Living on the edge: Accessing spatial & social diversity and building up a strategic framework for a

Living on the edge Accessing spatial & social diversity and building up a strategic framework for a Cohesive City

GROUP ONE

TU Delft Urbanism MS1 Globalization Free Choice /30th June, 2016

Alankrita Sarkar Juan Gutierrez Beltran Judith Schweizer Kallirroi Taroudaki Pim de Haas Teis Bekken Yi Yu

2

GROUP MEMBERS

and academic background

Juan Gurierrez Beltran

Alankrita Sakar

Teis Bekken

Judith Schweizer

Bachelor in Architecture and Bachelor in Industrial Design, Universidad de Los Andes, BogotĂĄ, Colombia

Bachelor of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Bhopal, India

Bachelor of Architecture, TU-Delft, The Netherlands

Bachelor of Science in Landscape Architecture and Landscape Planning, TU-Munich, Germany

and Urbanism at TU Delft

and Urbanism at TU Delft

and Urbanism at TU Delft

and Urbanism at TU Delft

Kallirroi Taroudaki

Diploma in Architecture, School of Architecture - National Technical University of Athens, Greece

and Landscape Architecture at TU Delft

Pim de Haas

Yi Yu

Bachelor of Architecture, TU-Delft, The Netherlands

Bachelor of Urban Planning and Design, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, China

and Urbanism at TU Delft

and Urbanism at TU Delft

3

PREFACE Cities have long been enmeshed in global economic and cultural networks which is so called globalization influencing not only global cities but also in these area are internationally subordinate. This dominant trend brings new spatial division of labour, articulation of production and markets which leads to concentration and accumulation of international capital. However, more social costs are observed during the globalization process and which are emphasised by seven hypothesises of world city by Sassen (2004), “Increased culture and demographic heterogeneity induces primarily by large-scale migration into city-regions, associated with both dangers as opportunities for social mobility and social justice.

Pronounced change in the spatial morphology of global city-regions. With increasingly polycentric or multi-clustered agglomerations, A process of decentralisation and decentralisation of the city-region.

Globalisation tends to widen the gap between the wealthy and the poor in economic, social and spatial terms.”

Such phenomenon could also be observed in Buenos Aires through poverty issue, the sharing of informal economy

Source: Pídez, P. (2002), Buenos Aires: Fragmentation and privatization of the metropolitan city, Environment & Urbanization, 14(1), pp 145-158

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in Buenos Aires and uneven spatial development, which enlightens us to rethink about the globalization process in Buenos Aires and what influences it brings to the city development. Understanding the historical development of Buenos Aires approaches us in sensing the dominant trend of development of metropolitan region. Urban fragmentation and social segregation are expected to play significant role in not only spatial quality but social structure of the Buenos Aires.

People who are marginalized during this process would have higher change living in more vulnerable situation than others. Thus investigating on these marginalized area and people would bring more highlights of the social cost of the globalisation and improve the social equality.

Our Projects title „LIVING ON THE EDGE“ represents both the topic of a live on the edge of existence and a life on the edge of the CABA in the south of Buenos Aires, as well as our approach to create positive interactions on the edges of fragmented patches. The project aims to assess spatial and social diversity and to build up a strategic framework for a cohesive City.

CONTENTS 7

BUENOS AIRES - GLOBAL CITY BackGround infoRmation and COMPARISON OF GLOBAL CITIES Research question and theoretical framework

17

PATCHWORK CITY historical development fragementation and segregation conclusion and hypothesis

55

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY Patches matrix vision and strategy

65

CASE STUDY Comuna 8 and 9, Fragmentation and diagnosis

89

INTERVENTIONS mataderos river strip avenida argentina

115

THE BIGGER PICTURE Stakeholders the bigger vision reflection

123

BIBILIOGRAPHY

5

BUENOS AIRES - GLOBAL CITY Introduction of the city and its current trends

BackGround information and COMPARISON OF GLOBAL CITIES Research question and theoretical framework

Buenos Aires - Global City

BACKGROUND INFORMATION

Globalization by the means of advances in transportation and (tell)communications has allowed a process of international integration of flows of goods, manufacturing, services, trade, transactions, capital, investment, people, culture, politics, and knowledge. In this process, City-regions or global cities increasingly function as nodes of the global economy and as distinctive political actors. Rather than being dissolved away as social and geographical objects by processes of globalization, city (regions) are becoming increasingly central to modern life.

Global cities try to tap in these flows of goods, services, finance, knowledge and people. Becoming nodes in this networks. The importance of these networks is studied in for instance the Globalization and World Cities Research Network (GaWC). Where cities are ranked in their connectivity through four ‘advanced producer services’: accountancy, advertising, banking/ finance, and law. London and New York rank highest as both Alpha ++ cities where Paris, Tokyo, Beijing, and Dubai, for example, are ranked as Alpha + cities.

Source: Global City-Regions: An Overview 2001 Allen J. Scott, John Agnew, Edward W. Soja, and Michael Storper http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2000t.html http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2012t.html

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In Latin America, where globalization is not as strong as in western nations, Buenos Aires is ranked third by GaWC, after Sao Paulo and Mexico City. If we compare Buenos Aires towards the other Latin America cities we see the city doing average or even less especially if we take the historic context of the city into account. For instance, the population hasn’t grown nearly as fast as the other cities. Also economic the growth has been average and lagging behind on Lima and Santiago de Chile how are both risers on the GaWC index and are becoming more and more competition for Buenos Aires. Instead of that the Buenos Aires is catching up with Sao Paulo and Mexico City. This issue of Buenos Aires lagging behind can best be seen in the air traffic passengers. Which is low, especially if you take the size of the city into account.

The comparison data is visualized on the next page together with reverence global cities of the countries where we as a group come from.

Buenos Aires - Global City

global cities worldwide

London Unites Kingdom

14.862

752

New York

49

Unites States

18.925

Unites States

12.860

188 23

64

732 57

Turkey

1.180

Los Angeles

Istanbul Beijing

10.953

China

18.827 Cairo

56

Mexico City Brazil

12

20.117

255

206

Delhi

Egypt

19

India

11.031

16.260 Mumbai India

78

18.206 7

56

288 23

5

41

Hong-Kong

Hong-Kong SAR

7.053

225 46

Nigeria

28

1.875

China

21.429

Lagos

10.788

Japan

Guangzhou Shenzhen

8

19

Tokyo

36.442

Singapore Singapore

5.068

223 58

City

Country

Inhabitants x1000

Sao Paulo

GDP, $ Billion

Brazil

19.684

437

GDP per Capita, $ thousand KOF Index of Globalization

The KOF Index of Globalization measures the three main dimensions of globalization. economic - social - political

> 88.00 80.00 - 87.99 72.00 - 79.99 64.00 - 71.99 56.00 - 63.99 48.00 - 55.99 40.00 - 47.99 32.00 - 39.99 24.00 - 31.99 No data

Buenos Aires

23

Argentina

13.099

192 25

Source: http://www.mckinsey.com/tools/Wrappers/Wrapper.aspx?sid=%7BC84CB74F-A3B1-47B1-8265-6252 F6D85B68%7D&pid=%7B4F5BEDB1-6C1F-4 243-A052-83ADBABE82DF%7D , https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Globalization_Index.svg (Adjusted)

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Buenos Aires - Global City

comparison of global cities

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

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Buenos Aires - Global City

comparison of global cities

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

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Buenos Aires - Global City

BUENOS AIRES GLOBAL CITY

Three striking outcomes dominate localized effects of globalization and economic restructuring: • Increased cultural and demographic heterogeneity induces primarily by largescale migration into city-regions, associated with both dangers as opportunities for social mobility and social justice.

• Pronounced change in the spatial morphology of global city-regions. With increasingly polycentric or multi-clustered agglomerations. A process of decentralization and recentralization of the city-region.

• Globalization tends to widen the gap between the wealthy and the poor in economic, social and spatial terms.

Creating higher levels of inequality.

These localized effects of globalization and Buenos Aires as a Global City has two sides. The ‘winners’ working and living in an international environment full of luxury like Puerto Madero. On the other side the ‘losers’ people in the poverty, competing for their livelihood, like in Villa 31.

Source: Global City-Regions: An Overview 2001 Allen J. Scott, John Agnew, Edward W. Soja, and Michael Storper

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Buenos Aires - Global City

BUENOS AIRES GLOBAL CITY

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft * Other various websites (Bibliography)

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Buenos Aires - Global City

RESEARCH QUESTION

Globalization and metropolization are processes and trends which would have long term effect on city and urban development, both economically and socially.

The result winners and losers winning different lifestyles in city reflects the imbalance brought by these processes to Buenos Aires. In order to tackle the social problem, understanding the process is essential so we start our analysis by introducing research question.

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How globalization and metropolization processes influence the balance between different people of Buenos Aires in a social and economical way?

To answer this question, three subquestions covering three topics, globalization, urban fragmentation and social segregation are attached to answer main research question better as diagram shows in the right.

Buenos Aires - Global City

RESEARCH QUESTION

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PATCHWORK CITY

Desk analysis of Buenos Aires in the Metropolitan and City scale

historical development fragmentation and segregation conclusion and hypothesis

PATCHwork city

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - METROPOLITAN SCALE

Buenos Aires conurbation occupies more than 30 districts of the province. It is one of the largest metropolises of the continent, with its 4,000 km 2 and more than 14 million people. In their transformation processes can read the history of the country, although it has its own inertia and time scales.

Periodization presented to understanding the causes of some of its pivotal point. The ancient roads and railways bears the imprint of the topography; which altered or directed the growth of the city.

DIAGNOSIS BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

DIAGNOSIS Economic centres Missing connectors Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the metropolitan region. Investment flows demand concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and Source: 1, Globalization the informal, Group fosters disparity within the city. Course

2016, TU Delft

1750

VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economical and environmental harms, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

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Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

1850

patchwork city

HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT - METROPOLITAN SCALE

Legends

DIAGNOSIS BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

DIAGNOSIS Economic centres Missing connectors Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the metropolitan region. Investment flows demand concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

1950

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

2010

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and the informal, fosters disparity within the city.

VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economical and environmental harms, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

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PATCHwork city

River Contamination

Buenos Aires is suffering from poor environmental conditions, as well as the environmental risk caused basically by the Matanza-Riachuelo river. The main problems are the flooding, caused both by the river and the rain due to the poor drainage system, as well as the soil contamination, which mainly comes from waste dumps from industries and also from household DIAGNOS waste of the villas along the river. This DIAG situation makes the south part of the Economic centre CABA more vulnerable.

Missing connecto

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Legends Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source: https://seminariosurbanos.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/alfredo_garay_presentation.pdf * http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=393&Itemid=204&lang=es

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patchwork city

River Contamination The location of Comunas 8+9 close to the Matanza-Riachuelo river makes them quite vulnerable to environmental risks.

The bad conditions are a threat to biodiversity but also turn the area next to the river inappropriate for public use and activities for people.

Being inhospitable, the river also becomes a strong border between the CABA and the Province.

Soil Contamination

DIAG

BUE

Adm

Waste Landfills

Weak in soc

Partly good in soc

Strong in soc

Missing connectors on the the cultural level lead to hi Aires Metropolitan fragmentation makes it missing links on the big sc

MAIN P

The effects of Globali indirect connection to t metropolitan region. In concrete infrastructure a

Water Contamination The agglomeration of

spatial distances and big

Legends The lack of cohesiveness

the informal, fosters disp

These phenomena economical and environ affect dramatically the co as an emerging city international sphere.

Source: http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=393&Itemid=204&lang=es https://seminariosurbanos.files.wordpress.com/2010/09/alfredo_garay_presentation.pdf http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=393&Itemid=204&lang=es

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PATCHwork city

METROPOLITAN SCALE - CONCLUSION This map explains the growth of GLOBALISATION AND METROPOLISATION globalisation CONCLUSION and metropolization due MAP AND METROPOLISATION GLOBALISATION CONCLUSION MAP to variousInformal factors of infrastructural settlements Informal settlements development which diverted the city Gated Communities Gated Communities formation. Development This process of Settlements leads to the infrastructure on the Development of Settlements involvementalong of new patches like gated highlands along infrastructure on the highlands communities, villas and social housing, Peripheral growth without infrastructure onPeripheral the wet growth without other than the normal grid. lowlands infrastructure on the wet lowlands Settlements around highways growth of green Settlements but socially around highways secluded areas growth of green but socially

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

secluded areas Main Infrastructure internal connections Main Infrastructure internal

DIAG Economic centre

connections

Sources: * Dirty Work, Christian Werthmann and John Beardsley, Sources: Harvard Graduate School of Design * Dirty Work, Christian Werthmann and John Beardsley,

GLOBALISATION AND METROPOLISATION

Harvard Graduate School of Design * http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/ CONCLUSION MAP

Legends

* http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Informal settlements

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDER Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDERfragmentation makes it difficult to work o * Informal Settlements mostly expanded on the low missing links on the big scale.

Gated Communities

Development of Settlements along infrastructure on the lands or are situated in secluded areas. highlands * Gated communities are ranged away from the main

lands or are situated in secluded areas.mostly expanded on the low * Informal Settlements

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire city core and situated with green suburbs. indirect connection to the different part * Gated communities are ranged away from the main Peripheral without city coregrowth and situated with green suburbs. metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security. * Connections with the settlements with other regions

infrastructure on the wet lowlands

are fairly connected. * Connections with the settlements with other regions

FRAGMENT

are fairly connected.

The agglomeration of capital leads to * Informal settlements are situated on all the rings which spatial distances and bigger social distanc Settlements around highways means it grew along with settlements the city development * Informal are situated on all the rings which

SEGREG growth of itgreen but with socially means grew along the city development The lack of cohesiveness between the form secluded areas the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an Sources: international sphere.

Main Infrastructure internal connections

* Dirty Work, Christian Werthmann and John Beardsley, Harvard Graduate School of Design km 5 10 20 40 * http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, Tu Delft

22

5

10

20

km 40

patchwork city

historical growth of buenos aires

23

PATCHwork city

CITY GRID DEVELOPMENT

The historical urban fabric in Buenos Aires was established by the Spaniard Law of Indies, with the grid as the main development component.

With the consolidation of the Port and the expansion of the city periphery the grid start growing along the main infrastructure, changing over time in a bigger and more diverse block system.

DIAGNOSIS BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

DIAGNOSIS Economic centres Missing connectors Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the metropolitan region. Investment flows demand concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and Source: 1, Globalization the informal, Group fosters disparity within the city. Course VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economical and environmental harms, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

1750

24

2016, TU Delft

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

1850

patchwork city

CITY GRID DEVELOPMENT

Legends

DIAGNOSIS BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

DIAGNOSIS Economic centres Missing connectors Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the metropolitan region. Investment flows demand concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

1950

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

2010

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and the informal, fosters disparity within the city.

VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economical and environmental harms, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

25

PATCHwork city

FRAGMENTATION PROCESS

The process of this fragmentation in Buenos Aires is connected to the history of mobility that changed from Trains, to Metro to busses and cars and to the Development models, starting as a pre-industrial colonial city, trough industrialisation until todays post-industrial times. As we know both influenced the development of the traditional grid strongly and

26

shaped the expansion of the metropolitan area across the rings But. Additionally to the development of the grid Social housing complexes where introduced in the 70s and 80s and since the 90s more and more higher class inhabitants move into gated communities. Since the 1930s informal settlements appeared as the most disconnected patches.

patchwork city

FRAGMENTATION PROCESS Legends

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

27

PATCHwork city

“LA CIUDAD QUE HUYE”1 The city that run away ‘La ciudad que huye’ 2006

Director: Lucrecia Martel

This short movie was made by urbanism and architecture students in Buenos Aires about the gated communities in their city. These neighbourhoods with enormous walls create a sharp contrast between opposing neighbourhoods. How fenced of these places are is nicely shown in some short interactions with guards.

Production: Estudio Fantasma Santiago Leiro Vanina Berghella Fabian Beremblum

In summary, these exclusively private initiative-urbanizations constitute a new phenomenon for Buenos Aires and Argentina.

Some of the gated communities have golf or polo grounds or even modern commercial and medical centres. Many have bilingual schools. All of them have private security. Foresting, and planting trees and climbing plants constitute a major concern that gradually turn these artificial limits into more natural ones.

Historically, the Argentine State tried to integrate people by means of designing a city with equal blocks, that limited the private enterprises. State investment in public transport provided a vast country with transportation and communication. In the 90’s, this state’s policy vanishes. Public companies were privatised, the rail network was dismantled, and the social division grew deeper.

By the end of the 70’s the military government started to build highways. In the 90’s, the social division is higher. The highway network is extended, which favours the circulation of cars from the high-income areas. Thanks to these fast ways the gated communities nowadays are the most successful real-estate business. In Buenos Aires, there are now more than 600 gated communities. Almost twice the size of the CABA.

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Journalistic investigation: Laura Ruggiero Editing: Ariel Ledesma Bercerra Sound: Guido Berenblum Diego Martinez Camera: Alejandro Chaskielberg Digital animation: Juan Manual del Marmol Veronica Feinmann Locution: Marina Ferraro

patchwork city

“LA CIUDAD QUE HUYE”1

1

movie source: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1grtEpw0q9c 29

DEFINITIONS MAIN CONCEPTS

patchwork city

DEFINITION OF SPATIAL FRAGMENTATION

SPATIAL

FRAGMENTATION “Urban fragmentation implies an organisation of space - understood as both a process and a resulting spatial state - in which impermeable boundaries and enclosure have a central role. It is a state of disjointing and separation, which is often coupled with socio-economic and/or ethnic divisions. A fragmented city is one in which the ability to use and traverse space is dominated by the principle of exclusivity and there is a reduction in the number of places of universal encounter.�

Kozac, D. (2008, 256)

30

patchwork city

31

patchwork city

URBAN STRUCTURE AND TYPOLOGIES

DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

DIAGNOSIS DIAGNOSIS Economic centres Economic centres Missing connectors Missing connectors Administrative Borders Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Weak in social/ global/ chances

Partly good in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances Strong in social/ global/ chances

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and Missing connecto Missing on the economic, the cultural level lead toconnectors higher Vulnerability in Buenosthe social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental Administrative Borde Region. fragmentationAires makes itMetropolitan difficult to work on theseGovernmental Weak in social/ global/ chance fragmentation missing links on the big scale. makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

DIAGNOSIS

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE Strong in social/ global/ chance METROPOLISATION METROPOLISATION Missing connectors on the economic, the soc The effects of Globalisation have direct and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in The effects ofdifferent Globalisation have and BUENOS AIRES PROVINCE indirect connection to the part -of the directSCALE the demand different part ofAires the Metropolitan Region. Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o metropolitanindirect region. connection Investment toflows missing links on the big scale. metropolitan flows demand Legends concrete infrastructure and region. security.InvestmentDIAGNOSIS MAIN POINTS TO CONC concrete infrastructure and security.

Economic centres The effects of Globalisation have dire FRAGMENTATION indirect connection to the different part The agglomeration of capital leads to FRAGMENTATION smaller The and agglomeration ofdistances. capital leads to smaller metropolitan region. Investment flows d spatial distances bigger social Missing connectors concrete infrastructure and security. spatial distances and bigger social distances.

METROPOLIS

FRAGMENT SEGREGATION Administrative Borders The agglomeration of capital leads to The lack of cohesiveness between the formal SEGREGATION and spatial lackdisparity of cohesiveness between the formal anddistances and bigger social distanc the informal, The fosters within the city.

Weak in social/ global/within chances the informal, fosters disparity the city.

SEGREG

The lack of cohesiveness between the form VULNERABILITY the informal, fosters disparity within the cit VULNERABILITY ThesePartly phenomena could foster social, good in social/ global/ chances These phenomena foster social, VULNERA economical and environmental harms,could that could economical and environmental harms, that These could phenomena could foster affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically conditions of Buenosaffect Aires Strong in social/ dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in thetheglobal/ local andchances the an emerging city in the local andas the an emerging city in the local an international as sphere. sphere.

Missing connectors on sphere. the economic, the social, international and international

the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

32

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the

patchwork city

URBAN STRUCTURE AND TYPOLOGIES Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region. Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

METROPOLIZATION Globalization and metropolization processes have had along the last decades direct and indirect effects on how the Region has been developing. Exposing two significant sides, in one hand the side of the winners and in the other the side of the losers.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and the informal, fosters disparity within the city.

VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economic and environmental harm, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

33

patchwork city

Russia

GINI index

41.6

Netherlands

12.7 x

28.0

GAP BETWEEN RICH AND POOR

9.2 x

United States

41.1

Japan

China

32.1

37.0

15.9 x

4.5 x

21.6 x

Russia

Nigeria Netherlands

Colombia

28.0

53.5

43.0

33.2

17.8 x

41.6 12.7 x

6.6 x

9.2 x

60.4 x

United States

Ethiopia

Brazil

41.1

China

52.9

15.9 x

37.0

40.6 x

21.6 x

Japan

32.1 4.5 x

Australia Argentina Colombia

42.3 31.6 x

53.5

South Africa

34.9

Ethiopia 63.4

Nigeria

43.0

12.5 x

33.2

33.1 x

17.8 x

6.6 x

60.4 x

Brazil

52.9 40.6 x

Australia Argentina

42.3 31.6 x

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South Africa

63.4 33.1 x

34.9 12.5 x

patchwork city

gini index The definition of Kosac makes the connection from spatial fragmentation to socio-economic and ethnic divisions. These divisions even when often expressed in physical manners, can also be seen under the light of social segregation. “The Gini coefficient is a popular and widely used index for measuring inequality.� (Yitzhaki, 1983). It allows us to compare the inequality between the very rich and the poor. The world map shows that Argentina is positioned in the lower middle of the scale, ranking similar to the United States of America. This similarity can be connected to the way capitalism is coordinated. In Northern Europe political systems are consensus-based with proportional representation, while Anglo-Saxon countries, like the US and the UK, political systems are competitive with majoritarian voting (Schneider, Sockice, 2009). The first

work as self reinforcing systems, creating welfare states, while the second believe in liberal capitalism, where the power of lobbies is less controlled.

The Latin American political system with majoritarian presidents and proportional representation in legislatures generate high and persistent inequality and thus reduce development options. (Schneider, Sockice, 2009).

The privatisation of major infrastructure, such as public transport, gas and electricity and highways as well as telecommunications and parts of traffic make it difficult for the current governments to change things for the better.

The trend is going towards more and more inequality between the inhabitants of one city.

Source: Schneider B. R., Sockice D. Inequality in developed countries and Latin America: coordinated, liberal and hierarchical systems, 2009, Web of Science * Yitzhaki, S., On an Extension of the Gini Inequality Index, 1983, International Economic Review, Vol. 24, No. 3 * Pirez P. Buenos Aires: fragmentation and privatization of the metropolitan city, 2002, Environment&Urbanization Vol. 14

35

PATCHwork city

PUBLIC SERVICES AND CENTRALITIES MAIN POINTS TO CONSIDER: Social Service of city is centralized in main city center area and public transport enhances the accessibility to these social service. Communa 8&9 is weak in public service resource and such inequality in social resource distribution contributes to the social equality and social inequality.

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connecto

Legends

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

36

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft * Adapted from Urban Fragmentation and the ”archipelago city” Presentation 2014 Daniel Kozac * Adapted from Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar)

PATCHWORK CITY PATCHW PATCHWORK CITY

patchwork city

public services and centralities An important indicator of social segregation is the distribution of public services and economic centralities. Both the position of the services and the location of low-income areas influence each other, due to the liberty of wealthy people to move into better-serviced neighbourhoods and the lack of interest of private and public stakeholders in the poorer neighbourhoods.

The economic centralities follow the public transport and mobility network of the city. Well-connected areas have a bigger likelihood for economic centres developing as well as staying.

All the mentioned factors are weaker in the south of the CABA as shown on the map.

PATCHWORK CITY PATCHW PATCHWORK CITY

School in Villa Soldati Hospital J.M. Ramos J.M. Mejía Centro Cultural Recoleta School in Villa School Soldati in Villa Soldati Hospital Hospital Ramos Mejía J.M. Ramos Mejía Centro Cultural Centro Recoleta Cultural Recoleta Source: Google street view Source: Google street view Source: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/sites/gcaSource: Google Source: streetGoogle view street view Source: Google Source: streetGoogle view street view Source: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/sites/gca Source: http://www.buenosaires.go https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ ba/files/img_5597.jpg https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ ba/files/img_5597.jpg ba/files/img_5597.jpg

School in Villa Soldati Hospital J.M.Hospital Ramos Mejía Centro Cultural Recoleta School in Villa Soldati Hospital Ramos Mejía Centro Cultural Recoleta School in Villa Soldati J.M. RamosJ.M. Mejía Centro Cultural Recoleta Source: Mapa.buenosaires.gob.ar Source: Google streetGoogle view Source: Google streetGoogle view Source: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/sites/gcaSource: Google Source: Google Source: http://www.buenosaires.go Source: street view street view Source: street view street view Source: http://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/sites/gc * Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ ba/files/img_5597.jpg https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ ba/files/img_5597.jpg https://www.google.de/intl/de/maps/streetview/ ba/files/img_5597.jpg

37

PATCHwork city

ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION AND EDUCATION

SEGREGATION SEGREGATION MAIN CONCEPTS

MAIN CONCEPTS

PERSONS WITH UNIVERSITY DEGREE

PERSONS DEGREE Above theWITH meanUNIVERSITY value Abovevalue the mean value Below the mean the mean Mean Value in Below the ACBA - 7.6%value Mean Value in the ACBA - 7.6% SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION Monthly Income Avarage per Inhabitant ($) SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION Monthly Income Avarage per Inhabitant ($) 22240-3406

SEGREGATION Legends 1708-223922240-3406

MAIN CONCEPTS

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde 1250-1707 1708-2239 PERSONS WITH UNIVERSITY DEGREE Weak in social/ global/ chance 559-1249 1250-1707 Partly good in social/ global/ chance Above the mean value 0-558 559-1249 Strong in social/ global/ chance Below the mean value Missing connectors on the economic, the soc 0-558 the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover Mean Value in the ACBA - 7.6%

fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION Monthly Income Avarage per Inhabitant ($) 22240-3406 1708-2239 1250-1707 559-1249 Source

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

Adapted from VULNERA 0-558 Source Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar) Adapted from affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial as an emerging city in the local an Adapted from Urban Fragmentation and Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar) international sphere. the ”archipelago city” Presentation 2014 Adapted fromDaniel UrbanKozac Fragmentation and the ”archipelago city” Presentation 2014 Daniel Kozac 0

38

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft * Adapted from Urban Fragmentation and the ”archipelago city” Presentation 2014 Daniel Kozac * Adapted from Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar)

1

5 0

1

10 5

10

PATCHWORK CITY patchwork city

ECONOMIC STRATIFICATION AND EDUCATION Buenos Aires has a strong connection to Buenos Aires has a strong connection its main historical-urban core, in terms to its main historical-urban core, in of functions and infrastructure. It’s here terms of functions and infrastructure. It’s were the main political, economical and here were the main political, economic academic activities take place. This strong and academic activities take place. hierarchy within the urban territory has This strong hierarchy within the urban made of the orthogonal Spaniard grid territory has made of the orthogonal a perfect place for studying, working or Spaniard grid a perfect place for even living, but also has become a tacit studying, working or even living, but example of how the real estate market also has become a tacit example of how is pushing low income communities to the real estate market is pushing low the periphery of the CABA, in order for income communities to the periphery them to get access to affordable land and of the CABA, in order for them to get services. access to affordable land and services.

Segregation is one constraint that is Segregation is one constraint that is shaping the Status-Quo of Buenos Aires. shaping the Status-Quo of Buenos Aires.

The city itself is becoming polarized The city itself is becoming polarized between the ones that have a lot and the between the ones that have a lot and ones that don’t have anything. the ones that don’t have anything.

Universidad de Buenos Aires inside

Universidad de Buenos Aires outside Source: author Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

41 39

PATCHwork city

MOBILITY AND DENSITY

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connecto

Legends

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

40

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft *Adapted from Modelo de evaluaciรณn y simulaciรณn Territorial Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar) *Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano Subsecretaria de Planeamiento. (2009) Modelo Territorial Buenos Aires 2010/2060. Buenos Aires Ciudad

PATCHWORK CITY PATCH PATCHWORK CITY patchwork city

MOBILITY AND DENSITY The map shows as strong relation between the mobility and density within the city.

The density is therefore connected with opportunities of the people living there, having easy access to a wide range of jobs. When compared to the economic stratification and education the wellconnected areas show up as desirable areas to live for wealthy and welleducated people, thus explaining their density.

The villas in the South of the city however break with this pattern. They have the highest density, while being poorly connected to the rest. Resulting in a low number of opportunity but great distress in living conditions. While the density in wealthy areas partly results from high-rise buildings the density in villas happens on no more the four stories maximum.

Central stationin the district of Retiro Central stationin the district of Metrobus Retiro on Avenida 9 de Julio Metrobus on Avenida 9 de JulioNew Chinese trains public transport New Chinese trains pu Central stationin the district of Retiro Metrobus on Avenida 9 de Julio New Chinese trains public transport

Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3TQOGSYS4cg/ Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3TQOGSYS4cg/ Source: http://pp.e3.pe//ima/0/0/0/0/2/2553.jpg Source: http://pp.e3.pe//ima/0/0/0/0/2/2553.jpg Source: //www.railwaygazette.com/uploads/pics/ Source: //www.railwayg Source: http://pp.e3.pe//ima/0/0/0/0/2/2553.jpg Source: //www.railwaygazette.com/upload Source: https://i.ytimg.com/vi/3TQOGSYS4cg/ Source: http://www.atlasdebuenosaires.gov.ar/aaba/ maxresdefault.jpg maxresdefault.jpg maxresdefault.jpg tn_ar-mitre-csr-emu-above_01.jpg tn_ar-mitre-csr-emu-abo tn_ar-mitre-csr-emu-above_01.jpg * Modelo de evaluaciรณn y simulaciรณn Territorial * http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar

41

PATCHwork city

informal economy PERCENTAGE OF PEOPLE WORKING China IN THE INFORMAL SECTOR 32.4%

Pakistan

78.3%

Mexico

53.7%

India

Mali

83.6%

81.8% Columbia

53.7%

Thailand

42.3%

Uganda

69.4%

Indonesia

72.5%

Brazil

42.2%

Bolivia

75.5%

73.6%

South Africa Argentina

49.7% Columbia

53.7%

32.7%

Mali

81.8%

78.3% India

83.6%

Thailand

42.3%

Uganda

69.4%

Indonesia

72.5%

Brazil

Bolivia

75.5%

42.2%

Madagascar

73.6%

South Africa Argentina

49.7%

42

32.4%

Pakistan

Mexico

53.7%

China

Madagascar

32.7%

patchwork city

informal economy INFORMAL ECONOMY

42,8%

1,692,779 employees 724,282 Informal in formal production units 18.3% Informal in informal production units 10.5% 414,161 135,995 Informal (production unit) 3.4%

418,241 Informal in households 10.6%

57,2%

2,263,766 employees 55.6% Formal in formal production units 2,198,701 1.02% Formal (production unit) 48,843 0.4% formal in households

16,222

The informal sector in the past decades has led to economic, social and demographic transformations, both positive and negative in most of Latin American cities. The informal labour work force has become almost as important as the formal, allowing lower income inhabitants to improve their living conditions through multiple type of activities.

The concept of informality has been always related to residual, small-scale, semi-legal labor market based on short terms solutions, but it’s important to highlight the importance this concept has as an emerging unregulated microentrepreneurial sector. Neither job will necessarily lead to an exit from poverty, but the informal option may actually offer a measure of dignity and autonomy that the formal job does not. (Maloney, 2004)

GREAT BUENOS AIRES FORMAL AND INFORMAL EMPLOYEES total employees = 3,956,545

Source: The Informal Economy in Greater Buenos Aires Valeria Esquivel - WIEGO 2010

43

PATCHwork city

unsatisfied basic needs

SEGREGATION SEGREGATION MAIN CONCEPTS

MAIN CONCEPTS

UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS Percentage of Homes UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS Percentage of Homes Higher than 30 Higher than 30 15.00 - 29.99 15.00 - 29.99 10.00 - 14.99 10.00 - 14.99 5.00 - 9.99 5.00 - 9.99 Lower than 4.99 Lower than 4.99

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

SEGREGATION

DIAG Economic centre

MAIN CONCEPTS

Legends

UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS Percentage of Homes

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Higher than 30 15.00 - 29.99 10.00 - 14.99 5.00 - 9.99 Lower than 4.99

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source

Source

Adapted from Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial Adapted from Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar) Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial

Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar)

0

44

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft * Adapted from Urban Fragmentation and the ”archipelago city” Presentation 2014 Daniel Kozac * Adapted from Modelo de evaluación y simulación Territorial Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar)

1

5 0

1

10 5

10

patchwork city

unsatisfied basic needs

The development of the historical city grid along the axis of the infrastructure system has led to a clear scarcity of urban quality in the periphery of the CABA. In that sense its evident that the lack of accessibility and diversity of functions, plus a poor environmental condition has made of the periphery of Buenos Aires City a place, where in contrast from the city centre, its inhabitants have a high level of unsatisfied basic needs. This connected to the low average of education level and lack of job opportunities makes of the periphery of the city of the most critical development places.

Source: http---diadelsur.com-pais-rico-con-habitantes-pobres-

Source: http---opisantacruz.com.ar-buenos-aires-viven-en-la-pobreza-

Source: http---parabuenosaires.com-wp-contentuploads-2012-09-4556G_1389634w

45

PATCHwork city

SOCIAL SEGRegation - diagnosis Legends

SEGREGATION MAIN CONCEPTS

UNSATISFIED BASIC NEEDS Percentage of Homes Higher than 30 15.00 - 29.99

DIAGNOS

10.00 - 14.99

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

5.00 - 9.99

DIAG Economic centre

Lower than 4.99

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Capital distributes along the main Strong in social/ global/ chance Missing connectors on the economic, the soc infrastructures the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover Wealthy people locate geographically fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale. proximity to city centres when few city MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS centres locate in where poor people The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part gather. metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

Wealthy groups is more involved in global FRAGMENT capital distribution. Current development The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc trend leads the spatial distance between SEGREG rich and poor becomes smaller and social The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit distance between rich and poor becomes VULNERA bigger.

These phenomena could foster

economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source

Adapted from Modelo de evaluaciรณn y simulaciรณn Territorial Internet (http://www.ssplan.buenosaires.gov.co.ar)

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

46

0

1

5

10

patchwork city

social segregation

As a city that emerged from the power of its port, railway system and roads, Buenos Aires is a place where the infrastructure plays a critical role in the flows of capital.

Wealthy people are located geographically close to city centre and sub centres due to the accessibility and multiple qualities these places offer to the inhabitants.

Meanwhile low income people are somehow “scattered�

in residual places where the is a clear lack of urban and environmental quality.

Wealthy groups are directly involved in global capital distribution. Current development trend leads the social distance between rich and poor smaller and the social distance bigger.

47

48

DEFINITIONS MAIN CONCEPTS

patchwork city

DEFINITION OF SOCIAL SEGREGATION

SOCIAL

SEGREGATION

“The word segregation itself has to do with the idea of the separation of certain social groups within the space of societies. It can be considered as a consequence or manifestation of social relations that are established and based on social structure, stratification, rules and conduct codes in place then.

In fact, spatial segregation expresses a larger concentration of a social group in a certain city area.”

Machado, L.M. (2013 1)

49

PATCHwork city

conclusion

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, Tu Delft

50

patchwork city

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE URBAN DEVELOPMENT OF B.A.

THE PROCESS OF metropolitan expansion in Buenos Aires owns following significant features: increasing social and spatial inequalities; political power have tended to accumulate in city centre which is represented by spatial fragmentation; a fragmented supply of public services marked by a market orientation which excludes some of the population; a process of production of the built environment which obeys market principles, with a predominance of private planning and intervention such as infrastructure; and a form of urban management and production of the urban environment that is guided by the search for growth rather than improvements in quality of life

TO SUMMARISE: 1. Social and Spatial Inequality 2. Accumulation of the Political Power 3. Public Services 4. Privatisation of the Urban Development (Pirez, 2009)

(Pirez, 2009).

Source: PĂ­dez, P. (2002), Buenos Aires: Fragmentation and privatization of the metropolitan city, Environment & Urbanization, 14(1), pp 145-158

51

PATCHwork city

CONCLUSIONS - hypothesis

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

52

Social Segregation

Spatial Fragmentation

++ +

++ +

Social Distance

Spatial Distance

-borders -different typologies -accessibility to services & structure -different social groups

SHAPE

m

City Grid Sy ste

Sub Research Questions: . What is the relationship between the patches and the urban structure? . How do the different patches work? . What is the relationship between the different patches, socially and spatially?

op Metr olizatio n

balization Glo

FOSTER

Globalization and metropolitanization process foster the growth of spatial fragmentation which accompanies rising levels of inequality in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area. The urban fragmentation processes there, leads to closeness in spatial distances between the social groups, however, in terms of social aspects they remain very distant. Industrial areas, social housing, gated communities, etc, they are not just different in typological aspects, but also in social aspects. As the foundation of spatial fragmentation, these typological characteristics gradually integrate with different social groups to form sub socio-economical systems of the city. To tackle the social polarization problems in Buenos Aires, it is vital to understand all the prominent existing systems and use urban fragmentation as a tool to soften the social boundary.

TYPOLOGIES SOCIAL GROUPS

method hypothesis

definition of patches

vision and goals

strategy

interventions

case studies

indu s try

high r grid ise

gate d mmun co it

y

grid se

lowr i

250 m

soci a ousing lh

villa e iser m

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

The method for the whole projects consists of 6 main steps, which are applicable for the whole of Buenos Aires and with modifications even further. The hypothesis, which is based in the analysis leads to the definition of important patches. Vision and goals lead to the

strategy, which utilises the assessment of patches. The strategy takes place on different levels of effect and intervention. In this case Comuna 8+9 are the area used as a case study to illustrate the strategy further.

53

54

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY How to improve spatial cohesion and the activity network Patches matrix vision and strategy

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

PATCHES

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

56

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

us hor

Every villa in Buenos Aires is different.

Though similarities can be seen. Villas are characterised by an extremely high density where every square meter is being occupied if the opportunity is there. On the other hand is the amount of services present for its inhabitants low. Looking at social aspects men can distinguish a small social radius, low income and high level of insecurity present within the villas.

social

ho

g in

Source: a utho r

Source: a ut

villa m is e ri a

PATCHES

Looking at social housing estates within the boundaries of the city of Buenos Aires, men can distinguish the same difference as in the different villas where every estate has its own characteristics. Generally they are characterised by a low density if terms of footprint with an open structure and large open spaces in between the housing blocks. Insecurity is high here as well with a relatively low amount of services present within the fragment.

57

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

Source: ht

mu n g at e d c o

ity

t

g or a. di

The low rise grid can mostly be found in the outer neighbourhoods of the city of Buenos Aires. It is often high in diversity between purely residential areas, commercial-mixed-use centralities and industrial halls. The quality of buildings and social control differ as well.

The lower density of inhabitants, in comparison to the high-rise grid shows especially in certain hours of the day, like the evening as well as in certain areas, when streets become empty.

58

ps:/ /en . w iki pe

Source: A utho r

low rise

gr id

PATCHES

Gated communities are the most recent development in the patches.

They are the most extreme representation of the privatisation of security. Especially in the North of the metropolitan region the fencedoff areas fragment the space.

The communities offer high amounts of services, like sport facilities and shopping centres for their wealthy inhabitants and are located next to highways that offer mobility towards the city centre. The inhabitants live in constant control.

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

PATCHES

hor

hor

Buenos Aires as shown to the outside, found in google images and promoted in tourist magazines is: The high rise grid. The narrow colonial grid is structured by the Avenidas, which are wider than the normal streets. Commercial use is the strongest around these axes, but is generally spread through the whole grid. The bus and Metrobus lines are connecting the neighbourhoods well to each other.

Source: a ut

Source: a ut

high r i

se

indu str y

gr

id

The industrial areas are the only patches in this row that are not residential. We include them, because they play an important role in connectivity and security aspects.

Industry is mostly positioned in wellconnected locations, next to highways or waterways, but can function as a barrier themselves.

Industrial halls or fenced can be bigger than the traditional grid and with that influence the surroundings.

Smaller halls are often integrated in the low-rise grid.

59

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

VISION

VISION Our vision is to have the different social groups within a fragmented urban tissue interacting and familiarizing with each other, so that they profit from each other’s creativity , gather, trust and create community. This could be achieved by improving spatial cohesion and

60

an activity network that counteracts the trend of social segregation. We utilize what exists in the spatial grid and introduce punctual interventions, by establishing a strategic framework which is able to integrate urban developments in different scales.

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

VISION

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

61

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

STRATEGY DIAGRAM The strategy to achieve the vision of positive interaction is focusing on the social radius’s assessed in the patch matrix. It suggests utilizing the other factors of said matrix to influence them.

In the current state patches coexist, but don’t interact on a social level. Often work relationships exist, but the stigmatisation against inhabitants of the villas or even the social housing complexes is a big issue. It makes social mobility small and cultivates distrust and social insecurity.

Current situation

Level 1

62

level2

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

The first level consists of punctual interventions broadening the social radius of existing patches to make the social groups more visible to each other.

On the second level interventions create interaction space between two patches to make their social radiuses overlap.

ASSESSMENT AND STRATEGY

STRATEGY DIAGRAM Over a built-up of four levels of effect, interventions can later on be categorized in levels and the development of an area can be orientated on the process.

This lays the ground for a time-based and site sensitive intervening.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

level 3

The third level tries to create centralities and strengthens identify among multiple patches, by connecting several smaller interventions or placing a strong magnet.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

level 4

On the fourth level new and different socio-economic patches introduce more diversity and a stronger networks towards the city centre and other parts of the city is created.

63

CASE STUDY

Introduction of Comuna 8+9 under the assessment of fragmentation and segregation Comuna 8 and 9, Fragmentation and diagnosis

COMMUNA 8-9 INTRODUCTION CASE STUDY

COMMUNA 8-9 INTRODUCTION To explain the strategy further we look into Comuna 8+9, the main focus of this project.

The main infrastructure, open spaces, and morphological aspects, as well as the services, such as places of education and health influence the live of the inhabitants.

Compared to other neighbourhoods of the CAVA, the two comunas in Buenos Aires South stand out in their number of green spaces and in their number of villas and social housing complexes. The open green spaces however do not necessarily have the quality of a recreational space: Often they are used as something else, like dump sites and even proposed parks are mostly fenced off.

Thus they operate as fragmenting elements, likewise do the river, the villas and the many old and newer industrial areas.

These disconnections shape the atmosphere in the area.

Healthcare and lower-education centres are positively strongly present and the comunas are well connected, if only on a higher scale level, by the Autopista 25 de Mayo. On the neighbourhood level this highway has to be seen as a strong border though, separating the North-West from the South-East.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

66

CASE STUDY

COMMUNA 8-9 INTRODUCTION Legends Villa Open green spaces Government projects Fenced projects Gated Communities River and Water Bodies Education Centres Health Centres Main infrastructure Disconnections

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the so the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CON METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the ci

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Buen as an emerging city in the local a international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

67

CASE STUDY

FRAGMENTATION The patches we read about earlier in the introduction of Buenos Aires are present all over the city. As we can see here, both Comuna 8 and 9, have a high number of different patches which create social borders and the open spaces in the southern part along the Riachuelo and have a strong fragmenting effect.

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Economic centre

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Legends

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, Tu Delft

68

CASE STUDY

BORDERS

The highway being one of the most prominent physical border divides the comuna into two parts. This map shows the various physical, natural and social borders exists in the area. The Matanza-Riachuello of course is one of the strongest borders separating the CABA from the province. It is highly contaminated which makes it anDIAGNOS unpleasant place to be.

DIAG

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

Economic centre

Missing connecto

Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the so the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

Legends

MAIN POINTS TO CON METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the ci

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Buen as an emerging city in the local a international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

69

CASE STUDY

DIAGNOSIS COMUNA 8-9

The morphological analysis shows a high level of heterogeneity between the functions, connections and grades of formality and informality.

The strong edges between patches reflects, a lack of cohesiveness within the territory leading to fragmented neighbourhoods and segregated communities.

However, this poor interaction, becomes a strong potentiality that could be addressedDIAGNOS through strategic interventions, that could DIAG Economic centre make from the Comuna 8 and 9 a positive Missing connecto urban model of social inclusion and spatial Administrative Borde development.

Weak in social/ global/ chance

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

Strong in social/ global/ chance

Missing connectors on the economic, the soc Legends the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in

Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

70

CASE STUDY

Comuna 8 and 9 are fragments of Buenos Aires City that have been clearly affected by the metropolization and migration processes over the past decades. The spatial condition of both fabrics are underlined by the existence of two strong elements. In one hand, the big ecological components that have been a local and national landmark and on the other, the development of industrial parks along the infrastructure. However, the

rapid growth of the informal settlements (villas) and the lack of use of these metropolitan parks and arenas have led to the deterioration of this part of the city.

Compared to the rest of the city in socio-economic term, both comunas manage a high economic disparity and social diversity which offer opportunity for interventions that will provide and asset to close the gap between the spatial fragmentation and the social segregation.

71

CASE STUDY

SITE 1

SCHOOLS

REGU LA RO

SITE 1 - MATADEROS

GONAL FABR HO IC RT

MATADEROS ZONE

HEALTH CENTERS

STORES SOCIA LH ING US O

MATADEROS

VILLA -

IN

INDUSTRIES

AL MR FO

ELEFANTE BLANCO

CHURCHES

Moving towards the case studies, we have our interventions serving the inhabitants of the city in different levels and are related to various stakeholders.

We try to extract the potentials from the existing sites of each level in terms of resources to make a time flexible plan , so that all the interventions supports each other in their own manner. In this way, different interventions build up on each other creating stories.

Source: Google Earth

72

CASE STUDY

SITE 1 - MATADEROS Legends Commercial Activities Villa Public Grren Space Social Housing Green Space along Highway Railway Bridges

In our first storyline – The mataderos site, the story initiate from the lowest strategy level, where we intervene the smallest scale first, which in turn effects the upper levels.

Mataderos, is a strong identity of communa 8-9. The area is full of various functions including commercials, sports, residential. In residential typology we can find patches of villa, social housing, low rise grid and industries. One of the biggest threat of this area are the creation of vacant spaces by moving out industries, which encourages the villas to expand. Along with opportunity and some weaknesses of this area, we have a widened scope of improvement.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

0.2

1

2

5

73

CASE STUDY

SITE 2 - river

The next story is initiated from the highest strategy level, where we intervene in the large scale. Most of the governmental projects are present in this site. Thus, to make our project more realistic we include the governmental plans providing more flexibility for future. Parallely we also intervene in the smaller levels, to focus more precisely on the needs of the inhabitants.

Source: Google Earth

74

CASE STUDY

SITE 2 - river Legends Commercial Activities Villa Public Grren Space Social Housing Green Space along Highway Railway Bridges

The prominent element of this site is the Matanza Riachealo river, which acts as an identity of the place as well as a border. This separates the CABA and AMBA in fragments. This is the basic threat along with the bigger environmental threats of the river contamination. The biggest environmental opportunity are the huge open spaces which are not used to their best currently.

0.2

1

2

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 75

5

CASE STUDY

SITE 3

SITE 3 - stripe

LOGISTICS -INDUSTRIAL ZONE

INDUSTRY

LOGISTICS CENTRE SCHOOL

S

NEW BUS TERMINAL

HOUSING IAL OC

CIAL HOUS I SO

MATANZA - RIACHUELO RIVER

LA VIL

NG

AU PRES. H. CAMPORA

SO

AL HOU CI

G SIN

AV. CASTANARES

SCHOOL LA VIL

PREMETRO LINE

We chose this area for intervening as there are various patches present in it. The living conditions are pretty bad and they are spatially fragmented. Flyover As a part of the River-strip. The Flyover is an example for the development of small level interventions along with bigger plans.

Source: Google Earth

76

CASE STUDY

SITE 3 - stripe Legends Commercial Activities Villa Public Grren Space Social Housing Green Space along Highway Railway Bridges

0.2

1

2

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

5

77

CASE STUDY

VILLA -

SITE 4 - avenida argentina

SITE 2 LUIS DELLEPIANE HIGHWAY

RMAL FO IN

LAR ORTHO GU G RE

L FABRIC NA O

GAS STATION

G IN US

COMMUNITY CENTER

KINDERGARTEN

SOCIA LH O

TRAIN STATION

The final storyline is an intermediate level intervention connecting the higher and lower level storylines, which is also connecting our previous 2 stories in both spatial and functional way.

The highway is a prominent physical border in the local scale which fragments the urban structure. This area also consist of various patches which operates within themselves. Other weaknesses of this part are limited open public spaces, but the potential is that they enhance the commercial activities around them.

Source: Google Earth

78

CASE STUDY

SITE 4 - avenida argentina Legends Commercial Activities Villa Public Grren Space Social Housing Green Space along Highway Railway Bridges

0.2

1

2

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

5

79

CASE STUDY

SECHI PROJECTS

*OMNIBUS STATION_01

*LOGISTICS CENTER_01

*VILLA OLIMPICA_01

GOVERNMENT TOP DOWN INITIATIVES

GOVERNMENT BOTTOM UP INITIATIVES

*PLAY GROUND_02

*INCLUSIVE PORTAL_02

*SPORT FACILITY_02

1. Comuna 8 and 9 Plan, Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Transporte – Subsecretaría de

Source: Comuna 8 and 9 Plan, Ministerio de Desarrollo Urbano y Transporte – Subsecretaría de; Planeamiento Presentation, Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2016.

Planeamiento Urbano, Presentation, UniversidadUrbano, de Buenos Aires, 2016.

De Villa a Barrio, Secretaría de Habitat e Inclusión Gobierno de Buenos Aires, 2016.

2. –De Villa a Barrio, Secretaría de Habitat e Inclusión – Gobierno de Buenos Aires, 2016.

80

CASE STUDY

CURRENt & PROPOSED GOVERNMENTAL PROJECTS

The projects that are being developed currently by the Buenos Aires Government are based on what we consider, two opposite / complementary fronts.

In one hand, we are talking about a series of bottom up small-interventions in the most marginal sectors of the City (Territorial Units of Urban Inclusion) coordinated by the Municipality, SECHI and the local communities.

DIAGNOS In the other hand, a set of high-impact DIAG metropolitan projects, such as the Economic centre Missing connecto Logistics Transfer Center, Villa Olimpica Administrative Borde and the Dellepiane Bus Station, with the Weak in social/ global/ chance aim of positioning the CABA as diverse Partly good in social/ global/ chance and attractive city that could become an Strong in social/ global/ chance emerging competitive power in the close Missing connectors on the economic, the soc the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in future.

Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

fragmentation makes it difficult to work o missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT

The agglomeration of capital leads to Legends spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft * Adapted from Subsecretaria De Planeamiento Urbano, Plan Communa 8, MDUyt, Buenos Aires Ciudad

81

CASE STUDY

URBAN FRAMEWORK

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

82

CASE STUDY

urban development

The interest of the Municipality in establishing two opposite strategies from the bottom-up and top-down approach could lead to a wider range of opportunities in the short and long term.

However, the lack of solidity and interaction amongst them could become a problem if this bi-lateral strategy is not well structured. In that sense, it is crucial to define which is the role of the “in-between� scale, in order to pursue a more accurate and cohesive initiatives that could foster better results with a bigger effect.

Our proposal, go hand in hand with drawing the line between both types of intervention scales through the establishment of a general strategy. This strategy, will be supported by a set of specific goals which will become the main basis for the different projects along the territory, that will provide an important asset for placemaking, community interaction and sense of belonging.

83

CASE STUDY

URBAN FRAMEWORK

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

84

CASE STUDY

strategic development

The strategy framework is stretched between level one and four, the ones the municipality is already working on. This strategy focuses on creating interventions on the effect levels two and three additional to revising the projects and plans that are already happening.

Many interventions can be started on one level with developing a bigger range and thus jumping to other levels over time. From this a flexible network emerges, where projects are connected to each other, but an also substitute interventions that are not being built or miss their estimated effect.

The bigger idea between levels one to three is to establish backbones that consists either of the development of linear structures, or of an accumulation of smaller projects that connect together to build an axis through a certain area.

Category one can function from a small plaza on the side of a neighbourhood, up to a park system for the whole city.

Category two can be a new culture centre that takes in different sociocultural aspects or a new part of the city, using alternative ideas about the urban future to create more social mobility within itself.

Creation of common attraction spots between different patches

The backbones work as stimulation and for legibility between neighbourhoods.

Interventions from small to big, from bottom up to top down, belong in one of two categories: Either the creation of common attraction spots between two patches, or the creation of a completely new element that uses the components of surrounding patches.

Creation of new elements form positive components of patches

85

CASE STUDY

TIMELINE

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

86

CASE STUDY

Timeline

Time is an important component of the strategy, emphasising why the flexibility of framework is necessary and how it is implemented: Interventions on the different levels of effect can either influence each other by being built up from the lower level, where the trust of the inhabitants is strengthened by smaller projects and allows for bigger plans afterwards, or built from the higher level, where ambitious energize smaller projects, that help fitting these ambiguous into the actual urban tissue.

Essential for the implementation of each project is the preparation time with the inhabitants and the project coordination. Some low level project might be built fast, but need a long time to arrange stakeholders.

This is why it is good to use the momentum of the smaller projects to develop further interventions from.

This creates “storylines” of intervention areas that can be seen in the colours of the timeline.

The idea is that both timeline and framework are flexible enough to endure changes. If interventions don’t happen or happen in a different time the structure doesn’t crumble.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

87

INTERVENTIONS mataderos river strip avenida argentina

89

MATADEROS

91

INTERVENTIONS

MATADEROS TIMELINE

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

92

INTERVENTIONS

On the first level, we propose to start with opening windows in the walls of Mataderos for visibility.

Also enhancing of the public space around the swimming pool, installing library containers in front of the Elefante Blanco and opening up the fences around Piedra Buena. Building on these positive elements four sub-centres can be established. Enlarging the cultural centre at Pietra Buena, establishing a knowledge centre (Biblioteca) within parts of the Elefante Blanco and building a sports centre with extra facilities within the social housing. Together with already existing commercial centre at Feira de Mataderos a backbone can be introduced binding these four sub-centralities together and form the Mataderos centrality in Buenos Aires. The introduction of the Metrobus and new housing in old industries and Mataderos will further enhance this goal. And bring people from different patches together.

Mataderos INTERVENTIONS

We introduce: 8,7 ha residential area =6000 new residents and 3,7 ha of commercial space Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

93

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - ELEFANTE VERDE

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 94

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - ELEFANTE VERDE

One of the bigger intervention in Mataderos site is the re-use of Elefante Blanco. By transforming it into a Biblioteca and Elefante Verde. The Biblioteca is a knowledge centre with a public library and education centre focused on the agriculture and food. The stone facades will be opened up and re-used in making public spaces in Mataderos site.

Similar like the inhabitants of Villa Occulta how already use the materials of Elefante Blanco to build their houses. Within the carcass of Elefante Blanco, Elefante Verde is proposed. Introducing farms and greenhouses as well as a vertical public park in the existing building. This will increase the employment opportunities for the residents of the villas and social housing.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 95

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 2 - INDUSTRIAL STREET

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 96

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 2 - industrial street

The next big intervention of Mataderos is the industrial strip at Avenida Argentina. Factories and industries are tending to move out of this area. This is highly dangerous as we don’t want the villas to acquire the vacant places.

So the proposal introduces new housing as do-it-yourself, where the public amenities and the services are built by various organisations, leaving it flexible for the residents to build their home. Firstly, providing housing for inhabitants of the villa but later also from other social and economic classes, when the real-estate market can step in.

The public space of the street can be enhanced making use of the materials from the Elefante Blanco and public facilities can be introduced in vacant buildings along the street.

We introduce: Old Industries 15 ha residential area =10000 new or relocated residents 1,5 ha commercial space Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 97

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTIONS

RIVER STRIPE

INTERVENTIONS

RIVER STRIPE TIMELINE

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

100

INTERVENTIONS

Our intervention in this area starts from the bigger scale, where most of the governmental projects also take place, which we take into consideration trying to make our proposal more realistic. The most important element is the river, which acts as a clear physical border, separating the CABA from the Province, but also has a strong identity.

Our first goal is to clean the river, as it is already planned, remove the dump sites along it and restore the ecosystem and the environmental quality of the area, bringing people closer to the water element. Moreover, with the creation of wetlands we plan to clean the river water and store it in the existing lakes, so then it can be distributed to the areas that suffer from lack of clean water.

RIVER STRIPE INTERVENTIONS

In addition, a public park will be created in the existing area of the Autodrome, acting as a reference and meeting point for the local inhabitants. With the addition of a bridge we aim to connect the two sides and make the river (together with the park) a connection element instead of a separating border.

Government Plans: 7,5 ha commercial space Added: 5 ha commercial+office spaces Government Plans: 15,24 ha residential+1000 Apartments= 10000 new people Added: 41 ha residential=27000 new people

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 101

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - AUTODROMO PARK

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 102

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - AUTODROMO PARK

Along the clean lakes, we propose the Autodromo park by availing few commercial activities and a green open public place. The park is proposed without hindering the Autodromo racing track, so that it can be re used in the future, as it is not used since past 20 years. We create this place to promote public activities for social interaction between CABA and the province.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

103

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 2 - FLYOVER METAMORPHOSIS

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 104

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 2 - FLYOVER METAMORPHOSIS

In parallel, we work on the smallestneighborhood scale, trying to address directly the needs of people and provide them with better living conditions..

The flyover metamorphosis project is a first step to address the needs of the local inhabitants. There is a lack of open space due to the density of the different patches in the stripe along the highway but we see that people already occupy the area below the flyover, trying to satisfy their needs for public space.

The conditions, however, are quite bad.

Added: 800 Sqm of Commercial space.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

105

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION- FLYOVER METAMORPHOSIS

Our proposal aims to provide people with more quality space and better opportunities for social interaction, adding more public furniture and meeting spaces and upgrading the conditions of the existing facilities below the flyover.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 106

INTERVENTIONS

AVENIDA ARGENTINA

INTERVENTIONS

AVENIDA ARGENTINA TIMELINE

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

108

INTERVENTIONS

AVENIDA ARGENTINA INTERVENTIONS

The highway is a prominent physical border in the local scale which fragments the urban structure. This area also consist of various patches which operates within themselves.

Other weaknesses of this part are limited open public spaces, but the potential is that they enhance the commercial activities around them.

Avenida Originally planned as a backbone, but blocked by two villas on both sides, a transformation can start on level one, by upgrading existing football fields. This introduces the villa inhabitants to their surroundings. On the second and third level, parts of the wide Avenida can be turned into linear park stripes, offering space of positive interaction, while other parts offer alternative space for entrepreneurs from all patches.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft 109

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - ROUNDABOUT Added Functions

flexible units | cluster economic development

Changed traffic situation

pedestrian friendly design

Stakeholders Municipality of BsAs

Public park

possitive community space

Inhabitants

Playground Local entrepeneurs Investor

Users:

inhabitants of BsAs

Two-way road

inhabitants Villa

transformed traffic situation

Linear park Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

110

create meeting space

surrounding inhabitants

INTERVENTIONS

INTERVENTION 1 - ROUNDABOUT

With a transformation of the Roundabout under the highway into a pedestrian crossing, the backbone for the area becomes stronger, including existing commercial areas and further development of infrastructuregreen. Later, this park can become an important node for street market having flexible and affordable kiosks. By doing this we try to integrate different patches together and increase the social interaction among them.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

111

INTERVENTIONS

summary

“LIVING ON THE EDGE” being a flexible strategy, the plan for the two Comunas combining all interventions introduced before as an ensemble, is only second rank. However it shows how the different smaller scale distributions work together to form a network of backbones and centralities.

The overview also shows the proposed extension of the Metrobus from the new bus terminal towards the Mataderos area and further until Liniers as a crucial element to help mobility within the Comunas and towards the rest of the CABA. On a similar level of effect we can see how the largescale interventions of the Proposed Housing south of Villa Soldati stitches the disconnected urban fragments together and gives the governmental projects a clear context, while also communication with the lower key changed in the excising tissue.

With the grid as this strong structure, there are still a lot of locations left where additional interventions could be located, that weren’t the focus of this work, due to their more cohesive appearance and lower urgency.

112

INTERVENTIONS

AVENIDA ARGENTINA INTERVENTIONS Intervention Sites Open Spaces Water Bodies Main Connections Metrobus Proposal

DIAG

BUE

Adm

Weak in soc

Partly good in soc

Strong in soc

Missing connectors on the the cultural level lead to hi Aires Metropolitan fragmentation makes it missing links on the big sc

MAIN P

The effects of Globali indirect connection to t metropolitan region. In concrete infrastructure a

The agglomeration of spatial distances and big

The lack of cohesiveness the informal, fosters disp

These phenomena economical and environ affect dramatically the co as an emerging city international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

113

THE BIGGER PICTURE

The strategy on the level of the City and Metropolitan Area

Stakeholders the bigger vision reflection

THE BIGGER PICTURE

Stakeholders

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

116

THE BIGGER PICTURE

Stakeholders

The framework of stakeholders reacts to the framework strategy. The levels of effect show up in the strong inclusion of smaller actors and users on the lower levels and short-term planning, while plans on the higher levels and future plans focus on bigger players like investors and organisations.

The different departments of the municipality are involved in most of the projects, as client or coordinator.

Additionally to that NGOs, like “Techo� or cultural organisations can also take part in education programs or in upholding the social control over a project.

Similar to the timeline of interventions mentioned before, inclusion of actors also starts either small and helps creating acceptance from inhabitants or starts with the big the investment of big actors fostering smaller intervention then including participation.

117

THE BIGGER PICTURE

FRAGMENTS AND BORDERS CITY SCALE The potentialities achieved by the formulation of this specific intervention in Comuna 8 and 9 could drive an Urban Strategic Model that could be replied within the Buenos Aires territory in order to counteract the fragmentation and segregation issues that are weakening the condition of the CABA and AMBA in the national and international sphere.

DIAGNOS

BUENOS AIRES - PROVIN

DIAG Through the definition of 4 levels of interventionEconomic centre under a site-specific operational framework, urban Missing connecto strategies could be fostered with the goal of: Administrative Borde

Weak in social/ global/ chance

1. Enlarge Social Range (Broadening), Strong in social/ global/ chance 2. Multiply the space for interaction (Overlapping), Missing connectors on the economic, the soc

Partly good in social/ global/ chance

the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Aires Metropolitan Region.

Gover

fragmentation makes it difficult to work o Legends missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONC METROPOLIS The effects of Globalisation have dire indirect connection to the different part metropolitan region. Investment flows d concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENT The agglomeration of capital leads to spatial distances and bigger social distanc

SEGREG The lack of cohesiveness between the form the informal, fosters disparity within the cit

VULNERA These phenomena could foster economical and environmental harms, tha affect dramatically the conditions of Bueno as an emerging city in the local an international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

118

THE BIGGER PICTURE

A BIGGER VISION 3. Improve Visibility and connectivity (Centralizing), 4. Provide a robust-flexible networking (Strengthening).

Altogether, could position each of the villas, neighbourhoods and comunas into a more resilient, sustainable and robust perspective, that could strong the link between each other and nurture a compulsory reconnection with the CABA and AMBA. This will transform the existing DIAGNOSIS weaknesses and threats into future strengths and DIAGNOSIS opportunities, as the starting point of the Buenos Economic centres Aires Vision Missing for the coming next decades. connectors BUENOS AIRES - PROVINCE SCALE

Administrative Borders Weak in social/ global/ chances Partly good in social/ global/ chances

Legends

Strong in social/ global/ chances Missing connectors on the economic, the social, and the cultural level lead to higher Vulnerability in Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region.

Governmental fragmentation makes it difficult to work on these missing links on the big scale.

MAIN POINTS TO CONCLUDE METROPOLISATION The effects of Globalisation have direct and indirect connection to the different part of the metropolitan region. Investment flows demand concrete infrastructure and security.

FRAGMENTATION The agglomeration of capital leads to smaller spatial distances and bigger social distances.

SEGREGATION The lack of cohesiveness between the formal and the informal, fosters disparity within the city.

VULNERABILITY These phenomena could foster social, economical and environmental harms, that could affect dramatically the conditions of Buenos Aires as an emerging city in the local and the international sphere.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

119

THE BIGGER PICTURE

REFLECTION

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

120

THE BIGGER PICTURE

REFLECTION

WORKING ON THE EDGES between the patches and their economic and social realities makes the strategy realistic and offers starting points in a very near future.

The analysis of the tremendous complexity of the patches themselves and the urban system as a whole - including political, world-economical, as well as legal effects, lead to the approach, which respects and validates each patch and doesn’t try to interfere with the sometimes very fragile organisms. It provides the chance for actual improvement of the cohesiveness within agglomerations of neighbourhoods and with it the social mobility between the patches.

This is especially interesting in the case that the bigscale governmental plans on the river stripe will not be executed. The improvement on the three other levels can still lead to this cohesiveness, even if the connection to the province and the general upgrade of Buenos Aires South would be postponed.

In the bigger picture however, the general inconsistency between the definition of informality and the handling of the trend, which has developed since the 1930s, is not solved.

As architects, urbanists and landscape architects we can’t solve this problem, but we should take part in this essential discussion and it is the rational next step of a strategic project concerned with social segregation.

Decisively this step would lead to a translation of the newer viewpoints on the topic into political and legal action.

Parts of the suggested interventions (both new housing areas) point into the direction, but would greatly benefit from a process in that area.

Source: Group 1, Globalization Course 2016, TU Delft

121

122

SPACE SYNTAX EVALUATION

123

space syntax evaluation

ANALYSING PRESENT SITUATION An analysis of the topological and geometric properties of the segmental structure of streets is likely to expose some of the processes that led to the formation of urban grid, and the role of different economic and social forces in shaping urban form. Radius 800 meters (approximately 10 minutes walking distance) will identify the local relationships between segment elements within 800 metres along the neighbouring segment lines starting from each one of them. Patchwork maps are interesting manifestations of the metric density of urban structures. They look interesting and promising as they appear to mark out distinct areas in cities Hillier et. al. (2009). The clustering of patchwork patterns is thought to represent the spatial signature of dynamic

Current

124

local processes of attachment, pruning and diffusion (Al_Sayed, 2013). Urban Centrality could be observed through topological step depth analysis and the crossing point of highway and avenue Argentina seems to be the potential centre of comuna 8&9.

With governmental projects intervening in river side, comuna 8&9 gains few attachments to city area. After our interventions, the crossing area tends to become important centre in comuna 8&9 which could be observed in city scale map. Emerging city centre is expected to be established in the south area which originally lack of centre area for connection to larger scale.

Governmental projects

All interventions

space syntax evaluation

EFFECT OF INTERVENTIONS Current

All interventions

125

bibliography

126

bibliography

BIBLIOGRAPHY

127

bibliography

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