PHILIPPINE WASTE AGRICULTURAL BIOMASS: PROSPECTS AND OPPORTUNITIES by Alan S. Cajes Vice President and Managing Director Center for Sustainable Human Development Development Academy of the Philippines 1. Introduction The Philippines is an archipelago in Southeastern Asia located between the Philippine Sea and the West Philippine Sea. It has a total land area of 298,170 square kilometers. The agricultural land area is 9.671 million hectares broken down as follows1: arable land:
4.936 million hectares
permanent cropland:
4.225 million hectares
permanent meadows/pastures:
0.129 million hectares
forest land:
0.074 million hectares
other lands:
0.307 million hectares
2. Status of generation of waste agricultural biomass in the country: types, quantity, main regions For this study, the data on waste agricultural biomass (WAB) correspond to the major agricultural products, namely, rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, hog, and chicken2. The table below summarizes the generation of WAB in the Philippines in 2012. Estimated Waste Agricultural Biomass in 2012 (in million metric ton) Area
Rice Husk3
Rice Straw4
Corn Waste5
Coconut Husk6
Philippines
6.606
6.677
1,482
3,334.75
Sugarcane Waste (Tops, Leaves, Roots)7 28,376.5
Hog Waste8
19,361.16
Chicken Manure9
1.036
Total
52,568.73
Previous data showed that the Philippines has abundant supply of biomass resources. The biomass resources include agricultural crop residues, forest residues, animal wastes, agro-industrial waste, municipal wastes (about 60% of which is biomass) and aquatic biomass among others (DOE, 2009). Biomass resources available in the country are generally residues from rice, maize, coconut, and sugarcane products, which are abundantly grown in the country. These resources may be classified into five (5) groups as follows: 1) wood-fuel and wood waste
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2) 3) 4) 5)
cane trash and bagasse coconut residues rice residues animal wastes.
Based on the Food and Agricultural Organization Statistics (2008), major agricultural crops in the Philippines consist of sugarcane with 6.6 million tonnes per hectare, followed by coconut with 4.5 million tonnes per hectare, third in rank is rice paddy with 3.7 million tonnes per hectare and maize or corn with 2.6 million tons per hectare. A report by the Development Academy of the Philippines in 1999 showed that the country generates about 50 million metric tons (MT) of biomass from both crop and animal wastes. This volume has an equivalent power of 22,282.8 MW and 80,949,671.97 BFOE (Barrel of Fuel Oil Equivalent)10. However, the total volume of biomass used is only 27,093 MT or 0.054% of the total volume of biomass that the country generates. Philippine Biomass Resources, 1999, metric tons Region Rice Hull Bagasse Coco shell Coco husk Coco coir
Based on the 2000 database developed by the University of the Philippines Biomass Energy Laboratory in collaboration with the National Renewable Energy Laboratory of the US Department of energy, a detailed breakdown of the biomass resources in the Philippines is as follows: Biomass Resources in the Philippines (in Metric Tons, 2000) Bio-resource Rice Rice hull Coconut Coco shell Coco coir Coco husk Sugarcane Bagasse
Annual Generation
Heating Value (KJ/kg)
BFOE Equivalent
Equivalent Power (MW)
2,357,325
16,800.00
4,562,338.82
1,255.80
1,948,867 3,031,570 4,330,814
24,810.00 18,100.00 23,170.00
5,570,159.74 6,321,279.41 11,559,907.44
1,533.21 1,739.96 3,181.92
5,985,840
12,500.00
8,619,608.95
2,372.62
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Animal Manure Swine 5,840,000 14,900.00 10,024,338.89 2,759.26 Chicken 4,228,241 10,000.00 4,871,004.42 1,340.77 Cattle 5,948,552 12,800.00 8,771,624.32 2,414.43 Carabao 12,110,483 11,800.00 16,462,745.43 4,531.45 Goat 804,340 11,800.00 1,093,403.51 300.96 Duck 2,685,040 10,000.00 3,093,211.04 851.42 TOTAL 80,949,671.97 22,281.80 * BFOE conversion is based on fuel oil equivalent at 18,600 BTU/lb; electric power conversion = 600KW/BFOE; Waste generation data is based on 1999 estimates; Bagasse BFOE conversion @ 50%MC = 1.44 BFOE/MT Source: Biomass Atlas of the Philippines, 2000. The latest data on agricultural production for selected crops in the Philippines are presented below. Agricultural Production for Selected and Major Crops In Million Metric Tons Crop Palay Corn Coconut Sugarcane Hog Chicken
2011
2012 18.03 7.41
15,244.6 28,376.5 1.97 1.48
In 2012, rice production was higher than 2011 by 8.08 percent, while corn production was higher in 2012 by 6.25 percent compared to 2011. Meantime, the production of hog increased by 1.71 percent while that of chicken increased by 4.61 percent. The production of the other crops is presented below. Production of Other Crops In Million Metric Tons 2,606 Chrysanthemum 1,066 Gladiola 1,397 Orchids 2,393 Roses 9,225,998 Banana 4,694,640 Banana Cavendish Other Crops: Volume of Production by Crop and Year 942,893 Banana Lacatan 2,645,762 Banana Saba 2012 178,507 Calamansi 68,510 Abaca 85,961 Durian 4,831 Cacao 14,190 Lanzones 132,541 Cashew (ripe fruit with nut) 16,738 Mandarin 15,862,386 Coconut (with husk) 768,234 Mango 88,943 Coffee (dried berries) 630,530 Mango Carabao(dried berries) 18,783 Coffee Arabica 3,209 Mangosteen 5,737 Coffee Excelsa (dried berries) 3,817 Orange 598 Coffee Liberica (dried berries) 164,821 Papaya 63,825 Coffee Robusta (dried berries) 2,397,628 Pineapple 77 Cotton 7,189 Rambutan 531,294 Oil Palm (fresh fruit bunch) 7,919 Tamarind 7,933 Pili Nut Fruit 105,041 Watermelon 442,998 Rubber (cuplump) 4,106 Asparagus 26,395,893 Sugarcane 87,059 Ampalaya 48,075 Tobacco 2,991 Brocolli 10,525 Tobacco Native 126,356 Cabbage 23,644 Tobacco Virginia
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516,366 68,438 2,223,144 11,633 211,854 111,482 8,491 27,631 92,564 15,322 77,408 3,646 32,364 29,767 124,824 29,134 51,618 45,096 9,634 222,584 117,243 203,578 15,799 119,570
Camote Carrots Cassava Cauliflower Eggplant Gabi Garlic Ginger Gourd Habitchuelas Kangkong Lettuce Mongo Okra Onion Peanut Pechay Chinese Pechay Native Radish Squash Fruit Stringbeans Tomato Ubi White Potato
In terms of regional distribution, the table below shows the percent share of major crops to the total agricultural output of the Region. There is no data deriving the biomass resources of the major crops. Percent Share to Total Agricultural Output of the Region Iloc
CAR
CV
CL
CAL
MM
Bicol
WV
EV
CV
Car
Palay
27.16
24.84
39.49
21.47
4.67
24.27
22.75
25.49
21.86
7.78
23.99
Mang o Chick en Hog
10.50 8.08
3.09
6.77
25.37
21.19
4.65
6.45
6.64
12.59
7.81
13.64
8.19
16.84
22.91
16.38
11.14
15.41
22.83
Corn
5.58
10.91
23.02
1.28
4.06
2.62
Cattle
2.38
Tobac co Cabba ge Banan a Chick en eggs Cocon ut Sugar cane Calam ansi Pineap ple Rubbe r Cassa va
2.25
1.47
9.71
NM
ZP 13.62
ARM M 14.41
Dav
Soc
7.27
19.82
7.36 13.65
9.60
10.32
10.85
3.92
2.24
12.01 14.95
8.99 14.56
2.07
5.13 2.53
2.86 3.29
2.87
7.89
3.67
6.02
5.04
2.23
5.16
19.34 16.32
4.94
11.80
4.79
10.11
12.29
10.21
3.27
38.20
12.35
8.50
8.56
5.93
5.90 9.68
6.85 3.78 19.48
Column 2, Ilocos Region. The seven (7) major commodities produced in the region shared 63.77 percent in the region's total agricultural output. Palay accounted for more than one-fourth of the agricultural output. Ilocos Region is the country's number one (1) producer of mango and tobacco in 2011. Column 3, Cordillera Administrative Region. Palay, corn and cabbage were the major crops contributing 40.88 percent to the region's agricultural output. CAR was the top producer of cabbage. It
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ranked 12th in palay production and 7th in corn production. Hog and chicken were the other major commodities in the region. Column 4, Cagayan Valley Region. Palay and Corn contributed about 62 percent to the total agricultural output of Cagayan Valley. The region ranked first in corn production and third in palay production. Column 5, Central Luzon Region. Chicken, palay, and hog accounted for 64 percent of the region's agricultural output. For those commodities, Central Luzon was ranked first in the production. Column 6, CALABARZON Region. Hogs and chicken were the major commodities with a combined share of 44 percent of the region's total agricultural output. For both commodities, CALABARZON was 2nd in rank. For chicken egg production, it was ranked first. Column 7, MIMAROPA Region. Palay accounted for one-fourth of the region's agricultural output. MIMAROPA was placed 8th in the national production of palay. However, it was the top producing region of calamansi. This crop shared 5.90 percent in the region's total agricultural output in 2011. Column 8, Bicol Region. Palay and hog, the major commodities contributed 22.75 percent and 16.38 percent to the total agricultural production, respectively, of the region. Bicol region ranked sixth in palay production and seventh in hog production. Column 9, Western Visayas Region. Palay production with 25.4 percent growth contributed 25.5 percent to the regional agricultural output. Production wise, the region ranked second among all regions. Sugarcane output grew by 57.7 percent, and remained to be the top contributor to national production. Other major contributors were hog, chicken and corn. Column 10, Eastern Visayas Region. Palay and coconut were the leading commodities with 41.20 contribution to agricultural production of Eastern Visayas for the year 2011. The region was 7th in palay production and second in coconut production. Hog and chicken shared 22.05 percent and placed the region in the 9th rank. Column 11, Central Visayas Region. Hog, chicken and chicken eggs, palay and sugarcane were the major commodities in the region. They contributed 55.15 percent to the region's agricultural output. Hog production in Central Visayas ranked fourth in the national production. It ranked third in the production of sugarcane and chicken eggs. Column 12, Caraga Region. Palay, coconut, and banana were the major crops in the region. These crops contributed 41.22 percent to the region's agricultural output. In terms of ranking, Caraga placed 13th in the national production of palay, 9th for coconut, and 10th for banana. Column 13, Northern Mindanao Region. In 2011, the top three (3) crops of Northern Mindanao were banana, corn, and pineapple contributing 32 percent of the region's agricultural output. The region was ranked first in pineapple production and second in banana and corn production. Other major commodities were chicken and hog. Column 14, Zamboanga Peninsula Region. This region ranked fourth in coconut production and ninth in palay production in 2011. Column 15, Autonomous region of Muslim Mindanao. Cassava, palay, corn, coconut and banana were the major crops in the region. These contributed 64 percent to the region's agricultural output. ARMM ranked first in the production of cassava. The region placed 4th in the production of corn and banana.
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Column 16, Davao Region. Banana and coconut were the major crops in the region. These crops contributed 46.70 percent to the region's agricultural output. Davao Region is the number one producer of banana and coconut. It ranked sixth & seventh in the production of hog and chicken, respectively. Column 17, Socsargen Region. Palay, corn, banana and pineapple were the major crops in SOCCSKSARGEN. These crops contributed 19.82 percent, 14.56 percent, 8.56 percent and 6.85 percent respectively to the total agricultural output of the region. In terms of ranking, the region was 2nd in pineapple production, 3rd for corn and banana production. 3. Current practices of utilization of waste agricultural biomass in the country The current practices of using waste agricultural biomass in the Philippines mainly include waste-toenergy and waste-to-fertilizer. Under the Renewable Energy Law, the awarded biomass projects total 28 for grid-use and 23 for own-use with an installed capacity of 146.35 MW and 172.18 MW, respectively. The biomass projects that are yet to be approve total 13 for grid-use and one for own-use with an installed capacity of 562.20 MW for grid-use11. The approved projects include the following: 1. 1 MW Biomass Energy Project for Pepsi Rosario, La Union 2. 7.2 MW Rice Hull Gasification 3. 20 MW Biomass Power Plant 4. 19 MW Bagasse-fired Cogeneration Power Plant 5. 12.5 MW Bataan 2020 Rice hull-fired Cogen Plant 6. Excel Farm Methane Recovery and Electricity Generation Project 7. 0.9 MW RF#12 Biogas Power Generation System 8. Amigo Farm Methane Recovery and Electricity Generation Project 9. 1 MW Bocaue Biogas to Electricity Facility 10. MWe (net) SJCiPower Rice husk-Fired Biomass power Plant Project 11. 500 KW Ecomarket Solutions Woody Biomass Power Plant 12. 1.5 MW Ecomarket Solutions Woody Biomass Power Plant 13. 4 MW San Pedro Landfill Methane Recovery and Electricity Generation 14. 14.8 MW Montalban Landfill Methane Recovery and Electricity Generation 15. Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) Processing Plant Project 16. 1.2 MW Payatas Landfill Methane Recovery and Power Generation Facility 17. 20 MW Waste-to-Energy Project using Thermal Gasifier Conversion 18. 15 MW CASA Bagasse-Fired Cogeneration Facility 19. 18 MW SCBiopower Bagasse-Fired Power Generation Project 20. 8 MW SCBI Multi-Feedstock Cogeneration Plant 21. 8.0 MW HPCo Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 22. 21 MW FFHC Bagasse Cogeneration System 23. 26 MW VMCI Bagasse-Fired Cogeneration Plant 24. Consolacion Landfill Methane Recovery and Electricity Generation 25. 21 MW CSCI Bagasse-Fired Cogeneration Facility 26. 10 MW Kalilangan Bio-Energy Corporation Multi Feedstock Power Generating Facility 27. 10 MW Malaybalay Bio-Energy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating Facility 28. 10 MW Don Carlos Bio-Energy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating Facility 29. 18 TPH Reciprocating Grate Steam Boiler 30. 2.8 MW Sweet Crystals Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 31. 2.50 MW Sweet Crystals Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 32. 250 kW Mackay Green Integrated Waste to Energy Indirect Fired Gas Turbine Facility 33. 9.5 MW CAT Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 34. 2.4 MW Bayanihan Feed Products Multi-Fuel Biomass Power Plant 35. 25.52 MW CADPI Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 36. MSCI Biomass Gasifier Project 37. 1 MW Cavite Pig City Biogas Waste to Energy Facility 38. 2 MW Eurotiles Rice Hull Gasification Facility
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39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51.
300 Kw JTM Industrial Farm Biogas Power Generation Project 5.8 MW Capiz Sugar Central Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 19.5 MW BISCOM Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 10 MW CACI Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 4 MW RBC Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 10.0 MW Lopez Sugar Corp. Bagasse Cogeneration Plant 4.2 MW Sagay Central Bagasse Cogeneration System Universal Robina Corporation Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 2.75 MW Biomass Cogeneration Power Plant 11 MW HISUMCO Bagasse Cogeneration Facility 0.56 MW Marcela Farm Biogas Power Generation Project 24.4 MW BUSCO Bagasse Cogeneration System Amley Natural Energy Corporation
In addition, the Philippines has 44 projects for methane avoidance, 12 projects for biomass energy, and eight projects for landfill gas that are registered under the Clean Development Mechanism12. 4. Estimates of surplus waste agricultural biomass and how it is disposed In 2011, the country’s total primary energy supply mix reached 39.40 million tons of oil equivalent (MTOE). About 12.4 percent came from biomass or about 54.6 megawatts. The estimated biomass resources required to produce such power is 566,092.8 metric tons assuming that the biomasspowered plants run at full capacity (efficiency is 24% for large-scale biomass plants range from 15 – 60 megawatts). That means merely using 1.07 percent of the total biomass resources in the country for energy13. A 2002 report of DAP showed that the Philippines generate as much as 50 million MT of biomass yearly and only 0.054% of it is being utilized. Most end up as agricultural or industrial wastes that add up to our burgeoning waste problems. As such, it becomes a pollution problem because of the gasses and particulates it emits during decomposition and the nutrient build-up it creates in bodies of water. It is an untapped resource that can be used to help abate air pollution, promote sustainable farming through the use of organic fertilizers, energize remote rural areas and provide livelihood especially for those in the rural areas. 5. Technologies for converting waste agricultural biomass into energy that are available and being used in the country The main technologies that are being used to convert waste agricultural biomass into energy include the following: 1. Rice hull gasification 2. Bagasse-fired cogeneration 3. Rice-hull fired cogeneration 4. Biogas recovery for electricity generation 5. Conversion of woody biomass for power 6. Landfill methane recovery for electricity generation 7. Refused-derived fuel processing 8. Multi-feedstock power generation 6. Assessment of technology needs Based on current projections of the Department of Energy (DOE), renewable energy is foreseen to provide up to 40 percent of the country's primary energy requirements over the ten-year period beginning in 2003. Although its share will decline in relation to the total figure, it is estimated to grow at an average annual rate of 2.4 percent in absolute terms. Biomass, micro-hydro, solar and wind will remain to be the largest contributors to the total share of renewable energy in the energy mix with an
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average share of 27.5 percent. Meanwhile, hydro and geothermal will contribute the balance and continue to be a significant source of electric power. An alternative scenario has been drawn up which sets higher targets for RE's contribution to the country's installed generating capacity based on the enhancement of existing programs and strategies, realization of higher production targets, establishment of market-based industry and availability of new international financing schemes such as the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). RE-based capacity is foreseen to reach 9,147 MW by 2013, a dramatic 100-percent increase from its current level of 4,449 MW. This corresponds to a total of 4,698 MW of RE-fueled power plants, which need to be commissioned within the ten-year period. With increased private sector investments as well as the adoption of modern and innovative technologies in exploration and development, the DOE is targeting the installation of an additional 1,200 MW of geothermal capacity within the next ten years, resulting to an increase of about 60 percent from the 2002 level of 1,931 MW. The attainment of this target is being pursued as a strategy to maintain, if not improve, the Philippines' ranking as the second largest geothermal producer in the world. For the hydro sector, the aim is for up to 2,950 MW of additional capacity to be installed within the next ten years on top of the 2002 level of 2,518 MW, reaching a total of 5,468 MW by 2013. Finally, the DOE will push for the installation of up to 548 MW from RE sources by 2013. Of this total, 417 MW will come from wind-based power while the remaining 131 MW will be sourced from solar, ocean and biomass. Under the 2012-2030 Philippine Energy Plan, the thrusts include the following: 1. Expand energy access 2. Promote a Low-Carbon Economy 3. Climate proof the energy sector 4. Develop Regional Energy Plans 5. Promote investments in the energy sector 6. Identify and implement energy sector reforms14 The Plan implies that waste-to-energy projects are important, especially in providing power to areas that are not connected to the grid, but which have significant waste agriculture biomass resources. 7. Analysis of relevant policies to identify provisions, which promote/hinder conversion of waste agricultural biomass into energy. Accordingly, suggested strategy to enhance greater use of waste agricultural biomass into energy The relevant energy policies in the country include the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001, Biofuels Acts of 2006, and the Renewable Energy Act of 2008. The Electric Power Industry Reform Act dismantles the government’s monopoly over power generation and transmission. The Biofuels Act mandates the use of ethanol by oil companies. At least 5% ethanol shall comprise the annual total volume of gasoline sold, subject to the requirement that all bioethanol-blended gasoline shall contain a minimum of 5% bioethanol by volume. Within four years from effectivity of the law, the National Biofuels Board shall determine the feasibility and recommend to DOE to mandate a minimum of 10% blend of bioethanol by volume into all gasoline fuel sold. This new mandate takes effect on April 1, 2013. The Renewable Energy Act promotes the following, among others: 1. Accelerate the exploration and development of renewable energy resources such as, but not limited to, biomass, solar, wind, hydro, geothermal and ocean energy sources, including hybrid systems, to achieve energy self-reliance, through the adoption of sustainable energy development strategies to reduce the country's dependence on fossil fuels and thereby minimize the country's exposure to price fluctuations in the international markets, the effects of which spiral down to almost all sectors of the economy. 2. Increase the utilization of renewable energy by institutionalizing the development of national and local capabilities in the use of renewable energy systems, and promoting its efficient and cost-effective commercial application by providing fiscal and nonfiscal incentives.
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3. Encourage the development and utilization of renewable energy resources as tools to effectively prevent or reduce harmful emissions and thereby balance the goals of economic growth and development with the protection of health and the environment. With the relevant policies in place, the key constraint is financing the construction and operations of biomass projects is a challenge. As a response, the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) approved a FIT rate of P9.68 a kilowatt-hour for solar; P8.53 a kWh for wind; P6.63 a kWh for biomass and P5.90 a kWh for hydropower projects. The issuance of the FIT rates has been deemed crucial in boosting the local renewable energy industry as this would provide developers an incentive with the assurance of fixed cashflow for their power projects over the next 20 years. However, the approved FIT rates were much lower than what was petitioned by the National Renewable Energy Board, which sought a P17.95-a-kWh rate for solar; P10.37 for wind; P7 kWh for biomass, and P6.15 for hydro resources. Other issues that affect the development of technologies in the country are related to governance issues, such as high cost and risks associated with RE investments, in general, due to the unease in doing business, as well as the peace and order situation in certain part of the of the Philippines, among others. 8. Lessons learnt from previous projects on waste agricultural biomass in the country The country’s new and renewable energy (NRE) project interventions are to a large extent dependent on the support by the development financing agencies, such as the Global Environment Facility (GEF), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), WB, and bilateral agencies such as the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) and United States Agency for International Development (USAID). These agencies have financed NRE technologies like solar, wind, and minihydro projects. To streamline and better coordinate these initiatives, DOE is presently implementing the Capacity Building for Renewable Energy Development (CBRED) project, which is funded by UNDP. An estimated $100 million worth of NRE projects have been carried out in the Philippines since 1970. The projects were mostly initiated by funding agencies. These projects are technology-based. About 20 to 25 percent of these projects was rated as “less than successful”. Some of the projects, including the ADB-financed mini-hydro schemes in the early 1980s, were rated partly successful by the project performance audit report. The reasons for failure are divided into the following categories: 1. Institutional problems, including improper management schemes; 2. Lack of stakeholder mobilization and beneficiary participation; 3. Technical problems, including lack of skill and spare parts for operation and maintenance as well as technology obsolescence; and 4. Financial problems, including high initial and maintenance cost, and high tariffs for consumers. The ADB, however, noted the recently increasing number of successful NRE projects in the Philippines. The key factor that contributed to project success “is the close collaboration of the beneficiary communities, non-government organizations (NGOs), and private sector for the resource assessment, project design, construction, management, operation, and maintenance of the established NRE systems and related livelihood activities.” It also emphasized the need for future projects to “ensure productive use and sustainable operation of the installed NRE systems” by developing “a renewable energy-based community livelihood opportunities, such as installation of rice mills to increase the value from rice production, mini-ice plants for cold storage of fish products, and provision of skills and training, identification of potential markets, and marketing of products from such livelihood projects.”
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In summary, the lessons derived from the country’s experience in implementing NRE projects point to the following: 1. The need to establish a proper scheme to manage the project.; 2. Proper mobilization of the stakeholders and participation of the beneficiaries in all phases of the projects. 3. Ensuring the viability of the technology by building up the capability of the beneficiaries to operate and maintain the technology. 4. Ensuring financial viability given the high initial and maintenance cost of the technology and the high tariffs for consumers by providing livelihood projects. 9. Support needed from international organizations like UNEP The DAP helped in organizing the Philippine Methane Partnership (PMP) under the National Solid Waste Management Commission. The PMP is a multi-sectoral group with members coming from various government agencies. The key aims of the PMP is to serve as clearing house for information and coordinating entity on projects that use biomass resources. The PMP would need financial and technical support to replicate related projects, especially at a smaller-scale level, such as biodigesters for pig farms, rapid composting through biologically indigenous mechanisms for waste management, methane recovery of landfill gas, etc.
1
Unless otherwise indicated, the data are taken from the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics<http://countrystat.bas.gov.ph/> viewed last October 18, 2013. 2 List is based on data from the Department of Agriculture-Bureau of Agricultural Statistics and the National Statistics Coordination Board. 3 18.03 million metric tons multiplied by 0.20. For every five tons of rice harvested, one ton of husk is produced. See Tuck, C. O., Pérez, E., Horváth, I. T., Sheldon, R. A. & Poliakoff, M. Valorization of biomass: deriving more value from waste. Science 337, 695–699 (2012). 4 Rice straw is about 37.3% of rice production. The formula is partly derived from Partly derived from Teerapatr Srinorakutara, Suthkamol Suttikul, Yuttasak Subkaree, Montree Wangpila, Bancha Mouthung, Vishnu Panphan and Nantana Bamrungchue, Scaling-up of Reducing Sugar Production from Rice Straw<http://www.biomassasia-workshop.jp/biomassws/06workshop/poster/P-37.pdf> viewed on October 18, 2013.Field data gathered by the DAP Project Team collected samples from the rice fields to derive the actual weight of cut rice straw and rice straw that remains on the field of every kilo of rice that is harvested. The activity showed that for every kilo of rice harvested: 666.66 (g) is the cut rice straw (dry), and 2,555.55 (g) is the rice straw left on the field. See UNEP-IETC, Converting Waste Agricultural Biomass into a Fuel/Resource, September, 30, 2012 5 Based on the formula cited by UNEP-IETC Global Assessment on Total Biomass from Crop Residues of Selected Crops in Selected Regions. 2011. The formula is Total Biomass From Crop Residues = S X d, In which S means the production yield per hectare of the special crop,d is the rate of residues biomass produced from the special crop. 6 Based on 2011 production data of the National Statistics Coordination Board. Formula is 1.6 kg of total mass multiplied by 0.35% as cited by Walter L. Bradley and Howard Huang, Converting Coconuts into Value-Added Products: Serving Christ by Serving the Poorest of the Poor <http://www.asa3.org/ASA/education/views/coconuts.pdf> 7 Based on 2011 production data of the National Statistics Coordination Board. Formula is derived from http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/x4988e/x4988e01.htm viewed last October 19, 2013. 8 Each pig produces an average of 3.64 kgs of manure per day. Gene Logsdon. Holy Shit: Managing Manure for Mankind. Chelsea Green: 2010. Formula is 3.64 kgs multiplied by 270 days (low average lifespan) equals 982.8 kgs of manure for a mature swine weighing 100 kgs. Thus, 1.97 MMT is equivalent to 1,970 MKg divided by 100 kgs equals 19.7 MKgs multiplied by 982.8 kgs. See also VuDinh Ton and Nguyen Van Duy. Studying on pig manure treatment in order to decrease environmental pollution and produce bioenergy http://www.mekarn.org/workshops/environ/Abstracts/ton_HAN.htm and http://www.askthemeatman.com/answers/when_a_pig_ready_for_slaughter.htm> last viewed on October 19, 2013. 9 About 40g of excreta per chicken per day x 35 days = 1,400g = 1.4kg for a 2kg chicken. 1.48 million metric
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tons x 1000 = 1,480 million kg divided by 2kg x 1.4kg = 1036 Mkg or 1.036 MMT. Formula partly derived from http://www.urbanchickens.net/2009/02/what-to-do-with-urban-chicken-poop.html and http://www.animalsaustralia.org/factsheets/broiler_chickens.php> last viewed on October 19, 2013. 10 BFOE conversion is based on fuel oil equivalent at 18,600 BTU/l, and electric power conversion of 600 kW/BFOE. 11 Department of Energy Website at <http://www.doe.gov.ph/summary-of-projects> 12 UNEP, Status and barriers of CDM projects in Southeast Asian countries. No date. 13 Calculations based on data available at Partnership for Policy Integrity <http://www.pfpi.net/biomass-basics2> and <http://massenvironmentalenergy.org/docs/MEEA%20biomass%20briefing%20August%20update.pdf> 14 Department of Energy report available at http://www.doe.gov.ph/doe_files/pdf/Transparency_Seal/Annual%20Report%20%202012%20DOE%20Accomplishments.pdf
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