THE 3 SQUARES Urban Design Analysis of Marianske, Kafka and Small Squares in Prague, Czech Republic by Alex Yeloyeva

THE 3 SQUARES Urban Design Analysis of Marianske, Kafka and Small Squares in Prague, Czech Republic Urban Planning 3, winter semester 2019/20 Caroline el Ayoubi, Lisa Shovikova, Bogdan Yepur, Robert Youssef, Alex Yeloyeva

1. Content 1. Location 2. History 2.1 Historical background and morphological development 2.2 Planning history 2.3 Urban design policy research 3.Morphological Dimension 3.1 Position relative to landforms 3.2 The skyline and landmarks 3.3 Local Character - people 3.4 Local Context Narrative Section 3.5 Nolliâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s map 3.6 Urban Structure 4. Functional Dimension 4.1 Public Transport 4.2 Car traffic 4.3 Parking 4.4 Main routes of pedestrian traffic 4.5 Activities in Public Spaces 4.6 Public services 4.7 Usage of the buildings 4.8 Climate 5. Visual Dimension 5.1 Marianske square section 5.2 Kafka square section 5.3 Small square section 5.4 Street sections 5.5 Materials 5.6 Plinth game analysis 5.7 Serial Vision

6. Perceptual Dimension 6.1 Legibility Analysis 6.2 Mental Mapping 7. Social Dimension 7.1 Flows of movements and Activities mapping 7.2 Ownership 7.3 Stakeholders 7.4 Rates of satisfaction 7.5 Main values and issues 8. Temporal dimension 8.1 Diurnal Change 8.2 Peak Hours 8.3 Seasonal Change 8.4 Population Density 9. Conclusion 9.1 SWOT 9.2 References

1. Basic information

Castle Rudolfinum

Prague 1

Old town square

Main train station

Wanceslav square National Museum National Theater

500m

About: The following is an urban contextual analysis of Marianske, Kafka and Small squares in the Old Town in Prague. The study is meant to provide a good understanding of all three squares, connection between them and their surrounding, as well as give a foundation for preparation of design brief for future redevelopment of the squares. The study is presented as a series of diagrams and maps prepared by the team of 5 Architecture Students and accompanied textual analysis and conclusions.

Project site has in it three squares, which are located in the historical core of the city and composed of important city landmarks, as national library, city library and town hall. As it is located in the city center, just next to the site area we can find worldwide famous monuments and tourists destinations, as Old Town Square, Charles Bridge, Wanceslav Square and National Museum.

1. Basic information

1. Basic information pro

Zatecka str

Valentinska

str

Nam. Franze Kafky

Mariánské námestí

str

Nam. Franze Kafky

Platnérská

str

Male námestí

Mariánské námestí

Linhartská

str

Male námestí

Basic Description: Currently all three spaces due to its location are easily accessed by public transport and are used through out the year, but due to lack of programming they are mostly used/ perceived as spaces on the way somewhere, rather then a destination. 3 squares are interconnected with Platnerska and Linhartska streets, but traffic, parking and narrow pedestrian walks gives feeling that its 3 separate spaces with the distance between them.

The study becomes particularly interesting because of the different shapes, functions and atmospheres each of the places creates. It’s also important to mention difference in the pedestrian flow and perception, which is caused by difference in program, proportion, traffic and many other factors, and will be discussed in more detailed in following chapters. Overall area of the research is 11445 m2, which excludes the area of the town hall.

1. Basic information

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City library

City Hall National library

Clam-Gallas Palace

Marianske square Square is surrounded by the significant public buildings such Clementinum with National library, New City Hall with Mayor of the City of Prague residence and Prague City Council, Clam-Gallas Palace and Trauttmansdorff Palace. Current name of the square is derived from extinct Church of Virgin Mary Na Louzi, which was placed next to the current Clam-Gallas Palace.

In 20th century, the square began to be used as a big car parking space. In 2019, Prague City Council decided that the square will be turned into a pedestrian zone. Prague Institute of Planning and Development decided that Czech architectonic studio Xtopic will create a study about how the square should look like in the future. The rebuild should be done by 2024. From European Mobility Week in September 2019, the car park was canceled. Cultural events will take place on the square instead. [1]

It is the biggest square in the study and the same, the easiest to identify as one. Square has very clearly defined edges and after the parking was removed good visibility. From East and West it is defined by public buildings, on the north edge by the road with moderate traffic and on the south by newly placed concrete blocks, which separate it from the remaining parking.

1. Basic information

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2 1

Franz Kafka square Indisputably the youngest square in the historic centre of Prague is the Square of Franz Kafka. It rose 2000 out of the part of not wide U Radnice Street, where the native house of Franz Kafka used to stand earlier, as it is reminded by the relevant memorial tablet. U Radnice, Maislova a Kaprová Streets run into this mini-square.

From the important lnadmarks of the square we can difentely higlight St. Nicholas’ Church on the east leading to the Old Town Square and Prague Magistrat Building on the West. The fact that square serves is an intersection of 4 roads and has pedestrian connection to the Old Town Square and Small Square makes transition a dominant action.

For the same reason the edges are very blurry and the atmosphere of the square doesn’t give a wish to stop and enjoy it, rather just pass through it.

1. Basic information

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4 1

Small square Is a triangular square in Prague ‘s Old Town in the immediate vicinity of the Old Town Square and Franz Kafka Square . The square is surrounded by exhibition houses, most of which stands out Rott’s House on the west side No. 142, where the famous hardware store used to be. The eastern side is lined with arcades. In the middle is an exhibition

fountain with a wrought Renaissance lattice. The former Royal Route from the Old Town towards Prague Castle passes through Malé námnestí . Space around the fountain is covered with private terraces from the restaurants around, which leaves only path-walks on the sides of the square for circulation and also doesn’t allow much of an extra activities, except transit.

In comparison with Kafka, Small square doesn’t have any transport on it, except access for the service cars and deliveries and has very clearly defined edge by the building.

2. History

2.1 Historical background and morphological development Marianske square before reconstruction

Foundation for new city library, Klementinum at the back

New Town hall Construction of the first stone embankment in Prague

Construction of Rudolfinum Klementinum on Marianske square

The four towns of Prague were united into the Royal Capital City of Prague with a common administration

1544

1869 1870s

1689 1784 1815

1841–1845

1895 1876

1909 1908

1927 1913

1939-45

1925

1968 1985

1938

Construction of Alšovo nábřeží

Soviet Union invasion

beging of demolishing buildings in the Jewish Town and a year later raised the level of ground, installed drinking water

A great fire devastated Prague, but this spurred a renovation and a rebuilding of the city.

1966

Nazi German occupation of Czechoslovakia

Velevet Revolution, Czechoslovakia freed itself from communism and Soviet influence

Rudolfinum foor bridge Kafka square during the reconstruction

Marianske square with the Church of Virgin Mary Na Louzi

Marianske square before reconstruction

From its early existence, around the 9th century, Old Town was laid out of settlements which appeared from the spacious marketplace on the bank of Vltava. In the mid-14th century the importance of the Old Town of Prague increased rapidly. In 1689, a great fire (called French fire) damaged a big part of the Old Town, including the Jewish Town. In 1784, the four towns of Prague were united into the Royal Capital City of Prague with a common administration. First mention of the square comes from 16th century. At the time on the square stood Church of Virgin Mary Na Louzi, which was placed next to the current Clam-Gallas Palace. First detailed maps available are from 1815. With

Archeological survey on Kafka square

the red color are highlighted changes to urban structure in the next to centuries, as redevelopment of embankment and construction of Rudolfinum in the second part of 19th century; construction of School of Applied Arts in Prague (1895); construction of the New City Hall and City library on Marianske square; so called “sanitation” of Jewish quarters and demolition of part of Old Town City Hall during Soviet Union Occupation. Overall morphology of the squares didn’t change much through out history, but its program and visual appearance had major modifications.

2.2 Planning history

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1924

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1964

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1971

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1976

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Industrialization and increase in pollution in late !9th century were cause of social problems such as water supply and transportation had to be addressed. The response to this was the first Prague regulatory plan in 1889 – the Layout and Level Plan of the Royal City of Prague. 1893 saw the approval of the Plan of Redevelopment Areas, one of the foundations for the extensive reconstruction of Prague’s centre that continued until the First World War. The main objectives of this sanitation were an effort to convert the centre into a business and administrative district of European quality, but most importantly to improve hygiene conditions. It was in this period that the majority of the Jewish Town was demolished, while conversely Parízská street was established in the style of the French boulevards. In 1920 the State Regulatory Commission for the Capital City of Prague and its

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Environs was established. This was the first specialised agency dealing with urbanism in Prague. Its main mission was to ensure the uniformity of building development in Prague and its environs and, in particular, to draft a regulatory and building plan.Old Town saw its first major modern land use proposal plan in the ill-fated 1924 Zeleny tisk. , the independent Prague City Development Plan Office was established in 1951 to address in particular issues relating to transport and housing. The draft Master City Plan, which was intended to transform Prague into a socialist city, was approved in the nineteen-sixties. On the plan from 1971 we already can see metro line planned, which started operating in 1974.

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2.2 Planning history

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1986

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1994

subjectTitle

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1999

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2018

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The Prague City Development Plan Office also earned its place in the history of Prague because the State Institute for Reconstruction of Historical Towns and Buildings commissioned it to carry out a historical survey of the buildings of the centre of Prague. Land use plans following the Velvet revolution do not differ greatly from their predecessors, as the site area became even more strictly protected following Prague’s historical core being inducted into UNESCO. The historic centre is adequately protected by mobile flood barriers whose efficiency has been approved during the floods in June 2013 As out site is surrounded by monuments of national importance and located in UNESCO protected area, it can be said that in the near future there won’t any radically changes

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to site conditions, except modifications in public spaces, as currently is happening with Marianske sqaure. The new Metropolitan Plan, introduced by the Prague Institute of Planning and Development on Tuesday should replace the old land use plan adopted back in 1999. The new zoning plan has been developed since 2012 and it will be discussed for about four more years. The document sets out clear rules on the development of Prague for the next 15 to 20 years. Notable on the proposed Metropolitan plan is the strong connection of the Kafka and Small squares. Until it can enter into force at earliest in 2022, the current plan from 1999 continues to be directive.

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Current cultural heritage preservation zones and buildings

Cultural monuments of National importance Cultural monuments Zones of cultural heritage preservation Areas of archeological importance

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Laws Concerning Monument Protection and Cultural Heritage Reservation Zones Act of the Czech National Council No. 20/1987 Sb., on state monument care. No. 420/2008 Sb., which provides the requirements and content of the plan for the protection of historical reserves and historical zones REGULATION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC No. 66/1971 Sb., on the conservation area in the capital city of Prague DECREE OF THE CAPITAL CITY OF PRAGUE No. 15/1991, No. 10/1993, declaring part of the territory of Prague as and the determination of the conditions of their protection, including the annex RESOLUTION OF THE GOVERNMENT OF THE CZECH REPUBLIC No. 209 on the Program of Regeneration of Urban Conservation Areas and Cultural Heritage zones + No. 110

3. Morphological dimension

3.1 Position relation to land form

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A’

B’ Section AA’

Section BB’

Section CC’

C’

3.2 Skyline and landmarks

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A St Nicholas Church

Rudolfinum

Old Town Square New Town Hall

Small square Kafka square

Klementinum

C St Nicholas Church

Old Town Square Kafka Square

Small Square Marianske Square

Klementinum

Charles Bridge Klementinum

Charles Bridge

A - Klementinum tower looking north east, 60 m from the site B - Klementinum tower looking west, 60 m from the site C - St Nicholas Cathedral dome on Malostranska square, 1km from the site From the panorama image at the top we can see that on average height of the buildings in the surrounding is 16-26m, as well as its proximity to main tourist attractions on the Right bank - Old Town Square, St Nicholas Church and Rudolfnum.

On the image B is visible how close Charles Bridge is and the direction to Malostranska. Terrain deffers radically from the Old Town. Third Image was taken from the other side of the river. Notable how close site is to the water and how perception of the distance between square changes. While being in the it seems very close, from the far away it looks like there are more then few blocks between

3.3 Local character - people

Big influence on the perception of the area in it current condition and the future development - programmatic and morphological - have people. There is no doubt that 3 squares have high density of visitors and the morphology is tightly interconnected with the way how people currently use the square, which in its turn influences its future development. Now we can separate 3 different moods/atmospheres for which our site serves as intersection. Firstly it is very touristic medieval streets on the south, where lies path from Charles bridge to Old Town square, main users of this zone are tourist, workers of the commercial services and of the offices in the surrounding. Due to heavy flow of people and very narrowly tourist oriented program it is hard to meet there Prague resident. The pink color highlights mention above area, where we can see that Small

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Square is swallowed by it. Yellow color highlights municipality and cultural buildings, where tourist donâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;t wonder as much and more visitors from other Prague district, as student which come to study at the library, local workers and residents. This area also includes transportation node of tram and metro stop and can be defined as the least touristy from the surrounding. Violet mostly highlights redeveloped in 19th-20th century districts, which includes a luxurious shops and active nightlife scene.

3.4 Local Context - Narrative Sections

It is common that one might refer to the area edged by the Charles Bridge and the old town square, specifically st Nicholas church, as one entity due to its proximity to the old town square. Nonetheless, simply walking down the streets, the different vibes emitted by the architecture are imposed on the user. Walking from Charles bridge straight through the narrow pathways of the medieval old town passing by Male namesti to end up by the astronomical clock is a completely different experience than the walk from the Rudolfinum to the Oldtown square through the wide linear streets and larger 19-20th-century redevelopments, in comparison to the neighboring midevil town. These two different experiences meet at the connection of male namesti, Marianske namesti and the namesti of Franze Kafky.

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The triangle formed by these three squares is truly remarkable. Every single one of the squares has its unique character and mood which alternates during different times of the day and different seasons. Visiting them during these different situations is interesting enough to enjoy the change while moving between them is like teleporting between different dimensions by a 3 min walk. Squares are generally visited for the experience of their atmosphere, and in this case, there are three completely different experiences available within this small triangle.

3.5 Nolli’s map

A Nolli Map is a two-dimensional plan drawing used to understand and document the accessibility and flow of space within a city. The first Nolli ever was drawn by the Italian architect from where the map derives its name from, Giovanni Battista Nolli. Unique to the Nolli Drawing is the representation of public space inside buildings, as part of the urban realm. There is no distinction between inside and out; only space and mass. The most important observation a Nolli Map reveals is the clear distinction between public and private space. This can be further simplified as “places people can go” vs. “places people can’t go”. Public spaces include streets, squares, and walks but also porches, yards, commercial space, lobbies, and vestibules of all sorts. Understanding the public vs.private space relationship—or lack thereof—within a given neighborhood is the foun-

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dation for establishing or fitting into walkable, human-scaled communities. It also helps uncovering the urban and architectural pattern language of a neighborhood and Understand what’s missing. It will illustrate that the true beauty of a place is less about one building, and more about how a coalition of carefully located buildings craft space and work together to produce great places for humans. From Nolli’s map of our location we can see that ground floor is very active (there are many places people can go), which makes neighborhood walkable and interactive. There are cultural functions, as libraries, governmental facilities as town hall and plenty of commercials spaces. All of this give good background for development of outside public space.

3.6 Urban Structure 1

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1. Building Pattern wider scale From the wider surrounding we can see how morphology of the blocks change. It is composed of two major morphological structures: Medieval structures on the south and East with informal space formations, various block patterns, which was a result of organic growth rather than planned vision; and classic block style of development from the Austro-Hungarian Period. 2. Building Pattern - study area In this scale we can see how those two period meet at the Marianske Square and Kafka square. Exactly this difference in formation gives 3 squares such a different character.

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3. Plot Pattern Same influence is visible at the plot pattern, where older buildings have very irregular shapes and newer block are well structured and can be even seen i Prague Planning plans from that time. 4. Street Pattern In the street pattern we can see how street width and shape changes following buildings or public spaces, taking from the straight pattern on the north into the waving and continuously turning maze on the east or to open public space of Old Town Square on the East.

3.7 Scale comparison

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Stravinsky Square, Paris, France, 4500 m2 Old Town Square, Prague, Czech Republic 14700 m2

1820 m2 Prague Small Square,

San Giovanni Square, Florence, Italy, 8217 m2

Grand Square, Brussels, Belgium 6275 m2 National Square, Split, Croatia, 1600 m2

Kafka Square, Prague, Czech Republic 2650 m2

Marianske Square, Prague, Czech Republic 3920 m2

Svornosti Square, Chesky Krumlov, Czech Republic 3130 m2

On the cut outs above are illustrated squares from different European countries with the similar context of Old Town or central location within the city. This was done to better feel the scale of the squares in relation to each other and their peers in the similar situation. Similarity lays not only in their location, but also in shape being determined by building - having clear edge; as well as them serving as transit point on the way to other landmarks - having a heavy flow of pedestrians.

Lilla Square Malmo, Sweden 3575 m2

4. Functional dimension

4.1 Public transport

Tram lines (2,17,18,93) Bus line (194,207) Metro line (Staromestska)

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This map shows routs of public transport. There are two important stations near the site, first one is Malostranska underground station which is located near the Kaprova street and tram station near it that is served by 2 different tram lines. Also one bus line crosses the squares and goes through the center of the city.

4.2 Car traffic

Intensity of car traffic

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This map shows car traffic. Different thickness of the lines indicates the intensity of vehicles flow on the roads. The most intensive street is Krizhovnicka, because there are located the main roads of tram lines big amount on it. In combination with private cars amount the road become crowded. The second crowded road is Shiroka street that goes near the city center. There no public transport lines on it but there are a lot of parking zones along the street. Other roads serve as connection between them and another part of the city but they are not such overcrowded as these.

FUNCTIONAL 4.3 Parking DIMENSION: VII. Parking Places

Short term parking for residents and visitors (maximum 6 hours) Long term parking mixed zone for residents and visitors

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There are a lot of long term parking places for resident and company cars in this area and only one place between Marianska and Kafka squares for visitorsâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; long term parking. Small Square is closed for parking and serves as pedesTERM PARKING FOR LONG TERM trian zone for traffic between Staromestska Square andLONG the Charles bridge. Also there are not enough bikePARKING parking RESIDENT AND COMPANY MIXED ZONE FOR zones, only two are located near the Prague city hall. CARS RESIDENTS AND VISITORS

THERE ARE A LOT OF LONG TERM PARKING PLACES FOR RESIDENT AND COMPANY CARS IN THIS AREA AND ONLY ONE PLACE BETWEEN MARIANSKA AND KAFKA SQUARES FOR VISITORS LONG TERM PARKING.MALA Short term parking (maximum 2 hours) SQUARE IS CLOSED FOR PARKING AND SERVES AS PEDESTRIAN ZONE FOR TRAFFIC BETWEEN STAROMESTSKA SQUARE AND THE CHARLES BRIDGE.

SHORT TERM PARKING (MAXIMUM 2 HOURS)

Long term parking for resident and company cars

ALSO THERE ARE NOT ENOUGH BIKE PARKING ZONES, ONLY TWO ARE LOCATED NEAR THE PRAGUE CITY HALL.. BIKE PARKING

SHORT TERM PARKING FOR RESIDENTS AND VISITORS (MAXIMUM 6 HOURS)

4.4 Main routes of pedestrian traffic

Intensity of pedestrian traffic

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This map shows routes of pedestrian traffic. Different thickness of the lines indicates the pedes-trian flow density. The main movement flow is located between two sights - the Charles bridge and Old Town square. This rout goes through the one from three squares of site â&#x20AC;&#x201C; mala Square. With restaurantâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s sitting places in the center of the square it causes a large accumulation of tour-ist crowds on it. Kafka square is served as transit zone between Old Town square and two sta-tions - Staromestska underground station and tram station with big amount of Different trams passing through it. It is not overcrowded because of small amount of the restaurants on it. Mari-anska square became a quiet place after removing cars from it. There are no big flows of pedes-trian traffic because there are no overcrowded stations of public transport near it.

4.5 Activities in public spaces

Restaurants placement areas Tourist crowded areas Recreation zones with sitting places Transit pedestrian roads

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Zones are defined by the surrounding historical buildings and small architectural forms which are located in the areas. The main concentration of tourists is located near the sights, such as: Prague courants at the Old Town square, the church of Ss. Nikolas from the Kafka square side and the Old Town square itself. Sitting places are located near the restaurants and cafes. These places are significant concentration of tourists too. Recreation zones with places for sitting are located on the Old Town square near the exit from the Kafka square, and also on the Marianska square. Other roads are mostly transit and used as links between the main sights.

4.6 Public services

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OUS

State administration

OKU

Culture

OUO

Local government

OKC

Church

OZA

Polyclinic, surgery

OKM

Public Media

OPB

Police

OVU

Universities

Source - IPR

4.7 Usage of the buildings

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Public services

Restaurants and bars

Jewelery stores

Bank offices

Local government and cultural institutions

Hotels and hostels

Clothing stores

Post offices

Churches

Offices and small firmes

Libraries

Theatres

4.8 Climate

The earliest sunrise is at 4:51 AM on June 17, and the latest sunrise is 3 hours, 9 minutes later at 8:01 AM on December 31. The earliest sunset is at 3:59 PM on December 12, and the latest sunset is 5 hours, 16 minutes later at 9:16 PM on June 25. The length of the day in Prague varies extremely over the course of the year. In 2019, the shortest day is December 22, with 8 hours, 4 minutes of daylight; the longest day is June 21, with 16 hours, 23 minutes of daylight. Prague experiences significant seasonal variation in monthly rainfall. Rain falls throughout the year in Prague. The most rain falls during the 31 days centered around July 19, with an average total accumulation of 2.7 inches. The least rain falls around February 6, with an average total accumulation of 0.6 inches.

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Considering weather and holidays schedules the most popular time for tourist to visit Prague falls onto summer season.

5. Visual dimension

5.1 Marianske square proportions

22m 18m

40,5m

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30m 75,5m

20m

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Space formation: Corner openings

Total area of Marianske square is 3300m2.. The longitudinal shape is formed by the three main architectural elements. The sections illustrate minimal incline of the ground from North to South (less than 1m). The Nova Radnice building is dominating the context being complemented by the facades of Clementinum and the City Library. The space is irregular but formal, defined by 3 formal buildings and a curves of informal streets.

19m

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5.2 Kafka square proportions 27m

24m

21m

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50m 23m 31m 15m

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Space formation: Subspaces

Total area of Kafka square is 2200m2. The space is formed by 2 open areas between the St.Nikolas cathedral and the Prague Magistrate building and the triangular intersection of U Radnice and Pletnerska street. The cathedral separates the space from Old Town sqaure, while the Magistrat main facade is dominating the scape. Visually it is hard to define the square as an enclosed space and the pedestrian flow from important touristic attraction creates a feeling of transition space. The newly placed statue of the Child on the Chair is the only element defining the center of the space.

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5.3 Small square proportions

22m

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,5m

35m

21m

17m

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Space formation: Corner entrances

Total areas of Small square is 1870m2. The triangular space is formed by the buildings of approximately same height. Visual dominant elements are absent. The house “U zlatého rohu” separates the square from Staromestska defining the space with the corner tower element. The ground level is even through-out the whole square. The visual perception of the square changes due to abundancy of outdoor cafes and restaurants, while the fountain feature in the middle is also hidden behind the terraces.

19m

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5.4 Street sections Ka

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Zatecka str

str

Nam. Franze Kafky

str Platnérská

16,5m U Radnice s

11+3m

Platnérská str

Mariánské námestí

str Linhartská

14,5m

Linhartská str Male námestí

Platnérská, Linhartská and U Radnice street are connecting the three squares with each other. Car traffic is dominant and parking is allowed on both sides of each street. Visually the streets become narrow passages guiding the pedestrian traffic towards the open space. Being attracted by the amenities and architecture of the squares, people lose their attention while passing on the sidewalk with the parked cars blocking the view and active traffic occupying most of the space. Linhartská street is the only one with an active plinth on one side, but the width of the sidewalk, lack of sunlight and parked cars make it unattractive. U Radnice is a short street connecting Small and Kafka squares. Narrow passage through the ground floor of the buildings on the left side is entirely passive. It emphasizes the importance of the open spaces on both ends. Platnérská is an important street connecting the embankment and Old Town square. The plinth on the right side is passive and unattractive, while the traffic is quite intense. Pedestrians are concentrated on the left side of the street visually and physically disconnected from Marianske square.

U Radnice str

5.5 Materials

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The usual classic Prague paving materials are used on all the three squares. Visually the surfaces correlate to each other and to the historical urban tissue of Prague city center. The pattern of sidewalk pavement also resembles the age of its construction. The difference of the materials distinguishes the surface dedicated for various uses. The main areas of Marianske and Small squares are paved with bigger grey cobblestones which allows more permeability of the water and also defines the boundary of the square, being framed by asphalt roads dedicated for cars. The facade materials on institutional buildings and cultural monuments mostly have stone on their facades. Arcades and passages are finished with plaster. Several shopfronts and ground floor restaurants and their outdoor terraces are made of wood.

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5.6 Plinth game analysis Marianske square

Kafka square

Small square

Street defenition

Congruity

Pedestrian friendliness

Character

Functional diversity

Congruity

Pedestrian friendliness

Character

Functional diversity

Congruity

Pedestrian friendliness

Character

Functional diversity

Comfort

Position in urban conext

Location attractivness

User density

Ownership diversity

Access to public transit Special urban program

Location attractivness

User density

Ownership diversity

Access to public transit Special urban program

Location attractivness

User density

Ownership diversity

Access to public transit Special urban program

5.7 Serial Vision 1

“Serial Vision” By Gordon Cullen Cullen believes that cities should be designed from the point of view of moving people since residents “apprehend urban environments through kinesthetic experience” (Gordon Cullen, 1961, 118). Gordon Cullen (1961) also raised the idea of “Serial Vision”, which means people can experience a revelation of views while walking along the streets at a uniform pace.

The pedestrian’s view continually changes when following a curving pathway, entering a courtyard, or turning a corner. The changing view provides a sense of discovery and drama. In contrast, Cullen writes, ‘A long straight road has little impact because the initial view is soon digested and becomes monotonous.’

As a part of site analysis to better understand the visual dimension of the site we sketched the site recommended by Cullen technique, which helped us to discover how pedestrian view changes on the entrances of the square and the interest of special elements as colonnade on Small Square.

6. Perceptual dimension

6.1LEGIBILITY ANALYSIS: I. The Common Image - The legibility elements as recorded by the project team

Landmark The Old Town Square Church is a major landmark as it provides legibility and a dominant destination. The Charles Bridge is another landmark that articulates the route from the Old Town Center to the Castle. The Clementinum is a landmark based on the historical significance of the National Library. The legibility of Stare Mesto is well defined due to its numerous landmarks.

Node Most the nodes have memorable shapes and tends to create a small district in its surrounding. Importance vary according to the number of paths intersecting. The junction of Staromestskรก is particularly major as it is a main vehicular intersection in addition to the presence of a tram stop, a metro station, and a public square near it. The Nรกm. Franze Kafky is another significant major node,

District Users would imagine that the area is one continuous district with clear boundaries formed by the river bank and the ring. Nonetheless, there is a clear distinction between two districts based on their common, identifying character. One is characterized by a more intimate organic paths while the other shifts in its architecture and scale towards a more linear paths and massive blocks.

Path Krizovnickรก street is a legible and spatially dominant path reinforced by the tram track passing along it. The route from the castle highlighted by the Charles bridge (Karluv most) continuing along Karlova str. reaching the Old Town Square is one of the most heavily dense pedestrian paths in Prague. Kaprova street has a combination of both vehicle and pedestrian traffic.

Edge The river bank is the most significant edge forming an impenetrable boundary. Bridges along the river bank permits the movement of pedestrians, cyclists, vehicles, and public transportation. On the other hand, Krizovnicka street is mainly catered to vehicular circulation and public transportation affecting pedestrian permeability creating a psychological barrier.

LEGIBILITY ANALYSIS: II. Aggregate Image - The legibility elements are based on respondents’ mental maps

Findings The Old Town Square Church (The Church of Our Lady before Týn) is the major landmark by which users orient themselves. Due to the abundance of legible architectural landmarks in the area, the same route can be described or drawn using different landmarks. Moreover, one of the most common landmarks was Starbucks due to its strategic location on the square. Only one respondent

mentioned the route through Marianske Namesti or the landmarks on that square even though that route is one on the fastest and least crowded among the routes proposed. This shows that the main street (Kaprova str) imposes a strong mental image on the users. The absence of a mental connection of Marianske namesti though it is an important node demonstrates a problem in the legibility position of the square.

LANDMARKS Elements Mentions

NODES Elements Mentions

Rudolfinum

LIU.JO (store)

Nám. J. Palacha

Vltava River Mánesuv most

TV tower

Staromestské námestí

KFC

Staromestské nám str

Staromestská metro

Puro Gelato

Zelezná str

Starbucks

Interchange

Staro.Tram Tracks

Church of Our Lady

Stavovské divadlo

Staro. 4 way fork

Astronomical Clock

St. Nicholas’ Church

Charles University

Hard Rock Cafe

LANDMARKS

Umprum

Sex Machines Museum

Malé nám. Arcade

Charles Bridge

Clementinum

Staro. Metro Shafts

Nová radnice

Municipal Library

Church of St. Gallen

6.2 The respondents were asked to describe/draw a mental map/ trace the path of the route they would take from Rudolfinum to Vaclavske Namest in order to analyze the legibility of Marianske Victoria: If you stand with your back to Rudolfinum you need to go right till the crossroad. Turn left on the crossroad and go straight till Staromestka square. Cross the square to the street near Starbucks. And go right down this street. You will see the LiuJo shop, cross the road to this shop and turn right. Take the first turn left and go right down the street for 5 minutes. And you get to Vaclavske square. Vanesa: 1. Cross the street to Karlova University 2. Cross towards Starometska metro station 3. Walk in the direction of KFC close to St. Nicholas church 4. Turn right and walk to Hard Rock cafe 5. Turn left to Starbucks 6. Walk the same direction where you’ll see Sex Machine Museum and a souvenir shop 7. Turn left and walk straight for 6min and you’re there

Andreas: 1. Standing in front of Rudolfinum, the river to the west and the TV tower to the east. 2. Facing the TV tower, I know that Vaclavske square is located southeast from me. 3. By drawing an imaginary line diagonally between east and south, I have the aerial line to my destination. 4. Compensate the crocked street grid by going one street eastward for every southbound street. 5. The Old Town square is the first landmark on the way, look for the church towers. 6. Continue the same street pattern from there, I use the TV tower to redirect myself if I’m unsure. 7. The street going perpendicular to Vaclavske square on the western side is free of traffic and is long enough to be distinguished. When this street is found, I know whether to go sound or north, as the square is not much further north than the end of the pedestrian south.

Bella: 1. Look the opposite direction of the river and walk across the street that way. 2. Once you cross the street, walk down three blocks passed a bunch of beautiful colorful buildings 3. When you get to a three to four way fork in the road where it begins to open up towards the larger square. 4. Go into the square and walk towards the center. 5. Once in the middle of the square, orient yourself facing the astronomical clock and walk towards it. 6. Turn left towards Starbucks and go down along the thin alley way and follow the rest of the crowd until it opens and you see a tredelnik stands and some Christmas stalls and a Flying Tiger. 7. Go through that, and as you go out and follow the rest of the crowd you pass by a kebab store

Nicola: 1. From the main entrance of Rudolfinum walk forward through the square towards The Academy of Fine Arts. 2. Then turn to the right towards the corner of the Charles University building 3. Keep Walking forward passed Puro gelato and KFC. 4. Turn to the first right after KFC. 5. You will then see an alley way directed towards The Church of Our Lady. 6. This will lead you to old town square. 7. Turn onto the Staromestske namesti road then turn left then right onto Zelezna street where you will see interchange. 8. Keep going forward then turn to the left after the Narodni divadlo building. You will see Interchange at the corner. 9. Turn to the road beside interchange(to the right). 10. This will lead to Na Prikope. 11. Finally turn to the right and you are at Vaclavske Namesti.

7. Social dimension

7.1 Flows of movements and Activities mapping

1:1000 <- 85 -> 65

30 <- 160 -> 140

20 <- 58 -> 63

<-90 ->95

<- 89 -> 74

<- 134 -> 81

<- 48 -> 53 25 <- 25 -> 13

<- 114 -> 87

<- 38 -> 9

Fundraiser Results by

Pie and donut charts compare values from a single category. For example, you can compare the number of products sold by each salesperson. Values are shown as a percentage of the whole. To highlight a pie wedge or donut segment, drag it away from the center.

ACTIVITY MAPPING

100 - 200

sitting people

Pie Chart

standing people 13%

PEDESTRIAN FLOW

<- 200 -> 240

27 0

87%

175

OBSERVETION OF ACTIVITIES

200 - 300 300 - 400 < 400

0 - 50 50 - 100

UNITS SOLD

<- 310 -> 270

standing Untitled 3 8787% %

sitting Untitled 1 13% 13 %

Morning - 10:00-10:10 During the observations in the morning on Marianske naměstí was quite a large number of people, most of them were employees of adjacent buildings and visitors of libraries. Malé náměstí and náměstí Franze Kafky were much less active than in the other hours of observation, as the restaurants had not yet begun their work. Groups of tourists on excursions were recorded in all three squares.

7.1 Flows of movements and Activities mapping

1:1000 <- 103 -> 91

<- 210 -> 180

15 <- 115 -> 107

<-95 ->113

<- 80 -> 120

<- 125 -> 127

<- 70 -> 92 <- 75 -> 35

<- 154 -> 142

<- 46 -> 43

30 45

Fundraiser Results by

ACTIVITY MAPPING sitting people

100 - 200

<- 300 -> 310

45 160

13%

PEDESTRIAN FLOW

300 - 400

OBSERVETION OF ACTIVITIES

sitting Untitled 1 13% 13 %

standing Untitled 3 4141% %

< 400

41%

0 - 50 46%

140

200 - 300

Pie Chart

standing people

50 - 100

UNITS SOLD

<- 420 -> 460

visiting cafes Untitled 2 46% % 46

Midday - 13:00-13:10 At lunchtime, there is increased activity on Malé náměstí and náměstí Franze Kafky, most of the people who are there are tourists and visitors of restaurants. Marianske naměstí also attracts people with its newly appeared sitting places, but mostly they are used by libraries visitors, workers and locals.

7.1 Flows of movements and Activities mapping

1:1000 <- 73 -> 95

15 20 <- 129 -> 132

<- 230 -> 204

<-157 ->143

<- 96 -> 142

<- 162 -> 157

<- 112 -> 103 <- 91 -> 46

<- 185 -> 135

<- 58 -> 55

25 40

Fundraiser Results by

ACTIVITY MAPPING sitting people

100 - 200

300 - 400

13%

PEDESTRIAN FLOW

< 400

48%

50 - 100

<- 460 -> 430

44 135

OBSERVETION OF ACTIVITIES

sitting 13 %

Untitled 1 13%

standing Untitled 3 4848% % visiting cafes 39 %

Untitled 2 39% 39%

164

200 - 300

Pie Chart

standing people

0 - 50

UNITS SOLD

<- 520 -> 490

Afternoon - 18:30-18:40 In the evening, the flow of people increases significantly at almost all points of entry to all three areas. The largest number of people were recorded entering Malé náměstí from Staroměstské náměstí and from Karlova street, which highly complicates the movement in this area. A large number of tourists were using Marianske naměstí as a place for a short rest and laying a further route.

7.2 Ownership

1:1000

Prague - Transitioning towards a polycentric city

BUILDINGS OWNERS Česká republika hlavní město Praha privat organizations public organizations privat owners

Česká republika

For more than 1,000 years, Prague has been the cultural, political and economic core of the Czech Republic. In recognition of Prague’s medieval urbanism in its historic center, it was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1992. As the city entered into the twenty-first century, political, social and economic influenced the urban development of the city and its spatial planning. The hlavní město shifts Praha significantly privat organizations privat owners public organizations concentration on the city center and unbalanced investment in certain areas have resulted in the city being hampered by transport congestion, with often outmoded infrastructure and a lack of available housing. The transition from a monocentric to a polycentric structure of the city is at the core of Prague’s strategic priorities. The Prague Strategic Plan for 2009–2015 outlined guiding principles of the spatial planning policy directed at regulating land and building uses as well as achieving a greater balance between green and built-up areas in the city. The objective is to reduce the pressure on the city center by

7.3 Stakeholders

1:1000

MĚSTSKÁ KNIHOVNA

HOTELS & OWNERS

MAGISTRAT PRAHY

LOCAL BUSINESSES (OWNERS & VISITORS)

KLEMENTINUM

VISITORS CLAM-GALLAS PALACE

WORKERS

BUSINESS OWNERS

LOCALS RESTAURANTS & BARS

opening up the usage of the overall city area. Yet the city and its Inhabitants are also faced with a conflict between the needs of modern life and the tangible and intangible legacy of the past. This has often led to the interpretation of the city’s cultural heritage as an obstacle rather than an opportunity to further the city’s regeneration. Large-scale developments such as skyscrapers have further compounded these issues, pointing to the need to encourage an approach guided by 2011. Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape. Source: IUAV, report for Study Area 3

the major Historic Monuments and introduce functions in order to maintain these buildings by keeping them active. Moreover, several of the buildings on the squares in the old town that are privately owned are under negotiation between the owners and the city in an attempt to revitalize them. For example, U Zlateho Roha was vacant up until recently, when the city negotiated to introduce a function, the Scout Institute. Now the building is owned by the city and its new function is still undecided. in the meantime, it is used as an event space and a gallery in addition to the Scout Institute.

The historic center has been mainly commercialized and Czech locals have been pushed out of its center. Foreign investors and companies managed to buy out the locals in order to transform the existing apartments into commercial units such as offices, Airbnb apartments, or using them as investments to be later sold for higher prices. As such, a tourist visiting the historical core is unlikely to come across Czech locals depriving the city of an authentic feeling. the Prague municipality has managed to control

Similar attempts took place in the neighboring square of Marianske naměstí. The city’s decision to revitalize the square and turn it into its original function after it was used as a parking space is an effort to bring back the public life to the square. This is an opportunity to provide the locals of the city of Prague with a space within their center that is not dominated by tourists and allow foreigners to witness an authentic travel experience with the city’s locals.

7.4 Rates of satisfaction Columnspace Chart appearence of public

DOTAZNÍK // QUESTIONNAIRE

Pro zjištění potřeb uživatelů Marianskeho naměstí To identify the needs of Marianske naměstí users Kdo jste? Who are you?

lokalní rezident local resident

Pražski rezident Prague resident

dojíždějící commuter

turist tourist

Chart safety (absence of Column criminality) 7

1 0

Jak jste spokojen/a se současným stavem vařejného prostoru na Marianskem naměstí? Rate your satisfaction of the quality of public space on Marianske naměstí? naprosto spokojen/a fully satisfied

spíše spokojen/a almost satisfied

neutrální přístup neutral

spíše naprosto nespokojen/a nespokojen/a slightly not satisfied

not satisfied

nedokážu posoudit not sure

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

neutral

sitting places 7

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

not sure

místa k sezení sitting places hladina znečistění ovzuší air pollution level

almost satisÞed

bezpečnost (nepřítomnost kriminality) safety (absence of criminality) kvalita pouličního osvětlení quality of street lighting stromy a zelen trees and greenary bezbariérovost ulice barrier-free environment

air pollution level 7

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

not sure

fully satisÞed

neutral

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

1 0 neutral

UNITS SOLD

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

neutral

slightly not satisÞed

not satisÞed

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

neutral

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

Fundraiser Results by Salesperson UNITS SOLD

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

neutral

6 0

2 0

not satisÞed

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

1 neutral

2 0

neutral

not sure

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

not sure

Column Chart barrier-free environment

almost satisÞed

PARTICIPANT

not sure 0

not sure

Column Chart noise pollution level

1 not sure

Fundraiser Results by Salesperson

slightly not satisÞed

almost satisÞed

PARTICIPANT

almost satisÞed

fully satisÞed

trees and greenaryColumn Chart

Column Chart

fully satisÞed

not satisÞed 2

not sure

slightly not satisÞed

Uved’te 3 hlavní problémy náměstí: Name 3 main issues of the square:

Uved’te 3 hlavní hodnoty/důležitosti náměstí: Name 3 main values of the square:

neutral

almost satisÞed

hladina hluku noise pollution level

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

UNITS SOLD

fully satisÞed

Column Chart quality of street lighting

vzhled vařejného prostoru appearence of public space

Fundraiser Results by Salesperson PARTICIPANT

not sure

Column Chart

Kam jdete? Where are you going?

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

1 not sure

6 Fundraiser Results by Salesperson PARTICIPANT

UNITS SOLD

fully satisÞed

almost satisÞed

neutral

slightly not satisÞed

not sure 0

fully satisÞed

not satisÞed

almost satisÞed

1 neutral

1 1

slightly not satisÞed not satisÞed

not sure

To determine the needs of Marianske naměstí users, we asked 17 people to fill out a questionnaire in which they could indicate the level of satisfaction with different aspects of the area. The survey involved people with different connections to the square: those who are working here or nearby, residents of Prague and tourists. Since the study was carried out after the changes in the use of public space, the majority of people who have been here before are now quite satisfied with the current state of Marianske naměstí. 1 1

7.5 Main values and issues

For a more detailed analysis of the users of Marianske namÄ&#x203A;stĂ needs, people were asked to write 3 main values and issues of this place. Most people have identified the minimal use of roads as one of the main positive aspects (the reason for this, of course, is the fact that recently the area worked as a parking lot). The most recent appearance of planters with trees has also been noted by people as a plus, but for many users, their number can be desired more. A significant part of the respondents was dissatisfied with the almost complete absence of trash bins and ashtrays, which is why people have to throw small garbage on the ground. Also, one of the users of the square (woman, 80 years old, every day for 30 years works next to and passes through this area) told about the problems with moving around the square for old and disabled people, especially during the period win-

ter period, because there are a huge number of curbs on the square. She also pointed out that she has to sit on the new planters while waiting for her bus in front of the city library. Several other people also wrote in their answers the insufficient number of benches and lack of drinking water fountains.

8. Temporal dimension

8.1 Time cycles: Diurnal Change

Mariánské nám.

Nám. Franze Kafky

Malé nám.

Marianske namesti witnesses most of its activity during the day time due to the presence of the Prague City Hall, the Municipal Library, and the Clementinum. The addition of the Prague Chairs and tables prolonged the duration of the activity of the square however it is still minimal in comparison to the other squares

This square is a major node with its visible intersection for both vehicular and pedestrian circulation. Moreover, it is on the route from Staromestska namesti to Malostranska. As such, it witnesses continues movement throughout the hours of the day; nonetheless, it is most active from noon till the evening.

The Male Namesti one of the most popular meeting points within the old town due to its scale, enclosure, and iconic landmark in its center. Moreover, it serves as a major pedestrian node with pathways from all directions leading to it. Therefore, the activity with this square is continuous; however, its peaks from the afternoon till the evening.

8.2 Time cycles: Peak Hours “The Marian Square in the center of the capital city is delimited by four institutions of great importance in Prague: the Clam Gallas Palace, the National Library, the Municipal Library of Prague and the Prague City Hall. Up until recently, however, the square functioned mainly as a parking lot and its original functions (representative, social, residential ...) were delayed.” Prague chairs and tables and greenery are added in addition to works of art. “ _IPR The peak hours of the square fall in the late evening till the early morning. The maximum potential of the location and its existing infrastructure is not reached as the square lacks a 24-hour “peak” which would ideally be composed of a mosaic of heterogeneous 21st-century life. Some parts are used as roads, some as parking places; interventions on the square provoke socializing and communication, yet these interactions are for brief periods of time during the day.

8.3 TIME CYCLES: Seasonal Change

Mariánské nám.

Nám. Franze Kafky

Malé nám.

Marianske namesti’s activity was more or less consistent throughout the year as it has a more formal function. As new changes were introduced to the square this year such as the introduction of artworks and seating areas, this situation is expected to shift. The whole square is expected to undergo a full reconstruction by 2020.

Whether it is warm or cold, this square is always active. The seen does change over seasons but the pedestrian activity is constant. In addition to being a major passage from the old town square towards Staromestska, Once the temperature is reasonable, the restaurants open up to the outside and the public space comes to life.

The Change of seasons is transformative for Male namesti. the character and perception of the space shift drastically form the warm season to the cold season. If visiting during the summer, it is this small cozy space with the cute outdoor seating areas that are packed with tourists while in the winter it is this empty mysterious gem.

8.4 Population Density _ IPR

The average share of workers of the average number of people present on working day

The average share of residents of the average number of people present on a working day The characteristics of ZSJ according to space-time behavior of people

- Working - Communal service

The average visitor share of the average number of people present on a working day

2.4 Population Density

Basic Description: Prague is not evenly populated. To show the different population densities in the city, we divided Prague into squares measuring 100 × 100 m (1 ha). We then counted how many people live in each square and changed its size accordingly. The more people live in a square, the larger it is. The result is that the densely populated areas of Prague have been “inflated” and the sparsely populated areas “shrunk”. The most densely populated area is the centre of Prague, while in the outskirts fewer people live in a larger area. _ © Prague Institut of Planning and Development, 2015

The map shows the number of people who visit Prague libraries in one day. The branches of the Prague Municipal Library are depicted on the map by white dots. The lines leading from them link up to the homes of readers who use that particular branch. Branches that are further from the city centre tend to be used by people living close by, while visitors to libraries in the centre may also come from further afield. Readers from all over Prague visit the Central Library. It is interesting that, regardless of age, women use libraries 2.5 times more than men. Active readers include 79% of Prague residents and 21% from outside Prague. The highest proportion of readers who do not live in Prague are aged between 20 and 30 years, which means they are probably university students studying in Prague. _ © Prague Institut of Planning and Development, 2015

9. Conclusion

Strength

Weaknesses

Opportunities

Threats

Proximity to Major Monuments and the historic core

Parking near the squares

Above average tourist footfall

Extremely low local population

Good public and private transport connection to the city

Lack of public street furniture

Local businesses and community

Merge of parking, street, and square

Presence of tourists

Unattractive surfaces

Diverse valuable historic core

Noise from cars - heavy traffic near by

Primary gateway to the old town square from Staromestska and Charles bridge

Proximity to the Old Town Square, Charles Brigdge and the Rodulfinum

Multiple pavements of different sizes

Potencial Break - stop and relax area Intersection of vehicular and pedestrian traffic

Lacks diversity of commercial spaces Empty buildings

Tourist Takeover

9.2 References https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mari%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_n%C3%A1m%C4%9Bst%C3%AD http://app.iprpraha.cz/apl/app/srk/ https://plan.app.iprpraha.cz/vykresy/ https://www.geo5.cz/reference/geodezie/stavebni-zamereni/narodni-knihovna-stavebni-zamereni-3d-sken - section of City Library Klementinum: https://www.archiweb.cz/news/provereni-kapacitnich-a-prostorovych-moznosti-klementina On land use: https://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/proposed-new-prague-development-framework-sets-urban-targets-for-future-decades Prague City Heritage Department: http://pamatky.praha.eu/jnp/en/index.html http://www.iprpraha.cz/uploads/assets/dokumenty/oecd/oecd_report_on_prague_policy_highlights. pdf IPR Prague - Metropolitan Plan http://en.iprpraha.cz/clanek/1394/ipr-prague-published-a-draft-metropolitan-plan Nolli’s plan https://www.cnu.org/publicsquare/2017/01/19/nolli-map-tool-small-developers http://nolli-app.com/ Prague Climate: https://weatherspark.com/y/77807/Average-Weather-in-Prague-Czechia-Year-Round#targetText=The%20predominant%20average%20hourly%20wind,the%20west%20throughout%20the%20year. Serial vision https://eli530blog.wordpress.com/2016/10/09/serial-vision-by-gordon-cullen/#targetText=Gordon%20 Cullen%20(1961)%20also%20raised,streets%20at%20a%20uniform%20pace. Social Dimension: ČÚZK - https://geoportal.cuzk.cz/mapycuzk/ IUAV, report for Study Area 3