Environment and Systems Integration : ENVIRONMENTAL REPORT(BE0911)
6.1 _ Re- Purpose : Photography studios and Darkrooms Sandra Ababio - Danso w12032331 BA Interior Architecture (2015) Northumbria Architecture
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Introduction Project Introduction Location Site map Orientation
C. Envelope & Strategies 4
A. Site Evaluation Site Plan Prevailing Winds Sunpaths Acoustics Access Topography
6 7 8-9 10 11 12
19 20 21 22 23 24
D. Systems & Services Artificial Lighting Plan Heat Loss and Gains Heat Distribution and Recovery Natural Ventilation Water Supply and Distribution
26 - 17 28 29 30 31
Referencing
B. Environmental Brief Introduction Environmental Requirements : WORKSHOP Environmental Requirements : GALLERY Environmental Requirements : CAFE
Building Envelope Materials Energy Source Sunlighting Glazing Daylight Factor
14 15 16 17
References
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Introduction
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Access through 20 South street
Access through Sussex Street
Interior Space
The brief is to design a facility for re-purposing and/or creative reuse. My scheme will be open to the public and will be the token space offering the learning of and return to the art of traditional photography. It will operate day and night; being activated at night by the cafe, shop and galleries and at day by the darkrooms, studios and workshops. Catering to professionals and amateurs of the art of traditional photography. The art of traditional photography is a gratifying creative process. One is entirely involved in every process, that is, from conception of an idea to capturing the image to the final stage of developing the image. A nice change of pace compared to digital photography where images are produced instantaneously. My intervention aims to facilitate this by providing darkrooms, studios,workshops and material/chemical store. The intervention also aims to be activated through a gallery, shop, cafe and repair shop that will cater to photographers and the general public simultaneously. These facilities will operate both day and night. The intervention will offer a means of activating the existing building, however it will be easily assembled and removed to allow the integrity of the existing building to remain.
Tyne and Wear. Source : Bing Maps Newcastle upon Tyne. Source : Google Maps Stephenson Quarter. Source : Google Maps
Tyne and Wear
Newcastle upon Tyne
Stephenson Quarter
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A. Site Evaluation
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Title : Site Plan Scale : 1:1250 Project : Photography Studios and Darkrooms Site : The Robert Stephenson Centre Location : Newcastle upon Tyne
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PREVAILING WINDS During the year, the prevailing winds comes mainly from the west as indicated by the graphs, with an average yearly speed of 8 kts. As shown by the table, the wind speed at the site fluctuate by 2 knots while average temperature can range from a minimum of 50c to a maximum of 170c. The western facade is exposed to the prevailing winds, but the development of the quarter, propses higher building which will shelter the building.
Wind direction distribution (%) in January
Wind direction distribution (%) in March
WIND TABLE
Wind direction distribution (%) in July
Wind direction distribution (%) in December
Wind direction distribution in January. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in March. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in July. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in December. Source : Wind Finder Wind Table. Source : Wind Finder
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SUNPATHS
58o in summer
12o in winter
building in context, showing sun angles
Situated in the south and east of the site are taller building which causes the façades to be shadowed in the mornings year round. However due to the many sky light in the roof structure of the building this doesn’t affect the internal luminance. The west facade is substantially glazed, allowing ample solar gain from afternoon to evening. Due to the large amounts of natural light entering in from the roof sky lights and the west facade, the workshop and cafe/eatery have been situated in the western part of the space. This western light also benefits the retail area and the gallery situated on the first floor; the light enters through the windows of the mezzanine.
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SUNPATHS
There isnt much light entering the building from the Eastern facade due to the taller surrounding buildings. As shown in the diagram, during 12 noon, daylight penetrates the space through the roof windows. After noon, the space is daylit from the Western facade. Due to the lack of tall buildings on the west, the space is mainly naturally lit from the west.
Sun Graph
SunPath Diagram Sunpath Diagram. Source : Gaisma Sungraph. Source : Gaisma
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ACOUSTICS (external & internal)
The site and its surroundings are quite quiet because of its industrial nature and isolated location. Due to its industrial nature, most of the surrounding buildings are unoccupied at the moment. Those that are occupied, function as residential and office spaces which produces very little noise. The future development of the Quater will generate moderate noise, mostly form the construction processes. Currently,the most substantial noise pollution to the site comes from Central Station due to its close proximity. The sources of the noise is from the inbound and departing trains and the general activity from within the station such as announcements.
LOUD noise from trains MINOR noise from vehicles
Another source of noise pollution to the site comes from loading bay of the Royal Mail depot (South St) adjacent to the building. There is frequent activity through the day with vans being loaded and unloaded. However, the peak time of the Royal Mail are very early(5-7 am) and very late(6-8pm). An additional sourcecof noise pollution affecting the site is attributed to the taxi rank and car park on Orchard Street. The taxi rank generates mild traffic during rush hour but the routes the taxi’s take do not directly cross the site, thus the noise pollution is minor.
MODERATE noise from Royal Mail vans Wind (m/s) Sound (dB) Light (lux) Temperature (oC) Humidity (%)
South Street 1.6 65.5 455 13 60
Sussex Street 2.6 56 - 58 938 - 1000 13 59.8
Internal 55.7 59 - 88 13 53 - 88.2
Readings from around site (midday)
From the sound reading taken on site, one can realise that it is not uncomfortably loud. The high noise levels are in South St, whiles Sussex St and the internal environment are quite tranquil.
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ACCESS
The location of the site means accessibilty to the building is easy for visitors and users. Various means of public transportation are available to access the site. Trains from Central station, A taxi rank situated on Orchard Street is a taxi is desired. On foot, visitors will get to the building in 5 mins from the Metro Station and Centreal Station A car park is available on the Sussex Street entrance, for staff and deliveries to the building.
Traffic density in wider context KEY *
Loud traffic
*
Moderate traffic
*
Minor traffic
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TOPOGRAPHY
Western Elevation
The western elevation is situated on a slope on 5o. This has no effect on the intervention or accessibility to the site. The adjacent buildings, Royal Mail sorting house and Doves warehouse sit on a differnt slop but they are of similar height to the Stephenson Building thus allowing sufficient natural light to enter through the skylights. The proposed office blocks and exisitng building on the east elevation are much higher than the Stephenson building. As a result there is not sufficcient coming in from the east into the building.
Protractor.Source : Mathsisfun.com
Stephenson Quarter is a historically known industrial location, thus the landscape has been mainly concrete and this has not changed over the years but to soften the industrial language, potted plants and artificial landscape has been designed and implemented.
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B. ENVIRONMENTAL BRIEF
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Environmental Requirements Introduction The brief is to design a facility for repurposing and/or creative reuse. My scheme will be open to the public and will be the token space offering the learning of and return to the art of traditional photography. It will operate day and night; being activated at night by the cafe, shop and galleries and at day by the darkrooms, studios and workshops. catering to professionals and amateurs of the art of traditional photography. The art of traditional photography is a gratifying creative process. One is entirely involved in every process, that is, from conception of an idea to capturing the image to the final stage of developing the image. A nice change of pace compared to digital photography where images are produced instantaneously. The intervention aims to facilitate this by providing darkrooms, studios,workshops and material/chemical store. The intervention also aims to be activated through a gallery, shop, cafe and repair shop that will cater to photographers and the general public simultaneously. These facilities will operate both day and night. The design philosophy was to create layers. That is, the existing building is a depiction of the Industrial age of the 1800’s; thus being a representation of particular time. The intervention will employ the material and design technology of the present to also create a portrayal of the present age. This will then create what I call layers of two different time periods through contrast of material, technology and design language. The spatial features will be a series of darkrooms of varying sizes. this will allow singular usage and group usage. this will be situated on the east elevation, which is overshadowed by taller building tus creating the perfect dark ambience for a darkroom. A teaching are where visitors and students will be taught the art and techniques of traditional photography and development. A workshop where old and damged photographs and cameras will be restored and repaired. A retail area for the sale of inhouse photgraphers and equipment whiles situated beneath the retail area will be a cafe area with seatings to serve quick meals and beverages. All these spaces have different environmental requirements, which are vital in creating human comfort and meeting government standards such as those listed in CIBSE and Approved Documents. Room Use
Occupancy
Illuminance
Noise levels
variable
Temp. (winter / summer) 16-19 / 14-22
Darkrooms
500
25 - 35
Gallery
variable
19-21 / 21-23
200
30 - 35
W.C.
variable
19-21 / 21-23
100
35 - 45
Cafe
variable
22-24 / 24-25
200-300
35 - 40
Office
variable
21-23 / 22-24
300-500
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The table shows the internal conditions requirements for each micro climate; the occupancy (staff and/or public), temperatures for both winter & summer, the recommended lumminance levels and noise levels. Axonometric of Intervention 14
Environment Requirements : WORKSHOP The east part of the space is overshadowed by the taller buildings on the eastern facade, this allows very little light to penetrate that area of the building. This overshadowed part is not seen as a problem to fix but rather the darkrooms and finishing rooms have been situated there to create an atmosphere of being secluded from the rest of the world and increase productivity and creativity. Contrary to its name, a darkroom requires sufficeient lighting to aid the user to create. it is recommended by the CIBSE Guide that the illuminace of a workshop should be 500 lux. The lighting in the darkrooms are of two kinds; white light and safe(amber) light. White light for general activity and safe lights or detail work and chemically developing photographs. Light is very crucial in photo developing, as so the darkrooms are located at the eastern part of the building which is naturally dark due to the east elevation being overshadowd by taller office blocks. it is important for the user to control the lighting in a darkroom, so to further reduce the light in the space, all opening on the east elevation was boarded up. the finish of the walls in the darkrooms are painted with matte black, this absorbs any light that escapes through. The thermal condition recommended is between 16 and 19 oC. This is the idela condition for humn comfort but the temperature required for the chemical baths in the darkrooms differnciate depending on the type of chemical baths. this means the temperature must be controlled by the occupant. A flexible and sensitive underfloor heating is installed which is controlled by a surface mounted controller. With this technology, the room temperature can be drastically altered anytime. Darkrooms utilise traditional methods which are all manual, no heavy equipment is used meaning acoustically the workshops produces minor noise. The recommended noise levels for a workshop is 25 - 35 dB (CIBSE Guide) but the dB’s from a darkroom is much less than that. Therefore no protective aids will be required. The recommended U-value for an exisitng wall should be 0.28(W/m2.K)2, as stated in the Approved Document L1B. The current U-value of the exisitng masonry wall is 0.60(W/m2m.K)2.
Ground Floor Plan Room Use
Occupancy
Temp.oC (winter / summer)
Illuminance(lux)
Noise levels(dB)
Darkrooms
variable
16-19 / 14-22
500
25 - 35
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Environment Requirements : EXHIBITION/GALLERY This space functions as an exhibition for the work of acclaimed artist and a gallery for inhouse photographers to permanently display their works etc. The only source of natural light in the gallery space is from the roof lights. Gallery space lighting is vital to bring out the depth of the photographs, the natural light plays a major role in achieving this. Artificial lighting is used during darker days and nights to meet the required lux level of 300 (CIBSE Guide). The acoustic level of a gallery is to be about 30dB, with tha main source of noie being from conversations. The temperature ranges from 19 - 21oC in winter and 21 - 23oC in summer. This temperature range is perfect because extreme variations in temperature can cause damage to the photographs.
First Floor Plan
Room Use
Occupancy
Temp. (winter / summer)
Illuminance(lux)
Noise levels(dB)
Gallery
variable
19-21 / 21-23
200
30 - 35
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Environment Requirements : CAFE The cafe is situated on the ground floor, on the west of the space. The substantial glazing of the West facade ensure that the cafe is brightly lit thorughout the day. the natural lighting creates an ambient lighting that isnt harsh on the eye and allows for relaxaation and rejuvination. The required accoustic level of the cafe is 40dB (CIBSE Guide). the open plan anture of the cafe area means there are no noise insulation, visitors will be able to hear the hum of chatter on the west of the building. this activates the space and creates an atmospher of community among photography lovers of all levels.
Ground Floor Plan Room Use
Occupancy
Temp. (winter / summer)
Illuminance(lux)
Noise levels(dB)
Cafe
variable
22-24 / 24-25
200-300
35 - 40
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C. ENVELOPE & STRATEGIES
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Ground Floor (birds eye view)
Ground floor (South)
First Floor interior
Ground Floor (North)
BUILDING ENVELOPE The exisiting building is a double height space, with skylights bathing the large open building in natural light. The space doesnt have a central heating system, the double height is hard to heat but the smaller areas like the mezzanine that has been converted into offices are heated. Because of its Grade II listed status, the insulation of the exisiting building cannot be improved through adding extra insulation. The u-value of the masonry is 0.60(W/m2m.K)2. The thermal condition is resolved by making the intervention enclosed, meaning users can calibrate the temperatures to suit their needs. The intervention on the ground floor are enclosed in pods, which not only controlls the temperature but allows for each function to have its place.
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Plan Key 7m 5.8 m
1.2 m
1.5 m
Workshop Intervention Detail Section (1:20)
2.7 m
B
1.2 m
A
MATERIALS The materials of the pods are croos laminate timber, aluminuim and resin. The structure is from the cross laminate timber, this material acts as the structure and its engineered to insulate, removing the need for additional insultation. this creartes a lighter pod whcih is easier to assemble. the Finish of the cross laminate is of a natural beech is left untreated thus acting as the finish for the interior of the pods. The floor finish is made from Multi screed resin, which is coarse, a much suitable floor material to prevent accidents. The exteriror is clad in Aluminuim panels. the exterior cladding differs for eash pod. the pods are clad in materials that traditional camera’s are made of that is, wood, aluminuim and leather. Resin Flooring. Source : altro.co.uk Cross laminate timber. Source : klhuk.com Aluminuim. Source : goodingalum.com
Resin Flooring
Cross Laminate Timber
Aluminuim
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Ground Floor heating distribution
Wood Pellet Boiler Diagram
ENERGY SOURCE The intervention is heated by biomass fuel placed in the plant room. The type used is the Wood Pellet Boiler system. The boiler produces energy by burning recycled wood and mulch. unlike its other biomass counter parts, that run on free natural resources such as wind and sun, this boiler requires ongoing fuel cost; making it the best choice for the exisiting building. The energy distribution is shown in the diagram on the right.
Wood pellet boiler diagram. Source : http://www.forgreenheat.org/technology/furnaces.html First Floor heating distribution
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Winter Solstice 12o
SUNLIGHTING Sunlight enters in the building from the roof lights and the glaved facades. The main source of sunlighting comes from the western facade which is substantially glazed and the west elevation is also devoid of tall structures that might block sunlight. unlike the west facade, the east has little glazing, and it is overshadowed by tall office blocks. Similarly to the west facade, the roof lights are unobstructed. During the Winter Solstice, the sun peaks at an angle of 12o, too low to light the first floor. However the low angle, allows the ground floor to be adequately lighted and as a result the workshops and cafe are located on the groundfloor. The sun peaks at 58o during the summer solstice. This higer height allows sun to penetrate into the building through the west facade and the three roof lights. During this time the entire building is bathed in natural light, which creates an atmosphere conducive to creativity. Therfore the gallery, exhibition and offices are located on the first floor to maximise this atmosphere.
Summer Solstice 58o
The control glare and solar gain, the right glazing will have to be used. Due to the Grade II listed status of the building, there are restrictions. However, the original windows will be kept but the glazing on the windows can be replaced with a solar contol glazing. This technology cancels out glare and allows only useful sunlight in. 22
Eastern Facade
GLAZING A ratio of 35% to 55% of a typical window wall is generally regarded as optimal. Less than 20% will result in excessive use of artificial light; more than 60% will generally result in excessive heat loss and, without external shading, can cause excessive solar gain. Source : http://www.theenvironmentalhandbook.com
The glazing of the building is 50%, which is the optmal percentage. therfore natural lighting isnt an issue and the building isnt highly dependent on artifical lifghiting. The glazing ratio doesnt exceed 60% thus excessive solar again and glare isnt an issue.
Western Facade
The exisiting glazing is single glazed but the intervention proposes to replace the glazing with more technological advanced solar control glazing. this will allow natural light in but will cancel out glare, all without interfering with the transparency of the glass.
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DAYLIGHT FACTOR DF = W 0 T A (1- R2) Where W = glazing area (80) 0 = angle of visible sky(159.25) T = light transmission of glazing(0.8) A = area of all the surfaces in the space(2970) R = average reflectance of the room (0.5 ) DF = 80 x 159.25 x 0.8 2970 (1 - 0.52) DF = 3.21% With a DF of 3% means there is ample illumination form daylight that artificial light would be used sparingly. 0 = Winter angle 0.8 x 159.25 x 12 2965 (1-0.52)
= 1528.8 2223.75 = 0.69 %
0 = Summer angle 0.8 x 159.25 x 58 = 7389.2 2965 (1 - 0.52) 2223.75 Glazing and Daylight factors
= 3.32 %
Glazing and Daylight factors. Source : theenvironmentalhandbook.com
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D. SYSTEMS & SERVICES
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ARTIFICIAL LIGHTING DESIGN
*Ground floor lighting layout
*First floor lighting layout
*
Suspended artificial lighting
*
Suspended artificial lighting
*
Function specific artificial lighting
*
Function specific artificial lighting
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Llighting layout in section
The artificial lighting in the scheme are of two categories. One for general lighting of the space and for creating atmosphere and dramatic effect. The second is placed in the intervention and are function specific. Example, the light in the darkroom comprises of a white light and safe light. Both are only located in the spaces where chemical will be handled. The general light for the building is suspended from the roof structures and are incorporated into the structure and walls to conceal them from view. The height of the suspended lights are within human reach for easy maintenance. The lighting technology is programmed to be sensitive to activity, to dim after a certain period of inactivity. This is to reduce heat gains as well as save on energy. 27
*
Thermal mass
*
Insulation
*
Heat loss
HEAT LOSS AND GAINS The listed building mainly loses eat through its roof and glazing. Due to the glazings also being grade II listed, nothing can be done to minimise the loss thought the glazing. As there were no specification about the roof light, it would be replaced with a remote controlled electric roof window. This would allow stack ventilation to be used in the summer/warmer days to vent out the stale hot air. The existing building materials are concrete and masonry and these offer thermal mass. The material the structure is made of, cross laminate timber, comes incorporated with insulation thus no additional insulation has been used.
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MVHR unit
Ventilation and Ducting distribution *
Hot air OUT
*
Cold air IN
*
Warm air IN
HEAT DISTRIBUTION AND RECOVERY SYSTEM The interventions are heated and ventilated from a low energy mechanical system. The MVHR is placed in the plantroom. It reuses 95% of the heat energy which would have been lost. The unit takes fresh air form outside, warms it and distributes it through duct strategically placed out of sight. The system also extracts stale air from the building through ducts and chemical fumes though hood vents . The heat from the extracted air is recovered in the heat recovery unit and then reused to temper the filtered supply air.
Up to 95% of the heat can be recovered. The Heat Recovery Unit runs continuously on trickle and can and is boosted when higher rates of ventilation are required e.g. bathing, cooking. In warmer months a summer by-pass function helps ensure comfort levels are maintained in the home. When summer by-pass is activated, the dwelling continues to be ventilated and receive fresh filtered air, however the heat recovery process is intermittently switched off (heat recovery is by-passed) 29
Stack Effect diagram
NATURAL VENTILATION With prevailing winds coming from the west, natural ventilation is utilised in the scheme. the process of natural ventilation used in the building is the Stack Effect; the cool air enters thorough the doors and window openings. The hot air that rises to the top are released through the skylights. During the colder months, mechanical ventilation is used. It extracts the stale air and circultates fresh warm air to the desired spaces.
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Cold water Hot water
WATER SUPPLY AND DISTRIBUTION The water is distributed from the main water supply situated at the east of the building. The water line then runs into the plant room on the east elevation. The water is run throught the boiler to produce hot water for the building . The services that require the most water such as the darkrooms are situated on the east elevation for easy distribution. For the services that require water on the west elevation like the cafe and W.C.’s, new copper pipework is interated into the building to distribute water from the plant room.
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REFERENCING
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REFERENCES CIBSE(2008). CIBSE Concise Handbook. Norwich:Page Bros Peter Clegg with Keith Bradley, Richard Fielden and Bill Gething (2007). Fielden Clegg Bradley the environmental handbook. London : Right Angle Publishing. Approved Document L1B. Available : http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_ADL1B_2010.pdf. Last accessed : 12 March 2015 Wood fuel (biomass) heating systems : http://www.forgreenheat.org/technology/furnaces.html
ILLUSTRATIONS Tyne and Wear. Source : Bing Maps Newcastle upon Tyne. Source : Google Maps Stephenson Quarter. Source : Google Maps Site Map. Source : EDINA Digimap Wind direction distribution in January. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in March. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in July. Source : Wind Finder Wind direction distribution in December. Source : Wind Finder Wind Table. Source : Wind Finder Sunpath Diagram. Source : Gaisma Sungraph. Source : Gaisma Protractor.Source : Mathsisfun.com Resin Flooring. Source : altro.co.uk Cross laminate timber. Source : klhuk.com Aluminuim. Source : goodingalum.com Wood pellet boiler diagram. Source : http://www.forgreenheat.org/technology/furnaces.html Glazing and Daylight factors. Source : theenvironmentalhandbook.com
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