1/7 /7BACM BACM STUDIES 1/7 BACMSTUDIES STUDIES
/ SHALLOWFLOOD FLOOD1/1 1/1 SHALLOW
EXISTING BACM SHALLOW FLOOD [Controlling dust by saturating and covering soils with water] STATUS:
Approved Best Available Control Measure (BACM)
COVERAGE:
35.6 square miles
WATER USE:
3-5 acre feet of water per foot per year
REQUIRES:
Clay soils and ideally, proximity to seeps and springs
CONSTRUCTION:
Infrastructure for water transmission, outlets, electrical wiring, piping, berms for access, flood control, and to protect against wave erosion, sprinkler heads and bubblers placed at least once every 70’.
LAYOUT:
Sequential pools follow flow from edges of the lake inward towards brine pool.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Shape and size of berms and pools for views and accessability.
HABITAT VALUE:
High. Shallow flood allows for the resurrection of Owens Lake habitat and foodweb for resident shorebirds, migratory birds, and invertebrates such as brine flies and brine shrimp. It can also provide ideal conditions for algae and microscopic bacteria such as halobacteria and dunaliella, which cause water to take on reddish, brownish, or greenish hues.
OTHER PUBLIC TRUST VALUE:
Moderate. Shallow flood cells are the most aesthetically pleasing BACM with stunning reflections and interesting colored pools. Bird habitat leads to birdwatching; however, access is limited to berms and the water in most pools are unsafe for human contact, limiting recreation potential.
COST:
$12,900,000 per square mile, water cost is $1,240,000 per square mile, and 1 full time employee per 580 acres of flooded area is required.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE:
A
COST GRADE:
C
ENJOYING THE SHALLOW FLOOD
75% coverage REQUIRED DUST CONTROL COVERAGE
Water must cover or saturate at least 75% of the 100% coverage ground to achieve required dust control. The image above shows a lateral shallow flood with saturated ground in black, and dry areas in white.
SECTIONS LATERAL SHALLOW FLOOD In lateral shallow flood, water flows downhill and creates a mosaic of saturated surfaces with occasional pooling, resulting in water gathering in tailwater ponds.
tailwater ponds 1’-2’ deep
berms with arizona spillways control overflow into the tailwater ponds
rip rap lines berms to prevent erosion
berm for access saturated surfaces 1”-6” deep
bubblers
0
POND SHALLOW FLOOD In pond shallow flood, water is deeper and dust control cells form one continuous pond.
berms with arizona spillways control overflow into the next cell
rip rap lines berms to prevent erosion
ponding 1’-2’ deep
30’
berm for access
bubblers
0
30’
USCUSC Landscape Morphologies Lab Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
2/7BACM BACMSTUDIES STUDIES 2/7
MANAGED MANAGEDVEGETATION VEGETATION 1/2
EXISTING BACM MANAGED VEGETATION [Controlling dust by maintaining irrigated patches of vegetative growth] STATUS:
Approved Best Available Control Measure (BACM)
COVERAGE:
3 square miles
WATER USE:
1.5 acre-feet per acre. The water requirements are one-third as much as is required for Shallow Flood.
REQUIRES:
Ideally, sandy soils with low salinity as well as proximity to seeps and springs.
CONSTRUCTION:
Includes infrastructure for subsurface water transmission, millions of plants, sustained vegetative propagation, greenhouses, pump stations, berms, roads, and the construction of subsurface drainage systems which collect irrigation rows and remove high salinity, shallow groundwater.
LAYOUT:
Brine storage ponds must be located next to managed vegetation to capture saline water from subsurface drainage system. Slightly saline water is re-used for irrigation in order to keep soil from hardening.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Pattern, grouping, and placement of vegetation.
HABITAT VALUE:
Medium. Promotes growth of native plant species and presents opportunities for establishment, which increases habitat functions and values. This welcomes diversity from shorebird species as well as small mammals such as rabbits, mice, foxes, coyotes, and gophers. Native plant species observed on saltgrass test plots include several saline and alkaline habitat adapted species of grass, saltbush, small perennial herbaceous plants and annual wildflowers. The species typical of transmontane alkaline meadows elsewhere in the Owens Basin, would also be expected to appear where soil leaching is most complete, adding diversity and wildlife habitat value to the fields
COST:
$15,000,000 per square mile for capital costs. Water cost is $460,000 per square mile. Requires 1 full-time employee per 230 acres of vegetated area.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE:
B
COST GRADE”
C+
SALTGRASS PLUGS IN GREENHOUSE
MATURE PLANTINGS
50% coverage REQUIRED DUST CONTROL COVERAGE Vegetation must cover at least 50% of the ground to achieve required dust control. The image above shows vegetation coverage (in black) while uncovered areas are in white.
MANAGED VEGETATION SECTION The section below shows the infrastructure required to support a managed vegetation system, including subsurface drip irrigation, sub surface saline drainge system, and 5 foot spacing between rows. brine storage pond
berms for access
native saltgrass species 5’
subsurface drip irrigation leads to main pipeline subsurface saline drainage groundwater basin 0 0
10’
10’ USCUSC Landscape Morphologies LabLab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 Landscape Morphologies // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
MANAGED VEGETATION
MANAGED VEGETATION 2/2
modified
MODIFIED MANAGED VEGETATION Managed vegetation as one of the older BACMs, has undergone some improvements in order to better conserve water and allow for more design potential. Rather than being on a flat surface, this managed vegetation alternative has raised broadbeds alternating with furrows which capture excess water and channel it into a nearby saline sink. This kind of managed vegetation still requires 50% coverage to maintain dust control.
modified section Raised broadbeds hold drainage, managed vegetation, and are slightly sloped inward to direct water towards vegetation
Access road
Furrows capture excess water from the broadbeds, which is channeled into a saline sink
Managed vegetation Sprinkler
18” 0.2% slope
18”
0.2% slope
24’
6’
0
20’
modified plan Excess water collects in the furrows which lead downslope to a saline sink. A strip of gravel separates the managed vegeation from direct contact with the saline sink. Furrows can be straight or curved, as long as water can flow downslope.
slope
furrows broadbeds
drain outlet gravel buffer saline sink
SALINE SINK
EXAMPLE OF VEGETATION GROWING ON BROADBEDS (STRAWBERRIES) USC USC Landscape Morphologies Lab Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
3/7 BACM 1/7 3/7 BACMSTUDIES STUDIES
GRAVEL1/1 1/1 GRAVEL
EXISTING BACM GRAVEL [Prevents salt crust formation and protects underlying soil from wind movement] STATUS:
Approved Best Available Control Measure (BACM)
COVERAGE:
2 square miles
WATER USE:
None
REQUIRES:
Effective on any type of soil surface, although sandy soils with high groundwater levels require a permeable geotextile fabric to prevent settling.
CONSTRUCTION:
Dumptrucks, a minimum size of 1/2”-1 1/2” diameter gravel obtained from F. W. Aggregates’ Dolomite Mine and other mines located within the Inyo Mountains, as well as a shale pit.
LAYOUT:
Best away from wetlands, saturated soils, West/Northwest perimeter of Owens Lake. Graveled areas should be surrounded by non-emissive areas to minimize windborne depositions into the Gravel Blanket. Should also be protected from flood deposits with flood control berms, drainage channels and desiltation/retention basins.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Type of gravel, color, and layout of gravel types. Size and shape of gravel blanket. Location and form of flood control berms and drainage channels.
HABITAT VALUE:
None.
COST:
Expensive to install with low annual resource costs of water and maintenance.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE:
C+
COST GRADE:
B-
GRAVEL MOVING
GRAVEL TEST SITE
100% coverage
GRAVEL SECTION Gravel seems like a fairly simple BACM to install, however, it requires huge amounts of energy to transport tons gravel from mines miles away to form a 4” thick layer. In addition, it needs to be maintained by being vacuumed of dust particullates regularly. However, the advantages are that works on any type of soil and does not require water. road for access
gravel 4” deep
REQUIRED DUST CONTROL Gravel must cover 100% of the soil to be effective with a thickness of at least 4"
SECTION CLOSEUP 4” of .5” - 1.5” diameter gravel permeable geotextile fabric effective on any type of soil surface 0
10’
0
8”
USC Landscape Morphologies Lab //Lab Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 USC Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
4/7 BACMSTUDIES STUDIES 1/7 BACM 4/7
HYBRID 1/1 HYBRID1/1 1/1
POTENTIAL BACM
HYBRID
[Controlling dust by combining one or more approved BACMS] STATUS:
Potential BACM, comprised of 3 existing BACMs: shallow flood, managed vegetation, and gravel.
COVERAGE:
Currently being tested in a few cells
WATER USE:
Depends on combination of BACMS used.
REQUIRES:
Each site has to be determined individually.
CONSTRUCTION:
Combination of shallow flood, managed vegetation, and gravel. Shallow flood requires infrastructure for water transmission, outlets, electrical wiring, piping, berms for access, flood control, and to protect against wave erosion, sprinkler heads and bubblers; managed vegetation requires infrastructure for subsurface water transmission, millions of plants, sustained vegetative propagation, greenhouses, pump stations, berms, roads, and subsurface drainage systems which collect irrigation rows and remove high salinity, shallow groundwater.; and gravel requires dumptrucks to carry a minimum size of 1/2”-1 1/2” diameter gravel obtained from F. W. Aggregates’ Dolomite Mine and other mines located within the Inyo Mountains.
LAYOUT:
Each site has to be determined individually.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Placement of shallow flood, managed vegetation, and gravel. Type of gravel, color, and layout of gravel types. Size and shape of gravel blanket. Location and form of flood control berms and drainage channels. Shape and size of berms and pools for views and accessibility in shallow flood zones.
HABITAT VALUE:
High. Would probably work best in a high habitat suitability area.
COST:
Infrastructure for 3 BACMS needed; costs 25% more.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE
A
COST GRADE:
C-
RENDERED PERSPECTIVE The image above depicts a hybridText cell with to Fillareas of gravel and vegetation interspersed with shallow flood. This allows for greater variation in microtopography and supports several types of birds and habitat.
Text to Fill REQUIRED DUST CONTROL Depending on the dominant BACM in an area, hybrid cells must maintain dust control standards for managed vegetation, gravel, and shallow flood respectively. By using a grid overlay,COVERAGE it can be quickly determined how much REQUIRED DUST CONTROL of the cell managed vegetation, gravel, or Each of the hybrid parts mustismeet the dust flood. BACM. control coverage ofshallow their primary
HYBRID SECTION The section belows shows what a possible hybrid combination would look like, composed of a combination of shallow flood, gravel, and managed vegetatoin. In order for vegetation to grow, it must be surrounded or protected by a gravel barrier to separate it from the highly saline water of the shallow flood.
shallow flood
managed vegetation /saltgrass growing on soil gravel
shallow flood
gravel bar protects vegetation from high salinity in pond water
managed vegetation /saltgrass
brine pool
berm for access and boundary
0
30’
USC USC Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
5/7 1/7 5/7BACM BACMSTUDIES STUDIES
SALTFLAT FLAT1/1 1/1 SALT
POTENTIAL BACM
SALT FLAT
[Provides waterless dust control through the formation of non-emissive salt crusts] STATUS:
Potential, currently being tested
COVERAGE:
Currently being tested in a few cells
WATER USE:
None when stable
REQUIRES:
Salt crust must be 4-6" thick of stable sodium chloride salts. Several salt separation pools are needed to separate emissive from non-emissive salt crusts. Non emissive salts are then transferred into new pools where they will form a stable salt crust.
CONSTRUCTION:
Initially requires a lot of infrastructure to pump water from the brine pool, transmission, distribution, outlet, excess water retention, collection, redistribution, and the construction of electrical power lines, access roads, weirs, and water control berms to separate pools. Once a stable salt crust is formed however, no further infrastructure is needed and equipment can be moved/reused to other areas.
LAYOUT:
Sequential (at least 3) salt separation pools leading up to permanent salt flat.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Boardwalks can be placed around and through salt crusts for accessibility, while land art can be incorporated into salt flats.
HABITAT VALUE:
None
OTHER PUBLIC TRUST VALUE:
Salt flats can be used for recreation and tourism through salt crystal collecting, salt sculpture festivals, and land art.
COST:
$6,400,000 per square mile for setup, although the salt flat would require no maintenance once established.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE:
B
COST GRADE:
A
NATURAL SALT CRUSTS ON OWENS LAKE HAVE A COMBINATION OF ‘GOOD’ AND ‘BAD’ SALTS
100% coverage REQUIRED DUST CONTROL COVERAGE Required dust control amounts are yet undetermined, but a salt flat composed of non-emissive salt crusts would provide naerly 100% coverage. Dust controlled salt crust areas are shown here in black. separation weirs
0.5% slope
pool 1 pool 2 pool 3 Permanent salt crust pool
SALT SEPARATION POOL SECTION In order for a salt flat to form, brine must be separated into good (non-emissive) salts of sodium chloride, and the bad (emissive) salts, sodium carbonate and sodium sulfate. This is done through a series of brine pools through which emissive and non-emissive salts are separated, leaving pure brine to fill the last pool, which will harden into a salt crust.
1
2
Brine is pumped into the first separation pool. Since emissive salts form a crust first, the crust on this pool is allowed to form and is then removed. The remaining brine is then pumped into the second pool. clay liners hold water in place
weirs separate the different pools
The separation process is repeated in the second pool.
PLAN VIEW OF SALT SEPARATION POOLS
3
4
The separation process is repeated in the third pool and only pure, non-emissive brine is left.
Pure sodium chloride brine water is pumped into the final pool and allowed to form a permanent, durable salt crust. salt crust 4-6” thick on the surface of a pool 3’ deep
0
30’
USCUSC Landscape Morphologies Lab Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12
1/7 BACM 6/7 7/7 BACMSTUDIES STUDIES
1/1 MODIFIEDMOAT MOAT&&ROW ROW1/2 1/2
PROPOSED BACM
MODIFIED MOAT & ROW
[Controlling dust by creating rows of berms flanked by ditches to block wind carrying soil and sand] STATUS:
The original moat and row BACM was tested and although was effective in waterless dust control, did not meet the requirements for public trust. However, with some modifications, its public trust value may be improved.
COVERAGE:
None.
WATER USE:
None.
REQUIRES:
Works on all different kinds of soil types, although exactly height and width of spacing of moat and row depends on which kind of soil and size of particualate matter found on site.
CONSTRUCTION:
5-foot tall, earthen berms are constructed with bulldozers and a sand fence is built on top. The moat and row method works by building rows of berms flanked by ditches to create moats. The moats are designed to capture moving soil particles, while rows will physically shelter the lake bed from the wind.
LAYOUT:
Spacing of each individual moat and row element generally vary from 250 to 1000 feet, depending on the surface soil type and the PM10 control effectiveness. Berms and fences should be built perpendicularly to wind direction (similar to tillage).
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Spacing and curvature of earthen berms and sand fence can be modified for aesthetic purposes.
HABITAT VALUE:
Very low. Fences provide perches for bird predators like hawks, and entrap bird and snowy plovers.
COST:
$5,120,000 (per square mile)
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE:
C
COST GRADE:
B
MOAT AND ROW DEMONSTRATION SITE The two images above are examples of what moat and row looks like constructed like the section below.
ORIGINAL MOAT AND ROW SECTION The section below shows the construction of one moat and row area with a sand fence on top. The direction of the wind is represented by arrows and the section shows how dust is trapped and stopped by the moats and sand fence. 83’ 24.5’
24.5’ 15’
9.5’
9.5’
15’
4’ 17’ 6’
6’
5’
6’
4’
5’
5’
4’
6’
17’
0
10’
Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12 USC USC Landscape Morphologies Lab Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012
1/7 BACM&STUDIES MOAT ROW
MOAT & ROW 1/1 2/2
modified Spring Mounds : Moat & Row Precedent
ATERNATIVES TO EXISTING MOAT & ROW Moat and row, in its original form, successfully controlled dust without using any water, however, it did not meet requirements for public trust values because the fences are too long and needed critter passages, snowvy plovers couldn’t scale the berms and got stuck in the moats, and the long rows of berms were not visually interesting. The two alternatives below follow the original design but also offer greater public trust.
Spring mounds initially start as the result of subsurface flows which reach a crack in the surface and flow upwards. Spring mounds form around this surface moisture.
The moist soil fosters vegetation growth, while the vegetation captures sand particles .
It is important for the vegetation to grow deep roots quckly, so it doesn’t become suffocated by the sand. They grow as the mounds grow around them.
Spring mounds capture airborne particulates by forcing wind to go around and over it. Particles travel up the windward slope but are then deposited on the leeward side, due to the reduction in wind velocity.
Graphic: Cate Rilla (modified)
alternative 1
The top of the berm is expanded to 10’, making the space walkable. The moat is expanded to 20’. The rows are shaped into sinuous curve, at a 30 degree angles. This may help slow down winds from all directions while providing a more organic experience. Spacing remains 250’ between each unit. With this design, sand fence rows have creature passages although the moats do not increase in snowy plover habitat. 55.03’ 15’
25.03’
35.03’
5.06’
5.06’
4.97’
35.03’
15’
10’
20’
0
0.5 mile
0
0.5 mile
20’ 20’
0
Graphic: Daniel Neri (modified)
alternative 2 The top of the berm is expanded to 15’ for pedestrian access, and the moat is expanded to 40’ to increase visibility for the snowy plover. The rows are shaped into sinuous curve, at a 30 degree angles like option 1, although with a random pattern. Berms are spaced between 250-600’ to accommodate curvature. This allows for varied habitat for the snowy plover. 60.03’
Graphic: Daniel Neri (modified)
5.06’
40’
15’
55.03’
15’ 5.06’
55.03’
4.97’
30.03’
40’
15’ 0
20’
BACM Redesign Guidelines // Research: Daniel NeriDaniel // Owens Studio // Fall BACM Redesign Guidelines // Research: Neri // Lake Fall 2011 // Owens Lake2011 Studio USC Landscape Morphologies LabLab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 USC Landscape Morphologies // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 6/19/12
1/7 7/7 STUDIES 6/7BACM BACM STUDIES
1/1 TILLAGE 1/1
POTENTIAL BACM
TILLAGE
[Controlling dust by creating clodded soils to block or bury emissive soils]
STATUS:
Potential BACM; currently being tested
COVERAGE:
Currently being tested in a few cells
WATER USE:
None unless pulse flooding is included to increase habitat.
REQUIRES:
No infrastructure requirements unless pulse flooding is included. Preferably clay soils to produce higher and stronger ridges that do not need to be re-tilled as much as sandy soils
CONSTRUCTION:
Bulldozers needed for construction. Surface would have to be "reset" by irrigation when tillage alone no longer produces an erosion-resistant surface. Once irrigated, area would have to be re-tilled. Requires high control efficiencies (99%).
LAYOUT:
Tillage direction is determined by prevailing winds. Erosion control tillage ridges are formed at right angles to prevailing winds to maximize friction and velocity reduction. Soil conditions influence depth and spacing of tillage.
DESIGN POSSIBILITIES:
Tillage path and pattern.
HABITAT VALUE:
None. Tillage alone without water does not provide an ideal surface for birds or other wildlife.
COST:
Moderately inexpensive to install with low annual resource costs of water and maintenance.
PUBLIC TRUST GRADE
C+
COST GRADE:
A
SURVEYING TILLAGE AREA
TILLAGE WITH PULSE FLOODING
BIRDS-EYE VIEW
TILLAGE SECTION The section below shows the typical size and formation of tillage rows, which are spaced 1-2 feet apart.
TILLAGE PLAN Although tillage is currently in straight lines, rows may increase effectiveness as well as improve aesthetics. tilled row
wind direction
18-36” 12-24”
0
wind direction
Curved rows can reduce wind velocity
10’ 15-20’
1000’
Straight Path
30˚ Curved Path
(NTS)
USC Landscape Morphologies Lab //Lab Owens Lake Lake Research // Last// Modified 7/23/2012 USC Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research Last Modified 7/9/12
HYBRIDS BACMs come in many different elements, forms, and methods. “Basic BACMs” here deal with only one element (like water, gravel, vegetation, salt crust, earth). “Existing Hybrids” are combinations of Basic BACMs that are currently being tested for dust control use. “Other Hybrids” are combinations not currently being tested, but are interesting to consider.
BASIC BACMS
EXISTING HYBRIDS
KEY Items in black are existing BACMs Items in gray stripes are hybrids
*
Asterisk indicates potential BACM
OTHER HYBRIDS
SHALLOW FLOOD
HYBRID*
GRAVEL w/ SALT FLAT
GRAVEL
TILLAGE WITH PULSE FLOODING*
TILLAGE w/GRAVEL
MANAGED VEGETATION
SHALLOW FLOOD WITH BRINE*
MOAT & ROW w/ MANAGED VEG
TILLAGE*
SALT FLAT w/ TILLAGE
SALT FLAT*
MOAT & ROW w/ GRAVEL
MODIFIED MOAT & ROW*
MOAT & ROW w/ SALT FLAT
USC Landscape Morphologies // Owens Lake Research Last Modified 7/9/12 USC Landscape Morphologies Lab //Lab Owens Lake Research // Last//Modified 7/23/2012
PUBLIC TRUST ANALYSIS
12
Under the Common Law Public Trust Doctrine, Owens Lake is required to provide benefits to all people through recreation, commerce, open space, or other recognized public trust purposes. The areas most relevant to Owens Lake and its current BACMS are related to aesthetic potential, renewable energy potential, recreation, education, and habitat potential, each of which is given a numeric value below relative to other BACMs.
11
3
8
8
3
KEY AESTHETIC POTENTIAL Is it beautiful or does it have the potential to be through design?
5
RENEWABLE ENERGY / AGRICULTURE Can it be used with solar panels, or for grazing or mining? RECREATION POTENTIAL Can it be used for tourism, bird watching, sports activities, or other activities?
1
4
5 1
EDUCATION Is there potential to learn about the natural, scientific, or cultural values?
1
HABITAT Does it provide an ideal habitat for birds, insects, or other wildlife?
1
2
1
1
1
1
Numeric Values
1
No public trust value added or negative value
2
Little value
3
Some value
4
Ideal public trust value
MOAT & ROW
3
3
3
3
2
1
TILLAGE
2
3 1
1
GRAVEL
2
1
3
2
2
2
2
3
SALT FLAT
MANAGED VEGETATION
SHALLOW FLOOD
(hybrid) SHALLOW FLOOD, MANAGED VEG, GRAVEL
USC Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/9/12 Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012 USC
COST ANALYSIS
13.5
13
The total cost of each BACM over its lifetime is equal to its capital costs (cost of construction and other start up expenses), and the cost it takes to maintain each BACM. Maintenance costs include personnel, repairs and replacement parts, and resource costs such as water. Since these dust control projects may continue indefinitely, maintenance costs and effectiveness over time are important factors to consider.
11
2 3
Each factor is given a numeric value relative to other BACMs to show how it compares. 2
1 3
7
KEY CAPITAL COSTS Includes construction costs and other one-time set up expenses.
6
1
WATER COST Includes the price of water MAINTENANCE COSTS includes personnel and man hours required to maintain BACM
4
COSTS AFTER 10 YEARS Cumulative costs from capital, water, and maintenance over 10 years COSTS AFTER 20 YEARS Cumulative costs from capital, water, and maintenance over 20 years
Numeric Values
1
Does not cost anything
2
Minimally expensive
3
Moderately expensive
4
Extremely expensive
1.5
2
2 1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
3
3
2
2
2
2
3
MOAT & ROW
MANAGED VEGETATION
SHALLOW FLOOD
1 .5 SALT FLAT
TILLAGE
GRAVEL
HYBRID
Landscape Morphologies // Owens Research // Last Modified 7/9/12 USCUSC Landscape Morphologies Lab Lab // Owens LakeLake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012
PUBLIC TRUST/COST MATRIX HIGH PUBLIC TRUST
The diagram to the right positions all of the BACMs and several hybrid combinations on a matrix rating the relative values of public trust and cost.
shallow flood
managed veg w/moat & row managed vegetation
salt flat*
shallow flood w/brine*
LOW COST
moat & row w/ salt flat salt flat w/tillage
HIGH COST
From the matrix, it can be seen that hybrid is the highest cost and offers the highest public trust value, while salt flat is the lowest cost overall with moderate public trust values.
hybrid*
modified moat & row* tillage w/pulse flooding*
tillage*
tillage w/gravel
KEY
gravel w/salt flat
moat & row w/gravel
gravel
Items in black are approved BACMs Items in gray stripes are hybrids
*
Asterisk indicates potential BACM
LOW PUBLIC TRUST USC Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/9/12 USC Landscape Morphologies Lab // Owens Lake Research // Last Modified 7/23/2012