Lawyer 7 01 web by Alabama State Bar Association

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S~cial Counsel" The Global lead~, In L~1I1 Solur/onJ I.

Alabama Bar Institute for Continuing Legal Education Advancinc the Lega l Profession th rough Education and Service

A lawyer has no higher ca llillg

than

rcmlcr service to his

(clio\\! man."

R,lph O. Cook Hare.

W)1lI1,

Newell and

NeWlOn

Birmingham , Al"bama

THE UNIVERSITY OF

ALABAMA SCHOOL

LAW

Call AIl ICLE '" 1路800路627.65 [4 0 ' 205.J48.62JO for pr~r.lm inform;uion. www.abic le.org

THE

ALA B AMA I.. Alf)'EN. Vol. 62. No. 51 July 2001

On the Cove. A /IIMmfl mflf'1hllllld III Gulf StflU 1'tJ11t- 1., octlltJ In HII/d.,..iI, CmUlI)'. un I/' .. (;"if of Mt'.l iro, ,/04! IIIIrA /nr/rulu (]'I'U ''''0 nrilu of ..dtlu, Sllndy ~Ir(hts. (I "son. II lakf/mlll (lknlc U"". a Ooolllllmch, olld IlII

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242 Alabama Law Foundation Awards IOlTA Grants 245

Save Todav for College: 2001 PACT

246

What the General Practitioner Needs 10 Know to Recognize SUKual Harassment Claims liy Gtrtl/tl '- Miller

256

Wrongful Transmission of 8 Sexually Transmitted Disease in Alabama: Elements and Some Practical Considerations 8y Ktll'ln \\tdlflllg

264

A Reportltom the State's Law Firm Ily IV/lllfllll If. P r)'Qt, if.

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THE ALABAMA LAWYER Vol. 62. No. 5

July 200 1

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his is Illy last President 's Pngc as YOlir AI:lbnnm SULt!! Bllr Pn:sidcnt. 'Ille President i$ given nn

o(lCn fomnl 10 write two or more P.1gCS on :my 10pil:. So, [ hnve decided to present '~Icn Thousl.1 nd

Wortls". [ know Ihm sec rn~ n bit verbose, but helll' me out. When I wenlto the Bor umdcrship Illslhule ulthe Amcricill\ Bar Associmloll in Chicflgo (this is commonl y cnlled " Bnr Preside m's SChOOl"), lhe most popula' clnss WitS th e prescillmion on " How to Write (I Pres idcm's

ruge:' The key words were (krl'()JJ(lI. II!frmnm!l'c or 1'lIfl'rlllill/ns. nnd brief You nrc cncoumgcd to be innovnti y!: lind In do things a lillle difftrcntly. You ~h QU hl

rnuke your columns

imerc~lin8

by being crcllli vc.

Over lhe pll~1 14 yelll'll, I

h:lve wriucn more thol1 75 IIrticlcs for 1'llt lI /fI/xl/I/(/ 1,1I"'YI:,.. TI!i.~ haA lml)' b(."<:11 ~ labor of lov~. So how do I !11'l'ive:ll 10,000 wOlds for this Prc.~ idet1l 's I'JIge Jllone? Well. it is Imdiliollall), said IlInt a picluTt: i ~ w(H1 h II Ihous:uld words. So I IIIn goi ng [0 close III)' yeur liS ),our prc~ ldcnl with len piclnl"C.' i-rcpI'CSCIIIlng 10.000 WONs-boll! SIX>kell andluispokcn. TII<:Se photos ate of ])Cople importalll 10 lIle or of significant evellts ,hll'illg my term

1'lm/1! 2 This picture i ~ bcClluse it i~ one of the eurliesl of my mnlernal gnUldplIreuts. I'hlllill and Mm'y LuSusu also clime from II:Il y. Thcy look seriously Ihe Biblicul ndmoni. lion 10 be fnli lful nnd 111111tlply. The), hnd 14 child ren and 13 survived to ndulthood. In 1938 they won the IJirlll iug/w/Il Neil'S contest for hflving the largesl fllmily in IlinninllhlUn. To fced such fI hil'ge fondl), )'ou either h'ld 10 hMe 1\ f:mn or n grocery store. My grandfath er rnn his store for ulmost 50 years. trell ~un::d

as bar

prc.~idelll.

So here goes. 1' lwlQ I You call'l know whe re ),ou lire goins until you know from where you clime. This photo i ~ Specilll 10 me bceDuse it is t~ e only one] have lhm i ne lude~ my gm ndfl1lher. Tony Rumore. He clune 10 this co untry from hal y in 1884. He worked. m~de some mOiley. wet1l bac k 10 Ital y. and m3rricd my gr:mdmotl1er. l\'T;lry. They h:ld a son. SIlIll. who i$ in 111l: lower left of Ihe photo. who was bQrn in 1899. In 1900 Ihe fAmily clime to stlly in Am er icn. nnd my olher unclcs nlld uunls were bonl hcre. ;Z;Z4

JU I. Y 2001

1'11010 3 Everyone hilS imj>ortarll peol)le in their lives. Here are my pnrents. SIIIII li nd T heresa RumOI'C, and my wife, 1'111. in n photo tnken before kids. 1'lwfIj 4 For 1Il1my yeal'S Ollr f:tlllil y visiled eQunhou!>¢s amund AI1l bnnm on wee kcnds. This "I J1fC~e· j udlle pUllel" eu n_~isled of ·I'ht'~sll. Cilli rt' nnd Smllllel. It was win ter time lind !O() they were "on the bench" insle;ld of "011 the bew.h."

/" 1010 8 A bar president also needs 11 j;ood 11lwye r, TIle Alubllrna Sla1Cl Bar has II grem olle in 'li.lIIY McLHln. l lere ate the rour "1In1igos" (i ncluding Tony and Lcnh McLain whit Notre I),mle "Subway Alum" J~ "' Ia herl ),) as they visit South Rend. Indinnlt for a football weekend,

imp,,"nm women in my life-lilY wife. JÂˇftl. and my plll1OCr. Ni nu 1\.1I1;IitJllirn. Th i~ was taken Ot the 8 irminshnlll ( ..., 3M picnic. PI,oto 6 A luw nrm elm only Dc ~tl eecss rlll if it is hurdworking lind cool>Crlttive. 'Illal be.~1 dese ribes lhe people I huvll worked with ror more than 2S years. Our past and pre.~nt Staff iCllogether each ~car for 11 ChriSlmas lunchCOll, Front row, left 10 righ l; Cind y McGinnis. John Millllonlco, Chllrllnc Unlley, Ni nu Migli nntco r,nd Kulhlce n Wester. Bncl; row; I'ul Rumore, tJ lt H Y Asnum, Sum Rumore, und Ericli Hollins. I'/row 9 Law Day, May I. 200 1- TN! was an illll)()1111111 day II~ we dedicate the sixth Alabama State Ollr Legal Milestone M~rker in !'l orence, I'resent lite burt:ommissioner Rol~rl GQllet: and FlOfCnce !m o l'n~y lind tlmstcr IIf ccrcrnonic~ for Ihe dediC!Ltion WIIIJIlItl Sml1h , /' Iw/Q 10 I'm alwi I

/'lloto ., A bar prcsidenllllso depends on the full -lime Montgomery slnlf. llere lire Kei lh IIl1d Tere!m Normnn nt the Southern Conrerence of Bnr Presidents meeling ill SllYllllunh. I cou ld not have cumed OUt my dutle ~ this year withOilt Keith's hel p lind lhe as,islllllce of the entire AS IJ ~l lIfr.

look forward 10 spending time at home lifter my tertII us president ends. I close now by thllllking everyone who hclped me this )leur. 'nICY lire 100 numerous \0 aurne, but I plll1iculm ly thnnk my immediate predecessors, 1)lIg Rowi'. Vic Loll. and Wilde !luxley fOf Iheir encouragement . And. I offer congnllulalions to I.. urry Murris and "hod (~rlly, boIh lawyers who love our AlnOOm;"! Sime Bur, und 10 our unknown successors In the future. It has been II great experience 10 servc as yOllf I)rcsidellt. I wi ll have m~uly fOlld memories of the firIC IlIwyers I net both iMide and outside Ihe SllIte of Aillbamll during my yeW". TIle trav, d~ hU\'e been 111l1l1y. TIle travails hove been few. I hOfC to kcep involved with the Alnbamn SllIte Bnr whenever called on. Our tIii!WCi mion is II sirong one. Our profession I$a great one. Lei's keep them Ihllt wuy. And, I hope Ihm in tlte nClir futu re, we eun iel the hi~lorie first of II wornun bar prcsideru behi nd us. Thmlk lou once again for the greatest hollOf Ihll\ can be be~lowed on u IJwycr by his (Of her) peers. â&#x20AC;˘ I/lf

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Be a Part of LlFEPLAN 2001 D uring the nC)lt few months yOu will be l>ccing and heuring llbout n progrnm cnlled LIFE· PLAN 200 1; l)hlllllingA hcntl For Vour FUlll r!: N(." tds . This public service progrom is being SIX)!1sored joitUJy by the Alnbamll Stme Bar. the Medical Associmioll of the State of AJnbmnn alld Ihe Alabama l'lospilol Association with the suppon of the Alubmna Public Hcalth Dcpanmcllt Hnd Ihe Alabama Orgllll Cenler. 111e progrnm wi ll be a statewide public educntlon cantpllign 10 promote fut ure henh h cure planning by em;ouruging fll ntilie~ to diseu~s heltltheurc wishes £IndIO prepore IIdvnnce cure dirct: tives. Alaburnn <:itizcns will be givcn un opponunity to mcct iilld work willi hlwyers (md health citre professi01als 10 cOllsider l1dVllnCe direc tives including l)Qwers of nnor· ney for he:l!th c~re, decl~f;llio lls , o physicians, ;Ind orgun nnd tissue donations. Ahhough L JI<'''; I'I~AN 200 1 will be slIllcwidc. it will be u volunteer- li nd eOlllntunitY-bWiCd pmgnlln. Trn in ~d vol unteer IllwyCrs IlIld health enre professionuls will IIssis. ill prcscnling free 1,.I(o' EI'LAN 200 1 workshop.~ 10 the public in order to help citiZens undcrs.nlld ndvllnte

Phy leltln N JI

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direCtives and thei r leglll implicMiOlls. III addition to workshops. comprehensive consumer guides h:lVe becn developed to be. given frec of charge to t~ose attending the workshop~. Beeau~ this will be: II communi.y-bn.o;cd progmm. facilities hOllsing service clubs. church Smups or ~tudent 0liUni7.l1tions. und community centcl1i. loeul Iibmries lind busillesses nre &ome of the l()Cutions where the workshops will be held. The kickoff fot thc LWEI'LAN 200 1 campaign Is Oc[ober I . Slmewlde publicity [0 mise public nware· ness (lOOUI Ihe igsue of (ldvanee di recti~e Jtnd Ihis coopemlive program is schcduled for Sep.embcr lind October. A number of lawycrs have III ready (Igrccd '0 p:trl icipllte inlhe progrunlllnd receive tmini ng. If you lIre interested intnki ng plln in 1.If'£ I' L ,\ N 200 1, COII UlC' SUSllil Andres. Ihe ~ t ate bar's director of Communlclltions lit (334) 269-1515. or Slwdres@'flllbtll:ors. You CUll also gCl more infomlutio n llboutlhe prugmm from the bitr's Web site. www.lfllfbt,,;tlrg . EvclI if you ure unnble to be a parI of Ihis progrom. [ hope thm yOU will ellcourage ci tizens In YOllr llrea to allcnd tllc LlFEI'LAN 2001 wOI'kshops. •

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Cumberland School of Law Continuing Legal Education

Cumberland School of low 0 1 Somford University is indebted to..J!le rna y Alol5omo attorneys and 'udges who contributed !neir lime and expertise 10 planning and 5 eak," 01 our educational seminars dving the 2000·2001 academic yeor. We grolefully ocknow!!l'ge In contributions of 'he following individuals to the success of Mathew A. Aiken

Craig A. Alexondllr Jomes P. Alexondflr M. Cloy Alspough, . 71 Orrin K. Ames III, '69 BroMan O. An thony, ' 93 O. Leon Asnford David A. Bagwell Benjamin E. SQker, ' 93

Woller W. Bales, . 81 Michoell. Bell, '68 Han.Thomas B. Bennet!

Brad Bishop, • 71 Alexander J. Bolla, jr,

John N. Bolus Koron O. Bawdr. Gov. Albert P. Brewer Steven A. Bric.kman

Ric:hord J. Broc.kman, ' 86 Han. Quentin Q.

Brown, Jr., • 73 Pamela H. Buey Joseph E. Bulgorollo, ' 89 S. Greg Burgo, ' 84 Han. Jock Caddell laura A. Calloway Valerie S. Camp, • lynn Campisi Charles F. Carr Han. J h L arroll, ' 74 John . ivds, Jr. Jome I:ewis Clo( lawrence B. Clark Han . U. W. Clemon Former Justice Rolph D. Cook Doone K. Corlin, ' 89 Rkhord Eldon Ooyis, ' 89 Timo thy C. Davis. ' 84 Marcel L, Oebruge Annesley H. OoGoris, ' 88 David R. Donaldson, ' 80

OUf

E programs :

Susan O. Ooughlon ntl\ony A. Joseph Tom DuHon, ' 76 Jasper P. Juliano John T. Kirk Koren B. Evans Gregg B. Ever. Michael D. Knight Michael O. Flbyd Cynthia G. lamor·Hort Forresl S. latla, ' 83 Fredericly l. Fohre I Steven W. Ford Robert W. lee, Jr., ' 78 A. D1nner Fro/er John A. l entine, ' 87 80r?, V. Fred rick Sruce M. lioberm~ oo Han. Benjar-in A. Fuller Robert E, l usk r. J9(,n M. Golese, ' 71 Michael 0 M Kl ben Vlilliom P.Gordnor J. Anlhpny' Mclain, ' 77 . Mar I Givhan, . 86 An;e \y.-'Mi'chell, ' 78 ohn 0/ Gleinner t1ol).r'I'omara O. Mitchell Moe B Greaves ...f~(,kio N. Moore W. McCollum Wendell R. Morgan J. Sonford Mullins III Ho omb, ' 82 onie G. Homm J. Mark Murphy 061 R. .tiomner, ' 9 Russel Myles, ' 86 on. Ar1hur J. H nes, Jr. George M. NOCII, Jr., ' 77 Hor. Don l. Carol Sue Nelson, ' 77 fI rdeman, ' 79 HM. Edwin L. Nelson, ' 69 Pet ardin, ' 98 Leonard J. Nelson III K<!.Ihleen G Steven l. Nicholas Henderson, 89 Thomas l. Oliver II, ' 89 Stephen D. Heninge , 77._ _.;H~o~ o ,.. . John E. 0 .8 1 James F. Henry, '97 IS POge Woften C, Hertong, Jr. lenoro W. Pote, ' 85 Han. James E. Hill, Jr., ' 75 Adorn K. Peck Lauro M . HiH laura H. Peck George Huddleston John M. Peek Edwin E. Humphreys, ' 80 laura Petro, ' 83 Denise J. Pomeroy, •89 David M. Hunt Patricio E. Ivio Horlon I. Protor IV John S. Johnson Phillip B, Price, Sr. Hon . 0 , L. Johnson Patricio J, Pritchett, ' 90 JUl tice Douglas tnge R. David Protlor Johnstone James D. Pruott G. Douglas Jones, ' 79 Sruce A. Rawl s, ' 79 Michael E. Riddle Gregory R. Jones, ' 81 Robin Windham Jones, Ann C. Robertson ' 94 Somuel A. Rumore, Jr.

Samford " University

Ruuell L. Sand' e J6hn D. Soli: Romoin~S. Scali til, •80 Randol H. Sellers WYf'n M. Shuford "}'itbur G, Silberman ~nnet h O . Simon Snannon S. Simp a Han. James!. loage Carol Ann Smith Han . Patricio M. Smith Wiltiam G. Somerville III E, Serlon Spence W. Siancil Starnes,' 72 William B. Stewart, ' 90 Henry C. Strickland Don Slump James R. Sturdivent Will Hill Tankersley. Jr. Klori S, T&c/row, ' 89 Janet Teer Jill Lolley Vincent Han. J. Scali Vow~.~I1..-:_ ChoQie D. Waldrep 6 Jome • Walsh, "'76 Howard P. Walthall Howard P. Waltholl, Jr., ' 98 Stephen 1. Wore l elia H. Wa tson Maury S. Weiner J. Mark Whi te, . 74 Bryant A, Whih'rlire, Jr. John P. Whittington, ' 72 Han. Dwight H. Williams, Jr. James C. Wilson, Jr. R. Wayne Wolle Donald M. Wright , rllt )'W'Or folloWIng som. rn;o ..... dtnortl olvmn, of CIofIlbt<lorld

xhc>ol 01 low

Cumberland School of law 8Xl Lakeshore Drive Birmingham, AJabama 35229 1-800-888-7454 rllp://cumberlond.somford.edu

ElIlllhdh Ilnl"l"Y JuhnS(,lII, of thc Il irminghmn firm of SlrolC & Pcrmutt, I'.C" h:IS been ~ Iecled l\ recipienl of the 200 1 American Bar A~socinti()n Pro

A new slnle of officcrslOOk over in JllIlUnry for the Mobile Bar MsocimiOt\, Tht..'Y lin:: I.urry U. Shns, of Sill1'l, Grnddick & Dodson, president: Oonuld 110'1. Urisknmn, of Brhkrmm &. Binion, (lI'"Oident-clect J Utlk'S A, Ilnmdybu rg of Caner & Brnndyburg, In:a.~ urer. atld MIII"Y MIII'Wlrcl Un il('y of Fl"UCr, Greene, Upchurch & Buker, L.L.C., sccreillry. t-.lcmbers of Ihe MBA Excculive Cormniut'C nre A. Ed wi n Slunr'tll, YLS pn!si(ICIII, nnd All'x F, u mkrurd, III, MilA immed iale past president Mcmbcni or !he Alabamu Stille Bar Boord of BIIt Commissioocl'5 from Mobile include w~ Pi pes, UUly C. 1k:d~Il'. Cnine O · Rt~ft r. ru wid Cl'lin J_ Collins,

1\,

Bono Publico AWfirdS, Recc lI1l y elecled officers of lhe Aelldemy of Altomey .fumes E, 1\ trntm c h , uf Turnbm: h & Wnrrc n, P.C" president: Cnryll'_ l'rlvell ,

M cdinlOrs nl'e

hllorney/mcdiulor, Yice - prt.~ idenl : Knf'('n LMt\'loreuux, of P.E. 1,.aMoreaul( & AssocilileA. Inc .. secrelnry; lind Sln·c.n A, lJenencld, or Christian & Smull. P,C" lreusurer.

For an Expert BusIness Appraisal. Knowledge and Experience Make the DIfference ... f( u "~ 11 h nlUloil.l C'on~ul!i n~, Inc. I, lin u.tlependent cerlift etl Ilrurt~,i\l1\1I1 firm ~lIl'cUlh'iu" <II tll" i lle~~ nllprai\nl,. [)cird~ Rus\C ll, O'.Il\er, h4.' the e '!ll'rienee IIlKJ rccognifed IUdu~lry credcmial~ that provitlc tIM: hillhe~t quality, CJl I'CIt laluah('m' lor llllllnCI'<CJ ami prores~iunRI f>I1ICt ice~. Hel' affiUftlilln with the Amcrican B u \i ne.~s tw.*" IDool 1. 1_ Apllm!.'Il'I'~ Network. II nut lonn) Co.1UliOl\ of CI.\, 10 independent bu d nc§~ 1'llpn.i'ICI'II, c~pllttd~ her !'C' )OUI'(:II.~ I.., offcr n wide rRngc orbuilnc~~ npprftL~111 I1ccd5,

VALUATION Slavt(..[ USlS,

, LITIGATION SUI'l'OltT SERVICE.S

, fSTAT! PlANNING , ME RGERS &. ACQUISlTlONS , tMI'lOYt[ STOCK OWNERSHIP I'LANS , INVESTMENT ,~NO rtNANCING DECISIONS

RUSSELL f INANCIAL CONSULTI NG, INC. IIUStNtSS

VA LUATION

St~VI<:tS

I'IIoIlom~8oJI141672· MOII""""''Y,Alaba .... J61l4-1672

Telcpl>onc )).4 613 6044 • .,.., 3).4 61 J til29 AMtfIc... R.. _ "'"",,">en "':.u.oI ,.,..-"

228

JULY 1001

Free Report Shows Lawyers How to Get More Clients CllI f._ Wh y do lome IIW)cn iCt rldl while Olherl 'I!\IUle to pay their bill,? The In"'Cr, ICCOI'dlnll 10 'lIomcy, Dlvid M, Wlrd, Ills R<Hhlni I() do ",ilh IIlcnt. tliu(lllon. Iwd "'Ork. or clcn Jue~ ,

"The II\\'Yen \\"ho male tile bla money Ire 1101 necessarily better 11W)'crs:' he laYI. "The) halc simpl) lcarned how til markcl tltei r Rrvi~u," A

lU~uuful

10 Ie

PflCtitlontr ",1\0 once $lrliUlctl 10 .n~t clientS, Ward cRdil1 his Nmaroond 10 I referral marlcC1ina 1)'llcm lie dcleloped II~ )Utl 1,0, ~l wenl from deld brokc and drownln/l in debl 10 earnlna S300.OOO I )'~Ir, prlctlull) ol'cmliht." he !al'. MOIl tIW)'crs depend on RfclTlls, he notcs, bUI R<H Of\t In 100 \ltC. I refcfI1Il ,~It", "Wilhoul • $Hlem. refcrrlll

IR unpredictable. You mlY '~I IICW clients Ihll month, )'ou may noL," hc nyl. A Rfcnal syJlcm, Ward says, (1/1 btin, In a 11~lody IIRtm of no: ... (!icnll, month .ncr monlh, l'Ut .ner ~Ir, "11 (celli ve.1 10 corne 10 the Omce el'cry lJ.ay ~ 110 .... inl lhe phon~ will rina lind new business ... 111 lit OIl Ihc line." Ward hu t~ulIllI hi. refcTul syslem 10 Olcr 2"00 11I",,)uII world",idc.•nd ha, .. rincn I nc'" Rpon. ~ U C.. To Gfl Mort Clluu h A Month Tbn Yo~ ~o" Gel All Yur!" .. hleh tc'ClII how In) 11"")'cr Cln U)C thiS Iystem I.., act more cllenlS and Inerene their Income,

Allblma la",),cr. can aCt I FREE ropy of Ihl' Rpon b) cillina 1-100-562-'611, I 24hour rt« tc(0tdtIi rnesulC, or

I'billn,

W..d',

....eb

lire,

hrrp:lI.. lI'lI .d.,·ldll·.,d.r am

Cumberland School of law Continuing legal Education Fall 2001 Seminars

OClObcr

5 12 18 19

26 November

15 16

Developments lind Trends in Health Care [":IW 20Cll Alftbama's Requi red MC LE Professionalism Training Program Mcdi:uion AdYocac), Using Com puters in Your L'l.W Pr:lclice 12th Annual l3ankrul'lcy L:tw Sem inar Trying Ihe PmonaJ Injury Case Tri:lls of the Celltury featuring Todd S. Winegar

Revised

uee An icle 9. Secured TranS:lctions

15th Annual Workers' Compensatio n Seminar Trial Practice in Munici pal . District. and Ci rcuil Couru

Alabama's Required MCLE Professionalism Traini ng Program Criminal Defe n ~ in Fweral Court Trial Evidence: Artistry & Advocacy in dle

tlrll'oom

fea turing Thomas A M auet

Deccmber

7 13

14 20 28-29

Employment Law Upd:IIC

Products Liabi lity in Civil Urigadon - Mobile

~ I-I Of Topics~ ~ HOI

Topics" in Civil Lidg:ll ion . Bi rmi ngham CLE Uy The Hour

For seminar details, visit our Web site: hUp:llcumberlaod,samford ,edu

or call1-BOO-BBB-7454 lin Birmingham, call 726-2391)_ Brochures are mailed approximately six weeks prior to seminar date, ~OId

Ml,,, .......,.

............., ... rlllWll (IpporIunny .... lII\IIkIn Md ...tom.. ~_Ior .'I\l107"II1II Md IdUCIlIOIIII " " ' _ IUIII! II iIIdIMduIII .......... ill ,It&, t *. 01 lIIIiDnII 0I1IhniI: orIgiII

Samford. Universi\y

Bi rmingham, Al abam:l

DI/ I! (0 (/r, hI/go illcrOlliffJ ill Illlfic,s /nr " AbllJll Membert, AmulIg firllliJ ," 71/, A/(1bll/11f1 /..uwyer will If{} /OI'ger pl/bfisl, /uf,lrIlS'S (1l1d /tllflpllol/o mlmbers /lIIltn 'h e alll/Qlllle,mt '" r fl /(j/,, /U ,," uptm;lIg uf (1 /l illi' firm or sO /a I/M elle', 1'lellSfI clmli"", IQ SOlid i" allllO/lllell"t IllS IIl/dlor uddrtu dUll/gel 10 1111 AIQbama Stalll lJar MIIIII !unil lp D' partlt""" al (334) 261·6310 (fax) or IW. II/IX 61" M QI/'golllllf'Y 36101.

About Members Roiu nne Houlton Frith announces !hc ol>Clllng of her ncw um ~c: II! 250 Win!on IJloulII Loop. MOlUgomery. 36 11 1. Phone (334) 2 15· 1988. Jeremy W. A rmsl run~ IInnou nces the opening of his ncw uffi~e u! 806 141h Street, Pheni" Ci!),. 36868. Phone (334) 29 1 ·~ 10. Kennelh J . Rielller IlnnOUilces Ihe opening of his office Ii! 169 Dauphin S!reet. Sul!e 206, Mobile, 36602. Phone (334) 432·9212. Ge ne Spencer IInnounccs the opening of his office m 11 9 S. Fos!crStrect. Suile: 101 , IJotha n. 3630 1. Phone (334) 678-8200. Jll tlles S. Ru hinSl)li linnOUnces !he opening or his new office lit 800 Shudes Creek PIlT kwIlY, Suite: 500, Birm ingham. 35209. Phone (205) 414-8189. JUllles A. Johnson IIll11ounce:s the opening or lois office 1112029 Airport Doule:vard, Suite: C. Mobi le, 36606. Phone (334) 413- 1800.

Among Finns CochnUl, Cherry, Glvcns & Smllh, P.C, annou nCeS thm Terry G. Key has joined the: firm . IInll, CUllerly, Mudd & lJolvlg, I'.C, nnnounces thut Terry Ainu Sides and .fohn M. Fruley have become: membc rli Itnd shilfeholdcl'll or lhe firm lind !h"t I'. Ted Col(IUell hilS become a shllreholder of lhe firm . Joseph M. Clolld . IJrent I•. I'urker, Jerrrey W. Mc Klnm'y nnd M . Roy U rll.~wcll llnnounce the forlllalion of Cloud, McKinney, Uras"'ell & I'urker, I•. I... C. Offices art; located fll ~2 1 Mlldison Stn::ct. Seoond Roor, HOlllsville, 3~80 1 . Phone (256) 534-0545. Kd lh 8 , J.' n mklln und L. J . Steln, llI annou nce the fomlation of Frunklln & SI('ln, P.C, Offices IITC IOCH ted III the Riverview Plaza. 63 S. Royol Street, Suite: I 109. Mobile. 36602. Phone (334) 433·005 I . Mlchllcl K . Abernnlhy alinOunCeS the fumll1tion of Abernathy & Assodllll.'S, L.L.C. Offices are located 230

JUI.Y 1 0111

III One Chllse: Corponue [) rive, Suile 490, I3 lmlinghom. 35244. PhUlie (205) 982-8844. Robinson & RoblltSOrt anJlOllnces Ihal AlCXll udcr M. Wdssko ll( has joincd Ihe firm. 1I11Y1:fMId, Clt~" chllld & Pierce, L.L.J'. announces Ihllt l' hllillA. Thoml150n hIlS become associaled with the finn . Sn bcl & Sabel, P.e. IIn nouncc:S thm RlIglnl GUilla hilS become llssociated with the firm . Vickers, Rlls, Murray & Curra n. L.L.C. an llOUllces th ul Usn Umdford Ihmscll bllsjoined the lirm us " nlel11her. I..Il,Ih lfool, Frllnklln ~i(,: White, I..I...C. allnOUllCe.i Ih ut Melody L . Ilurdle lind Rubin II. Gruv('ll have become memberli or the: fim!. Cassfldy, .' "lIer & Marsh, 1..1...1', IInflOunces d Ull M. Clllld "ndu! hll$ bc<:omc II partncr or Ihe finn, lIand Arcndall, L.L.C. annoonces Ihat Frllllk C. GnllowMY, Jr, has joined the: finn as a member nnd 1:h1U!;IAS W. Flllk, Brook$ 1'. Mlllhl~ lIoc! E, Luckett Rubinson. II have become: members or thc fiml . An(ll'Cw J. Crllllc, Christopher M. Gill. Trlley R. I)uv]!j. L1sn Dllrnley COOIJer. and Louis C. No n 'ell IUIVe become associale5 of Ihe firm. CIII1IIIlIcll , Wuller & McCullulII, L.L.C. wlI10unces thnt the fi rm's nllnlC h4.\ bee:n changed \0 Cll m,Ibell, Wuller & Loper, L.L,C, Conslllllgy, Brooks & Sl1Ilth, I.. L.C. Ilnnoonees thlll Thollul.$ A, Davis. Tnmmy L. Dobbs and Charld A. I'owell, IV have become membcrli of the liml. NewnUln, Miller, Leo & O'Ncnl lUlnllullecs thot "here~1I Terrebonne has become associulcd with the firm . JOhlistOIl(\, AdIlIIlS. IJlIlIl'y, GOI'don & IllIrrls, L.I..C, announces thai E, Russcll Murch, 111 and St:utt A. Orownlng hpve become membel1 of the firm . Ch ris A. Uurker announces Ihe formlXion of IJllrkl.'r, Rod entS & Cook, I'.A. Offices lI'e located rtt 300 W. Platt Street, Suite: 150. Thmpa, 3J6()6. Phol'le (8 13)489- 100 1. The 'lulilldej:1l Count y 1)lslr\ct Allomey's Omce unnounces thllt Child ..:dwllrd WoodrllfT has aceeple<i " position lIS assistant district "ttomey ror the 291h Judicial Circui!. Onrwnnu lIuli und Leon G• .Juhnson III1IIounce the rormll1lOI1 of 111111 & Johnson, L.L.C, Offices lire locmed m 200 W. Coun Squllfc. Suite: 103. Huntsville. 35801. Phone (256) 533·9191.

You work

111

a s m a ll law firm.

It's how you know" you'll hav e the fl ex ib le, affo rd ab le resea rch tool s yo u to serve yo ur clients.

Because your work is anything but small. L~xis N exi$"

provides you .he ~x a c i ruea rch resourc~s you need, bac ked by o ur a ward- winni ng customer service. fr ee t r Rining and ex p en co ns ult a ti o n.

o o

Custom Content Pilckages Flat-Rat e Pricing

Superior Sland:ard Fealun.':5 ShC/Jartl's路 Cilalioml LeKis" Search AdviSQr Core Con cepl ~ Case Summaries News and Public Records Free Printing

LexisNexis'路 It's how you know "

IlcrkOIVib;, l.cnwvh:r., I/ilIIII & Kushner, P.C. annOunCeS thm Mnrion F. Wulker um] Go ry S, Sehlrr have joi ned the fifm i1~ m e mbe ~, OI'i:W W. J'clcrso n, MHI'k C, I·clcrson ufld Susou 11 , J'ctersou (umOUIlCc the fOfmmion of Ri ves & I'clcrson, L,L.C. Officcs nrc localed lU 3100 Independcnce Drive, Birmingham, 35209. Phone (205) 879-580S. Uoyd, J)innlng, lJogg~ &: mnning llllnOllllCeS thm the fiml nllme hils bcen changed to Lluyd SI Dinnlll j.\, L.L.C. The li nll ulso nn nounees lhlU Gn!j.\lIry S. G rlJ,;J,;l.'rs Imsjoincd Ihe firm us II parlner and lhm Alexnndcr !", I}roswell has joined lhe finn us nn nSsOCiale, SIMC or Ah)bu mil lJoilr d of " ilrdo ns

find !'nroles nnrtou nces Ihlll Jud ge Frunds Allen Long. Sr. hns joined lhe legill SHIfT as oj(;owrsei.

Chrlsllnc SUllIllso n "'"son nnd ,1uUles R. HlnSOll lumoonce the form a· ti on of Hinson & II IIISOII, P.C. nnd Ihm .loAnn M. I'cn!z has become llSsocimcd wit h lhe firm . Office$ nre IOCllted nl 4650 Whitesburg Drive, Suite 203, Hunt~vi ll e. 35802. Phone (256) 880-9 1SO.

.I. A. ,Iones ConSlruCllon Compnny nnnou nces lhm .John I). ilOllll, III hilS become j)re~i de ntllnd CEO of the com· pnn)'. Office.~ lire located III Charlotte. Nonh Carotin:l.

Mury A. Turncr and R. IIflYS Wellb nnnounce the formmlon of Turner & Webb. P.C. Offices are locllled III 60 I Greensboro Ave rluc, Suile I ·A, Tuscaloosa. 35402. Phone (205) 7585576.

~·c rguson . ~' rosl

Frnnk J. Russil ~\nd Eric 1I~ II I.h unnOuntC lhe fomlUlion of Russo & Johnson. I',C. The fiml also unnOunces thnt G. C regOI'y While find Rober! C. Keller have joined Ihc firm as associmcs, Offices :v-e locllled :1I 315 Gndsdcn HiGhway, Suite D. Birminghnm. 35235. Phone (205) 8332589. ,l o llII~o n

OurI' & Fllnnun, I... I.. P. unnounccs Ihul Wlllliull C. Uyrd. II , Willii...t C. Collins. Jr" CI{\I'k A, COOlIeI'. Jumcs F. Fleenor, Jr.. IMd S. Mllnl~y , Ricky J. McKhtlley. and Cllry T. Wnhlhelm h~ ve become p~rlncrs in Ihe firm, Noel G. Dclclmml)5, C h rl$tinn A. (; ruhnnl, Jcnnl fci' I... Crlffin. C. Logun \\l lnkl~. Kermit l .. K~ndrkk , G. 'l'rrn'llj MlIxwdl, III . Klllh1.'rl nc M. McGinley. und J unine I... Smith ha vejoiued the linJr liS associates.

& J)ods"n, LL,P. lhal SllIl.'CY A. Linn has joined the fi rm as un Ilssociute. unnOllnce~

FOI'd &.

Hllrrl.~un

1...1..1'. urlllounces ha~ become II purl·

Ihlll )'olrkk F: Chll"k ncr.

Chrlslolliu,lI" K Milicolm, Anj.\clu n. Tcrry nnd Timothy L. Shl.'lIon announce lhe fommtion ()( Mlilcl/hn. Tcrry & Shellon !'.C. und Ihal Err('k J ell has becollle ussocimetl with lhe fi rm. Offices ure. locu!ed 01 734 Mnin Sireel, Moulton, 35650. Phone (256) 974·4262,

John E. Wllrrcn.1 1I un d ,1onfllhnn C. SUIIII unnounee Ihe funn~l joll of Worren & Silllil. L.L.C. Offices MC locmcd at 1824 Third Avell ue. Soulh. Jasper, 35502, Phone (205) 22 1· 1044.

Greene & I~hilll]ls, L.L.C. IlrHlOUnCes thut Olr"ld J. Wlblc has becomc 1111 asso· time wilh Ihe finll. •

7.tme and o-,9'ain, I/Je leaders /n dedicalion ands e r u i ce.

Ze.hlh more Ih:1ll h:'tIf a Ctlltlrr~' Ulltlct Ollr bdl, }QIl could

$,1)' lI"e

knOll" ~lIlherc is to

know about lille insurance. But ii's not JUSt abolU kno ....;ng our bll~inc.'lS. [ t"~

llhout knowing our d ittlt.! and

earning \hcif ITll~t, Our l:lwyers h~\'c doncjusl lhal. By having the experience and insight to prm'ide 11talllndcrwriting solutions.

Wc're ml ~-rl thc number one title in.mmnce

company in Mississippi and A1 ab.'nt~, recci,ing i IU51111l:t'l.1Cd )'O\l

linancial stability" mting!, lllank

for putting your faith in us . • MISSISSIPPI VA U.EYTITI. E '" • ,·I NSU Il.ANC~ COMPAN Y 7.:J~

232

JUL Y

l~OI

',.. J r.. ,.~

IT H APPENS

M ORE T H AN

YOU T H IN K, SO W H Y TAKE

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<.... .. ..

Thomas G. Greaves, Jr. Thomas G. Gre:alles. a highly respeCted member of the Mobile Bar Association. depaned this life on Monday. NOllember 27. 2000. TI)()mIlS G. Gre:IlIlU. Jr. was born in Lynchbura. Virainia on April 19. 1918. He lIuended public ~ hools in Mobile ond aradunted from Murph y High School where: he had bccJl 51udent body pre:sidenl. Bc Illlcodcd und ¥JllduUled from the Whurton School of Finance at the Unillersity of Penn~y l llania with It !ruchclor'! of sei· enee dellree in economies in 1939: he ltueJlded the Unillersity of AllIoonm School of Law bnd obtllined his L.L.D. deg ree In 1947. While In law school, he lIIas II member of the Fllrruh Order of Jurispnldel1ee. H e WOS 01.'10 0 member of Ihe Mobile and Amcrknn mlf associmlons ond IXISI prcsiderl1 of the Mobile Bllf, as well (15 pllst president of Ihe Alllbnmu Stnte 01\1'. He began his legnl curcer in Mobile ns nn ussocinte with the lirm of Smith, 1·land. Arendlill & Bedsole. l..IIlcr he Ix:c.:Ull}t H pllIt· ncr lind Ihe I1nlllulme ch:mged to 1·land. Arendll.JI. iled.;ole. Gren\le.~ & Johnston. Tommy WII.~ cxlnlmely oc1ive in local. 5lilte 1100 Amerieun BIU" A~MJCililiOll octillities. He WIl:S 1\ member of the House of Delegmcs and chainnan of the Rules Committee or the ABA, WI AlaOOllUi Stlue Delcg:lle to tiM! A BA : and also u member of the Boord of Oo\lCrllOl"8 of lhe ABA. He served on numerous commie· tees in \lUriou~ capacilks for ehe AIlA . He WIlS a member of the Alab;imll. Law InslilUee. ehe Alnb:lma Defense l..IIwyer5 A~socilliion and II I:d low wilh Ihe American Ilar Foundmion liS well DJl other profcs.~ ioncd IISsociUlioM. In ehe curly 1%Os. he wtlS among 17 luwyers nppoinlcd by Ihe American Bat A s~ociation to work on the orgonblltion's Commiuee

on Cillil Righls Dnd Racial Unrest. Thmmy was al'iO IfC;ry lICtille in other CIVic and charilfl.· ble endeall()fll. He served ali presi<k:nt of the Mobile Chapter of lhe American Roo Cro.u and the Otild and Family Welfllre Service. He Wlls II director of lhe Mobile Associmi()fl for Ihe Olind, a DO)' Scoot Master and I member of the Mobile Area Otamber of Comme~. Tommy was also n World War II infantryman from 1941 to 194!5. Uis lour of dillY included serving in Italy. He was dischllrged with the mnk of captain. Tommy wu~ a Suntlny School teacher and had been active locall y and statewide in the l>rotcstun t Episcopal Church servina as Vcstryrnnn nt AI! S:iints lind Inter as St. I'nurs in Mobile. Be was nlso president of the Episeopnl Churchmen's ANsocintion of Aillbamn. 'Ibmmy Grellves Is ~urvilled by his wife. Jean Bell Grelllle!l of Mobile. twOsonB. TIlomllS Glly Grca\ICS, III Qr South Curolhlh (uld Mne Bell Grcallell of Binllingharn: a siSler. FlOfellCC G. Lc:llherbury of Mobile; two broIhen;. Wlliker Radford Gre:aves of Mobile. and Dr. John Alban GrculleBof Bimlingham; and rilfC; grnn<k:hildren. Tommy Gre:nllc~ wa~ R beloved. friendly lind ellring person. His legal Rnd leadership IIbililies gained him a hOlit of friends all over the United States. In the words of the lIonornble Urellllrd Hand. Senior UnilOO Stlit~ Dilitrict Judge for the Southern District orAlabama. who shore:d a lifetime IIssociution with Thmmy, '"'Tummy neller had II sellish bone in his body and wa5 alwllYs unxiOU$to adllance his associates. In other Yo'Of'd s. I could neller wont for II better friend." - LtJrry U. Siln.f. p~sldtnf MobUt IJar AuociUl;QII

Judge Dalliel Holcombe Thomas Judge Doniel Holcombe TIlomliS. Unit~d Stat ~s District Judge for the SOlllhenl l)iserict of AI:lbl1rnli. Southern Dillision. deJlarl ~d Ihis life OJl ThursdllY. April 13.200 1 in Mobile. Judge Daniel I-! . 1'hornM. the SOli ofC.R and Augu)tn Ilnut 11JOnms WIIS born August 15. 1906. in Prllltllille. Ilc ullendcd bulh elerncntllry nnd high school in Pnlllllille lind gmd ullted from the Univen.ity of Al~bmna School of I..uw in 1928. He pmtticed law in Mobile from 1930 to 19SI . and was a member of the riml of L)'Qns & Thomas. lie IIC1'\Ied hi~ country ill the United Stnlc.~ NallY from 1943 10 1946, and returned to Mobile where he conti nucd to pnlCtiCC! law. 1·le ~ appointed U.S. District Judge for the Southern District of Alaooma by Prcsidcnl Hnrry S. Trumllil on MlU1:h 9. 195 I. whcre he l""Olltinucd to serve until hi~ <k:mh. He witS a member of the Mobile Bar. Ailioomu Stule Bllt and AmetiCtin Bar associations. Judge 111011111.' wWlliCtille in the Boy Scoots of America end 234

JUl.Y

2001

!;cl"\led lL~ president uf the Mobile Areu Council from 1967 to 1968. Illill WIIS IIwl,rded the Silllcr Bertller AwfU"d in 1970. lind the Sillier AluclopcAwnrd in 1975. He was 11 trustee of the Dcl'rutrnent or Archilles 1\11d History for the Stllte of Aillmulla, ;1 member of the Aillbanlll Alpha Qtl'lpter of Phi Delt" '1lCtn Social Frntemity. president of !he All1bMt" Alph:1 Q lnpler in 1926. nnd II memhe:r of tbe I~i Delta Phi Le~al Fratcmity. He was n ehurter rncmhe:r of Ashland I'lnee Unilc:d Methodist Church. a member of the Inremmionnl Tmde Club. the Mobile Country Club, ~ Mystic: Sodety and the Pecttrt Outing Clu!). Judge Thomas is ~urllilled by two !OI\i, D;mieJ H. ThumaS. Jr. Qnd Merrill I'ratl Thomas: his widow. Catharine Jones Thomas: , i", lrandc:hildrcn: two stepdllulhte~. Anlel" M. Mc: Nomara and Catharine M. Moore: lind one niec:e. Ann P. Wells. - Itl,..x

f: 1.Jl/llifoni.

III. pasl p~s;dml Mobiltt /Jar Itssod01;on

Dalliel T. McCall, Jr. Daniel T. McCall.lr., It dislinguished hlwyc r un!! fQnncr jurist. died ut his home m Ihe ogc of91 on Mondny, I)ccember 4,2000. Judge Daniel T. McCIlIi . Jr, WIlS born in BUller un Mrlrth 12, 1909, the !on of 1>r. Daniel Thompson McClllll1l1d Cnroli ne WhISton Bush McCall. 1·le was II lonsdme residcm of Mobile, whc~ he gl'lldullted from the Univcr.dty Mililury School. I-Ie ollcndcd the Univef5it)' of Alabllmll whel'll he received an AS Degrnc and 11I1 LLII and LLD degru from the Uni versi ty of Ailibama ~hooJ of Law. Ue prtlClked law in Mobile for 21 yelU'5 with the firm of Johnston. McCall .II. Joh1l510n. Thereafter, he served lIS II cirtuh counjudge from 1960 10 1969. l1l1d subsequently wItS IIPllOimcd ItSasrocime Justice \0 the Supreme Courl of Ah1bo!l1a whert he served from 1969101975. Judge McCall also wus II member of the Mobile Bllr Assocllliion IIntilhe Alubarnll Stnte Bar. liS welll!s [he Americun Oar Associmion. He served us presidem ()f Ihe Ml)bile BM Ahociulion in 1953.

Judge McClI1l Willi a lIeulenam in lhe United StatU Nuvy during WWII. a member of All S:aints' Episeopul ehurcb and tt paSt vestry lIlilmber. He held po~ ition$ in lIluny civic. ncadcmic lind judicinl orgnnizlUions. He was a trustee of lhe Unh'ersi[y or Ahtbamn rrom 1965 [il 1979. then becQming /1 trustee emerilus. !-te was also Il member of the Alubnmn Academy of HOllor, the Ameriellil Judicature SQC;iety. [he Mobile Presc:rvotion Society. the Alnbnmll i"l istorieul Associmion find director of the Alabllma Law School Foundation. He WI\S also a member ohile Ameneull Legion. Judge McCall was preceded in denlh by his prutlllS und his wife. Mary &Ina Montgomery McCall. He is $lIrvivcd by hit brother. Winston Ou~h McCall of Binninghtun: three children. Mary Winston Me 'ull Laseter. NIlIlC)' McCull Poyner. Itnd Dr. Dnn T. McCall. 111 : seven gnLlldehildrcn: und two grem-gmndchlldren. - Lurl"j U. Sims. presid(!1Il Mobil(l flllr Io.rsocimiml

Charles H. Hillmall, 11 Charles II. 1·lillman. II. his wife. Vicky denl, Katy asked someone close to her to l.yn Levercll Hi11 mn n, and their duughtcr, come to church. lind told her friend, Kntel),n Reneu I-IllImun, departed [his life "PromIse rne thlll you will, becllU!\c I WOOl Oil Frid:lY, July 7,2000. in (I lrogie accithe people I love to be in Heaven with de nt Oil Inlel"!!lute 10 neM Lafayette, rne." KlllY was. like her mOther I1nd rtither, u decply committed Christinn. Louisiuu:l. Chuck Hillmun wus very wellilked by Chuck HlilmlUl was Ilj)anner in the firm the legal community. He hlld 0 wonderful of Ulmer, Il illman. Ballard & Nikolllkis !tnd 1\ member of the Mobilc. Alabama disposition. lnd his repulUlion was lbove repro...ch. Chuck really had II drenm lhat Stote and Mi ninippi bar associa tions. He was" ellptllin in the United StateS Anny he waS going to be a district judge. His und served in the Judge Advocute dre'UII was to be 0 good luw)'er. ood a Gencrnl 's Offiec. He was It well-known devoted nnd com milled family man. ood he held the view thnt he could be ,ood Mobile IlItomey and the Republican candidate for Mobile County ])istric\ Coun service to his community IU dislrict judge, Chuck is survived by his son, Dane Judge, Plnee 3. lie was II member of the Springhill Bapt ist Clmrch. II member of 1·lilll1lnn. 12 ),eurs of age: two brothers, Ihe Amerlelln Legion, nnd a member of Breit O. Hillmnll IlIId Andy Il illmlln: his the Ole Miss lind Mississippi StO[e ~tep~ister. Phyllis Ishee: his ~tepmothe r. Cllnr/n II. /lil/Illalt, II wtd his "'1/('. l'Ick)' /,,'11 Alumni . Marie Hillman: and nieces and nephews. Chuck's wife, Vicky Lyn l.evcrcll Vicky Lyn Hill is survived by her son, Hil1m:m, died with him in the IlCddent. She wos olso • member Dane lIil1man: her mOlher, Rent.fl Goylor: stepfather Reuben of Springhill Bllplb t Churt'h. II pan-time employee as an indusOl1ylor: grand mother Alyne Levereu Nelson: two brothers. Irinl nuT5C lit dul'tlnt Corpul'lltion, a tuember of Ihe Alabamn Marc r. Lcvcrcll nnd Gaylen P. Leverell: and niecCi and Nurses' Associlltion, the Lawyers' Wive.! ' Club. and $he wD..~ II ne phewS, Katy is survived b)' her brother. Dane llillmun: her devoted wife und mother. matel'nol gmndmother, Renea Gaylor; and cousins, ounlS, uncles Miss Kmel),n Renen Hillman. the 14-year-old daughter of and numerous friends. Chuck anti Vicky, died in the Ilccidcnt with h ~ r mother and Funeml services were allended by nenrly 1,000 friends aud falher, and she was likewi ~c It member uf Springhll1 Ouptisl loved on e~ or huck. Vicky Ilnd Katy Hilltlll\tl, Reponedl),. il Church , She nllended Bums Midtlle School lind was:1n entering WII~ the IlIrgest fUllernl ever held III Springhill Onp!i5t Church. frcshmlln lit !)lIvid.wn High School. She WIIS involved in numer· -A lt..I' F. I.tlllkford. III I)U5 sehool activities hnd clubs and the dllY before Ihe fm ul accipast jiftsilit/tt, Mobilt Bar Associatioll

III/

111/111/1/1111/1(

23.

Thomas Reuben Bell '1,(: Tullndcgll CQUllt y Bnr Associlllioll records their deep sorrow lind feeling of los.~ lit the death on April 12.2001 of lheir c~tecmed f_~\OCi~te.

ThOnlU$ Reuben Bell,

For those of u) who had the o pporltlllilY 10 practice with Reuben, our high regllrd for him hns ;l lwn y~ <:entered Oil lhe depth of his thinking- hi s irllctJec uml powers. We h:lVc been 011 the sume tellm n~d h:we competed 118nin ~1 olle another. but

always Wilh mUlual re.~peCl li nd as prorcs.,~ ionilis. Reuben was olwnys II gcnllcmnll, Wilh uilusliully quick perception und Iln clIll'ltordlnury tenacity. Neilhcr l)tn;ollul c:lUIllution lIor ernotlol1uJ impul sivcnes~ ever imp;lired the claril)' of his dcci$ion'nlaking. He WIIS II mun of eX lrnOtdinllry ubJlity lind Ihe highest c haruel!:r who presented

lhal uncom mon combinulion of high l\Cudcmk distinction IIml t')[ t t'n~ivc pruc ll c~1 eXI)Criencc.

Reuben groduiHed from tht' Uni vcrsi ty of "Iubmnu School of Luw lind IlISO W1IS lIwunled two dearees from Ilttrvli:td University Law School. To Tt'nlly know Reuben 8 ell was to h:.ve the highest respect for him us II mnn nnd liS n lawyer. N Ul to know him was to cuuse one 10 Slmui somewluH In uwe. und In either cyellt one hnd 10 respec l him. Reuben gill ned (J I'I:p utlltion n~ 1111 anomey reserved only for II few. 1boo;e of us who Sill with him und nanin~1 him III the counsc.1 table. oppo~ed hilllllttlle bar lind ncgotilltcd with him in the conference room will alwny~ rt' mcnlber him for juSt Whilt We found him to be-a Iilwyer of unbending integrity lind extraordinary ubility. Ours is II nobler pro(es. "ion bccauo;c Reuben 8 ell pructiccd law. - 7;,l/mlt!g(' Cor/III)' B(If ASSlKialiall

Charles W. Bates TIle Oinnlnshnm Bur As~ocimion lo~ t one of its d i ~tin 8ui shcd members through the denth of Ch[ll'le~ W, B lI te~ on April 10. 2001 .

C.W. WII ~ a Jll'lIdullle of Sumford University Rnd the Birminghnm School of Luw. lind W IIS admitted to the Ala!)uma Stllte Bnr in 1934. He wus u chllner member or the Aillbunm UC/WC Tusk Force, sc.rvi ng from 1953- 1984. II founding n~lllbcr of the old Roebuck Golf Club. and II member of the Aillbanta Al'llblan

Iton;c Assoclmion lind Wilsoll Chupel United Methodist Chu rch. C.W. is ~urvivcd by hi ~ two duughte rs, Uevcrl y .~ Orrt Jl, and hcr husbuTKI R U~5ClI. and Joon F. Datu; two aTluw);hildren, Kri ~tl CunninghulTI nnd Mithllcl Norrtll: OIle areot-sronddllughter, Shannon Lern: lind II host of Ollter frie nds whom he deeply loved. ......;. Will/(lIll Host. Jr.. I"ttSIt/CIU Blm,inl/ halll Bur Its.foe/miQlI

Matto P. Scalici 'The Birminghllll Bur Association lost one of its dbtinguished members th rough Ihe deoth of MallO P. SClli iti On Febnl ~1)' 18, 200 1. Mall WIIS II grJ~Ule of II~ Uniycrsi ty of Alubama School of Law. lind JWCtk,~ low for SO ),elll'S. Ite wa.~ II member In ,000 standing of the Unilt<! Siaies Supreme Coon and the Supreme Coun of AJnb.,mllnnd Wll~ II yetcrnn of World Wnr II,IIS II pilot with the 3071h llombnrdmclIl Group. MUll served as u member of the Exa:utive Committee of the Bimlinghum Dar Associolion and II( president of tilt Nooh Binni ngham Chmnbcr or Commerce.

238

J U LY 200t

l1e i$ survived by his wifc, Phyllis Sell lid; daughtcr and sonin-low Pllul nnd Alln Rith; sons John Scaticl nnd MUll Sculici: grn ndc hihtren Glnil Cuiola, Jessicn Clliolll. MlIllhcw Sculld. Luun::n Seulici, nnd An nll SCIlJici: brmhcrs-in-Illw Joe Miller nnd StUll I'illitlcri; lind other re iativc-\ and a host of OIher friends whom he deepl)' loved. -J. lVillimll Ro$('. Jr. , (lftSidel1l Blrmlnghllm IJar Assodcilioll

Matthew Scott Ellenberger The Blrminghllm Bar Associ:uion lost one of it~ distinguished members through Ihe death of Mlluhcw Scoll Ellenberger on Mllrc h 2.5. 2(KII , M IIUhc:w Wlt~ II gmtlu~l e of A uburn Univcrsil)' IIll(l lhc CUl11l)crll1nd Schoul of Lnw of Samford University. He i~ ~urY i ved by his pllrcnlS. JIlr11es R. and I'cg!!)' M. Ellenberger:

Mnnhcw SCOIl Ellcnberser was a distinguished member of the Uirminghnlll Bur Assodution. and Ih is resolution j ~ olTered 11$ n record of our ndrnimlion lind Mfecliorl for M'Hlhew SCOIl

1:lk nberger IIml of our condolences to his family. friends and collcugucs.

brothers Rk ky Ellenberger. Mark Ellenberger nnd Milson Ellenberger; his nephews, JiUncs Ellenberacr lind Slunk)' Ellenberger: lind other re lm ivcs and II host of other rrk ods

-.1. Wifl/alll HOll'. Jr.. JI/?$loCI1/ H/rlllills'wlII Il(" A$locic,/iOl'

whom he decilly loved,

William new White, Jr. 11te Binllinsha m Bar Association IO~1 one of it~ mOSt di~ti". i uished nlemlkn through the: 1Ielith of William !Jew White. Jr. 011 Junuary 17.200 1. !Jew. II gruduule of Cornell University ;lIld lhe Univ!!rsi ty of Virginin School of u. w. waS a long'lint!! senior pann!!r in the firm of Orndley Amm Rose & Wh ile LLP. In nddilion to being II memlkr of lhe Birmingham Bar Ass()(:imion. he was IIlso II nlcmoor of lhe Council of Ih!! Scction of Bu si n ~ss Luw of Ihe AlllerleAn Ill!r Associotion. Ihe Commillee on Corporllle u.w of Ihm seclion nnd or lhe International Bllr ASM)Cimion. /Jew serllOO with distinction in World Wnr II in Ihe 3rd Armored

D ill i ~ ion in the Europenn ' ''elilre and WM a member of the Jrd Amlor!!d I)illision Association and VCleruns of the Bailie of the: Bulge A ~!\OCiUlion . He is survived by h is wi re. Gay Come r Whi te: hi~ son lind dnughler. in.lllw. William Dew White. II and Wend ~: h i~ daughtent lind sons路in路law. Mike and Gillill n Goodrich. John lind Bellelle Puffer. nnd M ~ry l.ee While: hi5 ~i s ler. Mllry Alice Stlrnple: his 12 grnnd children: lind muny olher re ilitives and n host of olher friends whom he deeply lOlled: ond. -J. lVillifllll R(m:. Jr.. /ll'f's/(Jelll

IJirm ;lIgllllm nllr Assoe/a/jOt'

Joh" Watson Williams, Jr. TIle Birmi nghllMI !lllr Associution lo搂t one of its distinguishcd members throu gh the dellth of John W;ltson William'. Jr. on April ~. 200 1. John was II graduate or Bim!ingham Soothem and the: Uni\lCl1iily of' Ale.bamo School of Law, lind was n member m ille Alabama Sible Bill' and the Bimlingham Bar AS5QClution for over 50 yean. lie s<c rved the City of Homewood ns a lIluniciPll1COurt judge and tHlcr served the ilYof Graysvi lle liS II municipal court judge. He was ins:nlnlcllwl in the developmenl of the Cahaba H eiJ;hl ~ Voluntetr Fire Dcpurtrnent.

John is ~urvivtd by his duu ghlcr. Cll/'ol Williams l'rOllOS!. wilh htr husband. Dill Provost: grnndsons Todd 1-lnrnlSQn ond his wife Koren. and Joh,! Cleveland Horulson; illlnddaughter SUSOM Elilobeth I-Iarnlson: brolher George 8 . Willi.m ~ lind ~b颅 ler Mild red Milne: along with a niece. th ree Ilephe:WS lind other re l~ tilles and a host of other fri ends whom he deeply loved. -1. lVIII/lim

ROle.

Jr..

pl'l:l/(JCIII

liirm illglllllll IJM Assoc/m /0I1

1111

llllillli

11111111

237

•

11111

Institute Bills T he 2001 Regular Session or ehe legislature

e nded May 2 1. The leg islat ure hnd before It 1 .~8.5

bills and pa!!lCd severnl notewonhy

pieces o f legislotion.

Revised Article 9 of the UCC Scnntel) iII1 46 (AcI 200 1-4 8 1) pusset! the leglsllllure lUld will become effective J""unry 1, 2002. Th is b the first major rev isiOn of Art icle 9 in 2 1 ycnn. The

bill, 5pon50red by Senaton Roger Bedrord, Rodger Smitherman lind Wendell Mitchcll llnd Repre.<;cnlative Marcel m ack, makes sevcl'1ll major n:Yi5 ion~ Iilli 10 how kCurity interests arc laken lind recorded for pc:rscnnl property. MItior felLtUTCS the Rei provide: Alilili ngs urc in the ~l lll c where the deblOr is domi· ciled, nOI where the property is located. This keeps lhe OOrTQwcr from losing its securil y when the goods arc taken pcross stille linu .

In Alnoom a all filings will be with the S«rclory o f SUlle', office regardless of whether the borrower is fI consumcr or business. Filings clln be paper or e lectronic. Consulllcr protcction is provided for prcpaymcl1I . disclO$ures or calculating dcficiencies. Our surround ing states of Georgia, Tenne!SCe and Mississippi make their aCI effective July I. 2001 , !lowever, Alabama and "'orida'i laws become effective JanullI'Y I, 2002. (An in-depth review of th is is in the Janu llry 2001 AII /lxlllill u /w)'u).

238

1I0bell L M cC~'h/'y. Jr.

to nlllke electronic trnnsnctions as enforceable lIS pnpcr tronSllctions. Stllte Ilgencies mllY transac t business electronically only if they have agency rule under the Adm inistrative Procedures Act. Thls Ilct will become elTective Jnnullry I. 2002. (An in-depth review of this is in the Jilnunry 200 I /l/aool/J(! Ulwyttr).

Alabama Unifonn Athlete Agents Act Senate aill I ~3 , sponsored by Repre.'lCntlltj ve Gerald Allen Dnd SenmOf' Gerold Dilil. provides reci procity of resi ~trat i on of nthletic agents (ro lll one Stllte 10 nnOlher. It regulates Ihe conduct of i n div idulll.~ who conlllet stu· dent nthlele~ for the IlUrl)Ose of obtai ning Ilge ncy contmcts and provide ~ both civil find crimin ul pcntllties. The IICt bc<:o~ cffective October I . 200 1. (An indepth review of Ihis i ~ in the November 2000 A.illbmna u lw}1:r).

Alabama Unifonn Interstate Enforcement of Domestic Violence Orders Act and Alabama Unifonn Anatomical Gift Act Both HI,lU!it bills were passed by the Bwse and Senute bills passed by the Senme bul died on Ihe ~pecial ortkr calendar or the second I-Iouse.

Electronic Transactions Act

Constitutional Revision

l'louse Bill 170 (Acl 200 1-458), sponsored by Rell~nllll i ves Ken Gui n aod Mark Gilioes and Senator Ted Little, Willillow Alnbltma to opt out of the federallllw nnd be governed by state law for electronic transactio ns. Th i~ IIct applics onl y to trlulslictions in which eDdl pfltly lUIS IIgrt:cd by sollle means 10 conduct the businClis electroniclllly. Agreement is C5scntlal. Nobody is forced to COnducl business over the Internct. When the parties do agree, the nel C5tllblishes the Ic:gal equivalency of electronic records and signntures with papcr fil ings a1ld manullily signed ~ignalllrcs so as

The Bouse of RepresellllllivC5 pruscd revi~ions of Anicle I-Oc:claration of Righ l$, Article II·State and Coun ty 8 0uodaries. Anicle XII-CorpOl1llion5 and Article X [l[ - B D nk~ and Banking. These b,lIs were not considered by the Scnatc. The Senate defeated a bill that would flllow the lCilisluture to rewrite the conStitution as onc document. There wcre sevcrnl resolutions crell!ing commissloM find studics of Ihe constitution.

J U L Y ~Oot

Courts The legislature agwn rt'fuscd to consider non-ptu1isan election of judges.

I-louse l1ill 362 amended t 4().1,5-13 10 allow the personal repn::~ ntmive of lin esuue to execute and n::cord in the count)' of domici le of the decedent and where the decedent's probme estate is pending II tax nffidDvi" The I/IX pffidavit certifies thai either the estate is not taxable or IIltemlltivcly that the estate is ulJI:able nnd that n llroper copy of the federal estme tax retums hns or will be filed , I'louse Bill 74,5 IUllcnds f 22-8A4 lind f 22-8A· 13 of the Code of Alnbmna so liS 10 revise the living wil l stmute to elumge the Qdvance directive (;/ health care fonn, The fonn is now much n-.ore ellSily understood.

Business H OLIK lJ illl 1311nd Senl.. e BiIlIS4 discontinues the plOvision Ihm counties und citie.~ cun rece tVe free subscriptions to the Alaballla Admil,lsl rfll/I'e Monfhly.

SimalfllJiIII46 -

vee Article 9 (SfIfI

lIbovfl). N OUSfl

8111 "0 - £1« lrrmic

TrtmS(ICI/fJlU

compllnies to be regiSitred with the Dcp:anment of Insurance. The purthnser of land must be given ~otice of availabilit)' of title insumnce at elosins. This law will become effel:live October 1,2001.

Family Law Sella/t Hill 55-Vlli/oml fllier'SwffI &ifo~emelll oj DollltJlfc \lfoltllce

OrtfUI Act (Stt abovt)

Severol family luw b)lIs that hil(I received much atten tion did not pIiSS. The ti rst would have fl.'(luired II chunge of custody if Ihe custodial parent moved OUI of stale or morc thon 7.5 mllC$ from the other pany, Severnl bills offccling gmndparcnt I:ustoo)' did not pass.

Sports " mm: IJIIII05-A!tlbolllll AlII/t It! Agems Ac! (see (lbol'fl). House Dill 200 provitks for a nlOment of silence at the optning of school ~thlct ic eventS lind graduation «:ren)()nies.

Aci (3flfl (Ibow!).

I{OIlse Oill ,514 amends t 32·8·6 1 of lhe Cod/J of Alalmnm to provide Ih1l\ a :securi· t)' interest in n vchicle for which a certifielUe of title is requ ired is perfected if filed within Ihe 30 dllYs instead of 20 days. l'loose Bill 589, Section 7-4- 111 is IImended to provide an)' cause of acliOlt uneler the llrticle n:laling to bank deposi(S and collections willllccrue from pll),ment of n time depOsit to the earlier of (t) when o dCn\lIud for Ila),mc:nl is effective und Ihe due dnte passes or (2) the I:lllc:r of (a) the dtle dnte estnblished In the bank'a IMt wrincn notice or (b) four years aner the 11m wrillen commU!liclllioos from the bank, or (3) the last dllY of the taxable year for which tile owner reponed illlerest on \I fedeml or ~tate tax relurn. An IlCtion which i~ nOi bnrn:d on or before the effective dllte of thi~ ACI. in some il\liliUlees, nllly not be barn:d until silt months lifter the err(Ctive dille of this act. Senute Bill 38 rcquim the licensing of persons 115 mongage brokers by the Alabamul)ankillg Dcpanment,

Real Estate Senme Bill 133 omendt t 34·27·33 tt al concernin g fees of the Alabama Real Estale Commission lind license fees . Senule Bill 246, the 1\.I11bml111 Title Insurance Act, requircs all tWe insul'lInce

Criminal Law House Bill 107 provides every 1I1\111icipality must have u pre-disciplinary hear_ Ing prior to the suspension or tenni nalion o f law enfOf'Cenlent offICers and must estnblish a wrillen due proee.s.s procedure for aoveminj disciplinary hearings. House Bill 444 llmends A 32·.M -176.1 to provide thut the line for speeding in a con· struction 1.011e will be double the IImOUltt prescribed OlIL,ide the COOStnlCtioo zooc, Senme Dill 144 cn::ales the crime or identity then when one wrongfull )' pos_ sesses Infonnntion Ihat identifielll person or person's property thm can be used to access another's finane inl resources, obwin idcmificlltion. act tiS identificntion or oblllin goods or services. The law also provides for civi l dnmnses. Senate Bill 1,52 e5tablishcs the crime o f prostitution, which applies to both the buyer Dnd the seller. Senflte 11i11 296 amends the current booting low. The minimum age tor an opcnltor is raised from 12 to 14 years of nge. A ),outhful bom 0l>erutor, between 12 and 14 , may obtain 11 permit but mllY onl)' drive under the di rcei l lipervision of somcone over 21 ),ears of age. The blood Bleohol levd for boatina DUI Is lowered from 0. 10 to 0.80. the same as for opcrutin.llautomobiles.

Senate Dill 30,5 adds f 26- 15-3.1 to create the crime of aggl'llwled child abuse which Is a ClaS! 8 felony.

Other Sennte Bill 12l -Anyone who ha!l a registered handgu n in o.nothtr Slale which also ~gnb.es Alo.barna licenses in the other Slate may cnlT)' lhe handgun without registcring in AJobanla. House Bi1l 21-Alabama Stnle FlagAC1 provides that ellch school and cdllCluionol Institution in the strue nUlst ny the Ahlbmlla nog alllll lillles when the scl\oQI is In &eSsion. OOlh the United Stmes and Alublill1n f1ftg& will be displayed in froot of the main building of the institution within three )'ell/1 of the date of this DCt. It further provides the stille lIag must be lIown at each county counhouse: each stOiC, count)' lilld lUuniciplil law enforcement agency headquftf1e/'JI facili ly: nnd cach bllilding locmcd in th is state thai 15 nffiliated with My dcpllrtmenl or agency of Ihe state as wellu each municipal buildi~a in citics grtatetthan 1,000 pcrIOn5. Senate Bill ,5l linw::ndI! f 36-26-28 10 nllow slispended state emplo),ccsto hppcul their 8uspcnsion before n review panel. Senate Bill 7,5 1II11ends f 32-6.4 to provide th In any male between the ages of 111-26 who applies ror or renews his driver's license will be reaistered ror the military klective 5t'rvice. Senate Bill 90 allows slate emplo)'ees to donRte unnual ~ick lellve to another sintl: employee who hns qUlIhtied ror eutastrophlc sick leave. Senate Bill 1,59 offi cially oodities the actS ]msscd b)' the legislature in 1999 and 2000 as 1\ pan of the Code of Alabama. 'ro look up an)' of Ihese bills, go to the legisllllure'3 Web site, www.lflgblillure ..riatfl.af.usl.

•

For more infonnalion 1l00ut the Institute or any of its projecu, contact Bob McCurle)" director, Alubarnu Law Institute, 1),0. Box 86142.5, 1\15(:1110058 3,5486-00 13: fll}! (20,5) 348·8411 : phone (20S) 348-7411.

1\0""

t.. MeCllfl, y. J I. AIMn .. ~, ~ " ....... 011'11.-..t..w InstmIII "' ... t.W.w.ifr III AIobwnt HIt ...... ,.~...,

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239

J. Amhony M~La ln

Reporting Misconduct路It's A Good Thing he Office of Gcnenll COUlm:1 has received numerous telephone unt! wril1cn inquiries COlll:cming II luwycr'5 obllgution to re purt misconduct. The ullpl icuble proYlsion or the Aillbarna Rules of Professional Conduci is Rule 8.3 which sImes: "Rule 8.3 Reponing Professionlll MisC<II\dUCI

(a) A lawyer pos搂cs~ing llnprivilegcd knowledge

of n violation of Ru le 8." ~hllil repon such knowledge to II tribunal or Olhe r lIuthority empowered \0 hWe5ligfilc or lIet upon such violmion," A~

the COr1nm:m CO Rille 8.3 S\lIle$, ~c l f. rt:gulnli on requires 111m l'Iwyers rC I)()fl misconduct. unless IIle fCllOrting of lhe miscontiuc! violllics Rule 1,6. Confidentinlity. Based on infonllm ion from disciplilwy tilc~ of the

Di'iCiplin:lry Conlrni~sion of the Alnbn nm SllIle Uar, il appears that fewer than ~ ij[ complainls a year are filed by lawyer,; reporting misconduct o( another law)cr, "h i~ is sad C0Il1111enHlry, when nillional ~llIt i~tics show thnt in mleast 75-80 percellt o( mnners invoilling lawyer misconduct, II judl!e or unOlher I~wytr ob~rved , WllS subjected to, or was personall y nware of the mlsconducl, In 11 recent infor\1lul opinion of the Office of Ge nemt Coullsel,lhe quc~ti on pO!led was: "From lime 10 time, govcmmel1l an orney~ lellm that another IInomey lIlay suffer froll1lhe di~e:L~e of chemical dependency (i.e .. II leoholi~ m or olher drui add iction) and the di!lel''ie is believed or suspected to adven;ely aff芦tthe lawyefs ability to prnclite law. Th is Infonnmion may 1:ome to tht gOvemmenl UlIOmty in b variety of wllYs including crhnlrml charges, criminal collllielions, pcrsonnei lictions. cle," '111c Inqui ring lawyer u~kcd whether hi ~ reporting of Ihe mallcr to the Alnbnmn l. nwyer A ~s i stn llce 11rOiram fulfilled his ohligution umler Rule 8.3. The Offi ce of General Counsel delernlined thllt it did.

240

JUL.Y 100 1

The Inwycr also asked cOli ld he IIccornpnny his reporting of Ihe rn:.' "er 10 Ihe I.llwycr A5sistnnce Pruamm wilh II reqnest Ihm Ihe report be forwarded to Ihe Ollict of Generut Counsel for diselplinnry lICtion should the reported ullomey fuil or refme to comply with the requirement! und conditions Imposed by tht Luwyer As~islam:e Progr.un, Thi' queslion Wll! also unswcred in tht uffi rnuuive. In most ill~tnnces. Ihe reponing of misconduct brings 10 a head Abad SilUI"ion which need ~ 10 be Addressed. bolh for tht benefit orlhe Illwyer and Ih: public. The system itsclf is improved signi fi cantly by ellsllring Ihal those who practif;!e law (to so in 1m elhienl and com pelent ru~ h ion . When eithc r of Ihe ~e charnc teristics of reprcsentmion i~ lacking. Ihe lawycr'~ repulalion, Ilud Ihat of lhe lcgul profession, Mlffers grclltly. A significant number of investig~tion. of bllr com路 ph.int~ "urn;ovcr" pcIWnul problems and i~~ue.~ of the lawyer which have been known 10 OIher lawyer! or judges for quite some time, However, due 10 a lack of IlCcounwbility, Iht problems have woo.cned, lind innocent people have becn harmed a~ u result. fi nd thc i ~~tJes of mi ~()nduct been reponed enrly on, Ihere would have been contnct with the Inwyer IlOOul the mUlIer_ which cou ld hl ....C served us n wnke-up clIlI for Ihe lawyer thereby providing him II dlllnet to IlSSI:SS his ~it u~uion. und try 10 conform his condllci 10 the Jlrofe ss ion'~ Cllnons of elhics. And for many 10wycTlo, th i!; is cxlIClly Iht "111,'0 by fou r" thm gels Iheir ottemion, (lfId causes them 10 do lhe things necessary to make .ore lhey ntver have to be reponed ugain, LAwyers who inquire of the Office ofCeneral Coun~1 abou t the rcport i n ~ requi rement nre lold that they hllve the option of report ins the maltcr to tht bltr or to the court . Thcy arc also advised Ihal the report ing be done within a tcasonable lime, (lIld III II lime ro liS 10 not Impair or in any wuy hllr!ll their cli tnt's case. Some Iflwyers or opposIng plll11es will file ;1 1lI0tion to dls(]un lil'y coullsel, ehnllengi nll the legul lind elhical propriely oflile lawyer's ACtions. In some instances.

the Disc iplinary Commission or the Office of Geneml Cotlll~1 is copied with the!iC mot ions and pleudings. Pursunn t to Rule 8 .3, report ing misconduct is mnndutOry- nol d iscre tionary. Th is, 100. lIl ay be snd commcntary when you rcal11-C Ihat the rTmjor tcllSon advanced fl)r us to mnintain lhe right to sel f. police is thlt we IlI'C llccoul1t:1ble, and have "things under control." Why, then, the mandatory reportins rule? Answer thnt o ne (or yourself.

Potpourri Sever,,1 recent elh ienl Inquiries suggesll1l11t we restate Ihe o llinions of Ihe DiM:iplinnry Commission und the Office of Ge nem l Counscl \\hich deal wil h the fo llowing two Issuu: con· tllCI with former employees and /11'0 Iwt': 1·1t':t: requiremen ts. III RO-93-0S. the Oisd plinnry COlll mission considered the "no-conmct" Ilroh itlit ioll of Rule 4.2, liS same reinles 10 former em ployees of lin opposing pnrt)'. Rule 4.2 provides: "Rule 4 .2 Communication With PefWn Represenled By Co~nlscl In r'cpl"escli ting u clien t," law)'e r ~h all nOl eomnwn l· eille aboull hc ~ubject uf the represc:ntntion wi th II pllrty the law)'er knows to be repre$el1ted by anothcr lawyer in Ihe mnUer, unl~'i thc lnw)'er hll.~ the consent of Ihe other law)'eror is nmhorized by law to do so." Relying uI)(l1l iN eMlier po~h ion sct fonh ill RO· 92· 12, Ihm ..... there is 0 strollg nrglunc lll tlUlI Rule 4.2 does nllt even 3pply to fom ler emplo)'eu m any level." the C0ll1111il;sion did ~tllie a

po'~ible ellception which coold Ilri'le. If the: fllf'TTlCr (mplO)'ee~ occupiC(\ II Inllf\:ljeriallel'el positiOflllnd were invol ved in the underlyins trnnSlletion and being privy 10 Ilrivilegcd infonuulion. includi ng a work product. the n counsel would be prohibited from dece~si n g such information without a vulid wnil'er by Ihe orguni· zmlon nnd/or dil.cuvery lind cvidence ru le~. Th i ~ po5i lion Is C()Il. listent with thilt of A BA Fonl1l1l Opinion 9 1·359 ( 1991). Rule V II, Rules GOl'eming Adll1i~sion 10 lhe: AlabRllIu Stllte Bur. eOl1ll1ins Ihose prov isions uPillicuble to pro lw{' l'it·t ud lllisl iOll. Section A rcq ~l ires Hny foreign 11l 10mcy who lIf1pcllrs "before lilly eou n or udm inistt'lllil'e ngcney of Ihe Suite of Aillbumll" be admitted pro 11/Ic I'let, l'~e n Ile further dcfineil ~udntinistrutil'C Bieney" 11$ "nny bonrd, btll'~au, OOIl Mni~sion , dep1lnment. heuring officer. or other ~d11\ i nislrnlive office 01' Pili! of the stute." T he rules requi re locli l co tl nsei be IIssoclntcd. T he bar ser~er· ally looks 10 Ihe AlnbanUl IlIwye r (local counsel) 10 eMure thnt Ihe non· res ident lnwyer hili complied wilh the upplicable rules ,ol'eminllilro 1I(IC I'let! admission. If yoo ate called upon to par· ticipUle Il$ loclIl eoullscl, )'ou are encouroged 10 fallllJinril'.C yourself with Ihe rule~, IIUn iculArly Ihose which delll with Ihe ~p pliclil ion process nud Iho henri nj date required for ruling on the Jlro IUlc I'ict: ullplielll ion. Ln~cl)', Ihe rules require that 11 cop)' of Ihe order gn1l11ing the applicn tion be filed with the: Alabama Slme Bar, Law)'ers involved in this Ilf'O('C-\S mlly 1Il!iO reqUt'.~1 un inforlllf.tiv(l broc hure fn:>m llte Alabum!1 SII1Ie lI ur which dClUiis the re~pon ~ibi1itics of local counsel, lind which outlines the pmcedllre5 to be followed fOf' pro lUte I'ler admissioll. •

TIMELESS WISDOM AtMlP', Fw) wert flQI wriUtll

fOfchlklrtn TIley wer~ wrlu.m to help Ie!ldcrslmpnwc Iheir livCl lnld the IIvn of the people those leadeR toerve , Anop'l r"blea (QQX lelade" to make choices bc:tw«n .weh Ihllljjl '" ~ and IIlvhl\l. arrogance lind humility, and selfilh Indifferen ce nnd eompoMlon. Ppp~nfOnlo'J new rdea>l!. with fOlewUfIJ by R~fI F. Krnnrdy, Jr.. e:o:rlores (kl1l1ls of the tlmd ess 1'1,,00111 left by AdOp, He Inl'ttCl ln"'ye" I() think nbout chomctuqunlilid th:1l we , hould boIh revtrt and ~vl1e In leaOe:Q. PapaIIIOIlI(l.noWJ how Acaop'. wlidc," epn bcnent lawyeR In thtlr role ru le;l<le .....

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ALABAMA

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•

Legal Aid to the Poor legal Services Corporation of Alabama "''''''''''''''''''" .... "''" .. ,'''',, .................$259,875 legal Sorvices of ~tro 8I1mil~hom .......................... ,........ "............ "........ ............$81.000 legal Services 01N. Central Alaboma '''''".... " .. "M".................... ", .. ,.$8 1,OOO Alabama State Bar '{olunleer Lawyers Program ........................... ~ ........... _............$85,000 Birmingham Volunteer lawyers Program ."" .......,............ . ... $16.650 Mobile Bar A$$ocia'ion Voluntoer Lawyers Program .""......" ............................$76.650

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I..awRelated Education YMCA Youth Judicial Program (Montgomeryl . " ....,"""""""..."............. ,...........$10,000 Tuskegee·Macon Countv yMCA ......................................................................._............. $10.000 Boys & Girls Club 01limestone County .... . ................... " ......... $5.000 Sumter County District Court . ..... $1.500 Alabama Center for Law end Civic Edutatlon (BirminGham) "" .....,... •..........$12.000 d

.... , ........................................ .....

Law Ubraries Bullock CoUlltv Huntsville·Madison County Jefferson County Montgomery County , ........... .. . Perry CoUIiIy Pite County ....... . SUpI'eme COurt of A abama

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What the General Practitioner Needs to Know to Recognize Sexual Harassment Claims 10 (,II'I/fJl

1/11111<

Or better OT WQr-c. i\CltulIllmrnss· u1I::n! continues to be n growing

nrea of the Inw. Probnbly

uItOnlc),S.

~ll cM;t

mo~ t

occasiona lly, receive II

telephone call from a prospc:clivc diem

who has been "SCi/wally hnrussed" in the wQrkplncc,

from an employer who h:u

received II. complain! of sexual haruss· ~nt from nil employ«. l1lCSC si1Uations can mnge from allegations of forcible 5CJIlml conlaCllO an isolated crude remark. In 1998, 11M: United Simes Supreme Coun decided three cases which allcmptmi to clarify tht In"" of sexual hnrassmcllt: lJurling/on fud,IJuiu, hrc. v. Eller/h. 524 U.S. 742 (1998): filmsher It Cit)' of 8MI Rt/Ion , 524 U,S. 775 (1998): and Ol,cale I '. Suntlo\1'nu 0ffs"o/l!

Sen'lces, 523 U,S. 75 (1998). The Eleventh Circui, and o~lcr lower COutU are now struggli ng to ~ply those dec l· ~iQns lind to dcl::ide II nJ mbcr of other i ~s uts nOl dec ided in /;.1Ie l'lll, f"ol'lIglu:1' IUld O/leu/e . Recognid ng thtse issuts will htlp AluOOUlIl prnctitiontrs 10 recognize potent]ul sexual harassmtnt clnims Ilud 10 counsel t mployers bboullhdr potent ial liability. A clnim of sexuol harnssmcnt is 110t II complaint thut should be Inken lightly, regardless of the side of the fence on which II IllWyer might 51•.

United States Supreme Court Cases The United States Suprtrne COUrt first

recogni.,.ed that sexual

~nrnssment '

actionable undcrTi tie VII of the Civil RightS Act of 1964 in MU;IOI'S(/\';ngs

/Jllllk .... VlII.WIIl. 477 U.S. 57 (1986). The IlItmssmt nt in Mcr;u)1' collsi!oloo of sexll ul ndvhncCll whic h culminnled in repeliled scxulli inttl'l:ollrst. The Coun held Ihm, for 8Cxllul h:lmll..~mt llt IO be UCti(J;ll1blc, it 1l1U~1 be "slIfficielltly severe or ptrvtL~ive 10 liter lhe conditions of [the vktlm'&j employmcnt nnd ereme (ill abusive .... orking tnvironment." The Coon found lluit the allegations in Ihlll case wcre "plainly sufficient to state a claim for 'hostile en"if\)llmem' 5CXubl hIlrtL~ment:· 477 U.S. at 67. The U.S. Supreme COlin nexi considered hostile envlmnnlol!nl $Clual h ara.~5nlol!nt in III/rris I'. forklift ~'yf:ItIlIS. file., 510 U,S. 11 (1993). 1be issue in Hlmi.r wn whether conduct. to be ICtionablc. must seriously llffcctthe victim's psychological well-being or lead to I trlllgible illjury. COIlI1 took It "middle path betwcen mAking lIClionAblc _ny conduct Ihal i ~ mcrely offen~ive nnd re(jlliring the conduct 10 CllU.~e a wngible psychologicbllnjury." 5 10 U.S. nt 2 1. 'l11eCourl fo und Ihm Ihe environment must be OOlh subjectively ulld ubjectively 11Q~l ile. 'rhe Court ncknowledged Ihat the te~ t is not Illathcmntlenlly precise. and mllndaled Ihm whether an en ... ironnlenll~ hostile or abu~ i ... e be determined onl y by looking al alilhe circumstances. The COlirt suggested those fllClOrs may Include the frequency or the di '\Crimi nmory conduct; its severity; whether it i5 physically Ihrcalening or humiliating. or a mere offcnsive utleranee; lind whether it ullfellSOnably interfcres with an Clllployce'l work perronllllnce. TIlt Court specifically Slnted thot no singlc factor is required.

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Ollcn/t! ~ SlIml(lt\"ll~r Offslio~ St!n·iCt!s. 521 U.S. 75 (1998). In Om:((/I!. the Court rejected a cAtegorical rule eJCcluding same.

sex hamnmcnl claims from the coverage of Title VII . The Court held that male-oo.male sexual harassment (lind femo le.onfemllie sexulll hal1lJSment) is Ilctionable whe.re the eondllci OCCllrs bcclillSC of the sex of the victim. '111c Court noted that in the nomllil male-female situation involving explicit or implicit Prol)()suls of ~cxullilictivi ty. the infercnce Cilil ellsily be lIlade thut the hllrllSSmCIli hilS occul'I'ed becliuse of the sex of Ihe viclim. The Court IIlso observed Ihut dlscriml nmlon cou ld be Inferred "if tl femule vlcllm is h~mued In 8uch sex.speclfic lind dcrogll1Ot)' tCTllIS by another woman tiS 10 m ~ke it clear that the hurasser is motivated by general hostility to the presence of wOlllcn in the wOl'lcplace." 52) U.S. al 80. TIle Court stated thot a same·5CX harnssment plaintiff could also offcr compumtive evidence about bow the alleged hlllllssed treated mcmbcn of both sclles in Ihe workplnee in order to prove the horassment was because of the SeJC of the victim. /d. Ilt 80-81, On Jllne 26. 1998 the United Stllles SlIpreme Court decided BllrlhlglOlI flldrmr/r$ 1'. Effertll. 524 U,S, 742 (19911) and Faragher v, CII)' vf 8uca Rolv". 524 U.S,77S (1998), deuling with the Issue or an employer's IInbility for a hostile work envi· ronment cll:med by II s'lpe.rvisor·s hHnlssment of his subordi· nate, 80th decisions adopted Ihe same holdlna: that an employt'r b vlcariollsly Huble for II hostile work environment crellled by a supervisor. but when the hnlllssmeni hllJi nOI culminilled in tangible adverse employmentllCtion bting taken, the employer may mise an uffirmutive defense COIlsistlng of two e1emenlli: (II) thai the employer elletcik d rcil.Wl1able core to prevent and COl'rect PrornlllJy any sexually harasSing behavior; llnd (b) thlll the plnintlff employee unll:asonably fniled to tuke advantage of !lny preventive or corrective opportunities provWcd by the employer or to l\Vold harm otherwise. TIle COUrt expressly held Ihm the aflirm:ttive defense is not uvail:!blc "whcn lhe superviSQr's harassmt'nt cuhllinole5 in II taniible e mploymcnt netlon, such 115 discha'ie, demOllon. or IIndc.~lrable Il:llssignment," 524 U.S. III 765; 524 U.S. lit 807. On April 21, 200 I, in Clark County School DiJlricl I'. 11ru(ll!fI. 5)2 U.S._ _ (2001). the Supreme Coun again addressed the is~ue of wher! ofTer!sive COnduct is severe or pervo.sive enough to be actionable. Ms, Ortcden, the plaintiff. I'Ilieged her employer retlllimed IIgaiust her for compillinini to manageme nt about a entde commem by her supervisor. Beclluse 11tle VII's un ti·reluliation provision, 42 U.S.C, (2000e-)(a),

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applies oilly to such informal comphrint$ mode with II rtO$OIl ' lib/I!. good ruith belief thllt the condllct constituted sexual harassment. the Supreme COUrt addres~ Whether one could rellsonllbly believe the incident violuled 11tle V II. The alleged hara.~51ncnt consisted of II single irridcnt: During a mcctinllto review job appIiCanL~, Ms. Breedcn',"ul1e SlIpcrvi· sor read aloud a comment that one of the applicants hud once mode to It co· worker ('" hear muking love to you is like lIIuking love 10 the Grund Cunyon"), The slIl)(;rvi80r looked m Ms , Breedcn Qtld SllUlld, " I don't know whm thnt IlICllnS," Another rnrtle employee replied, "Well. I'll tell you liller," RIId both men chuckled. The COllrt, qlloting the sintement in Filrt/sller thnl Simple IcnSing, omland camlllellls, and isolated incidents, unlcss extremely scril)u~, ure insuffielenl, held no reusonable person could have believed Ihi~ ~ing le incidcnt violated the ~lllndard.

Is the Conduct Severe or Pervasive Enough? l)esplte the Supreme Court 's guidance, the Eleventh Circuit lind other COUfts Imve stwgglcd to definc the COlllOUrs of sext!:!1 hurn~sl11cnt liability. Perhaps the fil'$l i~suc 10 be considered in evaluntlng a I)()~~ible !iCxual hara~~ menl clnlm i ~ whether the conduct is severe or pervasive enollgh 10 rise to the level of !lell' unl hllrtusment, The Eleventh Cirellit hIlS deah with thi$ issue in four recent CIISCli, tn Mt!llt/v'fJ' l\ Bvrden. It,C. . 195 F.ld 1218 (11th Cit, 1999), lin enmmc decision, and in GUfl/ll ... ""Iodll/I 801.ml of R~gtllls. 2 12 F.ld 57 1 (11th Cir, 2(00) the Court held the con· duct flliled to rise to the level of a hostile envlron~lent. while In DI!t:$ I', 10/IIIJo" Comrol$ \Vorl'l S~l'\llce$, file" 168 P,3d 4 17 (11th Cir. 1999) nnd ill lollllsoll ~, Ilookt!r T. \V(IskiIl8'QII IJrontlCflSllllg Sm'lc/', fnc., 234 PJd SOl (I I Ih Cir. 2000), the Court held the conduct did rise to the actionable level. A compurisou of the raet~ of these CDJ;CS ~ hould give Alnbmnu practitioners consldemble guidance on the Issue. In Mrmfo:,Ll, the pillinliff. MendOla, nlleged harournent by her supervisor over a period of II months, The aUeged harass. ment consisted of "constantly" watChing het and following her in the workplace, looking at her "up and down" 00 two or three occasions while lIlaking a sniffing sound, rubbina his hand agninst her hip while tOllehing her shoulder as she walked by on one occasion, nnd once lelli ng hcr he WII.~ geuing "fircd tip" when she entered hi5 olY'lee. The COltrt found nOlle of Ihe conIIl1ct was !lCvere or physically thrclltcnillS or humilllltl ns.1'hc Court noted th ut. IIsldc from the constll nt following lind stnring, Ihe conduct WQ' not fll:q llelll, The Court concl uded there wllS no evidence Mendoza's job performance was imptlired, III GUplt1 v, Flor/lill Boord uf Rt!grllls, 212 P.ld 571 (11th Cir. 2(00), the Court WIlS Ilgllin fneed with mi ld conduct occurring over a brief period of lime, six or seven Illonths. Typiclll of the plnintlff's complaints were her alleamions Ihm her !tlpcrviSOf asked her to lunch many limes, once told hcr she looked "very benutiflll." and once plneed his hand on her knee. The Eleventh Circuit found this conduct exempli fied "the ordinary tribulations of Ihe workplnce" lind was not sulY'lcient ly severe or l)(;rvasive to be aCliOlU!blc. In f)ct!$ I ', lolli/SOli COIrlrots Wor!!1 Sen';crs, lilt'" 168 F.3d 417 (I I th Cir, 1999), Ihe plaintiff alleged olmost dally sexual

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hllftlurnent over three years thot took a variety of fonm: !lCXWII. Iy explicit stories and jokes, commentS about her body Of thMe of nmle co-workers, !lexUIII propositions, lind physical hanus. ment such liS arabbing her buttocks IIRd groping her leg, With lill ie discussioll, illilie/a, the Eleventh Circuit indicated the (acts were sufficient to rise to the llCtionable level. Finally, in Joll/umr I', IJool(([ r T. ~hshillg/(J/I BfQ(ulctlSlfll8 Sl!n'/Cl!, Inc., the Courl cited Ot:lfS wi th nilprovlllllnd found the conduct "more akin to the cominuoos barmjc of scxulil harnS5_ ment" in DelfS than to the Icss frequent , leu objectionnble conduct hi MemloUi Rnd GllfJl(j. 111 10iJ1ISOII, Ihc llltesed harussment consisted of IIpproxlnlluely 15 Instanccs of hUrIIssnrent over tht: course of four ,,:0Illh5. The hllmssmenl included unwonted mas. 5ages, slImdillg so close to the plaintiff thllt the harasser'S body pans touched her from behind, nnd pulliug his l)flrllS tight to revcal the imprint of his privllte j)UrIS.

Plaintiff Must Subjectively Perceive the EnvironmentTo Be Abusive In H(Jrris II Forkifji SYS[('ItJ$. /m:., S10 u.s, 17 ( 1993), the Coun established that the test for a hostile work environmenl has a subjective component ns well ns un objCCtive component. The Court held Ihltt "if the victim d~s nOI ~ubjecl ively perceive Ihe environmenllO he abusive. Ihe conduct hIlS not lIc!lUllly al tered the cond.tions or the victim'lI ernploymem, and there is 110 Title VII violntlo n." 5 10 U,S, nt 2 1·22. The Court reaffi rmed the subjcc tive !tIld objective coml>OlIents or the lest in fill'lIS/ltlr. 524 U.S. Ilt 787, Although the Eleventh Circuit hll5 IIOt ye t di'iCusscd Ihls subjcctive leSt, the Sixth Circuit recently discussed Ihe issue in IVUII(mrs I', Gem'llI/ M otors Cor/I., 187 P. 3d 5S3 (6th Cir, 1999). In 1V/JIIOItlS, the dislrict court hod held the pluintiff had not lIlet Ihe $ubj:ctive tesl, in pun, becltUllC she could not estab. lish Ihm the hlirassmelltulTccted her work. The Sixth Circuit rejected thig ullul),sis liS inconsistent with Justice Ginsbur,,'s concurring opinion in /I(lrris which stmed that "the plai ntiff need 1I0t prove [hut his or her tangible productivit)' ha.~ declined liS u result of the harnssment" but onl)' thm the hamssment mude it 11101'0 difficult to do the job. Olher courts hllve likewise rejected an)' n:qUiKrncnt thot a pillintiff prove thllt her tungible productivity or wor~ perfomlanee declined. Slfe, e.g., 1I1I1Iunt'1I)' v. Runyon, 132 F, 3d 1214, 1223 (8th Cir. 1997); Smilit 1\ NOl'litll't!,r/ HlIllnci,,/ Acceplnnel!, hrc., 129 P. 3d 1408, 14 13 (10th Cir. 1997).

GendeHielated Harassment Con a $Cx ually h05tile work environment be ercllIed by demellninll remarks ubou t women gerlerull), rtlther thon sexual 280

JULY 2001

advances or remarks of a scxual nnlure? While wme courts have rejected stich gender hurnSSlllent cuSes. it appean thol gen, dcr hara.~s lllen t is a form of sexulIl harussmellt. The sexual harussmelll alleged in /ll/rris v. F"rWji Systems wa$ thllt the campDny president onen in§ulted the victim becnusc of her gender ond often mode her the tallet of uuwal1led scxultl innuendoes. Some or the insu lt ina rcmarks were not sexual in nature, Oul were demeaning remork~ about womel1 such a~, "You're II woman, whnt do you knowT and "We need a mun as the rent nl monnger." and tell illg her that she WIIS "a dumb· as~ womon." 5 10 U.S. lit 19. The cmplo),er IIppurcntly did nOllHiUC thai such "gcnder-related harassment" does nOt consti, tute !lexuol hurassmtnt, and the Supreme COM did nOI discuss the issue. 111 Dm:tlle, the U,S, Supreme Court explicitly rccoanl7.cd thm "hllrussing conduct need not be mOlivoted by $Cxual desire to Suppan nn inference of discrimination on the bUSl1 of !lex." 523 U.S. nt 80, The Courl recognized thllt !lexunl homssment cun occur through "sex'specific ond derosatory tcrms" that mnke it clear Ihat the hutnssed is motiyated by gtnerul hostility to the presence of women in the . . . orkplact. /d, The COlIn indicllled thm nn ll11 pOl1l1l1t inquiry in such II case is whether Ihe Imrassed trea ts IIlcmixn: of both sexes dlfferentl), in the workplnct. In Ftlmgher. too, the hostile environment consisted partly of "rudely demeaning references to women geocmll)'." 424 U.S. ut 782. Elevenlh Circuil precC(icnt is fully CQnsi~tent v.ith 'ff"ris, Ollcfl/e tmd f oragiler. In Belli'. Cmckill' Good Bak~rs. /IIC.. 777 F. 2d 1497 (11 th Cir. 1985). the Eleventh Circuit e~pl'CSsl)' recognized th lll !iCxuu! h:ml.~.~ n1en l can con§iSI of "threa tening l>cllicose, dcmeaning, hOstile or offensive conduct by II sUj)C rv i · 501" in Ihe workplace because of the iIC.1. of the victim o( such conduct," The Coun noted thflt the district court had e1T01lOOU5' Iy thought thnt proof of sexual hllrussmcnt must ,onsist of "sexunt advnncts, requests for sexunl fuvol'i [or) other ve rbal or physical conduct of a seJtUltl nltlure," 777 P. 2d lit I SO). 'l11e EJeytlllh Cirtu it directly held th:ll lhe pl3intiff wu under no obligmion to adduce such proof. /d. Moro rcccntly. in OU/l1II I', F/or/(/lI IJo(lfr/ o/.Rtg"II$, 2 12 P.3d 571 ( II th Cit. 2000) Ihe Eleycnth Circuit IIppears 10 have rcco.gni:l;ed the distinction between gender-relnted harassment and hllrussment based on sexual rcmnrks or lICJt uul ndyuncts, Thc COUfl in GU/I/fl sllIlcd thnt ~t lltcme nlS nl1d conduct must be of a SC)( uol or gender.relat. cd noture, making Ihat distinction throughout the opinion. Rcquiring thl1t nil 5C.1.unl hal'1lssmelll consists of ovenl)' sexuol re marks or sexual advances ignores Ihe reolity lhat sexltlll harassment cnn occur based on hos/lllly tOWllrd women. A number of other circuits hove recently fCCOanized lender-based harassment. bnsed on hOStility toward women ill the workpltICe. See Durham Ufe IItsJIIYJlJre COIU/HUI), 1'. 61'1111$, 166 F. 3d 139 (3rd Cir, 1999): Smltlr 1'. Firs/ UII;OIt Nm/orwllJflltk, 202 F, 3d 234 (4th Cir. 2000): WiI/;mtls 1'. Ot/reml M OlOrs Corp" 187 F, 3d 553 (6th Cir. 1999). As the Fourth Circuit IIptl)' said in Smith I'. nUt Union Nm/ollo/lJmrk, "A work envlrolllllclll consumcd by remllrkli lhut inl imidatc, ridicule, nnd IIlfiliciously dtrnellllihe St~t us of women eltn creme fin environmelll th llt is as hostile as an environment thllt contains unwanttd scxulil IIdvllncC5." 202 E 3d fit 242. [ I is Ihe cumulntiYe effect of al! types or hanlsSrnent thm must be considered. Duritam, 166 P. 3d at 14g-49, 155; IVllllmtu, 187 F. 3d lit 562-64.

Sexual Remar1<s and Other Conduct Not DhectedToward the Plaintiff An i$sue thllt frequent ly arises is the effect of Iellunl remarks and other crude or sexual conduct not directed lowMd lhe plllin. tiff. Pur exnmple. II plaintiff may allcae Ihal explicit, sexual jokes and commCf\I~ between male c/)-workcN are offensive 10

her and creale II hostile work environment. Or a female plaintiff may eomptflin UOOuI pomogrnphic piCIUrc5 di5pluycd in the workpl3Ce. Can uch language Ilnd conduct support II CIIUse of IIClion. even lhoulh the language and conduct is not directed toward the plaint]m Nei ther the U.S. Supreme Coun nor the Eleventh C ircuil has direccly addre55C4 this issue. However, in Merfwr S(II'hrgs 8an/( \ \ V;'ISOII, 477 U.S. 57 ( 1986) the Coun cited the Fifth C irc uil case of HQ8t!ff 1\ I£IWC. 454 P. 2d 234 (51 h Ci r. 197 1). cen. liel1il!(/,406 U.S. 957 (1972) with uPllfOvll1. 111 Hogers. the Fifch

Circuit held thm • Hispanic plaintlff could establi.~h a h()!;tile work environment by evidence thllt her employer guye discriminluoT)' service to ~tis l)nnic customcl'll. TIlI,~ COnduct in Rogu!f, theil, was not di rected toward the plAi ntiff, Recelltly, in Far1Jghu. some of the YUlgAr nnd Seltl11,1 remnrk~ lmd conduct cited by the plaimiff were nOt dirccted tow(\(d Ihe plllinliff. but were directed tOWQrd olher femill e li(eiuards, Othcr circuits h:lYe held that such "sccondlmnd harassllIent" is releyunt In detcrmining the existence of a hostile work cnviron· mcm. but recog nitc thm the impacl. or 5Cyerity. of 5uch hams!!· ment is nOl llS greul tIS Ihe impuci af hllm.~smc"t directed at the pillirulff, See GletlSO/t ~. Mts;row Hllallcial. fllc.. liS I:. 3d 1134 (7th Cir. 1997): COWIIII 1\ Prlll/tll/t;nt /nsUffll1Ce CompfJIIY 0/ Allluica. 141 F. 3d 75 I (7th Cit, 1998): Abtiw v, Tr(lIIy.mer/C(I M (I/IIfl8S. Ille .. 159 p, 3d 246 (6th Cir, 1998).

Employer Uability for Harassment By an Employee After eVlllullting whether l!. hostile work environment can he said to exist. the J:CJlt step in eYllluming II 5Cxual hllntssmcnt claim is to determine whether the employer could be lioble for the hllt'llssed', COl\duCt. Ftlmg"u lind EllUl", in oddition 10 formulaling an affirmmive defense, discussed ~evernl grou nds for employer liability,

action bcilla \liken IIguinSlthe employee. the employer is linble lind no offinmlliYe defcnse is Ilvllilllble, As the Coun in filet/I! stated. [AJ tllllaible employment aClion taken by the supervisor become.' for TILle VII purposes the act of the employer, WhllteYer the ClIIICt cOnlaurs of the lIided in the agency rellllion slnndllrd, it~ requirements will tllways be met when 0 supervisor ttl.kes a ton, ible elllployment fICtion Ilgllinstll subordintl.te, In that instnnce. it would be hl1phausible [0 interpret agcncy pril1ciple8tO nllow 1111 employer to escape litlbility" .. 8ur/illgll)(l ImltlS/rit'S I', Ellul". 424 U,S, ilL 762·63. Ellt!rlil indicllles that an II.dversc langible employment action mcons "0 signitican! chlU1ge In employment &tlltuS, such a~ hiring. firing. failing to promote. rellssignment with significantl y different rcspon~ibili'ies. or n decision causing 1\ significatll change in hellefits." !rl, In Fl"t!tit!1';t'k ,\ Spr;mIU"i,tll Mwwgtlllfm COmJllllt~, 2001 W I~ 336007 ( I IIh Cir, April 4, 200 1), Ihe Eleyenth Circuit renffirnlC:d the prinCiple Ihm n 5L1pcrvisor's request for sexunl fnvOr!! which, when nOi rc,~pomtcd to f:WOI"nbly. rc~uhs in IIdYcrse Ilction, need not be e~tllblished by u direct und expre,~s sexulll de nmnd. Dllr/rllllt Vfe brJ'llrtlllt't! COII/II(my I', £WI/t,V, 166 F, 3d 139 (3td Clr. 1999) iIIustmtes the lI[lpllcmlon of thc tangible Ddverse employment nction rule, The plnirllilT. a rentale life insumnce agcnt. allcged that the new mmmgcmcnt of On/liMn Life Insurance Company resented her for belna a successful woman

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Alter Ego Uability the UnitCd SUUt8 Supreme Coun lefc intuCtthc I)rinciple Ihllt cenain high mnking compnny officillb could be the niter eiO or pro~y of Ihe COlllpMy, alld thus flUtom{JIically ~ u bject lhe complmy 10 liability. 111e Coun noted thaI In /farris v, forklift Sys/t!1tU the harassed WIIS the president of the COlllpll" ny and the i~sue or employer IhlbililY for the conduct of Ihe harassed WIlS not In issue, While it i~ not cleor how high in managemcntthe I:unused must be for liability 10 automatically be imputed 10 the employer, F(lrltgher. by Ihe CllSC..~ it cites. indicates that a COO1PMY owner. proprietor. purtner or compally officer. 0\ IcaSt, would be the lilter ego of the eamptmy. I n 1-"(II'(I811er,

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and scI 01.11 to undermine her. humiliating her with sexisl remllfks IIl1d crude sexual advance" Imd eventuolly forcing her to vllCate her offICe and gh'e up her sccretllf)'. Eventually. she resigned lind alkged a sexually hOSlile work environment hlld existed. The Third Circuit held thm Ihe IC>!os of her office and sccn:tary, because they wen: specific. neg(){ialed conditions of her employment lmd were necessary for her 8\1cceS~, constiluted tangible IIdve rse lIet lol1~. 166 F. 3d m 1.53, TIle Court Im plIed !lmt netiol1 con~I I 1Util1 l1 !l cOl1su,lctive discharge would likewise constitute II tnn gible lldverse employment nction, Funher. Ihe Coun held thnt ,....signinS her less dcsirnbl c books of business Ihlln Ihe mille LLgenls which CUI her ellm in8~ al most in h:M also constituted II tlln&i blc UdVCT!>t employment uelion, 'nle Court rejecled. :IS eOllllary 10 the clear hmguDge of fuftlglu! r and £lIertll . l)lIrllllm 's argument th8lthe phlinliff ~Itould not be all()\l.'edlo luke IIdvlllllage of the adverse em ployment actions 10 impose liability because Ihe plaint iff should have used Ihe company's sexual harossmenl policy to repon Ihe har:lsslllent when it linot occurred, before il eulminll1ed in umai ble adverse employmenl actions.

Liability for Harassment Within the Scope of Employment While Ftlft/gilfr aud Ellftrtlr retognll,e thlll sexual hnrnss menl by n supervlsOt is generally nOI wilhin Ihe KOlle of employment. the Court did nppear 10 lenve Ihlll ave nue of liabililY open for lhe rnre cases in which il might be applicable, In Eller/h, the Court stnled. '1'here lire instanccs. or course. when: II supervisor

How Can You

engll)::cs in unlawful di~riminalion with the purpose. mi$laken or otherwise, to krve the em ployer," S24 U,S. Dt 7.57. The Coun eiled wil h Approval Sims 1\ M OII/gomf!T)' COll/ity CommissiolJ. 766 F, Supp. 10.52 (M.D. Ala. 1990). in which Bllupc:rvi-'Or was held to be acling in Ihe scope of hi! eml,loyment when: Ihe employer hud a policy of discouraging women from seeking ndvancemenl and "seJl:unl harassment WIIS simply II way of furIhering thul policy," In I~f!.f I'. lolw.fOll COII/rol$ World Sen'icf!S, Ille.. 168 F. 3d 41 7. 421 n.9 (1 11h Cir, 1999), Ihe Elevenlh Circu it , ii' II/elll, recogn ized IhiK ground for liubility. 1)"r/WIIl /.ift! ItJSUfWlt't! Camp/my Y. £1'1111.1. 166 F. 3d 139 Ord Cir, 1999) interpreted fo(m/glrtlr nnd BlluliJ to uuthorize IIIl10m:ltic employer liability in cllses In which SUIK! rvisol"ll d i~ criminate against women "in work IIssign ments 10 placlIIe pervasive IIIllle hoslility" Of reprimnnd women "in hwsh Of vulgar lerms while merely bantering wilh men for identical behavior." 166 P. 3d at 1.50. The Third Circuil fell such discrimination would lit wilhin the seope of employment rule. Whcther such an inlerprellliion, whic h would polentially significnntl y expand employcr lillbilily, will be followed by other courts is nn open (1IieSliol1,

Liability for Negligence II careful rt:lldlng of Parogllu lind EllUl" revellis Ihllt negligence of Ihe employer remains u viuble bnsis for employer lia· bililY fOt the harassmenl of II supervisor in the pmt-t:llull, lind posl· faroghrr era. In other words, an employer can slill be liable for Ihe 5Cxunl harassmenl of a SUperviSOf where the employer kne w or should have known of Ihe hnnnsment ~nd failed 10 lake proper remedial action, See flem ing 1\ /Jof!illg Cll .. 120 F. 3d 242 ( Il!h CiT. 1997): "-(lrlry 1\ AlllulC(m C(IS' lroll Piptl Company . lI S F. 3d 1548 ( 11th Cif. 1997): HeY/loMs 1'. CSX 1'rrw.11HJrl/uilm. 115 F. 3d 860 (11th Cir. 1997): S,Jllw ge I~ SIWlItly',r Ill e.. 97 F. 3d 488 ( 11th CiT. 1996): Kilgo,., I'. Tll lJlIlfJSQlI &. llme/r. M tlllagtlllltl/rl, IIIe.. 93 Jl. 3d 752 (II Ih Cir. 19%) : Stule I'. Ojfsil(}rt SMIJbllililing. jlle, . 867 r. 2d 1311 ( 11th Cir. 1989): U f!nSOII Yo Cilyof Dulldtlt!. 682 F 2d 897 (11 1h Cir. 1982). As Ihe Coun sialed in Eller/h ,

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ulthough Il supervisor's sexulll harDUIDCm is outside lhe scope: of employment beclluse the COlId\IC1 was for personal mOlives. Itn employer can be linble, nonelheless, where its own negligence i~ n enuse of the hntflssment. An emilloyer is negligent wit h respecl 10 scxual harassment if it knew or shou ld have known nOOllll he conduCI llnd flliled 10 SlOp it. Negligc nee ~IS n minimulll 51nndnrd for employer liubiHly under Tille VII .... TIIUS,

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W1Ul Ule Alabama Siale Bar's vlcleo<onferenclng fadlltyl This state-of·the·art 1ad1lty, IOGIted 00 lhe Ihlrd Hoor of Hie s\ilte bar building. Is avallcble kI all stale bar members brvkleo-<oofetence me-etJngs illKI deposIUms. ~ Is acoofen>nce call wilen! yru rQ or,ty hear the pmon or people yru af1! talking 10, M yru see hen\, aisoJ Sane benefits Indude Ume iWId cost savings.

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For more Information about rates and smedulln& (on tact Laura calloway or Sandra Clements .It the Alabama State Bar, (n4) 26!Jo151S.

2112

JULY

2001

U.S. III 7.59. In fHrs I'. Johnson Co",rols Worlll Sen'ices, Inc, 168 F. 3d 41 7 ( 11 th ir. 1999), the Elevenlh Cireuit recognized Ihm after Ftungllu and t://tlrll, an employer can still be hcld lillble for a ~ upervisor'$ harassment under a neglige nce Slandnrd. The plain _ tirr in /)ur nllcsed that her employer was IiDbie for Ihc sexually hoslile environmen t eremt-d by its sUI>t: rvi!lOTlI becluilC it knew or should huvc known of the supervlsQr harn.'mnenl nnd fl1iled to take prompt n:medlaillction.' The Cou!"t reveTllcd sunUllury judgment for Ihe employcr. holding Ihnt Dees had Ilroduced evidence Ihll1lhc company'S hum nn rCSOll rces deparlmenl had been ~24

notified on sever~1 occasi OI\~ before Dces filed her complaint Ihm supervl~ol'!lln hcr dcponmcm were sexually horass ing employcc.~. yel Ihe com pony failcd to take any corrective pClion. Other circuli!! have agreed that negllgcnce remains a basis for employer liltbillly In CII~ of supervisor harns~mcnl. Stt Sharp I '. City of HQIlS/oII. 164 Po 3d 923 (SIh Cir. 1999): Wriglrl-SiIWIIO//$ I'. CityofOkf(lft{)llUI City. ISS F. 3d 1264 (I01 h Clr. 1998).

TIle Court Stn ted Ihllt enlployecs of eompanies Ihlll have II sexuIII hftrflSS lllel1l COnlplflin t lXlllcy "need not he concctm:d wilh whether they pursued their comploillls fill' ellough up the com. pany lndder. The sole inquiry where the employer has a clear and published polley Is whelhcr Ihe complaining employee followed the proccdures e.~l nbJi shed in the compnny's policy." /d. III 890. The Court held Ihe employer hlld ~c l ual notice of the coworker hllrtlSSmelll becllUse the phti nlilT verbally complained to her Stort: manage r, who wns design/lied in the polity to re<:eive such eornpl3irus.

Employer Liability for Co-Worker Harassment Before Pllmglltf al1<l £//Ilr/ir. in co-wori:er har!l~smcnl CIl.'iCS. the Eleventh Clrc~1t rule wus that the employer was lillble only if "higher managemenl" knew or should have kn()wn of the hanlS!!me nt Ilnd fai led 10 take ]lfOmp4 reme<iiol action. See Flf!millg 1\ 8i)t!;,rg Co" 120 F. 3d 242 (11th Clr. 1997): Reyno/lis 1\ CSX Trrm,f/HJr/fIIIOII. 11 5 F. 3d 860 ( 111h Cir. 1997): Spirmg(ll\ $IIIJ!1tty·s. /IJt'" 97 r. 3d 4M3 ( 11th Cir. 1996): KII80~ '~ nUII/II,.fOtl & IJlfJrk M ltlUl8tmtlll. 1111'.• 93 E 3d 752 ( II th Cir. 1996): 1/~II.fOlI ". Cily of DIIIII/I't. 682 F. 2d 897 ( 111h Clr. 1982). In CO{l/tJ I'. SII/I(/O( IJrall(/s. IlI c .• 164 P. 3d 136 1 ( 11 111 Cir. 1999). lhe Elevcllth Cireuit used II diITerenl nppropch in ~ Cl)worker hflrllSSnlenl elise, The Eleventh Circuli used lhe employer's sexual hl"'n~~me nl policy 10 lind lhHllhe employer hnd "itself Ilnswered lhe quesllon of when it would be deemed tu have notice of the Iwmssment sufficielU to obligate it or ils lIilcnl.'! 10 lnke prompt and nppropria te rt:medinl me3S11rt:$," 164 f'. 3d at 1364. The sexunl hnrn~sllleru policy in CQ(tltt di recled a vlctimi7.cd employee to contacl their line manager. personnel conlaet or olher l\lnnnger wilh whom the employee fe lt comfortable. Thus. nOlkt 10 "hlghcr mamtscrnenl" was nOi necessary. InSlend. an employer i5 llnble ror scx ual hl1russmen t hy a c0worker where lin employee dcsignntcd by the eompany in 'IS harassmenl pollcy know! of the hnmS$ment lind fpils 10 toke prolll])1 I'Cllledilll oellon, Recelllly, in IJrr(/11 1\ 1V0l/ClIIIICI'lI d: Vidco. 222 F. 3d 886 (11th Cir, 2(00). lhe Elevemh Cireuil, rt: lying on COfllrs, ex plicitly nbandollCd the "higher m:magemelll" requiremcllI.

Uability for Harassment By Both Supervisor and Co-Worker SU]lpose 1\ femllie employee Is gexunlly h al'1L~scd by both a co-worker lind her supervisor. What stllndllrd would npply in thlll elise; the negligence SllltIdl1rd (for co-worker ~llrusS I1lCnt). or lhe 1-"(/((18'1«( and £11«(/11 standnrd of liability subjecI 10 the affimllil ive defe n ~, which aplIUes to SU pervisor h~mssment ? In WiIIilll'''' Ii. Gtm:ml,}1olo fl CO f/!" 187 F. 3d SSJ (6th Clr. 1999), lhe COlin WIIS faced willi II hOs1i le envi ro nment e re ~ l ed by both nco-worker nnd the pluintilT's supervisor, The Coun held thut, in such /I Sitlullioll, n COll rl musl conside r hnrnSSlllem by 1111 perpctrll101'll combined to detenliine the exi~tellce of a hoslile work environment. 187 P. 3d III 562-63. 1'he Coun then recognized Ihm a cOun muSt SCIIPmte conduci by n supervisor from conduct by co-workers ill order to apply the approprinle gtalwal'ds for employer liabililY. 1tI. TIle Court did nOl fun her address Ihm issue becllUse it was nOl addressed by the district cOlm and was 1101 nccessnry for resol ution of the appeal. The appronch of lhe Court In WlI/f(lIIlt, while perhaps correct. would appear to give the plai ntiff the beSl of all possible worlds, Thc plaimiffwould be allowed to "Bircgale all incillenu ofscxual hafll~smenl in ordcr 10 a'iue the harussment w:u; !;CVCfC enough lind frequenl enough 10 crt:ate II h~tile work environmenl, bulllllllCh liabill1y on Ihe employer lhrough either e()worker horussment ]llus negligence by the empJoytr or by SUIJoC rviM,lr hnr;IS~ men t coupled with Ihe employer', I ~c k of

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FaragherlEJlerth Affirmative Defense In F(It'(lsher and Ellerth.the United StllttS Supreme Coun held an employer is liable for /lIl ne tionable hostile environment created hy u 5upervisor. when no tangible employmemuetion hns been taken. ,ubject to on affimlllt ive defense. nle defense consists or two necessnry elements: (D) Ihm the emilloyer exercised rellSo1l:lble cnre to provcn t and promptly correct :UlY seXually hllrnsSing bdlilvior, lind (b) that the plnintiff employee unrt:asonably fai led to tukc IIdvuntage or nny preventive or corrective OPIX»1 unhies provided by the employcr or to IIvoid haml otherwise. Both the Elevemh Circuit and other circuits huve bea un to nesh out the contours of this defense.

Employer's Reasonable Care to Prevent Sexual Harassment In /!f(ulmy 1\ flllblix Slipu lllarktJfs. IlIc.• 208 F. 3d 1290 (11th C it. 2000). the Eleventh Circuit identified two prongs of the tirst element the l·jlIT/gl,,:r tlffirrn Olive dcfen~e . The liflit prong is thlll the ell1llloycr exercised reasonnble care to pnvtlll kJi'.unl

haraS~ nlent . The Coun noted th;\t while the Supreme Coun he ld that II wrillen anti-har:lssment policy i~ not alwaYI necessary, it implied thlll promulgating and disscminatina nn anti·hamssme nt policy i5 normully fundnmentul in establishina reasonllblc I:are to prevent IICxual hllr:lssmc:n t. n le Coun. in M(u/my. also gnve some guidnnee regarding Ihe mi nimum requireme nts ror an anli·hllmssmenl policy'~ complaint pro<:edure to be considered to be effective. The Coun noted thll1 the employer's si:te, t()CllIion, geogmphic ~cope. organi7.lI1lon;'1 stnlclUfC. lind industry segUlent are W IIlC or Ihe chtlrhCleristic8 thm would hliVe ~ n imp:tl:l on tlli! urudysis. Dnlwing

LITIGATION GRANTS AVAILABLE The Southem fbvtrty Law ConUr'e Stnltoelc; LItigation Project Ie de"lgnul to assist lawyere In I1rlnglne worthwhile c;lvll rlehte and poverty law caeee that might not otherwise l1e I1rought, The project provide" mon~ry erants to cover out-of-pocket litigation coete typically In the $2,500 to $15,000 ranee_ The Project will al60 conelder req,ueete for funde to develop and dletrlbute civil rlghte litigation manuale and tralnlne_ ~~~

Please refer to wytW,"plcenUIdOIl1 for more application Information or send a l"8q,ueet for application Information to 5trtlteelc LitIgation Project, P.O. eox 2067. M on~o m ery, AL 36102 or fal( It to (:3:34) 956~6461.

254

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from Faf(lgliu nnd £1IU11t, the Eleventh Circuil held tile anti· hnrnssmc:nt policy of the defendant. l'ublix . sufficient because the policy did nOI requ ire Ihe employee to complai n to the offending supervisor or through the ~u pervIM)l"s t hai n or command, the policy provided multiple avenues or todging a eomplnll1 t to de§ignmcd representatives who wcre accessible to employces, nnd there: was no evidence the policy \VIIS adOpted or admi nistered in bad faith . 208 F. 3d lit 1298-99. As the Eleventh Circuit rcl:og ni7.ed in ' '-"(luld' v. SprimlUIl IIt'll ~ lllIIagj!lIJelll COII!/HIIJY. 200 I WI. 336007 (111h Cir. April 4. 2001) ~impl y promulgoting II facinlly sumcient policy is not enough; it rnu5t IIlso be tfftCliI'tly Iml'IMI~(/. In Fre(/erlck there were disputed issues of fact on this i~~ue because the plaintiff tcstified she ne ver received the policy and il was nOI posled in her work area. Smllh It FlrSI U"iOfl National BUlik. 202 F. 3d 234 (4th Cir. 2000) illuSlrnlCS another way that employers CAli f.ilthis fi rst prona. In Smilir, the employer's sexual hllnlSsmenl policy defined IICJHl!Il hurnnmeU\ onl y in terms or 5C,I\:ualud vllllCeS and othe r verbnl or physical eonduet of D .~exual nlIl Urc:, and failed to menlion discriminolioll on the basis of ge nder. nle Coun held the polil:y deliciellt fOr thul rcusau. becuuse the hurnssrnem suffered by the plnlntlff WflS gende r.bused but not 8exuully prtlvocotive. !lnd the policy did not proSl:ribc thmtypc or 11liI'llSSIIICnt.

Employer's Reasonable Care to PIOmptly CorTOCt Sexual Harassment The lICCond prong of the first element or the affimlmive defenJIC iK thut the employer used rousonable care to promptly correct any sexual hllJ'lissment or which it has notice. As M (I(II'll), recognizes. of course. the focus i~ fi rst on when Ihe emJlloyer hi's notice or the hilr.:assi ng belmvior. nnd then on whot steps thc I:rnploye r took. The Mal/I'll)' Court followed COllltis in looking to the employer's SCXUl1J Imrnssment policy 10 detemline when it would be deemed to be on lIotice of the hlr.t!lSmellt. The Coun held the plaintiffs' complnints 10 mid-level mnnngcN insufficient because they wen: not designated by tnc anti·hIlJ'llS.S· ment policy liS the npproprinte pel'WflS to receive ,uch complllinu. 20g r. 3d III 1299-1301. TItC: Coun funller held that evell if the mid-level managers 10 whom the plaintiffs cOntploined had becn the appropriate persons, the conlplninu were not suffil:icnt bcc!!Usc they did not fully explain the din ~nsion s or the harnssnlern 10 those mUllngel'!; or approACh them in A"proresslonnl cnpnciIY." It!, at 1301. For exnmple, one plnintiff eompl:lined to nn nssistnnt nllmnger at u rc:stn umnt (h!ring n pany for an depuni ng employee. She orll y lold the mllnaller thnl the hnfllsscd's behavior "mmle her sick." The Elevcnlh Cireuit had earlier appeared to insist upon It rormal (;()mphlint describing an on-aoing pattern of hnrossment to the representlltives designated in the conlpany'5 sexual hllfllSSment policy before the employer will be hc:ld 10 be put on notice in Co<tln \I SUIII/or 8fflllt!S, hre" 164 F. 3d 136 1 ( llih Cir. 1999).

Employee's Reasonable Use of PNventiw Or Corrective Opportunities nle second element of the FllfIIslJtrl!:.·/It rtll tlffirmlltive derense is "thntthe pillinlifT employee unrensonllbly failed to IlIke ndvll.ntoge of nny preventulive or rorrcctive opponunitie$

provided by the employer or to Itvoid hann othe rwise." In ~ i gna led thm it will require employees to make fQrnud. detailed complnim•• to the designated, 9Pprollriate comp;lny representatives to IIvoid this element of the affiml3tive defense. The Coun did indicate. however, that when a plaineirr repons harassing CQlldllCt in accordance with the employcr's policy, the cmployer is charged with knowledge of the humssmene hnd the employee hllS no duty to rtllOrt it a secOnd ti me, 208 F. 3d at 1302. In Frtdtrick v. S"rjll// Unl/ed M(lIIagemenl ComrHlny, 2001 wt 336007 ( 11th Cir. April 4 , 2001) the Coon recogllit.td thut extenuating circumstances call sometimes jU~l ify an employee's fail ure 10 tltnely usc the eUlployer's compll1lnt procedllre. '11c Court noted evidence Ihnllhe phlintirr did not receive the anti· harassment policy, did not understnnd oow to rtport a complnint under thc company's 2()..plIge C()(J~ of 61111es, lind wus lIdvised by one supervisor ilOIlO cOlllplnin to llmnngc mcul. in finding issues of fncl exi'ted as to whether the plllintiff had Ullrellsonably failed to use the CQmplain t procedure. See (llso Smith v. I-'/rSI Un;{J/1 NII/jollal &mk, 202 F. 3d 234 (4th Cir. 2000) (evidence thnt management-level employees discournged vletlrui from using eomplUlY's complaint procedure doomed the FaraglterlElhmlr affimllitive defense). Torres v. " /s(mo, 116 P. 3d 625 (2nd Cir. I997), although pre· daling Eller/It and HuYlgiru, illustrates (mOther wily in which a plaintiff call fail to reasonably follow lhe harltssment IlOlicy. In Torres, the phtlntiff complained to IIOmeone in management that she had been haroJSed but asked that her eomplnilll be kept conlidential for the time being. The Second Cireuit. fmming the question as whelh~r a supervisor breaches his duty to remedy hnnlssment by honorinllllUl ernl'loyee'~ request to refmln fl'OlI1 Ulking action until a luter date, declined to IInswer the question catcgoricnlly. The CQUrt opined Ihat if the hltl'llSsment were severe enough or there wert II number of employees being huras~ed . the employer would have a duty to act in spite of thc re(lliest not to act. In TOl'rts. because the harrulsmel1l wus relalively minor, the plaintiff WllJ the onl y victim, and was the only ferttO.le employee in the harasscr's office, it was 11m unreU.'lOnable 10 honor the plllintiff's request that no nClion be taken lit Ihat time. The Coun nffirmed surllllllll'y judgmenr for the employer. Employel1 shoukl be reluctlUl1 lo rely On Torru, of course. An employer who is ildvised of sexual harussnlCnt but hOflors a victi m's req ueSt I~ 10 take action against the harusscr ri$ks lia. bility, lind perhaps punitive dnlllogcs, if the harasser. tIS often happens, continues his hfU'lllIsment ngainst other employee5. Those 5ubscqucnlJy hnrassed emplOyees would then seem to have II Stronll ense agai nst the employer. Mac/my, the lJIeveruh Cireul!

dUCI. particuliU'ly if physical looching or threnls nrt present, IIIl: sufficicnt. Sexual rem!lfks or conduct not directed toward the pluimiff will be viewed as less severe than conduct directed toward the plaintiA·. In cases of supervisor harassment, Ihe employer will be lioble if the hnl'llssmem has culminntcd in a tnngible Ildversc employ· lI\ent action or if thc harasser Is un officer, di r~"tor. owner or perhaps top'Tankina company official. An employer will lliso be: liable where It has failed 10 promulgate a clear, effective: antihnfl\ssment policy or where il fails 10 toke promp4 fCmedia l action when \I complu!nt is nmde. The compa ny will be relieved of liability If Ihe plainliff without justificutioll fnils to resOrl to the employer's clear, effective nnti·ha.rassmcnt poliey. The Eleventh Circuit has indlelllcd Ihlll 011 onti·hllfl\SSmCnl policy should provide mul tiple aven ues for lodging a complaint to ncccs~ i ble company representatives, and inromlal complaints or eOllllllaints to per.lons nOI deslgnmcd in the policy Illay be lnulfficient . Co-worker harossrnenl will conti nue 10 be governed by a negligence standard, which is lliso an altern Olive standard for supervisor hllrassmcnt. Tile elllployer will be linble where it knows or should h~\le known of lhe hantssmem ond failed 10 tnke prompt remediuloction. Allenst wilh respect to employcrs hllving an nnti·harau ment policy, the issue is 1\0 longer whelher "higher mnnagemem" knew of the hnrassmenl, but the question will be whether n representative designated by Ihe compnny in ils IXllley knew of the hal'l1sSll1c nl. Sexual hllTllssrnent. ullfor\tlllntely. is II reali ty in our society. For the lawyer, whether representing the pc:r.IOn ollegedly hllrassed, or the corporation emplQying a supervisor or other employee who allegedly engaged in such innpproprinle conduct, the chlll1cllge Is essentilllly the slImc: Did the allcge(1conduct constilute actionable sexual harllssmenl unde r the elisting law? It is hoped that the informution provided here wm provide at lenst a plnce: to begin in evaluating such claims.

Endnotes filii u...u 11M rteOgIlIl8d two IypII 01 ........t .....UIIIWIl dItrna. quid ptO IMI

dIlms .... IIMI,II ~ tI,. . Ibd (JI(J QIIO d _ .... \hoMI1I oM\oCII • MIIIMIOI' c:cnIollOftl jOlt '*"'!;U CII lllellllml_ ro *~ W4W1 HoItill

ttWItorvntnt C"lIIIliIwo!Yo ol!enlivt tonduI;l Wlthoul r'lIO,ble lob Ctl!1!I\t{I1 n.. 10lrns lie 01 Iinlilod ~ .1181 {lltJrrh fII\I;! F~ ralher. UIIOOr fMaghtr WId EIIInIt IIlIIotIll' is _tty 011 whIltltll till IiIItsJn*lt hu Mllnlteeltn , ~ IdI'IIM .'~llC1ion or

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lhl ptllnloM . Iso ..good thlt lila Imployer wa, li,bI, undoI f"l(/hIf 100 {I/fIrll. I/'IIIIllC!ent lh1 erropIoyor', ntQIiQurU FMI(}IIIr tna {I/ftth II8d butn d.tielld willie lhtww _ 011_1

Conclusion While mnny issues remain to be: fleshed QUt. a,1d the endless nu mber of factual situations mltkes evaluating an indivlduul case a challenge, the U.S. Supreme Coon. lhe Eleventh Circuil and the decisions of other circui ts have given Alabnma prnclillOner$ eon ~ idcl'llble Iluidunce in evaluming sexunl harassment claims. l1\e Elevenlh Circuit hu indicated Ihal relatively brief or infrequent. mild, non' physical hlUlI-5SlllCl1 t is not IIevert or pcfV1lsive enough to create a hostile working environment. It appcurs that prolonged or frequcrtl sex unl or gendcr-bflsed remarks or con-

G... ld L Mm" IlwIIIl Moho ... "",* 111 ............. r... 01 fIedIWo. MoIJ.Io CIIrl III ~ hoi eA. _ _ tvtrI .... ~1II!I1hI ~'1Y or MontI'lllkl .... 1IIt J O. """'" _ . . ' - ~ SdIooI or lIoo. SMoIOIIl ~ ......... M _ . . . . . .,~'

IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIN

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Introduction IlIlhe 1989 case of lJ('rlltr I'. CIIItIIl'e/I, S43 So. 2d 686 (Ala. 1989). Ihe A I ~barn~ Supreme Court reco,ni7.cd und adopted the tOrt of wrongful or negligent tl"dn!l· mi ~sion of the sexually tnU1~lllined dis· case !lenital herpes (herpes sllllilielltype II). The court indicuted Ih:11 "such linbility could nlso be Imposed for lhe tmnsmission of other selluaJly trunsmilled di~ elL'iCS.'" Based on reponed cuse hlw apparently few casc.~ huve arisen u~ing the legallheory. Family law pmctiliolleN and litigptors should keep these potential theories in mind. however. in ellse they ure fllced with Ihe uppropriate factual cir· CUIllSlIlnces. This article will review the iJUlltr tlll\C and the l1eCt ~~llry elemenls of u wrongfullrflllSllIissiOIl claim. and will offcr and discus! SOllie practical considerations. by no means exh'lu!.tivt. an Alabama attorney should co n~i der when faci na such a clllim. 258

J U t. "

200t

8enJer If. CsIdw9II and

the Elements of a WrongfulTransmission Claim In Oum: r I'. CIJII/Il'('I/. the plnintilf. Sheryl Bcmer. alleged Ihal her former boyfriend and :;cxual p;lrtr.er. Don Culdwell, "negligently or incemiollully ItnnSmilled herpes SilllplcA vinlS lY1'e [I (genilnl herpeS) to her dunng the course of Iheir sexual relmlonship.'" Herner !>ued Caldwell rOf this wrong under Iheoric.~ of ncgligeoce. wantolllless. suppres· sion, mi~ rcpresentation. Dnd IlSsuult and ballery.' The trial court gnnted summllt)' judgment for Caldwell bccuuse, nccord· Ing 10 the supreme coun. "The tri~1 judge believed either Ihm the inference upon which the plaintiff relicldJ (was ] not strong enough to ~UI'I)[)rt lilly of the theoriu of rttOvery.' or that Alubama docs nOI recognize all actionable claim for the eonlmctil)n or II \'eBereul disease under Illly son or circumstnncu,''' The

Alnbanlll Sup reme COlin uffirmed su m· mary judiment as CO Ihe wantonness, Sllpprcu ion, misrcpresemntioll lind assnull and bllllery el:lirn5, but !'ever:;ed the SUIl\m:lry j udgmcill ns 10 lhc nc~li gence claim.' The: coun also recogniled "that a cause o f IICtiOll for the IQnious Inm~milllli ofherpcs si mplex viOlS type II (genital he(l)Cs) ellists unde r Ihe law of Alabama" and noted that "liability could fllso be impcned for the trIlnsmittal of other sexually trnmmitttd diSCllses.'" 'n It CfU lI orthe opinion reads: For ovcr a century. liability has been imposed on individua ls who llilve \rn nsmiued communicable dise:lse.t that ho\c harm ed othcl'$. This result is abo loni been I'l!lIchcd in Case5 dealing with the IrnnSmillOI of venerelll di ~euscs. Sevcral recent decisions in other jurisdiction8 h:lVe specifically imposed liability wher'e the disease involved WIIS genitnl herpes. This Coon find~ the reasoning of lhese cases persuasive Il:Jld n:cog-

Ilull II calise of neti!)n for the trnnsmittfll of herpes sim· plex virus Iype II (genital herpes) exists under the law of Alflbtlilla. Our holding i~ in line with the public policy of th i5 Slate. which .seeks to proteel it5 citiZens from infeclion by communicable diseliSCS. 111:11 polley cneompu$Scs sexually IrnnSlllll1cd discases. IL~ evidenced by Ala. Code 1 97~. Seclion 22· 11 , 2 1(c) (S upp. 1988). which ~tll t es: Any IX!l'SOn amiclCd with a sexuall y tl'llllSrnilled discll$C who shall knowingly trun~ · mit, or lIS5ume the risk of trunsllliuing, or do any ac t which will probably or Ii"cly lransmit sueh disease 10 allot her ptl'l!on shall be 8uilt y of a Class C rni5dclllcanor, ThaI civil liability. 10 be: de ter· mi ned IICCOrdi ng to Ihe Irndi tionfll rules of lorllow. should also mInc h 10 ullow recovery for do.mnga resulting fmm the trll~smission of nil.c~

lonioll~

n sexunlly tfullsmiucd disease Is n nanlml corollary IU Ihe 1Clislatlve will U$ swltllorily expn:sscd. Wi1h lhe rise ill the number of reponed cuses of sexually transmitted dis· eases. IIlld in vieW of Ihc harm lhal resul ts from the$(: disclUe5. the: Imposition o(such civUliability is clearl y wllrnllltcd, While We will not discuss all of tile elemeJlts of a claim for the tortious tfll1lSl11lt t!11of genilUl herpes. we dcem it necessury 10 provide some guidaoce concerning the i~\le of Ihe duty of Ihe infecled JllIrty. We Imld thut onc who knows, or should know. Ihat he 0 1' she is Infected with genilal hcrpc5 b under a duty II) either absllill (rom scxl1l1l contact with others or. ht lenSI. 10 warn 01hc:1'lI of the infection prior to huving contlU,.1 with Ihe m.•• ,

Whilc

thl ~ Coun docs lIot tleem h ncccUllry in the present n;c: to give such Q delailed ruling, we do

1111

IUI"I

I 11I1IH

2.7

IIgree lhm Iradiliono.l tort prillci. pies, governing both the CIIlISCS of

action and nny defenses, apply in n

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258

JUI.Y 2001

t<> ~ •••

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case dealing with linbllily for Ille trnnsmi ttal of ge nllitl herpes. we further nOle dIm, .... hile the focus of this case is on liability for the trullsmiunl of gellltn l herpes, such li ubility could al~() be Imposed for Ihe InlU~millal of tllher sex ually tmnsmined discases,' We ca n glelln the following. then, from lhe HUlin opinioll! hI) II cause of action exists ill AlahullllI for tortious Irunsmissian of genital hcrpcl, (b) a similar cause of action for tort ious transmission of other scxually transmitted discaSC5 exists.' (c) Il':lditional IOrt principles, inelmJing the possible CIlUlitS of lIetioll, the c1emems of proof necessary, the damage.!! rceoYernble, and the defenses avalluble, iovem, und (d) the dUlY of lin infected person is either 10 absllIin from sex ual COnlaet or \0 wllrn polent illl sex plIrtntl'!l before interco\ll'5C. Also, Ihe Hl'rn(!r opinion very clearly 511UCS and emphnsizes the public policy ofthi5 stille: to use Ihe IXlIClllill1 of both ei vil nnd criminal liability 10 protect Alubllmn citizens from infecti on by communIcable tllldior seXUlllly transmitted diseuses." Borrowini fmm tmd iliollfll 10rt I)rillclpies, as the /J'!I'Iltl r CCl urt suggests, Ihe elemelll5 of a cuuse or aetion for negligenttnans mi ~sion ora sexually tnansmi tled di seuse would be: ( I) Ihe exiSlem:e of a du ty on the defendant's pan, (2) the defendlllH'j bl'ew.:h (Jf the duty owed, (3) clluution bClween the ddcndant's conduct and the plaintift".'1 injuriC!l, and (4) resulting injury or dlllll1ge to the 1)laintiff." The lIemer decision, 1Ilso, very clellrly sets fonh the duty owed, lhe class of person~ owing the dUlY, lind the clllSS of perSQns 10 whom Ihe dUlY Is owed. In relevnnt purt, Ihe coun 5111Ie$: "We dcem it ncecssllty 10 provide some guidance con. cerning the issue of Ihe dUly of the infected party. We hold that One who knows, or ~hould know, thm he or she is infected with [a scxuully Irflnsmilled d i.~ easel is under II duty to eilher abstllin from $C:xuul contact wllh others or, III lell.'it. to WIll11 others of the infec.lion prior \0 hlwi ng cOlllaet wilh them."" The duty owed is to ei ther ubstllin fronl sexu-

III contnet or to Wlll11l1 potential partner before intercourse (Ilnd fll]upbly to pr0vide II potential sex partner with an Infomled or lIdequlIte warning ): Ihe class of persOIlS owing the duty lire th ose per. iOns who know or rt:asonubly ~hould know Ih31 Ihey have a scxulllly transmit. ted disease: and the clliSS of pel'!lQn5 10 whom the duty is Owed art per~OM with whom the infetted party Ilnticiplltcs having sexulil conlllel, 1be brcach of duty clement wou ld upPCItT 10 be met when the pillinliff su bmits evidence lh nt an infected defendnlH has sexual CQmaet wilh the plaintiff withOUI givinS an infonned or lIdequnte wamini. The iS5ue of WMt is an infonned or Ildcqunte warning has apparently not been uddrcssed by the court to dale. One can foresee, howe\l(r, future eourtg borrowing eOflCCpts from medical informed COUse lU case 111\\ and/or from fllil ure to warn of defect cluims under AEMLD, Both potentiul .wurces nPI>ear 10 call for II standard of reasonableness under tile particular cireurnstllllCes." Thus, whether II wllming is informed or ade(IUllle should hinge on whethe r a reasonable person would dee~\ it so under the circulTl$tl1l1Ces of the particular cosc. 'I"e causation clement of the tort is, perhaps, the most problc.mlllic. In the lJeflltlr ClIse, Bern cr prescMed evidence thlll Culdwell WllS the only person with whom she had litxual conUlCtllnd thaI she did not have the diseaw: prior to her relationship with Caldwell," In 1()(loy's society this proffer mighl be diffieuh, Other avenues of cstllbli s~ ini causation, however, muSI exisl and would depend, necessarily, on the particular facts of each individllal ellsc. For (U.umple, one could lIuume Ihln evidence of II monogll. mous rellli ionship for II ~umcient (inlount of time coopled with expert testimony could mect the causation clemertl. It seems plausi ble, IIlso, that I)roof of sexual cont act only wllh the defendant for II sufficient time fmme, again coupled with expert tcstimony, could nteer the causation clement. The Injury or damage clernent would b]lj'lClIt 10 be. rnet when the plaintiff sub. mlts evidence, suc h as luborn tory tCSt resultS, that he or she hll.!t eOllll'llCted the disealit." Assu ming proof of actual infection, the pluintiff would arguubly be nble

to recover special dllmages lIuch 115 medielll expenscs lind lost eanlinlls. as well as dumages for pain lind ~ufferin g lind mental distren. ia addition to IIny othcr damages pl'OJthn~tel y rciulting from Ihe wrong." Oiscusslon of the Injury or damage clement of the Ion leads. qui te logically. II) the question of whether fear or app!'C hension of eontrEting a !lCxulllly tmnsmilled disease alone (lhlll is. without evidence of nctulIl contmction of Ihe disease) would support a ellU!IC of ac tion. While this issue j, beyond [he scope of this article, [here Bppear to be no reported Alabamn ea!IC1 recogni1.ing a cause or fIC tion for rcur or IlPrlrohcl1sion of contracting 11 sex UI~lI y tmns mlued dlsellse. Argunbly, Imy such clnim wou ld nUl afoul of Alnbnmn'$ well estllblighed 1;1W thllt no CIlUse of uction exists in this Stnte for negligent inniction of emOlionnl distress, which Is. in reality. whitt fenr or Ilpprehension of contracting such II dillelISe would beY Discussion of the cleme nts of Ihe ton also mise.~ the question of what affinnative defenses might be nvailable to ch;lllenge 8 claim. lJecause trnditionultort principles govern. under Bernt'r defen !ICS such lU cofUributory negligence, "ssumption of the risk, and the statute of limitations would be II v~ilnb1e under the approprill1e toctual circumstances." Also. the defenses of n!S jl/die(l/i/, collateral c.~ top pel tmd release can Ilpply under the appropriate eircumsllUlces. and the pructitioncr should be mindful of these. particular Bnd very I)()wctful defenses esl>ccinlly if the tort mists in a murital sell ing.

Some Practical Considerations: Joinder, Jury v. Bench Trial, Res Judicata and Release As a prac tical matte r a fnmil y law pmctitioncr or litigator would mo~ t likcly eomt into contact with a potential wrongrultrunsmiHion plaintiff ill II divorce cuntc:xl." Con ~ idering Ihnt Bemer and Cild ....'ell were unmanied. however, this propo! ition i§ not IllwllYs SO. - Au urning the IIlwyer agrees [0 rep. resent the potential plaintiff in both n tort action and II divolCC action, certain prnc-

tical problems arise. If the lawyer l1grets to rcprcsentthe potential plai ntiff in onl y ont of the potent ial IICtlonS. he or she should monitor the other uc[ion. including selllen~fU discussions, very closely. First, Ihere is the practical issue of whether to join the two JIOtcntil1l clllims. and, if jQincd. whether to sever the cloims (or lri nl. The prnctical lHl5wer to this iuue depends on whether [he potential tort (;llliumn t demnnds n jury triul. From II pmcticul slfll1dpoint. joining the two eluims could reduce COSts. such liS those l1uociuted with di sco~ery. Sc<:ond, if the two claims ore nOl joined, there Is the issue of potential res jllt/le{//a effect or relellse in One IIction. The All1bama Supreme Court hus given ~Q l1le guidance on theJe mallers . •• lc court has indicated thu. 111 least when the tort clnim nri k s in the marital context. joinder of the claims in one action b best. although the trials might have to be seve.red. In CoIl!mllll I'. CO/l!,.wn, S66 So. 2d 482 (Ala. 1990), the Alabama Supreme CQ\IM faced;t fonner wife's cillim [hpt hcr husbllnd. during their marriage, negligeml y or wantonly, tra nsmined a ve nercal discll$C to her. Mrs. ole man ~ ued Or. Colcman for divorce allesin, adultery. and thcn. after ~lI lins all issues in the di vorce lind entering into a settlement Itgreement containing I mutual release, sued Dr. Colem!'in in tort for the wrongfultrnnsmission." The trial coun gmnted o sum mary judgment ror Dr. Colel1llln une! Mrs. Coleman appeuled.lI 'l1u,: supreme coun llmrmed the ~u mm ury judgl1lellt holding. ill c s~c nce. that Mrs.

•

Colempu had rolca!ICd her tort cloim in thc prior di vorce action." " Ie Coltm(ltr court discuned I)f'ior case law" on the issue of marital ton elnims and suited, "Those eascs. read togethe r. do nOl e.~tablish a ienera! rule thlll a di vorce action rout indy prccludC5 Q fortner SpotiSC from ~uins [he other in tort based upon acts that occurred duri ng the marrillge. Ruther, each elise must be examined on its own faet! and circumsta nces."" 1be importllnt "ftIClS and cirCUlllstances" aplJoCar to be whether Ihe tOrt !let ion is filed before a final divorce judgment is rendered. whether then: was II settlement agreement and how broad the l"n, uIIge of that agreement is. lind whether the tOrt i.~s ue WIIS act ually d i ~ cussed or uscd (e.g.. for levcrnge in SCttlement) in the divorce proceeding." The C"/c/IInn court quoted with steming 0lllH'ovolthe trlol court'! rclhtnee on P stotement In 1' '1:111'. UII/IIIIO". 503 So. 2d 830. 832 (Ala. 1987) thlll "With the

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IIIII{IUII/I/III)I/{

. .9

me!'iet of Inw lind equity, and given the libcrnl joinder allowed by the Alubllmh Rules of Civill'roccdul"e, Ihere is 110 reuson why :111 ~now n claims belween spouses in II divorce ac tion should nOI be stltled in Ihm litigation."" Impon:lJltly, the court 5tlltcd: We would 111M! rc:cognb.c, as the trinl (."Ou rt properl) did, thm in siwmionAsuch liS this, a spou,'IC i5 fneed with sevcrttJ nvc n uc~ of properly preserving 0 cillirn for darnagcs! First, if Ihe spoust does nol intend a release or 11.11 known claims, he or she l;OOld expressly rese-rYe a tort cl:aim fro.n lhe seldement nnd then ~ub5C<lueruly Slle in tort. Second, the divorce defendtull could countcrcluim with n detlllHld for dumuge.~ based upon uny tort claims or the spouse pl:lintilT could also include a tort eluim in the divorce case, B«aJSC a trial by jury is not provided for in divorcc netion~ in Alabanul, the trinl court

AI Ceny $pfnu!'s Trial L~ Coktt ~ Jtminen; "fill! !rain IIIld edoott ~ lor lilt pt!(JfIIe (\IWtm who /tpJetIlI pW~ in eM eMel II1d aimNI cId(!IW ~) irl tINi methods dHipd. ~ IIIld QlChi . Gtl'ry 5ptfIce's ~ COIqe It ~ 1WldI ... DuboIs. W'f'OI'ninc. bctt stmIl'\If is III irltMioIe IIIn<IHn wortJhop dImJ whitII you "MIl be txpO$tCIlO 1M ~e lilt Gtl'1Y Sptrx:e Mel'Jod Uusft It lite TriillfWytn Collett,

You wtli IN", 10: - know !tit jury: • WIdmUnd lie iudtt: • alIWI into ~ hide Dillie wIIness Ind will; -and. IIIiII ~ h hond IIIe Ceny Speta Method t.ught It lite Trill Ll'IIVrrt CoIItgt. II you IIttnd 0IIf oIlhese ftaioMl semiMn., you ..... WobII," powerluI_ 100ft MIld! wi tltanse 'fOUl" lilt lind ItIt ~ "'" P*lkt 1M.

..., I iii 1ft" 'I .• .IoItn F, bft. 0Bnge County Public ~

coold sever the claim for dllmagc, lind set lhe severed enst for II jury lrilll, Rule 2 1. A.ltCiv.l'," 111C triul coun 8hOlll<l lICver Ihe trials of the divorce lind Ihe IOrt chlim to pte!!Crv!: Ihe right to trinl by jury, IIssuming Ihlll Q jury is demanded on the Ion clll.im," The l:awycr(s) should be mindful of rtf juilir.II/(I lInd colilltcrol eSTOppel. however, lind do thcir beg1 to 5cl'arnle Ihe TOrt issue froll! The issue of fault for the breakdown of the mnt'riagc. 111C Alabnma Coun ofCiv!l Appeals hM indicated thm. "Whether Ih.1l claim la tort claim I may proceed or whcther il is baITed by The docTrinc of fY'S jll(l/caw is 10 be determined by the judge to whom (Ihe lortl clnlm is assill.ned, and not by the judge who presided over Ihe divorcc mallet'll,""

Other Possible Causes of Action for the Wrongful Transmission I hove purposefully referred (0 Ihu 10M here II.~ wrongful or tortious u'Illl§missioll of II sexually trnn$milled di ~ast because I believe IhnT other po55ible causes of aetion could lie for the .~amt: conduel. In B(lmcr, the plaintilf'5 complllinl rontained theories of negligcnce. wuntonness, fmud, suppressiOn, lind nS!IImlt nnd ballery." ' 11e coun nrtinncd sumnmry jUdgmenl on olilheories bul nCi;ligence bcc:lUse of lack of proor or lack of sufficient proor.1I This rc:sull doo nOt n~n neceuarily that Bemt:r', other theorics would not lie , iven the proper facts ~nd subtn i ~s ion of sufficicnt evidence. ·n le lawyer 8hould consider these OThcr Iheories, nnd pcrhnps even othen;, bused on Ihe unique fllcls ond drcuntstances of his diem's case."

.., . . ".,., IJI'fIdb ,... . . . _

- - - - - - - T O C C O A . GEORGI" - - - - - - Novembe.IS-I8,lOC)1

n.s~.IoMOII"'dft .... doWc~ 't'ov"'~tqll)WdlD""~elle(#ry~ MdtIod IluJlt III \III Ifill i.rNyf<1 COIfte IIId wi ~ to ~!hI jury to aM 10.,.,... dItfn. '''.~ J""U ...,,' ., IN AHIN.ANU.

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TUm()N fOIl UoOI RMIMAA 1S'1,HO 1ltCW00/'IC IlOOIiIl. tKWtO NtD MAlIltlAu,

OUL JT)l.IAYFOIt mUll Al'i>UCAT7ON IiNItOI.lMENT IlUJoffT7i/N

GERRY SI'EN CE 'S TRIAL LAWYERS COLLEGE 1'.0. 80" 260

JU L Y 2001

Conclusion The tort of wrongful tfl1nllni~slon of II 5Cxulilly trnnsmitled diseps(, estoblished in fJemcr 1\ ClIltI....f!II, 543 So. 2d 686 (Alii. 1987), has oppnrcntly been used litlie by prnctitioners, This wriler hilS locntcd only one other rcponed Alalxuna ease involving the tort: Colem(!n It Colemf.ln, 566 So. 2d 482 (Ala. 1990), The Colt'm(m case explores lind offers sOllie guidutlce to prneticnl iSSUC5 surrounding

the ton and IIctuai ly pursuing recovery on the theory. The clements of. and Iloverning pri nci. pies concerning. wrongful transmission lite familiar because tlley are borrowed from tmditional ton j uri ~prudence. Although many qJcstions concerning this Ion remain common sense lind n:fer· ence 10 Il'I\dilion(ll ton princi ples should resolve most qUe.!tions. al least until thc coun speaks on the ton agai n. The family law practitioner lind liliga· tor 8hould keep this ton in mind for usc: under the proper faclS and circu mstance5. Given the e:d sten:e of widespread lind even epidemic scxulllly lra n ~ m i tted d i ~ enses, such as AIDS, no doubt the legal community will hlwt Ul llpi t opport uni ty 10 usc Ihe theory In Ihe fulllre,

Endnotes lMm«. c./rI.wII, S43 So 2d 681!, m!AII t989L Cil"'Q, 0MnI (..-t!Iy Cof"ss.

CotntrII':1t. AlOS-

Llabihl'j 101 NegliDolt Str\IIII T,onStnlssion. 18 ClImb. L IItY 691119811) 2.

s.n..: so So 11111681

.... ,.

4 Ihe inference ",,"lid \0 " an "Itllence that ~I Wli 1M only ptl'5OI'I -MIG UIlAd ' - IIlII'IStIIItted !hi dI_ l1li

a.m..

111_'1 688. Thill iltwence _

IIIIPPOIIIId l.,;tualty I1r (I ) Be".." hiving C(IrIIIk*l1hI dlltMt, 121 Iht . .se being _ I118t till otir be COIItfICUMlIJI' MlIIIII COOIIClI3I CIIcMtIIIlIIflo till ooIy ~ WIlli whom Ikmer hid irJIl· .... III1bU11 eonI.c:t. ond (() a... noI IIIWIg !hi dl!IWII beton tlllMI ....tJDnshIp

5 Betrw, SO Sa 2d .t 688 8

'he

Ie! o;o.wt lever_lilt w$I'ItOMlJS. suppt'QIOII, miuepl&5M!8\1on.1M'od .,l&\Ilt IIICI b.!U.,.., cl."", on tvitIe!1tl&ry IIIdo; 01prOOIl"D~I, 1OCi1lOl1Jll)ll" onHy, bIeIuse thGM thIv! tI will not lie SM, &met, !i4] So. 2d at 688-189, 590 ~n 'tatll, IPlltlllcelly, -that Ulllltion! I1(Kt ptinc;lplel, gowtn· Iflg both the COOS81 ol8CtGl and .fIY ooleom, .PI!IY In. tn. dIII~flg wltllilt/ilil'j lot thl "ansmit· III of (IOtI,tall'Mlil>/ll' III JI 8'l1

'he

Ie!

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Thll Ad visory Strvlces is a spccialii'.ed consuhing finn with cJlipcricnccd consult:mls who devise solutions 10 complex busi l~s problems and disputes. Founded in 1996. the timl Spccinlizes in providing finn ncin1. economic and strnlegic counsel to oompanies involved in liti&(IIioll. finflllCifi l challenges and nUlllogemenl pcrfoml:ltlCe issues,

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CLE Opportunities Tho Alabama MolldmolY ClE CommissiOIl continuolly IlVOluates afld approves in· state. as wollas nation· wide. proglams which aro moilllained in a eomput8f database All are identi· fied bV sponsor. location, d<tte and spocialty area. FOI' I COIT(llete listing 01 CUII8fl1 CLE opportunities 01' a calendar. contact the MCtE Commission offico at j334) 269·1515. Bxtension 117, 156 or 158, or you may ~iow a complete list· illQ of cUllom progl8ms at the stato bar's Web site, www, a/aoor.org,

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On the Road Again ... Since 11$ inception In 1995, the AOAOSHOW has covered the stale 01 Alabama visitillfllocal bal associalions, The ASB is prood now to Include Iree CtE components as a t)(lIlolit to Alabama lawyors. Contact Susan Andre s, dilector of communications, al (334) 269·1515, e ~ten$ion 132, or e·mail sandros#alabar.Dfg for details. The following hoe CtE programs' aro availablll:

• The ASB's law Oltice Manaueroonl Assistance Program Director Laura Calloway has lho answers 10 your questions on ewrything from cJi1ll1 relations to ComputOf software.

• Tho director of I/le Alabama lawyer Assistance Program, Jeanne Marie leslie, raises awareness and uOOoutanding of substance abuse within the plofesslon and tells you how to bo parI of the solution to this growing ploblem, • Judy Keegan, directOf of the Alabama Center lor Dispute Resolution, brings you a summary 01 the latest updates aOO important cases frttn the 'ast·growing areas of mediation and arbitration. • Geoeral Counsel Tony Mclain keeps bar members infOfmed of tilt Il'Ile$l ln disciplinary issues and maiO! legal developments in Alabama and across Iho notion. • Volunteer Lawyers Program Olroctor Linda lund has develoPlld on ethics and prolessionel component covering significant dovolopments on a local and national level. 'Each elE CDmpor.etlt is available in one- to three-hoor lor11'l<lts,

All signs lead to free CLE. AlABAMA SfATE BAR To Serve the Profession 1111

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he Offiee of the Anomey Oenerol is the most diverse: low finn in the state, I often refer to this office afTcctionntcly M the luw timl of the peoVle of Aluballla, I\ssi~tantllnof neys general hundle:I wide I'l lllge of legul issues in the trial and appellate courtS Dnd Ddministmtlve tribu nal". Thefe lite approxi. mately 70 aSSiStllf,tlltlorneya aencral on the office pIlyroll, and the office is sUPllOl'ted by and provides assiS\imce lind direction on Icgal manel'S 10 oycr 130 8ssiSIantand de lluty attorneys aeneml in other depMmems lind agencies of state government. In this unicle, I will proylde nn overview of the history nnd fu nctions of the Office of Attorney General. Many lawyers Illlly be familinr with ~Ollle of our work but UIl r:Illliliur with Olher re~ponsibilities thatllrt polentially releyuntto their clients, This overview will help fill thllt (CliP,'

Histoty of the Attomay General TIle uttomey

ge~erol

is lin office of undent origin :

The office of allomey ge neral is older thnn the United States . . . . As chief legul representmive of the kin g, the common law auorney ge ncml wll.~ c:lcnrly 5ubjeclto the wishes of the crown, but, eyen in those time" the office was 11150 a repository of power and discretion: the volume and Yariety of I~gal mauefll involving the erown and lhe public inler\"..~t mode such lilllited independenee II practiCAl necessity .... , , . IT lhe Duorney.~ general of our stntes huve enjoyed Ii sillnlficunl degree of 1I111ononly. Their dUlies und powers typically arc not exhbustively defined by either constitu· lion or stmute bJt include all those ellerdsc:d at cOlllmon law, There is and has been no doubllh!llihe leslsllllure may deprive Ihe Illlomey lenera! of specific powers: bill in the ubsencc of such legislative !Iellon, he typicall y muy exercise all such tluthorit y us the public i ruerc~t requires. And the nttorney ge neral hn~ wide disc retion In Ilmklng the dcterrnin~ti(lt11l5 to public Intere~t . ~, tX rt/ Slitl';" 1\ £.uOI' Corp .. 326 F.2d 266, 268-69 ir. 1976) (fOOInOlC5 omitted), See gellemlly SUI/I! Allom,,'J Ge/leraf: l 'owerJ (wd RI!~f1011J1bllilil!J (Lynne M. R0S5 cd. 1990) (di$Cussing at length the historiealand modem powers Ltnd responsibilities of a1l0meys general of the 30 stmes). The Office of Attorney Generlll of Alobanm wus ercmcd in 18 19 by the fi rst eonstitution of Alnbamu. The "norney gellCl'll1 was elected by the legislature until the adovtion of the constitu. tion of 1876, whicb re'llIlred popular election of the attorney gencral. TIle office was part of the judicial bntnch until 1868 when the office bcc:lln)C part of the executive branch. The term of offiee was also reduced in 1868 to two yean, Ilnd in 1901 the term returned to four yelln,

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The al10mey generol was liT!it allowed to hire a clerk in 18%. In 1907, the first assistant attOrney general was pr<lyided a sulory of$I,300 II yeM, hI 1915. the auorney generol lOIns given the uuthod ty to hire as IlIlIny assistnn ts n~ he deemed neccssllry and sct their salaries with the approyal of the governor, In 1939. with the pl.Is~ase of the Merit Sylilem Act. the hiring lind Ilmmotion or employees of the office became subjeci to the niles of the StUle Personnel Bourd. As the chief legal oflleer of the SllIIe, the attorney general enjoy~ wide discretion in directing Iitigil1ion. The nllomey genernl "may . .. stlllCrirlletld und direel the prosecution of lilly erimillld elL~e in lilly of Ihe courts 01' the stute." Ala. Code' 36-13-14: see IIf.\'() Gr(ll/(/ick I'. Ga/(lUvS, 379 So.2d ~92 (1\Ia. 1982). '''e ullorney general al50 directs and controls all civil litigation concernins the !tllte, AI(I. Code f 36- 15-21; Ex 11lIrle 1V1!Q\'u, 590 So, 2d 615 (Ala, 1990) and indc:cd, no luwyer may represent the state Ot nny of its departments. aStociCli, or inSll'\Jmenlalitic:.~ unl~s Ihe lawyer hru been dc.~ignalc:d liS an assistantllllomey selleml or a deVllty OItonley gencntl. AI(I. C{J(le ~ 36' 15-1. The IcgL~IA ture has alNo ptOYi(led lhm "(IJhe nllorney general shflll haye and rcwin all of the roweN!, duties, find nuthonty herelofore grnru«\ or authQriled by the constitution, statutory law, or the common law.'" Ala. Code' 36-15-1.1, Although my office and staff are lodged in Montgomery. in fllCt, our Inwyel'S respond to demunds and trovel Ihrou&houl the state, appearing In federnl and ~I ate courts, and handling ()Iher non-litigation matters Stntewide.

Divisions and Duties of the Office With mol'll than 200 (lssistont ullorneys generalln seryice to the Stote, the Offiee of Auorney Genenll i~ Ofgnniz(d- like 011 mojor law fimlS- bascd on atcliS of ~pcc:inlty. TIler( lire ten divisions of ullomeys In the office, ellCh with R chief who then reports to the Attorney General, Chief DepulY Attornty General Richlml Allen, and Chief AssiSllInl Anomey Gencml Rosa Onvis in the exccutive division. Ovcr tilllC, IISsistnnt bllorneys gellenll hn ve nal'l'owed their practices, and accordin,ly new divisions of spcciulisis huye been ereated,

In 1998, pIlrtially as a response 10 liligation chalkngin(C the Ihen-existing procedures, I trealed the Admilli strtlli~e lienrillgs Division 10 provide a ntutml pallel or administrnti ve IlIw judses (A U s) for hearings of state (tgentics, /xIards and commissions. In 1997, the legislature passed the Office of AdrninlJlrntiye Hearings Act. but the GoyernOt vetoed that bill. I supponed lhe ActiO Improve: itdminiMrnliye hearings lind. after liS failure , created Ihls division siaffed by fOllr uttonteys with broad experience in goyennl1ent practice. These AU s work In scparntc quar. ters and nre nOI exposed 10 the agency anomeys ond employees 1111

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2.'

involved In administrative hearings. Hewings IIrt COndUCted 110t only in Montjomery but around the sUite: 33 OOl.llllles were vis· ited Ill'it year. The chid of this di vision is W!llIer 1\Imer. who hIlS $('.rved eightnuomeys gencl'tll. This voluntary model was ndopled in Tennessee, which allowed IIate agencie8 10 use independent and profe.\sionnl AUs 10 leam the benefils of this process. Tennessee now has an indepcndelll cenlnll panel of AU s with mandatory jurisdiction, I hope Alllbnlllo fQllow~ thllt eXllmple. Lust yellT, 26 agencies used the serviccs or tile AU s, Act 2000.7 18 provided SlllIe employees who hnve been denied benelit8 rcl:l1ed 10 ullq;ed work injuries Ihe right to appeal 10 this division. Three of the AU , are mediators reaistered with the Alnbumn Stille Bnr. One AU is a Fellow of the Stllte Agency Alternlltive Dispute Resohuion I~ram . ~ IJtigafk>n

This division reprel>Cnts Ute Stme in nllllppellis of dC1Uh senlences. 1'hl5 reprcscntlltioll inell,ldes stpte dircct llppeal~: state post.eonviction pr'OCeedillg5, under Ru le ofCriminnll'rocedure 32: federol hllbea~ corpus proceedinS5: und e~ee ution proceed. ings. all potentinlly. und oftcn in pmctiee. involving appellis 10 the United StlllCI Supreme Coun. In IIddltion, tht: lI\tomeys ill this division ttdYiIit judges, district llllomey. und their IISsistunts, and victims' fllmille! Ilbout tht: law of capital punishment. The chief of this divio;ion is Clay Crt nsllllw. The work of litis di vision eoruinuts to arow. There are 183 inmates on dellth row. at least one from ellch of 42 countie:;, and their average Stuy is 13 yem, Lust year. the SllIte e~ccuted four inm utcs. lind this year we expeel 115 mun y Ilnd possibly more e~ecutionJ. 11ifleen new apl)Culs were riled 1 :I~t yellr. however. On May 19, 2000, the Supreme Coun of AlubUmu, at 1IIy nnd Ihe Governor's reqllcst. unllnimously ndopled lIew ntles to streamline this proce~5 by subjecting tiircctnplltllls to tl'Ue ccr· tiorllri. not nUllldutory. review. Since then. tht: coun hilS denied cenioruri in litvtral cases, thus shaving n YClLr or Illore off Ihe process and lessening. to a dtgret:, the trcrnencious workload on my dedicated staff of eapilallitigfttion lawyers. c:on.tJtudonaI DII,.,., This division WIiS eremed in 1999 to represemthe State in compleK civil litiglltion in pri11lMily the federal 1:0111'1 5. This division hnlld lt~ institll tlonallhigation nnd civil rights, voling rights nnd employment discrimlntuion cnsts, tmd worked ill 23 counties Illst ye/ll', A I1ltljor focus of this work hilS Included rep· rcsentllliOn before the Supreme Coun of tho United Stllies with victories to report in four important fedemlism CIISCS: Kimt:l l'. Florida B()(1(t1 <'! RtgelllJ. 528 U,S. 62 (2000) (stote immunity from llIoney damages in age diJeriminllIion cases): B(}(lf'(l of 'f'yusleU o/Ille U"il·trJity of AItIIN.",llI \\ G(my!ll. 53 1 U.S. 3:i6. 121 S. CI. 95:i (2001) (slate imrnunit y from money damagcs in disabilities discrimination CIlSU): Slfrl;fie/(f v. Kellt')', 53 I U.S. 28, 121 S. t. 446 (2000) (dismissed legislhtive redistrieting clue where ploilllilTs lacked stlllldinj): lind A/txwultr I'. S(IIIclQI'OI. __ U,S.. - ' 121 S.CI. 1511 (200 1) (no privmc dght 10 enforce tlisplImtc impact regulutlons IIgnil1sl the State), This division IIho coordinates our non·crimil1nllQw work ns nn IIIII/CIIS Clm'lIt' in the Supreme Coun. The chief of this di vision is Mllrl!,llrtl F'1[mlnl:. 266

J ULV 200t

CrlminItI Appr

Tllis division is the 1:lIlCSI in the oifK.'C. It represcnts lhe Suue in all nwcnls (frorn all 67 counties Ia..... year) in state lind fedetal coon for all non-capilJll criminal mattm. In 2000. the division received 2. 14 1 new case a.\.~iglUnenlli.1Uld in t"tddition, handled 11l1li1)' n>hearin8 IiflPlicntions. responded to numerous petilioos for writ of ceniornri to the Sl,IprenlC Coon of Alubarll.l. and conducted Rule 32 heluings in 12 coun1its 1U'OIliKi the SlllIC. Qenemlly the division enjoys a success mlc of aboll195 percent. This division i~ eulTtntly representing the Stll\e illtllC Supreme Coul1 of the Unitoo Smles in the cB.~ of Sltllt I'. Bo~lIIlm. no. ()().492, which involVCll whether the Rile of hlllll1lcss error IIpplic.~ to the trnn.~fCf of pr1!101K,,"IIi under the InterSt<1te Agr'l:ClUellt on i)elliineill Act In liddilion, the Coon granted Alabama's petition for ccnioruri in ;\/(J/xmlll v. $/ld/w to ~yc a connie! wnong the SlIItes and the federoJ eireuilll on the npplieation of the righl to tourlStl in criminal misdemeanor cases where the ihn:m of Imprisollment exiw. The chief of thi.~ division is Slindni SteWll". TIlis division Investiglllcs complai nts involving ai r and wllter pollution, hll1.llrdOliS wuste, und other t nvironlllcmni matters. Its allorn ey~ rile either civil complaints or prosecute cri minnl cases. Ellvirnnmentul Inwyers from this omee trllveied to 51 Aloooma toun t ie.~ lust yenr, Although this division worh closely with Ihe Alubllmll Depattl11ent of Environmcntal Manngement, this division onen initintes independent legal proceedings. Thi~ division also devc lop~ I)roposed regulations and legislation, Recent work of this di vision ineludes sctllemcnlli in clean wattt Cb$C$ involv. ing the Dohon (Gwrgia) utilities boord and the City of 1\tscllloosu. The ehlef of this division is e nlg Krtelsel. This divi~ion represents Ihe State in civil "nd I\dministnllive mlillers. The mUliers directed by this division fUlI,e from defen~e of prisoner IitlglltiOIl, defe nse of agenciel in Ildministl"J' live heari ngs. 4Jld the rcprcselllmion of the Stme in personal injury, contmercinl, and Cl)ntnietulll mllllers. Luwye1'8 from this division handled matters in 41 Alabama counde!l in 2000. TIlt chi tf of tlth division is nm G a r~CI , und Mill Udcher is section chicf for litigation and udministrtltive hearin,s mauers. Tbe civil divl$ion also encompasses tWO sections thm rcprc!:iCnt the int crc.~t5 of consumers, Ii~t Is the UIIli/It'S ~ctiall . which represent~ the nllepaytrs in aJlmllllers involving p~blic utilitb before Ihe courts ontithe rublie Service Commission. This sectiOIl, for tXUIllI}le, IlISt year rcPI'l!sented the nltepuycl'S In hearings before the PSC regl\rding electric rc$trueturing Ilnd, berore the CirculI COlll1 of Jefferson Count)'. involving the transfer of the Water Works and Sewer Board of the City of llimtingltlUlI from thm city, Ollvln Mnrlln is chief of Ihis seclion. The other seclion. C(JII!iIIIIIU Affairs, responds to complaints regttrdini II YlUiety of consumer transactions, 11115 section operales a toll-free: hotline. (800) 392·56.58, to receive coolpillinlll and receives wrillcn comploinlS by mail and onli ne via our Web site. 11·1I'I1\(Ig0.S/{IIt'.ffl. IIS. This section enforee.~ the Ahlb;lIIla Dc:c:eptivc 1'nIC.1e Pl'nctiec.~ Act, which indlldc:,~ both criminpl and civil penalties. ond the re<lcrtli antitrust law~. 'J1Iis !lCCtion nlllD represents AI:lbmllll COIlS U ll1e~ in lIlulti-Slllte bction~ coordinated through the Nmionol A~socillt ion of Allontey$ GeUe1'l11. Pillolly. non·allor· ne)' specinlislS in this IiCCtiOIl !lSslstln the mooilllioll of COnSI,IIlH:r complalnl5. TIlC chief of thi ~ scclioll iA Ellen Lto nnrd.

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1'his division provide.' rom)'1! wrinen opinions on questions of the Governor. OIhcr CO'l~tillnional officcl'5: heads of ~lntc boI1rd~ and commissions: mcmbc:1li ofille legislnturt; nnd thousands of other Stllte IUld local oOkials. l.a.~t year. this division provided 252 written opiniOnS to ~llIte ufficelll or lQcal officials in 57 counties, AOer sevemlnllomeys oomplainro tG me thntthese opin:oll5 wen: often difficult to obtnin and I'C$(:itt("h, this oOice posted 1111 opinionS dming !)lICk to 1979 011 our office Web site, 1\.'II'IIw8(1.I/{jI~(lI.us. 111C.Se 0I)inlon5 are fully lext searthable. Although thcie opinions Ilre merely IIdvisory, the SUI)(I:me COOT1 of Alubanwlws stilled that "they are entitled to grellt weight"' alld are ''pelliuasive'' outhoritie.,. Mobil,. COOllty COlIswhl1!S AsSOc;(lI;Ott 1\ /nfY.Jnmt'" (1/ Pllblic Sil/ety. 670 So. 2d 28. 29 (Ala. 1995); /I'll/enOl! v. HI).,."e CoWI/)' IJotml oj £d'ICllliml. 738 So. 2d 854. 858 (Ala. 19IJJ), 'n le chief of this division 1$ Cun:.1Jtli n Smit h, who lIa, SCl'Yed six nllomeys general. Jaw

departments, ngcncic."

Public Corroption and KftItII Col"" Crime I creltted this divisioll in 1997. In my flillt yenr as UltOmcy geneI" lil. to prosecute cnses of public comlption, eiL"Ction fmud, bid.rigging, complC): economic crimes. und violotions or the ethics rode. l11is div ision al!lO Issists tile Alub.1mn Securities Commission Wld the Judidallnq uiry Commission in their ]If"()5CCutiOlis. nlis divlsiOfl regulnrly worb with the U.S.Altomey~, !Ile f"edcrJl l1 ureau of Irwesliglllion. the Alabama Bureau or invesligntion, the Ethics Commi~~ion. the Stllte H1cnmincB of Public ACCQUnt5. nnd our own irwcstiglltions division. Much o( our work in this Itfea invtllvcsjoint federal-slllle in~t.glltions mid prosccutions of e/cclion fr:aud, corntpt law enforcement, find Other fOl'l11S of public comlplion. l"hese

prosecutions. distributed llCf'OS.' 43 counties lust yeM, have been highly $ucccs..'ifui. This divi(ion nlso hUJ worked suecessrully with the Department or illdustrilti Relllliom 10 l)l"()S(Cute Clses of worlcer compensation fmud. The chief ofthb di vision is Jllhn C lbllS. MedkIJId Mtd waHate Fmud UnIta

The office hn.~ two special fmud units for the inv('.ltigntion and prosecution of rmudul<'nt a.nd Other criminal behavior n!gW1iing paymcnts of g<lvemrnent benefits intended for the poorest citizens of Alabama. The Ml:llicll/l/ ""mlld COli/wi VII;t inves/igaltS find prosecutes allegations of fmud by healthcnrc providers ngainslthe Alob.1IlI1 Medicaid Agency and the abuse and ncglca of residents in Medicnid·funded facitities, The Weljiu't Frruul V,/If investigates Ilnd Pl1)$CClltes allegations of fnmdu lcnl receipt of or trnfficking in food sllImps and e/cctronic bcnefittmn~fer cards. This unit works with the Dcpnrtmcnl of 1·luman Re!lOllrce.~ through II toll_free hOIline. (800) 392-8048, to n:~:cive COl1lplllints or welfare fmud. The chiefs of these units. which worked in 66 and 36 counties respc:c· lively, (U'e Uruce LlcUcr nulII fmc! FelTls SICllhCII!i. VIOlent cmn.. Thi.~ divisiOli repre;e:nt.~ the Stflle in the invc,\tigatioo nnd prosecution of violent crinlC1l. cspednlly murder wwl mpc eu..-.a>. throughout Alnb.'1nUl. nlis division ollen lm>:leCutcs CIL<;e.~ at the rcq~ or u district llllomey who hlts a OOllmCtl)l' needs moo: reSClJrce5. !jQmetinlCS. our IllWyers art "prosecutOl"ll of Ia.~ resort~ for victims or family "1CIlIbc~ who bring ca.'I(:S di rectly 10 our OffICe, such lIS in Ihe Cicor;e Mnrtin clISC.A ronnel' 5ta!e trooper in Mobile. Manin Willi convicted or murdc:ring his wife ror S4OO.000 in inSUnlllCC money. but not until thi~ divbioo took on the CIISC. rour years IIfief

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/111

11.//\"111111111

2.7

the murder. [n Chilton County. thc di vision suc<:mrully prosecuted Coy Nix for the fihotiull murder of hi ~ 17-year-old. defenseless wife. [n DcKnib County, DllYid HllJTis. 1\ county commissioner, was convicted for It'iSaulting hi ... !IOIl'5 hijh school basketball COIICh. Last year, this division of five prosecutors Il~arro before 25 gmnd juries, coodllCled 30 erinls, lind obUlined 67 convictions. wortdna in 34 coumies. The chief of this divbion Is vetcmn prosecutor Don VUIl'SkIl, who has served six mtorneys genernl.

In addition to the ten

divl~ions

of IIItomeys. investiglltivc sup-

port i.'l prvvided by my staff of 18 in·house inYCStiglitors. mnny of whom nre fomler FBI ugcnlS. These inveMigmors (.;()nduct vurious typcs of Inve.~tiimion~, Incl ud ing publie eol'tllption fi nd white collbr crime, violen! crime. wclfare and Mcdicaid fraud. hud drug CU$CS. 111ese investigmions Icd to 32 convictions in 2000. OverfIll, this division conducted invel>tillntions in 67 Alabllrna counties lnst YCM und currentl y hns 237 open cases, The division chief i ~ Senior Sllcclnl Ajtcnt Juck IJ l"\'. nnnn.

Other Duties and Initiatives In lIddition to our duties to represent the Stnte in civil lInd crim innlliligmioll lind provi(le fomml wrinen opinions. thc oflkc has sevcml other hnponmtt missions. 'I"e Victim A.uixllmct! Vllit oidS vietilll~ und their fnmilies in undersumding and DfI'ecfinll the criminal justice systcm. TIle Illcnlbc rs of this staff file objections and as.~i.~ t victilll~ ~t heuring.' of the 1100rd of Purdons and P..utlles. They DI.'iO a.~sistthc f~rnilics of vict irn~ in capitllllllurticr cases ns

those CIISe!; movc toworu the cxc<:ution of thc offendc~ . R~r\tJy. at my n:comrnendution, thi~ unit has workcd wi th the Di=p.1nmem of Comx::tions, the Board of Pnrdons IIlld Pnroles, \ictims' riiPllS organlzmlons. I\Iwl prison mjnl~tries to design u victim/offender rnediation progmlll following n ' 'exus model. ,,,i5 unit also sends IlOticc! to victim! rt!glU"ding the rclcli.>Ie of sex otrcr.dcl"li. In August 2000, I formed Ml!/I/(Jr IIIt/lxmut, 0 sUlIcwidc volu nleer initiative to fight juvenile crime by involvi ng committed oduh rolc models in the livc:$ of llI·risk youth in Alabama. The gool of Mentor Alabama is to recruit 2,002 new mentOl"5 by the end of the yetII' 2002. Mcmor Alobama has been designated ItS the sisnature l)aJ1ntr for Alnbama or the Nntional Memorina l'nnncrship, which is n p.1nner of America's Promise led by Seeretu.ry State Colin Powell, Our office hIlS created WI extensive nctworl: of more than 200 public, private Wid faith·based mcntoring organization~ to accomplish our gool. Through Mentor Alabama, curing udults anywhcre in Alubllmh cun obtllin D comprehensive list of rnentoring opponunilie.~ in thcir region. Our offi~'C pcrfOITIlS II criminal background check before IIny person is refcn"e(110 a rnemoring organizut lon. I huve rnudc 0 pr;:n;onal commitment or my time 10 serve as II mentor und cncoumge others to Join IllC . 111e MIIIXII/t(t Stife Sdt(JoI.f Init/wivc is II four-Illln proi!ffilll administcred by our office with the Govcrnor and SlIpcrintelldclll of Bducmion. 111e fi rst Plitt Involves tIle production Ind di.~tribution or stnnd:U"(lia'(\ School Emergency Crisis NOIebook.i to every school, public and privatc, 111e S«OIwl part involvC.'l the Mntewide 1iChool 5I\(cty hocline ( 1·888·SAV. Ktl)S). 11te third is" public service announcement, "Prevent School Vlolence" media carnp;lign. 'Ibe finnl plitt invol vc.~ school wfety tmining for law cttforccmcnt,

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268

JULY

1 0(lt

emergenc)' lI1al1 l1g~mem , ernplo),cc§ Il/ld school offi cials. M()f'C infonnntion ean Ix obIained ptthe Safe ~hools Web she. II'w\':il go.slilte. II/.Ils!scl/ooll. Another join1 ini1intive of our offi<.'C: lind thc Silperintendent of EdUClltion is the distribution of i uidelilles for educmion offi cials rti ardini issues or rtUl ion In public school ~. These guldelinc.~ olTer pmcticill C}(nmple~ and ru lcll to ensure that public IIChool offi cials neither e rlC(lU~e not d i~unlge re ligious activities in 5Chool~. The guiddlllCll arc basc:d on the latest decisions of the Supreme COlIn ItOO the Eleventh Circuit. TIle guidelines: rcspc<:1 Ihe rights of public school students to proy or cJtprcs.~ thcir rcU· Siou~ bclicr~ when thm ex pression is genuinely ~Iltdent ·initi atcd. ~fI CI/(Imllu l\ Sitgclmim. 230 F. 3d 131J (II th Cir. 20(0) (\1IClltinS un injunction of the Middle l)istrict of Alob.1m3 that viOImcd the fi rst amendment rights of studcnlll in DcKnib COUllt)').

Endn0t8s Muth Of IhllIII",..1dlk1.lhld hIr.~ II dI_IIom 1M AmIII RIpon 01 u. OHIcI 01 AnOlI'llY Glnetlllor 2\0). wI\ICtI q: OIItilf ., 1IlI. oI1Q •• ~ 111 whic;h wn dis" trlbulld 10 -V member 01 till AlIbIrN lIg,lIalldlllll tverv Ju.Iot lind d,WICl .1tOmI\' '" AI ........ Ind wtMdIll .....,lIbIt 011 QUI WIll I'lt II _ . Jl4lf1liw

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It is ~ privilege to represent the I nte ri!~ t of the publie ill Ollr legnl system. Whethcr our wO/'k involves the pllrsllit of jllstice in criminal Clnes. lhe defenq: of SHill: interestS in civil nnd ~d m lni strutivc Inl~ ler~. Ihe Jlrov l ~ l oJl of legltl ndvice for public ofli eillis. or some mhcr Inlllmlve for Ihe publie interest. the Office of Allomc), Ccncflll pcrfornlJl n ~ pcci al ro le ill relalion 10 thc beneh IIlId b:.r Ollf l11i ~s ion is !O fultillthe mOllO of our ~ov erei gn stme: " We dllre dcfend our ri ghts:' •

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Chltrles Roocrtl'oore, III . whose whereabouts arc unknown, must answer the Alflbama State lJilr'~ forIllal disciplinary e h urge~ within 28 days of Jul y 15, 2001. or thereafter, the charges contained therein shall be deemed admitted and uppropriDtc discipline shull be im posed agai nst him in AS B No. OO·74\A) before the Disciplinw-y Boord of thc Alabama State Bar.

The Supremc Coun of Alabama enlered fin order based upon the ded~ion of Panel I of the

Disciplinary Bonrd of the Alabama Slale Bar rei nstming BinninghullInClomey Edwnrd E ugcl1ll A I1~wl n to the pl'llclice of luw in the Stnte of Alabama effective February 2 1. 2001. (ASB Pd.. No.

OO·OS]

Suspensions Binninghall1 anomey Edward Io: UJ;c nc AnJ;wln Wil$ suspended from tlte pmctiee of law in the State of Alabama by order of the Disciplinary Board for a period of 180 dnys. 11le 8u ~pcn sion wM ordered to run concurTCntly wil h a91-day SUSI>ellsion i11l]XlSed in cases AS!) nos. 98-204(A). 98.228(A), nnd 98332(A), cffective JlUlUllry 19, 2000. Between Janu:vy 21 a.nd 24, 2000, Angwin negolillted u settlemcnt on behalf of Il client. He did nO( advise tnc client of his suspension. Angwin received II eheck payable to him and his client. Angwin endorsed the check, but did not proUlptly remitlhe amount due to his client. Angwin did 001 respond to the client's numerous attemptS to oontllCl him about the matlfr between JtUl Unry tmd May 2000. However, when the client discovered thut the settlement check had ~n issued (Iud conlRCk'd Ihe AM)I!"'!' Slate Onr, Angwin immedi ntely I"Clllincd the tOtal IUnourti 10 the client. including Ihe alnoulll of the mtOl'ltcy's to which Angwin was otherwise entitled. IAS B No. ()(). 137(A)1 The Supreme Coun of Alabama, bMed upon the dcci~iOfl of the I)isciplinary Board. suspended Binninghom attorney Ullvld Uoldwln Chll mplbl from the pr1Iclice of law in thc Slote of Alabama for II. period of 91 day •. The Coun fu nllcr ordered lhm the suspension would be effective retroactively from Januilry I, 2000. Champlin was licensed to pmctice law in the St~te of Alabamn on September 26, 1988. In Janu ury 2000, Champlin tendered his person"1 check num ber 1398, dntcd January 4, 2000, drown in tht amOunt of $287.50. made payuble to the Alabama SUlIe Bar

ree

Z70

JULY 200t

Membcnhip l)epanmcm . This payment WIIS imcnded ns payment for his 1999·2000 occupational license fee. The check wns returned for non-sufficient funds. The membcn.hip depllrtment of the Ahlbn!lla State Bar notified Chu1l1 plln by leller doted J~nuary 31. 2000 thllt his check hod been retumed for non-sufficient funds and lhm he wos required 10 remit 5307.50 in Ihe fonn of a cashier's check or nloney order on or before Februllry 9, 2000. Chllmplin did IIOt comply with this request or otherwise respond. 1l1c Office of General Counsel of the. Alabama Stale Uar notified Champlin by leUer dated February 14, 2000 thol he should re.~pond 10 the menlbership deplInmcnt of the Alabama State Bar regardinG his 1999-2000 occupstional1iecnse and returned check. Chm nplin did not respond 10 Ihis leiter. Champli n wa~ nOlincd by letter dnted Fcbruury 2~, 2000, sent via regu lar and cenified mnil. thnt he must respond wilhin seven days from receipt of said letter or disciplinary :)Ctio!, would be taken. Although the letter was received by Champli n. he did not respond. On January 26. 2001, Champlin was fouild guilty. by default, of fai ling 10 respond 10 a lawful Ikmand f(ll' infOl'lmllion from II, disciplinary IWthoriIY, a vk)latiCMI of Rule 8.I(b), A. R.P.C.; and of eng.'I8in8 in oonducl thac n::nocl$ oollCT'SCly on his fitness to l)IOCIice law. a violaliOll of Ru le 8.4(g). A.R.II.C.. Champlin (lIi1ed 10 appear for this disei plinnry hearing. ]ASB No. 00-67(A)] Scollsooro attomey Ik nnls Gene NlchQls was interimly 5uspended from Ihe prnclice of law In the StOIC of Al nbama pun;unnt to Rule 20(a). Alabama Rule~ of Disciplinary Procedure, by order of the Disciplinary Contmiuioll of the Alllbamll Stllte Bar effective Matc h 12, 200 1. The order of the Disciplinary CommissiOfl was based on l pctitiOfl filed by the Office of General Counsel evidencing thot Nichols had failed, on more than Olle occasion, to communicate with clien" concemin ~ the status of their legal matters and, upon receipt offunds belonginllto client5. failed to promptly remit tho~o funds to the rightful Owner. Further, Nichols fl,ilcd to timely respond 10 requests for infomlntion from a disciplinllty authori ty. fRu le 20(a);ASB Pel. No. 01 .03J •

W . tAr St6ries

.' ' .. . The Alabama Lawyer is looking (or "war stories" to pub· lish in upcoming issues. humorous tales and anecdotes about Alabama lawyers and judges. Obviously, for such stories to be published, they must be (a) true, (b) amusi ng and (e) tasteful. Send your remin iscences to: The Alabama Lawyer, P.O. Box 4156, Montgomery 36101. Be sure to include yOUT name, address and a daytime telephone number, in case we need to contact you.

ALABAMA LAWYER

Assistance

Program Are you watching sorreone you care about self·destructing because of alcohol or drugs? Are they telling you they have it under con~rol?

They don't Are they telling you they can handle it?

They can'1. .J . f"OI'IM~

e""D PIGOTT UHrTlEO !""'TC$ A'I"fO ... ,.a

Maybe they're telling you it's none of your business.

SOvn-iUlH Dnn,,1CT 01" MI'51S51",,",

It is.

CARLTON W . R EEV ES

People entrenched in alcohol or drug dependencies can't see what it is doing to their lives,

F'QIII MEI'I CI-IIU. eM!.. DI\'IsION ,

UNI1'UI STATU A~HEY '5 QftI'IC:E

SovTHI!:I'!N O!!lTftICTOI' MISS'S""""'

eLI ..."

Vou can.

JOHNSON II

"OI'IMItI'I Aaall5TAHT UH!TIO S""TU ATTOoo:NiEY IfOIOI HIAIoTM

eu.c F"IW..ID &oFOftC~r.:Hl',

Be part of the solution.

U NITED $T"'TU ATTOfIIH£Y'S OI'I'ICII!:

~vu,.

Don't be pan of their delusion.

DlsTftICTOI" MI''''''_ AND

J , DOUGLAS M I NOR , JR . F'OI'IMCltLl' A5!!OC ....TlO WI"" PHC~ OuHIJ,O.A

LJ.P

.... RE PLEA5ED TO ANNOUNCE. THE FORMATION OF

PIGOTl' REEVES J OHNSON

& MINOR

P.A.

LAWYERS

A Profcssional Association for the I'rtlctlce of Law

'7\11 NQIm!

c-a. STJOUI

,J~ , - . . . . . .

3020Z PwT Qoou Goo< 227 Z II ~ , M_ 30220' 272& leQ I 13!1"' ZI2! r ... uso 11.]11"· '811"

For every one parson with alcoholism, alieasl five Otnellives afB regatively IIffected by the problem drinking, The Alabama Lawter Assistance Program is available 10 Ilelp members of tile legal profession who sulfer from alcohOl 01' drug depondoncills. Informallon and assistance Is also availoJle lOf the spouses, family membefs and olflCO staff of such members. AJ.AP is com· milled 10 developing a IIreolar awore· ness and understanding of 1I'i1111ness within the legal Jnlfession. If yoo Of someona you know needs help cell Jellnne Mario leslie IALAP director) 01 (334) 834·7576(0 confidential dil8Ct line) or 24·hour j)ilgIIoll334) 224·6920. All calis are confidontlal.

www .... J .......w C(»O

11111/1/111/1

11111/11

211

~~ _....._.

Ratea: Membef1: Two hee 1I$\lng$ of SO word1 or less per bar membef per calendar yeal EXCEPT 'Of ' POSlt on wanted" or · posltlon ollete(!" hSlrngs- S35 pGf insenion of 50 words or less, $ 50 per addltronal WOld. Nonmembel1l: $35 per InsertlOO of SO words or less. $ SO per additional word Classified copy and payment must be receIVed 1ICt00dU'lg 10 the fotlowmg publishing schlldule

July 2001 issue-doadhno May 5, 2001. September 2001Issue-do{ullme July 5, 2001 No doadlme extenslOflS will be

made. Send clsssifiod copy and payment, payable 10 Tile Idabtlm.1lnwyer, to: Alabama (ewyerClessllieds. clo Shannon Ellion, P.O.

Box 4156, Montgomery, Alabama 36101

Services • ENGINEERtNGlCONSTRUCTlON EXPERTS: Drainage. structurel, ~ie,l, loollllll. elec:lncsl, proeHS chemICal, EI' Slsrueco). mold and mildew, HVAC; tor rosldenllill housmg. Industllal and cherrucal facllllles. PIpelines, tomprOUOf &IIltMS, C(tIlIY\(II . Clal buildings, and JlOr1llructuras Prov!dG GJIIlIfl construction claim! and d,sputo ImllySIS Provldo eotnputor IInllll&tion Qf SlIut· tural tJahavltIf undolloads hp!uloocod tOShlying expen,wlth lican$9S arid cmdomlols Company onll,nooring lind contrlCtOI licMsaS in Alllllama lind loolsianll CO!1t9Ct H~I K Cain, Mobile, PI\onft (334) 661 ·2605 E·mall Irkcainflhkcain com Wob 1110

\\01o\oW.ilkr:8In.rom, • SECURmES AND TRUST INVESTMENT EXPERT: 'WEflI"/·liYe years' illWlstmetlt eXp&llooce FtNIlI8f 'IIC8·pre$i(jentlport~ie ~ Chase MaMa1t8ll. SunJrust Banks, United Jtrsev Banks. Cllan8ftld f,nanei.' .Mlvst Cum laude, Whanon Sthool, UnII'Clflil\Y of Pennsylvania BS EconomiCS dual major Economies,lFiNioce ReglstDred IfI'Iutmanl advrilOr Steven Slorn, eFA, PO. Box 310157, MIRml, Florida, 33231. Call (30513i4 9493 (vo1cGI, (305) 37~ ·84941 1u). or lI·mall SlomlnW'JsO:JOl.ttm

• STATISTICS, DATA ANALYSIS. SOFTWARE EXPERT: Utroet1on tuPPOrt on IfIIIHer, inYolvrng analysis 01 larOD 58\S 01 Cllill and informa1ron sysletM praclICes Custon programmrng "SO evlIllebIEI Wi! use the SAS rystam and ot~1f prodl.clS CoosullarllJ With veiNS OlllrqJerlentt In trfl3nce, manuhlclurrng, philffll8tllYtlCllll, uilV8\, crodit Call Heidi M/lr\((Wrll, COP et (~I 365-D439 or vl$i1 0111 W.b Ille _SIITIfJ/'rSysftlffl$COII! Slmplv Systems. 161 Cralldon Blvd , Sle 325, ~8'( Biscayne, Florida, 33149 MINING ENGINEER ING EXPERTS: hlen,"" CqIIlrt Witness BXPllllonc:l in III araas of minino-surfece end Nrllroond 1!\If\U, coal. qualll8S. etc ActIIIenI lfMtSlrgalrcn, InJufll!l, wrant;I. lui de.th, mone construttoorl, haul~ructlng, Igr88fll8f11 dis· pulltl, product lleOlirty. mrneral property mal1lg8n18fll, .net and moneral eppr&Isals 101' 8"a18 and ta. purposes Joyct Assoc.atos

1S40198Hm • DOCUMENT EXAM INER: ElIIImlfllltion 01 queslloned documenlS Certille-d loren,ic handwriting aM ODcll'fUHI\ examiner Thirty-lour yeDIS' oxperiorrco in all lOfensic dOl'lJ mont problems

Notice - Amendment to Alabama Rules of Appellate Procedure Too Alabama Suprome Coon lias amended Rule 4(aMl), Alabama Rules 01 AppeliolO Procedure, and 1Ia$ iKIopled Rule 4(11). Alabama Rules of Appollata Procedure. The amendmont of Rule 4(aKl) eod the adoption of Rulas 4(d) are efloctive October " 2001 . Rules 4(d) prO'o'ldes that review of an Older granting or denying a motion to compel arbitr8lion is by 8PJ)1l01. lho amendment 10 Rule 4(aKl ) recognizes tho adoption of Rule 41d). The order amoooirrg Rule 41aMl) and adopting Rule 4(d) eppears in an aeWanee shoot of Southom Reporterdaled on or about May 31. 2001 ,

272

JUI.Y 2001

FOI'I'IWIfIy dNal, quIlSTIonad cklc:umant anal'Pt USA CnmlllilllnveslJgatlOfl LebOlatOlI&S Diplomat. (eertlliecll-ABFOE Memblll ASQO~; IAI, SADrE, NACOl Rosume end fee schedule ~pon I&QUOST HII~s Mayer Gldlon, 218 MerrymOn! Orrvo, Augusta, Goorgia. 30907 Phone (706) 860·42S7 • TRAffiC ACCIDENT RECONSTRUCTIONIST: EvaluatIOn 01 IlIgllY;ay deSIQtl, matntOflaoco and conSlrllClIOn. Ihlllll'l\lloeer /las reconsvut:TIId over 3.000 bCtldents in 23 ITates on highwDVS. streets. railroads ard highway ton5trllCtion zones Involving lrudrs. vans. carl. pedesulans. and 181m imj)Iemen:s Compulllr.generaled drBWIIlII' 1118 ptOO8lod to Illustrate hiS opinlons

Over 4S yeall' 8!lQ11I(Mlilng UptlTlIlflCO I\oolstoroo ptolassul!\IIllInIIll'IGOI and lull boafd ACTAR certlhcation CorttllCt Jolin T BalDs, P.E. To1[./rl)(l (BOO) 299·59S0. INSURAN CE EXPERT WITNESS: Fee·only aAP8f1 WItness fWlrlty years' a.lfll/lenca In Itjk nl81\11(1011'18t\1 insUfIllCfl consulTIng Pre·fillng BVaIIlllIIOfl, depos,\JOtl and Illal PolICY coveraga. captlVllS. excess, doducoblu, selt·inlur· lince, agency opera~onl. dlloct WII1&rI. proper· ty 1015 p!epa rallon Memoo r S 1\ M.C. Contact Douglas F. Miller. EJ'IIployerS' AI~ MaNlgemenl. I'IlOII8 (205) 995-1XXl2, Bllmmgham Ot WATS (800) 462·5&12. HIGHWAV SAFm AND TRAffiC ENGINEERING: H~ ulety Ind treffic ong,nlWllng In lila roadway onvironment, con· str llCtion work 10111l$, roadway hlllard., road· st<ie /lalards. RRgfllde CrOSSlngl, traffic conIroll. hlghwil'( engillteling ulety Ilandalds, kCKIaIlI rllCOIlslIlICtl)l1. and dtlY8l relttlOflS Ind GApedatlOlls. GE. lohr, PE, Bol 12339, C!l3rIUton, South Carolina, 294l2·2339 Phone )843179507218. E,mt ll IohIptImsncom • FORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINATIONS: Seventeen years' lounsle cklc:ument axamllllltlOlU, 27 '/881S' tot81 lorons.c hpanence IIotrrad lII1ior ~ts OltImlll8llllll dild· pima COOfdlllBtor, Alabama Oep&r\ment 01 ForenllC ScIIlO(:II5. Mambet. QveSlIOllad OocuMOt\t Sectiall-Amerlcan Acadllmy 01 Forensic SclllncSS, Southeastern ASSOCiation of FOfltflS1c: Document &aminerl. Southefn AsSOCiation 01 FOttW.c Scientist., Alabama SUIte Assocl8tJOll 01FotWIC ScI8nCII (past president) CCI'I18t;1 RdlIIrd A Roper, Ph.D., 7956 Valllllln Road, 1141 , Monigorr'lllfy 36118

PhonI 1J3.41 260·2552 Fal (3341 260·1929. Emllil flchrrJ(JBlfhDloom,

• REGISTERED FORESTER: forty·one ytlIf,' IlJ:pefilllCe in pnvaur, lfICus tnalllld federal lOteSI manegemam end pra:IICes Spoclehl,ng In I,moor trespass lllialuDT lens Ind IICqulsl\lon appraisals Elwyn A SpoIICO. Anniston PhorIa (2561237·4309 • HANDWRITING EXPERTIfORENSIC DOCUMENT EXAMINER: ABfDE certllied formerly chlof. OuostlOl1«l Documents OIWISIOfI. US Army Dlminal lnvoSbOflllon LaboratOf'( Amorlcan Socletv of Ouollionod Docu mllnt &amlner. AmQlIcan Acodcmy 01 FOronsic Sclonc:es CIVIl and crim'llIl ClIOI ocroptBd Fallllt! Shivor. SluYef I!o N~lson Oocument IIIYISliQalJOI'\ Labor.!tory, 1903 lilac Rldoo On'l8, WooOsloc:k, Goorgla, 30119, PIlOIlI (710) 517·

...

• CONSUlTING ENGINEER I EXPERT WITN ESS: ProlessiOrlllI engineer With 24 VIlli" 01 Indus1Iial, eonsl/lIClion. Jaloty. mechinery. end pulp 8nd paper oxpellonce I em a "IIDnds on" engineer With atI •• tremely Itrong rnacIlanl, cal.pltlude I WOIked IS I leehllcian and mechanIC belOte getl'lIQ my llegtae In engtfl8efing I have superb IroublOUlOOtlng abr lntes. Wllh a lhOfOll!lh knowledge allll underStand ing 01 machlMrv. Ind~ !trial 9CCll$enIS. OSHA. building codtrs, automobilllllC(ldents. 1Ild product habll· Ity and delense Roben T Tolbett PE. Phona !~1856· 9922. Fu (2051153·4353

Do You Han More Work Than Time'! If you don't have

the time necessary to research yo ur opponent's 'lrguments or write your brief, th en

lCAN HELP!

Positions Offered • FEDERAL STAff ATTORNEY POSITIONS: US Court 01 Appeals, 111l1ClrtUlt. Atlanta SMral IhrM·year CI8fk3htpl beolMtng Immedi· ltely OOlllflt aeadamtcs supe"Of researtllfoNrltiJ1!l p.llls. 181'1' r!MOW TlQiIIV81etli and abtl lty 10 WOI\ elliclertly LI1dGlltme prn· 'ura. Resume. law school transcript. unttdnod WI,ting I8 mple afld prolUllorntl releronces to US Court 01 Appelas, lltIJ CirculI. Slaff Attorney" Oflice. 56 Forsyfl SUHt. NW. Atl8IIle. Gaorglll 3O)l3.22t9 $43,720 S7J,811 ASSOCIATE POSITION; ~llpatrlCk Stockton. UP.• major I/Bnefel Plliclice lew 111m With a wolteslobltlhad rllal IIstet~ procTlel!. IIKIks on /lSSOCl btlt wllh 3+ \'\lllS' a, parlenco In commer· clal real altall! lIansactionl Opporlunttles lOt veiled developer. inwstor lAd JenOOr fepreSM181,on Strong supporilYllI'YnOM'lllflI flom bom sonlOT 8ttorneys III"'Id 100101 l110rneys and l)1li8'

!egal. 10 wort ,n tilt Atlenta oIflee We &fit looking lor IOOIYldLIIIls wrth IUpEtlior academiC credentia ls and communication skills. Plaase

AI In It tomey with ei~blnn yca r. of upcricn" in rucan:b and writin, I bavc the timc neceu lrY for the I UItllined, unintenuplcd reSC IIf!;h .0 often nude<! to win a ease. Wben your euc I, fu!!y rCUlU"ehod you eM represent your dient with moro conn. dence and bc belief PRPllfcd In C:O\lfL I :un Ivailable for s bort rcscarcb qucstio:\, or len a lb ier briefs. My nib Is SJ!i.OO per bour. Klllh~rlll" S. Wwd P. O. Box 590104 Blnnln¥ham. AL J!i2~9 (205) 941 _1496 KJwed. IIOI.,om

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lax or I*Id yOur reS\lllt to Kim Dechiara, lOll Peachuee Street, Stille 2800. Atlanla. GlIOflIla. 30309 or lu (4()41815-6555 Please VIlli wwwKilpallicnll)Ct/(NI,com.

ATTORNEY POSITIONS Promincnt law firms across Alabama hnye immedi:uc opening5 ror associates nnd p:u1ner-levc) lawyers wilh experience In IIny of the roll owing ~reas:

For Sale SMITH LAKE LOTS: WalerllOlltlotl. t!wee and lour eeles Dnd zoo feel 01 walerlrOllI. more or less Sevvr,t IrOl1 wluch to choose County Road 82. Cullman County. Cold SPlltl\IS mOD. convenienl to 1·65. YoaNouod 100 sea$Ol\8l water lOIs WatBl l rld poweI tvallable F\eslrlClad, WK't ptMlta. abundant herdwooOs and Wildlife Sterling at $62.500 Some IoIJ are bre*tI,O\'IMd T-,iet W GOOdWYn Properul!S Phone (3341 91B-)4oo

For Rent Il.&ase OfFICE SPACE tN OOWNTOWN ROANOKE: H3ndsome office space for laaSf In downtown lIoaooke, Office building 011 Main Strool in

downtown Roanolca. beautifully aoo tom~IAt(lIV lOrlOValaQ. Coolainl BPIlI'o.lmalely 5.000 sq h. of ollice! of vsrioulllzBI Idoal lor ono laWVOI or. film. Soma offICII idea lly sUltod for tonslIl· IIllon looms. olller, lor Il8w library or confor·

• civil litigalion • labor Bnd employment law • estate planning

• irl1elleCllltlJ property • corponlle luw

All inQuiries pre SId ell), confidcntial, PICll.o;t cOlltact Richard G. Brock. Esq. Phone (205) 87 1·3223. Fax (205) 871-3224. E...mail: richnrd @III;)llllcd).CQIII.

errcc loom. AJso hal Ipecial ollice to/lecOpllonlst or bookkeeper Has waiting fooms Has rooma IUllabie for anvklnd 01 rnfO/lMtrcn 5tOf' age and 10ul8Yai sysltmS Bull(jlng eqUipped for IlUItt end eaSy Installation 01 any kmd of tole, phone I!Id mtetcom S'1Stom clewed Adequale ItO/a(/8 $p8Co All officas hal'8 just been ropaimod end entire building hn new tarpel lhrOll\lhc<Jl. BUilding has anractil'lllrOrlI aoo leal entrances Parking available In beck ot bo,rilding fill lonantl Rnsonable III" rO/

InformallOll aboo1laasing. call 1256j234·54Z9 Oownlown RoiIooke i, dIllinl10lv COMu"" b&cltbe a part of ill OFFICE SPACE fOR lEASE: AIop Red t.1or.frUlIR, BI~. IAa"r8i'tJy baing rsmocl· eiod due 10 Fl!bruary storm d&rnago Es~matod cOl1l!llotlOl1 dale Ocl0b0r 1 Cow doslgn rour \l'WI1 spaco Par/act fpr profnssionel ttrodIOI' any type office 6. 150 sq toot 1IVIl8bie and will wbdMdo Call GorhaM PrOllOllrM (2QSI9'3,93J9 •

Position Available: Assistant Reporter of Decisions A POSltlOO is avarlable as assistant ropoJt8f of decisrOf13 for tho Alabama appellata couns. ApplicBnts must be memberS of the Alabama State Bar. and an undorgraduato or a graduale degrlKl in English is holplul but not foquired. E~porronce in editing is prefe/r&d lhe position requires a knOWledoe of IIIIlOI citation formalSand Strict attention to detail. Salary will bll commensurate with e~perl9nc9 and ability. Submit an application lener wrth resume by August 1. 2001 to George Earl Smith. Reporter of Decisioos. Alabama Appellille Courts. Judicial Burldrng. 300 DeXler Avenue. MontQOIT\OfV. Alabama 36104-3741 Duties incrooe edrtrng and proofreading; feading the advance sheets 01 Sourhttm Report8f 12dJto ensure that the headnotes lICturately state the lega prrnciples rn the case and to ansure the o,curacy 01 the reports of the opinions of the Alabama appellate courts: checking lists 01decisions without opinlon$ by the Alabama Supreme Court, the Coun of Criminal Appeals and the Court of CiYII Appeal$ for publica· Hon in the A16iN1rt18 Reporter. drafting and editing amendments \0 va/lous 'ules of Pfoc&du/e adopted by the Alabama Sup/erne Court Pfep&lIng the documentation lOf. and assrsting in, releasrl'lg the opinrO"ls of the Alabama eppellate courts to West Group tile official reports; and COQfdrnatlng publicaHon 01 tile opinions of the appellate couru with Wesl GIOUp.

274

JULY

2eOl

'Of ptbircation io

1OUll' dients Jidn't It'etam ''just any attorney" to It'eJ]lllt'esell1lt their legal mielt'ests. D(j)Jl1l't It'etam

''just any valuationfirm" to &«li.vise &ll1lJ assist YQ'IJl. IN COUlfI' OK Dill', LITIGATION SU PPOII"!" OR I::ST"T~ PlANNING. YOU SIIOULD ,\ LWAn ; lIE ,\RMEl) WITH A IWI.JAII l.E BUS INESS VALUATION FOIt YOUlI CLIENT.

F Oil SWI FT RESPONSE AN D

sl'Iuc r AD lllmENCE T O Til E I'I{OFESSION'S

I I IGI l 8S'r STANDARDS,

(tE Ll' ON DIXON O[)Q~ I. W E 1\ 1lF. ,\ NATI ONAI. LY nECOGNlZED ,\CCOUNTI NU, VA LUATION AND CONflUI.'I'I N(J FIIIM WITI I T ilE STRONGEST CREDENT lJ\ U m PROFESSIONALS IN }\l,,\MMA.

D IXON 01)0.\[ • St:1lI0 Uij ABOUT YOUIt BUSI Nt:SS.

~ DIXON aDaM Ceniliod 2 I 40

~: I ,r,V.::"'T I I

Pu~1c

,\.VJl.NUF. SOUl'l J, l)IHTF,

(lOS) 930.1) 11 I • (1100) 874.8552 •

PLLC

Accounlanla and ConsullllnlS

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