Centro Minotauro + Villa Mycena

Inaugurating Civicism in El Florido, Tijuana

A thesis presented to the Faculty of NewSchool of Architecture + Design

º

San Diego, 2014 1

Abstract Inaugurating Civicism in El Florido, Tijuana Ž„‡”–‘ ‘�–‡�‡‰”‘ NewSchool of Architecture + Design Prof. Kurt C. Hunker Director of Graduate Programs; Chair, Graduate Department of Architecture

THE PROBLEM: ÂŽ Ž‘”†‹‘ř ƒ Â?‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ‘ˆ ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ™ ‡š‹…‘ř ‹• ƒ †‡Â?•‡ Â?‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‘‘† ƒ••‘…‹ƒ–‡† ™‹–Š Â?ƒ“—‹Žƒ†‘”ƒ• and self-built housing on illicit plots. Fifty years ago it was ranchland, by 1990 it sat just beyond the edge ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘—Â?†ƒ”‹‡• ‘ˆ ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ™ ƒÂ?† –‘†ƒ› ‹– ‹• ƒ „‘‘Â?‹Â?‰ …‡Â?–‡” ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?– ĥ –Š‡ ƒ”‡ƒ †‡Â?•‹º‡• ƒÂ?† Â?‘†‡”Â?izes. It is the epicenter of the international investment and industrial growth that has helped grant Tijuana ‹–• ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ Â•Â–ÂƒÂ–Â—Â•Ĺœ ƒ”‰‡•…ƒŽ‡ Â?‘†‡”Â? Š‘—•‹Â?‰ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?–• –Š”‡ƒ–‡Â? –‘ ‡”ƒ•‡ –Š‡ —Â?‹“—‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡” ƒÂ?† Â?ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Ž‘…ƒŽ ‹Â?ˆ‘”Â?ƒŽ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ –‡…ŠÂ?Â‹Â“Â—Â‡Â•Ĺœ Š‡ Žƒ”‰‡•– •‹Â?‰Ž‡ —Â?†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡† ’”‘’‡”–› ‹Â? ÂŽ Ž‘”‹†‘ ‘……—’‹‡• ‹–• geographical center, and is under threat of becoming another low-income monotype housing development.

METHOD: Â?ƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ Ž‘…ƒŽ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ˜‡”Â?ÂƒÂ…Â—ÂŽÂƒÂ”Ĺ™ —”„ƒÂ? ‰”‘™–Šř ĥ ™‡ŽŽ ĥ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒÂ?‹•Â? ™‹ŽŽ establish an alternative use to the proposed zoning for Fraccionamiento Centauro (namesake of the 60 acre development project) proposed by the city of Tijuana. Three phases of development have been adapted to the property: Phase one sells parcels to the public for private residential and commercial construction. Phase two has begun with a 10-unit cluster of model row-homes that have recently been makde available to sell to the pubŽ‹… ƒ– ƒ ɛɍɼ ’”‹…‡ Â–ÂƒÂ‰Ĺœ ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ …‘Â?•–”—…–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ”‘™ŞŠ‘Â?‡• †‡’‡Â?†• ‘Â? †‡Â?ƒÂ?†ř „—– ÂƒÂ’Â’Â”Â‘ÂšĹœ ɨřɼɼɼ ™‹ŽŽ „‡ „—‹Ž– ™Š‡Â? …‘Â?Â’ÂŽÂ‡Â–Â‡Â†Ĺœ Šƒ•‡ –Š”‡‡ř ƒ ɨɰɼřɼɼɼ •“ˆ– ’ƒ”…‡Ž ‘ˆ ŽƒÂ?† „‘”†‡”‹Â?‰ ƒ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ „‘—Ž‡˜ƒ”† –‘ „‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† ĥ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?Â‡Â”Â…Â‹ÂƒÂŽĹľÂ”Â‡Â–ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽĹ™ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ ƒÂ?† ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?–ř ‹–• –Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– Â•Â‹Â–Â‡Ĺœ Š‡ …‹˜‹… ‘’’‘”–—Â?‹–‹‡• ‹Â?Š‡”‡Â?– –‘ –Š‡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽŽ› …‡Â?–”ƒŽ Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–› ™‹ŽŽ „‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ƒÂ?† ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ĥ ƒ Â?‡–Š‘† ‘ˆ †‡•‹‰Â?‹Â?‰ –Š‡ –Š‹”† ƒÂ?† ÂşÂ?ƒŽ ’Šƒ•‡ ‘ˆ †‡˜‡Ž‘’‡Â?‡Â?– ˆ‘” ”ƒ……‹‘Â?ƒÂ?‹‡Â?–‘ ‡Â?Â–ÂƒÂ—Â”Â‘Ĺœ RESULTS: An alternate to the city-provided master plan is offered that provides better pedestrian penetrability as well as the preservation of the industrial facilities that are still economically viable, and largely ”‡•’‘Â?•‹„Ž‡ ˆ‘” ƒ––”ƒ…–‹Â?‰ ‰”‘™–Š ‹Â? –Š‡ ‹Â?Â?‡†‹ƒ–‡ ÂƒÂ”Â‡ÂƒĹœ Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– „—‹Ž†Ş•‹–‡ ’”‘’‘•‡• ƒ ɊɎřɎɼɼ •“ˆ–

Š‹‰ŠŞ–‡…Š ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ ÂˆÂƒÂ…Â‹ÂŽÂ‹Â–Â›Ĺ™ ÂşÂˆÂ–Â‡Â‡Â? ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Â?ƒŽ Â‘ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡ •—‹–‡• …‘Â?–ƒ‹Â?‡† ‹Â? ƒ ɏɎřɼɼɼ •“ˆ– „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ř Â?‹Â?‡ •–”‡‡– Ž‡˜‡Ž …‘Â?Â?Â‡Â”Â…Â‹ÂƒÂŽĹľÂ”Â‡Â–ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽ —Â?‹–• ſɨɭřɏɼɼ •“ˆ– …‘Â?„‹Â?‡†ƀř ƒ ’ƒ”–‹ƒŽŽ› •—„Â?Â‡Â”Â‰Â‡Â†ĹľÂ’ÂƒÂ”Â–Â‹ÂƒÂŽÂŽÂ› ÂƒÂ–ĹžÂ‰Â”ÂƒÂ†Â‡ ɪɍřɼɼɼ •“ˆ– ’ƒ”Â?‹Â?‰ ƒ”‡ƒ …ƒ’’‡† „› Ɋɭřɏɼɼ •“ˆ– ‘ˆ ’—„Ž‹… •’ƒ…‡ ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† ĥ –Š”‡‡ —Â?‹“—‡ ’—„Ž‹… ’Žƒœƒ• …”‡ƒ–‹Â?‰ ƒ Ž‹Â?Â? to neighborhing commercial, educational, and civic institutions.

3

Inaugurating Civicism in El Florido, Tijuana NewSchool of Architecture + Design

Copyright © ɩɥɨɫ ʫ

Kurt C. Hunker, Director of Graduate Programs Chair, Graduate Department of Architecture

Jorge Ozorno, Thesis Advisor

7

Table of Contents

ś

ɨŜɨ

1.2 Statement of Challenge 1.3 Importance of the Challenge ɨŜɫ Ş Challenge ɨŜɬ ŵ

ɨŜɭ

14 ɩɥ ɩɨ

ɩŜɨ ɩŜɩ

ɩɩ ɩɪ

ś

ɪŜɨ

3.2 Case Studies 3.3 Interviews 3.4 Questionnaires ɪŜɬ

3.6 Legal Issues 3.7 Financial Issues 3.8 Preliminary Building Systems 3.9 Specialized Building Performance Criteria 3.10 Parking ɪŜɨɨ Ş

ɪŜɨɩŜɨ ś Ş

ɪŜɨɩŜɩ ś

ɪŜɨɪ ſ ƀ

ɩɭ 30 38 38 ɪɰ 40 41 42 43 44 ɫɬ ɫɭ ɫɯ ɬɥ

ś

ś

ɫŜɨ 4.2 Design Development

ɬɩ 62

ś

ɭɮ

ř ř Ŝ

ɨɥ 11 12

9

ś �–”‘†—…–‹‘�

1.1|Introduction

‡™ …‹–‹‡• ‹Â? –Š‡ ™‘”Ž† Šƒ˜‡ ‰”‘™Â? ĥ “—‹…Â?Ž› ĥ ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ™ ƒŒƒ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”Â?Â‹ÂƒĹ™ Â‡ÂšÂ‹Â…Â‘Ĺœ ˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– …‡Â?tury, Tijuana grew from a sleepy ranching town into an industrial metropolis of 2,000,000 people (INEGI 2014 projected growth). The city’s population growth has consistently grown at a faster rate than the rest ‘ˆ –Š‡ •–ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ ƒŒƒ ƒŽ‹ˆ‘”Â?‹ƒ ĥ ™‡ŽŽ ĥ –Š‡ ‡š‹…ƒÂ? Â?ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ ÂƒÂ˜Â‡Â”ÂƒÂ‰Â‡Ĺœ Š‡ …‹–›Ũ• ’”‘š‹Â?‹–› –‘ –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† States has made it a prime candidate for foreign industrial investment, attracting migrant workers from the interior of the nation and tens of thousands of foreign migrants.

Â? ɨɰɭɏř –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒÂ?† ‡š‹…‘ „‡‰ƒÂ? ƒÂ? agreement called the Border Industrialization Program, which was created after the end of the Brassero Program ſ™Š‹…Š ‰ƒ˜‡ ‡š‹…ƒÂ?• Ž‡‰ƒŽ •‡ƒ•‘Â?ƒŽ ‡Â?’Ž‘›Â?‡Â?– ™‹–Š‹Â? –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† Â–ÂƒÂ–Â‡Â•Ć€Ĺœ Š‹• –”‡ƒ–› ™ƒ• …”‡ƒ–‡† –‘ …‘Â?„ƒ– unemployment along the border-cities, but it wasn’t un–‹Ž ɨɰɯɰ ™Š‡Â? –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒÂ?† ‡š‹…‘ †”‡™ ƒ ”‡‡ Trade Zone along the border of the two countries that the industrialization of the border became more visible, attracting more foreign investment. The industrial success of the border region continued to grow when NAFTA went into effect in 1994, giving rise to what would become a dominant feature in the urban fabric of Tijuana: the maquiladora. During the 1980s, Tijuana ‡š’‡”‹‡Â?…‡† ƒ •—”‰‡ ‘ˆ Â?‹‰”ƒÂ?–•ř Â?ƒÂ?› …‘Â?‹Â?‰ ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ ‡ƒ”–Š“—ƒÂ?‡ ”ƒ˜ƒ‰‡† ‡†‡”ƒŽ ‹•–”‹…–ř ‡š‹…‘ Â‹Â–Â›Ĺœ ‘•– of whom treated Tijuana as a temporary sanctuary, hop‹Â?‰ –‘ ‰ƒ‹Â? ‡Â?–”› –‘ –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† –ƒ–‡• ƒÂ?† „—‹Ž– –‡Â?’‘”ƒ”› •Š‡Ž–‡”• ”‡Ş—•‹Â?‰ †‹•…ƒ”†‡† Â?ÂƒÂ–Â‡Â”Â‹ÂƒÂŽÂ•Ĺœ ‘•– ‘ˆ these families and individuals eventually became permanent residents of Tijuana after failing to gain en–”› ‹Â?–‘ –Š‡ Â?‹–‡† Â–ÂƒÂ–Â‡Â•Ĺ™ „‡…‘Â?‹Â?‰ ’ƒ”– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Žƒ„‘” force that Tijuana is valued for.

1.2|Statement of the Challenge

Ĺ™ Ĺ™

city founded July 11, 1889 Â?—Â?‹…‹’ƒŽ‹–› ˆ‘—Â?†‡† ‡…‡Â?„‡” ÉŠÉ°Ĺ™ ɨɰɏɪ

’‘’—Žƒ–‹‘Â?Ĺ› Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž ɨřɏɯɰřɭɯɪ ſɊɼɨɼƀ †‡Â?•‹–›ś Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž ɍřɭɼɼ ’‡‘’Ž‡ž•“ Â?‹ Â?—Â?‹…‹’ƒŽ ÂƒÂ”Â‡ÂƒĹ› Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž ÉŞÉŞÉ° •“ Â?‹ delegations: - - - - - - - - 11 city delegations colonias: - - - - - - - - - 178 recognized colonias Â?‡†‹ƒÂ? Š‘—•‡Š‘Ž† •ƒŽƒ”› Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž Ĺž É›ÉŻĹ™ÉĽÉĽÉĽĹœÉĽÉĽ ‘—”…‡ś

Â?•–‹–—–‘ ƒ…‹‘Â?ƒŽ †‡ •–ƒ†‹•–‹…ƒ › Â‡Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂşÂƒ

‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ¨Â• —”„ƒÂ? •’”ƒ™Ž ‹• ƒ —Â?‹“—‡ Â…ÂƒÂ•Â‡Ĺ™ ‰‹˜‡Â? –Š‡ ’”‘š‹Â?‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „‘”†‡”ř –Š‡ ‰”‘™–Š ‘ˆ –Š‡ …‹–› †‘‡• not occur radially like most metropolises, but linearly †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ •–”‘Â?‰ Ž‹Â?‡ƒ” ‹Â?—‡Â?…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Â?–‡”Â?ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ Â„Â‘Â”Â†Â‡Â”Ĺœ Â? –Š‡ ‡ƒ”Ž› ɨɰɯɼ•ř …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ –”—…Â? Â–Â”ÂƒÂˆÂşÂ… was already an issue for the San Ysidro Port of Entry which has always been recognized for being the most heavily used land-port of entry in the world. To offset –Š‡ Â–Â”ÂƒÂˆÂşÂ…Ĺ™ –ƒ› ‡•ƒ ‘”– ‘ˆ Â?–”› ™ƒ• „—‹Ž– ‹Â? ɨɰɯɪ and has since been the designated port of entry for …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ Â–Â”ÂƒÂˆÂşÂ…Ĺœ – ‹• Ž‘…ƒ–‡† É­ĹœÉŹ Â?‹Ž‡• ‡ƒ•– ‘ˆ ƒÂ?

Ysidro and it has played a major role in the zoning of Tijuana’s industrial sectors, causing eastern Tijuana –‘ „‡…‘Â?‡ †‘Â?‹Â?ƒ–‡† „› ‹Â?†—•–”‹ƒŽ Â™ÂƒÂ”Â‡ÂŠÂ‘Â—Â•Â‡Â•Ĺ™ ‘” Â?ƒ“—‹ladoras.

‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ¨Â• Žƒ„‘” ˆ‘”…‡ –Šƒ– ˆ—‡Ž• –Š‡•‡ Â?ƒ“—‹Žƒdoras is commonly composed of a migrant population.

They are often those people whom have had a history of building their own houses in the hillsides surrounding the vast industrial landscape out of recycled and scavenged material. Colonias is a local term to reference these nieghborhoods. In their beginnings, they resembled small colonies of settlers taming the steep hillsides in small numbers. Today, they have grown into ˜ƒ•– ƒÂ?† †‡Â?•‡ Â?‡–™‘”Â?• ‘ˆ …Ž‡ƒ”Ž› †‡ºÂ?‡† „Ž‘…Â?• ™‹–Š Šƒ’Šƒœƒ”†Ž› †‡ºÂ?‡† ’ƒ”…‡Ž• ƒ†ƒ’–‡† –‘ –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹Â?ƒŽ •“—ƒ––‡” Â•ÂŠÂ‡ÂŽÂ–Â‡Â”Â•Ĺœ ‡Š‹…—Žƒ” –”ƒÂ?•’‘”ƒ–‹‘Â? ‹Â? –Š‡ ”‡‰‹‘Â? ‹• ƒŽÂ?‘•– ”‡“—‹”‡† †—‡ –‘ –Š‡ …ŠƒŽŽ‡Â?‰‡ ‘ˆ the hilly landscape. An average city manages its growth „› ’”‡†‡ºÂ?‹Â?‰ ƒ Â”Â‘ÂƒÂ†Ĺ™ „Ž‘…Â?Ĺ™ ƒÂ?† Â’ÂƒÂ”Â…Â‡ÂŽÂ•Ĺœ ‡š–ř –Š‡ utilites (sewage, plumbing, electrical) are brought to the site. A road is paved, and lastly the home is Â„Â—Â‹ÂŽÂ–Ĺœ Š‡ …‘Ž‘Â?‹ƒ• –‡Â?† –‘ „—‹Ž† –Š‡ Š‘—•‡ º”•–ř ƒÂ?† utilities and road paving occur as an afterthought.

11

1.3|Importance of the Challenge San Ysidro Port of Entry

Port of Entry

The map shows the colonias of Tijuana, notable ř edge of the northern border of the city (the international border). Paved roads and utilites are common in west Tijuana, but not east Tijuana (largest parcels are those that are most rural. The Centauro development is indicated by the black triangle (bottom-right of map).

Subsidized housing projects that attempt to bring bet plagued by cramped building types combined with suburban sprawl and these neighborhoods are losing their Ŝ

El Cerro Colorado

colonia delegation highway greenbelt waterway port of entry

Centauro

ɏ ɨŜɪŜɨś ſ ƀ Ũ overlayed district borders _img 1.3.2: (right) The red zones on the isolation map are areas of Tijuana lacking services such as plumbing, electrical, and paving. Centauro appears undeveloped.

The grid consists of working class housing and informal architecture, slowly being Ŝ ſ ɩɥɥɥƀ

13

ɨŜɫŶ ŵ

ɏ ɨŜɫŜɨś ſ ƀ º tial development. Cerro de las Abejas in the background. (Author) ɏ ɨŜɫŜɩś ſ ƀ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ º Ş spaces (1 designated space per unit, and 1 shared space per 4 units.)

(Centauro)

The project site is in a valley that used to be mostly vacant, where three large factory warehouses º ɭɥ acres in size. After many years of low density, the El Florido population has steadily increased over time from only a few hundred residents in the early 1980s, ɨɥɥřɥɥɥ Ŝ ɩřɥɥɥ Ş Ŝ ř º the way of development and parcels are now offered to the public for sale and today several new homes (most ƀ º angular void.

The dotted red line outlines phase III of the development but

warehouses.

A third of the property is being reserved for the construction of townhomes, by the developer. Image ɨŜɫŜɩ ſ ƀ that are now for sale. Pace of construction will depend Ŝ ɛɫɥřɥɥɥŜɥɥ ɛɨɬřɥɥɥŜɥɥ ŵ Ŝ beat for cost of production which may be lessened using pre-fabricated building compnonents. The problem with the models at left is the issue of parking. One desig Ş perpendicular parking. Half of the land being developed is designated as roads and parking.

A new housetype that introduces enclosed parking and outdoor spaces that are more private is preferred by the clientele. Amenities for the current neighborhood design seem limited. Safety is also of concern, as the neighborhood is host to crime and gang activity.

Plans to install a remote controlled gate, and keyed entry at each private residential street are in place, but the repeated concern by prospective buyers seems to be a desire to have an enclosed parking space.

A

ſ ƀ ſ Ş ƀ Commercial (private construction) Educational

ŵ

_img 1.4.3: (above) A color-coded map of Fraccionamiento Centauro recommended Ŝ ř occupy the western point of the property would be removed, their footprints shown in the middle image.

Pedestrian tracks after decades of use are shown in the middle image. The row-home ɨɫ Ş Ş ř ɬ Ŝ ř Ŝ ɪɮɬřɥɥɥ Ŝ

A

_img 1.4.4: (left) A photograph of the current condition of the central feature of Centauro, a parklet that was planted with wild palm trees found on site, transplanted in 2 rows. A gazebo is planned for each end of the parklet. (location A on map) (author)

ɨɬ

Existing structures: 4000 ft

At the beginning of 2011, the property was analyzed by city planners and the recommended site zoning is seen in image 1.4.3 and 1.4.6. The proposal assumes that the construction of row-homes (blue) would continue from point A (indicated in images 1.4.3-4) and

warehouses if they are to ever be demolished. In doing so, a 2,000 foot long barrier will become an obstacle to pedestrians that traverse the property by foot.

3 industrial warehouse buildings

2000 ft

1000 ft 500 ft 250 ft

ɨɫ Ş º structed at the end of each street, effectively closing º Ŝ ř Ş Ş º Ŝ Future commercial tenants may be negatively impacted.

ɏ ɨŜɫŜɬś Ŝ Ş will designate a pedestrian path along a drainage corridor between the warehouse super-block and the row-home super-block, to be designed in similar fashion the scheme proposed within the thesis project site.

structures in the neighborhood, built in 1989. At their ř ɫɬɥ living building furniture and various home decorative accessories in just one of the structures. Production slowed over the course of the 2008 economic recession, but today production has increased and the warehouse still employs many neighborhood residents (many of which ɩɬ ƀŜ ř it doesn’t make sense to demolish the warehouses as the neighborhood resident’s lives would be considerabley Ŝ ɨŜɫŜɬ for re-zoning and supporting pedestrianism.

200 m 500 ft

residential type I commercial residential type II planned schools greenspace/park

_img 1.4.6: Google satellite images of the neighborhood surrounding the Centauro development, showing recent past natural conditions (top) and current zoning model (bottom)

17

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA vs

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA

ST. PETERS/VATICAN

vs ST. PETERS/VATICAN

200 m 500 ft

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA vs

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA

THE ROMAN FORUM

vs

Centauro and the development project is shown in image 1.4.6. A green strip of chaparral plants inhabited the lowest point in the valley, supported by the water table. The lower image conveys the zoning overlay suggested by the city of Tijuana. The area of the trian ɭɥ ř Ŝ

ɩɥɥɥ Ş Ŝ angular property compared to the current density of the ɬɥɥ Ŝ º ޺ rural. The actual density of Tijuana’s urban neighborhoods is much higher.

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA vs EAST VILLAGE URBAN FABRIC

200 m 500 ft

CENTAURO PROPERTY AREA vs SAN DIEGO CONVENTION CENTER & PETCO PARK

THE ROMAN FORUM

200 m 500 ft

For instance, when Centauro is completely inhabited years from now, the density for the projected ɨřɨɥɥ ɫŜɬ ɫřɰɬɥ Ŝ º neighborhoods in eastern Tijuana are much denser than the rest of the municipal area.

200 m 500 ft

To get a sense of area using a local model of reference, image 1.4.8 to the left again shows the outline of the Centauro development compared to downtown San Ŝ 16 blocks, and can easily contain both the San Diego Convention Center and PETCO Park baseball stadium. The comparison of scale is useful in realizing the potential of the site if used for civic purposes that drive pedestrianism.

even though the majority of parcels are residential,

of the home. Furthermore, building styles are eclectic, as seen in image 1.4.9. The homes are constructed by ř Ŝ rages and doors become building components of a wall. Ŝ co, homes typically built right on top of the property º Ŝ

Tijuana, the courtyard typology has been replaced by the personal car. Therefore, rooftops become important real estate for growing vegetables and ornamentals.

To get a better sense of area, image 1.4.7 shows the outline of the Centauro property overlayed on a ř Ŝ Ŝ Ũ º ř Forum from the Colosseum to the Campidoglio.

_img 1.4.8: (top) Google satellite images of the neighborhood surrounding the Centauro development, showing recent past natural conditions (top) and current zoning model (bottom) ɏ ɨŜɫŜɮś

to the Centauro development.

ɏ ɨŜɫŜɰś ſ ƀ from the thesis construction site. (author)

19

ɨŜɬŶ ŵ

Ŝ the developer, the goal is to provide enough neighborhood amenities as an incentive for new home-buyers to choose Fraccionamiento Centauro. The zoning of the neighborhood has laid the foundations for a walkable neighborhood where residents can encounter services and some recreational activities within 1,000 ft from Ŝ meability will enhance the desire to live here as well Ŝ On the other hand, the residential row-home initial sales have provided the developer with a dilemma, the clientele wishes for more privatized outdoor space that would allow them to enclose a vehicle in a yard or carport space adjacent to their home. The current plan designates parking in reserved stalls, but the parking spots are considered “on-street” parking with no struc º Ŝ in the neighborhood is a reality, and car-jacking is a real concern for the clients.

In terms of local architectural vernacular, in neighborhood to lose some of the originality of the ſ image 1.4.9). Instead of proliferating a single style Ş ř aims to introduce a second residential village that provides variety in terms of architectural style. The thesis project also aims to inaugurate the site with a Ş vides the public with services they need, provides high ř »

public gatherings.

ɨŜɭŶ Investigation

The property of interest for the project is the western-most point of Fraccionamiento Centauro. Zoned for commercial, residential and educational uses on ap ɩɥɥřɥɥɥ ř

advantage of passive systems and space with safety as a main concern.

A sensitivity to topograpy will be maintained during the design process to take advantage of some of the vistas created by the steppe that splits the site into two buildable areas (image 3.1.10).

º vide the site with possible pathways for pedestrianism and minimize possible water damage to future structures.

º Ş most of the architectural programming to make up for missing amenities.

The application of phenomenological architectural design may provide a strong sense of regionalism and add to the cultural and architectural identity of El Florido. It will provide an iconice meeting place, where residents can learn, shop, and enrich their lives with a setting for public events to take place.

Comments received from the developer by clients who did not buy into the current row-home development will be addressed in order to provide those missing amenities into the new residential village that may serve as an alternative to the current plan.

21

Ĺ› ‡•‡ƒ”…Š –—†‹‡• 2.1|Theoretical Framework

public gathering spaces

�‹š‡†Ş—•‡ zoning

iconic locally adapted design

ÉŠĹœÉŠĹś ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ ‡˜‹‡™

The creation of a destination is desired, to attract investors and small businesses to lease the commerical spaces within the project but also to attract a professional school to the site to provide professional education to the community that can sup’‘”– –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Â?ƒŽ Â‘ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡Â• –Šƒ– ™‹ŽŽ ƒŽ•‘ ’”‘˜‹†‡ Š‹‰Š‡” “—ƒŽ‹–› ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–‹‡• ˆ‘” Â•Â–ÂƒÂ”Â–ĹžÂ—Â’Â• „—•‹Â?‡••‡• ‹Â? ‡ƒ•– ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹœ ‘•– ”‡•‹†‡Â?–• ™Š‘ Šƒ˜‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Â?al occupations must commute to central Tijuana which lies about 10 miles west of the site. Private bus Ž‹Â?‡•ř ‘˜‡”…”‘™†‡† Â–ÂƒÂšÂ‹Â•Ĺ™ ‘” ’‡”•‘Â?ƒŽ ˜‡Š‹…Ž‡• ƒ”‡ the mode of transportation that this neighborhood relies on.

lower income residential typology

services for residents

Questions being applied to the site are how to ’”‘˜‹†‡ Â„Â‡Â–Â–Â‡Â”ĹžÂ“Â—ÂƒÂŽÂ‹Â–Â› Š‘—•‹Â?‰ ˆ‘” ƒ Ž‘™Ş‹Â?…‘Â?‡ ”‡•idential building, and how to provide an iconic commercial and educational facility that also engages the public. Because of the dominance of the large hills surrounding the valley and the lack of a “centralâ€? node for the neighborhood, a phenomenological approach was applied to provide a more natural and sacred space that the community could identify with and feel proud of.

support public transit

phenomenological architecture

The potential for the site to become a central node of commercial and civic engagement is of great value. The urban fabric grows organically and it is Â?‡ƒ”Ž› ‹Â?’‘••‹„Ž‡ –‘ †‡ºÂ?‡ –Š‡ ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ˜‡”Â?ƒ…—lar of the neighborhood. Some spanish elements stand out, such as domes and arched windows dot the landscape, but a strong sense of identity is lacking for the area. It is for this reason that literature by ‹ŽŽ‹ƒÂ? ‡‡•‡ ‘””‹•Š „‡…ƒÂ?‡ ‘ˆ ‹Â?–‡”‡•– –‘ ƒŽŽ‘™ –Š‡ •‹–‡ –‘ „‡…‘Â?‡ ‹Â?ƒ—‰—”ƒ–‡† „› –Š‡ ‹Â?—‡Â?…‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Â?‘•– dominant feature in the neighborhood; the landscape.

Therefore, by creating a place for locals where they can work, learn, and play within steps from ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡› Ž‹˜‡ …ƒ� ‹�’”‘˜‡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡ ˆ‘” the El Florido residents.

Furthermore, a twenty year transportation plan is being studied by the city of Tijuana to one day link eastern communities to the city center by way of lightrail or rapid bus transit, and Centauro is adjacent to the transportation route being studied. _img 2.1.1: A venn-diagram of the main concepts playing a part in the formation of the thesis project. At the core of the project, the formation of public gathering spaces in a city long associated with sub-par pedestrian infrastructure.

The terrain in Tijuana consists of hills, river valleys and mesas. El Florido is essentially the bottom ‘ˆ ƒ ’—Â?…Š„‘™Ž ‘ˆ ’”‘Â?‹Â?‡Â?– ÂŠÂ‹ÂŽÂŽÂ•Ĺœ Š‡ Š‹ŽŽ–‘’• †‡ºÂ?‡ the skyline and are a dominant horizontal and verti…ƒŽ ÂˆÂ‡ÂƒÂ—Â–Â—Â”Â‡Ĺœ › …‘‹Â?…‹†‡Â?…‡ř –Š‡ ‡šƒ…– …‡Â?–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ punchbowl is the middle of the Centauro Development and the last large undeveloped space in the middle of a very dense urban fabric. The factory buildings were ƒÂ?‘Â?‰ –Š‡ º”•– •–”—…–—”‡• ‹Â? –Š‡ ÂƒÂ”Â‡ÂƒĹ™ „—‹Ž– É¨É°ÉŻÉ°Ĺœ Š‡ ’”‘’‡”–› ™ƒ• †‡ºÂ?‡† „› ƒ ˆ‡Â?…‡ř ƒÂ?† •“—ƒ––‡”• ‹Â?Šƒ„‹–‡† the landscape in waves of migration over two decades in informal fashion.

_img 2.2.1: The combination of a valley, a water table, and the surrounding moun–ƒ‹Â? •Â?›Ž‹Â?‡• Žƒ› –Š‡ ˆ‘—Â?†ƒ–‹‘Â?• ˆ‘” ƒ ‰‡‘Â?‘”’Š‹… …‡Â?–‡” ‘ˆ —”„ƒÂ?Â‹Â–Â›Ĺœ Ĺż ‘””‹•Šƀ

The comparability of the landforms around Cen–ƒ—”‘ –‘ –Š‡ •Â?‡–…Š‡• „› ‘””‹•Šř •‡‡Â? ‹Â? º‰—”‡• ɤɰŞɨɨ is astounding. A double-breasted mountain looms to the west, and a another distant double-breasted mountain looms to the east. A smaller lonely hill is immediately south-southwest. One can’t help but be reminded by King Â?‘••‘• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒÂ?…‹‡Â?– ‹Â?‘ƒÂ? …‹˜‹Ž‹œƒ–‹‘Â? ™Š‹…Š ™ƒ• •›Â?„‘Ž‹œ‡† „› –Š‡ „—ŽŽř ƒ ÂşÂ‰Â—Â”ÂƒÂ–Â‹Â˜Â‡ ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡‡…–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ƒ Â?‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‹Â?‰ Â†Â‘Â—Â„ÂŽÂ‡ĹžÂ„Â”Â‡ÂƒÂ•Â–Â‡Â† Â?‘—Â?–ƒ‹Â?Ĺœ ‡‡…–‹Â?‰ ƒ †‘Â?‹Â?ƒÂ?– •‹ŽŠ‘—‡––‡ ‹Â? ƒ …‹˜‹… …‘Â?–‡š– …”‡ates a moment of inauguration. “To inaugurate a parcel ‹Â?–‘ ƒ •‹–‡ ”‡“—‹”‡• –Š‡ Â?‡”‰‹Â?‰ ƒÂ?† „ƒŽƒÂ?…‹Â?‰ ‘ˆ ‰‡‘morphic landform and functioning city into a governed 23

—”„ƒÂ? –‡””ƒ‹Â?ĹœĹŞ Ĺż ‘””‹•Šř ÉŠĆ€ Š‡ ‹Â?’”‡••‹‘Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŽƒÂ?†•…ƒ’‡ ‹Â? –Š‹• ˜ƒŽŽ‡› Šƒ• Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽŽ› „‡‡Â? •‹‰Â?Â‹ÂşÂ…ÂƒÂ?– –‘ –Š‡ ƒ–‹˜‡ —Â?Â‡ĹžÂ›ÂƒÂƒÂ› –”‹„‡ř ƒ —Â?‹“—‡ ‹Â?†‹‰‡Â?‘—• Â”ÂƒÂ…Â‡Ĺœ ‘Â?‰ Â†Â‹Â•Â’ÂŽÂƒÂ…Â‡Â†Ĺ™ –Š‡ …—””‡Â?– ‹Â?Šƒ„‹–ƒÂ?–• ÂşÂ?† –Š‡Â?selves far away from the civic and commercial center of Tijuana. A need for a closer concentration for civic services is understood.

Why emphasize landforms in creation of a civic center (or in the case of the project, a periphery comÂ?Â‡Â”Â…Â‹ÂƒÂŽĹľÂ…Â‹Â˜Â‹Â… Â?‘†‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Â…Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂƒÂ–ĹžÂŽÂƒÂ”Â‰Â‡Ć€ĹŁ – Šƒ• „‡‡Â? occurring for as long as there has been architecture. ‡ Ž‘‘Â? –‘ ‘””‹•Š ‘Â?…‡ ƒ‰ƒ‹Â? ‘Â? –Š‡ Â•Â—Â„ÂŒÂ‡Â…Â–Ĺ™ ĹŠ Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ ŽƒÂ?† ‹• –”ƒÂ?•ˆ‡””‡† –Š”‘—‰Š ”‡‡…–‹‘Â?Ĺœ ‡‡…–‹‘Â? ‹• –Š‡ …‘Â?•–”—…–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ƒ ‰‡‘Â?‘”’Š‹… –‘–‡Â? Œ—š–ƒ’‘•‡† ‹Â? ”‡Žƒ–‹‘Â? –‘ –Š‡ ÂƒÂ”Â–Â‹ÂşÂ…Â‹ÂƒÂŽ ŽƒÂ?†ˆ‘”Â?Ĺœ Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –‘–‡Â?• the power of the land and settlement unite to form urbanity.â€? In analyzing the state of the landscape in the El Florido, one feels that the hillsides are sacred.

For decades, the steep slopes allowed migrant workers to claim land for their own purposes of building shelter, far beyond the reach of civic zoning enforcements and inconvenient enough for anyone to bother removing them by force.

Â?‘–Š‡” •‡”‹‡• ‘ˆ •Â?‡–…Š‡• „› ‘””‹•Š ƒ”‡ •‡‡Â? ƒ– left, in description of a passage, “Hidden within the ‡š‹•–‹Â?‰ —Â?…—Ž–‹˜ƒ–‡† ŽƒÂ?Â†Â•Â…ÂƒÂ’Â‡Ĺ™ –Š‡ ŽƒÂ?†ˆ‘”Â?• …‘Â?–ƒ‹Â? resources, rooms to contain the heterogeneity of ur„ƒÂ? Â‰Â”Â‘Â™Â–ÂŠĹœĹŞ Ĺż ‘””‹•Šř ÉŤĆ€ …‡Â?–”ƒŽ ”‘‘Â? ‹• …”‡ƒ–‡† „› the landforms, the valley is sheltered by the rising land-masses. The geographic center of the valley, and also of the overall Centauro site, is being utilized as ƒ ’ƒ”Â?Ž‡– ĹżÂƒÂ’Â’Â”Â‘ÂšĹœ ÉŠÉŹÂˆÂ– š ÉŞÉĽÉĽÂˆÂ–Ć€ ĥ ƒ …‡Â?–”ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ to the devleopment (recognized as point “Aâ€? in image É¨ĹœÉŤĹœÉŤĆ€Ĺœ Š‡ ’ƒ”Â?Ž‡– •‡–• —’ –Š‡ Â‡ÂƒÂ•Â–ĹžÂ–Â‘ĹžÂ™Â‡Â•Â– ƒš‹• ‘ˆ the neighborhood. Small concrete foundations lay at the opposite ends of the parklet, reserving the space for a trellis at each end of the twin row of palm trees.

The public green space was adopted by the neighbors the ˜‡”› º”•– †ƒ› ƒˆ–‡” –Š‡ ’ŽƒÂ?–‹Â?‰ ĥ Â?‘”Â?‹Â?‰ Œ‘‰‰‡”• used the parklet as a track. As soon as trellises and benches mark the parklet, a civic living-room will be complete.

_img 2.2.2: The balance of the land-masses and voids create a cradle for civic ÂŽÂ‹ÂˆÂ‡Ĺœ Ŋ–Š‡ Â?‘–‹‘Â?• ‘ˆ •’ƒ…‡ ‡Â?—Žƒ–‡ „ƒ•‹… ŽƒÂ?†ˆ‘”Â? ‘”‰ƒÂ?‹œƒ–‹‘Â?Â•ĹœĹŞ Ĺż ‘””‹•Šƀ

”„ƒÂ? ‰”‘™–Š ‡Â?…”‘ƒ…Š‡• †‘™Â? –Š‡ •Ž‘’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ valley as parcels become sold and built upon. When the commercial strip along the center of the road that encircles the parklet matures, it would be easy to en˜‹•‹‘Â? ÂťÂ‡Âƒ Â?ƒ”Â?‡–• ƒÂ?† ˆƒ”Â?‡”Ũ• Â?ƒ”Â?‡–• –‘ Â?ƒÂ?‡ —•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘’‡Â? Â•Â’ÂƒÂ…Â‡Ĺœ Â?† ™‹–Š ƒ ’ŽƒÂ?Â?‡† ’ƒ”Â? ÂťÂƒÂ?Â?‹Â?‰ –Š‡ ‡Â?† of the commercial strip, a dumbell of green spaces that can be used for civic purposes will initiate a procession of pedestrian activity if events are to take place at both parks simultaneously.

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŠĹœÉŠĹœÉŞĹ› Š‡ ’‘™‡” ‘ˆ ”‡‡…–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ŽƒÂ?†ˆ‘”Â?• ‹Â? …‘Â?•–”—…–‹‘Â? ƒ”‡ ‹ŽŽ—•–”ƒ–‡† above. “The sacred mountains in Crete was focused and channeled through the carved stone horns of consecration into the heart of the Palace of Knossos (3rd row from Â–Â‘Â’Ć€Ĺœ Š‡ •ƒ…”‡† ƒÂ?† ’”‘–‡…–‹˜‡ …Ž‹ˆˆ• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‹Ž‡ ‹˜‡” ƒŽŽ‡› ƒ”‡ –”ƒÂ?•ˆ‡””‡† ‹Â?–‘ –Š‡ ‰›’–‹ƒÂ? …—Ž–—”‡ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ –‡Â?’Ž‡ ’›Ž‘Â?• ‘ˆ ƒ”Â?ƒÂ? ƒÂ?† —š‘” ſɊÂ?† ”‘™ ˆ”‘Â? „‘––‘Â?Ć€Ĺœ Â? ƒ’ƒÂ? –Š‡ „‡ƒ—–› ƒÂ?† Šƒ”Â?‘Â?› ‘ˆ —Œ‹›ƒÂ?ƒ ‹• ”‡‡…–‡† ‹Â? –Š‡ •Šƒ’‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š‘Â?‡• ƒÂ?† •–‘Â?‡• ’Žƒ…‡† ™‹–Š‹Â? ‰ƒ”†‡Â?• ſ„‘––‘Â? Â”Â‘Â™Ć€ĹœĹŞ Ĺż ‘””‹•Šƀ

ÉŠÉŹ

ś and Analysis ɪŜɨŶ

Studying the landscape and the type of buildings in the area, a strong horizontal line is dominant in every part of Tijuana aside from its downtown area ſ ƀŜ tend to dissipate into the rolling hills of the background and surrounding landscape.

The site sits in a central valley placed in between two prominent hills, and is comparable in area Ŝ » rain. The project site seeks to create a new commercial center for catalysing development in El Florido, but has potential to become a local nucleus of identity and civic pride.

The surrounding hillsides give the effect of sacred places and the chaotic vernacular of the neighborhood could do well to adopt phenomenological building forms to root identity into this distinctive neighborhood. The valley formed between these two landmarks is the location of Fraccionamiento Centauro. It is easily visible in image 3.1.2 to the lower-left as a bald patch of dirt (middle-right side of the picture). The density of the neighborhood can be felt through the image as a confrontation of building styles takes place in the foreground. A new subsidized-housing development of monotype row-homes on one side of the boule ř Ŝ ř

º corridors with newly planted green-belts.

Tijuana architecture follows strong horizontality and rythmic voids in walls, further enforcing the dominant horizontal features of the landscape.

ɏ ɪŜɨŜɨś ſ ƀ namiento Centauro visible in the middle-ground, freight trucks parked on the upper half of the thesis project site as seen from base of El Cerro Colorado. (Durantes) _img 3.1.2: (bottom) El Cerro Colorado with half of Fraccionamento Centauro visible in the middle-ground as seen from the top of El Cerro de las Abejas. Circles indicate camera positions. (Garcia)

ɏ ɪŜɨŜɪŞŞɪŜɨŜɭś ſ Ş ƀ ɪŜɨŜɪŞ Ŝ ɪŜɨŜɩŞ Ŝ ɪŜɨŜɪŞ Ŝ ɪŜɨŜɫŞ Ş tality with arched bays similar to Cathedral. (author)

27

areas suitable to build run-off direction

Ŝ hills perpetuate the strong horizontal lines of local architecture that is a retention of classical and pre-columbian meso-American architecture.

ɏ ɪŜɨŜɨɥś » ɩɥ Ŝ Ŝ Ş» ř ɪ main building sites are recommended to minimize water damage and avoid building on edges prone to erosion.

Buildings to be designed will take advantage of Ş to minimize earth-moving which is costly. During rain storms, water-runoff pours onto the site and allows Ŝ tainable efforts to minimize water irrigation in an semi-arid environment will take advantage of this underground water table. By designating this water route as a green space, it will allow there to be a break in the thesis project site and facilitate pedestrian circulation through the site.

» » by pedestrian paths on the ground level to provide the locals with services (commercial space) that can Ŝ Ş» Ş structures. ɏ ɪŜɨŜɮŞɪŜɨŜɰś ſ Ş ƀ ɪŜɨŜɮŞ Ş Ş Ŝ ɪŜɨŜɯŞ Ş Ŝ Ş Ŝ ɪŜɨŜɰŞ ř dalgo. (author)

29

3.2|Case Studies

‡Â? Â‘Â‘ÂŽÂŠÂƒÂƒÂ•Ĺ™ ɨɰɰɨ ‡™š—• ‘”Ž† ‘—•‹Â?‰ ‹Â? —kuoka Japan.

3.2.3b

3.2.3d

2 unit types

Low-rise residential units (24) and commercial space in two similar buildings with 24 parking spaces. —Ž–‹Ş•–‘”› …‘—”–›ƒ”†• ƒŽŽ‘™ ƒ‹” ƒÂ?† Ž‹‰Š– –‘ —Â?‹ˆ› private airspace with public circulation routes that penetrate the ground level of the building. Commercial store-fronts on ground level facing street. The courtyard is a very good architectural adaptation to pas•‹˜‡Ž› ”‡‰—Žƒ–‡ ÂƒÂ‹Â”ĹžÂťÂ‘Â™ ƒÂ?† ’‡”Â?‹– ’ƒ••‹˜‡ …‘‘Ž‹Â?‰ ‹Â? a home. This typology may perform well in the semi-arid climate of Tijuana while optimizing comfort without using power.

PATTERN NETWORK

INFRASTRUCTURE

UNIT TYPES

CLUSTERS

Larger unit mirrored, smaller unit mirrored and acts as “book-ends�

Unit A: 350 sq foot lot (yellow) Unit B: 500 sq foot lot (red)

The group of 4 units is replicated three times to create one block.

The block is mirrored across a central road.

3.2.3c

3.2.3a

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨ĹžÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŠĹ› ĹżÂƒÂ„Â‘Â˜Â‡Ć€ ‡šš—• ‘—•‹Â?‰ „› ‡Â? ‘‘ŽŠƒƒ• Ĺż Ć€ _img 3.2.3a-d: (right) 28a- Longitudinal and latitudinal sections through building mass show voids creating courtyards within units that penetrate public ground ‘‘” …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Â? ”‘—–‡• ĹżÂ’Â‡Â†Â‡Â•Â–Â”Â‹ÂƒÂ? ƒÂ?† ’ƒ”Â?‹Â?‰ƀ –Š”‘—‰Š •‹†‡• ‘ˆ „—‹Ž†‹Â?Â‰Ĺœ Ɋɯ„Ş A section cut showing unit A and B arrangement (yellow and red, respectively).

28c- Floorplans of unit A and B united by central voids with windown openings and ’ƒ–‹‘ ‘’‡Â?‹Â?‰• ˆƒ…‹Â?‰ –Š‡ Â…Â‘Â—Â”Â–Â›ÂƒÂ”Â†Ĺœ Ɋɯ†Ş š‘Â?‘Â?‡–”‹… Â?‘†‡Ž‹Â?‰ ‘ˆ —Â?‹– –›’‡• ™‹–Š commercial spaces wrapping around the front of the building. on ground level. Pedestrian openings visible on sides, lit through the vertical voids between units.

The sinuous curve of the adjacent street line is replicated by the residential aggregation, and commercial space is created using curtain wall systems on the underside of the front row of residential units, creating small variations in the floorplan for these frontal residential units.

31

Š‘Â?’•‘Â? †•‡––ř Ɋɼɨɪ Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ Library, Southport, Australia.

From the architectĹ› Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›Ĺ¨Â• Â?‡™ ‡ƒ”Â?‹Â?‰ ‘Â?Â?‘Â?• ‹• —Â?†‡”’‹Â?Â?‡† „› …Š‘‹…‡ř ‡šperimentation and serendipity. The design creƒ–‡• ƒ ”ƒÂ?‰‡ ‘ˆ ‹Â?–‡”Â?ƒŽ ƒÂ?† ‡š–‡”Â?ƒŽ Ž‡ƒ”Â?‹Â?‰ environments which promote student and staff interactions, socialisation of space and strong synergies with the environmental and cultural conÂ–Â‡ÂšÂ–Ĺœ Š‡ ’‡”Â?‡ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ ‹• …”‹–ical in terms of making this an inclusive, wel…‘Â?‹Â?‰ ƒÂ?† ɊɍžɎ ſ‹Â? Â’ÂƒÂ”Â–Ć€ „—‹Ž†‹Â?Â‰ĹœĹŞ Ĺż Â”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›Ć€

3.2.6a

3.2.6b

The similar goals in creating a cohesive pedestrian environment and a celebrated architectural feature for –Š‡ …‘Â?Â?—Â?‹–› ‹• ™Šƒ– Â?ƒ†‡ –Š‡ Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ Library a prime case study model for creating an educational facility in Tijuana whose public realm is just as important to the project as the facility.

Furthermore, the adaptation of a window-screen system to regulate heat-gain that also offers a decorative element to the urban fabric is another feature –Šƒ– ‹• †‡•‹”‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ facility in Tijuana. The overall impression of the cantilevered library lounge is dramatic and creates an ƒ––”ƒ…–‹˜‡ Â?‡‡–‹Â?‰ ’Žƒ…‡ ‡ƒ•‹Ž› ‹†‡Â?Â–Â‹ÂşÂƒÂ„ÂŽÂ‡ ĥ ƒ Ž‘…ƒŽ landmark.

3.2.6c

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŤĹžĹžÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŹĹ› ĹżÂƒÂ„Â‘Â˜Â‡Ć€ Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ ‹„”ƒ”› É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ­ÂƒĹžÂ… ſ”‹‰Š–ƀ ÉŞÉ¨ÂƒĹž Ž‡˜ƒ–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ ‹„”ƒ”› •Š‘™• ƒ porous central core that welcomes the public into the heart of the building.

31b- Section through the elevator core of G11 Library shows ample cantilevered ‡š–‡”‹‘” ™ƒŽÂ?™ƒ›• ‡š–‡Â?†‹Â?‰ ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ ˜‡”–‹…ƒŽ Â•ÂŠÂƒÂˆÂ–Ĺœ ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒÂ? Â–ÂŠÂ”Â‘Â—Â‰ÂŠĹžÂ™ÂƒÂ› ƒŽlows pedestrians to walk freely across the campus. 31c- The section through the cantilevered library lounge lifts the private domain above a public outdoor living room. Circulation by way of stairs offers the structural and visual connection to the ground level.

33

‹‰†ƒŽ ”“—‹–‡…–‘•ř ÉŠÉĽÉĽÉŹ ƒ•‡‘• †‡ —Ž–‡’‡… ĘŤ ÉŠÉĽÉĽÉ­ ƒ•‡‘ †‡ ‘…Š‹–‡’‡…ř –ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Â‡ÂšÂ‹Â…Â‘Ĺœ

‹‰†ƒŽ ”“—‹–‡…–‘• ƒ”‡ ƒ Â?‘†‡”Â? ‡š‹…ƒÂ? ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ º”Â? –Šƒ– ‹• „‡‹Â?‰ •–—†‹‡† ˆ‘” –Š‡‹” ’”‘†—…–‹‘Â? of a common subsidized housing development throughout Â‡ÂšÂ‹Â…Â‘Ĺœ Š‡ –›’‘Ž‘‰› ‘ˆ Ž‘™Ş‹Â?…‘Â?‡ Š‘—•‹Â?‰ ‹• ƒ Â?‘Â?‘type development where one sees the repetition of a module that covers a large area of land. The formation ‹• ‘ˆ–‡Â? Ž‹Â?‡ƒ” ƒÂ?† ‹– ”‡“—‹”‡• Š‡ƒ˜› Â?ƒÂ?‹’—Žƒ–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ŽƒÂ?† –‘ ÂťÂƒÂ–Â–Â‡Â? –Š‡ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ •‹–‡• ˆ‘” ‡ƒ•› …‘Â?•–”—…–‹‘Â? of single or double-story row-homes.

The similarity of this case study to the current row-home design being built at Fraccionamiento ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ ‹• ‹Â? ’”‘‰”ƒÂ? ƒÂ?† Â•Â‹ÂœÂ‡Ĺœ ‰”‘—Â?† ‘‘” …‘Â?Â?‘Â? ƒ”‡ƒ ™‹–Š ƒ …‘Â?„‹Â?‡† Â?‹–…Š‡Â?ĹľÂŽÂ‹Â˜Â‹Â?‰ ”‘‘Â?Ĺœ Š‡ •‡…‘Â?† ‘‘” …‘Â?–ƒ‹Â?• –™‘ •Â?ƒŽŽ „‡†”‘‘Â?• ƒÂ?† ÉŠ •Â?ƒŽŽ „ƒ–Š”‘‘Â?Â•Ĺœ ”‡ƒ” ›ƒ”† ‘ˆ ɨɼɼ •“ˆ– ƒÂ?† ƒ •‹Â?‰Ž‡ …ƒ” •’ƒ…‡ ‘……—’› Â?‡ƒ”Ž› ŠƒŽˆ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ÉŽÉŹÉĽ •“ˆ– ’”‘’‡”–› Ž‹Â?Â‡Ĺœ Floorplans provided by Centauro are seen in image 3.2.11.

Paseos de Tultepec (3.2.7-8) consists of 2,300 Š‘—•‡• ‘Â? ɨɍɍřɭɼɼ •“ Â?‡–‡”• ĹżÂƒÂ’Â’Â”Â‘ÂšĹœ ɨřɏɼɼřɼɼɼ •“ ˆ– ‘” ÉŞÉŹ ÂƒÂ…Â”Â‡Â•Ć€ ‹Â? ”‹‰‹† •–”ƒ‹‰Š– •–”‡‡–• ƒÂ?† Š‘—•‹Â?‰ blocks with a single painting application. The architects claim it “creates a friendlier feel in the …‘Â?’Ž‡š‡•ř ™Š‹Ž‡ ƒ …‘Â?•‹•–‡Â?– …‘Ž‘” •…Š‡Â?‡ ‘Â? ’—„Ž‹… elements, such as water tanks, gives a feeling of unity ƒÂ?† Šƒ”Â?‘Â?›Ū Ĺż ƒ”‘Â?Ĺ™ ‡––ƒ ƒÂ?† ‡––ƒ Â’Â‰Ĺœ ÉŹÉĽĆ€

ƒ•‡‘• †‡ ‘…Š‹–‡’‡… ĹżÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ°ĹžÉ¨ÉĽĆ€ ‹• …‘Â?’”‹•‡† ‘ˆ ɍřɎɊɯ Š‘—•‡• ‘Â? ɪɼɨřɏɼɼ •“ Â?‡–‡”• ĹżÂƒÂ’Â’Â”Â‘ÂšĹœ ɪřɊɏɼřɼɼɼ •“ ˆ– ‘” ÉŽÉŹ ÂƒÂ…Â”Â‡Â•Ć€ ‘Â? –Š”‡‡ Â?‡‹‰Š„‘”Š‹Â?‰ •‹–‡• –Šƒ– ‘Â? reclaimed forest. This development is larger than the entire Centauro Development site which is attempting to adapt a similar formula of architectural style for a …‘Â?Â?‘Â? ‡š‹…ƒÂ? •—„•‹†‹œ‡† „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ Â–Â›Â’Â‡Ĺœ ƒÂ?› •‹Â?‹Žƒ” developments have sprouted along the edges of urban ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ƒ ‘˜‡” –Š‡ Žƒ•– †‡…ƒ†‡ ƒÂ?† Šƒ˜‡ ‡š’ƒÂ?†‡† –Š‡ …‹–› limits at an unprecedented rate in the city’s history.

_img 3.2.7--3.2.8: (opposite page) Paseos Tultepec is a single housetype multiplied by 2,300 units spread across an area slightly larger than the planned Cen–ƒ—”‘ ‘™ŞŠ‘Â?‡ †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?Â–Ĺœ Ĺż ƒ”‘Â?Ĺ™ ‡––ƒ ƒÂ?† ‡––ƒ Â’Â‰Ĺœ ÉŹÉŠĆ€ É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ°ĹžĹžÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨ÉĽ ĹżÂŽÂ‡ÂˆÂ–Ć€ ƒ•‡‘• ‘…Š‹–‡’‡… ‹• ƒÂ? ‡˜‡Â? ‰”‘••‡” ’”‘Ž‹ˆ‡”ƒ–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ ƒ single housing type at the cost of a huge loss of biodiversity from the forest it reclaimed the land from.

ÉŞÉŹ

ř 2012 Tijuana, Baja California

kitchen living room outdoor space circulation bedroom bathroom storage parking

over parking

master bedroom size increases, bathroom pushed to middle

circulation wraps around courtyard, illuminates central space.

straighten wrapped stairs along one wall

rotate ground floor orientation 180 degrees

closets surround bathroom, kitchen space inhabits space under stairs

closet and stair locations swapped

enclosed yard now becomes ŵ with permeable paving

ſ ƀ larger living space on a slightly smaller footprint

» ɪŜɩŜɨɨ to’s designs, which of course are only one version of many similar versions that are erected in many cities Ŝ Ş owners eligible to receive federal assistance stateowned mortgage provider: Instituto del Fondo Nacional ſ

National Fund for Workers’ Homes, or Infonavit).

Subsidized housing development projects like Ũ cheap land far away from urban centers and are there Ş º and are disconnected from their neighboring communities. The price of these homes being built around the ɛɫɥřɥɥɥ ſ

ƀŜ

Ş ř Ũ Ũ Ş ř in image 3.2.12 as a conceptual digital massing-model labeled as “Centauro Home” in the diagram. The transformation of this typical house-type into a model that » is seen in the diagram at left. The resulting massing Ş ũ Ū Ŝ

ɏ ɪŜɩŜɨɨś ſ ƀ _img 3.2.12 (this page) Diagram of typical row-home transforming into an evolved house-type.

37

3.3|Interview

To understand the project from a developer’s standpoint, several points were brought forth in con Ş homes. The developer seeks to attract buyers by provid ɨřɨɥɥ for federal loans presumeably obtained through INFON Ŝ Ş tions in areas that are lacking services have already moved to the low-income developments but the tragedy is that most of these developments are even further away from the urban center as the only viable land to build these sprawling communities was in the outlying valleys Ŝ depend on families owning a vehicle to function.

An average working-class family may accumulate ɛɨɥřɥɥɥ ſ

ƀ ɩɥʩ ɨɬŞɩɥ ř ɛɩřɥɥɥ Ŝ ɛɨɬřɥɥɥ ř for road paving and hooking up to the city electrical grid and city plumbing. Sales of the Centauro row-homes began in February of 2014 but the sales rate is lower Ŝ

3.4|Questionnaires

ɪŜɬŶ

ɏ ɪŜɬŜɨś Ŝ ſ ƀ

Below is a comparison of the massing models of ɩɫ ɩɫ Ŝ Ş Ŝ sentations are the vehicular circulation (orange), pedestrian circulation (pink), and outdoor spaces (green).

One can easily note the differences between the two housing plans. While Centauro row-homes appear to take up less space, it comes at a price of losing outdoor space to roads and parallel parking lots. The

improved by lifting the house plan above the ground level, creating a network of pedestrian corridors that connect the street level to slightly submerged Ŝ us Housing creates the illusion of a larger house, although most of it is empty space.

To gain insight on why buyers aren’t buying into Centauro, their comments have been gathered and the most important comments include the following: Şũ ſ ɨɥɥ ƀŪ -“Not enough neighborhood amenities like outdoor play-areas or pic-nic areas” -“Desire for parking lot to be private (enclosed by a fence creating a gate at the end of the drive)” Şũ Ş» » make it easy for residents to run an informal business from their home.”

39

3.6|Legal Issues

º canal that cuts through the middle of the thesis site.

A curbside drain will be installed on El Sauce to allow for drainage of stormwater to be siphoned underground into the canal on the north edge of the site.

3.7|Financial Issues

Zoning in Tijuana allows for wall construction setback 4 feet from the property line to allow for sidewalks and 10 percent of developments must donate ɨɥʩ ũ Ū There is no height limit in El Florido, but very ɪ » ɪɥ Ŝ

site is set at 179 units.

ɩŜɮ ɩŜɮ ſ Ŝ ɯŨɨɥŪ ɯŨɨɥŪƀŜ International Building Code will be utilized in designing for the occupants:

ś

Business

ś

Educational Facility

ś

ś

Ŝ

Ş

Typical resident occpation: manufacturing ſ ƀ Ş Ş Ş Ş ɛŵ Ŝ plant manager - - - - - - 8,000 Ş Ş Ş Ş ɪřɬɥɥ Ş Ş Ş ɨřɬɥɥ manufacturing technician 1,000 Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş ɬɥɥ Ş Ş Ş Ş Ş ɫɬɥ

The typical residential salary is shown on the table at left. The average home-buyer is usually not º ř

Ŝ is available for federally pre-determined home sizes. ř lump sums of loans are made available to families but

ɨřɨɬɥ feet.

As most prospective home-buyers fall within the low-income category, homes sold on-site would probably be more successful if the combined area of enclosed Ũ ɨřɨɬɥ Ŝ ř º º ř Ŝ º ř

the home and individuals make monthly payments to the Ŝ ɛɫɬřɥɥɥ ɨɬ Ŝ The developer is paying for construction out of monies received from monthly payments being made by residents buying parcels of land whom privately construct their own homes (clients of phase I for Fraccionamiento Centauro). The phase II row-homes being built º Ş and funds received will go toward the construction of more homes, and bringing utilites and services to the neighborhood. Street paving and neighborhood lighting is also paid for by developer.

After Phase II is completely sold, monies received will go toward construction of phase III if the land is kept off the market.

41

3.9|Specialized Building Performance Criteria

Ş buildings throughout and cantilivered outdoor walkways will be implimented using steel frame decking that is » Ŝ Ş proof coating applied.

1.0”/ft

1.0”/ft

9.0”/ ft

commercial buildings. » Ş slabs cast in place supported by steel bar reinforced Ŝ The following preliminary building systems will be applied:

1.5”/ ft

Ş ř cational facility’s roof optimizes solar incident an less mounting hardware. A parapet roof will allow for Ş shared walls will allow for vertical ducts.

1.0”/ft

ś

»

ś

Ŝ sonry construction

» ing the home in the dry environment. Creating a shaded outdoor space in the enclosed garage port, the cooled » ɩ » ing advantage of cross-breezes. A porous garage façade will assist in the passive ventillation and allow air » Ŝ space allows hot air to escape and draw in cooled air through the shared courtyard. (image 4.2.4) Solar technologies may be installed onto the roof of the loft spaces and energy produced can be shared ɫ Ŝ

ś

»

ś

Ş ř masonry shear walls, two-way slab system to support » ʫ

Adapting water retainment technologies would ben º Ŝ will be inward to create shallow roof-lines at the shared courtyard (image 3.9.1), and allow drainage to Ş ſ ing space, not below)

lower level

1.0”/ft

The dominant material of construction in Tijuana Ŝ sive and not readily available as it is imported to the city of Tijuana.

1.0”/ft

3.8|Preliminary Building Systems

1/8” / ft

ry

ry unit with loft

ɏ ɪŜɰŜɨś ř Ŝ (author)

Image 4.1.1a-b shows how passive ventilation may also be taken advantage of by an up-draft of cooled air that moves through the atriums, driven by the direction of pre-vailing winds that will constantly supply a breeze entering through the northwest facing garage portals. The damper in the double-high lounge of the educational facility will also allow for cross ventilation through interior corridors of the building (image ɬŜɨŜɩƀŜ 43

Parking on the commerical and educational portion of the property will take advantage of the terrain. The north side of the thesis-site is on average 13 feet lower than the south side of the site.

3.11|Pre-Design and Field Analysis N

Currently, the south side is bordered by a concrete water canal, as it is the lowest point of a valley in the hilly landscape. The city of Tijuana plans to cap the canal with a road that will become an import ř ř toward the center of Fraccionamiento Centauro. When this road is paved, vehicular access will be possible from the north edge of the thesis-site, allowing for Ş Ŝ The parking lot will be capped by retail stores, enclosing about 80 parking spaces. The 2nd storey will also have a driveway round-a-bout as it has road access on the south edge of the thesis-site along El Sauce.

This driveway will allow drop-off and pick-up services for schools or non-ambulatory clients of professional º Ŝ ɫŜɨŜɩ Ŝ

ɬ

3

1 4

2 ɨŨʰɬɥɥŨ

The thesis-site is a triagular shape that is divided into two levels. One that borders the commer warehouses. The other level is a triangular wedge that ɩɬ ř center across the street that sits on a triangular lot that lends its shape to the building on site (location ſɨƀ ɪŜɨɨŜɨƀŜ (2), (3), and a pedestrian bridge unites the schools to a heavily used bus stop (4). There is a planned park ſɬƀ hood.

The grey and dark grey area on the map indicate the thesis-site (also shown below in topographical per ƀ site. A blue arrow cuts the site roughly in half indicating a drainage issue that the city intends to connect to the canal (blue areas on map) by way of under-ground sewer. Yellow indicates residential, red indicates commercially zoned building parcels. Orange rectangles represent the three original warehouses on the Centauro property. The dimensions of the largest ɰɥ ɰɥɥ Ŝ

N

3.10|Parking

El

_img 3.10.1: Engaging into the terrain will allow a low-cost solution to parking by allowing access from the northern side (the lower level) which frees the second » ſ ƀ _img 3.11.1: (right) The 3D form of the thesis project site is an obvious gap in the commercial corridor and is a central point to several schools, churches, and community centers. (author)

Sau

ce

ɫɬ

3.12.1|Programing: Commercial ‹š‡†Ş •‡

›’‡

•‡”•

Parking:

Public + Employees

Educational: Ę´ ‡…‡’–‹‘Â? >Gallery Ę´ Žƒ••”‘‘Â?• >Auditorium Ę´ ‡”–‹…ƒŽ ‘—Â?‰‡ >Tech Library Ę´ †Â?‹Â?Ĺœ ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡ Ę´ ‡•–”‘‘Â?• >Conference

Adults

Commercial: Ę´ ‡–ƒ‹Ž ’ƒ…‡ >Storage Ę´ ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡

ʴ ‡•–”‘‘�

—„Ž‹…

Professional Suite: —„Ž‹…ž ”‹˜ƒ–‡ >Lobby Ę´ ‡…‡’–‹‘Â?

Ę´ –‘”ƒ‰‡

ʴ ‡•–”‘‘�•

Ę´ ’‡Â? ™‘”Â? •’ƒ…‡

Ę´ ƒ–‹‡Â?– ”‘‘Â?•ž ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡

Ę´ Â—Â”Â‰Â‹Â…ÂƒÂŽĹľ ‹•… ”‘‘Â?

ʴ ‹–…Š‡��‡––‡

�‘—�–

”‡ƒ ĹżÂ•Â“ÂˆÂ–Ć€

83

34,000

1 ɨ 1 ɭ 1 ɨ 1 Ɋ ɭ 2

ÉŻÉĽ

SPACES

‘Â?Â?Â‡Â”Â…Â‹ÂƒÂŽĹľ ‡–ƒ‹Ž

Professional School

ÉŻ

ɨɼɼɼ •“ˆ– Ĺž ÉŞÉĽÉĽÉĽ •“ˆ–

ɯ 6 WC’s

OFFICES

27,700(total) ɏɼɼ 2,400 ɰɎɏ(each) 1,690 ɨřɼɼɼ 1,000 ɍɰɼ(each)

Professional Suites

Ĺľ

Ĺž Ĺľ ÉŠ ÉŞ 2 OFFICES

Parking Circulation

ɰ ɨ 1 ɨ ɨ

ɨɭřɏɼɼ(total)

ɨɏ 1 ɨ ɨ Ɋ ɨ ɍ Ɋ ɨ

ɏɍřɼɼɼ(total) 460 ɪɍɼ ɊɎɏ

ɏɏɼ ɨɎɼ ɨɯɼ Ɋɏɼ

_img 3.12.1: The massing models on the opposite page show the development of the program through stacking the functional spaces of the building while retaining a Š‹‰ŠŽ› ’‡”Â?‡ƒ„Ž‡ ɨ•– ƒÂ?† ÉŠÂ?† ÂťÂ‘Â‘Â”Ĺœ Š‡ †‹˜‹•‹‘Â?• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Â?ƒŽ •—‹–‡• ĹżÂ†ÂƒÂ”Â? blue) are parallel, creating a dark zone within the interior suites. A solution to ’”‘˜‹†‡ ‘’–‹Â?ƒŽ †ƒ›Ž‹‰Š–‹Â?‰ ‹• –Š‡ †‡Ž‡–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ ɨɊ ˆ– š ɨɊ ˆ– •Šƒˆ– –Šƒ– ”—Â?• –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ ÉŞ •–ƒ…Â?‡† ÂťÂ‘Â‘Â”Â•Ĺœ Š‡ •ƒÂ?‡ –”‡ƒ–Â?‡Â?– ™‹ŽŽ „‡ †‘Â?‡ –‘ –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ facility (light blue) (author)

47

ÉŞĹœÉ¨ÉŠĹœÉŠĹś ”‘‰”ƒÂ?‹Â?‰ś ‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ

›’‡

‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ >Kitchen Ę´ ‹˜‹Â?‰

Ę´ ÂŽÂ‡ÂšĹžÂ‰ÂƒÂ”ÂƒÂ‰Â‡ĹľÂ’ÂƒÂ–Â‹Â‘ Ę´ ‡†”‘‘Â?

•‡”•

�‘—�–

”‡ƒ ĹżÂ•Â“ÂˆÂ–Ć€

69 units 1 ɨ

ɨ

ÉŠ

780each (property) 200 Ɋɨɏ ɪɭɏ ɨɭɏ ɨɯɏ (master) ɯɼ Ɋɼɏ ɏɼžɨɰɼ ɨɍřɎɼɼ

Private

Ę´ ƒ–Š”‘‘Â?

Ę´ ‘ˆ–

Ę´ ƒŽ…‘Â?›ž ‘‘ˆ ƒ–‹‘ ſ•‘Â?‡ Â?‘†‡Ž•ƀ Ę´ Žƒ›‰”‘—Â?† ‡•‹†‡Â?–• ĘŤ guests

É¨ĹœÉŹ ɨ

ɨ

ɨ •Šƒ”‡†

Image 3.12.2 conveys the differences in section ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽƒ• ›…‡Â?ƒ ſ–‘’ƀ ƒÂ?† ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ ‘Â?‡• ſ„‘––‘Â?Ć€Ĺœ The land-use in Centauro homes is largely designat‡† „› ˜‡Š‹…—Žƒ” ƒ……‡•• ƒÂ?† ’ƒ”Â?‹Â?Â‰Ĺœ Šƒ– ‹ŽŽƒ ›…‡Â?ƒ proposes is to create pedestrian pathways that connect front-entrances to homes and attempts to dedicate more land for the homeowners. One can assume that when the cars aren’t parked in the carport, the space becomes a very large covered patio that is lit naturally by the atrium, or shared courtyard.

_img 3.12.2: A comparison of a residential units in section. The upper scheme portrays the residential plan developed for the thesis project site. Similar building ˆ‘‘–’”‹Â?–• „‡Šƒ˜‡ †”ƒ•–‹…ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡Â?– ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ ‘™ŞŠ‘Â?Â‡Â•Ĺœ ‘Â?Â…Â‡Â’Â–Â—ÂƒÂŽÂŽÂ›Ĺ™ the parallel parking space attached to the street of Centauro becomes enclosed by a garage door and columns that suspend the master bedroom above the garage. The atrium space that is shared between two units allows the garage to be used as an outdoor space when the vehicle is not present. By minimizing the amount of road and driveway needed to be poured, the developer can save more on infrastructural costs. Overall, less land is disturbed in building the same amount of units. (author)

49

The site model (image 3.13.1) shows a preliminary Â?ƒ••‹Â?‰ Â?‘†‡Ž …‘Â?…‡’– –Šƒ– ƒ‹Â?‡† –‘ †‡ºÂ?‡ ƒ ’—„Ž‹… ’Žƒza among a commercially active development. The grey buildings indicate private residences, and the light blue indicate commercial establishments. The project •‡‡Â?• –‘ „‡ ƒ Â?ÂƒÂ•Â–Â‡Â”ĹžÂ’ÂŽÂƒÂ?Â?‡† ‹Â?޺ŽŽ ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ ƒÂ?† Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ ‘’’‘”–—Â?‹–‹‡• –‘ •‡”˜‹…‡ –Š‡ neighborhood.

ÉŞĹœÉ¨ÉŞĹś ‹–‡ ‘†‡Ž•

Š‡ ÂşÂ?ƒŽ ‘˜‡”ƒŽŽ •‹–‡ ’ŽƒÂ? ‹• •‡‡Â? Â„Â‡ÂŽÂ‘Â™Ĺœ Š‡ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ …‡Â?–‡” •‡”˜‹…‡† „› ƒ ÂŠÂƒÂŽÂˆĹžÂ…Â‹Â”Â…ÂŽÂ‡ driveway will allow for pick-up and drop-off service.

The residential village on the right half is separated from the commercial suites by a 30 ft wide plaza that slopes downward to the north. A drainage canal will or sewer system will be installed on the elevat‡† •‹†‡ –‘ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‘™ ‘ˆ ™ƒ–‡” ‹Â?–‘ –Š‡ •‡™‡” when the canal is capped. This drainage canal can also facilitate bioremediation since it can be planted by grasses and reeds, among other plant variations.

Š‡ ’Žƒœƒ ‹• ‹Â?–‹Â?ÂƒÂ–Â‡Ĺ™ ºŽŽ‡† ™‹–Š †‹Â?‹Â?‰ –ƒ„Ž‡• ĥ –Š‡”‡ ƒ”‡ •‹š ɨřɼɼɼ •“ ˆ– ”‡–ƒ‹Ž —Â?‹–• –Šƒ– „‘”†‡” the space.

_img 3.13.1: An early site plan with conceptual massing, treating the residential —Â?‹–• ſ‰”‡›ƀ ĥ –Š‡› ƒ”‡ –”‡ƒ–‡† „› ‡Â? ‘‘ŽŠƒƒ• ‹Â? ‡š—• ‘”Ž† ĹżÂ”ÂƒÂ‹Â•Â‡Â† ƒÂ?† …ƒ’’‡† by ground level retail. (author) _img 3.13.2: (right) An overall site plan (rendering) of the thesis project site …‘Â?•‹•–‹Â?‰ ‘ˆ ɪɎɏřɼɼɼ •“ ˆ– ‘ˆ ƒ Â?ÂƒÂ•Â–Â‡Â”ĹžÂ’ÂŽÂƒÂ?Â?‡† Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ ƒÂ?† ”‡•‹†‡Â?tial village that contains 80 units. (author)

ɏɨ

Ĺ› ‡•‹‰Â? ”‘…‡•• ÉŤĹœÉ¨Ĺś …Š‡Â?ƒ–‹… ‡•‹‰Â?Ĺľ ‡•‹‰Â? †‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?–ś

Ĺž

Due to the direction of the openings to the ground ‘‘” ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡ ÂŽÂ‡Â˜Â‡ÂŽĹ™ –Š‡ ’”‡˜ƒ‹Ž‹Â?‰ ™‹Â?†• ™‹ŽŽ –‡Â?† –‘ push air in a northwest-to--southeast direction. This will cause the cooled air in the garage (shaded by the upper levels) to be forced through the light wells.

Operable windows in the glazing of the businesses and educational facility will allow cooled air to ventillate the core of these building masses, creating cross „”‡‡œ‡• ‹ˆ ‡š–‡”‹‘” ˆƒ…‹Â?‰ ™‹Â?†‘™• ƒ”‡ ‘’‡Â?‡† ĥ Â™Â‡ÂŽÂŽĹœ Š‡ Ž‹‰Š– ™‡ŽŽ• ‹Â? –Š‡ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ ƒ”‡ ɨɊ ˆ– š ɨɊ ÂˆÂ–Ĺ™ ƒŽŽ‘™‹Â?‰ ˆ‘” ƒÂ?’Ž‡ Ž‹‰Š– –‘ ºŽŽ –Š‡ Ž‹‰Š–Ş™‡ŽŽ and illuminate the parking level below.

The light wells also contain a narrow roof garden around the periphery of the shaft, allowing for vines to hang down into the depths of the light shaft pro˜‹†‹Â?‰ ƒÂ? ƒ††‹–‹‘Â?ƒŽ „—ˆˆ‡” ˜‹•—ƒŽŽ› •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‹Â?‰ Â‘ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡Â• that are contained on opposite sides of the lightwells. In the school, the light-well is a central cir…—Žƒ–‹‘Â? …‘”‡ř ºŽ–‡”‹Â?‰ Ž‹‰Š– –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‡Â?–‡” ‘ˆ –Š‡ building mass on every level.

Bus Stop/ Sunset Amphiteatro

Open-air hollow-core/ Circulation Tower

Technical Trade School

vehicular (public)

pedestrian zone (public)

Rear plaza for cafe dining (pedestrian only)

exterior corridors (semi-public)

parking and commercial retail

Š‡ ”‡‡…–‹‘Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ Â?‘•– ’”‘Â?‹Â?‡Â?– ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ ‘ˆ Tijuana, El Cerro Colorado, is abstracted and placed atop the elevator tower, serving as a crown that may be illuminated at night and provide a central landmark and symbol visible from the surrounding valley.

The application of perpendicular light-frame window shades will lessen the amount of heat gain into the building, as it’s triangular shape gets direct sunlight from every angle, these shades must be applied throughout the structure. _4.1.1a: (above drawing) Section drawings portraying the light-wells contained by –Š‡ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ …‡Â?–‡” ƒÂ?† Â•Â…ÂŠÂ‘Â‘ÂŽĹœ ‹‰Š–™‡ŽŽ• ’‡Â?‡–”ƒ–‡ „—‹Ž†‹Â?‰ Â?ƒ•• ƒÂ?† ’ƒ••‹˜‡Ž› ‹ŽŽ—Â?‹Â?ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ‰”‘—Â?† ‘‘” ’ƒ”Â?‹Â?‰ …ƒ’’‡† „› ƒ ’—„Ž‹… ’Žƒœƒ ‘Â? –Š‡ ÉŠÂ?† ÂťÂ‘Â‘Â”Ĺœ É?ÉŤĹœÉ¨ĹœÉ¨Â„Ĺ› ſ‹Â?ÂƒÂ‰Â‡Ć€ ‘”–Š™‡•– ˆƒ…‡ ‘ˆ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‡Â?–‡” •Š‘™Â? ƒ„‘˜‡ ĹżÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ć€

ÉŹÉŞ

ɏ ɫŜɨŜɩ ś Ş ſ ƀ

ɏ ɫŜɨŜɩ ś Ş ſ ƀ

ɬɬ

ɏɫŜɨŜɩ ś Ş ſ ƀ

ɏ ɫŜɨŜɩ ś Ş ſ ƀ

ɬɮ

Ş ɫŜɨŜɪś ſ ƀ ŵ

ɏ ɫŜɨŜɩ ś Ş ſ ƀ

ɬɰ

_4.1.4: (above) A view of the overall site massing as seen from the southwest corner on El Sauce road. THe bathrooms in both the school and the professional suites incorporate colored glass blocks to passively illuminate the restrooms on » Ŝ barriers in similar shades of color, visually uniting both the residential village and the commercial center. ɏɫŜɨŜɬś ſ ƀ Ş» and parkin. The plaza’s ample size allows for a variety of public events to take place and creates a public balcony for viewing pleasure. (author)

61

ÉŤĹœÉŠĹś …Š‡Â?ƒ–‹… ‡•‹‰Â?Ĺľ ‡•‹‰Â? ‡˜‡Ž‘’Â?‡Â?–ś

Several variations of the residential units were considered throughout the thesis project. The perspective drawingsin image 4.2.1 show an adaptation of a ‡˜‹Â? †‡ ”‡‹–—• ‹Â?•’‹”‡† –‹Ž–Ş—’ …‘Â?…”‡–‡ Š‘Â?‡ Ĺż ‡•‹dential project in downtown San Diego, CA) that has the •ƒÂ?‡ ’ŽƒÂ? †‹Â?‡Â?•‹‘Â?• ĥ –Š‡ ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ ‘™ŞŠ‘Â?‡• ſɪɏ ˆ– š ɨɭ ÂˆÂ–Ć€Ĺœ

Ž–‹Â?ÂƒÂ–Â‡ÂŽÂ›Ĺ™ –Š‡ †‡•‹‰Â? ™ƒ• ƒŽ–‡”‡† –‘ …”‡ƒ–‡ ƒ ‰ƒ”ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• •–‹ŽŽ ‡Â?…Ž‘•‡†ř „—– ‘ˆˆ‡”‡† Â?‘”‡ ‡š‹ble uses and allowed for permeable paving and planting options through the insertion of a shared courtyard between pairs of homes.

Colored-glass blocks (seen in image 4.2.2) illuminate stairwell and serve as a visual device to help residents distinguish their home from their neighbor’s.

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŤĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨Ĺ› ĹżÂƒÂ„Â‘Â˜Â‡Ć€ ƒ”‹ƒ–‹‘Â?• ‘ˆ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ †‡•‹‰Â?• –Šƒ– ™‡”‡ ‡š’Ž‘”‡† ‹Â? ‡ƒ”Ž› development assuming a tilt-up concrete home. (author) _img 4.2.2: (right) The rendering shows a southern view of the pedestrian plaza –Šƒ– •‡’ƒ”ƒ–‡• –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ …‡Â?–‡” ĹżÂƒÂ—thor)

63

Image 4.2.3 gives the opposite view of image 4.2.2 as seen from the road, El Sauce. The plaza offers 6 retail shops that can use the space for out-door dining and can host a variety of stores like bakeries, taco shops, apparel, accessories, laundry services, etc.

The central retaining wall performs as a drainage gut Ş Ŝ

ɫŜɩŜɬ » pair of homes. A pair of homes can easily be combined into a single home which would allow optimum privacy at the garage level. Atrium window panels of the second » Ŝ

ɏ ɫŜɩŜɪś ſ ƀ sional suites that overlook the pedestrian plaza between the residential village and commercial building. (author)

hot air escapes loft through damper

ɏ ɫŜɩŜɫś Ŝ wind patterns that would force shaded air up through the atrium, allowing for the ɩ » º tillation. A damper in the loft space allows for trapped hot air to escape, acting as a heat chimney. (author)

ɭɬ

Ĺ›

2nd FloOr Plan

Loft plan

Roof Plan

Š‡ ‹†‡Â?Â–Â‹ÂşÂ…ÂƒÂ–Â‹Â‘Â? ‘ˆ ƒ ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘Â?ƒŽ –”ƒ†‡ •…Š‘‘Žř Â?‹˜‡”•‹†ƒ† ‘…Š‹…ƒŽ…‘ ſ™Š‹…Š Šƒ• ƒ …ƒÂ?’—•‡• ‹Â? ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ÂƒĹ™ Â‡ÂšÂ‹Â…ÂƒÂŽÂ‹Ĺ™ ƒÂ?† Â?•‡Â?ÂƒÂ†ÂƒĆ€ –Šƒ– Â?ƒ› Šƒ˜‡ ‘˜‡”‰”‘™Â? their current facility that it occupies (that mainly serves western Tijuana) is a likely candidate tenant for the educational facility. By adopting a satellite campus in eastern Tijuana, the university can better educate the public by reducing class sizes, or can cus–‘Â?‹œ‡ ‡ƒ…Š …ƒÂ?’—• –‘ „‡…‘Â?‡ •’‡…‹ƒŽ‹œ‡† ˆ‘” •’‡…‹º… disciplines. For instance, one campus can become better suited for health related professions, and the other can become specialized for tech-related professions.

It can also provide a facility closer to the neighborŠ‘‘†• –Šƒ– ƒ”‡ ’‘‘”Ž› •‡”˜‡† „› ‡š‹•–‹�‰ ’—„Ž‹… –”ƒ�•portation.

55 ft

1st Floor plan

Š‡ ‡š‹•–‡Â?…‡ ‘ˆ ƒ Š‡ƒ˜‹Ž› —•‡† „—• •–‘’ ‘Â? –Š‡ …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ Â„Â‘Â—ÂŽÂ‡Â˜ÂƒÂ”Â†Ĺ™ —–ƒ Â‹Â†ÂƒÂŽÂ‰Â‘Ĺ™ ™ƒ• ‹Â?—‡Â?–‹ƒŽ ‹Â? …”‡ƒ–‹Â?‰ ƒ ’—„Ž‹… •’ƒ…‡ Â?‡ƒ” –Š‡ ‡š‹•–‹Â?‰ ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒÂ? „”‹†‰‡ –Šƒ– ‹• Â?‘Â?—Â?‡Â?–ƒŽ ƒÂ?† ’”‘˜‹†‡• ƒ —Â?‹“—‡ •‡––‹Â?‰ ˆ‘” ‰ƒ–Š‡”‹Â?Â‰Ĺœ Â”ÂƒÂ†Â‡ĹžÂ•Â…ÂŠÂ‘Â‘ÂŽÂ• –Šƒ– ‡š‹•– ƒ…”‘•• —–ƒ Hidalgo can sit on the amphitheater style steps that affords them a prominent seat to view sunsets over the Š‹ŽŽ–‘’• ſ‹Â?ƒ‰‡ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŠ ‘Â? Â?‡š– Â’ÂƒÂ‰Â‡Ć€Ĺœ

33 ft

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŤĹœÉŠĹœÉŹĹ› Ž‘‘”’ŽƒÂ?• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ †—’Ž‡š —Â?Â‹Â–Â•Ĺœ ĹżÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ć€

Š‡ ÂşÂ?ƒŽ †‡•‹‰Â? ‘ˆ –Š‡ –Š‡•‹• ’”‘Œ‡…– •‹–‡ ’”‘vides a variety of commercial spaces to attract a wide array of services to the immediately surrounding public. Specialty stores such as bakeries or dry-clean‡”• …ƒÂ? ‘’‡”ƒ–‡ Â?‡š– †‘‘” –‘ ‡Ž‡…–”‘Â?‹… ”‡–ƒ‹Ž‡”• ‘” ’—”‹º‡† ™ƒ–‡” Â”Â‡Â–ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ‡Â”Â•Ĺ™ ƒŽŽ ‘Â? –Š‡ •–”‡‡– Ž‡˜‡Ž –‘ improve pedestrian activity all-together while tucking the parking lot away from the sidewalk and store frontages.

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉ¨ĹžÉŠĹ› ‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰• ‘ˆ ‹Â?–‡”‹‘” ƒÂ?† ‡š–‡”‹‘” ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ †ƒÂ?’‡” ™‹Â?†‘™• –Šƒ– ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡ ’ƒ••‹˜‡ ÂƒÂ‹Â”ĹžÂťÂ‘Â™ –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ …‡Â?–”ƒŽ …‘Â?Â?‘Â? ƒ”‡ƒ ‹Â? –Š‡ Â•Â…ÂŠÂ‘Â‘ÂŽĹœ š–‡”‹‘” ˜‹‡™ ĥ •‡‡Â? ˆ”‘Â? ’‡†‡•–”‹ƒÂ? „”‹†‰‡ ‘Â? Â?‡š– Â’ÂƒÂ‰Â‡Ĺœ ĹżÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ć€

A wide public gathering space separates the proˆ‡••‹‘Â?ƒŽ Â‘ÂˆÂşÂ…Â‡Â• ˆ”‘Â? –Š‡ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–› ƒÂ?† ƒŽŽ‘™• ˆ‘” –Š‡ ‡š–‡”‹‘” …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Â? –‘ •‡”˜‡ ĥ „ƒŽ…‘Â?› 67

parking area that is usually located in front of a residence in most homes in the neighborhood. The new du

» at one end, and a formal vehicular entrance at the that may be customized by the tenant to better suit opposite end that may also function as a retail space. Ŝ

» that may inhabit the facility are: dentistry, massage ř Ş ř ř º ř - attacting buyers in El Florido as most residences often tisement agencies, or even tech start-ups. Larger com- obtain a secondary form of income by providing a skill panies can be accomodated by joining two suites that Ŝ ŵ Ş Ŝ neighborhood operate barber shops, seamstress studios, lit and allow for better passive ventilation and reduce Ŝ » ible garage space will allow home-owners to open their energy use. ŵ The nearby D.I.F. facility across the street (El Ŝ » Sauce) serves as a community center where the public a half-bathroom for customer use, or just as an alter Ŝ Ŝ ɬŜɨŜɫ Ş can sign up for are dancing, language learning, weld- show the upstairs circulation around the atrium space ing, martial arts, visual arts, knitting and sewing, of the home, as well as the view of the atrium from the etc. The facility is small, and has limited outdoor roof-top patio (only available in half of the units). space that is not visible from the street. The project Ş site can provide a platform for the private classes to home, and a two-bedroom-plus-loft-space home. The varihost events to give back to the community. ation in building heights will add to the architectural The angled rooftop of the educational facili- richness of the neighborhood. The separating panels ty can accomadate solar panels set at an optimal sun between overhanging balconies in the master bedroom angle and provide renewable energy to the school and are colored acrylic panels that add individuality among Ŝ » residential units. Colored glass blocks are also used ř stairwell of the home which not only allows the stairhidden behind a parapet wall. well to be naturally lit in the day-time, but casts a The residential village contains a new typology colorful glow onto the sidewalks at night. The use of colored glass blocks as windows foor the restrooms in Ŝ º - Ş cially viable, the courtyard is a shared space that Ŝ » » loft space is large enough to use as a bedroom, and the used as a sun-lit patio when vehicle is absent. The sun deck is large enough to grow vegetables and herbs Ş » in planters, and host a gathering.

69 viewing for public display of folkoric dancing or other public events.

Š‡ ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ ˜‹ŽŽƒ‰‡ ƒÂ?† …‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ Â?‹š‡†Ş—•‡ building are separated by a 30 ft. wide public plaza used for outdoor seating for ground-level retail shops that allows the residential community a direct conÂ?‡…–‹‘Â? –‘ ’—„Ž‹… Ž‹ˆ‡ ‹Â? ÂŽ ÂŽÂ‘Â”Â‹Â†Â‘Ĺœ ‡•‹†‡Â?–• ƒŽ•‘ „‡Â?‡º– ˆ”‘Â? Šƒ˜‹Â?‰ ƒ ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ ‹Â?–‡”‹‘” ’ƒ”Â? ƒ– Â?‡ƒ”Ž› ɨɏřɼɼɼ •“ˆ– –Šƒ– ‹• •Šƒ”‡† „‡–™‡‡Â? –Š‡ É­É° ”‡•‹†‡Â?–‹ƒŽ —Â?‹–• ‘ˆ ‹ŽŽƒ ›…‡Â?ƒ ™Š‡”‡ –Š‡‹” …Š‹Ž†”‡Â? …ƒÂ? •ƒˆ‡Ž› ’Žƒ› ‹Â? –Š‡ ɨɊɼřɼɼɼ •“ˆ– ‰ƒ–‡† …‘Â?Â?—Â?Â‹Â–Â›Ĺœ Š‹• ’”‹˜ƒ–‡ park provides an outdoor entertaining area for birthday parties or barbecues that every resident can enjoy (image 3.13.2).

Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡Â?– ƒ†ƒ’–ƒ–‹‘Â?• ‘ˆ –Š‡ Â…Â‘Â—Â”Â–Â›ÂƒÂ”Â†ĹľÂƒÂ–Â”Â‹Â—Â? ‹• ƒŽ•‘ ƒÂ? ƒ”…Š‹–‡…–—”ƒŽ ˆ‡ƒ–—”‡ –Šƒ– —Â?‹º‡• –Š‡ †‹ˆˆ‡”ent projects of the thesis-site that have been referred –‘ ĥ ‡Â?–”‘ ‹Â?‘–ƒ—”‘ ƒÂ?† ‹ŽŽƒ• ›…‡Â?ƒ †—”‹Â?‰ –Š‡•‹• presentations that verbally relate the thesisproject to the essence of Fraccionmiento Centauro at-large.

Â?ƒ‰‡• ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŞĹžÉŤ ƒŽŽ •Š‘™ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡Â?– ™ƒ› ‘ˆ –”‡ƒ–‹Â?‰ –Š‡ ƒ–”‹—Â? •’ƒ…‡• –Šƒ– ‰‹˜‡ –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ Ž‹‰Š– ƒÂ?† ˜‡Â?tilation necessary for a healthy interior environment „—– ƒŽ•‘ ’‡”Â?‹–• –Š‡ ‹Â?–‡”‹‘” •’ƒ…‡• –‘ …ŠƒÂ?‰‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› during different hours of the day.

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŞÂƒĹžÂˆĹ› ſ‘’’‘•‹–‡ƀ ÂƒĹ™Â„Ĺž ‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰• ‘ˆ ‡š–‡”‹‘” …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Â? …‘”‡ ƒÂ?† ‡Ž‡˜ƒtor tower. c-passively illuminated parking garage looking upwards toward atriums. †Şɪ”† ‘‘” ‘ˆ ‡†—…ƒ–‹‘Â?ƒŽ ÂˆÂƒÂ…Â‹ÂŽÂ‹Â–Â›Ĺ™ ’‡”•’‡…–‹˜‡ ‘ˆ …‹”…—Žƒ–‹‘Â? …‘”‡ ƒ–”‹—Â?Ĺœ ‡ŞɊÂ?† ‘‘” ‘ˆ Â•Â…ÂŠÂ‘Â‘ÂŽÂ™Â™Ĺœ ÂˆĹžÉ¨Â•Â– ‘‘” ‘ˆ •…Š‘‘Ž ‹Â?•‹†‡ ‰ƒŽŽ‡”› ŠƒŽŽ •’ƒ…‡ ĹżÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ć€ É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŤÂƒĹžÂ„Ĺ› ‹‡™ ‘ˆ ‹Â?–‡”‹‘” ‘ˆ ÉŠÂ?† ‘‘” ‹Â? Š‘Â?‡ ƒÂ?† ˜‹‡™ ‘ˆ –Š‡ •ƒÂ?‡ ƒ–”‹—Â? from the rooftop patio. (author)

71

_1.3.1: Google satellite map with overlayed drawing, by author

É?ÉŞĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŠĹ› ÂƒÂ”Â…Â‹ÂƒĹ™ ‡…–‘” ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? Š––’śžžÂ?Â™ÉŠĹœ Â‰Â‘Â‘Â‰ÂŽÂ‡ĹœÂ…Â‘Â?ĹľÂ?Â™ĹžÂ’ÂƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?‹‘ž’Š‘–‘•žÂ?‡†‹—Â?ĹľÉŠÉ­ÉŽÉ¨É°ÉŻĹœÂŒÂ’Â‰

É?É¨ĹœÉŞĹœÉŠĹ› –Žƒ• —Â?‹…‹’ƒŽ †‡ ‹‡•‰‘•ř ‹Œ—ƒÂ?ƒ ĆƒÂ?ÂƒÂ’Ć„

_3.1.3: by author [photograph]

É?É¨ĹœÉŤĹœÉ¨Ĺ› „› ÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ĺ™ ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ ‡•‹†‡Â?…‹ƒŽ ‘†‡Ž ‘Â?‡•

_3.1.4: by author [photograph]

_3.2.6b: Archdaily Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ ‹„”ƒ”› Ĺľ Š‘Â?•‘Â? †•‡–– _img 4.2.1 by author [drawing] ĆƒÂ†Â”ÂƒÂ™Â‹Â?Â‰Ć„Â”Â‡Â–Â”Â‹Â‡Â˜Â‡Â† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂƒÂ†ÉĽÉĽÉ°Â…Â†Â?Â„ĹœÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›ĹœÂ?‡–ž™’Ş…‘Â?–‡Â?Â–ĹľÂ—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•ĹľÉŠÉĽÉ¨ÉŤĹľÉĽÉŹĹľÉŹÉŞÉ­ÉŤÉŹÉ°ÂˆÂ†Â…ÉĽÉŽÂƒÉŻÉĽÉĽÉŽÉŽÉ°ÉĽÉĽÉĽÉĽÉŤÉŤÉ?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?‹˜‡”•‹- _img 4.2.2 by author [rendering] ty-g11-library-thomsonadsett_section_2.png _img 4.2.3 by author [rendering] _3.2.6c: Archdaily Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ ‹„”ƒ”› Ĺľ Š‘Â?•‘Â? †•‡–– ĆƒÂ†Â”ÂƒÂ™Â‹Â?Â‰Ć„Â”Â‡Â–Â”Â‹Â‡Â˜Â‡Â† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂƒÂ†ÉĽÉĽÉ°Â…Â†Â?Â„ĹœÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›ĹœÂ?‡–ž™’Ş…‘Â?- _img 4.2.4 by author [drawing] –‡Â?Â–ĹľÂ—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•ĹľÉŠÉĽÉ¨ÉŤĹľÉĽÉŹĹľÉŹÉŞÉ­ÉŤÉŹÉ°ÂˆÂ†Â…ÉĽÉŽÂƒÉŻÉĽÉĽÉŽÉŽÉ°ÉĽÉĽÉĽÉĽÉŤÉŤÉ?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?‹˜‡”•‹É?‹Â?‰ ÉŤĹœÉŠĹœÉŹ „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ†Â”ÂƒÂ™Â‹Â?‰Ƅ ty-g11-library-thomsonadsett_section_3.png

É?É¨ĹœÉŤĹœÉŠĹ› ‘Â?–‡Â?‡‰”‘ř Â?–Š‘Â?› ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? Š––’śžž www.centauroresidencial.com

É?ÉŞĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŹĹ› „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„

É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŽĹžÉ¨ÉĽĹ› ƒ”‘Â?Ĺ™ Ĺœ Ĺ™ Â‡Â–Â–ÂƒĹ™ ĹœĹ™ Äş Â‡Â–Â–ÂƒĹ™ Ĺœ

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉ¨Ĺ› „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ”Â‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰Ƅ

_3.1.6: by author [photograph]

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨É¨Ĺ› ‡”‰‹‘ Š‹Â?ƒŽ ĆƒÂ’ÂŽÂƒÂ?•Ƅ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂ™Â™Â™ĹœÂ…Â‡Â?tauroresidencial.com

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŠĹ› „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ”Â‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰Ƅ

List of Images

É?ÉŞĹœÉ¨ĹœÉ¨Ĺ› —”ƒÂ?–‡•ř ”Â?ƒÂ?†‘ ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? Š––’śžž Â™Â™Â™ĹœÂ’ÂƒÂ?‘”ƒÂ?Â‹Â‘ĹœÂ…Â‘Â?ž—•‡”žɊɍɏɊɭɪɎ

_1.4.3: Zoning map of Fraccionamiento Centauro (2011, January) ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľĹľÂ™Â™Â™ĹœÂ…Â‡Â?–ƒ—”‘”‡•‹†‡Â?Â…Â‹ÂƒÂŽĹœÂ…Â‘Â? ™‹–Š ƒÂ?ÂƒÂŽÂ›Â•Â‹Â•Ĺ™ _3.1.7: by author [photograph] by author _3.1.8: by author [photograph] _1.4.4: by author, [photograph] parklet in center of Fraccionamiento Centauro _3.1.9: by author [photograph]

É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŞÂƒĹžÂˆĹ› „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ”Â‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰•Ƅ _img 3.2.12 by author [diagram] É?‹Â?‰ ÉŹĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŤÂƒĹžÂ„Ĺ› „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ”Â‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰•Ƅ É?‹Â?‰ ÉŞĹœÉŹĹœÉ¨Ĺ› ‹‰‹–ƒŽ Â?ƒ••‹Â?‰ŞÂ?‘†‡Ž ‘ˆ ‡Â?–ƒ—”‘ Â˜Â•Ĺœ ‡Â? ‘‘ŽŠƒƒ• ˆ‘” ‡š—• ‘”Ž†ř „› ƒ—–Š‘”

É?É¨ĹœÉŤĹœÉŹĹ› ‡™ ’”‘’‘•ƒŽ ˆ‘” œ‘Â?‹Â?‰ –”‡ƒÂ?‡Â?– ’”‘†—…‡† „› ƒ—–Š‘”

_3.1.10: Buildable area, by author

_img 3.9.1: by author [drawing]

_1.4.6: Google satellite image with zoning superimposed, and ra†‹ƒŽ †‹•–ƒÂ?…‡• ˆ”‘Â? —–ƒ ‹†ƒŽ‰‘ ƒ…”‘•• •‹–‡ř „› ƒ—–Š‘”

É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨ Â?Â?Â?‘™Â? ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂ™Â™Â™ĹœÂ‘Â?ÂƒĹœÂ‡Â—Ĺľ

_img 3.10.1: by author [diagram]

É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŠĹ› Â?Â?Â?‘™Â? ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂ™Â™Â™ĹœÂ‘Â?ÂƒĹœÂ‡Â—Ĺľ

_img 3.11.1: by author [diagram]

É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŞÂƒĹžÂ†Ĺ› ‡šš—• ‘”Ž† ‘—•‹Â?‰ †”ƒ™‹Â?‰•ř „› ƒ—–Š‘”

_img 3.12.1: by author [diagram]

É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŤĹ› ƒ”–‹Â?Ĺ™ Â?‰—• ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂƒÂ†ÉĽÉĽÉ°Â…Â†Â?Â„ĹœÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›ĹœÂ?‡–ž™’Ş…‘Â?–‡Â?Â–ĹľÂ—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•ĹľÉŠÉĽÉ¨ÉŤĹľÉĽÉŹĹľÉŹÉŞÉ­ÉŤÉŹÂƒÉŤÂƒÂ…ÉĽÉŽÂƒÉŻÉĽÉ­Â†Â…Â„ÉĽÉĽÉĽÉĽÉŹÂ…É?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂˆÂ‹Â–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂ‰É¨É¨ĹžÂŽÂ‹Â„Â”ÂƒÂ”Â›ĹžÂ–ÂŠÂ‘Â?•‘Â?ƒ†•‡––É?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂŽÂ‡ÂƒÂ”Â?‹Â?‰Ş…‘Â?Â?‘Â?•É?–Š‘Â?•‘Â?ƒ†•‡––É?’Š‘–‘•„›ƒÂ?‰—•Â?ƒ”tin_-1-.jpg

_img 3.12.2: by author [diagram]

É?É¨ĹœÉŤĹœÉŽĹ› ‘‘‰Ž‡ •ƒ–‡ŽŽ‹–‡ ‹Â?ƒ‰‡• ‘ˆ ˆ‘”‡‹‰Â? ŽƒÂ?†Â?ƒ”Â?• ‹Â? ‘Â?‡ř –aly comparing project site area _1.4.8: Google satellite images of local landmarks in San Diego, California comparing project site are _1.4.9: by author, [photograph] homes adjacent to thesis project site

É?ÉŠĹœÉ¨ĹœÉ¨Ĺ› „› ÂƒÂ—Â–ÂŠÂ‘Â”Ĺ™ ‡Â?Â? ‹ƒ‰”ƒÂ? ‘ˆ …‘Â?…‡’–• ˆ‘”Â?‹Â?‰ –Š‡‘”‡–‹…ƒŽ É?É?ÉŞĹœÉŠĹœÉŹĹ› ƒ”–‹Â?Ĺ™ Â?‰—• ĆƒÂ’ÂŠÂ‘Â–Â‘Â‰Â”ÂƒÂ’ÂŠĆ„ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂƒÂ†framework of project ɼɼɰ…†Â?Â„ĹœÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›ĹœÂ?‡–ž™’Ş…‘Â?–‡Â?Â–ĹľÂ—Â’ÂŽÂ‘ÂƒÂ†Â•ĹľÉŠÉĽÉ¨ÉŤĹľÉĽÉŹĹľÉŹÉŞÉ­ÉŤÉŹÂƒÉ­ÂƒÂ…ÉĽÉŽÂƒÉŻÉĽÉŹÉ­ÉŹÉ¨ÉĽÉĽÉĽÉĽÉ°É­É?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂ‰É¨É¨ĹžÂŽÂ‹Â„Â”ÂƒÂ”Â›ĹžÂ–ÂŠÂ‘Â?•‘Â?ƒ†•‡––É? É?ÉŠĹœÉŠĹœÉ¨Ĺ› ‘””‹•Šř ‹ŽŽ‹ƒÂ? Ĺœ ſɨɰɰɭƀ Civilizing Terrains, p. 2. Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂŽÂ‡ÂƒÂ”Â?‹Â?‰Ş…‘Â?Â?‘Â?•É?–Š‘Â?•‘Â?ƒ†•‡––É?’Š‘–‘•„›ƒÂ?gusmartin_-6-.jpg É?ÉŠĹœÉŠĹœÉŠĹ› ‘””‹•Šř ‹ŽŽ‹ƒÂ? Ĺœ ſɨɰɰɭƀ Civilizing Terrains, p. 4. _3.2.6a: Archdaily Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠ Â?‹˜‡”•‹–› ɨɨ ‹„”ƒ”› Ĺľ Š‘Â?•‘Â? †É?ÉŠĹœÉŠĹœÉŞĹ› ‘””‹•Šř ‹ŽŽ‹ƒÂ? Ĺœ ſɨɰɰɭƀ Civilizing Terrains, p. 12. sett ĆƒÂ†Â”ÂƒÂ™Â‹Â?‰Ƅ ”‡–”‹‡˜‡† ˆ”‘Â? ÂŠÂ–Â–Â’Ĺ›ĹľĹľÂ™Â™Â™ĹœÂƒÂ”Â…ÂŠÂ†ÂƒÂ‹ÂŽÂ›ĹœÂ…Â‘Â?žɏɼɊɰɭɎž Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂˆÂ‹Â–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂ‰É¨É¨ĹžÂŽÂ‹Â„Â”ÂƒÂ”Â›ĹžÂ–ÂŠÂ‘Â?•‘Â?ÂƒÂ†Â•Â‡Â–Â–ĹľÉŹÉŞÉ­ÉŤÉŹÉ°ÂƒÂƒÂ…ÉĽÉŽÂƒÉŻÉĽÉŹÉ­ÉŹÉ¨ÉĽÉĽÉĽÉĽÉŻÂˆÉ?Â‰Â”Â‹ÂˆÂşÂ–ÂŠĹžÂ—Â?Â‹Â˜Â‡Â”Â•Â‹Â–Â›ĹžÂ‰É¨É¨ĹžÂŽÂ‹Â„Â”ÂƒÂ”Â›ĹžÂ–ÂŠÂ‘Â?•‘Â?ƒ†•‡––É? •‡…–‹‘Â?Ş’Â?‰ž

_img 3.13.1: by author [photograph] _img 3.13.2: by author [digital rendering] _img 4.1.1a-b by author [diagram] É?‹Â?‰ ÉŤĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŠÂƒĹžÂ‡ „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ…Â‘Â?Â?‡”…‹ƒŽ ÂťÂ‘Â‘Â”Â’ÂŽÂƒÂ? †”ƒ™‹Â?‰•Ƅ _img 4.1.3 by author [rendering] _img 4.1.4 by author [rendering] É?‹Â?‰ ÉŤĹœÉ¨ĹœÉŹ „› ƒ—–Š‘” ĆƒÂ”Â‡Â?†‡”‹Â?‰Ƅ

73

ř ſɩɥɥɥř ƀ śŵŵ Ŝ Ŝ Ŝ ŵ ŵ ŵ ɩŵ ʩɩɥ ʩɩɥ ʩɩɥ ʩɩɥ ʩɩɥɩŜɥŜ ř Ŝ ſɨɰɰɭƀ Civilizing Terrains, p. 2. San Francisco: William Stout Publishers ř Ŝ ř ř Ŝř ĺ ř Ŝ ſɩɥɥɭƀŜ Ŝ

ɮɬ