RESEARCH
RENNEKAMP | SANDHU | VOYNOVA | YOUNGER
CONTEXT
LOCATION
PROXIMITY
LOCATION
01_RESEARCH
ACCESS
COMMUTE
DESCRIPTION THIS SITE IS LOCATED IN EAST FRANKLINTON EXTENDING FROM W CHAPEL STREET TO THE EDGE OF THE SCIOTO RIVER.
DIMENSIONS WIDTH: 115 ft /(1*7+ IW
AREA IWð DFUHV
CONTEXT
DISTRICTS VICTORIAN VILLAGE
SHORT NORTH
RIVER EAST
RIVER SOUTH
$5($ PLO IWð
$5($ DFUHV
3238/$7,21
3238/$7,21
DOWNTOWN
BREWERY DISTRICT
$5($ DFUHV
$5($ DFUHV
3238/$7,21
PROXIMITY
NEIGHBORHOODS
UPTOWN DISTRICT DOWNTOWN
FRANKLINTON
3238/$7,21
LOWER SCIOTO GREENWAY
ARENA DISTRICT
GERMAN VILLAGE
$5($ DFUHV
$5($ DFUHV
$5($ DFUHV
3238/$7,21
3238/$7,21
3238/$7,21
GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS
SHORT NORTH
$5($ PLO IWð
3238/$7,21
1%
.8%
CAR
TATE
670
INTERS
15 MIN
10 MIN
ARTS AND INNOVATION NEIGHBORHOOD
WEST BROAD STREET NEIGHBORHOOD
$5($ DFUHV
SPRING
ST
LONG ST
5 MIN
$5($ DFUHV POPULATION: 412
$5($ DFUHV
VICTORIAN VILLAGE
3238/$7,21
$5($ DFUHV
DODGE PARK NEIGHBORHOOD
ROUTE
ROUTE
40
GERMAN VILLAGE
CONTEXT
BUILDING USE
40
1-2 MIN
3238/$7,21
INTERSTATE 71
DODGE PARK NEIGHBORHOOD
670
$5($ DFUHV
ARTS AND INNOVATION NEIGHBORHOOD
3238/$7,21
ATE ERST
INT
SITE
UPTOWN DISTRICT
BREWERY DISTRICT
2%
POPULATION: 24
LOWER SCIOTO GREENWAY
3238/$7,21
RIVER SOUTH
5%
ACCESS
WEST BROAD STREET NEIGHBORHOOD $5($ DFUHV
WAREOUSE DISTRICT
ARENA DISTRICT GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS
FRANKLINTON
9%
IMMEDIATE SITE SCALE
REGIONAL SITE SCALE
HIGHWAY 315
site + conditions
80% URBAN SITE SCALE
PROXIMITY
BUILDING USE
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
80% N
ACCESS
BIKE
PUBLIC BUILDINGS
OFFICE/ WAREHOUSE
OFFICE/ WAREHOUSE
COMMERCIAL/ RETAIL
COMMERCIAL/ RETAIL
RESIDENTIAL
RESIDENTIAL
GREEN SPACES
GREEN SPACES
HIGH ST
CONDITIONS:
SPRING
ST
20 MIN 15 MIN
BROAD ST
10 MIN SITE
5 MIN BIKE PATH
BROAD ST
MAIN ST
PARKING/ ABANDONED
CONTEXT
NEARBY ATTRACTIONS
PROXIMITY
.8%
N
SURROUNDING BUILDINGS
ACCESS
WALKING
BUILDINGS ON SITE 1 RESIDENCES
CONVENTION CENTER CLIPPERS STADIUM
2 WAREHOUSE
abandoned
3 BYERS CHEVOROLET
NATIONWIDE ARENA
4 RESIDENCES 5 ROW HOUSE
abandoned
MCFERSON COMMONS PARK CCAD CAMPUS
HANGER CLINIC 1
HOLY FAMILY CHURCH
GRAND
20 MIN
W
abandoned
15 MIN
VOLUNTEERS OF AMERICA BYERS BODY SHOP
3
SITE
COLUMBUS COMMONS
10 MIN
BIKE PATH
COSI 5 MIN
4
CMA
COSI
2%
N VILLAG
L
5
GERMA
MT CARME
SCIOTO MILE PARK
MARKET
OHIO STATEHOUSE
NORTH
JIMMY REA ELECTRONICS
2
VIE
BATTELE RIVERFRONT PARK CITY HALL
BOYS AND GIRLS CLUB
N
E
COMPLETE BRAKE SERVICE
CONTEXT
CONTOURS
+10 +8
+12
+20 -/+ 0
+16
CONTOURS
ACCESS
BUS
RIVER SOUTH
BUILDING HEIGHT
BUILDING HEIGHT
AVERAGE RANGE:
AVERAGE RANGE:
6725,(6
6725,(6
DOWNTOWN
BREWERY DISTRICT
BUILDING HEIGHT
BUILDING HEIGHT
AVERAGE RANGE:
AVERAGE RANGE:
6725,(6
6725,(6
ARENA DISTRICT
GERMAN VILLAGE
BUILDING HEIGHT
BUILDING HEIGHT
AVERAGE RANGE:
AVERAGE RANGE:
6725,(6
6725,(6
GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS
BUILDING HEIGHT
HIGH ST
FRANKLINTON
+12
PROXIMITY
¶ ¶ ¶ ¶
¶ ¶
¶ ¶
¶ ¶
¶ ¶
SITE TOPOGRAPHY SECTION 20 MIN
15 MIN BROAD ST
SHORT NORTH AVERAGE RANGE: 6725,(6
SITE
BUILDING HEIGHT AVERAGE RANGE:
10 MIN
6725,(6
5 MIN
BROAD ST
UPTOWN DISTRICT
+10
BUILDING HEIGHT
VICTORIAN VILLAGE
AVERAGE RANGE:
BUILDING HEIGHT
6725,(6
AVERAGE RANGE:
MAIN ST
5%
N
6725,(6
CONTEXT
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
PROXIMITY
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
ACCESS
LOCAL
OSU
SITE
OHIO STATE CAMPUS GRANDVIEW HEIGHTS BOAT HOUSE CONVENTION CENTER
CO GO
BUS
CSU
VETERAN’S MEMORIAL BUS
NATIONWIDE ARENA
COSI
CO GO
BUS
BUS
BUS
BUS
OHIO STATEHOUSE
IDEA FOUNDRY
BUS
N
EAST FRANKLINTON BICENTENNIAL PARK
DODGE PARK
BUS
CO GO
WEST FRANKLINTON
CO GO
BUS BUS
DAYTON
BUS
CO GO
BUS
DISCOVERY BUS
E
N VILLAG
GERMA
BUS
BUS
94
N
SITE + CONDITIONS
DOCUMENTATION
(UN) NATURAL
AERIAL PERSPECTIVE
SITE + CONDITIONS
DOCUMENTATION: site drawing
NATURAL
end of site
SOIL CONDITIONS
REGIONAL WATERWAYS FRANKLIN COUNTY WATERSHEDS AROUND THE STE INCLUDE SCIOTO AND OLENTANGY RIVERS, ALUM AND BIG WALNUT CREEK
TYPICAL SOIL CONDITIONS OF THE SITE REGION INCLUDE MOSTLY GLACIATED SOILS WHICH CONSIST OF BEDROCK FORMATIONS WITH A MIX OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK
UNNATURAL WATERBED
UTILITIES
ANNUAL MINIMAL SOIL DEPTH TO WATER TABLE ON THE SITE IS 0-10 IN FROM THE SURFACE
COLUMBUS AVERAGE ELECTRICITY RATE IS 15.15% GREATER THAN THE OHIO AVERATE RATE OF 9.6KWH COLUMBUS AVERAGE ELECTRICITY RATE IS 12.29% GREATER THAN THE NATIONAL AVERAGE OF 10.09 KWH
(UN) NATURAL
SOIL CONDITIONS
DOCUMENTATION
VANTAGE POINTS
MISSISSIPIAN SANDSTONE
UNCONSOLIDATED MATERIAL
GRAVEL
CLAY & SAND
DEVONIAN&MISSISIPIAN SHALEROCK
CLAY & SAND
LIMESTONE DOLOMITE BEDROCK
THE SITE
SCIOTO RIVER
GENERALIZED CROSS SECTION OF GEOLOGICAL SOIL CONDITIONS
REGIONAL WATERWAYS
(UN) NATURAL
DOCUMENTATION
SITE SECTIONS
Major waterways
Minor waterways
Metropolitan area
SECTION C The site 15’
A
B
B
W. GAY ST.
A
Roads
SITE
2,170’
Small creeks
SECTION D
(UN) NATURAL
SITE WATERTABLE
DOCUMENTATION
SITE SECTIONS
10-20 in
2004 Flood Wall
SECTION A
60’
BROAD ST.
0-10 in from the surface
The Site
30’
UTILITIES
DOCUMENTATION
ART DISTRICT
SHEPHERD ST.
SECTION B
(UN) NATURAL
High Voltage
C
Medium Voltage
C
3
4
22’
The Site
CULBERTSON ST.
Low Voltage
Sewage holes 4
DOCUMENTATION
D
THE NEIGHBORHOOD
D
UNDERGROUND SEWAGE TUNNEL SCHEDULED TO BE COMPLETED BY 2017
40’
W. STATE ST.
The site
48’
UNDERGROUND SEWAGE
W. STATE ST.
(UN) NATURAL
Underground sewer lines
OARS Deep Sewer Tunnel
ST.
COLUMBUS UNDERGROUND STORM SEWER TUNNEL IS THE LARGEST PUBLIC WORKS PROJECT IN THE CITY’S HISTORY. THE 4 MILE LONG STORM SEWER TUNNEL IS 175 UNDER THE CITY IS TO BE COMPLETED BY 2017
20’
WEST ELEVATION
SITE [out to out]
145’
SITE PLAN
ST.
end of site
22’
EAST ELEVATION
95
ANGUS | SABULA | SCHIERING
ZONING
DISTRICTS
ZONING
RETAIL
01_RESEARCH
OCCUPANCY
TYPE
Permitted Not Permitted
R-2: Multi-Dwelling Unit
A-1:Performing Arts or Motion Pictures
M: Mercantile
A-2: Restaurants
B: Business
Arts & Innovation
R-3: One & Two Dwelling Unit
Ground Floor Commerical Use
CONDITIONS: regulations
R-4: Assisted Living
ZONING
BUILDING HEIGHTS
ZONING
OTHER
R-2, R-3, R-4
1 HR EXT.
Permitted 60’ maximum
F-2: Industrial, Low Hazard
A-3: Buildings of Worship
OCCUPANCY
2 HR
3 HR
Not Permitted
35’ maximum
Double Dwelling Unit:
Single Dwelling Unit:
1 HR EXT.
1 HR EXT.
2 HR
Allowable Building Height
2 HR
1 HR EXT.
ZONING
RESIDENTIAL
ZONING
ATHLETIC FACILITES
2 HR
=500-1000
OCCUPANCY
MIXED
Permitted ermitted
Not Permitted
2 HR (R)
2 HR
1 HR EXT.
2 HR
3 HR
+
3 HR
ZONING
EDUCATIONAL
ZONING
PARKING
=500-1000
2 HR
1 HR EXT.
OCCUPANCY
A-1, A-2, A-3
Permitted ermitted
Not Permitted
1 HR EXT.
3 HR
2 HR
1 HR EXT.
3 HR
2 HR
1 HR EXT.
3 HR
2 HR
=500-1000
Structured Parking Garages
ZONING
EATING & DRINKING ESTABLISHMENTS
ZONING
CULTURAL
=500-1000
OCCUPANCY
B, M, F-2
Permitted Permitted
1 HR EXT.
Not Permitted
2 HR EXT. > 5’
3 HR
1 HR EXT. <5’
2 HR
3 HR
=500-1000
2 HR
Murals, Non Commercial
2 HR EXT.
ZONING
LODGING
ZONING
OTHER
2 HR
2 HR
=500-1000
OCCUPANCY
MIXED
Permitted Permitted
2 HR (R)
Not Permitted
2 HR
+ 1 HR EXT.
3 HR
96
=500-1000
3 HR
REGULATIONS
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
TYPE I-A
ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS
REGULATIONS LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS PARKING
GENERAL MEDIAN AGEEGRESS LEVELS
60” MIN 60” MIN
Type I-A
Clear Ground Clear GroundSpace Space
3 Hour exterior wall 3 Hour structural frame 2 Hour floor and ceiling 1 1/2 Hour roof
Clear floor and ground space shall be permitted to include knee and toe clearance.
UNLTD
Most commonly used in high rise construction ( >75ft )
Wheelchair Turning Wheelchair TurningSpace Space The space shall be permitted to include clearance only at the end knee and toe clearance. of either the base or one arm.
48” 48”MIN. MIN
36” MIN
arm
arm 60” MIN
24” MIN
Minimum Required Mean of Egress
Diagonal Rule for Exit Remoteness
The occupant load of each story is considered individually and determines means of egress per floor.
The minimum distance of exits serving the same room or area is required to be half the diagonal length of the long side of the room.
room or area
al on diag
base
Unlimited Area/Story
= ce an al st di on ag um di im of in 2 m 1/
36” MIN 12” MIN
30” MIN 30” MIN.
Vehicle Parking Vehicle ParkingSpaces Spaces
Bench Support Bench SupportDimensions Dimensions
18” MIN
Non-combustible
96” MIN
2.5” MAX
(a)
van
Passenger loading zones shall provide access aisles adjacent to the vehicle pull-up space. Access aisles shall adjoin an accessible route and shall not overlap the vehicular way.
Unlimited Stories/Height
The separating construction shall have a minimum 1-hour fire resistance rating.
Capacity of Egress System with Floors Above and Below Converge
full length of vehicle pull-up
full length of vehicle pull-up
60” MIN
60” MIN
curb line
curb line
(b)
Figure 903.4 Bench Back Support
Figure 502.2 Vehicle Parking Spaces
Passenger Loading Passenger LoadingZone Zone Access Access
Protection of Exit Access Corridors
The capacity of exit stairs is also determinate on the building occupancy type.
132” MIN 60” 60”MIN min
car
Capacity of Exit Stairs Serving Multiple Floors
2” MAX
The bench shall provide for back support or shall be affixed to a wall. Back minimum support shall be 42 inches long minimum. and shall extend from a point 2 inches maximum above the seat surface.
Car parking spaces shall be 96 inches wide minimum and van parking spaces shall be 132 inches wide minimum.
UNLTD
12” MIN
Figure 304.3.2 T-Shaped Turning Space
Dead End Corridors
Convergence from floors above and below requires the accumulation of required egress capacity.
area to be marked
area to be marked
General rule is a dead end corridor must be no greater than 20 feet in length.
Figure 503.3 Passenger Loading Zone Access Aisle
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
TYPE I-B
ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS REGULATIONS
LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS REGULATIONS
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS RAMPS ACCESSIBILITY
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS DOORS & CORRIDORS
surface of ramp
Handrail Mounting Handrail MountingHeight Height
Type I-B
Ramp Slope Ramp Slope
surfaces, stair nosing's, and ramp surfaces.
UNLTD
Most commonly used in “R” occupancy type and Mid-Rise construction
34”-38”
(b) ramps
(a) stairs
Ramp slope is determinate on the ramp and horizontal projection of the ramp. shall not exceed a 1:20 slope.
in
mm
ft
m
1:12 to < 1:16 30 1:16 to < 1:20 30
760 760
30 40
9 12
rise
level landing rise
surface of ramp level landing
level landing surface of ramp
level landing
12” MIN
Handrial Extensions
horizontal projection or run
Door Clearances
horizontal projection or run
Handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing Extensions for 12 inches minimum. Handrial
Door Swing Standard Clearances 60” MIN
Ramp Landings Ramp Landings
At the top of a stair flight or ramp, handrails shall extend horizontally above the landing for 12 inches minimum beginning directly above the first riser or incline.
Non-combustible
Allowable Door Swing at Stair Door leaf opening directly at the top of a stair but not swinging over the stair.
Exit door-opening width (32” minimum) and corridor width relationships.
(c) walking surfaces
Figure 505.4 Handrail Height
Handrails shall be at a consistent height above the walking surfaces.
Unlimited Area/Story
34”-38”
34”-38”
Door & Corridor Egress Standards
maximum rise maximum horizontal projection slope
Handrails shall be at a consistent height Top of gripping surfaces of handrails above shall bethe 34walking inches surfaces minimumand andcomply 38 to thesemaximum minimumvertical mounting heights. inches above walking
2 Hour exterior wall 2 Hour structural frame 2 Hour floor/ceiling separation 1 Hour roof
Figure 505.10.2 Top Handrail Extension12” at Stairs MIN
landing
The landing clear width shall be at least as wide as the widest ramp run leading to the landing.
12” MIN
Projections of not more than 4 inches into the door on the hinge side shall not be considered reductions in clear width.
60” MIN
ramp run
Minimum door swing clearances in a corridor with desired egress.
landing
at least as wide as ramp run (a) straight
Figure 505.10.1 Top and Bottom Handrail Extension at Ramps
60” MIN
60” MIN 60” MIN (a) straight
60” MIN
Max Height
Handrail Non-Circular Cross Handrail Non-Circular Cross Section Section
landing
4”-6.25” perimeter
ramp run
landing
(a)
Door Width in Private Dwelling
ramp run
LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS REGULATIONS
48” min
(i) latch approach, pull side, door provided with closer
48” min
with both closer and latch (f) latch approach, push side, 48” min bo c ose a d a c door provided with closer
Stairway Floor Re-Entry re-entry point
Two sliding door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
Various door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
re-entry point
48” min
min
(b)
Headroom Clearance Measurements
(b)
48” min
s
48” min
s
(j) latch approach, push side
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS STAIRS
Minimum Required Unobstructed Clearance
(c)
re-entry point
Various door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
Figure 404.2.6
(k) (c) hinge approach, pushFigure side404.2.6
Exit Passageways with Fire Resistant Enclosure
24” min
60” min
Two doorways without doors approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
24” min
(a) pocket or hinge approach
Various recessed door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
Minimum Two doorways doorways without without doors doors approach acceptable maneuvering clearances. scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
42” min
48” min
22” min
ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS
MEDIAN AGEKITCHEN LEVELS
Where aobstructed high forward is over an Forward andreach unobstructed obstruction, the and cleartheir floorrespective space shall reach scenarios extend beneath the element for a minimum clearances. distance not less than the required reach depth over the obstruction.
15” min
Obstructed Reach Obstructed Reach
In pass through 40 inches Minimum kitchenkitchens clearances based on minimum required. layout andclearance circulationisof space. In U-shaped kitchens 60 inches minimum clearance is required.
4th floor
Assumed Natural Paths of Travel & Handrail Locations
If an opening is located within 10 feet of an exterior stair it must be protected with a 1 hour fire resistance fire rating.
(a)Figure>20”-25” 308.2.1 max Unobstructed Forward Reach 48” max
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS STAIRS
Outside Stair Opening Clearance
20” max
Where forward reach is unobstructed, the high forward reach shall be 48 inches maximum and the low forward reach shall be 15 inches minimum above finish floor or ground.
sq ft/Story
(d)
LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS REGULATIONS
48” max
Kitchen KitchenClearances Clearances
24,000
Known as “Ordinary” construction and is commonly used in small office and urban buildings
(c)
(b) side approach
Handrails are required to for each assumed natural path of travel.
Curved Stair Clearances
44” max
TYPE III-A
Type III-A 2 Hour exterior wall 1 Hour structural frame 1 Hour floor and ceiling and roof
(b)
1st floor (a) front approach
(c) Figure 404.2.6 Doors in Series and Gates in Series (k) hinge approach, push side
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
(a)
42” min
Maneuvering Clearances at at Maneuvering Clearances Doorways without Doors Doorways without Doors
Curved stair tread width must be 11 inches minimum.
40” min
Knee Clearance Knee Clearance
65’ 4
Max Height
4 Stories Max
(a) elevation
Figure 308.2.1 Unobstructed Forward Reach
Where forward reach is unobstructed, the high forward reach shall be 48 inches maximum and the low forward reach shall be 15 inches minimum above finish floor or ground.
Toe Clearance shall be 30 inches wide Toe Clearance shall be 30 inches wide minimum and 9 inches high minimum. minimum and 9 inches high minimum.
60” min
(b)
(a) elevation
u-shaped kitchen Figure 308.2.2 Obstructed High Forward Reach
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
TYPE IV
REGULATIONS ACCESSIBILITY
Spiral Stair Tread Dimensional Criteria The number of occupants permitted to use a spiral stair depends on how much egress width is provided.
(b) plan
Toe Clearance Toe Clearance
4 Stories Max
Stairways with Unprotected Exterior Perimeter If a stair is adjacent to a wall(s), then the wall(s) must have fire resistance protection.
Knee clearance shall be 30 inches wide Knee clearance shall be 30 inches wide minimum and 27 inches high minimum. minimum and 27 inches high minimum.
Where a high forward reach is over an obstruction, the clear floor space shall extend beneath the element for a distance not less than the required reach depth over the obstruction.
Non-combustible
(c)
(b)
(a) pass through kitchen
Obstructed Reach
Combustible
building elevation
Smokeproof Stair Enclosures
(b) stop or latch approach
clearances.
48” min
(j) latch approach, push side (b)
48” min
54” min
(c) Minimum sliding door acceptable push side, door provided Two sliding door approach scenarios and maneuvering clearances. with both closer and latch the minimum acceptable maneuvering
(b) push side
48” min
(i) latch approach, (a)pull side, door provided with closer
The distance between two hinged or pivoted doors in series shall be 48 inches minimum plus the width of doors or gates swinging into that space.
22” min
(h) hinge approach, pull side
24” min
42” min
48” min
48” min
(g) front approach, push side, door provided with both closer and latch (a) pull side
Maneuvering Clearances at Doors in Series
4 Stories Max
Maneuvering Clearances at at Maneuvering Clearances Sliding Doors Sliding Doors
x>8”
Various recessed door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
55’ 4
Max Height
12” min x>8”
36” min
x>8”
18 min
42” min
Non-combustible
12” min
60” min
Maneuvering Clearances at Recessed Doors
48” min
n
door provided with closer
24” min
(a) (a)
The distance between two hinged or pivoted doors in series shall be 48 inches minimum.
48” min
60” min
48” min
36” min
48” min 22”
12” min x>8”
(c) push side, door provided
(b) push side
(e) hinge approach, pull side 48” min
54” min
48” min
54” min
24” min 42” min
(g) (h) front approach,(e) push side, door hinge approach, pull side (f) pull side latch approach, push side, provided hinge withapproach, both closer and latch
(a) pull side
(d) latch approach, pull side
Maneuvering Clearances at 24” min 24” min Doors in Series
48” min
sq ft/Story
(c) hinge approach, push side, door provided with both closer and latch
24” min
42” min
x>8”
Minimum recessed door acceptable maneuvering clearances.
(b) front approach, push side
(d) latch approach, pull side
(c) hinge approach, push side, door provided with both closer and latch
x>8”
18 min
24” min
42” min
48” min
(b) front approach, push side
(a) 22” min front approach, pull side
12” min
Maneuvering 22” min Clearances at Recessed Doors
42” min
48” min
(a) front approach, pull side
Variousdoor doorapproach approachscenarios scenariosand andthe the Various minimumacceptable acceptablemaneuvering maneuvering minimum clearances. clearances.
16,000
48” min
18” min
60” min
60” min
No fire resistance
48” min
DOORS MEDIAN AGE LEVELS
18” min
Recommended arrangement of vestibule leading to screen door assembly.
Dwelling unit door and bathroom door minimal clearances.
(b) (b) change in direction change in direction Figure 405.7 Ramp Landings
ACCESSIBILITY REGULATIONS Maneuvering Clearances Clearances at Maneuvering at Doors Doors
Most common in commercial buildings
Vestibule Door Swing
60” MIN landing 60” MIN
ramp run
(a) straight
(b)
60” min
TYPE II-B
Type II-B
ramp run landing
2.25” MAX
Figure 505.7.2 Handrail Non-Circular Cross Section
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
ramp run
at least as wide as ramp run 2.25” MAX
Dimensions of handrail gripping surfaces Handrail gripping surfaces with a with non-circular cross sections. non-circular cross section shall have a perimeter dimensions of 4 inches minimum and 6 1/4 inches maximum.
11 Stories Max
54” min 48” min
160’ 11
11 Stories Max
(b) plan
BATHROOM MEDIAN AGE LEVELS
Maximum Width without Centered Handrail
Acceptable & Unacceptable Handrail Shapes
A maximum total of 60 inches wide is permitted without requiring a central handrail.
This graphic illustrates acceptable, unacceptable and marginal handrail shapes and sizes.
LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS REGULATIONS
FIRE & SMOKE MEDIAN AGE LEVELS
54” min MIN.
Side Wall Wall Grab GrabBar BaratatWater Water Closets Closets
Size of of Clearance ClearanceatatWater Water Closets Closets
Type IV 2 Hour exterior wall 1 Hour structural frame “Mill” floor, ceiling and roof
Thefixture required clearance around thegrab water No or obstructions, except closetshall shallbebelocated permitted to overlap the bars within the required closet,clearance. associated grab bars, etc. water closet and no fixture or obstructions shall be located within the required water closet clearance.
20,500
Also known as “Heavy Timber” construction.
56” MIN.
min 12” MAX.
Atrium Smoke Atrium SmokeControl Control
Various doorlines approach scenarios andof the The colored designate a variety minimum acceptable maneuvering clearfire barriers. ances
Two sliding door Smoke control in approach an atrium scenarios will requireand thearea minimum acceptable maneuvering an for exhaust. clearances.
60” MIN. min
sq ft/Story
Must have no concealed spaces in floor/ceiling.
Typical Fire Typical FireBarrier Barrier min 42” MIN.
The side wall grab bar shall be 42 inches long minimum comply to these minimum,and located 12 inches minimum heights. maximummounting from the rear wall and extending 54 inches minimum from the rear wall. Side Wall Grab Bar
Water Closet Clearance
min 36” MIN. CL
Water Closet Location Water Closet Location The water closet shall be positioned with The water closet shall positioned with a wall or partition to theberear and to one a wall The or partition to the rearwater and to one side. centerline of the closet side. shall be 16 inches minimum and 18 inches maximum from the side wall or partition.
Heavy Timber
16”-18”
(b)
Typical Penetrations aa Typical Penetrationsofof Smoke Barrier Smoke Barrier
min 12” MIN.
CL
Smoke Control Zone Arrangement
The rear wall grab bar shall be 36 inches The rear wall grab bar shall be 36 inches long minimum and comply to these long minimum and extend from the minimum mounting heights. centerline of the water closet 12 inches minimum on one side and 24 inches minimum on the other side.
17”-19”
(a)
24” MIN. min
Rear Wall Grab GrabBar BaratatWater Water Rear Wall Closets Closets
CL
Various recessed door approach scenarios and the minimum acceptable
Non-combustible
(b)
13.5” min
Dispenser Outlet Location Dispenser Outlet Location
4 Stories Max
TYPE V-A
48” min
ManeuveringClearances Clearances Maneuvering in in an an Alcove Alcove
Commonly used in newer apartment buildings
12,000
Minimum parking Alcove shall be 36 clearances inches minimum for determinate on orientation of be 60 forward approach. Alcove shall approach. inches minimum for parallel approach.
Where the accessible route makes a 190 degree turn around an elements which is 60 inches minimum the clear width shall be 36 inches minimum.
VisibleSign SignMounting Mounting Visible Height Height
sq ft/Story
Also known as “Protected wood frame”
42” MIN. 42” min
60” min
Multiple sprinkler placement options exist Two doorways doors approach which allow for without lower rated assemblies. scenarios and the minimum acceptable maneuvering clearances.
MEDIAN AGE LEVELS EXITS
Exit Windows in Fire Stair Exit windows shall be arranged and maintained so as to be easily opened.
Options of egress for central exit stairs with their respective suggested pathways of travel.
Figure 305.7.2 Figure 305.7.1 ring Clearance in an Alcove, Parallel Ap g CL C L Clearance in an Alcove, Forwa 2.5” min
2.5” min
Visible signal fixtures shall be centered at 72 inches abovebethe finish Visible signalminimum fixtures shall cenfloor teredoratground. 72 inches minimum above
42” 42”MIN. min
(a) 180(a) Turn 180 turn
36” min
Corridor Sprinkler Placement Corridor Sprinkler Placement Locations Locations
LIFE SAFETY & EGRESS REGULATIONS Exit Passageway for Exit Stair
x>15”
48” MIN.
Multiple route conditions andmakes the a 180 Where the accessible route minimum clearances wheelchair degree turn around anforelement which is maneuvering. 48 inches minimum the clear width shall be 42 inches minimum.
1 Hour exterior wall 1 Hour structural frame 1 Hour floor, ceiling and roof
(e)
CORRIDORS & AGE ELEVATORS MEDIAN LEVELS
Accessible RouteClear ClearWidth Width Accessible Route
Type V-A
7”-9”
REGULATIONS ACCESSIBILITY
Two doorways without doors approach scenarios and minimum acceptable Suggested andthe preferred locations for maneuvering smoke alarms.clearances.
(d) smoke zone
(b) stall type
x>24”
CONSTRUCTION TYPES
(a) wall hung type
(c)
Maximum Permitted Distance of Exit Sign
CL 72” min
4 Stories Max
Zoned smoke control under which a building can be divided into a number of smoke control zones.
CL
Dispenser mounting height shall be 15 inches minimum, 48 inches maximum Dispenser mounting height shall be 15 above finish floor or ground. inches minimum, 48 inches maximum above finish floor or ground.
17” max
48” max
Urinals shall be the stall-type or the Urinals shall be the stall-type or the wall-hung type with the rim 17 inches wall-hung type and comply to these maximum above the finish floor or clearances. ground.
15” min
13.5” min
Height and Height andDepth DepthofofUrinals Urinals
4
Required Smoke Alarm PlacementSmoke Locations Required Alarm Placement Locations
smoke zone
Rear Wall Grab Bar
Max Height
Two doorways doors approach Penetrations atwithout a smoke barrier are scenarios however and the minimum acceptable permitted only to serve a maneuvering clearances. necessary purpose.
smoke zone (a)
Smoke Control Zone maneuvering clearances. Arrangement
Maximum permitted distance of sign edge above and to the side of egress opening.
the finish floor or ground.
Exit Windows 60” min
24” max
60” MIN.
24” max
Elevator Car Dimensions
48” min
Escape window minimum opening dimensions.
36” min
32” min
32” min
36” min
Door location dependent, minimum elevator carCar dimensions and Elevator Dimensions clearances. Door location dependent, minimum elevator car dimensions and clearances.
Location of Exit Signs (a) centered door
(b) side (off-centered) door
Tactile signage shall be located at each exit door requiring an exit sign. (a)
Combustible
3
3 Stories Max
(b)
Figure(c) 403.5.1 straight(b) corridor Clear Width straight of an Accessible Route corridor
Max Height
36” 36”MIN. max
36”max MIN. 36”
(b) 180 Turn Exception (c) any door location
(d) any door location
(c)
97
ELAND | LINDSEY | ROMAN
CLIMATE
CLIMATE ZONE
EARTH
SOIL
01_RESEARCH
ENERGY
OHIO
CRUDE OIL 5.6% NUCLEAR 11.0%
BIOFUELS 4.9% NATURAL GAS 38.3% OTHER RENEWABLES 5.2%
GLACIATED UNGLACIATED
COAL 35.1%
CONDITIONS: sustainability
CLIMATE ZONE 1 CLIMATE ZONE 2
UNITED STATES CLIMATE ZONE COLUMBUS IS IN ZONE 2
CLIMATE ZONE 3 CLIMATE ZONE 4
VEGETATIVE ROOF
CLIMATE ZONE 5
CLIMATE
TEMPERATURE
EARTH
NATIVE PLANTS
ENERGY
ORIENTATION
COL TREES
SETBACK ZONES FROM PASSIVE SOLAR STRUCTURE
FLOWERS
GRASS
NEW ENGLAND ASTER (Aster Novae-Angliae)
SWITCHGRASS (Panicum Virgatum)
85
DEC NOV
40 52
65
23
FEB
36
26
35
OCT
JAN
Larger windows should be oriented to face south to take advantage of natural lighting and heating.
40
20 23
44
A
20.5
MAR
51
32
B 86.5
77
SEP
41
56
63
52
APR
USA
RED MAPLE (Acer Rubrum)
COLUMBUS VS US ANNUAL HIGH TEMPERATURE (F)
63 84
COL
73
60
64
C
Without correctly sized south facing windows, the sun will almost never directly enter the building.
A
B
C
13 feet no structures of any type
10 feet small structures permitted
31 feet one story permitted
MAY
AUG
23 81
85
Windows facing away from the sun should be minimal to prevent heat loss.
JUN
JUL
20.5
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY HIGH AND LOW TEMPERATURE (F)
USA OHIO BUCKEYE (Aesculus Glabra)
COLUMBUS VS US ANNUAL TEMPERATURE (F)
CLIMATE
PERCIPITATION
BEE BALM (Monarda Didyma)
BIG BLUESTREAM (Andropogon Gerardii)
EARTH
INVASIVE SPECIES
Large north facing windows allow significant heat to escape without contributing to its replacement.
ENERGY
PASSIVE HEATING
COL JAN
DEC
39â&#x20AC;?
FEB 3â&#x20AC;?
MAR 3â&#x20AC;?
3â&#x20AC;?
3â&#x20AC;?
USA
APR
4â&#x20AC;?
4â&#x20AC;? 5â&#x20AC;?
WIN TE R
30â&#x20AC;?
2â&#x20AC;?
2â&#x20AC;?
SEP
WIN TE R
ER
3â&#x20AC;? 3â&#x20AC;?
ER SUMM
SUMM
NOV
OCT
JAPANESE HONEYSUCKLE (Lonicera Dioica)
COLUMBUS VS US ANNUAL RAINFALL (INCHES)
4â&#x20AC;?
JAPANESE KNOTWEED (Polygonum Cuspidatum)
AUTUMN-OLIVE (Elaeagnus Umbellata)
Sun shading should overhang all southern facing windows far enough that summer sun is prevented from entering the building, but remain shallow enough to admit winter sun.
Less shading overhang will allow more solar gain. Though desirable in winter, it will quickly overheat the building as the external temperature rises in the summer months.
COL MAY
139
ER SUMM
AUG JUN JUL
WIN TE R
100
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY RAINFALL (INCHES)
USA BUCKTHORNS (Rhamnus Frangula)
COLUMBUS VS US ANNUAL RAINFALL (DAYS)
CLIMATE
SNOWFALL
PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE (Lythrum Salicaria)
EARTH
COMMON REED (Phragmites Australis)
SHADING STRATEGIES
More shading overhang will allow less solar gain. Though desirable in summer, there will not be nearly as much solar radiation available to heat the building when winter arrives.
A trombe wall system allows a small pocket of air to be heated behind glass. It can circulate through the space from there, but also heats the thermal mass of the trombe wall. A shading overhang should help protect the trombe wall system from overheating the building in summer heat.
ENERGY
PASSIVE COOLING
COL 24.8â&#x20AC;?
JAN
DEC FEB 25â&#x20AC;?
USA 5.1â&#x20AC;?
NOV
9.5â&#x20AC;? 6.3â&#x20AC;?
.9â&#x20AC;?
OCT
)UXLW WUHHV SURYLGH D VSULQJ Ă&#x20AC;RZHU display and an autumn harvest.
COLUMBUS VS US ANNUAL SNOWFALL (INCHES)
MAR
(YHUJUHHQ VFUHHQ RQ HDVW RU ZHVW VLGH SURYLGHV SURWHFWLRQ IURP ZLQWHU ZLQGV DQG DFWV DV D SULYDF\ VFUHHQ
6SULQJ Ă&#x20AC;RZHULQJ WUHH XVHG DV DFFHQW LQ landscape.
4.4â&#x20AC;?
Cross ventilation is most effective when air is forced to move diagonally in both plan and section. Wind walls at the entry and exit points should be at least half the width of the opening.
Blocking the flow of air through a ventillated space will form eddies on the windward side and create stagnation on the leeward side of the division.
Stack effect ventilation works most efficiently when entry and exit points are of equal size and air chimney is at least 11â&#x20AC;&#x2122; high. Air movement through an atrium provides circulation in auxiliary spaces.
Placing ventilation on openings that do not face towards the prevailing winds will prevent enough air from entering to cool the space, even if the interior system is designed correctly.
JAN
DEC
1.1â&#x20AC;? APR SEP AUG MAY JUL JUN
FEB NOV 25 27
15
OCT
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY SNOWFALL (INCHES)
5
MAR
25 20
SEP 7 APR AUG JUL JUN MAY COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY FROST (DAYS)
CLIMATE
SOLAR
Street trees provide shade and cover IRU SDYHG VXUIDFHV UHGXFLQJ UXQRá&#x201A;&#x2021; DQG UHĂ&#x20AC;HFWHG KHDW 6WUHHW WUHHV DOVR LPSURYH WKH curb appeal of a neighborhood, increasing real estate values by 5% to 20%
7UHHV SURYLGH KDELWDW IRU ZLOGOLIH
Deciduous trees planted on south and ZHVW VLGHV SURYLGH VKDGH DQG FDQ ORZHU DLU FRQGLWLRQLQJ FRVW E\ WR
EARTH
VEGETATIVE ROOF
Air may circulate differently through a space based on conditions which impact its path at the entry point.
ENERGY
SOLAR
COL JAN
DEC
65
64
NOV
5.6
FEB
63
36
60
35
Extensive Vegetation
40
37
Litetop Soil
4.3
OCT
MAR
54
47
46
SEP
60
27
NOV
DEC JAN 26.6 30.2
29.9 68
OCT
MAY
VEGETATIVE ROOF IDEAL PV PANEL PLACEMENT
to maximize efficiency in both summer and winter sun conditions for latitude 40oN: Columbus, Ohio
Styrofoam
FEB
Root Stop
39.5 50.4
39
MAR
+\GURĂ&#x20AC;H[ Monolithic Membrane
70
73
SEP
50.5
JUN
JUL
Moisture Mat Hydrodrain
30
70
AUG
South
Gradient Drain
APR
32
30
System Filter
USA COLUMBUS VS US UV INDEX
40
35 65
62
62
70.3
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY SUNNY VS CLOUDY (PERCENT)
APR
Surface Conditioner Substrate
70.3
AUG
MAY
73.4
JUL
JUN
EXTENSIVE VEGETATIVE ROOF
VEGETATIVE ROOF
12,996 kWh = 10,830 LIGHTS DAILY = 100 LIGHTS
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY SUN ALTITUDE
CLIMATE
AIR QUALITY
EARTH
URBAN FARM
ENERGY
GEOTHERMAL
COL
JAN
DEC
AGRICULTURAL LAND USES IN COLUMBUS
3â&#x20AC;?
Apartment Residential
FEB
NOV
3â&#x20AC;? 70
OCT
Commercial
71
62
60
52
APR
54 51
URBAN FARM
COL
53
AUG
MAY JUL
USA COLUMBUS VS US COMFOR INDEX
56
51
ES 7.449 ACR
53
SEP
MAR
67
CLOSED LOOP, HORIZONTAL
CLOSED LOOP, VERTICAL
CLOSED LOOP, POND
OPEN LOOP
3â&#x20AC;?
JUN 3â&#x20AC;?
COLUMBUS AVERAGE MONTHLY HUMIDITY USA COLUMBUS VS US AQI
98
AQUAPONIC FARM
URBAN FARM
SUSTAINABILITY
LIFESTYLE
PERSONALITIES
SUSTAINABILITY
MATERIALS: embodied energy
WATER
COLUMBUS WATER FACTS IN AN AVERAGE DAY, 138 MILLION GALLONS OF WATER IS PUMPED THROUGHOUT THE CITY OF COLUMBUS,
XPS
WITH AN AVERAGE USAGE OF 122 GALLONS PER PERSON.
GYP MAP OF COLUMBUS
FILOSOPHER
FITNESS FANATIC
FACTORY HAND
LIFESTYLE
RIDES A BIKE
FORAGER
FARMER
FITNESS FANATIC
USES EXERCISE CHARGING STATIONS
SUSTAINABILITY
MATERIALS: sourcing
15.4 GALLONS FUEL 354 LB CO2
4.4 GALLONS FUEL 98.6 LB CO2
1667 GALLONS FUEL 37,340 LB CO2
SOURCED FROM COLUMBUS TRANSPORT: SEMI TRUCK
SOURCED FROM OHIO TRANSPORT: TRAIN / TRUCK
SOURCED FROM THE MIDWEST TRANSPORT: TRAIN / RIVER BOAT
WATER
WATERSHEDS
SHOPS LOCAL
OHIO RIVER BASIN
REUSABLE WATER BOTTLE
FAST SHOWERS
TAKES THE STAIRS
LIFESTYLE
FORAGER
MISSISSIPPI RIVER BASIN
SCIOTO RIVER WATERSHED
SUSTAINABILITY
MATERIALS: doâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s & donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ts
WATER
FLOOD ZONE
FLOOD WALL SITE SCIOTO RIVER
SOLAR PANELS
PERMEABLE PAVERS
ELECTRIC CAR
UPCYCLES
LIFESTYLE
COOL METAL ROOFING
AVOID: ARSENIC & CREOSOTE
AVOID: COPPER ROOF
AVOID: POLYSTYRENE
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ALTERNATIVE: BAMBOO
ALTERNATIVE: CLAY ROOF TILES
ALTERNATIVE: ROCK WOOL
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GREY WATER SYSTEM
FACTORY HAND
SUSTAINABILITY
FLOOD ZONE FLOOD ZONE
MATERIALS: doâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s & donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;ts
SITE FLOOD MAP
WATER
WATER USAGE
FAUCET
A bathroom faucet runs at 2 gallons per minute. Eco-friendly option: Low Flow Faucet
LIGHT COLORED ROOF
DOESNâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;T USE BOTTLED WATER
TAKES PUBLIC TRANSPORTATION
AVOID: POLYVINYL CHLORIDE
AVOID: VOCâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S
AVOID: LEAD
39& SLSLQJ
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LAUNDRY
TOILET
A washing machine can use 40 gallons for a full load of laundry. (FR IULHQGO\ RSWLRQ +LJK (á&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQF\ Washer
BUILDS OWN FURNITURE
REUSABLE BAGS
LIFESTYLE
HANG DRY CLOTHES
FILOSOPHER
ALTERNATIVE: POLYPROPYLENE
ALTERNATIVE: STUCCO
ALTERNATIVE: RECYCLED STEEL
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SUSTAINABILITY
MATERIALS: UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWDQFH
HOT SRI=0
USES HAND TOWELS
OTHER
Standard toilets use 1.6 gallons per Ã&#x20AC;XVK ZKLOH ROGHU WRLOHWV FDQ XVH WR JDOORQV SHU Ã&#x20AC;XVK Eco-friendly options: Dual Flush Toilet, Low Flow Toilet
LEAKS
RESIDENTIAL WATER USAGE
WATER
RAINWATER HARVESTING
COOL SRI=1
DARK BLUE SRI=0.12
LED LIGHT BULBS
Standard showerheads use 2.5 gallons per minute. Eco-friendly option: WaterSense Water (á&#x201A;&#x2C6;FLHQW 6KRZHUKHDG
SHOWER
BLACK SRI=0.21
RED SRI=0.41
BROWN SRI=0.51
OFF WHITE SRI=0.70
WHITE SRI=0.93
RIDES BIKE
SF 324,486
7,919,438 GALLONS OF WATER can be saved a in year on the site
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RIDE SHARING
RECYLES
CONSERVE WATER USAGE
LIFESTYLE
FARMER
(3'0
7+(5023/$67,& 32/<2/(),1 732
&22/ 0(7$/ 522),1* &05
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([WUD OD\HU RI UHÃ&#x20AC;HFWDQW FRDWLQJ WR LQFUHDVH 65,
SUSTAINABILITY
MATERIALS: LQVXODWLRQ
Water from the cistern can be pumped outside for irrigation or inside for toilets.
RI KRXVHKROG ZDWHU FRQVXPSWLRQ is used on irrigation.
WATER
GREYWATER HARVESTING
TREATED GREYWATER
R = 3.6 METAL ROOF
HATCH OWN EGGS
GROW OWN FOOD
R = 6.3
R = 4.0
FIBERGLASS BATT
RIGID FOAM (POLYISOCYANURATE)
FIBERGLASS, BLOWN IN
5 SHU LQFK
5 SHU LQFK
5 SHU LQFK
GREYWATER RECYCLING SYSTEM
8,678 GALLONS OF WATER can be saved a in a household per year
GREYWATER
R = 1.1 RAIN BARRELS
PRODUCES OWN HONEY
COMPOSTING
R = 3.8
R = 6.3
AERATED CONCRETE
ROCK WOOL BATT
POLYURETHANE, FOAMED
5 SHU LQFK
5 SHU LQFK
5 SHU LQFK
WASTEWATER TO SEWER
99
AMICONE | NYKTAS | TOMEY
ARTS
EXISTING
RETAIL
EXISTING
OUTDOOR SPACE
EXISTING
01_RESEARCH CONDITIONS:
ARTS
TACTILE URBANISM
support programs
RETAIL
MOBILE TRUCK
TARGET AUDIENCE
Giant Chess 64 SF
MOUNTAIN DWELLING/VM HOUSES: COPENHAGEN, DM
Truck Fair 3,000 SF
Canopy Installation 5,000 SF
PH-D TERRACE: NEW YORK CITY, NY
RETAIL
ONLINE PICKUP LOCKER
Display Case 60 SF
Gallery 1,000 SF
Large Exhibition 20,000 SF
(PARK)ING DAY: MINNEAPOLIS, MN
FARMERS MARKET
Display Board 72 LF
Garden Gallery 7,000 SF
Food Stand 200 SF
BEER GARDEN: NASHVEILLE, TN
Market Floor 2,500 SF
Gallery Park 18,000 SF
Sidewalk Cafe 1,200 SF
NORTH MARKET: COLUMBUS, OH
NATURAL INSTALLATION
SIDEWALK DINING: KIEV, UKRAINE
RETAIL
BOUTIQUE
TARGET AUDIENCE
Sculpture Garden 2,000 SF
Sculpture Park 32,480 SF
Dock 200 SF
CITYDECK: GREEN BAY, WI
Small Store 2,500 SF
CUATRO PARQUES: LCLA
THE CANDLE LAB: COLUMBUS, OH
PIER 68: PHILADELPHIA, PA
CHAIN STORE
Boardwalk 9,000 SF
OUTDOOR SPACE
MUNICIPAL PARK TARGET AUDIENCE
TARGET AUDIENCE
Photography Studio 2,000 SF
Jungle Gym 400 SF
Convenience Store 5,000 SF
THE COMMONS: COLUMBUS, OH
TARGET EXPRESS: MINNEAPOLIS, MN
Studio With Shop 6,000 SF
Artistâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Collective 20,000 SF
Deck 840 SF
Large Store 7,500 SF
RETAIL
TARGET AUDIENCE
RENTAL PHOTOGRAPHY STUDIO
BOARDWALK TARGET AUDIENCE
Walk Up 500 SF
POLKKA JAM: FINLAND
IDEA FACTORY
Beer Garden 2,400 SF
OUTDOOR SPACE
TARGET AUDIENCE
TOPIARY GARDEN: COLUMBUS, OH
ARTS
SIDEWALK DINING TARGET AUDIENCE
Vendor Stand 100 SF
FARM CITY: VANCOUVER, CANADA
ARTS
Small Lawn 10,000 SF
OUTDOOR SPACE
TARGET AUDIENCE
THE PINACCLE @ DUXTON: SINGAPORE
100
Picnic Area 2,400 SF
AMAZON LOCKER: CINCINNATI, OH
RETAIL
TARGET AUDIENCE
RENTAL DANCE STUDIO
Bench Only 200 SF
PALEY PARK: NEW YORK CITY, NY
Pick Up Store 2,500 SF
OUTDOOR GALLERY
POCKET PARK TARGET AUDIENCE
Pick Up Locker 100 SF
INPOST: UK
ARTS
Rooftop Deck 3,000 SF
OUTDOOR SPACE
TARGET AUDIENCE
BANVARD GALLERY: COLUMBUS, OH
HOPE OUTDOOR GALLERY: AUSTIN, TX
Terrace/Patio 800 SF
FOOD PARK: FORT WORTH, TX
GALLERY TARGET AUDIENCE
MUSE SCIENCE MUSEUM: TRENTO, ITALY
Balcony 100 SF
PURSUIT SUITMOBILE: COLUMBUS, OH
Tactile Mural 70 LF
GIANT CHESS: CHRISTCHURCH, NZ
PORCH/PATIO TARGET AUDIENCE
Truck 200 SF
THE SEQUENCE: BRUSSELS
ARTS
OUTDOOR SPACE
TARGET AUDIENCE
Dog Park 16,240 SF
Urban Big Box 75,000 SF
WHOLE FOODS: LOS ANGELES, CA
GOLD MEDAL PARK: MINNEAPOLIS, MN
Greenspace 32,480 SF
SUPPORT PROGRAMS
ENTERTAINMENT
EXISTING
ENTERTAINMENT
LEARNING SPACE
AMENITIES
EXISTING
AMENITIES
EXERCISE
TARGET AUDIENCE
2 Employees 300 SF
Climbing Wall 2,500 SF
AMENITIES
HTC HEADQUARTERS: SEATTLE, WA
DOMESTIC UTILITY
1-2 Employees 1,000 SF
LAUNDRY FACILITY: TORONTO, CANADA
BUILDING 115: SEATTLE, WA
Car Wash 2,000 SF
Cafe: Drinks Only 1,800 SF
THEATER
2-4 Employees 2,000 SF
Child Care Facility 3,000 SF
CHILD CARE FACILITY: GERMANY
Cafe: With Bakery 4,000 SF
LIVE/WORK TARGET AUDIENCE
Laundry Facility 900 SF
&RႇHH 6WDQG 200 SF
BIKE CAFFE: AUSTIN, TX
3 Employees 500 SF
COMMERCIAL
TARGET AUDIENCE
TARGET AUDIENCE
GREYHOUND CAFE: MALAYSIA
1 Employee 100 SF
OFFICEPOD: UK
WAREHOUSE GYM: DUBAI, UAE
CAFE
POD TARGET AUDIENCE
Weight Room 5,000 SF
Library 97,440 SF
ENTERTAINMENT
COMMERCIAL
Yoga Studio 400 SF
THE CLIFFS: LONG ISLAND, NY
Reading Room 1,000 SF
JAMES B. HUNT JR. LIBRARY: RALEIGH, NC
EXISTING
TARGET AUDIENCE
Take/Leave Book Stand 10 SF
LITTLE FREE LIBRARY
ENTERTAINMENT
COMMERCIAL
AMENITIES
DOMUS HOMES: SEATTLE, WA
SPORT COURTS
TARGET AUDIENCE
4-10 Employees 4,000 SF
COMMERCIAL
COWORKING
TARGET AUDIENCE
TARGET AUDIENCE
Bocce Ball 100 SF 5-15 Employees 2,000 SF
Screening Room 1,000 SF
SCREENING ROOM
ROOFTOP SPORT COURTS: MIAMI BEACH, FL
Volleyball 1,800 SF
THE PERCH: COLUMBUS, OH
Independent Theater 5,000 SF
15-50 Employees 6,000 SF Tennis 2,800 SF
Basketball 5,000 SF
NEW PEOPLE CINEMA: SAN FRANCISCO, CA
Small Multiplex 90,000 SF
ENTERTAINMENT
ROOFTOP BOCCE BALL: CHICAGO, IL
BAR AND CLUB
COCO: MINNEAPOLIS, MN
AMENITIES
MULTIPURPOSE SPACE
TARGET AUDIENCE
Bar: Drinks Only 1,500 SF
Bar: With Food 4,000 SF
FOUNDATION NIGHT CLUB: SEATTLE, WA
ONE WORKPLACE: SANTA CLARA, CA
Ballroom 3,000 SF
Dance Club 8,000 SF
CLUBHOUSE SPACE: PHOENIX, AZ
RESTAURANT
50-200 Employees 16,000 SF
COMMERCIAL
TRADITIONAL TARGET AUDIENCE
Large Hot Tub/Spa 400 SF
BUILT-IN HOT TUB
Small Local Restaurant 2,400 SF
Large Chain Restaurant 4,000 SF
MERCEDES-BENZ: SUNNYVILLE, CA
POOL TARGET AUDIENCE
Carry Out 900 SF
HOT CHICKEN TAKEOVER: COLUMBUS, OH
15-50 Employees 6,000 SF
Clubhouse 5,000 SF
AMENITIES
TARGET AUDIENCE
TGI FRIDAYS: CARROLLTON, TX
5-15 Employees 2,000 SF
VUE: COLUMBUS, OH
ENTERTAINMENT
FLEXIBLE TARGET AUDIENCE
Conference Room 375 SF
E’S BAR: NEW YORK CITY, NY
50-200 Employees 10,000 SF
COMMERCIAL
TARGET AUDIENCE
5-15 Employees 4,000 SF
CORPORATE OFFICE CUBICLES
15-50 Employees 16,000 SF
Lazy River 8,000 SF
STANDARD POOL
Pool 11,250 SF
BSIDE6: PORTLAND, OR
50-200 Employees 97,440 SF
101
PESA | SOUR | WEBB
MODEST
ENTRY/TERRACE
MODEST
ENTRY/TERRACE
TYPICAL
ENTRY/TERRACE
01_RESEARCH
3'-0"
3'-6"
5'-0"
7'-0"
7'-0"
2'-8"
CONDITIONS:
45 SF
11 SF
MODEST
LIVING
LIVING
40 SF
TYPICAL
LIVING
4'-6"
6'-1"
2'-6"
6'-0"
1'-6"
1'-0" MIN.
1'-6"
1'-0" MIN.
4'-0" MIN.
3'-0" MIN.*
4'-8"
2'-0"
2'-0"
4'-0"
44 SF
KITCHEN
MODEST
DINING
2'-0"
1'-3"
134 SF
MODEST
TYPICAL
KITCHEN
2'-11"
2'-3"
1'-10"
2'-4"
2'-8"
2'-0"
3" MIN.
6'-0"
3'-6" MIN.
'-0" MIN.
3'-0"
3'-0"1
10"
1'-6" MIN.3
'-6"
2'-0" 1'-4"
5'-1"
1'-8"
2'-6"
1'-0"
1'-9"
2'-1"
2'-9"
47 SF
3'-0"
1'-6"
2'-0"
2'-9"
units
14 SF
MODEST
113 SF
MODEST
MODEST
KITCHEN
TYPICAL
DINING
5'-0"
4'-0"
3'-8" MIN.
2'-6"
3'-8" MIN.
2'-8"
1'-6"
2'-6"
3'-0"
2'-8"
2'-6"
DINING
35 SF
131 SF
MODEST
BATH
TYPICAL
BATH
3'-0"
5'-0" 2'-6"
2'-1"
2'-0"
MODEST
1'-6"
1'-6"
BATH
3'-0"
1'-3"
1'-6" MIN.1 '-6" MIN.
6'-0" MIN.
5'-0" REC.
3'-0"
2'-8"
1'-3" 37 SF
3'-0"
1'-4"
6'-0"
2'-6"
66 SF
MODEST
BEDROOM
3'-3"
MODEST
BEDROOM
TYPICAL
BEDROOM
3'-1"
5'-0"
4'-6"
1'-8"
1'-6" MIN.
102
185 SF
5'-6"
4'-6"
4'-6" REC.
1'-6" MIN.
6'-3"
6'-3" 78 SF
6'-8"
3'-6" REC.
3'-6" MIN.
UNITS
TYPICAL
ENTRY/TERRACE
TYPICAL
LIVING
EXTRAVAGANT
ENTRY/TERRACE
278 SF
EXTRAVAGANT
ENTRY/TERRACE
EXTRAVAGANT
LIVING
EXTRAVAGANT
KITCHEN
EXTRAVAGANT
DINING
EXTRAVAGANT
BATH
EXTRAVAGANT
BEDROOM
890 SF
EXTRAVAGANT
LIVING
1'-10" 3'-7"
4'-6"
1'-10" 1'-0"
2'-0"
3'-4"
7'-6"
1'-0"
667 SF
TYPICAL
KITCHEN
EXTRAVAGANT
KITCHEN
1'-0"
2'-8"
4'-0"
1'-10"
4'-0" 4'-0"
6'-0"
1'-10"
2'-6"
1'-10"
4'-0"
3'-0"
TYPICAL
DINING
1'-11"
2'-8"
2'-6"
3'-6" 3'-0"
1'-3"
740 SF
EXTRAVAGANT
DINING
1’-10”
4'-6"
5'-0"
7'-6"
8'-9"
505 SF
BATH
EXTRAVAGANT
BATH
5'-6"
TYPICAL
2'-6"
3'-0"
10"
5'-6"
265 SF
EXTRAVAGANT
BEDROOM
6'-8"
6'-4"
5'-6"
1'-8" 1'-3”
1'-9"
3'-0"
5'-0"
1'-6" 1'-6"
BEDROOM
2'-0"
TYPICAL
532 SF
103
HALL | SMALL | YONTZ
MARKET
DEMOGRAPHICS
01_RESEARCH CONDITIONS: marketing
MARKET
DEMOGRAPHICS
VACANCY RATES
Fewer Vacancies
AVAILABLE PUBLIC HOUSING
Greater Vacancies
Fewer Available Public Housing
MARKET
MARKET
DEMOGRAPHICS OCCUPANCY RATES
Greater Available Public Housing
Lower Occupancy Rate
Higher Occupancy Rate
FILOSOPHER 22 - 32
New Beret
70% female
Uses The Word Existential Far Too Often
white $15 - 35,000 not what she wants
Academic Scholarship
...Doesn’t Know What Existential Means
HE RAVES UNTIL THE MORNING. CLAIMING “WORK HARD, PLAY HARD!”
single minimal graduate school
Majored In Art History Only Watches Woody Allen Movies
1-2 social good, curiousity, creativity, potential INFP progressive
Owns A Type Writer Only Wears Brand-less Clothes
writing, painting, cooking, designing
HE SWIMS AS A CHANGE OF PACE, AND TO TAKE THE STRESS OF HIS BONES
to be authentic the lounge, volunteering, community garden
CHARACTER
CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
MARKET
WAKE UP, PUMP UP! HE WORKS OUT IN SMALL REPS AT HOME THROUGHOUT THE DAY. OCCASIONALLY ADMIRING HIMSELF IN THE MIRROR
FACTORY HAND 20 - 40 60% female white, hispanic, black
Lost His Hair In 1983
High School Football Star
$70 - 110,000
HE BIKES TO AND FROM WORK EVERYDAY TO GET THE JUICES FLOWIN’
production (of product or document) married, single -
Drives A Honda Odyssey
Eats Three Big Macs A Day
VLJQL¿FDQW WR PRGHUDWH associate’s, vocational school 3-4
Embarrassed He Drives A Honda Odyssey
Professional Welder
family, loyalty, work, contribution ISFJ less important TV, family events, walking
Builds Furniture Favorite Overalls
to be comfortable bar with coworkers, children’s school events
CHARACTER
CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
MARKET
FITNESS FANATIC 28 - 45 30% female
Get Psyched Mix
white, asian, hispanic
Benches 265
$40 - 70,000 management (lower) single more than other personas
Bro Tank
Consumes 5000 Calories A Day
moderate bachelor’s 1-2
Works Out In Jeans
teamwork, personal growth, self-respect ENTP
Rides His Bike To Work
moderate lifting, swimming, cooking, cleaning
Size 10
Skips Leg Day
team sports, volunteering, church
CHARACTER
CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
to get to the next level
MARKET
HAVE TO MAKE A QUICK TRIP TO THE BANK BEFORE BUYING TAKING THE WIFE OUT ON A HOT DATE.
LONG DAY OF WORK SO THE BAR IS CALLING MY NAME.
FARMER 40 - 65
PBR Cap
Won A Corncob Eating Competition
40% female caucasian $70-110,000 corporate (established)
Owns A Truck
Farmer’s Tan
married sight & hearing loss (beginning) 10-20 min bachelor’s
Lost His Watch Grows Organic Tomatoes
2 contribution, routine, tradition ESFJ conservative
Brews His Own Beer
Working Boots
sleep, cooking, gardening OSU games, facebook, church to create a Home
CHARACTER
CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
MARKET
FORAGER 35 - 55 80% male black, white
New Haircut
Going To Yard Sale
$55 - 80,000 ONE MAN’S TRASH IS ANOTHER MAN’S TREASURE.
analyst (any sector) married, divorced
Owns a Garage… Doesn’t Have Room For His Car
Has A Cat
second most of persona minimal to moderate bachelor’s to grad school
...Wants A Dog
1-4 curiousity, facts/data, passion, potential
Collects Antique Soap Dispensers
ENTP liberal
Camera Shy ...Sells Them On Etsy
reading, walking, yard sales, traveling WR ¿QG WKH YDOXH LQ HYHU\WKLQJ neighborhood leagues, book club
CHARACTER
104
CHARACTERISTICS & DEMOGRAPHICS
LOOKING FOR SOME SOLID DEALS TODAY. HAVE TO BUILD THE COLLECTION.
ANTIQUES, POTTERY, AND USED JUNK IS MY KINDA SHOPPING. ANTIQUES
POTTERY
USED JUNK
MARKETING
MARKET
MARKET
DEMOGRAPHICS MEDIAN RENTAL PRICE
Lower Rent
DEMOGRAPHICS
MARKET
DEMOGRAPHICS
MEDIAN INCOME
Higher Rent
Lower Median Income
MEDIAN AGE
Higher Median Income
Lower Median Age
Higher Median Age
HE WORKS OUT AT THE GYM RELIGIOUSLY!!!!
HEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S A P.E. TEACHER, COACHING YOUTH BASKETBALL ON THE WEEKENDS HE SHOPS FOR JUICE AND PROTEIN SUPPLIMENTS TO MAKE HIS FAMOUS SHAKES
FLYING FISHING 101: ATTEMPTING NOT TO INJURE PARTNER WHILE CASTING THE LINE.
SATURDAYS ARE FOR WORKING ON THE OLE PILE OF JUNK.
SLICES FINGER ON TABLE SAW. INSERT FOUL LANGUAGE HERE.
Local Produce
Candles
Kettle Corn
BUCKETS!
WHY DO I BUY OLD CARS THAT I HAVE NO IDEA ON HOW TO FIX?
THESE PLANTS MIGHT HIDE THE SMELL OF OLD CARDBOARD BOXES
105
CONKEL | DZIERZAK | JAKOVINA | LEPHART | NUDEL | TEFEND
01_RESEARCH CONDITIONS: site model + drawings
106
SITE MODEL
107
CONKEL | DZIERZAK | JAKOVINA | LEPHART | NUDEL | TEFEND
01_RESEARCH CONDITIONS: site model + drawings
108
SITE MODEL
109
VM HOUSES
6,('/81* +$/(1
02_RESEARCH
SALK INSTITUTE
5(6($5&+ %< 6WHSKHQ $QJXV $5&+,7(&7 BIG 3$571(5 ),50 -'6 $UFKLWHFWV /2&$7,21 Copenhagen, Denmark '$7( 2006
5(6($5&+ %< -DPHV $PLFRQH $5&+,7(&7 $WHOLHU /2&$7,21 %HUQ 6ZLW]HUODQG '$7(
RESEARCH BY Lindsay Conkel ARCHITECT Louis Kahn LOCATION La Jolla, CA DATE 1965
727$/ 64 )7 25,000 sf
64 )7 81,7 VI VI )22735,17 VI Âś Âś ZLGH HDFK XQLW 352*5$0 /RZ ULVH KLJK GHQVLW\ WHUUDFHG KRXVLQJ XQLWV 9DU\LQJ VT IW SHU XQLW
352*5$0 210 total units, public space, lobbies, bike storage, communcal terraces, exterior courtyard
HEIGHT 4Floors PROGRAM Salk Institute employs 850 researchers. Research facility.
'(6&5,37,21 VM Houses focuses on a customized living experience expressing the theme that people are GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW VR LQ UHVXOW DSDUWPHQWV VKRXOG EH WRR Within the two buildings there are over 80 GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW XQLW W\SHV DQG FRQÂżJXUDWLRQV HDFK DGGUHVVLQJ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW SURJUDPPDWLF DQG FRQVXPHU QHHGV BIG Architects chose the forms of the buildings to be a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Vâ&#x20AC;? and a â&#x20AC;&#x153;Mâ&#x20AC;? to stitch the two infrastructures WRJHWKHU 7KH KLQJH RI WKH Âł9´ VOLGHV LQWR WKH FHQWHU RI WKH Âł0´ 6LPXOWDQHRXVO\ WKH WZR IRUPV DOORZ IRU GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW UHODWLRQVKLSV WR EH EXLOW ZLWK WKH LQWHULRU DQG WKH H[WHULRU
PRECEDENTS 6,('/81* +$/(1
0$66,1*
6,('/81* +$/(1
3/$1
6,('/81* +$/(1
6(&7,21 92/80(
6,('/81* +$/(1
81,7
VM HOUSES
MASSING
VM HOUSES
PLAN
VM HOUSES
2ND FLOOR
110
UNIT
3RD FLOOR
4TH FLOOR
SALK INSTITUTE
SALK INSTITUTE
SECTION & VOLUME
VM HOUSES
SALK INSTITUTE
SALK INSTITUTE
MASSING
PLAN
SECTION
UNIT
PRECEDENTS
WOZOCO
VANKE CENTER
THE WHALE
ARCHITECT 6WHYHQ +ROO LOCATION Shenzhen, China DATE 2006 - 2009
RESEARCH BY Lindsay Conkel ARCHITECT MVRDV LOCATION Amsterdam DATE 1997
TOTAL SQ. FT. 115,230 sf FOOTPRINT 10,350 sf HEIGHT 9 Floors
VANKE CENTER
WOZOCO
PLAN
VANKE CENTER
TOTAL SQ. FT. 2,000 - 3,000 FOOTPRINT 1,000 sf HEIGHT 30 ft PROGRAM Single-family housing
PROGRAM 150 Social housing, 64 Private housing to rent, 1,100 SQ. M. Comercial, 179 Subterranean parking spaces
PROGRAM 100 Units, gallery type circulation
MASSING
RESEARCH BY Alex Nyktas ARCHITECT n/a LOCATION Shanghai, China DATE 1842-1949
TOTAL SQ. FT. 35,800 Sq. M. FOOTPRINT 50 x 100 M. HEIGHT 40 Meters
PROGRAM Mixed-use building including hotel, Of¿FHV 6HUYLFHG DSDUWPHQWV DQG 3XEOLF SDUN
WOZOCO
LILONG HOUSING
RESEARCH BY Yevgeniy Nudel ARCHITECT Frits Van Dongen PARTNER FIRM De Architekten Cie LOCATION Amsterdam, Netherlands DATE 2000
TOTAL SQ. FT. 1,296,459 SF HEIGHT 115 ft at highest point
MASSING
THE WHALE
MASSING
THE WHALE
PLAN
LILONG HOUSING
MASSING
LILONG HOUSING
PLAN
PLANS
Fifth Level
Ground Level
WOZOCO
SECTION
WOZOCO
UNIT
VANKE CENTER
SECTION AND VOLUME
THE WHALE
SECTION + VOLUMES
VANKE CENTER
UNIT
THE WHALE
UNIT
LILONG HOUSING
SECTION + VOLUME
LILONG HOUSING
UNIT
5
4 6 7 8
3
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
FOYER KITCHEN CLOSET/STORAGE LIVING ROOM BEDROOM WASHROOM LINEN CLOSET LAUNDRY
2
Shikumen Style Lilong (3 bays)
1 Bedroom
2 Bedroom
Multilevel Lower
New-Style Lilong (2 bays)
New-Style Lilong (1 bay)
Multilevel Upper
111
LZ 129 HINDENBURG
CONVERSION VANS
MASSING
RESEARCH BY Michael Rennekamp ENGINEER Dr Ludwig Durr LOCATION Berlin, Germany DATE 1936
RESEARCH BY Erin Pesa TOTAL SQ. FT. 160 sf HEIGHT 5â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-4â&#x20AC;? to 6â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-8â&#x20AC;?
MASSING
TOTAL SQ. FT. apx. 130,500 FOOTPRINT apx. 23,000 sf HEIGHT 6 Stories
352*5$0 RQH DQG WZR VWRU\ DSDUWPHQWV RXWGRRU FRUULGRUV HYHU\ WKLUG Ă&#x20AC;RRU FHQWUDO FRXUW\DUG ZLWK KLOO
LZ 129 HINDENBURG
HINDENBURG
RESEARCH BY Clark Sabula ARCHITECT Alvar Aalto LOCATION Cambridge, MA DATE 1948
727$/ 64 )7 VI )22735,17 VI H[FOXGLQJ FRXUW\DUG +(,*+7 IW
PROGRAM The LZ 129 was the largest zeppelin in the Hindenburg class. Itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s purpose was to act a regular means of trans Atlantic transportation, and to show Germanyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s technological dominance. It was considered the future of air travel. It could house up 120 people, 50 of those crew and hit a top speed of 80mph.
CONVERSION VANS
BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY
52%,1 +22' *$5'(16 5(6($5&+ %< %HWKDQ\ 5RPDQ $5&+,7(&7 $OLVRQ 3HWHU 6PLWKVRQ /2&$7,21 3RSODU /RQGRQ 8. '$7(
AREA. 9 Millon sf ft FOOTPRINT 92,000 sf HEIGHT 135 ft
PROGRAM 2 Person Living Space
MASSING
52%,1 +22' *$5'(16
0$66,1*
BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY
MASSING
BATTLESHIP AIR BUS
SEDAN
View from South / Front
CONVERSION VANS
PLAN
LZ 129 HINDENBURG
PLAN
52%,1 +22' *$5'(16
3/$1
View from North / Back
BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY
PLAN
19â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-4â&#x20AC;?
Typical Upper Floor Plan
11â&#x20AC;&#x2122;-6â&#x20AC;?
Ground Floor Plan
CONVERSION VANS
SECTION + VOLUME
LZ 129 HINDENBURG
SECTION AND VOLUME
52%,1 +22' *$5'(16
6(&7,21 92/80(6
BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY
SECTION + VOLUMES
OCCUPIABLE SPACE
CONVERSION VANS
UNIT
LZ 129 HINDENBURG
UNITS
52%,1 +22' *$5'(16
81,76
BEDROOM
BAKER HOUSE DORMITORY
UNIT
KITCHEN
BEDROOM
LIVING
ACCESS DECK
BEDROOM
KITCHEN
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
BEDROOM
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Wedgeâ&#x20AC;? Room #1
BEDROOM ACCESS DECK
112
LIVING
â&#x20AC;&#x153;Wedgeâ&#x20AC;? Room #2
Double Room
PRECEDENTS
KITAGATA HOUSING
UNITE Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HABITATION
RESEARCH BY Christina Tefend ARCHITECT Jakub Szcezesny LOCATION Warszawa, Poland DATE 2012
727$/ 64 )7 656,598 sf )22735,17 123,784 sf HEIGHT 104 ft
PROGRAM An art installation, measuring 172cm at its widest point, is the â&#x20AC;&#x153;Worldâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Slimmest Houseâ&#x20AC;?. The structure was installed between a pre-war house and an apartment building.
PROGRAM 366 apartments of 23 types. Track, solarium, shopping center, laundry and cleaning service, pharmacy, EDUEHUVKRS SRVW Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FH NLQGHUJDUWHQ nursery, roofgarden, small swimming pool, gymnasium, an open space for gymnastics, a 300 m sprintersâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; track and a solarium with a snackbar.
PROGRAM This development is intended to suggest new paradigms for Japanese social housing. At its heart is a generous and animated public space that unifies the various housing blocks and enriches the quality of life.
RESEARCH BY Josh Tomey ARCHITECT Bjarke ingels Group LOCATION Copenhagen, Denmark DATE 2010
TOTAL SQ. FT. 4,09m² FOOTPRINT 2,03m² HEIGHT 10m
TOTAL SQ. FT. 386,130 sf FOOTPRINT 42,625 sf HEIGHT 184 ft
TOTAL SQ. FT. 143,800 sf FOOTPRINT 14,380 HEIGHT 128 ft
8 HOUSE
KERET HOUSE
RESEARCH BY Philip Sour ARCHITECT Le Corbusier LOCATION Marseille, France DATE 1952
RESEARCH BY Daniel Schiering ARCHITECT Sanaa PARTNER FIRM LOCATION Kitagata Japan DATE 1994-2000
352*5$0 475 rental and condominium units with 110,000 sf of commercial space RQ WKH JURXQG Ă&#x20AC;RRU
A
LN
RA
TO
EK
EL
KITAGATA HOUSING
MASSING
UNITE Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HABITATION
MASSING
KERET HOUSE
MASSING
8 HOUSE
0$66,1*
8 HOUSE
3/$1
BACK OF HOUSE SLOPES BACK AT 50 DEGREE ANGLE TO ACHIEVE MAXIMUM MORNING SUN
SITE NESTLED IN THE INTERSTICIAL SPACE BETWEEN TWO BUILDINGS
KITAGATA HOUSING
PLAN
UNITE Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HABITATION
PLAN
KERET HOUSE
PLAN
WORK LADDER
SLEEPING TABLE
Second Floor Plan
5TH FLOOR
Roof Plan
KITCHENETTE
EATING
BATH /WC
First Floor Plan
Typical Floor Plan
1ST FLOOR
Ground Floor Plan 01
KITAGATA HOUSING
SECTION & VOLUME
UNITE Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HABITATION
SECTION + VOLUME
*URXQG )ORRU 3ODQ
KERET HOUSE
SECTION + VOLUME
SECOND FLOOR : BEDROOM + NOOK FOR DESK
WK )ORRU $SDUWPHQWV
8 HOUSE
6(&7,21 92/80(
8 HOUSE
UNIT
TRANSLUCENT PANELS ON EAST SIDE TO ALLOW FOR MORNING SUN + PRIVACY
FIRST FLOOR : KITCHEN + BATHROOM + SEATING AREA
LADDER TO CONNECT BETWEEN FIRST AND SECOND FLOORS
LIFTED OFF THE GROUND + RETRACTABLE STAIRCASE
KITAGATA HOUSING
UNIT
UNITE Dâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;HABITATION
UNITS
KERET HOUSE
Ladder
UNIT
Stairs + Dining Area
Kitchenette + Bathroom / WC
Bedroom + Table
Stairs + Ladder + Seating Nook
Townhome Unit
Apartment Unit
113
HALDEN PRISON
SIMMONS HALL (THE SPONGE)
6,/2'$0
RESEARCH BY Nadia Voynova ARCHITECT Erik Møller Architects & HLM Architects LOCATION Halden, Norway DATE 1989 TOTAL SQ. FT. 290,600 sf FOOTPRINT 75 acres HEIGHT
RESEARCH BY Stephen Angus ARCHITECT Louis Kahn LOCATION Media, Pennsylvania (UNBUILT) DATE 1965-1969
TOTAL SQ. FT. 60,000 sf
TOTAL SQ. FT. 195,000 sq ft FOOTPRINT 19,500 sq ft HEIGHT 105 ft
)22735,17 VI +(,*+7 IW
PROGRAM 250 units of high security prison cells
DOMINICAN MOTHERHOUSE
RESEARCH BY Jared Younger ARCHITECT Steven Holl PARTNER FIRM Perry Dean Rogers & Partners LOCATION Cambridge, MA [MIT] DATE 2002
$5&+,7(&7 095'9 /2&$7,21 $PVWHUGDP '$7(
352*5$0 $SDUWPHQWV &RPPHUFLDO 6SDFH 3DUNLQJ *DUDJHV
PROGRAM dormitory cells, sanctuary, chapel, classrooms, kitchen, meeting room
PROGRAM 350 bed dorm hall 25 seat theater night café street level dining
DESCRIPTION The Dominican Motherhouse, designed by Louis Kahn for the Sisters of St. Catherine de Ricci, never become erect mainly due to budgetary issues. The building layout and plan went through PXOWLSOH GHPDQGLQJ LWHUDWLRQV RYHU D ¿YH \HDU period. The building is bound by a C-shaped corridor which houses the dormitory units, 135 total. ,QVLGH WKH FRXUW\DUG DUH ¿YH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW PDVVHV HDFK VHUYLQJ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW SURJUDPPDWLF HOHPHQWV 7KHVH ¿YH EORFNV EXLOG WHQVLRQ WKURXJK WKHLU FRQQHFWLQJ condition and reveal varying polar orientations which form unique exterior spaces.
HALDEN PRISON
MASSING
6,/2'$0
0$66,1*
SIMMONS HALL (THE SPONGE)
block
HALDEN PRISON
PLAN
6,/2'$0
3/$1
voids
MASSING
DOMINICAN MOTHERHOUSE
MASSING
DOMINICAN MOTHERHOUSE
PLAN
¿QDO PDVV
SIMMONS HALL (THE SPONGE)
PLANS
7
JURXQG BUILDING B | RESIDENTIAL UNIT
HALDEN PRISON
SECTION & VOLUME
6,/2'$0
6(&7,21 92/80(
SIMMONS HALL (THE SPONGE)
SECTION + VOLUMES
DOMINICAN MOTHERHOUSE
SECTION & VOLUMES
DOMINICAN MOTHERHOUSE
UNIT
BUILDING B | EAST ELEVATION | RESIDENTIAL UNIT
BUILDING B | REAIDENTIAL UNIT SECTION
ORQJLWXGLQDO
WUDQVYHUVH
BUILDING B | NORTH ELEVATION
HALDEN PRISON
UNIT
6,/2'$0
81,7
SIMMONS HALL (THE SPONGE)
Cells
Common Room
2á&#x201A;&#x2C6;FHV
Guards VLQJOH
BUILDING U ILDING B | RESIDEN R RESIDENTIAL E TIAL A L UNIT UN N IIT NI T
114
GRXEOH
UNIT
PRECEDENTS
GARDNER 1050
GARDNER 1050
SECTION + VOLUME
TOTAL SQ. FT. 238,958 FOOTPRINT 113,021
PROGRAM 129 ultra-luxury condominium units RႈFHV DQG UHWDLO DW EDVH
VXE JUDGH SDUNLQJ ZLWK ZLQH FHOODUV
PROGRAM Sea fort Connected by a walk ways
MASSING
RESEARCH BY Brent Hall ARCHITECT Morphosis LOCATION Madrid, Spain DATE 2008
TOTAL SQ. FT. FOOTPRINT HEIGHT -
TOTAL SQ. FT. 18,732 FOOTPRINT 28 sf HEIGHT 105 ft
PROGRAM 10 unique floor plan apartments “Vertical Garden” Below grade parking
MADRID PUBLIC HOUSING
RESEARCH BY Kayla Eland ARCHITECT Ludwig Mies Van Der Rohe LOCATION Stuttgart, Germany DATE 1927
RESEARCH BY Rachael Dzierzak ARCHITECT Guy Mausell LOCATION Thames & Mersey Estuaries DATE 1942
TOTAL SQ. FT. 20,748 FOOTPRINT 7,507 sf HEIGHT 32 ft
GARDNER 1050
WIESENHOF SIEDLUNG
MAUNSELL FORT
RESEARCH BY Rachael Dzierzak ARCHITECT LOHA Architects LOCATION West Hollywood DATE 2006
PROGRAM Public housing with 141 two, three and four bedroom units
MAUNSELL FORT
MASSING
WIESENHOF SIEDLUNG
MASSING
MAUNSELL FORT
SECTION + VOLUME
WIESENHOF SIEDLUNG
PLAN
MADRID PUBLIC HOUSING
MASSING
MADRID PUBLIC HOUSING
PLAN
Level 1
GARDNER 1050
PLAN
MAUNSELL FORT
PLAN
WIESENHOF SIEDLUNG
SECTION + VOLUME
GARDNER 1050
UNIT
MAUNSELL FORT
UNIT
WIESENHOF SIEDLUNG
UNIT
MADRID PUBLIC HOUSING
SECTION & VOLUME
MADRID PUBLIC HOUSING 3 BEDROOM 2 LEVEL
UNIT 2 BEDROOM 1 LEVEL
4 BEDROOM 2 LEVEL
UPPER LEVEL
UPPER LEVEL
LOWERLEVEL UPPER LEVEL
LOWER LEVEL
115
JOHN SOANEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOUSE
3($%2'< 7(55$&(
VIA 57 WEST
RESEARCH BY Shauna Lindsey ARCHITECT John Soane LOCATION London, UK DATE 1837
5(6($5&+ %< 1DWKDQ /HSKDUW $5&+,7(&7 6HUW -DFNVRQ *RXUOH\ /2&$7,21 &DPEULGJH 0DVVDFKXVHWWV '$7(
TOTAL SQ. FT. 4,306 HEIGHT 34ft.
727$/ $5($ VI )22735,17 VI +(,*+7 IW
&2/80%$5,80 +$%,7$%,/(
RESEARCH BY Alex Nyktas ARCHITECT Bjarke Ingels Group LOCATION New York, NY DATE 2016
5(6($5&+ %< %HWKDQ\ 5RPDQ $5&+,7(&7 $OH[DQGHU %URGVN\ ,O\D 8WNLQ /2&$7,21 WKHRUHWLFDO SURMHFW '$7( 727$/ 64 )7 VI )22735,17 VI LQFOXGLQJ FRXUW\DUG +(,*+7 IW
TOTAL SQ. FT. 940,000 FOOTPRINT 110,000 sf HEIGHT 467 ft
PROGRAM KRXVH ZLWK Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FH DQG PXVHXP 352*5$0 KRXVH SURWHFWLRQ XQLWV VI DFUH FRXUW\DUG ZUHFNLQJ EDOO LQ FHQWUDO VSDFH
PROGRAM 709 Residential Units Retail Space Courtyard Swimming Pool Basketball Court Fitness Studio Community Room Game Room
352*5$0 KRXVLQJ XQLWV RXWGRRU SOD]D SDUNLQJ JDUDJH '(6&5,37,21 7KLV VWXGHQW KRXVLQJ SURMHFW XVHV VFDOH PRGXODU XQLWV DQG RSHQ VSDFH WR DFKLHYH LWV GRPLQDQW SRVLWLRQ ZLWKLQ WKH FDPSXV FRQWH[W7KLV SURMHFW GHPRQVWUDWHV SURJUHVVLYH WKLQNLQJ ZLWK HFRQRPLFDO FRQVWUXFWLRQ WHFKQLTXHV DQG D VWURQJ UHODWLRQVKLS EH\RQG WKH EXLOGLQJ HQYHORSH WR WKH DGMDFHQW VLWH
U
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1
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0$66,1*
JOHN SOANEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOUSE
MASSING
VIA 57 WEST
MASSING
&2/80%$5,80 +$%,7$%,/(
0$66,1*
3/$1
JOHN SOANEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOUSE
PLAN
VIA 57 WEST
PLAN
&2/80%$5,80 +$%,7$%,/(
3/$1
VIA 57 WEST
SECTION + VOLUME
&2/80%$5,80 +$%,7$%,/(
6(&7,21 92/80(6
VIA 57 WEST
UNIT
&2/80%$5,80 +$%,7$%,/(
81,7
1
Fourth Floor Plan
3($%2'< 7(55$&(
6(&7,21 92/80(
JOHN SOANEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOUSE
3($%2'< 7(55$&(
81,7
JOHN SOANEâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;S HOUSE
SECTION + VOLUME
UNIT
Studio / 1 Bath
116
2 Bed / 2 Bath
4 Bed / 4 Bath
PRECEDENTS
MIRADOR
MEHR ALS WOHNEN
MASSING
PLAN
TOTAL SQ. FT. 145,312
PROGRAM 24 luxury condominium units RႈFHV DQG UHWDLO VKRSV DW EDVH ZLWK VXEPHUJHG SDUNLQJ OHYHO
MIRADOR
MASSING
Part-Whole Relationship
MEHR ALS WOHNEN
RESEARCH BY BRENT HALL ARCHITECT BIG LOCATION HOLBAEK, DK DATE 2010
TOTAL SQ. FT. 143,321 sf FOOTPRINT 12,000 sf
PROGRAM 156 Apartments and many urban spaces, vertical neighborhoods, and circulation paths.
PROGRAM A total of 450 apartments, shops, restaurants, workshops and artist’s studios, day care centres and guesthouses in the Hunziker Area in Zurich.
HOLBAEK HARBOR
RESEARCH BY Rem Koolhaas ARCHITECT OMA LOCATION Fukuoka, Japan DATE 1988-1991
TOTAL SQ. FT. 164,700 sq ft FOOTPRINT 12,340 sq ft HEIGHT 190 ft
TOTAL SQ. FT. 80,052 sf FOOTPRINT 13,432 sf HEIGHT 72 ft
MEHR ALS WOHNEN
NEXUS HOUSING
RESEARCH BY Daniel Yontz ARCHITECT MVRDV LOCATION Madrid, Spain DATE 2001 - 2005
RESEARCH BY Ali Sandhu ARCHITECT Duplex Architekten PARTNER FIRM ... LOCATION Zurich, Switzerland DATE 2007
Thresholds and Porosity
PROGRAM A dense kasbah with 101 two and three bedroom units set along side the sea.
NEXUS HOUSING
MASSING
HOLBAEK HARBOR
MASSING
Access and Circulation
NEXUS HOUSING
MIRADOR
PLAN
HOLBAEK HARBOR
PLAN
PLANS
Elevated Courtyard
Mid-level, Upper Floor GROUND FLOOR
SECOND FLOOR
THIRD FLOOR
Ground Floor
MEHR ALS WOHNEN
SECTION + VOLUME
MIRADOR
SECTION AND VOLUME
NEXUS HOUSING
SECTION & VOLUME
HOLBAEK HARBOR
SECTION & VOLUME
EAST SECTION
NATURAL LIGHT PENETRATION
MEHR ALS WOHNEN
UNIT
MIRADOR
UNIT
Rooms / Rates New prices from 1.5.2016
NEXUS HOUSING UNIT A 1900 SQFT 3 BEDROOMS 1 BATH, 1 W.C. “GREEN DOME”
Prices from: Single room: 15m² Double room: approx 17-21m² Triple: approx 22-25m² with a sofa bed Family room: 40m² with a sofa bed
UNIT B 1200 SQFT 2 BEDROOMS 1 BATH, 1 W.C.
Two Bedroom. Central Location
1
1
UNIT
HOLBAEK HARBOR
UNIT
3
2
2
3
Two Bedroom + Terrace. Central Location
Street to Street. L-Shaped
UNIT B IS UNIT A MINUS ONE BEDROOM, ADDITIONAL LIVING SPACE, AND THE GREEN DOME
THE HOUSES LOCK TOGETHER TO FORM AN INFONITELY EXTENDABLE PATTERN
117
MORIYAMA HOUSE
FUNENPARK BLOK K
63,77(/$8 9,$'8&7 +286,1*
727$/ $5($ VI )22735,17 VI +(,*+7 IW
RESEARCH BY Clark Sabula ARCHITECT Herzog & De Meuron LOCATION Beijing, China DATE 2003-2004
TOTAL SQ. FT. 2,000 sf FOOTPRINT 2,700 sf HEIGHT 22 ft
TOTAL SQ. FT. 1,600 Sq. M. FOOTPRINT 30.5 x 27.7M. HEIGHT 15 Meters
352*5$0 DSDUWPHQWV Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6; FHV DUWLVW¶ VWXGLRV
TREE VILLAGE CAMPUS
RESEARCH BY Michael Rennekamp ARCHITECT Ryue Nishizawa LOCATION Tokyo, Japan DATE 2005
RESEARCH BY Yevgeniy Nudel ARCHITECT Pieter Bannenberg, Walter van Dijk PARTNER FIRM NL Architects LOCATION Amsterdam, Netherlands DATE 2009
5(6($5&+ %< 1DWKDQ /HSKDUW $5&+,7(&7 =DKD +DGLG /2&$7,21 9LHQQD $XVWULD '$7(
TOTAL SQ. FT. 3,767,368 FOOTPRINT apx. 1,900,000 sf HEIGHT 3 Stories
PROGRAM Japanese minimalist design consisting of ten units ranging between 1530 sq meters. The units are broken up into 10 individual cuboids placed through out the site. The goal is to create a seamless transition from city to landscape to interior.
PROGRAM 10 Housing units
'(6&5,37,21 %\ FDUHIXOO\ FRQVLGHULQJ WKH VLWH DQG XVLQJ D OLJKW IRRWSULQW WKLV KRXVLQJ SURMHFW EULGJHV WKH JDS EHWZHHQ PXOWLSOH LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO HOHPHQWV DQG WKH FLW\ IDEULF :LWK D WKUHH SDUW VWUXFWXUH WKH SURJUDP LV ZRYHQ WKURXJK WKH DUFKHG ED\V RI WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021; XVHG UDLOZD\ YLDGXFW 7KH EXLOGLQJV LQWHUDFW ZLWK WKH H[LVWLQJ WR FUHDWH FRPSOH[ LQWHULRU DQG H[WHULRU VSDFHV
'DQXEH &DQDO SITE
1
63,77(/$8 9,$'8&7 +286,1*
+
=
63,77(/$8 9,$'8&7 +286,1*
1 *URXQG /HYHO
6HFRQG /HYHO
8SSHU /HYHO
0$66,1*
FUNENPARK BLOK K
MASSING
MORIYAMA HOUSE
MASSING
TREE VILLAGE CAMPUS
MASSING
3/$1
FUNENPARK BLOK K
PLAN
MORIYAMA HOUSE
PLAN
TREE VILLAGE CAMPUS
PLAN
=
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Ground Level
Plan Level 2
Plan: 2nd Floor
Plan: 1st Floor
63,77(/$8 9,$'8&7 +286,1*
6(&7,21 92/80(
FUNENPARK BLOK K
MORIYAMA HOUSE
SECTION + VOLUMES
Section: South
63,77(/$8 9,$'8&7 +286,1*
81,7
FUNENPARK BLOK K
2ND / 3RD FLOOR
TREE VILLAGE CAMPUS
SECTION + VOLUMES
TREE VILLAGE CAMPUS
UNIT
Section: West
MORIYAMA HOUSE
UNIT
1ST FLOOR / ENTRANCE
SECTION AND VOLUME
UNITS
Apt 5 Apt 2
M- Classroom
XS- Classroom
Bath
Third Level
Apt 3
Apt 1
Second Level Apt 4
L- Classroom
Ground Level
S- Classroom
r
TYPICAL 2ND / 3RD FLOOR
118
Storage
PRECEDENTS
ORPHANAGE RESEARCH BY Ali Sandhu ARCHITECT Aldo Van Eyck PARTNER FIRM ... LOCATION Amsterdam, Netherlands DATE 1960 TOTAL SQ. FT. 77,588 sf FOOTPRINT 70,500 sf HEIGHT 35 ft
OKURAYAMA APTS
BERLIN FREE UNIVERSITY
RESEARCH BY Patrick Small ARCHITECT SANAA LOCATION Yokohoma, Japan DATE 2008
RESEARCH BY Philip Sour ARCHITECT Candilis, Josic, Woods, and Schiedhelm LOCATION Berlin, Germany DATE 1973
OKURAYAMA APTS
ORPHANAGE
PLAN
OKURAYAMA APTS
SECTION + VOLUME
OKURAYAMA APTS
JURXQG ÀRRU SODQ
ORPHANAGE
TOTAL SQ. FT. ~2,500 sf FOOTPRINT 1,875 sf
PROGRAM 129 ultra-luxury condominium units RႈFHV DQG UHWDLO DW EDVH
VXE JUDGH SDUNLQJ ZLWK ZLQH FHOODUV
PROGRAM orphanage for 150 children divided up into units for age groups organized along interior streets.
MASSING
RESEARCH BY James Amicone ARCHITECT William O’Brien Jr. LOCATION Sonoma, California DATE 2011-13
TOTAL SQ. FT. 3,767,368 sf FOOTPRINT 1,506,947 sf HEIGHT 42ft
TOTAL SQ. FT. 207.20m2 FOOTPRINT 457.77m2 HEIGHT 8,100mm PROGRAM Nine dwellings apartment complex
ORPHANAGE
HENDEE-BORG HOUSE
PROGRAM A home for two artists’ studios in addition to work space, library, living/social space.
BERLIN FREE UNIVERSITY
MASSING
HENDEE-BORG HOUSE
PLAN
BERLIN FREE UNIVERSITY
PLAN
HENDEE-BORG HOUSE
PLAN
SECTION + VOLUMES
BERLIN FREE UNIVERSITY
SECTION + VOLUME
HENDEE-BORG HOUSE
SECTION + VOLUME
BERLIN FREE UNIVERSITY
UNIT
HENDEE-BORG HOUSE
UNIT
MASSING
MASSING
Ground Floor
XSSHU ÀRRU SODQ
sections for children aged 14-20
sections for children aged 2-4 and 4-6
ORPHANAGE
UNIT
OKURAYAMA APTS
UNIT
119
MERCEDES HOUSE CLINTON PARK
HAGENEILAND HOUSING RESEARCH BY Kayla Eland ARCHITECT MVRDV LOCATION Den Haag, Netherlands DATE 2000-2003
5(6($5&+ %< $5&+,7(&7 /2&$7,21 DATE
TOTAL SQ. FT. FOOTPRINT HEIGHT PROGRAM 119 family social housing units
HAGENEILAND HOUSING
HAGENEILAND HOUSING
MASSING
PLAN
PATIO ISLAND HOUSING
6/,',1* +286(
%URFN )RUWPDQ 7(1 $UTXLWHFWRV 1HZ <RUN 1< 2012
5(6($5&+ %< Shauna Lindsey $5&+,7(&7 dRMM Architects /2&$7,21 6XႇRON 8. '$7( 2010
727$/ 64 )7 1,200,000 HEIGHT 348 ft PROGRAM 80% market rate apartments DႇRUGDEOH KRXVLQJ 0HUFHGHV GHDOHUVKLS N VI
1<3' 0RXQWHG 3ROLFH 6WDEOHV 3DUNLQJ
RESEARCH BY Erin Pesa ARCHITECT MVRDV LOCATION Ypenburg, The Netherlands DATE 2001-2005 TOTAL SQ. FT. 100,104 sf HEIGHT 25 ft
727$/ 64 )7 )22735,17 IW +(,*+7 IW
PROGRAM 48 Family Houses 352*5$0 KRXVH ZLWK RႈFH VWXGLR
MERCEDES HOUSE CLINTON PARK
0$66,1*
6/,',1* +286(
MASSING
PATIO ISLAND HOUSING
MASSING
MERCEDES HOUSE CLINTON PARK
PLAN
6/,',1* +286(
3/$1
PATIO ISLAND HOUSING
PLAN
Ground Level
Second Floor
Scale: 1’-0”=1/32”
/HYHO
/HYHO
/HYHO Scale: 1’-0”=1/32”
HAGENEILAND HOUSING
SECTION + VOLUME
MERCEDES HOUSE CLINTON PARK
6(&7,21 92/80(6
6/,',1* +286(
6(&7,21 92/80(
PATIO ISLAND HOUSING
SECTION + VOLUME
Scale: 1’-0”=1/8”
HAGENEILAND HOUSING
UNIT
MERCEDES HOUSE CLINTON PARK
7HUUDFH 8QLW
120
81,7
6/,',1* +286(
81,7
PATIO ISLAND HOUSING
7\SLFDO 8QLW
First Floor
Second Floor
Scale: 1’-0”=1/8”
Scale: 1’-0”=1/8”
UNIT
PRECEDENTS
BOUCA SOCIAL HOUSING
MM APARTMENTS
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS
RESEARCH BY Daniel Schiering ARCHITECT Alvaro Siza PARTNER FIRM ... LOCATION Porto, Portugal DATE 1973-1977 TOTAL SQ. FT. 169,568 sf FOOTPRINT 42,392 HEIGHT 42 ft
RESEARCH BY Josh Tomey ARCHITECT 0DVVLPLOLDQR )XNVDV LOCATION Hamburg, Germany DATE 2002 727$/ 64 )7 41,774 sf )22735,17 8,358 sf HEIGHT 83 ft
TOTAL SQ. FT. 196.59m² FOOTPRINT 65.53m² HEIGHT 7750mm
TOTAL SQ. FT. 360,000 sq ft HEIGHT 82 ft. PROGRAM 2/3 Parking and 1/3 Living
352*5$0 32 units of one and two story units bridging the gap between historic and PRGHUQ +DPEXUJ
PROGRAM A three story residence, divided into eight dwellings, each designed for a single person.
PROGRAM 130 social housing units community and commercial spaces sub-grade parking
BOUCA SOCIAL HOUSING
$/67(5)/((7 +286,1*
RESEARCH BY Christina Tefend ARCHITECT Yuji Nakae + Hirofumi Ohno PARTNER FIRM Nakae Architects + Ohno Japan LOCATION Tokyo, Japan DATE September, 2009
RESEARCH BY Patrick Small ARCHITECT BJARKE INGELS PARTNER FIRM BIG LOCATION Copenhagen, Denmark DATE 2008
MASSING
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS
MASSING
MM APARTMENTS
MASSING
$/67(5)/((7 +286,1*
0$66,1*
$/67(5)/((7 +286,1*
3/$1
$/67(5)/((7 +286,1*
6(&7,21 92/80(
$/67(5)/((7 +286,1*
UNIT
SITE EXTRUDED OFF OF EXACT SITE TO ALLOW FOR MAXIMUM COMPACITY IN UNITS
SLIT WINDOWS BLOCK VIEWS BUT ALSO ALLOW LIGHT TO WASH INTO INTERIORS
BOUCA SOCIAL HOUSING
PLAN
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS
MM APARTMENTS
PLAN
A
C
PLAN
B
D
H
SECTION & VOLUME
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS
F
H
E
B
A
F
First Floor Plan
BOUCA SOCIAL HOUSING
G
E
C
A
G
G
D
D E
H
Second Floor Plan
Third Floor Plan
SECTION + VOLUMES
MM APARTMENTS
SECTION + VOLUME
G B
B
G
E
H
B
C
E
F
A
C
D
F
A
B C
B
C
G
A B
G
Section 01
BOUCA SOCIAL HOUSING
UNIT
MOUNTAIN DWELLINGS
UNIT
Section 02
G
C
Volumetric Diagram
MM APARTMENTS
UNIT
UNIT TWO 4TH Floor
UNIT TWO 3RD Floor
Bathroom
Stairs + Window
Stairs + Slit Window
Kitchen + Eating Area
Landry Room + Bike Storage
UNIT ONE 2ND Floor
UNIT ONE 1ST Floor
VW )ORRU
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121
432 PARK AVENUE
FREDENSBORG HOUSES RESEARCH BY Jared Younger ARCHITECT Jorn Utzon PARTNER FIRM N/A LOCATION Fredensborg, Denmark DATE 1962
5(6($5&+ %< $5&+,7(&7 /2&$7,21 DATE
56 LEONARD STREET, NYC
PROGRAM 47 patio houses 30 terrace houses restaurant, guestroom, lounge
$5&+,7(&7 -HDQ 1RXYHO /2&$7,21 &KHOVHD 1< '$7(
FLOORS 57 HEIGHT 821 FT
727$/ 64 )7 412,637 )22735,17 8,742â&#x20AC;&#x2122; +(,*+7 1,395â&#x20AC;&#x2122; 352*5$0 129 ultra-luxury units Rá&#x201A;&#x2C6;FHV DQG UHWDLO VXE JUDGH SDUNLQJ
TOTAL SQ. FT. 10,575 sq m FOOTPRINT 225 sq m HEIGHT 105 ft
7+ $9(18(
ARCHITECT Herzog and DeMeuron LOCATION NYC, New York DATE 2015
%URFN )RUWPDQ 5DIDHO 9LxRO\ 1HZ <RUN 1< 2016
727$/ 64 )7 VI +(,*+7 IW
PROGRAM The program is a high-rise â&#x20AC;&#x153;neighborhoodâ&#x20AC;? of apartments and multi-bedroom homes.
352*5$0 &RQGRPLQLXP 7RZHU 6WRULHV 8QLWV
3$5. $9(
0$',621 $9(
E 57 ST
E 56 ST
FREDENSBORG HOUSES
432 PARK AVENUE
MASSING
56 LEONARD STREET, NYC
0$66,1*
MASSING
7+ $9(18(
0$66,1*
7+ $9(18(
3/$1
7+ $9(18(
6(&7,21 92/80(
7+ $9(18(
81,7
³DGGLWLYH DUFKLWHFWXUH´
FREDENSBORG HOUSES
432 PARK AVENUE
PLANS
3/$1
56 LEONARD STREET, NYC
PLAN
FRPPXQLW\ FHQWHU SODQ
*URXQG /HYHO
RYHUDOO SODQ
FREDENSBORG HOUSES
FREDENSBORG HOUSES
7RS /HYHO
432 PARK AVENUE
SECTION + VOLUMES
UNIT
432 PARK AVENUE
81,7
A A
6SOLW )ORRU 8QLWV VKDGHG Y XQVKDGHG
122
56 LEONARD STREET, NYC
6(&7,21 92/80(6
)XOO )ORRU
56 LEONARD STREET, NYC
SECTION AND VOLUME
UNIT
PRECEDENTS
YONGSAN TOWER R6 RESEARCH BY Daniel Yontz ARCHITECT REX LOCATION Seoul, Korea DATE 2014 unbuilt, on hold
MIRADOR
TOTAL SQ. FT. 1,240,000 sq ft FOOTPRINT 73,000 sq ft HEIGHT 540ft
PLANS
PROGRAM 47,800 sqm of luxury housing for short-term residents, 27,000 sqm of retail, and 929 parking stalls.
YONGSAN TOWER R6
MASSING
Elevated Courtyard
Mid-level, Upper Floor YONGSAN TOWER R6
PLANS
Ground Floor
YONGSAN TOWER R6
YONGSAN TOWER R6
SECTION AND VOLUME
MIRADOR
SECTION AND VOLUME
UNIT
123
027,9$7,216
03_RESEARCH
5( &217(;78$/,=(
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
678'(17 :+<
WALDEINSAMKEIT
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
WHY
7UDQVIRUPLQJ XUEDQ HQYLURQPHQWV ZLWKRXW GLVUXSWLQJ WKHP E\ XQGHUVWDQGLQJ SDVW FLYLF KRSHV DQG UHGHVLJQLQJ WKHP WR PHHW WKH IXWXUH
IDENTITY: MIC AND MAC
Philip Sour
6DGLH :HEE
Waldeinsamkeit is the feeling of being alone in the woods, but it also hints at a connectedness to nature.
WHY
Erin Pesa The goal is to create housing that maintains an identity at both the community and individual level allowing people to feel both part of something larger, but also true to themselves. On a large interpretation, the housing block reads as a community with a sense of wholeness. On a smaller scale, the individual is expressed and given a unique identity of their own.
MOTIVATIONS 027,9$7,216
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027,9$7,216
5( &217(;78$/,=(
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
BALANCE
MOTIVATIONS
WALDEINSAMKEIT
MOTIVATIONS
WALDEINSAMKEIT
027,9$7,216
)$%5,&$7(' )8785(
MOTIVATIONS
IDENTITY: MIC AND MAC
MOTIVATIONS
IDENTITY: MIC AND MAC
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
Christina Tefend
678'(17 :+<
THE SUBLIME
Clark Sabula
1DWKDQ /HSKDUW 7KH LQÃ&#x20AC; XHQFH RI GLJLWDO WHFKQRORJ\ DQG PDWHULDO IDEULFDWLRQ FDQ FUHDWH QHZ RSSRUWXQLWLHV DW WKH ODUJH EXLOGLQJ VFDOH DV ZHOO DV ZLWK VPDOO WHFWRQLF GHWDLOV
http://architizer.com/blog/flexible-concrete/
http://www.archdaily.com/609108/digitized-bricks-zaarchitects-develop-smart-masonry
http://www.archdaily.com/640952/matter-designs-helix-stair-takes-concrete-to-the-next-level
SYMMETRICAL BALANCE ELEGANT + FORMAL
CIRCUMSTANTIAL
MOTIVATIONS
BALANCE
027,9$7,216
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MOTIVATIONS
THE SUBLIME
http://www.contourcrafting.org/ http://architizer.com/blog/data-clay/
PRIMEVAL
http://architizer.com/blog/how-3d-printing-will-become-a-consumer-building-technology/
ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE ENERGETIC + CASUAL
RESIDUAL
MOTIVATIONS
BALANCE
027,9$7,216
)$%5,&$7(' )8785(
MOTIVATIONS
http://www.archdaily.com/786978/sci-arcs-close-up-exhibit-explores-the-potential-of-digital-technologies-on-architectural-detail
VAST
&5<67$//2*5$3+,& BALANCE PARAMETRIC + KINETIC
CATASTROPHIC
124
THE SUBLIME
MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS
PROGRAM ARTICULATION
MOTIVATIONS
DIAGRAMMING
MOTIVATIONS
STRATA
Jared Younger STUDENT
This investigation focuses on the potential of program to become a diagrammatic tool. As an inherent component of architecture, program can be used in extra-curricular ways, including form generation and interior dialogues, intimating that their abuttment and relationships have value.
WHY
Vakko Fashion Center - Instanbul - REX
Museum Plaza - Louisville - REX
STUDENT
Ali Sandhu
WHY
'RHV WKH GHVLJQ LQWHQW Dá&#x201A;&#x2021;HFW WKH XVHU¶V WKH ZD\ WKH\ WKLQN LW ZLOO" :KHQ GRHV VLPSOH EHFRPH WRR VLPSOH" ,V VLPSOLFLW\ EHWWHU WKDQ FRPSOH[LW\ ZKHQ LW FRPHV WR DQ LGHD" 'RHV D VLPSOH LGHD WKDW SXOOV Rá&#x201A;&#x2021; RQH PRYH QHJOHFW RWKHU SUREOHPV" &DQ DUFKLWHFWXUH FRPPXQLFDWH DQ LGHD"
James Amicone
MOTIVATIONS
DIAGRAMMING
MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS
PROGRAM ARTICULATION
MOTIVATIONS
DIAGRAMMING
MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS
EVOLUTION
MOTIVATIONS
WHY
INTERSTITIAL
Michael Rennekamp Occupying another dimension, a world unseen. Loopholes that allow you to circumvent the traditional system of circulation and movement.
Essence Financial - Shenzen - OMA
PROGRAM ARTICULATION
STUDENT
WHY
Strata can be seen literally, as a projection or diagrammatically. I am interested in the way strata can diagrammatically LQÃ&#x20AC;XHQFH a datum of program and additionally project those conditions onto a GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW ¿HOG RI YLHZ LH WKH HOHYDWLRQ
MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
STRATA: A layer of material, formed either naturally or arWL¿FLDOO\ RIWHQ one of a number of parallel layers placed one upon another.
FORM FOLLOWS FICTION
STUDENT
Lindsay Conkel
WHY
Story-Driven Design. How can the users daily narrative script the architecture and how can architecture help write these narratives.
Alex Jakovina
STUDENT
I am interested in the idea of thinking of achitecture as en evolutionary process. What I mean is that I think great achitecture needs to stand the test of time, but also be able to expand or grow with current changes. It should make a statement for itâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s curent time period, pull from historical precidents, and have an architectutral impact in and for the future.
WHY
STRATA
STRATA
FIVE POINTS
MOTIVATIONS
INTERSTITIAL
MOTIVATIONS
INTERSTITIAL
MOTIVATIONS
MODULAR SYSTEMS
STUDENT
Stephen Angus
WHY
I am interested in the efficacy of Corbusierâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s five points of architecture; pilotis, free facade, ribbon window, free plan and roof garden. What was he attempting to accomplish in each point and has contemporary architecture succesfully reproduced the same results.
Daniel Schiering Using modular units to organize the site in a way that still has a set of rules but doesnâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t need to be so repetitious and expected. something that can grow organically.
Pilotis
S House | Hammerschmid Hammerschm Pachl chl h Seebacher
MOTIVATIONS
FORM FOLLOWS FICTION
MOTIVATIONS
EVOLUTION
MOTIVATIONS
Pratt P rratt att tt Myrtle Hall | WASA / Studio A
7am
Gym
Gym
FORM FOLLOWS FICTION am
Parking Garage
Apartment
Cafe
Apartment
Cafe
Apartment
Apartment
Parking Garage
am
1 am
11am
1 pm
1pm
pm
pm
4pm
5pm
6pm
7pm
MOTIVATIONS
ARCHITECTURAL EVOLUTION
6am
EVOLUTION
1900 - 1950 JOHNSON
1951 - 2000
POST MODERNISM
EXPRESSIONISM
BEAUX ARTS EISENMAN
ART DECO
MONUMENTAL CLASSICISM
LE CORBUSIER
STACKED NEIGHBORHOODS
Free Plan
BLOBS
BUILDING CODE DELIRIOUS NEW YORK
MODULAR SYSTEMS
KOOLHAAS
Roof Garden
REPEATING HISTORY?
BIG
GLASS HOUSE
MOTIVATIONS
ELIMINATION OF PUBLIC V. PRIVATE
HIGH-TECH ARCHITECTUR
ZAHA
MIES
VILLA SAVOYE
MID-RISE
FIVE POINTS
House D | PAUHOF Architekten Ar Arc Arch
MOTIVATIONS S
ROBOTS
SUSTAINABILITY ART DECO
GARDEN CITIES
MODULAR SYSTEMS
2001 - ? COMPUTER DRAFTING
INTERNET
FRNSWORTH HOUSE
MOTIVATIONS
Ribbon Window
Free Facade
MOTIVATIONS
FIVE POINTS
L.E.E.D. CERTIFIED
DIGITAL FABRICATION
CITY WITHIN A CITY
MULTI-AXES ELEVATORS Dr. Chau Chak hak Wing W Buiilding lding g | Frank Ge Gehry G Geh
Nanyang Nanyang nyang ang Technical Technic Techn Technica ni University Uni rsity | C CPG C Consultan Consult ts s
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MOTIVATIONS STUDENT WHY
CROSS-PROGRAMMING
Patrick Small
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
These projects transform their context by positioning programmes. In principle they operate using a strategy which Bernard Tschumi provided with a theoretical basis as â&#x20AC;&#x153;Cross-Programmingâ&#x20AC;? in the seventies. A programme, for instance a library, is introduced into a space with whose programme it is not compatible i.e. swimming pool
WHY
DEPENDENT STABILITY
Daniel Yontz
MOTIVATIONS 678'(17
An architecture constructed of parts that are governed by various moves and strategies, unstable independently, but balanced together. The motivation could invert architectural massing.
WHY
STAGING THE EVENT
Brent Hall
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT WHY
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SERENITY
Yevgeniy Nudel Serenity is the state of being calm, peaceful, and untroubled. In terms of architecture it can be compared to a cropping of our larger environment to create a microenviroment that is safe from the agitation of the daily bustle.
DOWNTOWN ATHLETIC CLUB
MOTIVATIONS
CROSS-PROGRAMMING
MOTIVATIONS
CROSS-PROGRAMMING
MOTIVATIONS
DEPENDENT STABILITY
MOTIVATIONS
STAGING THE EVENT
MOTIVATIONS
SERENITY
MOTIVATIONS
DEPENDENT STABILITY
MOTIVATIONS
STAGING THE EVENT
MOTIVATIONS
SERENITY
MOTIVATIONS
SENSORY
MOTIVATIONS
ARTICULATION OF STREETS
NOUS VOUS: DRAWING ON THE SAME PAGE
TOP: SEATLE PUBLIC LIBRARY-OMA / BOTTOM: MARKET HALL-MVRDV
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT WHY
COLONY
Josh Tomey
MOTIVATIONS
027,9$7,216 678'(17
Can architecture combat the phenomenon of urban loneliness? We live in cities dominated by cars instead of people, phones instead of faces, and buildings instead of neighborhoods. Naturally social beings are becoming increasingly isolated; while simultaneously surrounded by others. Looking to nature, ants are one of few other creatures that experience lonliness. Lonely ants die 90% HDUOLHU WKDQ WKRVH IRUWLÂżHG E\ WKHLU FRORQ\ , ZLOO ORRN WR the ant colony to combat the lonely city.
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COLONY
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SOFT & SQUISHY
Alex Nyktas
STUDENT
Explore the possibilities of architecture that responds to an input whether active, passive, or environmental.
WHY
Kayla Eland 7KHUH DUH PDQ\ GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQW H[DPSOHV RI VWUHHWV EXW KRZ GR WKHVH VWUHHWV LQĂ&#x20AC;XHQFH DUFKLWHFWXUH" ,QWHULRU VWUHHWV FUHDWH D PHHWLQJ DUHD DQG D SODFH WR UHOD[ LQ FRPSDULVRQ WR FRUULGRUV $QG ZKDW LV WKH GLá&#x201A;&#x2021;HUHQFH EHWZHHQ FLW\ VWUHHWV DQG UHVLGHQWLDO VWUHHWV"
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MOTIVATIONS
SENSORY
MOTIVATIONS
ARTICULATION OF STREETS
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MOTIVATIONS
SENSORY
MOTIVATIONS
ARTICULATION OF STREETS
Unique community identity
Vital sustaining density
MOTIVATIONS
Sectional variance to create privacy
Nodal development connecting hubs of space
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MOTIVATIONS
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT WHY
UNEXPECTED PLACES
NADIA VOYNOVA
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT
Architecture has a great power of organizing and regulating social mechanisms within the built environment in the most intuitive ways: it either creates vibrant communities or isolate them.The success of a design should be measured not by its functionality but by architectureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to aliven the environment around it.
WHY
DISRUPTION
Bethany Roman The establishment of a rhythm or pattern suggests predictability throughout a structure. The repetition is simple, easy to understand, and allows the mechanics of the device to fade to the background. Disruption of this rhythm creates emphasis on the disrupting element.
Snøhetta and SANAA Budapest National Gallery Dubai Architecture School Tower by [AC-CA] Foster&Partners Aldar Central Market Vo Trong Nghiaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Farming Kindergarten
MOTIVATIONS
UNEXPECTED PLACES
MOTIVATIONS
DISRUPTION
UNEXPECTED PLACES
MOTIVATIONS
DISRUPTION
BOUNDARY
MOTIVATIONS
High Line | NYC Hualien Residences | BIG
MOTIVATIONS Oslo Opera House | Tarald Lundevall
MOTIVATIONS STUDENT WHY
ALL THE SINGLE LADIES
Shauna Lindsey Imposed Boundary: one that is placed on the individual, the object has to end at the boundary. Implied Boundary: one that is supposed to end at a VSHFLÂżF SRLQW EXW WKHUH PD\ EH ZD\V WR JHW DURXQG WKH boundary
Independents--women and men who choose not to partner, neither in a
A secondary bubble within housing that require space are Baby Boomers,
traditional (marriage) relationship nor in an alternative (domestic partner-
a smaller segment of the population than the/we Millennials but the wealth-
ship)--has begun to show how much of our society is designed around a
iest generation in US history and one with the longest lifespans in history,
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too, though with woman outnumbering men. This was the generation whose
constraints than Independents might. For example, an entirely open plan
parentsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; moved them to the suburbs (like Levittown, NY/NJ/PA/etc.) and are
for a smaller (<600ft) apartment works if you never need to put a door be-
now wanting to downsize from a 4br ranch house with too much to clean.
tween you and someone else.
MILLENNIALS
MOTIVATIONS WHY
BOUNDARY
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BOOMERS
Options
Experiences Experiences
not commitments
not notposessions posessions
MOTIVATIONS
DOWNSIZING
ALL THE SINGLE LADIES
NEIGHBORHOOD
SHARING
SERVICES
ELDERQUARTERS
AVAILABLE RESERACH
Beth Blostein + Bart Overly
An extreme demographic shift: Because of cultural advancement, the US population demographic is about to grow much older. The shift will, by 2050, dramatically skew
the nation's Dependency Ratio, reducing the number of people in the workforce to "dependent" retired people.
Biological Aging: A Dependency Shift A century of medical and scientiďŹ c advancement allows us to live longer than ever before. Because of this extreme transformation, the US population demographic will shift; in less than forty years the number of people sixty-ďŹ ve and over will increase so that nearly one quarter of the population will be senior citizens. This shift will, by 2050, dramatically skew the nationâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s â&#x20AC;&#x153;Dependency Ratioâ&#x20AC;?, the age-related ratio between the segments of the population not in the work force (economically unproductive, dependent) relative to the segments who are. A full quarter of our population will be retired for a quarter of its increased lifespan.1 Despite advancements that curtail its effects, the process of aging is a biological inevitability and a crisis that invariably confronts each successive generation in every culture; it is seen as a progressive disease that must be combated. Take for example the legend of â&#x20AC;&#x153;setting adriftâ&#x20AC;?. Associated with Eskimo societies among others, the story tells of seemingly unproductive elderly villagers who, perceived as burdens for the resource-deprived community, were routinely set adrift upon ice ďŹ&#x201A;oes to face a horrifying and solitary end.2 Regardless of its authenticity, the mere existence of such a legend espousing a culturally sanctioned process of eldercorralling highlights the ubiquitous undercurrent of fear and uncertainty associated with aging. Each generation must deďŹ ne what it means to be â&#x20AC;&#x153;oldâ&#x20AC;? and answer the perplexing question of what to do with those who ďŹ t the deďŹ nition. In the
facilities like retirement communities and nursing homes. While perhaps a more humane approach than being perched on the ice ďŹ&#x201A;oe, the end result still becomes a forced placelessness and isolation from the continually evolving world. While each generation tries to improve upon the strategies of the last, the pending upheaval in the US demographic will mandate more than an incremental improvement or a dressing up of established institutional infrastructures; a radical reconsideration of its physicality will be necessary. Architectural Aging: A Case for Reinvention Cultureâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s distaste for the â&#x20AC;&#x153;decrepitâ&#x20AC;? extends to the environment we have constructed for ourselves. After all, architecture acts as an extension of our bodies. Looking only at commercial lease trends since 2008, at the start of the world-wide economic crisis, 133 million square feet of ofďŹ ce space in the US, equal to sixty-three Empire State Buildings, has become vacant and unproductive.3 While there are accepted assumptions that old-age justiďŹ es a reduced (or non-existent) set of productivity expectations for our parents and grandparents, the same does not hold true for buildings. The anecdote told by Robert Harbison in The Built, the Unbuilt, and the
Unbuildable of the betrayal felt upon returning to his childhood summer camp only to ďŹ nd it in ruins, demonstrates our desire for architecture to withstand the tests of time.4 The reality is that architecture rarely ages gracefully; it simply gets old and
contemporary western world, the â&#x20AC;&#x153;oldâ&#x20AC;? often fall victim (literally or ďŹ guratively) to various kinds of institutionalization and
outmoded. These days architecture is deeply rooted in industrialized building systems and imposter materials. As a result, in the contemporary landscape of commercial buildings,
societal expectations. This system has its own tempo and its own codes of conduct, often manifested through specialized
structure gets hidden behind dropped ceilings and wrapped in materials that resist patina. When businesses fail or styles
1. â&#x20AC;&#x153;The Next Four Decades: The Older Population in the United States: 2010 to 2050,â&#x20AC;? The United States Census Bureau, (May 2010) (based on data collected in the 2010 Census), 3-9. 2. â&#x20AC;&#x153;Eskimos: Old Age,â&#x20AC;? http://www.theinitialjourney.
com/features/eskimos_01.html, accessed on July 27, 2011. 3. Anton Troinovski, â&#x20AC;&#x153;OfďŹ ce Vacancy Rate Keeps Climbing,â&#x20AC;? The Wall Street Journal, July 6, 2010. He compares the vacancy to the size of 2300 football ďŹ elds, but we thought equating to The Empire State Building would
be useful to this discussion. 4. Robert Harbison, The Built, the Unbuilt, and the Unbuildable (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1991), 103.
AT EXTREMES
MOTIVATIONS WHY
BOUNDARY
MOTIVATIONS
ALL THE SINGLE LADIES
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