Volume One
N O R D I C S C O T L A N D
NORDIC SCOTLAND Alex Hobday & Graham Hogg
Nordic Scotland
CONTENTS
Who?
6
Abstract
8
Scale Scotland - An (un)certain future
14
Is Scotland a Nordic Country?
18
A Dual Identity
20
Connecting Scotland
22
Accessible Scotland
24
Possible Scotland
26
A Hanseatic Past
28
A Global Future
30
Stereotyping - Modern Cultural Ties
36
A Dark Sense of Humour
38
‘Our Sea’ and ‘Their Sea’
40
Fishing
42
Shared Conditions - Living on the periphery
44
Knowledge Exchange
46
Renewable Scotland
48
A Nordic Scotland
50
p.4
Nordic Scotland
Orkney
Possible
Orkney - An Introduction
54
Possible Orkney
104
Field Trip - 13-17th November 2012
60
Changing Patterns of Global Shipping
106
Scapa Flow
64
Scapamax
110
Making the Global Local
66
Port of Singapore
112
Mobility
68
Renewables
118
Churchill Barriers
72
Tourism
124
Italian Chapel
74
Case Studies - Population Change
130
Tourism
78
Thurso
132
Cruise Liner Problems
80
Narvik
136
Hatston Pier
82
Torshavn
140
Light
86
Population Migration
144
Pier Arts Centre
90
Darkness
94
Migrating Orkney
150
Hoy’s Renewables
96
Connecting Orkney
160
Hoy - Lyness and the Old Man of Hoy
98
Inhabiting Orkney
168
Our Nordic Scotland
174
Bibliography
176
Where From Here?
100
p.5
Nordic Scotland
Alexander has recently completed his dissertation
After completing his Part I he was employed at
titled ‘Cumbernauld: Identity, location & ownership’
Smith Scott Mullan Associates in Edinburgh for one
an investigation of the changing patterns of
year, working on a variety of projects including a
development of the new town over the past fifty
new ticket office at Stirling Castle, the refurbishment
years.
of The King’s Theatre and a new glasshouse at The Royal Botanic Gardens in Edinburgh.
p.6
Who?
Graham worked at WOHA Architects in Singapore
Preceding this both Alexander and Graham studied
on two separate occassions, where he completed his
at the Universita Degli Studi Roma Tre in Italy
post Part I year out working on the Space Asian Hub
for six months as part of an Erasmus exchange
retail development and Ardmore Park - a high rise
programme.
residential building. For his honours dissertation Graham explored ‘The Architecture of the Wire’; an in depth piece of research on the impact of the TV series ‘The Wire’ upon the post industrial city of Baltimore.
p.7
Nordic Scotland
ABSTRACT
In an uncertain future Scotland’s identity,
lack of connections within this region, however in the
economy and society could become lost - are
Orkney Isles we have identified a strategic location
we a Northern outpost of a European region centred
to instigate new connections. A former Earldom of
around the Mediterranean? Or should we begin to
Norway and later Denmark, Orkney was at the centre
consider this nation as part of a wider Nordic region?
of the historical Western Norse Empire - nowadays remnants of this Norse past are still apparent in
The climate, culture and economy of Scotland
everyday life.
all have more in common with Scandinavia than central Europe, but our society and its architecture
Scotland’s location between the Atlantic and
currently do not reflect this. Exploring the themes of
the North Sea is hugely significant and at present
land and sea we will ask why Scotland is not following
underused as an asset, both for the shipping and
the path of its Nordic neighbours and our main aim is
energy industries. With climate change as a driver for
to uncover situations where Scotland can learn from
changes in both energy production and new global
Scandinavia and examine the feasibility of Scotland
shipping routes, via the North-East passage, huge
as a Nordic country. At a time when the question of
changes to the landscape and seascape are being
Scottish nationality is coming under consideration
made possible in this (un)certain future.
we are looking to examine the culture and society of the wider Nordic region as well as Scotland itself as a
Nordic Scotland aims to examine these changes
place within this region.
and their significance at four different scales: Global, Northern Europe, Scotland and more specifically the
Our initial investigations have identified our current
Orkney Isles.
p.8
Abstract
WHO ARE WE?
p.9
Nordic Scotland
SCALE
“In that the North is composed of several and differing countries, it may appear pointless to speak of a ‘Nordic World’...’The North. That this term is something more than a collective noun is evident; we have already suggested that it encompasses a region of character and identity.” Norberg-Schulz, Christian, 1996, Nightlands, London:MIT Press
p.10
Nordic Scotland
SCOTLAND An (un)certain future
The uncertainty around Scotland’s future has
We began to realise that not only our politics
always been based around what is happening
and lifestyle, but our culture and built
in the country in the present day. With the
environment can learn a lot from our Nordic
identity of the country under scrutiny we believed
neighbours. After all we share a similar landscape
that it was important to look at this identity and
(of the pictures to the right only one is of Scotland -
understand how Scotland could prosper over the
but which one?), climatic conditions and history with
coming months, years and decades. We began this
Norway, yet not the same satisfaction or prosperity.
study by looking at what was the major factors for
Where we have missed opportunities, our Nordic
this crisis of identity: politics.
neighbours have prospered - and not only Norway, but the other Scandinavian countries as well such as
Over the past 20 years Scotland’s politics have
Sweden and Denmark.
changed drastically, and to continue this trend Scottish politicians are looking at other political
It was at this point we began to ask ourselves the
systems and principles to take predcedent from.
question which many media outlets had ran when
Hollyrood were looking across the North Sea and
Scotland began looking to Norway for answers: is
asking how Norway, a country which we share many
Scotland a Nordic country?
values with, is so much more successful than us in terms of life satisfaction (4th compared to our 25th) and the prosperity index (1st to our 13th).
p.14
Scale
p.15
Nordic Scotland
Based on the Fuller Projection Map, this illustration shows Scotland in its global context
p.16
Scale
p.17
Nordic Scotland
IS SCOTLAND A NORDIC COUNTRY?
Our research began in earnest by ‘googling’
However, it was the many references made to
“is Scotland a Nordic country?” After all, the
Vikings which initially caught our eye. Every Scot
question itself is so broad that we had to narrow it
knows that the Vikings played a major part in the
down somehow. At this point we didn’t know whether
shaping of our country. It is only once we began to
we would produce something small or something
read up on it more, that we realised there was still
large or something in between, but in this modern
some lasting Norse references to be found in Scotland.
era, google was the best place to start. For example, Scots words like “bairn (child), midden At this point we didn’t realise the sheer scope of the
(dump), muckle (large) and even kilt (from the verb
question and what it would lead to.
kjalta, meaning “to fold”) are derived from Old Norse, while some towns of Scotland like Dingwall, Wick,
Our
search
returned
many
different
articles; one article (from the Copenhagen Post)
Tingwall and Lerwick can all trace their etymology back to the same source.
read “if Scotland gained full independence from the United Kingdom, they would look to their Nordic neighbours for ‘partnerships, trade and key defence relationships...’”, while the BBC ran a story in December 2011 called “How Scandinavian is Scotland?”
p.18
Scale
The map below shows the viking raids throughout Europe and the extent of their empire. The discovery that viking’s drew their maps upside down allowed us to adopt this so that we have a new and different perspective on the Nordic region.
p.19
Nordic Scotland
A DUAL IDENTITY
At this junction we realised that we were
One of the aspects we had already looked at
going to be looking at this at varying degrees
was how Scotland connects to the outside
of scale. The first of these scales was to be Scotland’s
world and we found that, while there was adequate
place within Europe and the world as a whole. As we
flight connections to the rest of the world, the same
delved into this question we found numerous books
could not be said for maritime connections. This was
and articles all asking whether Scotland was a “long-
something which we found quite astonishing as our
lost bit of Scandinavia”. It was not until we found
main physical connection to Norway throughout
the following quote that a breakthrough was made
history has always been through the North Sea -
in garnering some form of answer to this broad and
since Viking times we have had strong maritime
tricky question:
connections with our Nordic neighbours. It was at this juncture that we looked at exactly how few
There is no question which reality Scots would
maritime connections still existed.
rather inhabit, but it was two words which jumped out at us from the quote: “most accessible”.
p.20
Scale
“Scotland has always had a dual identity. Since the Treaty of Union in 1707, its formal position within the UK has defined it as a relatively remote, small, infertile, left-leaning, homogenous, northern nation. But looked at differently, Scotland is the most accessible, second most populous, fertile, ethnically diverse and southern part of the Nordic region. Which reality would you rather inhabit?� Riddoch, Lesley. Guardian Dec 2011
p.21
Nordic Scotland
CONNECTING SCOTLAND
Currently there are no direct ferries between the
With this in mind, we could not understand how
mainland of Scotland and any of the Nordic countries:
it could be claimed that Scotland was the ‘most
Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, Faroe Islands
accessible part of the Nordic region’.
and Iceland. There are however ferries which run past the two Northern Islands of Scotland (Orkney and Shetland) which connects Scandinavia to Iceland and the Faroe Islands.
p.22
Scale
The map below shows the lack of ferry connections between Scotland and its neighbours in the North Sea.
p.23
Nordic Scotland
ACCESSIBLE SCOTLAND
Then we discovered the map opposite which
“Scapa
was
Government’s
Facility” was proposed as a new European hub for
‘National Planning Framework’ published in
a container transhipment terminal, but it was further
2009 and was part of a document showing what
developed on and the proposal aimed to make it into
Scotland hoped to integrate into its infrastructure
a port connecting global routes as well.
part
of
the
Scottish
Flow
Container
Transhipment
over the coming years. It was all standard predictions such as enhancement of the main airports and looking
Our research had, at this point, shown that this
towards 2014 when the commonwealth games come
container terminal had the potential to create a strong
to Glasgow. There was, however, one project on the
connection between Scotland and the rest of the
government’s top 9 national developments which
world through maritime connections, but this project
nodded towards the question of ‘is Scotland the most
never reached fruition as the worldwide recession hit
accessible part of the Nordic region?’
the majority of Europe hard, Scotland included. Ever since then the project has been on hold.
p.24
Scale
p.25
Nordic Scotland
POSSIBLE SCOTLAND
However, the discovery of the National
something much larger.
Planning Framework pushed our thesis forward and from there we discovered other
If Scotland were to embrace Nordic principles
maritime connections which all pointed towards
of design, politics and lifestyle, it was clear that there
Scotland being the most accessible part of the Nordic
first must be strong modern day physical connections
region.
between Scotland and its Nordic neighbours.
Although a lot of these connections are
Connecting to Norway, Scandinavia, Northern
strategic and conceptual it is important to
Europe and the rest of the world had now
note that these projects could develop into major
became one of the principal focusses and resulted
contributions to Scotland’s economy in the future.
in us unearthing many global, European and local
Maybe not immediately, but in an (un)certain future?
maritime connections. Our research hit upon many
Unequivocally, yes.
different maritime connections throughout history as well.
At this point it was important for us to realise what we were researching. We had began with the broad question of “is Scotland a Nordic country?� and had at this point began to focus our attention on how Scotland connected to not only Norway, but the entire world. We began to consider that this thesis project could potentially be considered as the beginning of
p.26
NOR D I C S CO T L A N D D E P A R T U R E S
COPENHAGEN
KM GAT E 9 7 7 A 0 6 DELAYED
TORSHAVN
BOARD I NG
HELS I NK I
C0 4
NARV I K
ARR I V I NG
S AMSO
B0 2
8 2 4
REYKJAV I K
A1 2
1 3 4 0
S TOCKHOLM
B4 5
1 3 5 9
BERGEN
DEPARTED
MA L MO
A3 0
S TAVANGER
ARR I V I NG
L E RW I C K
C2 1
5 0 6
T AMP E R E
B2 0
1 6 9 6
NUUK
B1 3
2 6 9 5
NORRBOT T EN
A0 8
1 7 6 4
K I R KWA L L
C0 1
3 0 5
DES T I NAT I ON OSLO
1 7 5 0
1 0 7 3
Nordic Scotland
A HANSEATIC PAST
An interesting example of Scotland being part
In both instances we note, again, that the
of a much wider maritime community was its
North Sea is hardly utilised. The lack of activity
inclusion in the Hanseatic League (Hansa)
in North Sea trading and ferry routes, however, is
which ran from the 13th to 17th century. This was a
something which looks set to drastically change over
commercial and defensive confederation of merchant
the coming years.
guilds and their market towns that dominated trade along the coast of Northern Europe. Scotland traded with many towns throughout Europe as part of the league and when we compare the trading ties of Northern Europe between then and now, there is an all too evident difference. Scotland now relies heavily on England for trading at the moment compared to when it was part of the Hansa.
p.28
Scale
Shown on the map are all of the main Hansa towns within northern Europe and their trade routes
p.29
Nordic Scotland
A GLOBAL FUTURE
With the effect of global warming the ice caps
However, it is the potential for connecting
are receding further and further every year,
the Pacific and Atlantic oceans through the
and while this has resulted in higher sea levels and
space which is left from the receding ice sheets which
more unpredictable weather, there are positives of
are most likely to have the most profound effect on
the receding ice sheets. This is something that the
global connections. Currently for a container ship to
Scandinavian countries are all too aware of, and in
make the journey between Northern European ports,
particular Norway.
such as Rotterdam, Zeeburg and Rosyth, they must navigate through the Mediterranean Sea, Suez canal
In
2007
two
Russian
mini-submarines
reached the seabed below the arctic ice sheet
and Indian Ocean before arriving at any of the ports in Asia (Singapore, Hong Kong, Beijing).
and planted a Russian flag there, effectively claiming the land as their own. “Under the UN convention on
With the receding ice sheets the journey can now be
the law of the sea, the five states with territory inside
traversed along the ‘Northern Sea Route’ - a route
the Arctic Circle - Canada, Norway, Russia, the US,
through the arctic connecting Europe and Asia.
and Denmark, via its control of Greenland - have economic rights over a 200-mile zone around the north of their coastline.” With the receding ice sheet the potential for the exploration and drilling of oil and gas could result somewhere in the region of 10bn tonnes worth of hydrocarbons to the country who owns the seabed.
p.30
Scale
40% quciker to use the northern sea route than the suez canal
p.52 p.31
Nordic Scotland
This isn’t something which is new. In fact it
has the potential to integrate all of these maritime
dates back as far as 1525 when a Russian diplomat
strategies, concepts and projects together through
suggested connecting the two oceans together for
its strategic location, which would strengthen ties
trade. Since then ships have navigated the route but
within Europe and also at a global scale.
not in great numbers due to the lack of clear passage. It is only recently, with the receding ice sheet, that
The ‘North East West Freight Train Corridor’
the route has become navigable. Ice breakers are
is a project aiming to connect the East Coast of the
still needed for the majority of the year, but for four
United States to East Asia by train and ship. The cargo
months of the year the Northern Passage becomes
would begin its journey at an East Coast American
a gateway between Europe and Asia reducing the
city, initially crossing the Atlantic to the town of
journey time by up to 40% compared to taking the
Narvik, Norway. From there it will be moved across
Suez canal. Looking at the map showing both routes it
Europe by rail through the Eurasian land bridge
is clear that the Northern Passage will be one utilised
before arriving in East Asia. With Scotland a through
much more in the future.
route of the first part of the journey it is predicted that Scotland could be used as a stop off point from which
The Northern Passage is not the only trade
trade is spread into Northern Europe from America.
option which is planned for the North Sea though. Two other projects, which are both strategic answers to reducing trading time and pollution while increasing capacity over that of land alternatives, are at the conceptual stage at the moment. Scotland
p.32
Scale
Norther East West Freight Train Corridor . eastern america . narvik . china
p.33 p.52
Nordic Scotland
All these strategies come together to create
This
concept
aims
to
improve
port
a global web of trade with Scotland at the
communications between all countries within
centre, each strategy complementing the other, and
the European Union. While only a concept, the EU
these are all joined together within northern Europe
set out guidelines stating that the ‘Motorways of the
by a proposal put forward by the European Union
Sea’ would maintain a series of quality criteria. These
called ‘Motorways of the Sea’.
would pertain to frequency, port to port costs and simplicity of administration costs with the routes, for example, compensating for congestion experienced much like motorways on land do. One of the issues looked at was how to better the connection within the North Sea and Baltic Sea, a strategy which would ensure better connections between Scotland and the Scandinavian countries.
p.34
Scale
motorways of the sea: 1. Motorway of the Baltic Sea 2. Motorway of the sea of western Europe 3. Motorway of the sea of south-east Europe 4. Motorway of the sea of south-west Europe
p.35
Nordic Scotland
STEREOTYPING Modern Cultural Ties
All
these
differing
elements,
from
the
We began this research by stereotyping
historical connections to global conceptual
countries within Northern Europe from a Scottish
ideas, were important to us and our first impression
perspective and also from a Norwegian perspective
was that wherever we eventually placed our design(s),
- shown opposite. The entire exercise was done as a
it would be influenced at lots of differing scales. The
light-hearted piece of fun, but returned some very
largest of these scales would be the global scale and
interesting results.
how we would knit all of these strategies and concepts together. Naturally, the next scale we looked at was how to integrate Scotland at a more regional level. A lot of the research for this had been done from the maritime perspective through looking at the global connections and how Scotland would prosper from a shared global relationship with the Scandinavian neighbours, so we thought it would be important to look at other relationships and ties from a different angle to understand Scotland’s place within Northern Europe.
p.36
Scale
Nordic Scotland
A DARK SENSE OF HUMOUR
While we view our Nordic neighbours as
social themes.
successful countries who have a fantastic lifestyle, their view of us and the United Kingdom
Ian Rankin (bottom left) claims that these
as a whole is something a whole lot more different.
strands of fiction are rooted in national
They view the United Kingdom through the medium
characteristics as we live in “countries where it’s
of television and popular culture, with sitcoms such
dark half the year” and thus tend to have a tradition
as ‘Father Ted’ a prime example of what they imagine
of good storytelling. Rankin goes on to explain that
our countries to be like. And it seems that our modern
“we do share quite a dark sense of humour and a
culture is something which Scandinavians do not
feeling that the world’s messed up” and that “both
only enjoy, but it is something which reappears in
sides tend to share quite a dark view of the human
their television and film.
condition, and are certainly a long way from the Agatha Christie school of crime writing”, and this
Recent years have seen an upsurge in
is none more relevant than the story of Jo Grimond
international
gritty,
(former Liberal MP for Orkney and Shetland) who
Scandinavian crime fiction such as the Wallander
filled out a parliamentary expense form giving the
series (top right), Stieg Larsson’s Millennium trilogy
name of the nearest train station as ‘Bergen, Norway’.
interest
in
gloomy,
(top left) or the Danish TV series The Killing (bottom right). Their success mirrors that of so-called “Tartan noir” writers like Ian Rankin, Val McDermid, Christopher Brookmyre and William McIlvanney, who have also used the detective genre to explore
p.38
Possible Orkney
p.39
Nordic Scotland
‘OUR SEA’ & ‘THEIR SEA’
Our research had returned to the ideal of
The Scandinavian countries surround the
dual identity - as to whether Scotland was part
Baltic Sea with the Baltic countries and Russia,
of northern or southern Europe. Our connection to
however Norway does not view itself as having any
the rest of the United Kingdom is one born on our
ownership of this sea. They refer to the Baltic Sea as
geography - we are physically part of the same island,
‘their sea’ while claiming the North Sea as ‘Our Sea’.
yet we don’t share the same culture or landscape
With Norway intent on utilising the North Sea for
as the rest of the British Isles. Our connection to
its resources such as oil and fishing, this highlights
Scandinavia is one only broke by the open stretch of
further connections between Scandinavia
water between us - and it is the North Sea which leads
and Scotland that aren’t apparent at first.
us to our next maritime connection.
p.40
Scale
The North Sea (west) and the Baltic Sea (east)
p.41
Nordic Scotland
FISHING
Another prime example of our country looking
In the Austevoll island archipelago government
to the east for answers is through fishing, and
help has ensured that a remote community has
the shared sea which we occupy. Scottish Fisheries
been transformed into a successful seafood and
Secretary Richard Lochhead writes that “while in
shipping hub which has generated jobs and boosted
Scotland we have pioneered CCTV on vessels to
population growth. Again, the comparisons between
ensure there is no discarding [of fish]�, Norway has
Scotland and Norway are all too relevant, with our
developed as an independent country free of EU
remote coastal and island communities potential
regulations allowing them more flexibility on quotas
developments for fishing developments to take
and landings, and this has had knock on effects.
advantage of the North Sea and its resources.
p.42
600
600
500
500
400
400
300
300
200
200
100
100
0
0 2000
2001
2002
2003
2004 2005
2006 tonnage value
Quantity and value of landings of all species by Scottish vessels Source: Scottish Sea Fisheries Statistics 2011
p.43
2007 2008
2009
2010
2011
liveweight (thousand tonnes
value (ÂŁ million)
Scale
Nordic Scotland
SHARED CONDITIONS Living on the periphery
It is this remoteness which takes us to our next
This
same
community
spirit
is
found
scale which looks at remote areas of Scotland and
throughout this remote area, which includes
puts them into context with that of western Norway,
Norway, Iceland and the Faroe Islands. One of the
the Faroe Islands and Iceland. All of these places are
main examples of this community spirit is found in
very remote in relation to the wider world and find
the Faroe Islands; but they have approached this in a
themselves in the far north of Northern Europe, yet
much different manner.
all are rather prosperous and take advantage of their situation. In 2012 polls Orkney and Shetland
Their proposal is to have the Faroe Islands as one
were voted as the happiest and least anxious
large city where smaller pockets of population, such
places to live in the entirety of the United
as villages and small communities, would connect
Kingdom along with other parts of northern
together and commute to larger areas where the jobs
Scotland. After looking into why they came top it was
were. The commute time would be something
clear that for most people “access to local services,
similar to that of a city but the island communities
transport, noise, safety and health� all contribute
would remain intact.
to their happiness, but that the main reason is that the island communities of Orkney and Shetland are much more close-knit than those of urban areas.
p.44
Scale
The Northern periphery countries all have similar landscape features and climatic conditions. The inner circle shown below represents the shared conditions of the islands of Orkney, Shetland, Faroe Islands and Outer Hebrides
p.45
Nordic Scotland
KNOWLEDGE EXCHANGE
Further to this we found out that there was
Knowledge exchange is something that is
a system of knowledge exchange between all
happening already with organisations set up to
these different remote places. Orkney had been
discuss how Scotland’s economy, architecture and
approached by the Faroese for insights into how
society can learn from our Nordic neighbours. A
they managed to run such a successful ferry system
non-profit organisation called ‘Nordic Horizons’ is
between their islands - something the Faroese were
one such program which invites people in charge of
keen to improve on - while in Kirkwall, Orkney, there
successful schemes or initiatives within Scandinavia
is a campus for the ‘University of Highlands and
to Scotland to lecture. These happen on a regular basis
Islands’ called “Centre for Nordic Studies” which is
and we have so far been to two - the first discussing
“identified primarily in terms of their Nordic cultural
Helsingborg’s ‘Energy from Waste’ scheme, and the
and linguistic heritage”.
other showing Samso’s development as a carbon neutral town. Further to this the CPG on Architecture and the Built Environment is set to host a lecture named ‘A Design Model for Rural Tourism and Economy – Learning from Norway’ in February 2013 which we will attend. All of these show that there is a good base of knowledge exchange on which Scotland can continue to develop its ties to Nordic principles.
p.46
Scale
p.47
Nordic Scotland
RENEWABLE SCOTLAND
The most important find, however, came when we
Our Nordic neighbours - this time Denmark
began to look into further institutions within this
- transformed the town of Samso into, not only a
remote northern part of Europe and how it would
carbon-neutral town, but also a town which produces
connect all of these areas together. Again it was on
10% more electricity than it needs and feeds it back
Orkney.
into the grid at a profit.
With countries now looking at renewable energy
The renewables revolution in Samso has seen
as alternatives to fossil fuels, it is Orkney who
all of the fossil fuel plants dismantled and they are
are at the forefront of the renewables industry
now replaced by wind farms, bio-mass plants and
with the European Marine Energy Centre found
fields of solar panels. Their efforts are something
in Stromness, Orkney. Much like the coastal areas
they believe can be emulated throughout the world
of western Norway, Faroe Island, Iceland and the
in the near future, and in Orkney we find a Scottish
Shetland Islands, Orkney has the potential to utilise
community attempting just that. It hopes that by
its wave and tidal power and become a pioneer in the
2020 they wukk be able to produce 1.6GW of energy
research and development of wave and tidal power.
from wave and tidal power - enough to power 20,000
However this, of course, is not the first wave and tidal
homes.
development site in the world.
p.48
Scale
Samso’s wind power has been one contributor to the small island reducing its carbon footprint by 140% over a ten year period
p.49
Nordic Scotland
A NORDIC SCOTLAND
It had now become apparent that we had found the
As part of the Northern Periphery of Europe,
next scale which we would look at: the Vikings had
Orkney is well suited to combine all of these factors
settled here from the 10th century onwards using it
together and our site specific research into Orkney
as a base for their raids on Scotland, England and
began in earnest by visiting it in early November
Ireland; this archipelago sits at a strategic location
2012. It is important to note at this point that we were
to tie in the ‘Motorways of the Sea’, the ‘Northern
intent on making sure to integrate all the differing
Passage’ and the ‘North East West Freight Train
scales of study into our projects so that each strategy
Corridor’; and it, Orkney, has physical,
or concept relied on each other and developed in
cultural, linguistical, strategical, modern
conjunction with each other.
and historical connections to our Nordic neighbours in Scotlands (un)certain future. It is a site which we hope will bring together all of the strategies and conceptual ideas we have researched, and a place which would connect Scotland to the global, regional and local community.
p.50
Scale
p.51
Nordic Scotland
ORKNEY
p.52
Nordic Scotland
ORKNEY An Introduction
Orkney, or the Orkney Isles, is an archipelago
The islands are also subjected to strong tidal
situated at the northern tip of Scotland. Along
currents resulting in frequent whirlpools. The
with Shetland, it is known as one of the Northern
islands are also notable for their absence of trees,
Isles and has a population of 20,100 (census 2005)
which can be partially credited to high winds from the
of which almost half live within the main town and
‘Atlantic Ocean’ and ‘North Sea’ which are separated
capital of Orkney, Kirkwall.
by the Orkney Isles.
Orkney covers 975 sq km with the majority of
The islands can be separated into three main groups:
the islands low-lying apart from the second largest
Mainland, the North Isles and the ‘South
island called ‘Hoy’ where cliffs reach a height of up to
Isles’. The ‘Mainland’ is the largest island with the
350m. The majority of the islands have lochs, but the
two largest settlements, ‘Kirkwall’ and ‘Stromness’,
watercourses are only streams or burns which drain
found on it. The island is the heart of the transport
the higher land, while the islands are separated by
system connecting to the North and ‘South Isles’
straits of water generally called ‘sounds’ or ‘firths’.
with a local ferry system. Ferry and air connections connect ‘Orkney’ to the outside world through the ‘Mainland’.
p.54
Orkney
Population by Gender
Population
source: National Records of Scotland 2012
source: National Records of Scotland 2012
20,160 Male
Land
source: Highlands and Islands Enterprise National Planning Framework for Scotland 2012 Orkney
Scotland
1.28%
98.78%
Female
Population by Age
source: National Records of Scotland 2012 %
%
%
0-15
16-59
+60
Migration
Scottish Inhabitants
source: National Records of Scotland 2012
source: National Records of Scotland 2012
%
%
In
Out
Life Expectancy
source: National Records of Scotland 2012
Scotland - 5,295,000
Male: 77.3
Orkney - 20,160
p.55
Female: 81.4
Nordic Scotland
“Some of us like to think of ourselves as ‘sons of Vikings’...No doubt the Norsemen who settled in the islands, and farmed and traded and fished, form an important strain in the modern Orcadian.” Mackay Brown, George; Portrait of Orkney, 1981
The ‘Mainland’ hosts many historic sites from
The ‘South Isles’ surround ‘Scapa Flow’ which
Neo-lithic, Pictish and Viking eras which contribute
is one of the world’s great natural harbours,
to the high tourist numbers which arrive on the
with sufficient space to hold a number of navies.
island through the summer months, while a large
‘Scapa Flow’ was widely used throughout World
percentage of the land is used for farming due to the
War II resulting in a large population on the island
land being much more fertile than that of the other
of ‘Hoy’. It, and its neighbouring islands (of which
islands.
an oil terminal is one), is connected to the Mainland by the local ferry service while the other islands of
The ‘North Isles’ are linked to the ‘Mainland’ by local
‘South Ronaldsay’ and ‘Burray’ are connected to the
ferries and the local air service, ‘Logan Airways’.
‘Mainland’ by the ‘Churchill Barriers’ - one of the
Farming, fishing and tourism are the main sources of
many remnants of World War II.
income for most of the ‘North Isles’.
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Nordic Scotland
FIELD TRIP 13 - 17 November 2012
Our site specific research began in early
Of course, with our thesis project based on connecting
November 2012 with a field trip to Orkney.
Scotland to the Nordic region and beyond through the Orkney Islands it was not long before we found
Our journey from Glasgow to Scrabster, just
our first Norse reference - the ferry’s name was
on the outside of Thurso - where we would take a
Hamnavoe - or in Old Norse, ‘Home Port’. This
ferry across to Orkney - was made by three buses
was not the only reference. The dialect now spoken
with each new leg of the journey bringing us to a
was very different from a normal Scottish accent and
more and more remote location before coming to the
seemed to be a crossbreed of Scottish and Norwegian.
small pocket of population called Thurso. Until the
If we needed any further evidence in our minds, we
1950’s this area was in social and economic decline,
had it.
however the introduction of the ‘Dounreay Nuclear Power Development Establishment’ created new opportunities throughout the region and Caithness now prospers because of it. The area also now boasted one of the main connections to the Orkney Isles and it was at Scrabster on the outskirts of Thurso where we boarded the ferry to Orkney.
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Orkney
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Nordic Scotland
Waterfront, Hamnavoe What are generations, But turnings of the stone pages of time? There were stone piers, houses, stores, shops, offices; And ships with frail wings. Mackay Brown, George; Orkney Pictures & Poems, 1996
We arrived in the port town of Stromness at
Norse ‘Earls of Orkney’ who ruled during the Viking
10pm after setting off from Glasgow at 10am that
occupation.
morning - a 12-hour trip which only covered 300 miles. This was the first problem that we hit upon - the
Kirkwall, which again transcends from Old
lack of proper connections to the Northern Isles even
Norse (‘Kirkjuvagr’ meaning ‘church port’), is
though the Scottish government had earmarked the
found on the ‘Mainland’ of Orkney - the largest island
Inverness to Thurso route as a ‘National Transport
of some 70 plus in the archipelago, of which 20 are
Corridor’ in the ‘National Planning Framework’.
inhabited. It has a population of roughly 8,500 and
When we arrived on Orkney itself though, the
is where we were based for the three days of research
situation was somewhat different.
on the islands.
The ferry linked with the bus service to ensure that people arriving in Stromness were able to get to the main town as soon as they arrived - and this was the same situation at the other end of the line where the bus terminated at ‘St. Margaret’s Hope’ with it linking in to the other port which serviced Scotland’s mainland. We arrived in the main town of Kirkwall a little after 10pm, a town with a skyline dominated by ‘St. Magnus Cathedral’ - built in 1137 this stands as a lasting reminder of the rule of the
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Orkney
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Nordic Scotland
SCAPA FLOW
At this beginning of our field trip the following
Our discussion with him began by asking
day we were keen to take in as much of Orkney as we
about the potential for the transhipment
could while focussing on the area of ‘Scapa Flow’ (one
container terminal within ‘Scapa Flow’. Originally
of the largest natural harbours in the world) as we
the terminal was due to be sited on the second largest
did not know exactly what we were aiming to produce
island on Orkney called Hoy, however, we were
except that it would involve some form of shipping
informed that this was not going to be the case as
terminal or port situated in ‘Scapa Flow’. Our first
the water was not deep enough. An alternative site
port of call was a meeting we had arranged with
has been proposed on the south-east island of ‘South
the Business and Development Manager for
Ronaldsay’ near the third largest population centre
Infrastructure at the small pocket of population
on Orkney, and one of the previously mentioned
called ‘Scapa’ - the hub for all activities which goes on
connections to the mainland, ‘St. Margaret’s Hope’.
within the waters of Scapa Flow.
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Orkney
SCAPA FLOW
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Nordic Scotland
MAKING THE GLOBAL, LOCAL
The discussion clearly showed that there was
We also found out about further regional strategies
potential to bring global scale strategies to the
which we wanted to integrate into the European
hub within ‘Scapa Flow’ which we were intending
hub
to propose. This would entail exploiting the Northern
‘Sutranet’ (Sustainable Transport Research
Passage and the North East West Freight corridor,
& Development Network in the North Sea
linking this together with the motorways of the sea
Region) project. We discussed our ambition to
and enabling Orkney to be Northern Europe’s hub
bring all these different scaled maritime projects to
for transhipment containers before they would be
Orkney. The discussion was then brought to Orkney
distributed in smaller boats to send to northern
scale as we were informed of the extent of the ferry
Europe’s ports - this was especially relevant when
links to and from Orkney as well as the interior ferry
we noted Rotterdam’s inability to receive the current
links.
largest container ship, the Malaccamax.
p.66
such
as
the
‘Hurtigruten’
and
the
Orkney
The map below shows the potential that Orkney has to be the European hub for maritime connections throughout northern Europe
p.67
Nordic Scotland
MOBILITY
The Orkney ferry service has been operated
Orkney is also well serviced between the
since 1865 and is a large socio-economic contributor
islands and the mainland of ‘Scotland’ with
to the islands of Orkney. The ferries form a vital
a ferry service between each of the following ports:
link between the Mainland and the outer islands
Kirkwall to Aberdeen, Stromness to Scrabster and
transporting passengers, vehicles, freight and even
St. Margaret’s Hope to Gill’s Bay. Another ferry links
livestock on a daily basis.
Kirkwall to the Shetland Islands. There are, however, no direct ferries which connect to Iceland, the
312,000 passengers and 80,000 vehicles
Faroe Islands or any of the Scandinavian countries;
are transported on average per year, with nine ro-
something we were keen to integrate into our new
ro ferries distributing to the separate islands. Two
vision for Orkney.
passenger-only ferries also operate.
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Orkney
Orkney’s inter-island ferry system is one of the main successes which the council promotes. Faroe Islands have asked the Orkney Isles for their guidance on running an equally successful ferry system there
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Nordic Scotland
Our field trip to Orkney was taken by bus, so getting
However, one aspect which changed during World
around a group of islands which cover such a vast
War II was the mobility between the Mainland and
area resulted in us hiring a car. Although there
the South Isles when Italian prisoners of war built the
is a strong and healthily used ferry system,
‘Churchill Barriers’ connecting the islands of South
the same can not be said for other forms of
Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm, Lamb Holm and
public transport within the islands. However,
Mainland all together.
this does not mean to say that there isn’t a good sense of mobility. Generally every town on the ‘Mainland’ is drivable and a night bus runs on Friday and Saturday nights for those who go for drinks within the main towns of Kirkwall and Stromness.
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Orkney
The map below shows the road connections throughout Orkney - with a density of 20 people per sq km, the road system is a vital lifeline
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Nordic Scotland
CHURCHILL BARRIERS
On the night of the 13th of October 1939,
The Churchill Barriers were built to prevent
Gunther Prien maneuvered his U47 around the
such atrocities happening again, and were
surface of Scapa Flow. At this point, it was the
conceived by the start of 1940. The Churchill Barriers
beginning of World War II and many British navy
were to be roads which connected the southern
ships were situated within Scapa Flow. That night
islands of South Ronaldsay, Burray, Glimps Holm
the U-boat sunk the battleship Royal Oak with a loss
and Lamb Holm together, and also closed off all
of 800 lives. Until this point, Scapa Flow had many
entrances to Scapa Flow bar two - one via the Pentland
entrances through which an enemy vessel might
Firth, and the other at Stromness. By the end of the
pass, but after the sinking of the Royal Oak one of the
second world war they were completed and as George
largest constructions within Orkney’s history took
Mackay Brown notes in his book ‘Orkney - Pictures
place.
& Poems’; “the islanders in five islands should wake one morning and say, ‘I am an islander no more’” Previously these islands relied on boats to get to the mainland, but were now connected together.
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Orkney
p.73
Nordic Scotland
ITALIAN CHAPEL
One of the main war time stories of Orkney
to see it through to its completion.
was the building of these barriers and their prevention of further attacks from enemy
Built from two Nissen huts by the prisoners it
forces. However, the barriers were constructed by
stands today as a reminder of one of the main symbols
enemy forces - Italian prisoners of war who were held
of reconciliation during the war. In 1996 a declaration
at “Camp 60” on Lamb Holm. The Churchill Barriers
was signed between Orkney and Chiocchetti’s
were only half of their story though.
hometown of Moena reinforcing the ties between the two places. With our proposal looking at different
Remnants always remain when people from
kinds of people living on and visiting Orkney we
different countries visit, and stay somewhere,
must consider in our proposals the different cultural
and in Orkney’s case a small building on Lamb Holm
aspects which migrate to the islands because of that.
called the ‘Italian Chapel’ is exactly that. The Italian prisoners of war built the Italian Chapel as somewhere they could use a reflection space and it is now one of the most visited tourist sites within Orkney with over 100,000 visitors per year. The chapel wasn’t completed until after the war had finished when most of the prisoners were released and shipped back to Italy. One man (named Domenico Chiocchetti), though, stayed on the island
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Orkney
Nordic Scotland
TOURISM
The Italian Chapel is also the most visited
developed to accept the largest cruise liners in the
tourist destination on Orkney, and the tourism
world - extending it by 385 metres. The reasoning for
industry was another topic which we discussed
Orkney’s popularity is clear to see with world heritage
with the Business and Development Manager for
sites dating back to 3100BC, nature reserves which
Infrastructure.
are famous for their birds and wildlife set amongst 750,000 acres of actively managed land, war relics
Orkney has now been welcoming cruise ships
such as the Italian Chapel and also museums and
for almost 30 years, and the islands popularity is
arts and crafts shops such as the Pier Arts Centre in
only gaining momentum. With an average of 75 cruise
Stromness.
liners per year docking in the three ports capable of receiving the ships, Orkney has become the top tourist
Add to this the Highland Park distillery and
destination within the British Isles. On average these
the sought after meat and fish products, it is easy to
ships bring a total of 40,000 passengers and 15,000
understand Orkney’s popularity with tourists. The
crew members per year to Orkney’s shores, and with
tourism industry is a key contributor to the economy
cruise ships gaining in size all the time that number
of Orkney, and there has been a lot of investment put
is only expected to increase.
into it with “up to 40 comfortable, modern 45-seater coaches, skilled local drivers and over 30 accredited
We found out that Orkney have predicted
and highly-trained local guides” all part of making
this influx as we were shown one of the three
tourists have the best possible experience while on
piers which can accept cruise liners - Hatston,
Orkney. The map across shows the main cruise ship
just outside Kirkwall. This pier is currently being
routes into Orkney.
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Orkney
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Nordic Scotland
CRUISE LINER PROBLEMS
We discovered through our discussion that
Another problem which the Orcadian council have
there are underlying issues with the cruise
encountered is the language barrier which comes
ship industry in Orkney which aren’t being
with the seasonal cruise ships. Orcadian shops
addressed. Of the 15,000 crew members which dock
and businesses are keen to sell their products and
in Orkney a mere 38.3% leave their ship with most
services to tourists, however with a lack of businesses
just remaining in their cabin while the tourists visit
employing multi-lingual staff, tourists are often dis-
the site. This is an un-tapped market for Orcadian
encouraged in venturing into the main towns to use
shops and businesses and something which could
the main shopping streets. This is especially an
have a significant contribution to the local economy.
issue for tourists arriving at Hatston pier.
Aberdeen Harbour invested in a seafarers consulate to encourage crew members from the boats when they were docked in their harbour, and this is something which could be a viable option for Orkney as well.
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Nordic Scotland
HATSTON PIER
Hatston is the main pier which is used by
This has had a positive effect but an easier link
cruise ships and is just over 2km’s outside Kirkwall.
between Kirkwall and Hatston is something
Found within an industrial park on the outskirts
we discussed, and something which is at the
of the town, the lack of accessibility to the main
back of Orkney council’s mind. The discussion
population centre is something which is reminiscent
resulted in light-hearted comments such as, “it seems
of Ryanair’s destinations within Europe and their
that every time a cruise ship arrives the ‘Edinburgh
relationship to the cities they advertise as going to,
Woolen Mill’ in the town centre is having a sale”
and this has resulted in the council attempting to
which all point towards the positive effect of this idea.
bring tourists into the cities to bring money to their economy by having half of the tourist buses take people to Kirkwall and Stromness while the others visit the tourist sites throughout the islands.
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Orkney
884m Length of Hatston Pier after the addition of the 385m making it the longest commercial pier in the United Kingdom
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Nordic Scotland
LIGHT
The majority of our research has focussed
different level of light - a pleasant surprise in Scotland
on Orkney’s maritime connections and the
at winter time. Each of these historical sites are key
potential the archipelago has for future development.
contributors to the Orcadian tourism industry.
There are, however, some very different elements of Orcadian life which have contributed to it being a top
These span different eras with the Standing Stones
tourist destination.
and Skara Brae dating back to neo-lithic times (some of the best preserved and oldest of their
On the second day we were on the road before
kind within the United Kingdom), while the Broch
8am. On this day we were aiming to visit all of the
of Gurness and Earl’s Palace are more modern in
main tourist sites and began by arriving at Orphir
relative terms - the Broch dating back to between
Round Kirk just before sunrise, and this was to be
200-100BC and the Palace dating back to the 17th
the first of many times throughout the day where we
century.
were introduced to the unique light levels found this As we made our way to Stromness we captured
far north.
the afternoon sun lowering in the sky across the The light was completely unique and something
island of Hoy - another prime example of the different
we do not experience living in a city only a few
light qualities prevalent throughout Orkney. Arriving
hundred miles south. We visited the Standing
in Stromness we were again subjected to a different
Stones of Stenness, Skara Brae, the Earl’s
form of light - this time artificial and coming from one
Palace at Birsay and the Broch of Gurness on
of the most celebrated modern pieces of architecture
the second day and each time were introduced to a
within the islands - the Pier Arts Centre.
p.86
Orkney
Found at 57 degrees North and 3 degrees West, the Orkney Islands have a a period in the summer where the sun sets for only 5 and a half hours - this is known in the Northern Isles as ‘simmer dim’
p.87
Nordic Scotland
PIER ARTS CENTRE
Stromness
has
a
distinct
and
unique
However, our visit revealed the architects’ careful
foreshore of stone piers that span the high and
design had considered Orkney’s natural light,
low watermarks. The Pier Arts centre is a building
and this resulted in exquisite lighting qualities within
which is designed with a considerable amount of
the galleries. The use of translucent glass infills
thought put into its context. It occupies a strategic
and zinc ribs are part of a facade which shifts from
location within this stone fringe - adjacent to the
solid to void allowing people viewing the galleries to
point of arrival of the Hamnavoe, it is one of the
always have a sense of place as the openings frame
first things seen as you step from the ferry onto the
the view over Stromness’ port. This careful
Orkney islands. Split over three separate buildings,
consideration by the architect of all of Orkney’s
the Pier Arts Centre layout is very aware of what it
elements is something that we must look to employ
is exhibiting - in the original pier building we found
within our buildings.
contemporary art, while the modern building running parallel to it contains temporary artwork. The other element of the building is the administrative centre with the entrance and a library.
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Nordic Scotland
DARKNESS
As we left the Pier Arts Centre it was only half past
smaller towns find it difficult to find the amenities
four, however the darkness of night had taken
and recreational facilities that they need. This then
full effect and this brings us to another problem we
has a knock-on effect with Orcadians having a higher
experienced first hand within Orkney.
than normal percentage of adults drinking alcohol. On the three nights we were there we went to the pub,
Our accommodation for the time that we
as in the winter months there is very little else to do
were in Orkney was with the French and
at night.
German language assistants on the islands. These two graduates service all of the secondary
This is a problem which is faced throughout
schools throughout Orkney (with one taking a plane
Nordic countries, however they encourage people
to the outer North Isles on a regular basis). When we
to get outside to do sports and activities. Almost half
visited Orkney they had only been in employment
of the Swedish population are members of a sports
for a few months but, as we discovered, were finding
club while the Faroe Islands have a floodlit synthetic
certain aspects of life difficult because of the winter
pitch in every village and town. This lack of options is
months and lack of light - the winter months only
something which needs addressing, and is a problem
see a maximum of 9 hours natural light per day. One
which is prevalent throughout Scotland. Orkney is
tried to go to a sports centre one night but arrived
likely to see a population increase as industries such
back only a small amount of time later with his rock
as renewables develop in size on the islands so more
climbing being double booked with another sport.
people will be vying for the same amount of facilities.
While this is not an extensive problem within the main
It is with the renewables industry where we began
towns, where enough sports facilities are provided,
day 3.
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Orkney
In the winter months, the aurora borelias are often visible around the Orkney Isles. The auroras are formed when highly charged electrons from the solar wind interact with elements in the earth’s atmosphere
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Nordic Scotland
HOY’S RENEWABLES
Our day began before dawn to catch the
to be a large problem.
ferry from Houton on the Mainland to Lyness on Hoy. After our meeting with the Business and
Hoy is another test site for the renewables
Development Manager for Infrastructure on the first
industry and our first viewing of some of the
day we had garnered exactly how much development
equipment was near the pier at Lyness. The sheer
the renewables industry was causing on the seascape
size of the pieces of equipment mean that they will
of Orkney. He explained to us that even though the
be extremely difficult to navigate once they are in
industry’s boom is a positive influence on the local
the water, with Lyness having only one piece of
economy it does not come without its problems.
equipment.
He highlighted the sites which were going to be used for phase one of the European Marine Energy Centre’s master plan for Orkney and then showed us how this would affect the local ferry services as well as how cruise ships arrive at Orkney ports. With some 2000 pieces of renewables equipment set to be placed within Orkneys waters, navigating these is going to be a challenge. The coordination and placement of these to best suit both the maritime connections as well as gaining best results from the equipment is something which is set
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Orkney
1.6GW amount of energy predicted to be produced by 2020 through tidal and wave systems throughout Orkney
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Nordic Scotland
HOY Lyness and the Old Man of Hoy
During the war Orkney swelled to over three
Our journey to Hoy was intended to let us see
times its pre-war population. Lyness on Hoy
both Lyness and the Old Man of Hoy. However,
was the main naval base and resulted in 12,000
the difficulty experienced in getting to the later
troops staying on the island during World War II.
resulted in us viewing it from the confines of our ferry
The base, known as HMS Proserpine, was used for
as we returned to the mainland of Scotland. The lack
many different naval activities throughout the war,
of mobility within Hoy is definitely one aspect which
and this resulted in the creation of new houses as well
has lead to its declining population.
as a cinema, theatre and churches. However, today there are only a few buildings left which indicate this huge fluctuation. After the war, naval workers left Orkney and ever since the population has been declining. However, the buildings which do remain are an interesting option for tourists. With currently only one ferry servicing the island, ease of access means that they are not well visited. This is also the case for the Old Man of Hoy, a natural outcrop on Hoy’s coastline.
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Orkney
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Nordic Scotland
WHERE FROM HERE?
Our Orkney trip was an extremely helpful and
Our research since then has been focussed on how
fact finding journey, and we returned to Glasgow
Orkney, a small archipelago separating the Atlantic
with a much better idea of what was needed on
Ocean from the North Sea, can develop as an initial
Orkney and what was not.
‘Nordic Scotland’ which will make it, and Scotland in turn, a hub of activity in many different industries (namely shipping, renewables and tourism), but also a place which will have a profound and lasting effect on the global, regional and local environment.
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Nordic Scotland
POSSIBLE
When we arrived back from Orkney we began to realise that this project was not something which was based on fantasy or a utopian world, but instead based on real facts and a very possible (un)certain future. The next chapter in this book explains how all these elements are linked together at an Orcadian scale and how they lace together what we have discussed so far. This web of strategies, concepts and ideas are all brought together in the three overlapping themes: Connecting, Migrating and Inhabiting.
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Nordic Scotland
POSSIBLE ORKNEY
One of the main catalysts for this project
The European Marine Energy Centre (EMEC)
has always been the container transhipment
founded in Orkney in 2003 has made the Islands
terminal for which Orkney provides an ideal location
a global centre for the development and study of
with access to the Atlantic, the Northern Passage
marine renewable technologies, with the test facilities
through the Arctic, the North Sea and the Baltic.
currently producing an energy surplus which can be
Combined with our new found knowledge of the
exported to mainland Scotland, this industry has the
possibilities offered by the renewables and tourism
potential to boost the local economy considerably.
industries we must begin to discuss the importance and implications that these new developments can
Meanwhile at Hatston Pier just outside Kirkwall,
have on Orkney.
the world’s largest cruise ship will be making a call in 2013 - Kirkwall becoming the UK’s most popular
The container terminal is set to be a hub of
cruise destination with over 70 vessels now calling
maritime activity within northern Europe.
there per year, forming a huge part of the
The strategic positioning of Orkney means that it will
local tourism economy as these vessels call
have a profound impact on the changing patterns of
at other destinations around the North Sea,
international shipping. In the summer months of
North Atlantic and beyond. In this chapter we
April to October the container ships going between
will explore the possibilities that Orkney may come
Europe and Asia will use the Northern Passage, while
across in the near future; through examining these
the Suez canal will be utilised throughout the winter
industries and specific case studies of what has been
months to compensate for the increased ice flow on
possible in other parts of the Nordic region.
the Northern Passage.
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Possible Orkney
If we consider for a moment all the potential which Orkney currently has, is the Orkney Arctic Line really that improbable?
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Nordic Scotland
CHANGING PATTERNS OF GLOBAL SHIPPING
Orkney’s position at the cusp of the Atlantic,
to smaller short sea vessels to be distributed to the
the North Sea and the Arctic means it has always
ports of the North Sea and Baltic. This forms a new
been a significant shipping location throughout
hub and spoke trading network centred around the
history, from the Vikings to the Hudson Bay Company
Orkney Islands, a modern-day Hanseatic League.
to the North Sea oil companies. However the changing patterns of global shipping mean that Orkney will
Transhipment via Scapa Flow would reduce a
once again find itself in a central position, its location
ship’s port rotation in Europe by many days
as well as it’s natural deep water harbour puts it at an
as it would only have to call at one port rather than a
advantage over every other port in Europe.
multitude of ports. The containers are then shipped across Europe
Larger and larger container vessels are taking to the seas - Malaccamax vessels capable of
Perhaps we can envision a new type of
carrying up to 18,000 TEU (twenty-foot equivalent
container vessel specially adapted to Scapa
units) up to 400m long, 60m wide and with a draft
Flow and the North East Passage - Scapamax
of 21m constricted by the waterways of the Straits of
- a vessel which can traverse the dangerous Arctic
Malacca on the approach to the port of Singapore -
waters safely with its 100 km long ice flows and can
these vessels are far more fuel and cargo efficient,
take advantage of the deep water shipping lanes
however the ports of Europe struggle to accommodate
approaching Scapa Flow.
vessels of this size. At Scapa Flow the natural deep water harbour can easily accommodate vessels of this
The North East West Freight Corridor presents
size, the containers unloaded and then transferred
further opportunities for Scapa Flow, bringing
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Possible Orkney
The map below shows all of the connections (global, regional and local) which would make Orkney the centre of the European shipping trade
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Nordic Scotland
freight by land across China, Russia and Scandinavia,
A further opportunity is integration with the
goods are then loaded onto ships in Narvik, Norway
SUTRANET (Sustainable Transport Research &
to be shipped to ports in Europe and across the
Development Network in the North Sea Region)
Atlantic. By connecting into this route and other
proposal. This strategy also proposes the development
short sea shipping initiatives such as the European
of maritime routes over land options. It will ensure
Union’s Motorways of the Sea programme Scapa flow
that Scandinavia has vastly improved trade routes to
can open itself up to many networking opportunities.
southern Europe through the North Sea rather than over the land alternative which can be treacherous
This strategy will ensure that the cargo being distributed to northern Europe is done so
All of these maritime trading opportunities
in the most efficient way possible. However,
within northern Europe will open up new
the motorways of the sea is an integrated proposal
trading partnerships between countries, which
which combines maritime transport with that of land
will in turn ensure cultural and knowledge exchanges
transport ensuring that the best possible use can be
are made easier and will result in Scotland becoming
made of Europe’s “maritime transport resources” but
its own unique part of the Nordic region. Comparisons
also the “potential in rail and inland waterway, as
can be made to that of the Hanseatic League as it was
part of an integrated transport chain”. The strategy
also a trading network which utilised both maritime
aims to focus on “freight flow on sea-based logistic
and land connections. Through all of these connecting
routes”, an increased cohesion for European trade
strategies and concepts Orkney has the potential
ties and the reduction of road congestion throughout
to take on the shipping characteristics of its
Europe.
Asian counterpart, Singapore.
p.108
Possible Orkney
Network: Shipping
source: OIC Marine Port Handbook, Marine Scotland Shipping study of the Pentland Firth and Orkney Waters
Anchorage
P
Pilot embarkation point Pier Radar station
V
P
VTS
P
Oil terminal Container terminal Suggested shipping tracks
V
P
p.109
P
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Nordic Scotland
SCAPAMAX Designing a new container ship which will traverse Arctic waters, carry a larger amount 9f containers and dock in the natural deep
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Flow
Suezmax Emma Mærsk Container ship Capacity 14,000 TEU
Max Draft: 21m Max Beam: 50m Max Length: ∞m Max Air Space: 68m
Panamax Maersk Lima Container ship Capacity 8,000 TEU
Max Draft: 12m Max Beam: 32m Max Length: 294m Max Air Space: 58m
p.110
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
water harbour of Scapa
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Scapamax?
Malaccamax Maersk Triple E class Container ship Capacity 18,000 TEU
Max Draft: 21m Max Beam: 60m Max Length: 400m Max Air Space: 67m
New Panamax Mitsubishi MALS-14000CS Container ship Capacity 14,000 TEU
Max Draft: 15m Max Beam: 40m Max Length: 366m Max Air Space: 58m
p.111
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT Possible Orkney
PRODUCED BY AN AUTODESK EDUCATIONAL PRODUCT
Nordic Scotland
PORT OF SINGAPORE
As we envisage Orkney becoming a European
apart from the fact that in 1819, Singapore, was a
hub of maritime activity we began to consider
small island community (then called ‘Temasek’ - Sea
Orkney as having similar characteristics to that
Town) at the tip of what is now known as Malaysia
of Singapore - with a completely different set of
- much like Orkney’s current relationship with
demographics we began to consider how we could
Scotland. In 1819 though Thomas Stamford Raffles
learn from it and what a comparative study would
signed a treaty on behalf of the British East India to
do to help us. We realised that these two island
develop the southern part of Singapore as a British
communities had a lot that was different (culture,
outpost. A mere five years later and the entire island
climate, population density etc), however, both
had become British possession.
shared a very similar geographical location which has ensured that Singapore has become one of the
With only 1,000 people inhabiting the 660 sq km
leading cities in the world, so for this reason we were
piece of land before Raffles arrived on the island, it
looking at how it has developed and what indications
is astounding to realise that less than 40 years later
it could provide for Orkney’s (un)certain future.
the population had exceeded 80,000 people. Most of these were chinese immigrants who worked at
Singapore is a city-state found just north of the
rubber plantations and Singapore became a global
equator in South-East Asia. It has a population
centre for rubber exports. However, it was in 1969
of 5,312,400 and is one of the leading financial cities
when Singapore’s largest boom occurred with the
in the world. Its temperatures range from a ‘lowest’
opening of the Suez canal.
19 degrees centigrade to a ‘highest’ 36. It effectively shares no common characteristic to that of Orkney,
The Suez canal now connected Europe to Asia via
p.112
Possible Orkney
Globally, our proposal considers the possibility that Orkney and Singapore are the principle hub of shipping within their respective continents and then distribute to smaller ports throughout their region
Singapore
Orkney
p.113
Nordic Scotland
a waterway running through Egypt meaning that
occur for Orkney, and in turn Scotland. Orkney’s
ships no longer had to navigate the southern tip of
strategic positioning within the North Sea would
Africa. The trade routes between Europe and Asia
allow it to form a similar maritime hub as that of
now passed by Singapore and this had an immediate
Singapore. It is important to note that this does not
impact on the island-state. It was now situated in
necessarily mean that Orkney will extend to a similar
a prime location to become a hub for international
population size as that of Singapore, however, we
trade and this was exploited to its full potential
began to consider how the migrating population will
with it becoming a major world trade node.
be housed within the Orkney islands.
Over the coming 80 years Singapore continued
In the late 19th, and early 20th centuries immigrants
to grow in size. It was occupied by the Japanese for
from China came to work at the thriving port city and
a large part of World War II before being reclaimed
the high influx of people resulted in the city containing
as British territory in September 1945. It was at
a lot of slums as the government did not provide
this juncture that Singapore began to develop as a
sufficient housing for the migrating population.
separate nation with its first general election held in
While Orkney is unlikely to follow the same principle,
1955. By 1965 Singapore had gained independence
our proposal indicates a different conceptual master
and it now boasts one of the five busiest ports in the
plan for the migrating community to ensure that
world.
housing prices do not spike and that the financial incentive provided by new jobs on the islands does
Our comparative study of Singapore clearly
not become disproportionately different to that of
shows the potential for an economic boom to
the current GDP. The new industries introduced to
p.114
Possible Orkney
31.65 million
18,507
TEU
Container throughput in Singapore Port
Container ship arrivals
Source: Singapore MPA 2012
Source: Singapore MPA 2012
Port to Port shipping
Hub and Spoke shipping
p.115
1 in 7 Global container transhipments occur in Singapore Source: Singapore MPA 2012
Nordic Scotland
Orkney will be spread out throughout the islands
19th century would not be a similar occurrence on
meaning that the population is not concentrated in
Orkney in its (un)certain future.
one specific town - this was the overbearing reason for Singapore’s slums. Our proposal would result in towns and villages expanding, rather than new towns being created. Looking at the smaller details of Singapore’s current port also allows us to estimate the amount of people who would migrate to Orkney for work. Singapore’s port is currently changing in size with a new set of docks set to make the port double in size and receive an additional 20,000,000 containers per year. For this amount of development you would presume that a large number of jobs would be created because of this. However, with modern port technology the first phase of this scheme only requires 6-7 people to operate the cranes which unload ships. This number, however, only accounts for the first phase and only the crane operators, but it clearly indicates that the large influx of people witnessed in Singapore in the
p.116
Possible Orkney
p.117
Nordic Scotland
RENEWABLES
The waters surround the Orkney Islands and
Currently these sites lie outwith the control of
the Pentland Firth have some of the largest
the Harbour Authority and do not require the use
potential for wave and tidal energy in Europe.
of pilots for navigation, this may be something which
This has led to the establishment of the European
is addressed in the future, possibly by extending the
Marine Energy Centre in Orkney and the founding
harbour limits to include these waters.
of Scotland’s first Marine Energy Park. The Crown Estate has given permission for 1.6GW of capacity
Much work is already underway around
to be installed in the waters around Orkney in the
Orkney preparing for the influx of the
coming years, however there is potential for much
renewable industry. The local authority has been
more energy to be harnessed from these waters. One
purchasing land around strategic sites in preparation
particular constraint is the conflicting use of waters
for the demands for industrial sites and new piers. An
for shipping recreation, fishing and tourism - over
estimated ÂŁ6 Billion will be spent on the manufacture
the coming years there may be conflicts off the west
and installation of new maritime renewable devices of
coast of Mainland Orkney and in the Westray Firth,
which there will be at least 1600, furthermore at least
where existing shipping lanes will become congested
ÂŁ100 million will be spent each year on maintaining
with Renewable equipment.
these devices. Should these be constructed in Orkney or Scotland it could have a huge economic impact.
p.118
600
1800
300
800
0
2011
2012
£6
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
£100 million
2018
2019
2020
Cumulative Installed Capacity (MW)
Annual Installed Capacity (MW)
Possible Orkney
0
£100 million
billion
Spend on manufacture and installation 2011 2020
Spend per year on maintenance Source: The Crown Estate 2011
Total spend of development and consenting 2011 2020 Source: The Crown Estate 2011
Source: The Crown Estate 2011
p.119
Nordic Scotland
The EMEC is currently ensuring that Orkney
Legislation has its own challenges with Udal
is at the forefront of this new industry with
law still having a determining presence - this
its test sites attracting companies from all over the
is a Norse-derived legal system still prevalent in
world and its offices at the forefront of developing
Orkney and Shetland which differs from Scots law
international standards for the marine renewables
because of its rules on shore ownership rights which
industry.
are important for pipelines and cables.
Infrastructure is also a major component,
In regards to land ownership of the foreshore, any
with new grid connections and substations required
infrastructure crossing between land and sea is likely
to export the energy to the UK mainland, with up to
to require expertise and understanding in this law to
ÂŁ100 million being spent on obtaining consents for
ensure that development goes ahead unimpeded.
developments in the next 10 years.
p.120
Possible Orkney
Network: Renewables source: EMEC
E
EMEC office
N
Nursery test site Pier Substation Weather station Tidal site Tidal site proposed Wave site Wave site proposed National grid Subsea cable
N
E N
E
p.121
Tidal energy potential
source: Joint Nature Conservation Committee UKSeaMap 2010
High Moderate Low
Wave energy potential
source: Joint Nature Conservation Committee UKSeaMap 2010
High Moderate Low
Nordic Scotland
TOURISM
Tourism is a major part of the Orcadian
from 3 to 5 months.
economy, with visitors spending at least ÂŁ32.9 million in 2009 and employing many
Cruise ships are vital to the economies of
people on the islands. The vast majority of visitors
the towns at which they call, with 85% of all
are coming to Orkney by sea either by ferry, cruise
passengers who go ashore spending money in local
ship or yacht and around a quarter arrive by air from
shops on average around 56 euro. The council have
various airports across Scotland. One of the main
also acted here to take advantage of this temporary
draws for tourists to Orkney is its historic attractions,
influx of visitors, limiting the number of excursions
from neolithic settlements to Norse remains to its
available in order that passengers coming ashore
war remains.
have time to spend in the towns - alleviating any tension that once existed between locals and tourists.
The top 5 attractions within Orkney are Highland
Cruise ships also bring many extra visitors, each ship
Park Distillery, St Magnus Cathedral , Skara Brae, the
having around 1 crew member for 3 passengers and
Italian Chapel and the Churchill Barriers
crew members also contributing substantially to the local economy as they come ashore to buy food,stock
The climate of the islands limits the season
up on supplies and use the telephone or internet,
for tourists to around 7 months of the year
however at present only 38% of crew members come
with visitor numbers peaking in August approaching
ashore - crucially there is a lack of facilities at the
29,000 in 2009. The cruise industry also operates in
quayside at Hatston for passengers and crew.
a seasonal manner, with the local council succeeding in convincing cruise companies to extend the season
p.124
Possible Orkney
Network: Tourist
Ferry terminal Marina Cruise ship pier Airport Historic tourist site Road
p.125
Cruise ship calls per month, 2012 source: OIC Marine Services
Jan
c De
40 35
b
Fe
30
v No
r Ma
25 20 15 10 5
Oct
1 Apr
10 p Se
15 Ma y
Source: European Cruise Council: Kirkwall passenger survey
442
436 2007
400
433 2006
409
€5.5million
Total economic benefit to Kirkwall from cruise visits (2007)
Source: European Cruise Council: Kirkwall passenger survey
2009
2008
2005
2002
315
Source: European Cruise Council: Kirkwall passenger survey
2003
61
Average cruise crew spend (2007)
2009
2008
2007
2006
2005
2004
2003
2002
47
Average cruise passenger spend (2007)
€29.54
341
67
409
73
75
Source: Orkney Economic Reveiw 2010
56
53
€56.11
2009
2006
2005
62
29.199 2008
26,978
29,180
Source: Orkney Economic Reveiw 2010
20,345 2007
30,708 22,916 2004
21,162 2003
16,687
Average passengers per cruise ship
2004
16 Au g
38 Jul
Total cruise ship visits per year
Source: Orkney Economic Reveiw 2010
2002
17 n Ju
Passengers arriving by cruise ship
Tourists by month
88 3,9 ec D
source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009
3,343 Jan 30000
3,4 5 Fe 9 b 68 5,0 ar M
3,6 No 1 2 v
25000 20000 15000 10000
8,572 Apr
8,065 Oct
5000
9 92 13, ep S
13, 7 Ma 92 y 7 ,69 20 un J
27,762 Jul
28 ,8 Au 85 g
Tourists by country
source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009 Scotland
England
Europe
r.o. World
r.o. UK
45%
32%
12%
7%
4%
Tourists by purpose of travel source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009 Holiday
Daytrip
Visiting friends/relatives
Business
94,276
26,869
24,941
21,955
Tourists travel method
source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009 Air
Scrabster Ferry
Aberdeen Ferry
Lerwick Ferry
Other Ferry
94,276
26,869
24,941
21,955
21,955
Nordic Scotland
Orkney also has 3 marinas which accept
This method of travel forms small cultural
visiting yachts at Kirkwall, Stromness and
maritime networks, similar to that of the fishing
Westray, and although they only account for a small
industry, with vessels from across the Nordic region
proportion of tourists, passengers aboard yachts are
and beyond making regular calls in Orkney and
liable to spend much more whilst ashore than cruise
meeting one to one with sailors in these locally
passengers, each yacht spending on average ÂŁ386.
operated marinas.
p.128
223
172
68 Yachts calling at Westray
Yachts calling at Stromness
Yachts calling at Kirkwall
Source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009
Source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009
Source: Orkney Visitor Survey 2009
Nationality of Vessels Visting Kirkwall Marina 2011
source: Shipping Study of the Pentalnd Firth & Orkney Waters
UK
Norway
Sweden
Germany
France
39%
17%
8%
7%
6%
Netherlands
Denmark
Belgium
USA
Australia
5%
4%
3%
3%
2%
Canada
Ireland
Switzerland
Iceland
Poland
2%
1%
1%
1%
1%
Nordic Scotland
CASE STUDIES Population Change
A change in the productive landscape in
of the Faroe Islands, which has a significantly higher
Orkney will probably lead to a change in the
population than any town currently in the Orkney
demographic makeup and size of the population on
Isles, but faces the same challenges of climate and
the Isles. Whilst Orkney’s population has always been
island isolation as the Orkneys.
in flux new industries such as offshore renewables and container shipping could in the coming years result in a sudden population increase. The following case studies are of towns which have experienced a sudden change in population following the introduction of a new industry. The first is the town of Thurso in the far north of Scotland which experienced a tripling of its population over 10 years with the construction of a new nuclear energy plant at nearby Dounreay. The second is the town of Narvik in north-west Norway, which was until the beginning of the 20th Century a collection of small farms but grew to become one of Norways largest towns when it became a port for the export of Iron Ore mined in Kiruna, Sweden. The third case study looks at the town of Tórshavn, capital
p.130
Possible Orkney
Narvik, Nordland, Norway Thurso, Caithness, Scotland Torshavn, Faroe Islands
p.131
Nordic Scotland
THURSO Caithness, Scotland Population: 7,737
Until the 1950s the Caithness region in the
Workers from across the UK came to work
north of Scotland was an area in social and
in Caithness, the population of the town of Thurso
economic decline following the end of the Herring
tripling in a short 10 years period as a result of the
fishing boom and the increasing mechanisation of
influx of scientists, construction workers and their
farming. The total population had halved over a 50
families. A major impact on the area from this
year period. However, the area was about to undergo
demographic change was a massive change in the
an enormous change as a new pioneering industry was
built environment as new houses and facilities were
to be set up in this remote region at RAF Dounreay, 9
constructed. Initially workers were housed in camps
miles to the east of the town of Thurso.
until housing could be constructed, the UKEAE building 900 new homes and the local authority
The establishment of the Dounreay Nuclear
contributing a further 800. Education was also seen
Power Development Establishment in 1955
as a major need to serve the new population and
was the starting point for this period of change. In
industries, with a new secondary school constructed
the postwar era of rationing and energy crises, and
followed by a new technical college serving the
before the discovery of North Sea Oil the experiments
training needs of the UKEAE, an apprentice training
and advancements planned for Dounreay were seen
school and a hostel to house apprentice workers.
as vital for the whole of the UK.
p.132
Possible Orkney
Third and final reactor active First reactor becomes active
UKAEA takes control of airfield Peak of Herring Boom
Reactors taken offline Ownership transferred to Nuclear decommisioning Authority
RAF Dounreay Airfield constructed
population
10000
5000
0
1920
1940
1960 year
p.133
1980
2000
Nordic Scotland
The social dynamic of the surrounding area
There was an element of tension between the
was also affected by this influx of people. At
newcomers and the locals caused perhaps more by
the time many of the country folk around Caithness
differences in level of income rather than education as
were suspicious of the new unknown industry that
the wages that could be earned at the Nuclear facility
would be set up on their doorsteps, however this was
were 5 -6 times the local rate of income, and some of
also in an age of trust of government and authority. It
the local merchants sought to take advantage of this
was said that at the time there were more university
sometimes charging more for goods for newcomers
graduates per head of population in Thurso than in
than locals. However over time the community
Oxford or Cambridge - a radical shift in the level of
adapted to the changes which had occurred with
education in this remote population.
locals and Atomics becoming more integrated over time and people from other parts of the country began to settle fully into life in the North, even if it did result in the death of the local accent.
p.134
Possible Orkney
It was said that at the time there were more university graduates per head of population in Thurso than in Oxford or Cambridge
p.135
Nordic Scotland
NARVIK Nordland, Norway Population: 18,437
Only a collection of small farms existed in
The long economic decline of the town of
Narvik until the end of the 19th Century when
Narvik coupled with the difficulties of the
the requirement for a year round ice free port in the
town’s original plan had left Narvik in an
north of the scandinavian peninsula for the export of
isolated and deprived condition. From its peak
iron ore resulted in the establishment of a company
in the 1960’s the workforce employed by its two major
town. Located only 70miles from the iron ore mines of
employers fell from 1600 to just 200 in 2007. Not
Kiruna across the Swedish border it was established
only did this affect the economy of the town, but also
by the Swedish state mining company LKAB
its social structure. As a company town the majority of this middle class workforce dominated the local
‘Until recently, the town of Narvik in Northern
political scene, with the labour party being in power
Norway was known for its prosperity. Ranging from its
there since 1913, and over the years since the 1960s
cultural life and the athletes of the town to its welfare
this assurance of political power has waned as the
services, Narvik was ‘top ranked’ in the region...
business life of the town has diversified and become
Over the last century, much of the economic status
privatised.
and stability of Narvik relied on iron ore transport. Transport of iron ore is still a manifest part of life in Narvik. Nevertheless, year by year since the 1960s, it has demanded less space and many fewer hands at work. Today the activity is no longer a main source of nurture for the town, nor its pride or its economy.’
p.136
Possible Orkney
Ankenes merged with Narvik
Arctic rail express services commences in Narvik
Narvik part gains Motorways of the sea status
Narvik captured by allied forces
Town of Narvik founded
population
20000
10000
0
1920
1940
1960 year
p.137
1980
2000
Nordic Scotland
The railway is at the heart of the town dividing
Recently though new transport links are breathing life
it in two and leading into a triangle of space-
into the town once again as it seeks to re-establish its
intensive industrial transport infrastructure.
position as a transport hub, looking beyond the bread
When the majority of the town was employed by
and butter of iron ore exports and diversifying the
this scar through the urban fabric the ‘transport
cargo coming through its port and railway. The two
movements of the town were imbued with power
major projects bringing this revival are the New Arctic
and politics’(ref), this brought the High North town
Rail Express and the Northern East West Corridor.
towards a more central position in Scandinavia
The town has ambitions to become ‘the new
connected by rail directly to Stockholm and by sea
Singapore.’ Along with these improvements the
to the ports of Europe and beyond, giving residents
town is seeking to improve its housing and amenities
an ‘imagination of mobility’(ref). However in more
whilst opening up its waterfront to more attractive
recent times this space demands of the town’s former
uses.
cornerstone have been at odds with the changing modern ideals of Narvik.
p.138
Possible Orkney
Nordic Scotland
TÓRSHAVN Streymoy, Faroe Islands Population: 13,000
Over the past century the population of the
it’s population and economy as the Faroes were
Faroe Islands has been undergoing massive
opened up to the globalised economy. Slow changes
changes as modernisation has opened up new
in the industrial landscape from farming towards the
opportunities for the islanders whilst simultaneously
more lucrative fishing industry has occurred and as
presenting new challenges. In the past the unique
the fishing industry began to grow it slowly began
geography of this collection of islands has meant
to become centralised around a few settlements
that most of the population have lived in relative
leaving remote and small villages without a basis for
isolation, the high mountains and rough seas making
continued existence leading to outward migration
communication difficult on the islands. However
from these small villages and island communities.
in recent decades infrastructural and technological improvements have caused life to change in these
However, as this new industry was growing and
isolated villages, as they are no longer isolated
becoming increasingly rationalised through the use
enclaves of population with the construction of roads,
of larger and larger fishing vessels the economy
bridges and tunnels connections between these
collapsed at the start of the 1990s. Combining this
villages and the rest of the world have been improved
economic catastrophe with the continued
immensely - a huge change in social mobility in the
outward migration of young people, more
Faroes.
drawn towards the opportunities of education, creative businesses and service industry jobs offered
Unlike the previous two examples, Tórshavn and
in Denmark.
the Faroes have not experienced any sharp population changes, rather a steady growth of
Since this time however much has changed for
p.140
Tunnels between islands completed
Torshavn municipality is expanded
Collapse of the fishing industry
University of the Faroe Islands founded Faroe Islands become self governing
population
60000
Faroe Islands 30000
T贸rshavn 0
1920
1940
1960 year
1980
2000
Nordic Scotland
Tórshavn - the opening of new tunnels in 2002
The government in Tórshavn have witnessed
and 2006 now leaves only 15% of the Faroese
this change in migration patterns caused by
population outside of the ‘drivable’ mainland.
mobility and now conceive the whole of the islands
This new infrastructure led to an increase in traffic
as one ‘network city’. The Faroese economy is no
of 64.3% between 1997 and 2006. Suddenly the
longer local but regional as mobility has become a
population had been given increased mobility,
part of everyday life - its is possible to live in one
which in turn began to reverse the centralisation of
town, work in another and socialise in a third.
population that had been occurring since the rise of
Tórshavn still remains the largest town with 45%
the fishing industry. Villages such as Gjógv were no
of the Faroese population residing there, however
longer merely fishing villages but became commuting
the opportunities for residents across the island
villages and the pull of citizens towards Tórshavn was
are much more apparently equitable and services
being reversed as house prices in the capital rose and
such as sports facilities and shops have become less
people could now live in the village they grew up in
centralised but more competitive through this radical
and still have access to the wide variety of amenities
change in daily life.
that would be available in larger settlements.
p.142
Possible Orkney
p.143
Nordic Scotland
POPULATION MIGRATION A conclusion
These three case studies all point out the
From Torshavn and the Faroes, we can learn a lot from
profound socio-economic effects of migration
the long term pattern of migration and settlement
and
on
across the islands. The idea of a network city
communities - of course Orkney has throughout its
or region is interesting as it can be a useful
history gone through different phases of population
way of integrating new developments into the
change and this is evident on the islands today. Both
existing urban fabric allowing growth to happen
Thurso and Narvik show that introducing new
in a more organic and less strictly planned nature,
cornerstone industries into a town requires
where workplaces, recreation, amenities and housing
significant
are allowed to grow in geographically appropriate
demographic
change
infrastructure
can
and
have
amenities
improvements, taken with care to avoid the
places.
urban schism that has occurred in Narvik, where industry has taken precedence over all other aspects
As we develop our proposals we will bear in
of town planning until recent years. In Thurso, the
mind all of the valuable lessons and examples
interactions between the existing population and
set forth in these case studies for the people
newcomers point to tensions that can take place
and the landscape of Orkney.
where newcomers appear to be given extra privileges over locals, and the two population groups need to mix to be successful.
p.144
Possible Orkney
Nordic Scotland
MIGRATING
“The intrinsically interesting thing about maritime people is that they cross borders, since coastal people live on the margins of the state. As a result, the history of coastal populations has had a disproportionate impact and significance. Maritime people are simultaneously influenced by foreign impulses and conscious of their identity, which they share by interacting with strangers. The meeting of cultures should therefore be a central concept to the understanding of maritime history.� Holm, Paul; Coastal Life, Nordic Culture and Nation State
p.148
Nordic Scotland
MIGRATING ORKNEY
Orkneys (un)certain future is going to be
that
determined by many new and many developed
with seafarers docking at the shipping terminal
industries, social changes and new cultural and
for any time in excess of 24 hours at a time. With
physical connections at a global and local scale.
25,000,000 TEU expected to pass through
Orkney’s
temporary
population
increases
Orkney’s waters per year, it is important for it Two of the important new developments on Orkney
to take advantage of this, but also for the islands to
are going to be the expanding shipping industry
ensure that there is no conflict between the visiting
and the developing renewables industry. The
temporary population and the permanent residents
entirety of this project has been researched and
of Orkney as is often experienced at port towns and
developed at different scales and it is important to
cities.
continue this trend to understand how these two Seafarers from all over the world are likely
industries will shape the Orcadian future.
to dock at Orkney’s shipping terminal just The most important change which will occur is
outside St. Margarets Hope, however, studies
the large demographic change to both the
have shown that seafarers are often intimidated by
permanent and temporary population. To
the local population and some don’t venture from
compensate for these changes many architectural
their boat. Others who do leave are often seen as
interventions will be introduced to oversee the
outsiders by the local communities they visit and
migrating population.
therefore feel unwelcome. As Orkney is set to become a cultural hub in northern Europe it is important for
The new strategic shipping routes will ensure
these two sets of people to integrate.
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Migrating Orkney
A Seafarer’s consulate would welcome crews of ships to Orkney.
This has successfully happened before through the
Connecting
together
with
one
of
the
introduction of a seafarers consulate: Aberdeen
transport hubs (see Connecting Orkney) situated
Harbour, for example, introduced a seafarers centre
throughout Orkney, the institute will give the
for visiting ships crew. Since its opening in December
seafarers unparalleled opportunities to discover
2011 it has been a successful introduction and has
an island steeped in history and culture with easy
ensured that seafarers no longer feel intimidated by
public transport connections. Further to this
somewhere they are visiting.
the consulate will be formed as a hostel (see Inhabiting Orkney) allowing seafarers the option of
Orkney’s seafarers consulate will ensure that
a land based bed on the night(s) of their stay. And,
crew members of different ships will be able
probably the most integral part of sharing cultural
to integrate among themselves and also with
connections, a bar will be open for the seafarers to
the local community. It will provide all the services
use to mix with the local population in St. Margarets
expected of a seafarers consulate such as access to
Hope.
internet to keep in touch with family, a television room to keep up to date with world news, a games
While the shipping terminal will accommodate the
room to entertain themselves through the winter
seafarers consulate, two similar buildings will be
months and an outdoor area to remain fit and active
sited in Kirkwall and Stromness catering for
in the summer. However, this seafarers consulate
the high number of cruise liner passengers
will also integrate with other buildings to ensure it
and crew members, and also the cargo ships
gives the visiting seafarers the best experience they
providing amenities for Orkney. These will be multi-
can when visiting the Orkney Isles.
functional buildings and will allow for the crew’s
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Nordic Scotland
Cultural and tourist centre’s will develop throughout the islands to accomodate tourists needs
of the cruise liners to rest up and also give them a
tourists on cruise ships, but also seafarers docking at
base from which to explore the islands. With a 1:3
the shipping terminal.
passenger:crew ratio, the crew members will also bring a vast amount of trade to Orkney, and like all
As tourism within Orkney is generally seasonal (the
other visitors to the Isles, they will be encouraged to
cruise liners only docking from April-September) the
visit the islands’ attractions.
majority of international staff will need only temporary accommodation for the summer
A cultural and tourist centre will be created
season. It is intended that the accommodation they
within Kirkwall which will showcase what
use will double up for use by students for the rest of
Orkney has to offer, act as a visitors centre, but
the year.
will also host multicultural events in conference rooms and an outdoor performance space.
There is currently no university campus on Orkney, but with the islands at the forefront of the
As there will be a high increase in the number of
development of renewable energies, in particular
international visitors from around the world who do
wave and tidal power, there is potential for a
not speak English, an important contribution
renewables university to be introduced.
to the islands migrating community will be international spoken retail salespersons. It
By 2020 there is expected to be 1.6GW of energy
is expected that the main shopping streets within
produced on the shores of Orkney. Currently
Kirkwall, Stromness and St. Margarets Hope will all
all of the wave and tidal machines are manufactured
have an increase in trade due to the high numbers of
off site. As part of the new Orkney, the production of
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Migrating Orkney
The first renewables university will be in Orkney - with ties to China already established, students and lecturers from throughoutout the world could learn at teach on Orkney’s shores.
the wave and tidal machines will take place on site
will develop ensuring that students can be educated
at separate locations around the islands - namely
on the sites of the renewable products. A renewables
outside Stromness and Hoy.
university on Orkney will allow students to garner an unparalleled education experience
With production and manufacturing locations
with hands on experience, being part of a community
around the islands there will be a need for
at the centre of the renewables industry and it will
a workforce to take up new jobs available.
also allow the students, and university, to develop
This is something which is reminiscent of Dounreay
new strategies and products for use in the renewable
Nuclear Power Development Establishment across
industry which can be tested in and around Orkney.
the Pentland Firth at Thurso, Scotland. Thurso saw
This will integrate with the European Marine Energy
a huge increase in population due to the pioneering
Centre which is already situated within Stromness. It
industry which had came to its area with scientists,
is likely that many different campus’ and test sites will
construction workers and their families all flocking
be set up throughout the different islands so that the
to Thurso. This is what will happen on Orkney with
campus is all over Orkney and not restricted
many different stages of the renewable industry
to just one specific place. Again this will
needing to be developed including the construction
develop new job opportunities with students
and maintaining of all the machinery.
and professionals coming from around the world to learn and teach on the Orkney Isles.
Orkney will become the main research and development hub for the renewables
The migrating population from around the world will
industry, and with this in mind a university campus
inhabit Orkney on both a permanent and temporary
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Nordic Scotland
New sports centres proposed throughout the islands
time period, flocking for work, studying and visiting.
With the population increasing there will also be a demand for food which would see the
When the local economy prospers there
rise of the islands fishing communities. With
will be a knock on effect on other industries
the industry previously in decline, the migrating
as well. It is expected that the cultural hubs will
population will allow for Orkney’s waters, and those
develop throughout the larger towns, as well as
of the North Sea, to be utilised once again.
sports centres and cultural buildings, which will provide recreational activities for the migrating population.
p.154
Migrating Orkney
p.155
Nordic Scotland
CONNECTING
As I came home from Sandwick, A star was in the sky. The northern lights above the hill, Were streaming broad and high. The tinkers lit their glimmering fires, Their tents were pitched close by. But the city of the vanished race, Lay dark and silent in that place. As I can home from Sandwich, A star was in the sky. Mackay Brown, George Portrait of Orkney; 1981
p.160 p.158
Nordic Scotland
CONNECTING ORKNEY
As discussed throughout, the main catalyst
These transport hubs will ensure that workers,
of Nordic Scotland’s first project is creating
visitors and locals will have easy access to
new connections within northern Europe.
public transport throughout the islands.
The main architectural driving force for this
These interventions will vary in size depending on
principle is the container terminal which
the size of the town, but they will all link up and
will be situated in the waters of Scapa Flow
ensure that a new transport network is created which
and just outside St. Margaret’s Hope on the
will service the developing towns and villages. Much
outcrop of land called ‘Hoxa Head’.
like the large strategies, such as SUTRANET, which combines both maritime and land connections to be
Our proposals see the natural deep water used here for
the most efficient way of moving cargo throughout
the terminal. Currently the land is used as farmland
Europe, Orkney will also follow a similar principle for
and the road connections allow for only single track
their public transport system.
access with some turning into dirt tracks. Improved roads will allow access to the international hub from
The
around the islands. The terminal will not only
immediate effect on the tourism industry with
be used as a container terminal as with the new
more people able to visit the sites of Orkney
activity in the area meaning new ferry routes will be
without having to be part of a tour group. The
implemented between the terminal and the islands of
sheer size of Orkney means that currently tourists
‘Mainland’, ‘Flotta’ and ‘Hoy”. Further to this many
find it difficult to navigate the islands without the aid
new transport hubs will be implemented with one
of a tour bus - 25 miles currently separates Orkney’s
such hub situated at the terminal.
two biggest tourist sites, Skara Brae and the Italian
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transport
hubs
will
also
have
an
Connecting Orkney
The container terminal will be one of the main focusses of the islands
Chapel. However, with the new transport hubs
profound effect on the mobility of Orcadians.
situated along popular tourist routes, it will make
The entirety of Orkney will be utilised as part of a plan
these sites a lot more accessible to the pedestrian
to have every aspect of the renewables industry on the
tourist.
islands from education, to research, manufacturing and eventually production. These different elements
Our trip to Orkney was made via bus from
will all be connected in a renewables web which
Glasgow, and a new improved connection to
will result in the makeup of Orkney changing. The
the north will only mean an easier, and more
renewables manufacturing plants will be sited
viable, transport option between the central
on the island of ‘Hoy’ which is currently inaccessible
belt and Orkney because of the new migration
by car. However, taking precedent from the Faroe
of people. An advanced ferry system will also be
Islands, and Orkney itself, Hoy will join together
provided between Orkney and Scotland, which will
with the ‘Mainland’ through the implementation
bring more people to the islands and will boost
of tunnels between Mainland, Graemsay and
the local economy. This is not just restricted to the
Hoy. Like the Churchill Barriers, these tunnels will
Scotland-Orkney connection, as people from around
allow for a greater mobility around the islands -
northern Europe will have direct ferries linking to
effectively making a horseshoe of connectivity around
Orkney. This will have a knock on effect as more
Scapa Flow. These tunnels will allow tourists also to
tourists are likely to come to Orkney as well as people
gain ease of access to sites such as the Old Man of
wishing to do business on the islands.
Hoy and the Lyness naval base.
The renewables industry will also have a
The small pocket of population currently occupying
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Nordic Scotland
A new water bus service will integrate with the ferry service to provide transport for the renewables university
Graemsay will be one of the towns which will
allow researchers, students and workers to get easy
expand due to these new connections and new
access to the many renewable sites within the North
jobs available in the manufacturing plants on ‘Hoy’.
Isles, and further to this it will allow the continued
It will also see a growth in population as businesses
development of advanced technologies in the tidal
are developed to support the renewables industry on
and wave industries as students and developers
‘Hoy’, with the new roads accessing these. Just like
alike can test new technologies in currently
the terminal at Hoxa Head, there will be a transport
under utilised tidal and wave sites.
hub found at each of these population centres. With new transport modes being developed, and The renewables industry will also prosper because
Orkney looking at becoming a carbon neutral
of a new water bus system which will operate
island community, the way in which we provide
within the North Isles. While the South Isles host the
fuel and energy to power these will be a new technique
manufacturing aspect of the renewables industry,
developed in one of our Nordic neighbours. In
the ‘Mainland’ will have a mixture of research and
Helsingborg, Sweden, the council have developed a
educational interventions. This will also be the
scheme which turns waste to energy - their landfill
case for the North Isles but with a different form of
is now a production plant for their energy. While
transportation.
electricity will be provided by wave and tidal schemes, the fuel for the inter-island ferries will be provided by
In the North Isles the renewables industry will
Orkney’s own version of energy to waste. The plant
integrate together with the current ferry service
will be split between providing energy, fuel and also
creating an inter-island water bus system. This will
fertilisers, which can be used throughout Orkney on
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Connecting Orkney
Connecting to Norway through ferries and the Hurtigruten network
the farmland.
There is currently a disused pier at the southern most point of South Ronaldsay and it is here where pilots
Tourism will have an obvious boost due to the
will be based to safely guide the ships into anchorage
new and improved connections, and one of the
at the Hoxa Head terminal.
ways in which we intend to bring more Nordic culture to Orkney, and Scotland, is the integration into the
While the entire master plan is huge in scale,
Hurtigruten network. This is a passenger and freight
bringing
service which runs the length of the Norway and
people together, it is important that each job
many
different
industries
and
is considered carefully, much like the pilot. This Returning to the container terminal, we have already
will be the case for each architectural intervention,
noted the high influx of new jobs created because of this
as the entire master plan for Orkney has knock on
maritime industry, however one job role in particular
effects throughout its entire web of concepts and
is important to the safe running and anchorage of
strategies.
ships to enter Orkney’s waters. ‘Pilots’ are used by ports throughout the world to navigate the journey into their harbours for foreign boats - the ship, and its crew, may never have been in to Scapa Flow so it is important that someone gives them a guiding hand. Pilot embarkation points are currently sited on the edge of the harbour limits at the southern tip of South Ronaldsay and Longhope.
p.163
Nordic Scotland
INHABITING
Selkie Where do you go, young seal? My salmon is returning to its stream. Where truly do you go, selkie? A country lass Has stopped at my rock in the sea Tell us, sea dancer How it will be with you? Mackay Brown, George Orkney - Pictures & Poems; 1996
p.170 p.166
Nordic Scotland
INHABITING ORKNEY
In our (un)certain future for Orkney there will
Each separate island also has their own
be a large migrating population who will come
varying building typology. While on South
for to live on Orkney for anywhere between a
Ronaldsay the gable ends of the stone houses face
lifetime, a semester or just a day. Where these
into the westerly wind with minimal openings, the
people stay and inhabit is the next proposal that
buildings on Hoy are low lying to combat the wind
naturally follows Migrating Orkney and Connecting
from the Atlantic Ocean and have roofs made from
Orkney, as Inhabiting Orkney provides housing and
stone. The buildings along Stromness harbour
a place to rest, work and play for people of varying
face the gables in the direction of the water, and in
backgrounds, different stages of their lifecycle and
Kirkwall the buildings line the narrow streets in the
different characteristics. This proposal all comes
centre of town with crow-stepped gables. It is these
under our one umbrella proposal of ‘Network
characteristics which we are keen to build on, and
City’.
ensure that each town and village keeps its own architectural identity, rather than make one
Our intention is to ensure that there is not a
typology for the entirety of Orkney which could be an
centralisation towards one particular town
easy option for a master plan scheme of this scale.
and instead existing communities are allowed to develop. These pockets of population will evolve
Different buildings will also develop their
as new and existing places to work, rest and play.
architectural identity through the industries
Populations could change anywhere in Orkney,
with which they are associated - something
depending on the local situation and any changes in
which isn’t a new concept to Orkney. In Stromness
mobility that occur.
house facades are lined with whale bones, a remnant
p.168
Inhabiting Orkney
Different housing typologies will develop on each island. Each island will maintain its own unique architecture style
of Stromness’ whaling past.
the chimney at the gable end which means that heat is lost, while Norway’s houses place the chimney at
Our research has considered the way in which
the centre of the house to retain the heat. Simple
we build in comparison with our Nordic
changes like the material and how the houses are
neighbours to ensure we can learn from their
heated will ensure more efficient buildings. With
advancements in building design in similar climates.
the improved connections to Scotland and
Our buildings are found in a climate where ensuring
Northern Europe, ease of access of timber
user warmth without wasting energy is at the front
will be provided through these connections.
of our design principles. However, the results throughout our architectural history generally do not
Our master plan relies on people as a resource
reflect this.
for the developing and new industries we propose - but it will be all kinds of people.
In Scotland we are famous for our stone buildings, yet
It will involve an integration of people who
in Norway, and the other Nordic countries, timber is
currently live there and those still to come;
the construction material of choice. This has a
and people who will live there for a lifetime,
lot to do with the ease of access to the timber, however
one season or only for one day. The entire
timber properties also give it a large advantage over
master plan will promote ‘cultural meetings’
stone, with the later a very poor insulator. Our
as a resource for growth and economic
intention is to follow Nordic design principles which
sustainability, and these different kinds of
will also have an implication on the way in which
people (permanent, temporary, new, existing)
are houses are designed. Our houses currently place
are prevalent throughout the islands.
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Nordic Scotland
Students and seasonal workers will use the same housing but at different times of the year ensuring the buildings are maintained throughout the year
At St. Margaret’s Hope, for example, the shipping
this to service the renewables university. Found in
industry will have a huge effect, due to the village
Stromness and Kirkwall they will be occupied
being the closest to the shipping terminal at Hoxa
by students throughout the university term
Head. The permanent workers are likely to
time - October until May. The building will not be
need additional housing provided here (and
left abandoned throughout the summer though.
at surrounding villages such as Burray Village and St. Mary’s), while the temporary population of ships
With the influx of tourists, greater numbers of
crew (who are only likely to be on the island for only
retail staff who are multi-lingual will migrate
24-48 hours) should be provided with some form
to Orkney for seasonal work. They will be
of a ‘hostel’. Temporary and permanent population
encouraged to use the vacant student accommodation
are two of the important typologies which reappear
throughout the summer meaning lower rental prices
throughout the islands.
for the seasonal workers. This will in turn allow friendships and communities to develop because of
As part of the renewables university students will
their shared condition.
need to be housed. Currently there is only one student hostel within Orkney found in Kirkwall. It caters
With all these new architectural interventions
solely for secondary school children who may live on
on Orkney our proposals consider the unique
an island too small to sustain educational facilities.
land ownership law system which is only
The students spend the week in Kirkwall before
applicable within Orkney and Shetland. Udal
returning to their island for the weekend. The student
Law differs from Scots Law only because of its
accommodations we will propose is far larger than
legislation at the coast. This is something which the
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Inhabiting Orkney
Network city will ensure the migrating population are distributed throughout the islands and not centralised on one specific place
renewables companies discovered when they first
With our master plan looking at every scale of this
started deploying equipment at test sites around
development, many new people will arrive on Orkney’s
Orkney’s waters. By Udal Law the coastline of the
shores and they must be treated with individuality to
persons land is also theirs, so when the renewables
best suit their needs. The landscape must also
companies started running cables and equipment
be preserved (with National Heritage sites
through the land owners waters, it was not the council
and nature reserves found throughout the
who received the money, but that of the land owners.
islands) so our proposal for a network city will ensure that this remains.
With so many new developments planned, and a distinct lack of understanding of Udal Law, an institute for planning applications will be developed to oversee new proposals and buildings. This will ensure a coherent law system is prevalent where the buildings meet the coastline.
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Nordic Scotland
WHAT WILL THE ORCADIAN HOUSE OF THE FUTURE LOOK LIKE?
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Inhabiting Orkney
p.173
Nordic Scotland
OUR NORDIC SCOTLAND
In Orkney we have found a site which can be
variety of people from different backgrounds.
the catalyst for a ‘Nordic Scotland’. Its links at a global, regional and local scale have the potential to
Our research has lead us to this conceptual
ensure Scotland is a hub of activity for the shipping,
stage so far and volume two of Nordic
renewables and tourism industry.
Scotland will showcase the architectural interventions created on Orkney. Volume
Through its location in the north of Scotland new
three is set to look at specific buildings and
connections to the central belt will be created and our
the details of integrating Nordic design into
proposals predict a small migration of population
our own Scottish designs.
to Orkney for living, working and playing. Introducing Nordic principles and design techniques
These three volumes will form the first part of Nordic
we believe that Orkney will become a successful
Scotland’s proposals, and our intention is to continue
island community.
to develop further projects throughout the country to integrate us into the Nordic region, creating
All of these new industries will develop as a
a
coherent master plan in a symbiotic manner.
Scotland.
Ensuring that a network city is created throughout the islands will allow the migrating population to integrate with the exisiting population, creating new architectural opportunities in the form of sports centres, institutional buildings and new homes for a
p.174
successful,
sustainable
and
profitable
Nordic Scotland
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