Typographic Images of Reagan's "Tear Down This Wall"

Alex Ferrara 16 Typographic panels inspired by Ronald Reagan’s “Tear Down This Wall” Panels illustrate scenes from Reagan’s Speech to Gorbachev through imagery created by lines from Reagan’s speech.

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor.

General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe.

And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expa nd t

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation.Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes.

From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world.To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

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From the Baltic, south, continent of Europe.

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General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Farther south, there may concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Farther south, there may no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate!

Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!

Mr. no visible, no obvious wall.

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InInthis season of spring in 1945, the people emerged from their air-raid nuclear missiles, capable striking Europe.

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Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out help.

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Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in doubled.

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Farther a same--still gashandof a gash demr taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where Europe. towers.

Farther guards and south, there may barbed wire, barbed wire, tsys south, there may rbe bar bar tha o eb yam From erebar hbar Europe. eno b yvisible, amFrom erno eo hbe be noand visible, no concrete, dog concrete, dog vid ers Europe. .llaw suFrom oivbrers armed be noand visible, no the Baltic, niamvid eris-s-there obvious wall. obvious wall. runs, runs, andof obvious wall.

But armed there remain guard guard there tha there remain ers intii---f instrument ttdoers rers init-i--checkpoints armed guards and towers. towers. e tha south, dnathose sdra remain armed guards and checkpoints allBut Farther Farther onnomay the right checkpoints ,emay lbisivno orers on ,elbiswall. ivrers obar to impose the same--still a south, south, tdii restriction ereht tuB tm e guards the same--still a obvious tha allonallthe --i rrers dand emethe rethe a But there restriction on the there there may tm restriction the guards right to travel, be be no no.ollanvisible, right to travel, four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any the still an visible, visible, s t n i o pand kce still an t tha tha vid tha tha ers instrument to no no o f ent ent d instrument to Baltic, w s u o i v b o the . l l a Baltic, w s u o i v b o impose upon obviobvithe Baltic, n i a m e r armed guards and checkpoints impose upon south, dnathose sdraiuirgree remain ordinary men ous ous vid to travel, still an o f men i-i-t t e s tdudvid tdBisame--still tha checkpoints But there upon ordinary men and and women wall. wall. bar vid obvious wall. and women aordinary restriction the will of Bu Bu barriers eht l the will of a t t e s bar a d d i i the t e r e h t t e r e h t t u B totalit t ers ricnticntioocheckpoints all sinstrument to impose demreathe all athellits-cut totalis t n i o p k c e h c armed tarian tarian all the remain stat city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading south, But there the r i stat e s vid vid ent vid vid d i e.

-em e. women the will of a Y Ysouth, those niamethe eethe rson those nguards iamethe rsss south, dnathose sand drauent ers same--still the ethe iicgrrent eee s the right to travel, vid barriers cut e h t l l a guards tha n n e e same--still a armed remain across n o n o i t cirats i r tha ent o e tt same--still atd i sdraug guards dement rent aestill an instrument tosand draug dement rent a totalitarian state. Yet it is checkpoints stniopkcehcntic upon restriction a llits--eon mnanosthe td i lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great barriers restriction oo ordinary men and armed ot thgtoion re nncntiricraro eoo e impose upon barriers ent dinicnticutdicnthe arroeo vid Eur eht llantithenright across noitto cirtso eEur rpfpf all the cut restriction on the thenooright checkpoints andstniopcut nneettfewomen the will of avid iiccrntiee here in Berlin where thebarriers e s o o Germany a lstill lits ,an lin eva kcecntih c s t n i o p k c e h c t a l l i t s e m a s e s travel, n e ntio ntio t t h g i r e h t same--still a the e e . . n universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of across travel, still an all the checkpoints o t t n e m u rt o f right to travel, still the n t n n e e Eur n n e e ntient Fro Fro o f totalitarian state.

Yet it is e h t l l a across e h t l l a wall emerges most clearly; across n o n o i t c i r t s e r instrument ordinary men and Germany n a l l i t s , l in e v a r t restriction on Eur ent o f n t t o p n n t t n e instrument to same--still a r oe m all the gash nopofu esopto opp.. . in Berlin where the icr oe ufuf oano ftff ethere oaEro a llits--em suo a llits--em s here, cintio t thgto ir ehEur an impose profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the same--still ot tnem urtm sthe nthe i instrument to the oright impose cutting across yourGermany the will of Germany arestriction Eur Bal nem yupon rmen anid Germany in ao no noitcin iartsaErpe eErpe rowomen noright noitcto iron tsEur eEur rpp na llstill its ,lin evareFro teFro ntiordinary pe o o m o.. . gash nopofu eupon sopBal m ioo,impose travel, an n et tic tic , Fro ordinary men the restriction on upon barbed wire, n e m o w d m wall emerges most n e F r e e . . the o p city, where the news n s s m totalitarian state.

Yet o t t h g i r e h t o t t h g i r e h t West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for the ot tnemurto tsnBal ithe andawomen nem yraniduth ro ordinary meno f instrument n tf o Fro . and travel, fo lliw e m m m tic ,,clearly; gash nright aofllitsto ,levaFo rFot r rit is here in Berlingash naofllstill its ,lean vFro aeFro rtphoto Eur ,tahh Bal nopofu eupon sopmthe iBal here, cuttingo the will barbed ewomen mof wire, owadn,tuth impose and the televisiongash thenwill instrument travel, tic , Eur the the the ssuth o o p. concrete, naof iradog taila we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only instrument ot tnstill eman urtotsm nm i , where the wall impose ot tnemupon urtto sm nBal i ,screen s o nem yramen nidrotic o p totalitarian Bal Bal Bal the the the a f o l l i w e h t ordinary e o o s s o and women the totalitarian across your city, where have imprinted s i t i t e Y . e t uth e . tic tic tic , , Bal Bal Fro ebar ebar uth barbed nopuwire, esopm i o, , barbed nopuwire, esmen opsmtic ioo, barbed wire, n e m o w d n a state.

Yet it is concrete, n a i r a dog t i l a t o t and women , Fro s s t h tic tic state.

Yet it is ordinary m , impose upon runs, and n i l r e B n i e r strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be ordinary t hsshs news photo and the the m nem yrmen anidsruth osoo emerges most and nemwomen yraniduth rsuth here siinti tBerlin eY.etarers trers si i-- will of a the the awillfooflliwa ehto here the ,,taohohthis brutal division of aconcrete, Bal, llawinethe hBerlin t ewal re concrete, emodog w dnuth emoofdog wad,tnouth ebar nairadog tilatoo to Bal where hsh ,t,toauth ,t clearly; runs, niland rethe B niwall erecut htotalitarian state. totalitarian tic cut eebar television screen have where thenawill continent upon the mindstate. andnawomen here, cutting guard towers. t s o m s e g r e tic , unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist concrete, o s s r i h t h s o acr acr bar f o l l i w e h f o l l i w e h t s i t i t e Y . e t a t s emerges most l l a w e h t e r e h w Yet it is r i s o e ers o emerges totalitarian oss i -imprinted this brutaluth the will Yet it is here in,uth ,ereh ;ylra ers cut eobar etis-sacross your city, runs, eebar and and naof iraatilato nairaittilisatebar oo t sof the world. Standing runs, Ge Ge niland rin eBBerlin ni erehrers clearly; guard tsomtowers. semost gremoss here clearly; state. totalitarian cut ,tho acr bar tho recBerlin -- where the Farther south, ssorchere, a gnit world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most runs, siYet ti teitY.isetabar sbar si tYet i tBerlin eY.etarers trrers si ii--acr llaw ehthe t erwall ehwcut division of a continent cutting ers oss rtrers ri -i where ,erehere, h ;ylraerma the Brandenburgwhere s e acr the newsguard cutting across here state. erehcity, wacross ,ywhere tic r oss sbare cut cut Ge ninlma nin yawall ya emergesbar nilin retowers.

BBerlin ni ereers hers nilrin etowers.

Bthe ni wall ercut eacr hbefore guard tsomtowers. segmost remeoss your Farther s s o r c south, a g n i t t u c emerges Ge acr acr r cut cut cut your city, where where r i Ge here upon the mind of the basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, guard Gate, every man is a there o t o h pmay sw ebe n photo and the r r i oss oss acr acr llaw ethe ht ewall rehacr wGe llaw eht emost rehoss w ers gas gas ,erehere, h ;ylraelcrma the news e r e h w , y t i c r u o y clearly; the news photo emerges where ma ers Ge Ge n y oss oss oss cut h h ma ephot ht d most clearly; world.

Standing before tsom south, semost gremGe eGe Farther t s o m south, s e g r e m e German, separated n y Farther south, s s o r c a g n i t t u c cut and the rrma television screen r r in a Ge there o t o h p may s w e be n e h t cutting across acr o o f f n y and the clearly; here, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to Farther emerges no visible, no n e e r c s n o isiv in a acr ma gas -y- imprinted thiscutting rma oss bar bar a Brandenburg Gate, ,erhere, eh ;ylraema lncrma ,ereacross h ;ylraema lc yy-from his fellow men. your erehcity, w ,ywhere tic ruoyin here, cutting television scree e h t d n a gas the oss n n h television screen G e b b e e gas clearly; have detnimprinted irpmi e ho ff f essomay rca gbe nittuniacni nynny there ssomay rca gbe nittin unin c ayaa rm aotohnews pmay swphoto ebe n ehtho have no nevisible, ercimprinted s nonoisiveldedwir t the prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom there have your cutting your city, rG gas bar obvious lawall. turbBu man is a German, man is a Berliner,there erecity, hwacross ,ywhere tic ruoiagas yabrutal division of athe erenews hcity, w ,ywhere tiphoto c rugas bar m this brutal gas hoin hyEvery bevery gas debrutal tnirpmi evawir and the eht dnao nin ay eheacross bar this your a of fo anois bdeeseparated e n aay f ff o-o,-, the news otvisible, onews hp sw no en ehhhotgas otvisible, ohthe p swno en eo hho t forced nevisible, ercs nono isiveletbd from hisin division obvious awall. tuarbBut sichncntwhere television screen to look upon ano is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet no uponno bar bar wir ho ffcontinent o divisiona lof and gas dwir the photo there remain n o p u tnupon enit wir gas bar b b e e e , o f bar e h t d n a e h t d n a h cre cre d e t n i r p m i e v a h continent f o n o i s i v i d have imprinted photo and theo f continent upon television screen and the e , fellow men.

Every man h b e d d c o bar bar b e scar.

In this season of t t e e , , e , e h t f o d nimthe the mind of the obvious n e e r c s wall. n o i s i But v e l e t obvious n e e r c s wall. n o i s i But v e l e t c o obvious wall.

But l a t u r b s i h t o f thegnmind Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this television screenbddwir wir bee dwir there nomind premain u tnof enthe itnodgcdgtelevision this brutal bare oo cnniso--a- Berliner, forced to the have armed idStanding nguards atof S .dlr screen bar eehcoo, ,,spring in 1945, the division b detnimprinted irpmi evawir hedwir detbrutal nimprinted irpmi evaecwir a fof o naoisividncre world. world.

Standing e h t f o d n i m e h t cre b e , t e , world.

Standing this d r r u u cre have e h t ero t e , d ddeo o, , , before the there remain laturb siheccntecoo-o remain latuarb sincre hcnt -o-- people of Berlin there ss, , imprintedwir gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western there nopremain u tnupon enitnoctd before armed gnidnthe guards atS .dlronwnhave continent scar. In this before division this brutal wir and checkpoint gruthe bnedn a of fo anoisividncre a fof o upon noisivtdindcre guou, uponofa spring ehmind t fo dnofimthe ehtggrlook Brandenburg cre tdeo eo,emerged ,, ne- ,-Brandenburg cre eht erofeadgbadg nunuthis brutal ecn o-, the Brandenburg continent division namevery yrevema ,et inenc o-, from their armed alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of armed nopuguards tnupon enitnotctdcre armed nomind puguards tnof enithe tnogtd c eo gnidStanding nguards atS .dlrowrnnarnassunseason Gate, and checkpoints g r u b n e d n a r B world. s , o g t e e , , Gate, every man the cre ard ard , continent all ,nsame--st amreG usuu, , ouo every manworld. t fo dof nim ehdgtgrdgGate, eht foStanding dnim ernhgrrntsair-raid twoeoedivision of a tdeo, nun the people ofcre eht erofebad is athe am yreve ,etatG shelters to findbefore the isnathe German, theeghmind the dg1945, t eo, w dggard mGerman, orf detfrom ara striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and and n checkpoints i d n a t S . d l r o w and g n checkpoints i d n a t S . d l r o w u and checkpoints g r u b n e d n a r B d separated n s , a a n n r r u u n s , all , n same--still a m r e G a s i Brandenburg g r r s s . . u continent upon separated from before the world. Standing Berlin emerged from devastation.

ThousandsGate, ahisrestriction .nem w oon llef g t ard o rn su, eht erofebnanasnns,nis, a German, Brandenburg eht erofedbad namevery yreveman ,etaGard m orf demen. tarapeFar sFar mind of the unuu of miles away, hisrestriction fellow before the afellow si namen. misyar Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits all uu r tw ssoeesoe.. . air-raid shelters nratosun, dguseparated thegrsame--still ubnednarBadgdgard thegrsame--still ubnednargard Bdggard the all ad n rihthe r oo w ,nsame--still amreG a stheir itw Every fromallGate, aEvery .nem w oon llef sthe is atheGerman, every Brandenburg rFar ttwe oo the otright deman crforced otof ,rtrave enilt namevery yreveman ,etaGard yreve man ,etatwe Gard morf detfrom arapesrFar world. Standing d Berliner, twe o the ard o. . a siman nforced amisyaretovsuth Esuth separated gua Far find devastation.

Berliner, isnrestriction aam German, people of the Unitedahis his fellow men. that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, aGate, . r a c s a n o p u the gua r r s s r t t o o we r d , , the restriction on a on , n a m r e G a s i , n a m r e G a s i restriction .nem wmen. oon llef sihsrsThousands lookfan the otright decrotof a,rtravel, enilrethe B before the t o fellow d Far Far oo we rthe s. look is amGerman, still oupon nseason osaeas sca siof of milesrt o reached out toEvery man is a separated rrFar rssEvery s.. .

Far orf defrom tarapeswe orf demen. tafrom rapethe o a siman namisyraevEsruth In this acupon s season a nopuscar. koormrthe l eBrandenburg In.rthis of hism separated uth w e. the rrss States East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air the ,,the rw se. m aea uth .nemtomen. wtravel, ollef sihFar .fellow nem oislleaf srsuth ihthe right the right towtravel, , the right to travel, o t d e c r o f , r e n i l r e B away, the people of the r s rrFar o o the the still an f o n o s a e s s i h t n I Berliner, forced to help.

The German Far y y Berliner, forced spring in 1945, Every man his fellow Far rrmthe eoe every the a sman i namisyarevE a si naforced m yreto v,Esuth .racsupon a noapuscar. koolthe 491 nof i gnirpbno sbnGate, look r eeUnited , o ae uth the ,5 people Berliner, r Every States

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pe .

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Th er e is on e sig n th e So vie ts ca n ma pe ac e. In th ke th at wo uld e Co be un mi sta ka ba sic kin d- -to mm un ist wo rld , we se e fai lur e, te ble , th at wo o ch no uld ad va nc e th e en tir e wo lit tle foo d. Ev en to da y, dr am ati ca lly th e So vie t Un log ica l ba ck wa rd ne ss, rld on e gre at de cli nin g sta th e ca us e of ion th e na tio ns an d ine sc ap sti ll ca nn ot nd ard s of he fre ed om an wi th co mi ty ab le co nc lus fee d its elf . Af d alt h, ev en wa an d pe ac e. Fr ion : Fr ee do for th e So vie te r th es e fou m lea ds to pr nt of th e mo ee do m is th t Un ion an d r de ca de st os pe rit y. Fr e vic to r. Ge s, th en , th er Ea ste rn Eu ro Go rb ac he v, ee ne e do sta ra te ar do wn m re pla ce s th l Se cr et ar y nd s be for e th is wa ll! Be pe , if yo u se ek lib er ali Go hu nd re ds of e rb an ac he v, if yo u cie nt ha tre ds za tio n: Co me gin nin g 10 ye ne w an d mo se ek pe ac e, he ar s ag o, th e re de ad ly SS Le t us wo rk if yo u se ek pr am on g So vie ts ch all re to th is ga te! Mr. Go -20 nu cle ar to br ing th e os pe rit y rb ac he v, op mi ssi en ge d th e W Ea th e be ne fit s en th is ga te! es te rn all ian th at co me wi ste rn an d Wes te rn pa rts les , ca pa ble of str iki ng Mr. ce wi ev er y ca pit al th life in on e us ex pa nd of th e cit y clo th e vit al air in Eu ro pe . An th a gr av e ne w th re at, of th e gre at se r to ge th er, so th at cit ac ce ss to th d I inv ite Mr comfor table, all th e inh ab is cit y, fin din ies of th e wo rld . To op . Go rb ac he v: and more ec ita nt s of all en Be rli n sti onomical. W g wa ys of ma Be rli n ca n en ll fur th er to e look to the kin g co mm all joy day when W est Berlin can er cia l air se rv ice to Be Eu ro pe , Ea st an d Wes t, let become one rli n mo re co of the chief avi nv en ien t, mo ation hubs in re all ce ntr al Eu rope .

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+++++ ++++ ++++++ ++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++++ ++++++ ++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++ +++++ ++ +++++++++++++ ++++++++++++++++++++ +++++++++++++++++++++ + +++++++++++++ + + ++ +++ + ++ +++ + ++ + +++ + +++ ++ + ++ + ++ + +++ + + ++ + +++ + + + ++ + ++ + ++ ++ ++ + + + + ++ + ++ ++ ++ Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system ofthebarriers cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, and checkpoints that all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across would Germany advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we seeupon failure, ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be notechnological visible, backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too emerges little most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restrictionfood. on Even the today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, therehave stands imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Brandenburg Freedom Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, replaces wherethe ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor.forced Generalto look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon Secretary the Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Easternair-raid Europe,shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated iffrom you hisseek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, out totearhelp. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, down the this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave 1960new alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, threat,thehundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital was rubble, in today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free Europe. trade,And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of office the city blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin closer doubled. together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come witha city's life inculture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrialoneoutput of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, us countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet an let opera, of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more state?

Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two convenient, great more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin cansystem becomewithout changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings one of ofthe chief aviation hubs in all central Europe. Behind me stands a wall that encircles gothetogether, free that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes sectors in theof this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

Fromsign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the is one West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; theforBaltic, we south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, causeand of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armeddeclining guards standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state.

Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world.

Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation.

Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland.

Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums.

Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace.

There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food.

Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace.

Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate!

Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe.

And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world.

To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical.

We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

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comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets

challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes.

From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist Behind world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot Behind Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes.

From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums.

Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself.

After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace.

Freedom is the victor.

General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate!

Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe. Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world.

Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help.

The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany

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In the Communist world, we see failure, technological declining standards of even want most kind--too little Even the Union still that Behind city, part of athat vast athis vast system Berlin emerged from their in 1945, the obvious wall.

But there remain armed cannot feed feed itself. itself. After After these these four four decades, decades, then, then, there there stands before before the entire world one same--still great and of inescapable conclusion: conclusion: Freedom Freedom leads leads to to prosperity. prosperity. Freedom Freedom replaces replaces the the ancient ancient hatreds hatreds among among the the nations nations with with comity comity and and peace. peace. Freedom Freedom is is the the victor. victor. General General Secretary Secretary Gorbachev, Gorbachev, if if people divides system of barriers air-raid checkpoints all the me stands barriers that cannot stands the entire world one great and inescapable theand ds aEurope, divides thea entire continent of shelters devas- to find aguards restriction on the right to travel, still an you seek seek peace, peace, if if you you seek seek prosperity prosperity for for the the Soviet Soviet Union Union and and Eastern Eastern instrument if you you seek liberalization: Come here here to to this this gate! gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open open this this gate! gate! Mr. Mr. Gorbachev, Gorbachev, tear tear down down this this wall! wall! Beginning Beginning 10 10 years years ago, ago, the the Soviets Soviets challenged challenged the the Western Western alliance alliance with with aa grave grave new new threat, threat, entire wall that Europe.

From the Baltic, south, divides the to impose upon ordinary men and you if seek liberalization: Come Gorbachev, constands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads toMr.Let prosperity.

Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and those barriers cut across Germany women will of a Europe, totalitarian state.

Yet it is encircles the entire continent hundreds of striking every capital in Europe.

And us in aruns, gash of free barbed wire, concrete, inthe Berlin where theEurope. wall most wall hundreds of of new new and and more more deadly deadly SS-20 SS-20 nuclear nuclear missiles, missiles, capable capable clearly; of here there, striking every emerges capital in Europe.

And II invite invite Mr. Mr. Gorbachev: Gorbachev: Let us work work to to bring bring the the Eastern Eastern and and Western Western parts parts of of the the city city closer closer together, together, so so that that all all the the inhabitants inhabitants of of all all Berlin Berlin can can enjoy enjoy the the benefits benefits that that come come sectors of dog and guard towers.

Farther of From cutting across your city, where the with life in one of the great cities of the world.

To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and south, there may be no visible, no news photo thethe television have this city, part of the Baltic, with life in one of the great citiesimprinted of world.

To open still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and obvious wall. a But there remain armed thisand brutal division ofscreen a Berlin continent more economical.

We look to the day when West Berlin can become the all Europe.

Behind aa seek wall encircles of this part vast of that vast system ofan that and checkpoints all the same--still those upon the mind the world.

Standing before peace. isGate, the General Secretary ifinininyou seek peace, if stands you for there the Soviet Eastern more economical.

WeFreedom look of tovictor. thesouth, day when Berlin canthe become one one of ofGorbachev, the chief chief aviation aviation hubs hubs all central central Europe.

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Europe.

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Yet it is Berliner, forced to1945, look upon aEvery scar. en remain armed guards and checkpoints allthis the same--still same--still aa restriction restriction on on the the right right to to travel, travel, still still an an instrument instrument to to impose impose upon upon ordinary ordinary men men and and women women the the will will of of aa totalitarian totalitarian state. state. Yet Yet it it is is here here in in Berlin Berlin here in Berlin where the wall emerges most season of armed spring in the people ofInBerlin entire continent Germany in remain guards and checkpoints all the clearly; across your city, From where emerged from their air-raid shelters find where the wall emerges most clearly; here, to cutting across your your city, where where the news photo and and theGorbachev, television screen screen have haveopen imprintedthis this brutal brutal division of aaGorbachev, continent upon upon the the mind mind of the the world.

Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate!

Mr. gate!

Mr. tear down of Europe. news here, photocutting and the television screen have the a gash of devastation.

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Standing before the help. The German reduced Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people south, those Brandenburg every man is a German, wire, free trade, lowered taxes.

From ofexpanded Berlin emerged from their their air-raid shelters to find devastation. devastation. Thousands Thousands of of miles miles away, away, the the people people of of the the United United States States reached reached out out to to help. help. The The German German leaders leaders reduced reduced tariffs, tariffs, expanded expanded separated from his men. is a 1950 toin 1960 alone, the standard of cut ctoevery of Berlin emerged from air-raid shelters to find Berliner, forced tofellow lookbarriers upon aEvery scar. man In this living West Germany and Berlin this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, free trade, lowered taxes.

From season of from springtheir in 1945, the across people of doubled.

Where four decades ago free trade, lowered taxes.

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Thousands ofamiles away, the Berlin there is the is West the greatest industrial output of of any any city city in in Germany--busy Germany--busy office office blocks, blocks, fine fine homes homes and and apartments, apartments, proud proud avenues, and and the the spreading spreading lawns lawns of of parkland. parkland. gash of people of the United States reached out to greatest industrial Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchesBehind help.

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Behind hen he e nd be o e he en e wo d one e nd ne p b e on u on eedom e d o p o pe eedom ep e he n en h ed mon he n on w h om nd pe e Behind me stands a eedom he o Gene e e Go b he ou ee pe e ou ee p o pe o he o e Un on nd E e n Eu ope ou ee be on Come he e o h e M Go b he me stands a wall that encircles open h e M Go b he e down h w Be nn n 10 e o he o e h en ed he We e n n ew h e new h e hund ed o new nd mo e de d 20 nu e m e wall that encircles the free sectors of p be o n e e p n Eu ope And n e M Go b he e u wo o b n he E e n nd We e n p o he o e o e he o h he nh b n o Be n n en o the free sectors of this city, par t of a vast he benefi h ome w h e n one o he e e o he wo d To open Be n u he o Eu ope E nd We e u exp nd he e o h find n w o m n this city, par t of a vast system of barriers that omme e e o Be n mo e on en en mo e om o b e nd mo e e onom We oo o he d when We Be n n be ome one o he h e on hub n en Eu ope system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Far ther south, there may be no visible, no obvious guard towers. Far ther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a wall. But there remain armed guards same--still a wm and checkpoints all the restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary Behind me stands amen wall m Behindordinary me stands amen wall restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where thethewall that encircles freeemerges sectors of m Behind me that encircles the freeemerges sectors of and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall Behind me stands aawall that stands wall that most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news and the television screen have imprinted encircles the free this city, sectors part of a encircles the free G photo m of city, part of ofthis this city, part ofaof a a this city, sectors part most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted vast system of barriers that vast system of barriers thatof divides the entire continent divides the entire continent ofof this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of themworld. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a vast system Europe. the south, those Europe.From From theBaltic, Baltic, south, w barriers cut across Germany in athose vast system of barriers cut across Germany inand agash gash this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a of wire, dog runs, ofbarbed barbed wire,concrete, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Farther south, there may be no Behind me German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is awBerliner, forced to visible, look upon a scar.

In this season spring in 1945, the guard towers.

Farther south, there may beof no barrino obvious wall.

But there remain armed visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed Behind guards and the aaof barriGerman, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar.

Inallallthis season springme in 1945, the guards andcheckpoints checkpoints thesame--still same--still restriction on right to still an instrument restriction onthe the rightaway, totravel, travel, stillpeople anthe instrument stands a wall that encircles people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation.

Thousands of miles the of the United States impose ordinary men and women of ersaatoto imposeupon upon ordinary men and women thewill will of totalitarian state.

Yet ititisis here in Berlin where the Behind stands a wall that totalitarian state.

Yet here in Berlin where the Behind ers people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation.

Thousands ofmost miles away, the people of Unitedencircles States wall emerges clearly; here, cutting across methe stands wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting acrossyour your stands m city, where the news and television aame wall that city,taxes. where the newsphoto photo and the television theencircles free sectorsofofliving this wall that reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, From 1950 tothe 1960 alone, the standard thatlowered screen have imprinted this brutal division of aa the screen have imprinted this brutal division of encircles the the free free sectorsofof this continent upon mind of world. of this that continent uponthe the mindto ofthe the world. reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes.

From 1950 1960 alone, the standard living freesectors sectors ofvast system this Standing before the Gate, city, of a of Standing before theBrandenburg Brandenburg Gate, city,part part ofdivides a vast system ofvast every man isisaaGerman, separated from barriers that the entire city, part of acity in West Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West there isEvery the greatest industrial output of any in every man German, separated divides the entire Berlin barriers that divides the entire his men. man aafrom continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, hisfellow fellow men.

Everyupon manis isscar. city, part of a vast continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, Berliner, forced to look a divides the entire south, those barriers cut across in West Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there isofto the industrial ofbarbed any city in Berliner, forced lookgreatest upon a scar. south,output those barriers cut across this season spring in Germany in aagash of wire, In this season of spring in 1945, Germany inruns, gash ofguard barbed wire, Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apar tments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawnsFrom of In parkland.

Where a1945, city's culture seemed to have the people of Berlin emerged concrete, dog and towers. continent of Europe. the people of Berlinshelters emerged concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. from their air-raid Farther south, there may be no visible, no their air-raid shelters Behindfrom Farther south, there may beto no visible, continent of Europe.

Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apar tments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawnsFrom of parkland.

Where a city's culture seemed have no devastation. obvious wall. remain tofind find devastation. obvious wall.But Butthere there remainarmed armeda stands ato Thousands of guards checkpoints all the Thousands ofmiles miles guardsand andon checkpoints alltravel, thesame--still same--still a been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless and museums.

Are the beginnings of profound changes thetheaters, Baltic, south, those barriersvmecut away, the people restriction the to an wall thatthese away, the people restriction on theright right to travel,still still an of United instrument to impose upon men the Baltic, south, those barriers cut ofthe the United encircles thethese free been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums.

Are the beginnings of profound changes instrument towill impose uponordinary ordinary men States reached and women the of aatotalitarian state.

Behind me States reached and women the will of totalitarian state. sectors of this city, out to Yet isishere in Berlin where the emerges Behind me in thestands Soviet state?

Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? welcome change outThe tohelp. help. across Germany in a gash Behind stands a wall Yetititclearly; here inWe Berlin where thewall wall emerges most here, cutting across your city, part of a vast system of The a wall Behind most clearly; here, cutting across your city, that encircles Behind German in adivides gashthe entirewithout where the news photo and the in thethe Soviet state?

Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, oracross to strengthen the system changing We welcome change German barriersGermany that Soviet where theit? news photo and thetelevision television that encircles leaders screen have this brutal division of free sectors leaders screen haveimprinted imprinted this brutal division of continentliber of From thereduced and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance tyEurope. can only strengthen thethe cause of world aacontinent upon the mind world. of barbed wire, of human the free meme stands a reduced of this city, of continent upon the mindof ofthe the world. tariffs, Standing before Gate, stands Baltic, south, thosetybarriers cut across tariffs, sectors ofofpart this mewe believe that freedom standsaa and security go together, that the Standing before theBrandenburg Brandenburg Gate, of barbed wire, of human acity, vast system of and openness; for advance strengthen the ofseparated world expanded every man isisacause expanded Germanyliber in a gash ofcan barbed only wire, every man aGerman, German, separated part a free trade, from his fellow men.

Every man is a barriers that divides free trade, system of from his fellow men.

Every man a is a peace.

There is one the Soviets can the make that would be unmistakable, that woulddog advance cause of freedom and peace.

In the concrete, runs,dramatically andconcrete, dog runs, the wall thatsign encircles and guard towers.lowered Berliner, forced to look upon vast system of lowered the entire continent Berliner, forced to look upon a wall that encircles the system of taxes. scar.

In this of wall thatthe Soviets encircles thethat would be unmistakable, that Farther there the may be cause no visible, concrete, runs, and south, wall. taxes. barriers that peace.

There is one sign can make would dog advance dramatically of freedom and peace.

In people the scar.

In thisseason season ofspring spring of Europe.

From the From 1950 in 1945, the of From 1950 no obvious But there remain in 1945, thepeople of divides the to Berlin emerged from barriers Baltic, south, those Communist world, we ofsee failure, technological standards of health, of the most basic that kind--too food.

Even Behindlittle to1960 1960 guard free sectors thisthis city, part of aof a backwardness, declining Berlin emerged from armedeven guards want and checkpoints all the alone, their continent ofentire alone,the the free city, barriers barriers cut across theirair-raid air-raid me stands a wall food. freesectors sectors this city,part part of abackwardness, declining standard shelters to same--stillwant a restriction the right Communist world, we seeofof failure, technological standards ofguard health, even ofonthe most basicthat kind--too little Even standard Europe.

From the shelters tofind find Germany in a gash of living in that encircles the free devastation. of living in to travel, still an instrument to devastation.

Baltic, south, those divides the entire today, the cut Soviet Union still feed itself.

After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable West towers. vastvast system of ofcannot barriers thatthat divides ofconcrete, barbed wire, sectors of this city,conclusion: part of Thousands West Thousands impose upon ordinary men Germany of miles barriers across system barriers divides divides the entire Germany dog runs,system vast of barriers that After dividesthese four decades, then, of miles towers. a vast system of conclusion: barriers thataway, today, theguard Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable Berlin the and women the will doubled. ofand and Germany in atowers. gash the and divides the entire continent ofaway, people doubled. continent of Europe. state. people Freedom leads to prosperity.

Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace.

Freedom is Berlin continent theofvictor.

General Far- a totalitarian ofconcrete, barbed wire, the entire continent of Europe. of Farther south, Europe. FromSecretary the Baltic, south, Wherefour ofthe the the entire continent ofofEurope.

Europe. it is here inWhere decades United dog runs, thethere entire Freedom continent Europe.

Far- YetFreedom decades may be no Freedom leads tovisible, prosperity. replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. is four thethose victor.

General United barriers cut across GermanySecretary in a gash of barbed ago there States Berlin where ago there and guard towers.

States no obvious wall. was rubble, wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Farther south, reached From the Gorbachev, if From you seek peace, if you seek prosperity Come here visible, to this gate!

Mr.out was rubble, therthe walltoday the Baltic, south, those barriers cut for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: reached Farther south, But there remain there here may be noto no obvious wall. But todayin in Baltic, those barriers FromCome the outto to From the Baltic, south,seek those barrierscut cut West theremerg help. there may be noFrom Gorbachev, if you seekthe peace, if south, you prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: this gate!

Mr.there WestBerlin Berlin armed guards help. remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still isis The es there there visible, nothere obvious The Baltic, checkpoints alland the threat, Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tearwire, down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challengeds the Western alliance with a grave new the a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument German across Germany in ain gash of barbed the German wall.

But greatest leaders across Germany a gash of barbed wire, same--still a Baltic, toalliance impose upon ordinary men and women the will greatest across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, leaders s Gorbachev, open this gate!

Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western with a grave new threat, industrial reduced remain armed industrial restriction on the reduced of a Let totalitarian Yet it is here inbring Berlintariffs, where output of output of Mr. Gorbachev:the guards and tariffs, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite usstate. work tohere, the Eastern right to travel, still concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. any city wall emerges most clearly; cutting expandany city expandcheckpoints all concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. in ed free animpose instrument concrete, dog runs,SS-20 and guard towers. across your where thetonewsbring photo andthe in hundreds of new and more deadly nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us city, work Eastern ed free Germatrade, the same--still ato Germaupon trade, the television screenthe have imprinted ny--busy lowered and Western tsFarther of women the city closer together, so that that come with life in one of cities of the ny--busy restriction onpar the Farther south, there may be no no visible, no all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits lowered Behind ordinary men and office this brutal division ofgreat ataxes. taxes. office south, there may right travel, an Farther south, theretogether, maybe be nosovisible, visible, no the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the homes blocks, fine From theto will of astill totalitarian Behind and Western par ts of the city closer that no all benefits that come with life in one of upon the great cities of the continent the1950 mind blocks, fine From and to instrument to impose homes and state.

Yet it is here in Berlin 1950 to of the world. world.

To open Berlin still fur ther to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to apartments, alone, obvious wall.

But there remain armed apartments, me stands a Berlin upon ordinary men and 1960 alone, where theopen wall emerges most proud Standing 1960 before the obvious wall. remain armed proud obvious wall.

But there remainEast armed theair women the will of a Yet me stands world.

To Berlin still fur therBut tothere all Europe, and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial service toaBerlin avestandard of clearly; here, cutting the avestandard of nue living in state. nue can become one of the chief aviation across your city, living in moretotalitarian convenient, more comfor table, and more economical.

We look to the day when West Berlin hubs in all central Europe. guards and checkpoints all the West wall that encircles the it is here in Berlin West where the news guards and checkpoints all Germany guards andtable, checkpoints allthe the wall that encircles the more convenient, more comfor and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

Germany where the wall and photo and the andBerlin Berlin emerges most clearly; doubled.

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, par t of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those television screen have same--still a restriction on on thethe right to to doubled. free sectors of this city, part Where four here, cutting across your same--still a restriction right Where four imprinted this brutal same--still a restriction on the right to decades free sectors of this city, part Behind mewhere stands wall thatphoto encircles the free sectors of this city, par t of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those decades city, the news ago there division ofacross aathe continent upon ago there barriers cut Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers.

Far ther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain and the television screen have was travel, still an instrument to impose of a vast system of the mind of world. was rubble, travel, still an impose imprinted brutal division travel, still aninstrument instrument impose rubble, Standing before the Brandenof awall. vastBut system of barriers cut this across Germany a gash of barbedtotowire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Far ther south, there may be no visible, no obvious there remain today todayin in of a continent upon the West burg Gate, every man ismind ain WestBerlin Berlin armed guards and checkpoints allordinary the same--still restriction men and women the will of a ba totalitarian state. Yet upon men and awomen the on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinarythere of the world.

Standing before German, separated from his thereisisthe the upon ordinary men women greatest upon ordinary menand womenthe the the Brandenburg Gate, every ba armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still aand restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinaryindustrial men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet greatest fellow men.

Every man is a industrial man is a German, separated of forced look upon it is herefrom inBerliner, Berlin where theto wall emerges most clearly; across your city, where the news photo and the televisionoutput screen have imprinted this brutal division of a willwill ofof aofspring totalitarian state.

Yethere, it is cutting output of fellow men.

Every any ahis scar. this season in clearly; totalitarian state.

Yet any will ofaaof totalitarian state.

Yetitcutting itisis cit it is here in Berlin the wall emerges most here, across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a man iswhere a In Berliner, forced to look cit 1945, the people aofof scar.

In this continent upon theupon mind the world. before thewall Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men.

Every man is a Berliner, forced to look Behind Behind Berlin emerged here inStanding Berlin where thethe wall season spring here in Berlin where from their here in Berlin where the wall continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men.me Every man is a Berliner, forced to look stands stands 1945, the air-raid upon a scar. In thisin season of emerges spring inmost 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousandsme ofaamiles away, the people of the people of clearly; here, cutting Behind me shelters wall wall that that Behind me emerges most clearly; here, Berlin emerges most clearly; here, cutting Behind mea scar. In this season to find of spring in 1945, the people ofcutting Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the stands aupon devasencircles encircles stands aawall wall United States reached out to help.

The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes.

From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West across your city, where the news photo and the televistands wall tation. across your city, where the news photo and the televithat encircles across your city, where the news photo and the televiemerged United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard the of living West the free freeinoffice that encircles that encircles Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four decades ago there wasofrubble, todayupon in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy the sectors sionsion screen have imprinted thisthis brutal division aofcontinent the mind of the world.

Standing sectors sectors of of this this thefree free sectors screen have imprinted brutal division mind of Standing free sectors sion screenfour havedecades imprintedago thisthere brutalwas division ofaacontinent continent uponthe the mindthere ofthe theisworld. world.

Standingindustrial output of any city in Germany--busy Germany and Berlin Where rubble, today in upon West Berlin the greatest office ofofofthe this city, part ofofofanddoubled. city, city, par par t t of of this city, part this city, part blocks, fine homes apar tments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland.

Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men.

Every aaavast system ofofofand apar tments, proud before the Gate, man German, fellow before theBrandenburg Brandenburg Gate,every everylawns manisof isaaparkland.

German,separated separated fromhis his fellowmen. men.Every Every vast vast vast system blocks, fine homes avenues, and the spreading Where a from city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today thereaaare two vast system barriers that great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless andtomuseums.

Are beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they man is aisBerliner, forced look upon a a these thescar.

In this season of spring in in syste syste barriers that divides Behind and me barriers thatdivides divides man atheaters, Berliner, forced totolook upon scar.

InInthis season ofofspring man is a Berliner, forced look upon a scar. this season spring in great universities, orchestras an opera, countless theaters, and museums.

Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state?

Or are they the entire continent m m the entire continent the entire continent token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it?

We welcome change and openness; for 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their stands a wall that ofofofEurope.

From the 1945, ofofBerlin emerged from their Europe.

From the 1945, the people Berlin emerged fromwelcome their Europe.

Fromintended the token gestures, to raise false hopes in the West, orthe topeople strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We change and openness; for Baltic, south, we believe go together, the advance human liber ty can only strengthen thedevastation. cause of world peace. There is one sign encircles the thatair-raid Baltic, south, shelters tooffind Baltic, south,that freedom and security air-raid shelters toto find devastation. air-raid shelters find liber ty can only strengthen the cause devastation. those barriers we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human of world peace.

There is one sign those barriers thoseSoviets barriers sectors that of would the can make that would be free unmistakable, advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace.

Thousands of miles away, theIn the Communist world, we cut across cut Thousands ofmiles milesaway, away,the cause of freedom and peace. Inthe the cut across theacross Soviets canofmake that would be unmistakable, that of wouldThousands advance of dramatically the Communist world, we Germany in a gash this city, part Germany in a gash of see failure,in technological backwardness, declining standards of health, want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union peopleeven of the United Germany a gashdog of United barbed wire, people ofthe theof United see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards ofofhealth,people even of want the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union barbed wire, concrete, dog barbed wire,concrete, concrete, dog a vast still cannot feed itself.

After these four decades, then,system there stands before the entire world runs, and guard towers.

Farther States reached out to one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to runs, and guard towers.

Farther States reached out runs, and guard towers.

Farther States reached outto to great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to still cannot feed itself.

After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one south, there may be no visible, barriers that divides south, there may be no visible, south, there may be noreplaces visible, the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity prosperity.

Freedom and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if help.

TheThe German no obvious wall.

But there remain help.

German help.

Thepeace.

German no obvious But remain prosperity.

Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if the entire continent no obvious wall. wall.

But there there remain Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and t

Behind me stands a wall that encircles Behind thepart free sectors ofencircles thismecity, stands a wall that a vast system of thepart freeof sectors of this the city, barriers of athat vastdivides system of entire continent of south, Europe. barriers thatBaltic, divides the From the entire continent of south, Europe. those barriers across From the Baltic, Germany in acut gash of those barriers across barbed wire, concrete, Germany in acut gash of dog runs, and guard barbed wire, concrete, towers.

Farther south, dog runs, and there may beguard no towers.

Farther south, visible, no obvious there may be no wall.

But there visible, no obvious remain wall.

Butarmed there guards and remain armed checkpoints all guards and a the same--still checkpoints alla restriction on the same--still the right to restriction on travel, still an the right to instrument travel, stillupon anto impose instrument to ordinary men impose upon and women the ordinary will ofmen astate. and women totalitarian a thein Yetwill it isofhere totalitarian state.

Berlin the Yetwall it iswhere here in emerges Berlin the most clearly; wallwhere emerges cutting acrosshere, your most here, city,clearly; where the cutting acrossand yourthe news city, photo where the television have news photoscreen and the imprinted this brutal television screen have division of a continent imprinted this brutal upon the of the division of amind continent world. before the uponStanding the mind of the Brandenburg Gate, every world.

Standing before the man is a German, Brandenburg Gate, separated hisevery fellow man afrom German, men. isEvery man is a separated from histofellow Berliner, forced men.a Every islook a upon scar.

Inman this Berliner, forced to season look of spring in the upon a scar.

In 1945, this season people of Berlin emerged of spring in 1945, the from their air-raid shelters people of Berlin emerged totheir find devastation. from air-raid shelters Thousands of away, topeople find devastation. the of miles the United Thousands of miles away, States reached out to help. theThe people of the United Germanout leaders States to help. reduced tariffs, expanded Thereached German leaders free trade, lowered taxes. reduced tariffs, expanded From 1950 to 1960 alone, free trade, lowered taxes. the standard ofand living in From 1950 to 1960 alone, West Germany Berlin thedoubled. standard ofand living in Where four West Germany Berlin decades ago was doubled.

Where four rubble, today inthere West decades ago Berlin there isthere the was rubble, today in West greatest industrial Berlin there the output of anyis city greatest inindustrial output of any city Germany--busy inblocks, office Germany--busy fine homes and office blocks, apartments, fine homes and proud avenues, apartments, andavenues, the proud spreading and thelawns of parkland. spreading Where alawns city's of parkland. culture seemed Where a city's to have been culture seemed destroyed, today tothere have been are two destroyed, great thereuniversities, aretoday two orchestras and an great universities, opera, countless orchestras and an theaters, and opera, countless museums.

Are theaters, andthese the beginnings of in museums.

Are these profound the beginnings ofOr Sovietchanges state? profound changes in are they tokenOr the Soviet state? gestures, intended arefalse they tokeninto raise hopes the gestures, intended to West, orSoviet to strengthen raise false hopes in the the system West, orSoviet to strengthen without changing it?and We the system welcome change without changing it?believe We openness; for we welcome change and that freedom and security openness; for we believe go together, that the that freedom and security advance of human liberty goonly together, that the can strengthen the advance of human liberty cause of isworld peace. can only strengthen the There onecan sign cause world peace. the of Soviets There is one sign make that would theunmistakable, Soviets can be make that would would be that unmistakable, advance that would dramatically the advance cause of freedom dramatically thethe and peace.

In cause of freedom Communist world, and peace.

In the we see failure, Communist world, technological we seestandards failure,backwardness, declining of health,little evenfood. wantEven backwardness, oftechnological the most basic kind--too declining standards of health, even want the Soviet Union stilllittle cannot feed itself. oftoday, the most basic kind--too food.

Even After these four decades, then, stands today, the Soviet Union still feed itself. before the entire world onecannot greatthere and inescapable After these four decades, there stands conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity.

Freedom before the entire world onethen, great andthe inescapable replaces the ancient hatreds nations with conclusion: Freedom leads toamong prosperity.

Freedom comity and peace.hatreds Freedom is thethe victor.

General replaces the ancient among nations Secretary ifUnion you seek youwith seekif you comity and peace.

Freedom isand thepeace, victor. ififGeneral prosperity forGorbachev, the Soviet Eastern Europe, Secretary ifUnion you seek youMr. seekif you seek liberalization: Come topeace, this gate! prosperity forGorbachev, the Soviet Eastern Europe, Gorbachev, open this gate! here Mr.and Gorbachev, tear seek liberalization: Come to this gate!

Mr. down this wall!

10 ago,with thetear Gorbachev, openBeginning this gate! here Mr.years Gorbachev, Soviets the Western alliance down this Beginning 10 of years theaa gravechallenged newwall! threat, hundreds newago, and Soviets challenged the Western with more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, grave new threat, hundreds ofalliance newinand capable of striking every capital more deadly nuclear missiles, Europe.

And I SS-20 invite Mr. Gorbachev: capable of to striking every capital in Let us work bring the Eastern Europe.

And Mr.city Gorbachev: Western parts of the closerand Let us together, work toI invite bring the Eastern and so that all the Western parts of the city closer inhabitants of all Berlin can together, so that all the enjoy theinbenefits that come inhabitants of all can with life one ofBerlin the great enjoy thethe benefits that come cities of world.

To open with life in one of the great Berlin still further to all cities of East the world.

To open Europe, and West, let Berlin still further toairall us expand the Europe, and West, let access toEast this city,vital finding us ways expand vital air of the making access to this city, finding commercial service to ofair making Berlinways more convenient, commercial air service to moreeconomical. comfortable, and Berlin more convenient, more look more comfortable, and to the day whenWe West more economical.

We look Berlin can become one of tochief the day whenhubs West the aviation Berlin can become oneinofall central Europe.

Behind the chief aviation hubs inme allthe stands a wall encircles central Europe.

Behind me free sectors ofthat this city, part of a stands a wall encircles the vast system of barriers thatpart divides free sectors ofthat this city, of a the entire continent of Europe.

From the vast system of barriers that divides the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across entire continent of Europe.

From the Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, Baltic, those barriers cut across dog runs, south, and towers.

Farther south, there Germany in aguard gash barbed wire, concrete, may be noand visible, noof obvious wall.

But there remaina dog runs, guard towers.

Farther south, there armed and checkpoints the same--still may be noguards visible, noright obvious wall.allstill But there remain to restriction on the tomen travel, instrument armed guards and checkpoints allstill thean same--still a toa impose upon ordinary women the restriction on the right tomen travel, an instrument totalitarian state.

Yet it is here in and Berlin where thewill wallof impose upon ordinary and women the will ofemerges a photo and most clearly; screen here, cutting across where the news totalitarian state.

Yet it isimprinted here inyour Berlin where the wall the television have thiscity, brutal division ofemerges a continent upon most clearly; here, cutting acrossbefore your city, where the news photo andman the mind of the world.

Standing the Brandenburg every is a upon the television screen have thisEvery brutal division of Gate, a continent upon German, from hisimprinted fellow men. man a Berliner, forced to look mind of the world.

Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, everyfrom man is a upon athe scar.

Inseparated this season of spring in 1945, the people ofis Berlin emerged their air-raid German, from hisThousands fellow men.

Every man a Berliner, forced to look shelters toseparated find devastation. of miles away, people of thefrom United reached a scar.

In this season of spring in 1945, the people ofisthe Berlin emerged theirStates air-raid out to help.

The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, taxes.

From 1950 to shelters to find standard devastation.

Thousands of Germany miles away, theBerlin people of the lowered United four States reached 1960 alone, ofleaders living inreduced West and doubled.

Where decades ago there was fine out to help.the The German tariffs,industrial expanded free trade, taxes.

From 1950 to blocks, rubble, today in West Berlin is greatest output any lowered city Where in Germany--busy office 1960 alone, the standard of there living in the West Germany and Berlin doubled.

Where four ago there wastofine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns ofof adecades city's culture seemed have rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output ofparkland. any in Germany--busy office blocks, been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras an city opera, countless theaters, museums.

Are in homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns ofand parkland.

Where a city's culture seemed to have these the beginnings of there profound changes the Soviet state?

Or are they gestures, intended toand raise false hopes been destroyed, today two greatinuniversities, orchestras and an token opera,change countless theaters, and Are the West, or to strengthen theareSoviet without changing We welcome and openness; formuseums. we believe these the profound changes in the Soviet state?

Orit? are token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in freedom andbeginnings security gooftogether, that thesystem advance of human liberty canthey only strengthen the cause world Therethat is one thethe West, or to Soviet system without changing it?advance We welcome change and openness; for peace. we believe that sign Soviets canstrengthen make thatthe would be unmistakable, that would dramatically the cause ofof freedom and peace.

In the freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause world peace.

There is one Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most kind--too sign Soviets can make that would bestill unmistakable, would dramatically the cause ofof freedom and basic peace.

In the little the food.

Even thefailure, Soviet Union cannot feedthat itself.

Afteradvance these four decades, then, there stands before Communist world,today, weand see technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most the basic kind--too entire one inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. replaces theseek ancient hatreds littleworld food.

Evengreat today, the Soviet Union still cannot feedvictor. itself.

After these fourFreedom decades, then,ifthere stands before among the nations with comity andUnion peace.

Freedom is Europe, the General Secretary Gorbachev, you peace, if the entire world one great conclusion: Freedom leads toseek prosperity.

Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds you seek prosperity forand the inescapable Soviet and Eastern if you liberalization: Come here to seek this gate! among the nations with comity and peace.

Freedom is the victor.

General Secretary Gorbachev, if you peace, if Mr.you Gorbachev, open this Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged seek prosperity for gate! the Soviet Union Eastern if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! the Western alliance grave threat,and hundreds ofEurope, newwall! and more deadly SS-20ago, nuclear missiles, capable Mr.striking Gorbachev, openwith this agate!

Mr.new Gorbachev, tear down this Beginning 10usyears challenged of every capital inthreat, Europe.

And invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let work to the bringSoviets the Eastern Behind me the Western alliance with a grave new hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable and Western parts of in the cityII invite closer together, so that allusthe inhabitants ofthe all Eastern Berlin of striking every capital Europe.

And Mr. Gorbachev: Let work to bring can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the stands a wall and Western parts of the city closer together, so life thatinall the of all Berlin world.

To open Berlin still to all Europe, East and West, let usof expand can enjoy the benefits thatfurther come with one ofinhabitants the great the theworld. vital air this city, ways of Europe, making commercial aircities service to Berlin that encircles the Toaccess open to Berlin stillfinding further to all East and West, let us expand more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical.

We look intoall the vital air access to free sectors of this city,West finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin the day when Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical.

We look to central Europe. me stands a wallone that encircles the free sectors ofallthis the day when West Berlin can become ofencircles the chiefthe aviation hubs inof city, part ofBehind a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of a this city, central Europe. me stands asouth, wall that sectors this Europe. the Baltic, those barriers cutfree across Germany part ofBehind aFrom vast of barriers that divides entire continent ofinthere gashcity, of barbed wire,system concrete, dog runs, and guardthe towers.

Farther south, part of a Europe.

From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and gash of barbed concrete, dog runs, guard towers. there checkpoints all to the same--still aand restriction on the Farther right to south, travel, still vast may be wire, no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and instrument impose upon ordinary men and women the will ofan a all to the same--still ainordinary restriction on the right to travel, still totalitarian state.

Yet it isyour here Berlin where wall emerges most system of checkpoints instrument impose upon men and women thethe will ofan aclearly; here, cutting across city, where the news photo and state.

Yet have it isyour here in where Berlin where the wall emerges television screen imprinted this brutal division of a the most clearly; barrierstotalitarian here, cutting across city, the news photo continent upon the mind of thethis world.

Standing television screen have imprinted brutal division ofand a before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is that divides continent the mind of the world.

Standing a German, separated from his fellow before theupon Brandenburg every man is men.

Every man is from aGate, Berliner, the entire a German, separated forced to look ahis fellow Every isupon a Berliner, scar.

In this continentmen. of forced toman look scar.

In thisupon a

Behind me me Behind stands a walla wall stands that encircles the the that encircles free sectors of this free sectors of this city, part of a vast city, part of a vast system of barriers that that system of barriers divides the entire continent divides the entire continent of Europe.

FromFrom the Baltic, of Europe. the Baltic, south,south, thosethose barriers cut cut barriers across Germany in a gash of of across Germany in a gash barbed wire,wire, concrete, dog dog barbed concrete, runs,runs, and guard towers.

Farther and guard towers.

Farther south,south, therethere may be maynobevisible, no visible, no obvious wall. wall.

But there no obvious But there remain armed guards and and remain armed guards checkpoints all theallsame--still a a checkpoints the same--still restriction on the to travel, restriction onright the right to travel, still an to impose stillinstrument an instrument to impose uponupon ordinary men men and and ordinary women the will a of a women theofwill totalitarian state.state.

Yet itYet is here totalitarian it is here in Berlin where the wall in Berlin where the wall emerges mostmost clearly; here,here, emerges clearly; cutting across your your city, city, cutting across where the news photo and and where the news photo the television screen have have the television screen imprinted this brutal imprinted this brutal division of a continent division of a continent uponupon the mind of theof the the mind world.

Standing world.

Standing before the the before Brandenburg Gate,Gate, Brandenburg everyevery man man is a is a German, German, separated fromfrom separated his fellow men.men. his fellow EveryEvery man man is is a Berliner, a Berliner, forced to to forced look look uponupon a a scar. scar.

In In thi thi s s

Behind Behind me mestands stands a wall a wall that thatencirencircles the clesfree the freesectors sectors of this of this city, part city,ofpart a vast of asystem vast of system of barriers

Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world.

Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from

barriers that thatdivides divides the entire the continent entire continent of Europe. of Europe.

From the From the Baltic, Baltic, south, south, those those barriers barriers cut across cut Germany across in Germany a gash in of

a gash of barbed barbed wire, wire, concrete, concrete, dog runs, dogand runs, guard andtowers. guard towers.

Farther Farther south, there south, there may be no mayvisible, be no no visible, no wall. obvious obvious wall.

But there Butremain there armed remain armed guards and guards and checkpoints all checkpoints all the same--still

Behind me stands wall that encircles the Behind me astands sectors a wall that free encircles theof this city, part free sectors of of thisa vast city, system of barriers thatofdivides the entire part of a vast system continent Europe. barriers that dividesofthe entire From the south,From thosethe barriers cut continentBaltic, of Europe. across Germany a gash of Baltic, south, those barriersincut barbed wire, concrete, across Germany in a gash of dog runs, and guardconcrete, towers. Farther south, barbed wire, dog runs, and there may be no visible, nothere obvious wall. guard towers.

Farther south, Butvisible, there no remain armed may be no obvious wall.guards and all the same--still But therecheckpoints remain armed guards and a restriction the righta to travel, still checkpoints all the on same--still an on instrument upon restriction the right to to impose travel, still ordinary andupon women the will of an instrument to men impose totalitarian state. Yet is here ordinaryamen and women the itwill of in Berlinstate. where most a totalitarian Yetthe it iswall hereemerges in clearly; here, across Berlin where the wallcutting emerges mostyour city, where the news photo clearly; here, cutting across your and city, the television screenand have where the news photo theimprinted this brutal division of a continent television screen have imprinted this upon the mind the world.

Standing brutal division of aofcontinent upon Brandenburg the mindbefore of thethe world.

Standing Gate, every man is a German, before the Brandenburg Gate, separated from fellow men.

Every man is every man is his a German, separated Berliner, forced lookisupon a from hisafellow men.

Everytoman scar.

In thistoseason of spring a Berliner, forced look upon a in 1945, the people of in Berlin scar. In this season of spring Behind emerged their air-raid 1945, the people from of Berlin Behind me stands to find devastation. emergedshelters from their air-raid me standsa wall that of miles away, the sheltersThousands to find devastation. encircles the a wall that people of theaway, United Thousands of miles the States encircles free the sectors of this reached out toStates help. The people of the United city, of part free sectors thisof a vast leaders reachedGerman out to help.

Thereduced city, part system of a vastof barriers expanded Germantariffs, leaders reducedfree divides the entire system ofthat barriers trade, lowered tariffs, expanded free taxes. continent of Europe. that divides the entire From 1950 to 1960 trade, lowered taxes. the Baltic, south, continentFrom of Europe. alone, standard of From 1950 tothe 1960 From thethose Baltic,barriers south, cut living in Westof alone, the standard across cut Germany in a those barriers and living in Germany West gash of barbed across Germany in a wire, Berlin Germany and doubled. concrete, dog runs, gash of barbed wire, Where four Berlin doubled. concrete,and dogguard runs,towers. ago Where decades four Farther south, there and guard towers. decadesthere ago was no visible, no Farther may south,bethere rubble, today there was wall. may be obvious no visible, no But West rubble, in today remain obvious there wall. But in WestBerlin armed guards and there remain Berlin there is checkpoints armed guards and all there isthe the same--still a checkpoints all greatthe restriction the same--still a on great- est the on right to restriction inest travel, the right to still an dus ininstrument travel, still an tri dus to instrument a tri impos to a impos e up e up

a the restriction same--still aon restriction onto the right the right tostill an travel, travel, still an to instrument instrument imposeto upon impose upon men ordinary ordinary and men women and women the will of a the will of a totalitarian totalitarian state. Yet state. Yet it is here it is here in in Berlin Berlin where where the wall the wall emerges emerges most clearly; most clearly; here, cutting here, cutting across your city, across your city, where the news where theand news photo the photo and the screen have television television screenthis have imprinted brutal imprinted this of brutal division a continent divisionupon of a continent the mind of the upon theworld. mind Standing of the world. Standing before the beforeBrandenburg the Brandenburg Gate, every Gate, every man is a German, manseparated is a German, from his fellow separated from his fellow men. Every man is a men. Berliner, Every man is a to look forced Berliner, forced toIn look upon a scar. this season upon aofscar.

In this season spring in 1945, the of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin people ofemerged Berlin from emerged theirfrom air-raid theirshelters air-raid to find shelters to find devastation. devastation.

Thousands of Thousands of the miles away, miles away,of the people the people of the United States United States reached out to reached to . The out German . The German ers reduced ers reduced expanded free expanded free lowered lowered From 1950 From 1950the alone, alone, the in of living of living in Germany

Behind Behind Behind meme stands a a stands me stands a wallwall that that wallthe that encircles freefree encircles the encircles the par freet sectors of this city, sectors of this city, par t sectors of of thisbarriers city, par t of aofvast system a vast system of barriers of a vast system of barriers thatthat divides thethe entire continent divides entire continent that divides theBaltic, entiresouth, continent of Europe.

From the of Europe.

From the Baltic, south, of Europe. theGermany Baltic, south, those barriers cutFrom across in ain a those barriers cut across Germany those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dogdog runs, andand gash of barbed wire, concrete, runs, gash of barbed wire, concrete, dogberuns, and guard towers.

FarFar ther south, there may no no guard towers. ther south, there may be guardnotowers.

Farwall. therBut south, there mayarmed be no visible, obvious there remain visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed visible, noguards obvious wall. But there remain armed andand check guards check Behind check me stands guards and points all all a wall that points encircles the free sectors of points all this city, part of thethe a vast system of the barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall.

But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and wo me n th e

Behind Behindmeme stands standsa a wall encircles wallthat that encirclesthethefree freesectors sectorsofof this part vast thiscity, city, partofofa a vastsystem systemofofbarriers barriersthat thatdivides dividesthethe entire continent Europe.

From south, those entire continentofof Europe.

FromthetheBaltic, Baltic, south, thosebarriers barrierscutcut across Germany a agash concrete, dog and Behind across Germanyin in gashofofbarbed barbedwire, wire, concrete, dogruns, runs, andguard guardtowers. towers. me Farther south, there may nonoobvious But Farther south, there maybebenonovisible, visible, obviouswall. wall.

Butthere thereremain remainarmed armedguards guardsand and astands wall checkpoints allallthethe same--still stillstillananinstrument that checkpoints same--stilla arestriction restrictionononthetheright righttototravel, travel, instrumenttotoimpose imposeupon upon encircles ordinary men women YetYetit itis ishere the free ordinary menand and womenthethewillwillofofa atotalitarian totalitarianstate. state. herein inBerlin Berlinwhere wherethethewall wallemerges emerges sectors most clearly; here, cutting where of this most clearly; here, cuttingacross acrossyour yourcity, city, wherethethenews newsphoto photoand andthethetelevision televisionscreen screenhave havecity, part imprinted this division Standing of a vast imprinted thisbrutal brutal divisionofofa acontinent continentupon uponthethemind mindofofthetheworld. world.

Standingbefore beforethethe system Brandenburg every separated Every barriers of BrandenburgGate, Gate, everyman manis isa aGerman, German, separatedfrom fromhishisfellow fellowmen. men.

Everyman manis isa aBerliner, Berliner, that forced look In Inthis thethepeople forcedtoto lookupon upona ascar. scar. thisseason seasonofofspring springin in1945, 1945, peopleofofBerlin Berlinemerged emergedfrom fromdivides the entire their air-raid shelters Thousands thethepeople their air-raid shelterstotofind finddevastation. devastation.

Thousandsofofmiles milesaway, away, peopleofofthetheUnited United ofcontinent Europe.

States reached out to help.

The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, From the States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, Baltic, lowered taxes. thethestandard West south, lowered taxes. From From1950 1950toto1960 1960alone, alone, standardofofliving livingin in WestGermany Germanyand and those Berlin doubled.

Where today West barriers cut Berlin doubled.

Wherefour fourdecades decadesago agothere therewas wasrubble, rubble, todayin in WestBerlin Berlinthere there acrossin is isthethe greatest fine Germany greatestindustrial industrialoutput outputofofany anycitycityin inGermany--busy Germany--busyoffice officeblocks, blocks, a fine gash of homes proud and barbed homesand and apartments, apartments, proudavenues, avenues, andthethespreading spreadinglawns lawnsofofparkland. parkland. wire, Where today concrete, Wherea a city's city'sculture cultureseemed seemedtotohave havebeen beendestroyed, destroyed, todaythere there dog runs, arearetwo orchestras countless and guard twogreat greatuniversities, universities, orchestrasand andananopera, opera, countless towers. theaters, and Are Farther theaters, andmuseums. museums.

Arethese thesethethebeginnings beginningsofofprofound profound south, changes may be there no changesin inthetheSoviet Sovietstate? state?OrOrarearethey theytoken tokengestures, gestures, visible, no intended West, oror obvious toto there wall. intendedtotoraise raisefalse falsehopes hopesin inthethe West, But strengthen remain strengthenthetheSoviet Sovietsystem systemwithout without armed changing We guards and and changingit?it?

Wewelcome welcomechange change and checkpoints openness; forforwewebelieve that openness; believe thatall the a same--still freedom go restriction freedomand andsecurity security go right on the together, that tothe travel, still together, that the advance instrument ofof an advance to impose human upon human ordinary men and liwomen li of a the will totalitarian state.

Yet it is here in the Berlin where wall emerges mostcutting clearly; here, across your city, where the news and thephoto television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world.

Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, help man isevery a help German, leadseparated leadfrom his tariffs, fellow men. tariffs, Every man trade, is a Berliner, trade, forced to taxes. look taxes. scar.

Inupon this a to 1960 season of tostandard 1960 spring in 1945, of the standard people West Berlin West emerged from and Berlin their air-raid Germany and Berlin shelters doubled.

Where four find to doubled.

Where fourwas devastation. decades ago there Thousands of decades ago there wasmiles the rubble, today in West peopleaway, of the rubble, today United States Berlin thereinisWest thereached out Berlin there the to greatest industrial is output ofhelp. The German greatest indusoutput of leaders any city in Germa- trial ny--busy reduced anyoffice city in Germatariffs, blocks, fineny--busy homes and expanded office blocks, homes free apartments, proud fine avenues, andand the trade, lowered apartments, proud andtaxes. the From spreading lawns avenues, of parkland.

1950 to spreading lawns parkland.

1960 alone, Where a city's of culture seemed the of Where a been city's culture seemed standard to have destroyed, today living to there have been destroyed, West in are two great todayGermany there are two great andand universities, orchestras an Berlin doubled. universities, orchestras andWhere an four opera, countless theaters, and decades opera, countless and ago there museums.

Are theaters, these the was rubble, museums.

Are these the today in beginnings of profound West Berlin beginnings of the profound there is the changes in Soviet greatest changes industrial state? in Orthe areSoviet they output of state?

Orgestures, are they any city in token Germatoken gestures, ny--busy intended to raise office intended toblocks, raise fine false hopes in homes and false in apartthehopes West,ments, or thetoWest, or proud avenues, to strengthand the spreading strengthlawns of en the parkland. enSovie the Where city's a Sovie culture t seemed to t been have destroyed, today there are two great universi-

Europe

Mr. Gorbachev

Berlin

And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world.

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state.Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation.

Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help.The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland.Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state?

totalitarian state

United States Western alliance

1950-1960

Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself.After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world.To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical.We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the Baltic, south, those barriers cut across Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men. Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall! Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

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Behind me stands a wall that encircles the free sectors of this city, part of a vast system of barriers that divides the entire continent of Europe. From the ntinen tB Baltic, south, those barriers cut across pa Germany in a gash of barbed wire, concrete, rt of dog runs, and guard towers. Farther south, there a may be no visible, no obvious wall. But there remain armed guards and checkpoints all the same--still a ntinen tB restriction on the right to travel, still an instrument to impose pa upon ordinary men and women the will of a totalitarian state. Yet it rt of is here in Berlin where the wall emerges most clearly; here, cutting a across your city, where the news photo and the television screen have imprinted this brutal division of a continent upon the mind of the world. Standing before the Brandenburg Gate, every man is a German, separated from his fellow men.

Every man is a Berliner, forced to look upon a scar. In this season of spring in 1945, the ntinen people of Berlin emerged from their air-raid shelters to find devastation. Thousands of miles tB away, the people of the United States reached out to help. The German leaders reduced tariffs, pa rt expanded free trade, lowered taxes. From 1950 to 1960 alone, the standard of living in West of Germany and Berlin doubled. Where four decades ago there was rubble, today in West Berlin a there is the greatest industrial output of any city in Germany--busy office blocks, fine homes ntinen and apartments, proud avenues, and the spreading lawns of parkland. Where a city's culture tB seemed to have been destroyed, today there are two great universities, orchestras and an pa rt opera, countless theaters, and museums. Are these the beginnings of profound changes in of a the Soviet state? Or are they token gestures, intended to raise false hopes in the West, or to strengthen the Soviet system without changing it? We welcome change and openness; for we believe that freedom and security go together, that the advance of human liberty can only strengthen the cause of world peace. There is one sign the Soviets can make that would be unmistakable, that would advance dramatically the cause of freedom and peace. In the Communist world, we see failure, technological backwardness, declining standards of health, even want of the most basic kind--too little food. Even today, the Soviet Union still cannot feed itself. After these four decades, then, there stands before the entire world one great and inescapable conclusion: Freedom leads to prosperity. Freedom replaces the ancient hatreds among the nations with comity and peace. Freedom is the victor. General Secretary Gorbachev, if you seek peace, if you seek prosperity for the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, if you seek liberalization: Come here to this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, open this gate! Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!

Beginning 10 years ago, the Soviets challenged the Western alliance with a grave new threat, hundreds of new and more deadly SS-20 nuclear missiles, capable of striking every capital in Europe. And I invite Mr. Gorbachev: Let us work to bring the Eastern and Western parts of the city closer together, so that all the inhabitants of all Berlin can enjoy the benefits that come with life in one of the great cities of the world. To open Berlin still further to all Europe, East and West, let us expand the vital air access to this city, finding ways of making commercial air service to Berlin more convenient, more comfortable, and more economical. We look to the day when West Berlin can become one of the chief aviation hubs in all central Europe.

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ivi