwytr. You're lilt F.!pert" Lloyd W. ~lhings.9-.338 "SUlule of Umitalions Under lilt AIWrN LeilOl St"i«s L~· bilityAct" JONItw! H. Walltr 52:276 "'The Mini.TrilI mil Summ"y Jury Tmls" Robert W. Bndford. Jr. 52:150 Loomis. Jan and Lathum. Marearel L. "Pus the Torch" 51:356 Lyon, IlIIrry "OptTi Lettu to JimTl1)' Clllrk" 48:323
TH E ALA6AMA LAWYER
MlIddox. Justi« Hugh "Rrmllrkl: AdmiWons Crnmony October 23, 1990" 52:20....r~inQ 01 Court PtocttdinltS"
'"''
Mandt. John F. 1hI: Statr Action ImmuTiity Doctrine: a RtuStsSment" 47:136 Marsh. DlIvid H. Go Silvenuil. SlWIn J."TIK Tort 0( Bad i'"a.ilh and AlIOiding lilt S25O.000 Cap on Punitive Oamagts" 51:114 Marshall, Stl:Yen T. 6< Buey. Plrnela It "An Owrview 0( RlCO" 51:283 /IWon. Jlmts J~ "Is Tlu.1 All Thtn I.$?" 52-.56 McCurley. Robert L Jr. "Legisllltiw Wnp-up" 47: 19. 47: 11 3. <47:156. 41:185.41:240. <47:342. 48.:30. 48:101. 48:180 . -48:237, 48:310. 48:351, .9:55, 49:99, 49:162. 49:232. 49-.302.49:373. 50:52, SO:98, 50: 152, 50:192. 5O".Z60, 50:339. 51:53. 51: 118. 51: 179. 51:229. 51:299, 51:300. 52:50, 52:71. 52: 120. 52: 188. 52:244. 52:320 ~lcGlothren, Michael S. Hudgrns, 1+.. Neil. Go Nolan. Thornu fl., Jr. "Stalus of t~ c..lWItion RequirelntTit in Medial Malpraclice" 49:ISS McCowin, T. Bruct "Environmenul Liability for \'endtH mil Lenders" 49-.264 MclIwliTI. Christopher Lylt "'The Cornt>ftllt........ Gmt",,1 Llibility Policy in A1W~~ PnMlions" 48:326, "BuildiTIII Conlr.KIor'S RK<Mry for Incomplete Per1ornw>ce" 5 t:230 MEDICAL MALPRACTICE
'Stalus of Ihe c..usalion Requiremenl in Medical Malpractice" 1+.. Neil Hudgens. Michiel S. McGlothren and Thomu H. NOlm. Jr. 49:158 MEMORIALS
Adams. John Edmund 49:244 Agtt. AI"'in T.•9:3 11 Albritton, lIImts MaMn .8:245 Arant, \\C,lIiam Douglas 49:56 Armbrechl. William H.• Jr. 52:141 Ausll1l. Daniel Cavin 51:58 Babcock. Colonel Charlts SterliTig 51: 181 &ilry, Emtst Minge 50:280 &1II.rd, John Thomu41:3-l3 Baird. Thomas Leon 47:116 BIackbum.llIyB.50:I56 Bouods, Russtl\ Hampton 47:228 Boyd, Om R. 49-.57 Brook$. Iblph 52:356 c..ldwell. James LH 52:356 CaTinon. Edmund Ruha 52:289 Card. Wilham H.. Jr. 49:376 Cirter.limts Johnston 47:229 Clllrk, Leigh M. 51:181 Conwell, 10Mph T.49-.2« Cook. Walter McQun:Tl49-.245 Oonild WiIIWn 49-.376 Invis, ~, J .. Jr. 50".345 DtmpMy. HarryYoong, 11149:311 Doss. Merrill WillOO..,47:170 Drummond. Rooald A. 52:78 Eruor. Leland G. 51:312
oms.
J~nlQry
1992 f 83
Faulk. BOOb)' Joe 48:59 Ford. Ralph Hunter 4859 Fortenixrry. Joseph E. 4a:I84 Cardner. Lucien 0 .. Jr. 50:53 Carnu. James W. 50:346 Caston, Alixrt S. 50:106 Gibbon>. E. Gr~ham 48:364 Cibson. l'Il1ite td¥.·ard. Jr. 48:316 Gilmore. Wyman O. 50:106 Goodhue. Edwin IA:. 50:107 Cordon. A. Fletcher 48: III Haden. Harl'}' H. 52 :n6 HalL David McGiff.rt 51: 183 Hamilton. Dr.,1on N. 51:123 Hayden. Walter C.. Jr. 51:58 Hill. Robert McClellan 50: 108 1I;~on. Ben I),o,ight 5l:124 Hobbs. o.,~ter Cumrnings 51:241 Hollified. Francis David. Sr. 51 :373 Hollingsworth. Wi ll iam Emut. Jr. 51:125 Hubbard. Perl'}' 52:226 Ei2enbrod. Walter Frederick 52:18 Jackson. lames Thtodore 48:59 Jones. Herixrt D.. Jr. 49:.312 Kearney, Nichol.. 51:59 Kilborn. Benjamin H" Sr. 49:245 LaCour. Jean Pau148:316 Lane, JO$I'ph Ernest. Jr. 50:198 IA: • • Alto V.. 11148:244 La. Walter Jerome. Jr. 47:52 Le->o,·is. Cyrus Roys 51:60 Lu.k. Marion Fearn 47:170 Martin. James floyd 41: 171 May. James L.. Jr. 49:181. 49:313 McAfee. William Bl'}'an 49:312 McBurney, George William 52:140 McKinney. W. Ramsey 52:140 Milner. Spann W. 4a:347 MillIS. Henl'}' Sanders 50: 156 Molloy. Daniel W" Jr. 48:365 Morgan. F.arl C. 51 :183 Mullins, Jo..eph Johnson 49: 118 Murphy. Ray Walker 41:52 Nicholson. Gilixrt WoodrO\'>' 51:242 O'Neal. Moncure Camper 51:312 Paul. Ens Freeman 51:241 Payne. James Reid 47:53 Pearson, John Chllrles 48:110 Perrine. Kenneth Ti l~. Sr. 48:245 Poole. Calvin 52:60 POWI'll. Abner Ril~. Jr. 49:180 Proctor. Richard Earle 52:289 Ree~. Charles Theodore 49:56 Rogers. C. M. A" III 47: 117 Rosser, Claude Pernell, Jr, 47:171 Russell, Edgar Poe, Jr. 51:61 Russell. Nobl. Jefferson 47: 172 Seale. Harry Duncan 50:198 Srnith. Edgar Hibixrd 48: 110 Smith, Leo Arthur. Jr. 49:314 84 1January 1992
Smith. Finis ~Iurland 50281 Sparkman, John Jackson 47:ln Stone. C.or~ Edwin. Jr. 48:365 Stoudenmire. Sterling F., Jr. 50:347 St~et, Charles Sh~lton 50: 199 Strickland, William Borden 51 :IS<! Traeger. James W. 49:58 Vanc~. Robert Smith 51:7 Vickers. Marion R.. Jr. 51 :125 Wells. Bellfield T. 51:126 Williarns, Ralph Roger 52:288 1'o1nston. William 0.. !II 48:246 Wood. Janella Jackson 51:61 leanah. Olin Weatherford 48: 184 Mend.lsohn. Kenneth J. -Dram ShOp Liability" 50:328 Miles. Albert S. "The Due Process Rights of Students in Public School or College Disciplinal'}' Hearings" 48: 144 Milling, John M.. Jr. "Recent o.,cu.ioru" 47:54, 47: 105, 47:157. 47:214. 47273. 47:335. 48:52, 48:99. 48:147. 4&230. 48:304. 48:345. 49:49, 49: III, 49,169, 49:237. 49:.303. 49:369. 50:42,50:92.50:142.50:187.50:255.50:333. 51:47. 51: 101. SI :175. 51 :237. 51 :307. 51 :365, 52:51.52:168 Mitchell, Anne &< M=, ElilO "AsS<'~ing the 1A:ga.1 Needs of the Pool," Building .n Agenda for the I9%!" 51: 106 Mixon, Charles R "Young Lawyers' S«tion" 48:308. 48:350. 49:47. 49:103. 49:177. 49:230 Morrow. William H" Jr. "Opinions olthe General Counsel" 47:24. 47:111. 47:164. 47:224. 47:267. 47:330. 48:28. 48:182.48:311 M055. t:li~ &< Mitchell. Anne "Assessing the 1A:ga.1 Needs of the Poor: Building an Agenda for thl: 19905" SI:IQ6 Moss. Milton 1." "Opinions of the Genua' Counsel " 52:346 Nathan. John A. "Alabama's Interstate Banking Legislation" 49:SO Neal, Rithard E. "Age Discrimination and Reductions-inForce" 47:86 NEGOTIATtON AND SETTLEMENT
"Alternative Dispute Resolution: An Introduction" J.ck Clarke 52:126 "Mediation in Alabama" Keith Watkins &< I . Noah funderburg 52:133 Ndtles, Bert S. "P=ible Appellate Court Rutructuring in Alabama" 52:77 Nichols. Randall W. "Modifying Child Custody DeCisions Because of Indiscreet Sel<Ual Behavior-Changing Times and an Elus"" Standard- 52:36 Nolan, Thom.u It. Jr .. Hudgens. A. Neil, and McGlothren. Michael S. "Status of the CaU>ation Requirement in Medical Malpractice" 49:158 Norman. Keith B. "MCW: News" 49:236. 49:309. 50:104. 52:55.52:105.52:145 Young La",'YtfS' S«tion 52:266, 52:344 Norris. Robert W. "Opinions olthe General Coun~l" 50:49. 50:%,50:19-1,50:344.51:305.52:274 North. hrnes L. "President's Page" 47:4. 47:68, 47: 124, 47:18() THE AU\BAMA LAWYE R
OPINIONS OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL
Actions ililinsl former climts 47:24 AlMnwnQ discliimu 48:311, 48;357 At\omqo~rti$ing47:267. 50: 194, 51:306, 52:80 Attornqo as admini$\rator 01. nliM 47:330; 51: 173 AttOmty/Admittet filing b;mkruptq S] 03()4 Attorney loans from clients .nd ()\lItr blUinus tr.ruactioru 51:305 Allornqo payments to liy empioytu 51:99 Attomqo 5OIiciliotion through ulited entity 5];99 Attomqo \kfrNt of di$ability 5 t:306 Altomqo di$qullific.otion: appIic.Jtion d ilw SubsWlt ..1 Rtlitioruhip Test 50-.261 Attomty feu 51:305 AttOmty as witneSJ 47:]64, 51:]73 Attornqo IruSI account di$tribulions 50:49 Bwiness Canl ldentificatioru 47:224 Civil disobedience 50:96 Communications with oppo$ing partin in corpoqte contut 47:1L1 Commun\Qtions with employHs d thl: opposing parties 49'.375 Conflict d intunt botwHn t~It"",~ 50:]5(1, 5 t:.57 Conflict d intemt lI1lOr'II dionts 52:274 DecU5ed IttOmrys·~ of .... mt 48;28, 48:182 Disabled dient with funds in attorne)'l account 51:362 financing of client advances 50:344 for·Prot1t Rerunl P.ogram 52:57 ~ tojudgu 51:JOS Knowing filing lawsuit in imp,.. ~nue 51:216 otrKe Sl>aring 52:346 RKiprOc.al di$ciplinr for ~uornqo 51:306 Right of pouowion of formr. d"nt filts 49:228 StMci: on rtprnmted dtfmdI.nt49:166 UK olatlomty tradenames for communic.Jtions 52: 142 Who is the cHent 49:]06
Parku, Gl'3y "Med ira~ ... a Secondary l'ayer I'.'hert StrvictS art Reimbursable Under Automobile Mtdical, No-fault or Any Liability lnsuranu· 52:46 PATI!NTS AND TRADEMARKS
"ACttltrll PrKtitiootr'. [ntroduttion to T.wmarl< Uw'" ttlroId Set 47:46 Pike, Mary Lyn "MCLE N......• 47:58, 47:11 4, 47:182, 47:239, 41:331. 48:1 5.48:113, 48:188. 48:229. 48:313, 48:360, 49:44, 49:117. 49:168 PROFILES
Aivlo <:as-.wll Caine 49:137 Ben ttlne Harris, Jr. 49'.3. 49:188 Clirence Mtrilton SmlI!l. Jr, 52:1S. G.ory CMlton lIuc\uby 48: 177 HugouF'ayeneB1aclc 47:128 Keith Norman ~9: 193 Judge hmtl r.. Horton. Jr. 48:294 Phillip Exlon Adams, Jr. 51: 141 Will iam flarold Albritton, til 50: 135 TIlE ALABAMA lAWYER
Pryor. Will"m H" Jr," Rowe , Benj.l.mm T, "A SUM)"ol AL>Iwna Uw PtTtlIining to Closing Argummts" SO:9
RlIndltman. SMxI.. L "Thr Im~t ofthl: Tn Reform Act of 1986 on Smoll Busineuu" 48:206 REAL PROPERTY
"Eviction Or Ejectmtnt: flO'W Don the Mortgag« Til<e Possession 0( Mortgagtd Property After Default?· Romoine S. ScotI.III47:I88 "'The Ali>bama Uniform Condominium Act 0( 1991" CuJId R. Gibbons" Cl.roi H. St""""'rt 52:294 R~. Jolin W. "Stand Up· A Lawyer's Passin· 51:268 Reeder, Cl>arles "AIaba.mlI Potu" 41:9-1 Rme. Cl>arloy "CourtinQ thl: Ideal '-"'')'1'.-'' 52:361 Reilly, Sally S. and Gunie-, John E. ·Civil RICO-The Scope of CoYera,ge after Sftiima" 47:260
RESEARCH
"A 1houwxI Day>. A Billion Bytes: Compuler~$\ed Ltp.1 Resean:h Revisited· Lynne B. Kitchtns 47:312
.oco "An{)yt....;e.,.ofRICO·, Pamtw. 11. Buey and Ste\'tn T. M.IT· shall 51:283 "Civil RICO-The Scope ofCOIItrage alttr Sftii"",· John .;, Grenier and Sally S. Reilly 41:260 "RICO in the 11th Circuit after 11J.. lnc.", Andrew P. Camp· bo1l51:2n "'The ImpTO!)tr Civil RICO Cliim: If Such a Thing Exists. Can It Be Battled with Sanctions?" Elwyn Berton Sptnu,
""'"
Robtrll, Michatl L "Profit RtcO\Ifry forthl: New Or Unestablished BwillU(l· 48:78 Rowe, Renjamtn T. and PryOr, William H" Jr. "A SUM)" 01. Alabama Law Pertaining to Closing Argumtnts" 50:9 Rowe, Stephen J. "Questions " Answers with Judgt .'rank Johnson· 52:328 Rumore. Samuel A., Jr. "Building ~'s Courthou$n· Jackson 48:33fl. ~is(In 49'.28. urnestDIK 49: 11l4. Laud· enWr 49:138, Clay 49'.226: OtKlltb 49:280, Manhllil 49'.328, Morgan 50:40, Lawrtnce 50:91), FJ\)IIklin 50:138. CoIbort 50:174. Marion 50:246. 1'!1nston 50-32(1, Cullman SI :26. Wikox 51:88, Walker 51 :158, Blount SI :214, Eto.."lIh 51 :260. Cherokee 5 [:334 Jefferson 52: 14, ReMemtr 52:~, Cleburne 52:162 Baldwi n County, Bay Minn.tte and Daphne 52:200, Calhoun 52:268, SL Clair 52:332 lWmWKn. Kathleen A. "Ltgal Assistants: A Crowing Rule in thl: PrKtia 01 Law in A.. bamo" 52:214 S:iobol. Celnlt W. and G.oston. Kerry R, "failurt to Reid This Arlitl. May Rnull in thl: DismiINl oIY001 Appeal" 52:252 Sthrotdtr, ....'illi.om A. and Hoffman, Jerome A. "QIlering ~ Ob;ming 10 Evidmee in Alabama" 41:304 Scott, Romaine S•. III "Eviction or Ejectment: How Dots thl: Mort",*e Tallo ~uion 01. Mortgagtd Property After Otfault?" 47:188. "Litigation After Bankruptq or Relief is Only a Court (or Two Away)" 50:248 hnuary 1992 / 85
&:rugg.. William U" Jr. "Pruid~nr, rlll~" 47:236. 47:300. 4&4.4&&8.48:192 Stt. Harold "A (Aneral Practitioner', Introduclion 10 Tradtmark \.;Iw" 47:46 Slwpord. T_II T.. III "farm &nkrupky: The New C~pt~r 12" ~8:1O ShullNll. \\r,m.. m S. "AuomryLiability Under ~ f.oir Orb! Col1mion Practicts Act" 48:]34 Silbtl11\arl. Wilbur C. "Rt«nl D«isions" 51:365. 52:109. 52: H;8. 52:222. 52:281. 52:362 Silw"",il. S...an 1. and M.irsll, tnvid II . ..". Tort of Ibd faith and A.ooing thr $250.000 ~ on Punitiw [Mm· .agu" 51:114 Smith. E. W~and Iiowtll. Shirley ~rby ~I""'rus· romt;n lilt Work~l.ace " 52:]94
Thorton. J. E. "Professional Etiqudte. Mobile Slyle" 47:301 Tjo/Ial. Judge (;enid "A CoUtagut:'s ~rsptdi~ 01 FTlInk Johnson" 52:318 Torbo:rt. C.C" Jr. "1"Ilt Need for Tu Rdonn in Alabama" 52:189
TORTS
"Dmn Shop l...i.Ibility" K.nntth J. MtndtOOlm 50".28 "Int.rfertlKt .... ith BusintsS Relations: thr Unifi~ Tort sinee GnlS.I D. Louder RNIIN- Andrew P. CmlpbtU SG-.86. 50:]29 ""The Tort of Ibd F~ith .and Avoiding lilt S250.000 C.ap on Punitiw [Mmogn- David H. Mush and SuW\ 1. Silwmail 51:114
SOCIAL SECURITY
TRUSTS
"Social Security Ois.abilily Act" frank W. Donaldson ~7:95
"ReYOCable Trusu · an~'" J.ffKohn. Jr. 49:332 '"Tht New 'Prudent Person' Rul. in Alabama" PaulO. Wood.all .and ~rk W. La",'SOT\ 5]:348
Spoke. hmes C. ..". So:MtI E:l<ptrimtnt" 52: 106 Spmc~. Elwyn Berton '"Tht Im~roper Civil RICO Claim: II Such .. Thing EJ.t.u. Can 11 Be Battled with Sonctioru?" 51:290 St~nsoo.l:I~n
A. "Emp~il and Inlegrily. .·rank Johnsoo and tho AdminiJtralion of Criminal Justice" 52:.ll8 SI",,·ort. Carol ft. & Cibbons. Gerald R."'" Alobama Uniform Condominium Act 011991" 52:m Sto-.-.\I. limu G" Fisher. Somut l fI"lIloml Coller. Patrick R.. "A SUrvq> of Alabama laWyers: 1986" 48:160 Sirang•. Lulher J.. 111. '111e I.aWyeT U .. l.abbyiJI" 49: 14
TAX "~Wrongful
Oralh Damages No tonger Tuabl." C"iQ S. Bonntn w ChristOPhtrW. Well • • 47:272 "Of Int.~JI.-IR S Reporting 01 Rnl.:state Tnonwctions" E. Lanny Cr.. nt ~8:J03 "Rnriew of TRA '86 ChinQes in CorpOnlC and Ptnoru.l Tues" JOSfpk W. Blackburn 48:332 '"Tht I~ of Ike Tu Rtform Act of 1986 on Sm.all Businrun" SondTll L. Rlndlemlln 48:206 ..". Need forTu Rtfonn in AI.abarnl" C.C. Torbert. Jr. 52:189 "'Thr R...-tn .... Act 01 ]987-5t1t<:1~ Proviiioos" ~ v. CrlIWIord 49:94
BAR DIRECTORIES will be mailed this month. EKtra c opies are S15 each.
Bar directories
Send checks or money Ofders to: Ala ba ma Ba r D irec tory
P.O.
41 S6 M o ntgom ery. Al 3610 1
86 IJanu.u')' 1992
Undtrwood. WiIIi.lm J. "Fial Justitia R""t Coelum" I profile of Judge James E. Horton. Jr. 48:2"94 Vaughn. Rly 1ht Ha.... k Outside tke Judicial Building: Recenl EnvironmenLlI Cases in Aiabama" 51:220 Walker. Cwrge M. "Employmenl Torts" 49:148 Wall",. Jonathan H. "SLllute of limitatiom Under Ike Alabama Ltgal Servicft l.iabilily Act" 52:276 Ward. Greg "Alabama Self.I I.lp Repoutssion" 47:8. Book Revi",,'S "Handling Automobile Warranty ind RepoutssH>n Case." 47:72. "ALlbamll Civill'rKtke fOTTI\J" 48:356. "Alabama Law of Evidence" 52:239. "Termination of Putntal Righu" 49:142 Waltrs. Michael D. & CTlI'~s. Daniel B. "Issues in Ike Sok 01, Small Business Under Ike ALlbama BusintsS Corpor;r.lion Act- 5t:338 Wotlr.ins. Ktith and Funderburg. J. No;ioh "M~ialion in AW>ama" 52:133 Weller. ChrUtopht. W. .and Bonnell. CTlIig S. "Allbamao Wronafu] Dtath Damages No longerTu.able" 47:272 W.rthtimer, Leoninllll & f.kts.l.ooiJ B. "EsUIt Planning for IhI: ModeTllldy W.... lthy'" 47:74 Wllil •. ~rk '"Tht Clostl Clitnl" ~9'.344 Wllite-Spunntr. Charln Sandys, k "MtmOOIls" ota~ Willi.ams. J. Mickat! "Help!" .a:262 Wiseman. Holly L. "Opinionsollllt CmtrlII CouIlSotI" 4&351. 49:106,49:166 W~ll. PaulO . .ond La....son. ~rk M."'" 1'1"", 'Prudent renon' Rule inAlabama" 51:348 WORKER 'S COMPENSATION
"'Thr Second Injury Trust Fund w A!.lb;oma·, Worker', COm , pensation Act" R. Blake t..uenby.omI CTlIig A, Donley 51:110
S OK
Zell. Lte H. "Sew< and Applicalion 01 Ih. Attorney·CHent Privilege-an Overvi""'" 47:100. "The Work Product Doc· Irino"47: 142 • n tE AI.ABA."1A LAWYER
ALABAMA STATE BAR
1991-92 DUES NOTICE (All Alabama attorney occupational licenses and special memberships expired September 30, 1991)
Annual License - Special Membership Dues Due October 1, 1991 *Delinquent after October 31,1991 TH(~STAI[~
SPECIAL MEMBERSHIPCAII:D 1~ "' ''1
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Sptdal M...Nt (poioI .il'Klly to tt.. AIaIoanu S\.It. 11,0. 1
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t""teha.. lh... ~~h t ho «Iunly"/ pri ...., _lIeo l ~ in lhr putclwc an lIII'IUlII occupotionaI I;,;...... Stction .... 12..t9.(;odo,of~ U97SI.aum.ndtd. This I"" .... li_}'OU lilt ,,"'110 pra.cti« l>w in the .1.11< 01 A"""ma Ihroo&h Sept.mbo, 30, 1992. Tho coot of the He.".. is $15/), pi", I"" county'l nom;",,' iSl...,..," I.. , Ind i. pufChaHd from til< p.<>bal< Ju<lIt ot lice"", ~. Iwht .. WIQobloI in 11>0 <"""11 in which you pri .... rily ",actH:.. In add,liorI to tht .l.Ioto ~«ru•. IU practicing .norn.,.. """'Id check wllh thoi. m.. nici",,1 ._n ... <k!>lo'hr...." 10 II< "'.. U... I tho liaNi.,. n",,,mnmu of tho city at [""" . .... t.o Mini ""I. 1'1.... ><nd.he AWwno Slate Ill,. <<>PI' 0/ lho liee" .. whon it is pu.dw.d, lJId "'" will W/oI~Hiwl duplk.>l< 0/ your lic ..... (poctUM ........ ) ~ idmtif--'" purpooos durin& tho 1991·'12 li«nIot)'W'.
II )'O<l art admitl«l to tho Alabama SIaL< IbJ >no!
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Spodal mtmbt ..hip 'I.>M "ac~uimi pu ..... nt to Soetion 301_3_17 .... Stetion 301.3-18. CAdI 01AIIlbomo 1111151......... nd<d. f tdo.aI and mt. iud.... disuiet aU"","",, Uniltd StaIU auomoys. and OIho, ..,....mmtnt ot\onwyo who ... p<Ohiboltd I""" practicing priYokly br Yilt.. 01 t/>ri. I'OlIIION ... oli,iblo for \hI$ rntmbo' sl"p ot.>tU$, Uk.wI". p... sons admimd 10 tho bo. of Ala""ma .... hQ ••• not tnll>a.d in Ih. p'''''lice of law or a •• tmplo~ In a po.ition oot otMrwi ....quiring a Ik.n... r, ,Iilibl, to be .pedal "",mbt ... AUomtyIo lIdmitltd to tho ...... 0I101>1wno wfto ~ ouloid< tho ot.>te 0/ Alaba ........1>0 .... nOi prachce in tho SUit 0/ AIaba ..... too • •• .lilibl< for this SUIU$, With lho o"",t ion 0/ SUto auornql ar.d d.. lrkt Ittomoyo.. and lhooit who hold. liccNe.1 ony Ii"", during the I»r l'u,.• ptc;.,1 rn(>l from mandalnry cont lnu· ing 1011>1 .duulion ... qul .. mtnll; hawrv.' . Ihls annual ... rn(>l"", must be claomtd on tho ......,nirc form. Sped.1 ..........""'" ......... poid di,t(tly to tho~ .... Stat, 80 •. In tho Mnl rou mtrr tho prod..,. 0/ L>w during tho ...... """ . ....... t>KUli\.lttlo tht 01 an o«upol'onollic.n ... Iho" dun a •• not .. fundabl, .ft .. Oocrmbe. ] I. 19111. and r.o emilt "ill be for poyment 01 '11« ..1 mrmben.hlp due •. Mombmhip aids. .. "-'" In the ......... obcM. ... iaIutd """" 01 tho ...... and an ;ood for tht I~ ye... Sprdal mt.""ip dues ... S75.
""'mbo,. .......
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1)UU Induck. SIS.nniW <ub$cription 10 Th£Ala/JamQ~. (Thl! subscription cannot bt deducttd from lilt dues plyn'ltnJ.) I r)'Qu ha,oc any qutollon. regarding )'Qu r propn rnt rnhtTihip Iialu . or dUll paymen l. conlacl Alice Jo Hendrix. rne rnhtTihip mvicel director .• t 1205) 269·15 15 Or 1-800-392·5660 Iin·,I.I, WAfS I.
TIlE AlABA."IA LAWYER
hn.....ry 1m 187
CLASSIFIED NOTICES AAT'I: ... ..... . ' .. 2 ........... po< .... _
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$.!<I".. _ _ 0 . .... w..... .... ., $35,,",_
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A I. b o m a 36101
Fo. 5.,., Save 50 pe reem on yom lawbook, . Call NalioMl Law Resource. Ame<ica', latgest lawbook dealet H<.IgI.l i"r.te<1tOl'H!S, Low prOce$_ E>ccellenl qualil\' Your satisfaction absolutely guatanteed Also, ca~ Ameroc.'s largest tawbool< dealer when yoo want to sell your lKV'Ieed9d bOOI<.S. for JOUr I ..., no-obUgolion quot •• . (80 0) 27 9 ·779 9. N..I;_I uw A•• ou",o.
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Fo. S . ' . : Th . L AWb o ok E,,· Ch Ang., Lid. buy$. ar.d sells all map' lawbooks, stale and federal, nalionwide. Fo • • 11 r"lI. l AWbo o k n •• d " phon. (800) 422-8686. Mastercard, VISA and AmerOC8/1 Express 1ICC&pled. For Sa le: MoOO/ RuJ8s of Professional Cooducl; pe<sonal cop..,; now available 101 $5 (includes postage) M. II c h eck
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to P . O . Box 6 11 , Mo ntgom o 'y,
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..... _ _ ..... "._""""'''"'''''''''''
POSITIONS OFFJ:REO P o. lt lon Off . ..d, The Birmongham office 01 a muIti-c,1)' A.labloma law firm is seeking an assoclllta with an academic or practICe bac~grOUf1d in ta~81"'" and with t",,1 e. peroence. A •... If·s tarter WIlli some client ba ... • is preferred. _ ndlng ... 01 .... e nd Ih... writing .e mpl •• 10: Me n eg lng P ' rln " , P .O. BOl $75, Blnning .... m , Alaba~ 35 201 .()875.
Rep., b,
1Iooc.,~
..... """ A I. -"-'- :16,0,
Po . IIIDn Off • • • d: Attorney·col lec· tion. A progreSSIVe auto lill8r"lC(l company IS seeI<Jng an . tlOrney with experoence ., coIlectlOl'l and bankruptcy I8w to handle ,IS caseloa d on ret ai ner in Alabama PI. e _ •• nd • •• 01 .... 10 All ...... ' , P.O. Bo," 5 1 3 , Southfi. ld, Mie hl· 91'" 48037. Po. illon Off . . ... ' Artorney posltiOO a va ilable. PerSC<"lllI inJU')'. worker's com· pensaoon. bankruptcy and Soool Secori1)'. Experoenca preterred Inq,,;"e s conl~ dentiai. S.nd r.s um •• 10 J . nn Thom •• , 0 . ,,1. . . Go ldb. rg, 920 Mare .... nt' . W. lk , Suit. A, Hunt. .. UI., Alabama 35801 . Po s Ulon Oll . r . d , Atto rney jobs NallOl'lsl and Federal L&gal Employment Report. HIghI)' regarded montllly detailed I,st,ng of attorney and law·related jobs WIth the U S. GoverM"lGr'lt. 0Ihe< pr;bIicJ. pr ivale emp loyers in Wash,ngton, DC.
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THE Al.".8J\MA l.".WYER
U.S. and 8broad 500-600 S34-3 monthS: sse6 montM. F. de.,.1 Re ports, 1010 V•• mont Avenue, NW, ' .0 8 ·AII , W •• hlngton , DC 20005. Phon e (202) 393-3311. VI5AJMC. tnrougI'IOoJt tI'le
new jobs eac/lissoo
SERVICES Se .... lc.' TraHic enginee<. coosultant/· e.perl ",lIness. Graduale. reg,ste red. professional eog..-r Forty years' e . pefience . Highway lind city roadway desogn. traNic control doVICOS. c,ty zoning. Wflte or ca1 for tees. Jack W. Ch.mbll.s, .21 lI e ll . hurst D.I"e, Montgome." Alebeme 36109. _12051272.2353.
'esool8.
Se."lee , Leoal fese8fCh help. Expe<f. enced allorney . membe' Of Alabama Slale Bar snce 1977. Ac<:es.s to stale lew lib rary. WESTLAW aVllllab le. Pfompl dead l,ne searches. S ••• h K. th.,n Fa .n. lI, 112 Moo • • Buildln. , "onlgom• • " AI.b.m. 38104. Phone (2051277.7937 Norepr_ lal"'" 's rnada aboul the quality 01 Ihe /egal s/HVices to t>e pelfrxmed Or the e~pflmU 01 "'" !8"'Y8' p.erlomrit>g suell
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S eNle., Ceftrlied ForensIC Doct.ment E'amine' Ch,ef document e.amine, . Alabama Deparlmenl of Forens,c Sci· ences. ret"ed. B.S .. M.S. G,aduate ....... V(!,sily·ba5ad ,e.kjent sch004 in docu· menl e xamonation. Published nalionally and inle<naliona lly Eoghlee<> years' l,oal expeoience staleJIede<al eou,ts ~ Alaba· ma FOI"II'l'Y. alie,,.t,,,,," and document authenticity exam,natlOns. C"minal and nor>-cMItNII malle<!!. Ame<ican Academy
01 ForenSIC Scrences. American Boa,d 01 Forensic Doc<ment E.oarninern. American Socratyof OuesbOned Doct.ment E>camona rs L.m., Mill." 3325 Lo.n . Ro. d , '2·318, P.O. 110 " 360999, IIl.mlng".m, AI.b.m. 35236· 0999. Pho_120519884158.
5 . .... lc. : ExamlnallOn 0/ questroned doct.ments. Handwr~ong. typewribng and
,elated e xaminatIons Internationally courl.qual ilied e xpert w,tness . D,plomate. American Board 01 forenSIC D0cument examIne'" Member: Ame"can Soc"'ty 01 Ouestooned Document E.<am,ne ... Ihe lnlernatooroal Assoc,alion jo, Ident,focal ,on, the Brot,sh Fo,ens,e Sci· ence Soci<lty 8i1d the National Associa· t,on of Crim,nal Delense Lawyers. Ret,,&c Ch,el Documenl Examrner. USA THE ALABAMA LAWYER
CI18boralOlies. H.ns MaW.' Gldlon , 218 M. 'rwm"nt D.I~ ., August., 0 ....... ;. 30907. Phon. 14041 8604287. S • • ~lc" $ecufities expert witness W,I tesl'ty to SUItability and cl'MJ'ning. Fil· I"n years' e xpe<oence" secur,ties bvsi. r.ess, Arbitrator lor Nal""", 1 Associal"'" 01 Security De-31ers. AmerICan Arbr\ral"'" Associat""'. Ame<ican Stocl< E, change Can asslSl in coun or arbitrallOn hell" ..... Me mbe r National ForenSIC Cente, Chu c k Sehlldh.ue., P.O . 110" 3033, Oulf Sho.es, ... Ibam. 365-42. Ph_I205j96808191. S e nlc .: HCAI ""II evaluate you ' cases gratis !or me<it and causal""', anical reps wil rxme to your office ",a~s. If your case has no me<it or il causation is
poOr. we will also p,ovide aIr" wr,lten ,eporl Slate allidav,ts super.r~shed Please see dISp la y ad on page 75 H.elth C.r. Auditor., Inc .• P.O. 110" 22007, St. Pet • .uurg, Fiori· d •. Phon. (8 131 579·805'. FAX 573013-33.
S • • vIC': San Anlon io. Te xa s cocounse l available in state and lederal matters. LicfInsed and e.pe<ienced in liU· gat"'" in Alabama sincfl1978 and Texas .ince 1984 W. St . ph e n 0 •• • ••• 6638 Sen P.d.o, S a n Anionlo, T ..... 78218. Phon. (5121 826· 0409. FAX 15121 826-1047. No ,epresemarion is made about"'" quality 01 /he legal seMces ro be perlom>ed or- "'" experr.se 0/ "'" 1.!"'Y8' perlom>JfIg suc/l
•
r--------------------, ADDRESS CHANGES
PinK check your lisling in the cu rrent 1990·91 Alabama &lr Direclory ind complete the lorm below ONLY if there are iny changes to your listing. I)ue to chang~s in the statute gowming election of bar commi .. ione ... wt now ar. required to use members' office addres.se~. unl.s.s none is available Or a member is prohibited from receiving state bar mail al lhe office. Additionally, the Alabama Bar Dil1'clory is compiled from ou r "",iling list ind it is important to use busines.s addres.ses for that reMOn. (These chang.. WILL NOT appear in the 1991 ·92 edition of the directory. The cul-<lff date for the direclory information was September I, 1991. ) NOTE: Ifwt do not know of a change in addre ... we cannot make the neees· S.l.'l' changes on Our records. so please notify US when your addres.s changes.
. . -----Choose one:
Mr.
Member Idontification (Social Securit~l Number Mrs. [l Hon.
Mis.s
Other
-
Ful l l'ia",.
Bu>i..... 1'hon< l'iumb<r
••
Birthdat. Ynr 01 Admi<.<ion OIfo« MailingMd,... City
'""
ZIP Code
Count~
Ollie< Str..t Addrus lif d;ffmnt 110m moiling odd ....)
City SUt. County
ZIPCode
L ____________________
~
January 1992 I 89
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