1
jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / wefaqmifrkef;v
2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
1
1
jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / wefaqmifrkef;v
2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
1
2
rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;
4
uAsm tar ESif;qDwrf;csif; acwf (3) jzpfae=uyHu k aoG;uGux f u J yef;wpfcif; aumv[mvtvGr;f pdw&f @J 0wˆK wd;k wufaewJ@acwfysuf csif;wGif;ac:oH vufyefawmif;awmifocFe;f pm wyfO;D a'gi;f tvHe@J ...
okcrdefvd_if cifrrrsdK; opPmeD xGe;f 0if;+ird ;f 'DcspfrsdK; atmifbndK ppf&efvif; armifygv atmifa0; zd;k oH (vlx)k eDviG af oG; ('\edu)
6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20
umwGe;f atmfyu D s,/f [musLvD/ [efav;
22
Advk rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS ordik ;f wauG@rS Adv k rf ;_ csKyaf usmaf Zm oef;0if;vd_if uG,v f eG o f Al v kd cf sKyaf usmaf Zmod@k (uAsm)armifpGrf;&nf OD;wifo@kd ....(uAsm) 0if;wifhxGef; Armjynf&@J =u,feD (uAsm) &J+ird ;f uíefawmfhtdrfeD;em;csif;... zd;k oH (vlx)k
26 31 32 34 35
ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o ordik ;f wauG@rS Adv k pf }um
oef;0if;vd_if
38
Edik if aH &; okw/ &o avxD;tke;f armif (od@k ) axmifEiS ahf wm r#m;eD Aef;armfwifatmifEiS hf }u;D jyif;cJah om atmifa0; 2
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
41 44
3
ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f (od@k ) +ird ;f csr;f a&; umvay:i&JacG;}u;D awG.... awmf&mrS aysmaf tmifae&w,f jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l k.d .. Oya'onf vlwpfpk..... avab;xnfEikd if aH &; Armjynf[m pde udv k ekd eD ,fjzpf... ykyg` ;awmif}u;D jrif+yv D m;a[h qdyk gonf...odk@aomf jyifqifjcif; tEkynm trSww f & jrufx;kH }u;D yHjk yif 'Duae@ArmawG Armpma=uapzd@k
'*kew f m&m [Hom0wDO;D 0if;wif zd;k oH (vlx)k armif0Ho vGifatmifpdk; auoG,f ausm[ f ek ;f r,faiGO a'guw f m"rRy, D t&SiOf m%dubd0o H atmifAv O\mq&mtdk
51 60 65 69 74 78 82 89 93 98 103 107
Min Han
110
&JabmfoHcJ
112
a&$au
114
jroef;wifh t'D; (AOP) armifpdk;csdef
121 127 136
tdraf jrmS ifavSit f rd f (55) &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf
armifarmifvwf oef;0if;vd_if
150 155
tvif;tdrfrSwfpk
tvif;tdrf rD', D m
165
acwfpum; axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f rsm; ausmif;om;wyfrawmf 24 ESpjf ynfh OuUX &JabmfocH J pum;
tufaq; tarwd@k nDtr
0wˆKwdk armifw@kd a,musmF ;awG (bmomjyef) 'kut Q ydik ;f tprsm;(2) (tcef;quf) eif;jym;
bmomjyef tcef;quf
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
3
4
tvif;tdrfpum; Armhwyfrawmfukd pwifxal xmif&mwGif yg0ifcahJ om &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if/ wdik ;f jynf ESihf vlrsKd ; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf b0ay; tepfemcH &du k sKd ;pGm OD;pD;yg0ifcahJ om/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tajccHum jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk aqmif&u G cf ahJ om/ Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD A[dak umf rwD0if Adv k rf ;_ csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zm (1919 - 2012) uG,v f eG t f edpP a&muf&o dS mG ;jcif; twGuf tvif;tdrfrS rdom;pkESifhtwl 0rf;enf;a=uuGJrdum/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom wdik ;f jynf&wem wpfyg;tjzpf vGepf mG ESajrmwordv#uf armfueG ;f xd;k *k%jf yKtyfygonf? vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;rSwpfrsKd ;/ vlwpfprk S tjcm;wpfpu k /kd t"rREikd x f ufp;D eif; t=urf;zuf ,kwfrmpGm usifh}uH+yD;/ zdESdyfacgif;yHkjzwf uíefjyKr_udk vGwfvyfr_/ vGwfajrmufr_twGuf uíefawmfw@kd bd;k bGm;bDbifawG b0awG toufay; wGe;f vSew f u kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uw,f? enf;vrf; aygi;f rsKd ;pHEk iS hf wdu k yf 0JG if=u&mrS 1948 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D (4) &ufae@rSm wpfEikd if v H ;kH vGwv f yfa&; &&Scd yhJ gw,f? uíEfyk w f @kd &&Scd w hJ hJ vGwv f yfa&;[m jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSm rSw D if;aexdik =f u ukeaf om wdik ;f &if;om; nDtudk armifErS rsm; tygt0if jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH &J@ vGwv f yfa&; jzpfw,f? +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wef;wla&;/ om,m0ajyma&; pwmawGukd ud, k pf m;jyKaz:aqmifwhJ vGwv f yfa&;jzpfw,f? od@k ayr,fh vufawG@vl@abmifb0rSm 'gawG qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h w,f? txl;ojzifh 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm t"rRvrd n f m tm%modr;f +y;D tkycf sKycf w hJ hJ ppftm%m&Sif vufatmufrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wef;wla&;/ om,m0ajyma&; qdw k mawG aysmufu, G f qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h w,f? vdrn f m+y;D acgi;f yHjk zwfum csKycf s,v f #uf ud, k u f sKd ; pD;yGm;om a&S@wef;wif jyKvyk cf =hJ uwJh vlwpfpo k m tvGet f rif; }u;D yGm;csr;f omcJ=h uw,f? trsm;pkjzpfwhJ jynfov l x l [ k m edru hf s/ qif;&JraJG wcJw h ,f? tusiphf m&dwaW wG ysupf ;D um twW0g'aD wG }u;D pd;k cJw h ,f? ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf }u;D pd;k tkycf sKy/f acgi;f yHjk zwf ud, k u f sKd ;&SmcJh r_awGa=umifh Edik if eH @J vlrsKd ;[m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ Edik if aH &; pwmawG tzufzufrS tedru fh sq;kH edru hf sc+hJ y;D ysupf ;D cJw h ,fqw kd m jrefrmhordik ;f pmrsuEf mS trSeyf if jzpfw,f? EGm;uGv J #if usm;udu k o f nf[k tqd&k o dS nf? usm;onf EGm;awGurJG u _ kd t+raJ pmifh =unft h vd&k adS eonf? zefw;D vkyaf qmifwwfonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f rSm rSw D if;aexdik =f uaom wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tygt0if jynfov l x l u k kd trsKd ;rsKd ; tuGu J t JG jym;jym;jzpfatmif tusKd ;pD;yGm; vm'fx;kd aoG;cGrJ j_ yKum/ vdt k yfv#if vdt k yfovdt k oH;k jyKaom Oya'rsm;jzifh t"rRtyk cf sKyf cJ&h mwGif tkycf sKyo f l vlwef;pm;ESihf xdo k w l @kd vufa0cH vlwpfcsKd @om tqrwef }u;D yGm; csrf;omv#uf jynfolwdk@rSm qif;&JwGif;euf+yD; edrfhusum o,HZmwaygºu,fvSaom jrefrmjynfrmS o,HZmwrsm; ukeo f avmuf ysupf ;D qH;k &H;_ cJ&h w,f? qH;k &H;_ aeqJjzpfw,f? 4
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
5
,cktcsed w f iG f ppf,el aD zmif;cíwfum t&yf0wftpd;k [kqakd om OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k & vufxufwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk az:aqmifaeonf[q k . kd ? rsm;aom tm;jzifh tzufzufrS t&ifuxuf vGwv f yfvmygonf qdak omfjim;vnf;/ xde;f csKy/f xdecf sef aer_rsm;u tajrmuftrsm;&Sad eygw,f? b,foal oao iawrm&if+y;D a&m pdw"f gwjf zifh twif;t"rR csrSwftaumiftxnf az:cJhaom tkyfcsKyfol tusdK;jyK/ jynfoltusdK;rJh pDru H ed ;f rsm;um; vkyaf qmifv#u&f ydS gw,f? rw&m; Oya'rJh &rf;um; vkyaf qmifaer_rsm;u tEH@S tjym; jzpfay:aejcif;a=umifh usL;ausmf &rf;um;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeygw,f? ,cktcgrmS pD;yGg;a&;ydwq f @kd r_ zGiahf y;vdu k jf cif;twGuf Edik if w H umrS &if;ES;D jrKS yEf rHS r_ sm; tultnDrsm;onf acgi;f pOfaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmjzifh tvH;k t&if; 0ifa&mufvmae+yjD zpfw,f? uln=D u&mrSmvnf; wpfEikd if v H ;kH jynfov l x l t k aygi;f rSm 'kut Q wdjzifh vH+k cKH uif;rJrh _ &Sad ejcif;udk wpfEikd if v H ;kH +cKH I wajy;nD wef;wlnrD # uln=D uzd@k wdu k w f eG ;f vd+k y;D / &if;ES;D jrKS wEf rHS r_ sm;udv k nf; &d;k om;pGm vkyu f ikd =f uzd@k Ed;_ aqmfvykd gw,f? vufeufuikd f tzG@J wpfz@JG . ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm }u;D pd;k cs,v f , S /f tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H m;wdik ;f 'kuyQ ifv,fa0um tzufzufrS edru hf s v#u&f adS eygw,f? Tonfukd tm;vH;k rarh=uuke?f tvif;tdr&f @J oabmxm; qEN&if;rSm xdo k @kd vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;wpfc. k t"rRtyk cf sKyrf a_ tmufrmS tzufzufrS edru hf sysupf ;D aeaom jrefrmEdik if u H kd tppftrSef jyKjyif ajymif;vJypf&ef/ ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tkycf sKycf s,v f , S cf ahJ om ppfwyfrS tkycf sKyaf er_ukd tqH;k owf &efyifjzpfonf? ppfwyf xm0& tm%mwnf+raJ &;twGuf a&;qGx J m;aom 2008 ckEpS f t"rR tajccHOya'udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH ud, k pf m;jyKaom Oya'topf jyefvnf a&;qG&J efjzpfonf? xdt k cg vGwaf jrmufr_ tppftrSejf zifh uíEfyk w f @kd bd;k bGm;bDbifrsm; ar#mrf eS ;f cJah om/ uíEfyk w f @kd tygt0if aemifvmaemufom;rsm; cHpm;=u&rJh vGwv f yfa&;ppfppfukd &&Srd nf jzpf+y;D urBmt h v,frmS *k%o f u d mQ &Sd Edik if aH wmftjzpf ay:ayguv f mrSm jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sipf epfreS o f r# usq;kH ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
5
6
tar tarudk zGŒJ qdzk @kd om; p=um0Vm}u;D xJukd xGucf @J w,f? t}u;D rm;qH;k tawmufyqH;k =u,fwcH eG }f u;D awGu om;udk oem;=uw,f....?
awmtky}f u;D awG awmifwef;}u;D awG aumif;uif/ ajrjyif urBmwpfciG v f ;kH tar@*k%t f vuFm crf;em;jcif; cdkif;Ed_if;avmufp&m euf¶_dif;jcif; om; yifv,f}u;D awGu bmwpfcrk sS rawGŒcJ@ygvm;....? om;twGuf 0rf;enf;ae=uw,f....? tar tar at;at;jrjr tar jynfjh ynf0h 0 tJ'aD vmuf vrif;}u;D uvnf; ajcmufajcmufuyfuyf om;twGuf oHo&m}u;D xJrmS u¶k%moufae&Sm&JŒ....? om;udk xm;cJ@+yv D m;....?
okcrdefv_di f (jrm;ewfarmif/ 1997 'DZifbm rS)
6
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
7
ESif;qDwrf;csif; ESif;qDwyGifh aºuGomG ;w,f/ yef;cif;xJrSmawmh ESif;qDzl;iHkawG useaf eqJ? ESif;qDwcif; ysuo f mG ;w,f/ ESif;qDcif;awGu ae&mtESŒH &Sad eqJ? uJ - rdwaf qGwŒkd a&/ ESi;f qDrsKd ;wke;f +yv D Œkd b,foal jym&JovJ?
cifrrrsdK; (24/ 9/ 2012) (a=uGvGifhcJhaom ESif;qDeDwyGifhodkŒ ) (cifrrrsdK; azhpfbkwfrS)
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
7
8
acwf (3) "vGwv f yf+yD vGwv f yf+yD wkd ah wG vGwv f yf+yD".... tJ'o D cD si;f "mwf+ym; rSKd wufaewm =um+yv D m;? vlawG&J t h odw&m;[m.... " 'Dru dk a&pD aemufraS y;yg vSsypf pfr;D t&ifay;yg " wJh ( qEN+yyGw J pfcrk S aumufEKS wcf su)f ? bk&m;w˜rd.... &Gu J ek o f nfawG&@J t=um; a&Gzvm;&J ah &S ah &;[m rawG;awm0hpH &m ?
opPmeD ( EG,feDr*~Zif; wGJ²21/ trSwf²4/ pufwifbm 2012 rS)
8
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
9
jzpfae}uyHku "a[h ...a[h bmawGvyk af e=ujyef+yv D J bD;awGaemufjyefvnfuek rf jS zifh..." 'Dvkd pum;oHawG vSsaH eawmh?
a&Smifae at;at;aq;aq;ae t=urf;rzufe@J oluqdak yr,fh ud, k u f rwd;k eJ@?
Am;a'gb h &ufu f vdq k ENukd nnf;&SmowJ?h pdwt csKyfwnf;yg/ "tarSmifacwf}u;D xJrmS wHcg;awGudk rsuaf rSmifr=uKww f o hJ [ l m pum;awGe@J zGi=hf u hf mawmhr,fyh ?kH acwf&@J 'kuaQ wGukd bk&m;awGyg yGiv rcHpm;wwfv@kd " wJ?h pdwaf wGukd "cspfoleJ@cspfwJhtcgawmifrS a&avmif;aygif;oifyg? OyuQmpdwef @J twdwaf wGukd f vdt k & +z;D vdr;f =uyg? w0ufyJcspfEdkifcJhowJh" pdwt rcHcsifpdwfawGeJ@ ynmacwfu nDav;a& taygif;toif;rvkyfeJ@? taemufaveJ@vGiv hf mwJh taygpm;usrf;*efawGu a=uuGpJ &mcHpm;r_awGe@J wreufc*H gxmawGe@J rdwrf zG@J eJ@? kd yfcsuaf wGukd igw@kd acwfukd r&Srd jzpfvt k m;+y;D ref;=ur_w=f uayg?h reufjzefobufcg csed ;f qdx rkew f ikd ;f udk oif;owfcw hJ m aumif;uifu=u,fawGawmif aysmzh wfaeav&J@?
xGef;0if;+idrf; (ra[oD28 ESpjf ynfh trSww f & pmtkyrf )S tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
9
10
aoG;uGufxJu yef;wcif;
yv†iaf y:u "g;wvuf / bufeufeJ h ppfbed yf / ap;uyfaewJh aoG;uGuaf wGeJ h 62 ckEpS &f @J Zmwfvrf; / yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ? zufqpfvufopf r²q²v acwf / wdu k yf kH topfeJ h qd&k , S v f pfvkd h aºuG;a=umf ykwo f ifawGomaysmw f hJ 74 &J@Zmwfvrf;vnf; yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ? tm%meJ h vufeuf &ufpuf+cif;eJ ah oG;uGuf 88 &J@t+zpftysuf rarh&ufeikd w f hJ awmfveS rf _ / &ufpuf+cif;&J@ aoG;nDS eH h oif;ys@H wJh yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ?
ppfbv D ;l awG&hJ 18 &uf pufwifbm umuDa&mif tkww f w H ikd ;f &mZ0if&ikd ;f om yef;cif;vrf; r[kwyf g ? ol&aJ umif;awG&hJ aoG;pufawGeJ h &Sio f ef0if;vuf yef;wcif;twGuf rsKd ;wqufrS wquf ay;qyfvsS uyf if &Sad o;w,f ?
'DcspfrsdK; 5/ 9/ 1989 (D Chit Myo Facebook rS) 10
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
11
aumv[vtvGrf;
*smr%DrmS [pfwvmr&Sad wmhb;l ? tDwvDrmS rlqv dk edk rD &Sad wmhb;l ? tD&wfrmS quf'rf[pl ed rf &Sad wmhb;l ? vpfAsm;rSm u'gzrD &Sad wmhb;l ? vGr;f p&maumif;vku d w f m 'DtvGr;f awGu aumv[vr[kwyf gb;l aemufq&dk if urBmay:rSm tm%m&Siq f w dk m 'kid Ef adk qmawG rsK;d wk;H oGm;ovkd rsK;d wk;H aysmufu, G o f mG ;rSmyg tcsp&f ,f ....?
atmifbndK (EG,feDr*~Zif; wGJ 21/ trSwf 4/pufwifbm 2012rS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
11
12
pdwf&J h0wˆK
[kwrf [kwaf wmhrod ar#mv f ifch suv f t kd ifu, kd pf eD J h tdrrf ufawGut kd &nfazsmf w0ke;f xd;k armhaomufvu kd (f csi)f =u wzufurf;oGm;zdk h avSapmifo h l a&crf;atmifapmifo h l avomt&yfrmS aecsio f v l kd a&pD;omwJu h rf;ajcrSm rkew f ikd ;f qdw k marhae=u/ rSe;f q=unfh awG;=unfh ajy;r=unfheJ htHk; yef;yGiahf wGvw G v f yfpmG yGifha0qmcGifh&jyDvm;? iSuu f av;awGab;uif;pGm ysHoef;Edkif(ae)+yDvm; j'yfrhJ j'yf&adS wGvnf; vGwv f yfpmG aexdik cf iG &hf jyv D m;
pk&;kH pk&;kH eJ o h al wGvnf; yef;wdik o f kd q h EN vGwv f yfpmG cif;usi;f cGi&hf jyv D m; pdwrf ygbeJ J ph u kd w f o hJ pfyif a&rSerf eS rf aS vmif;&J v h m; bmbJajymajym b0qdw k m &Sio f efjcif;eJ ah oqH;k jcif;ygyJ te,fxdkifaewJha&jyif 0J*,ufxoGm;wmeJ h urBm}u;D ajymif;awmhr,ft h wdik ;f topfawGopfzkd h ta[mif;udv k w $ yf pf=u&r,f 'gayr,fh topfawGa[mif;roGm;atmif xdef;odrf;yg wm0efausyg?
ppf&efvif; 12
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
13
wdk;wufaewJh acwfysuf tjzpftysuaf wGu "m;oGm;ay:u ysm;&nfpufo¾mef csKd rvdv k [ kd efyefe@J cg;oufoufEikd v f eG ;f w,f? b,fo@l tusKd ;twGuq f v kd m; qDref;ref;ovdek ŒJ yg;pyfzsm;u rcspwrf; ajcuef+y;D ajymae=uwke;f ajr&Sipf epfu wjznf;jznf;qef;opfvmw,f c¶dek w D pku npfoxufnpfvmw,f ausmrGaJ wGtjzpfu epfoxufepfvmw,f?
tajymif;tvJacwf}u;D xJrmS rS ae@w"l0 tom;usaewJh umvay:aw;oGm;wyk'v f kd tb²²² tb²²² ac:oHawGu r¶d;k Edik w f hJ yHjk yifwyk'u f kd qkyu f ikd x f m;aeovdv k ²kd ²²² ikww f w k x f ikd f bk&m;xl;pH arGcx H u kd =f uapayg²h ²²²? +idrf;csrf;a&;wJhvm;²²²² aoewfajymif;0u ,rf;aiGŒawG=um; 'kuo Q nfawGtjzpf toGiaf jymif;oGm;=uw,f tavmif;awG=um;u csKd ;iSuaf v;vnf; rmefwif;ys&H if; tawmifanmif;&Smayg²h ²²²?
vlraJG wG&ŒJ xGu&f yfvrf; wJ²h ²² rSe;f csuu f vGw J mvm; ESr;f xGuu f enf;wmvm; c¶ktqHuíwfaewJh tvkyo f rm; v,form;xk [dpk pk k 'Dppk ek @J tjzpftysuaf wGukd vrf;ay:xGuf &yfae=uayg²h ²²? wd;k wufw,fv@kd }uKd &rvm;²²² acwfysuw f ,fv@kd id&k rvm;²²²?
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armifygv 15 / 10 /2012 (armifygv azhpfbkwfrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
13
14
csif;wGif;a c: oH
tdk..csif;wGif; oifhjrif;awG jyif;jyif;pD;qif;ygp? [d;k awmif¶ikd ;f ay:u 'kef;pdkif;csvm uAsmawG/ rkew f ikd ;f awG 'g igw@kd &JŒ t¶dkif;ac:oHawG oif&h ŒJ jrif;awGvnf;jzpf&ŒJ ? csif;wGif;&JŒ igu uAsmq&mqdak wmh ig t&ifq;Hk wD;cwf&r,fh Ako H u H igh uAsmq&mawG&ŒJ &iftyHk ?J vl,Ofaus;awGu cspfjcif;arwWmudk wa,may:wif=uowJh igwkd t h ¶dik ;f tpdik ;f awGuawmh AkHay:wif=uoaygh? rm,maumhzpf uD;&JŒ oif&h J u h Asm[m igw@kd &JŒuAsmygy?J 14
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
a[m'DrmS igw;D cwfvu kd rf ,f ov†m0wDAo kH ?H tmz&duefAo kH v H n kd rH ,f ov†m0wDAo kH ?H csi;f wGi;f &J h 'DajrrSm 'DuAsmq&mawG acwfwpfacwfxal xmifc=hJ u? ysOf;rem; awmifil ov†m 'DuAsmacwfawG b,fojl iif;rvJ? armifoif;cdik w f kd u h vnf; armifoif;cdik w f kd yh sO;f rem;? armiferD eG w f kd u h vnf; armiferD eG w f kd ah wmifi?l tawmifyw H w l ihJ u S af wG twlwuGtyk pf zk JG yh so H ef;cJ=h u?
15
&ifckefoH&Jabmf&Jbuf tvHawmfwpfcw k nf;atmufrmS pkpnf;cJ=h u? acwf+ydKifxJrSm armifwifZh ifwkd u h vnf; armifwifZh ifwkd o h v†mayg ?h tdk uG,v f eG af v+y;D aom ov†myef;yGirhf sm; tdk csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f om;rsm; w&m;vnf;apmifch =hJ u jrmS ;vnf;ajzmifch =hJ u? wpfcgwek ;f u yck;H xrf;vnf;nDc=hJ u a[m'D a&=unfjrjr csi;f wGi;f ckawmh ckawmh ae hcsif;ncsif; aoG;csif;csif;eDygayg hvm;? tdk ov†majr uAsmol&aJ umif;awG&J h "vufyaH wmif;"awmifajc t&d;k wGeo f aH wG=um;ygp? 'DawmifajcrSm anmifyif}u;D awGuvnf; udik ;f idu k , f o kd ;D rsu&f nfp;D usw,f?
vufyHawmif;ygazmrifhrSm bk&ifah emifvm+y;D rsu&f nf awGawGus&mS w,f? aemufqw k &f efcsex f m;wJh wHwm;udk rD;&SKd yh pf&o J o l m ol&aJ umif;yDooljzpfw,f? igwkd h azmifzsucf =hJ uw,f? ckawmh 'Dcsi;f wGi;f jrpfvnf;r0Sr;f awmifvnf;r0Sr;f r+ird ;f csr;f ygvm;? tdk csi;f wGi;f &J h wpfcsdefu O=owpfceG ;f / ,ifwpfZeG ;f csdK+rdefvGef;cJhwJh oif&h J ah jAmoHaw;awG cg;oD;aeygayg v h m;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
15
16
q&mOD;tHah rmif vmyg q&maZmfaZmfatmif vmyg vufyaH wmif;'g%&f m usaemfwkd u h pk m;&r,f? wpfnwke;f u bkwvif ocFs Kd i;f u q&mOD;ode;f azjrift h w k *f rl mS "pHy,fawmif"[m va&mift&$o J m; xifa,mif0;kd w0g;eJ h olbma=umifq h ;Hk yg;cJ&h w,fqw kd m id, k w kd ikd w f nf&mS owJ?h rae w h ek ;f uvnf; tjrif+h rKd u h av;u OD;ndKjrewfueG ;f awm ae0if&w D a,mrSm aomutaxmiftaomif;eJ h vufyHawmif;awmifcrsm ol u h u kd ,fwifygzkd t h a=umif; OD;ndKjrudk awmif;yef&mS owJ?h igwkd [ h m uAsmq&mawGyJ ordik ;f q&m rvkyEf ikd w f t hJ vkyf uAsmq&muvkyEf ikd w f ,f? rif;aqGEpS f vmyg =unfaZmfat; vmyg vufyaH wmif;'g%&f m igwkd u h pk m;=ur,f? 16
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
Zdtkefawmif um;pifay:u y&drk ;D oD;,yfpf tonf;ESv;Hk udk vif;,keif u S u f xd;k qGovd?k tdk csi;f wGi;f &J h vufyHawmif;awmifay:u wdk t h onf;ESv;Hk awG e*g;wpfaumifu xd;k qGaeygvm;? w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm/ ,dik , f ikd ?f jrm;rd;k &Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm/ +zdKif+zdKif? vufyaH wmif;u wdu k yf pJG avmh b0onf csi;f wGi;f csi;f wGi;f onf b0? roGJ o h JG 0h if;&J h wdk ch si;f wGi;f a& eDw,fqw kd m aoG;ueDwm? csi;f wGi;f a& =unfw,fqw kd m aoG;u=unfwm?
17
csif;wGif;a&=unf apG;apG;eD {&m0wDeJ ah ygi;f vufyaH wmif;rSm &efuek rf mS ppfarmif;[nf;jrnf "yGw J u kd f" yJ&adS wmhowJ?h wyf}u;D csaD vmh? b,fawmhrS rpkeaf veJ h tdk csi;f wGi;f iJ?h oHviG f ppfawmif; &Jabmfaumif;wdk h &efukefcrsm wyfaygif;pkzGJ h wpfae w h pfae h jrm;OD;vSnahf vmh? pme,fZif;&Sif;vif;yGJ jrpfaygif;wpfaxmif owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ awmifaygif;wpfaomif; aphpyfyGJ/ aqG;aEG;yGJ yef;aygif;wpf&m bmyGJ nmyGJ [d;k rSm tem*wf? 'l;axmufy/JG tnHch yH JG yGaJ wGyJ wdu k af eawmh tdk csi;f wGi;f "yGw J u kd f" wJ&h efuek af yg ?h oif&h J o h cD si;f awG rdk;,HcGif;ap? tdk csi;f wGi;f iJh b,fawmhrS rpkeaf veJ ?h tdk csi;f wGi;f a&mif;&if;iJh &efuek rf mS qef&if;om pG,pf aHk usmx f ifawGuvnf;rsm;? pD;qif;&pfygawmh? csif;wGif;a& b,fawmhrS ud, k v hf rf;om ud, k o f mG ;ygawmh? rpkev f u kd yf geJ h tdk aoG;aomuf&J h ,k=H unf&if &efuek rf mS pHy,fawmifvnf; "wdu k yf "JG r&Sad wmh? toufjyef&iS v f mr,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
17
18
}uH }h uH ch yH g aยนrGreS &f if wGi;f 0ifajzmifrh ,f? w&m;apmif&h if jrm;vnf;ajzmifrh ,f? w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm/ ,dik , f ikd ?f jrm;rd;k &Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm/ +zdKif+zdKif? a[m'Dawmifajc t&d;k wGeo f aH wG=um; ,kv H m;/ ,kv H m; e*g;udk *VKeo f w k rf ,f? tdk ..csif;wGif; wdu k &f if;om ao=updk h ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jy=updk ?h
atmifa0; atmufwbdk m 22/ 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)
18
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
19
vufyef;awmif;awmifocFef;pm vufyef;awmif;awmift&yfqu D vufcarmif; azmifazmifcwfo=H um;awmh ajyaumif;atmif}urH ,fh om;awGvmy[ a¶Ga'gif;armifysHEdkifygayghvm;vdk@ taracgi;f axmif vnfwq H ef@=unf+h y;D =uufo;D rsm;awmif jzef;jzef;xrdw,f? ov†majr awmifajcbufrmS u q&mpHawG axmifcsx D u G v f m=uord@k ArmEdik if H a&mifejD yuf+yu D v G @kd atmifpnfEu S o f u H kd =um;a,mifrw d u hJ m om;armiftrd arysKd w@kd [m oajyndKa¶$bdkyef;udk }udK¶Smcl;+yD; ydpk wmezl;pnf;awGukd jyif=uouG,f kd a&pD trdu k af rSmifusaewJah cwfrmS (td)k qdpk &m txl;pmvH;k }u;D awGe@J wifjyr[,f? 'Dru c¶dek aD wG ajymifuspmG npfae=uwmudk f m;vd@k rjzpfb;l cspw f ;D xufq;kd wJh jzpfaeusvkd v$wx ppfbv D ;l obuf olc;kd awGu tjrpfajrusrS tzsm;xif;jzpfr,f bd;k tarG bGm;tarG ajrrsm;udk csi;f wGi;f e,f ocFe;f pmu l m;jy&if &efo"l m;cs&owJh wjynfom; vufx;kd tyf&mrSm jynfot ¶dk;reJ@{&m0wDawmifrcsefbl; =um;=um;orSs a0ae,sm &OD;r,fqv kd @kd uawmh ajy¶GmwumrSm usKd ;pm;=uygp@kd kd yf JG ('if;wd@k uav) bezl;wnfw h nfrh mS bd;k bGm;wd@k twGuf 'Dwu "m;qG w J ef q / J G tm;cJ w ef c=J ur,f ,rf;bDv;l awGxnfx h nf+h y;D ajr}u;D wkeaf tmifc=JG uw,f vmcJh... iH@k cHaer,fxifovm;? &Joal wGrif;jzpfapom;?
zdk;oH(vlxk) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
19
20
wyfOD;a'gif;tvHeJ hvGwfajrmufa&;
OD;r!$ww f hJ cGyaf 'gi;f awG {&m0wD e'Djrpfa=umif; ppfarmif;oHcsD ukv d edk aD cwf zufqpfro S nf ppftm%m&Sipf epftqk;H igwkd@yckH;ay:wGef;wifcJhvkd@ jrefrmhorkid ;f &mZ0ifrmS ukdatmifqef;qkdwJhtrnfemr ukad tmifausmef @J ukAd [de;f qkw d t hJ rnfemr orkid ;f vScw hJ m jzpfw,f? &mZ0ifopf &Spaf v;vk;H aoG;zkH;ndKnpf ausmif;vrf;rawGxufu
20
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
eDaoG;nDnw G f cGyv f ufcíefjr wyfOD;uae a'gif;cGyfacs+yD {&mjrpfa&&JjreD tpOftvmtwkdif; orkid ;f opPmwnfc?hJ wyfOD;a'gif;tvH ausmif;eH&HeJ@pmoifcef;rS oHviG ¶f ;dk r rk;d rceJ@ jr&mawmqD cGyaf 'gi;f a&SŒrSm=u,few D yf ausmif;om;wyfrawmftrnfe@J r+y;D qk;H ao;aom 'Dru dk a&pDa&; aoG;eJ@a&;cJh=uaygh?
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rkd;rc ¶k;d r jr&myif oHviG f aomif&if; csif;wGif;jrpfa=umif; aygif;avmif; a'gif;cGif wku d yf 0JG ifo&l aJ umif;rsm;? wku d yf =JG um;u ausmif;om;vuf toufupdk eG @f r&GŒH ra=umuf razgurf jyef opPmrSecf hJ jynfo@l awmfveS af &; toufe@J paw;cJ=h u tnw&&mZ0if ol&aJ umif;wk@d uAŠn;f wif&m ¶k;d rwcGio f ufaownfv@dk ?
wyfOD;ol&Jaumif; ausmif;om;ppfonf &Jabmf=unfqef; &Jabmfqef;vif; &J&ihw f o hJ wif; csif;csif;eDarmif; wyfO;D uol&aJ umif;awG axmifaomif;ru&Scd w hJ ,f? {&m0wD 'kÏ0wDjrpf &pfacGpD;qif; oHviG f aomif&if; csi;f wGi;f ppfawmif; cGyfa'gif;vufjzihf toihef m;ukpd iG yfh gv@JS ? tkd;a0wGefoH rk;d vk;H nHvrd fh a'gi;f wrefrsm;ysv H mrnf?
eDvGi faoG; ('\edu) 11 / 1 / 2012 =umomyaw;ae@ (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf (24) ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@ESihf acwftqufquf ausmif;om; vli,fol&Jaumif;rsm;ukd OD;!$wf*k%fjyKygonf) (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
21
22
umwGef;
22
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
23
umwGef;
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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24
AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm armfuGef;pmrsufESm
AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm 1919 - 2012 24
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
25
rsufESm AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;a}uuGJrSK rSwfwrf; Armhwyfrawmfudk pwifwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcahJ om &Jabmfo;Hk udsy0f if / wdik ;f +ynfEiS v hf rl sK;d vGwv f yfa&; ESihf vGwaf +rmufa&; twGuf rw&m;rSKrSeo f r#udk wGe;f vSeaf wmfveS &f mwGif a&S@wef;rSyg0ifcahJ om / +idr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfuidk pf v JG suf +ynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ukad z:aqmif=udK;yrf;cJah om / Arm+ynfueG +f rLepfygwD A[kad umfrwD0if Akv d rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zm ( 1919 - 2012 ) uG,v f eG +f cif; twGuf rdom;pkEiS t hf wl txl;0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ ad =umif; ESihf wkid ;f +ynftwGuf wefz;dk r+zwfEidk af om qk;H &SK;H rSKwck +zpfa=umif; rSww f rf;wif armfueG ;f xk;d *g&0 +yKtyfygonf?
tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
25
26
ordkif;wauGŒrS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm
oef;0if;vd_i f &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;teuf ,ae@wdik o f uf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad eaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if (2) OD;rSm Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉfEiS hf Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmwd@k jzpfonf? Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm. trnf&if;rSm udak &$jzpfonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; jzpf=u onfh udx k eG ;f &Sed f (Adv k &f efEikd )f / udv k aS rmif (Adv k af Z,s)/ udv k (S Adv k rf if;a&mif) wd@k uJo h @kd udak &$ onf ausmif;om;tzGJŒrSjzpfonf? ausmif;om;tzGJŒqdkaomfvnf; pifppf ,if;wdk@onf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f . wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k =oZmcHrsm;om jzpf=uonf? udak &$onf *syefppfynmoifwef;wufpOfu *syef trnfrmS "wmeD*ck s&d iS t f cd sD" (Taniguchi Shinichi) jzpfonf? xdik ;f Ekid if H befaumuf+rKd ŒwGif Adv k t f rnfc, H &l mwGif Adv k af usmaf Zmjzpf vmonf? Adv k af usmaf Zmudk om,m0wDc&dik f oH;k q,f+rKd Œ qdik ;f pk&mG wGif 1919 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 3 &uf (ausmf+idrf;. &JabmfoHk;usdyf pmtkyfpm rsufESm 139 Y 1918 Edk0ifbm 30 &uf[lI az:jyxm;onf?) Y tzv,form;}u;D OD;yef;/ trda':wifw@kd rS zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f 6 a,mufteuf 'kw, d ajrmufom;jzpfonf? 26
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
27
i,fpOfu oHk;q,f+rdKŒESifh qdkif;pk&Gmt=um;&Sd &Gmr&Gm jrefrmrlvwef;ausmif;/ anmif0ikd ;f rlvwef;ausmif;/ oH;k q,f+rKd Œtm&fpt D rf ausmif;wd@k wGif ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf &efukefodk@ajymif;a&$Œ I &efukef+rdKŒ jrLeDpDy,ftxufwef;ausmif;rS jrefrm (10)wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? [dkuf,m;*&dwfac: q&mjzpfoifwef;wufaeqJrSmyif ausmif;om;or*~ twGif;a&;rSL;vkyfcJhonf? 1938 wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwGif udka&$wdk@. q&mjzpfoifausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u twGif;0efrsm; ¶Hk;0ifayguf/ xGuaf ygurf sm; ydwI f oydww f m;cJ=h uonf? ,if;aemuf oH;k q,f+rKd Œod@k jyefI rlvwef;jy q&m0ifvyk cf o hJ nf? om,m0wDwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;0if ocifrsm;vma&mufa[majympOf ocifcifatmifEiS hf awGŒqH&k if;ES;D +y;D udak &$ukd pifay:wif ay;ojzifh pwifa[majymjzpfco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf &efuek o f @kd jyefvmum q&mr}u;D a':rrxHwiG f t*Fvyd pf moif,cl o hJ nf? 1941 ckEpS f {+yw D iG f ppf&aJ bmfavhusiahf &;wm0efcu H ! kd Kd EiS ahf wGŒqH+k y;D t*Fvyd u f w kd u kd &f ef *syefo@kd ppfynmoifomG ;rnfh rsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;ESihf twlvu kd &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f onft h wGuf ocifjrESihf qufo, G +f y;D *syefo@kd ppfynmoif&ef apv$wo f nf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 'kw, d tokwjf zpfaom ocifp;kd (Adv k jf rifah tmif)/ ocifapmvGif (Adv k rf if;acgi)f / ocifoef;wif-2 (Adv k jf r'if)/ udak tmifoed ;f (Adv k &f x J GÉf)/ ocifxGef;a&$ (Adv k v f if; ,ke)f wd@k ESit hf wl udik ¶f rd_ m¶l; (Kaisho Maru) oabFmjzifh jrefrmEdik if rH S 1941 {+yD 13 wGif xGucf mG cJo h nf? 1941 {+yD (28) wGif *syefEikd if H tdq k mum+rKd Œod@k a&muf&cdS +hJ y;D xdrk w S qifh wdu k sK+d rKd Œod@k av,mOfjzifh xGucf mG cJo h nf? wdu k sKrd w S qifh [dik ef efusG e;f od@k 1941 ar (10) wGif a&muf&SdcJhonf? [dkifeefusGef;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom pef;, ppfynm oifausmif;ESihf xdik 0f rfuíef;wd@k wGif wdu k cf u kd af &;oifwef;rsm; wufa&mufco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1941 'DZifbm 26 wGif xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Œ&Sd jrefrmvlrsK;d rsupf u d k q&m0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f az aetdrYf &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; vufarmif;aoG;azmufum opPm t"dÏmefjyK&mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? ,ifaemuf &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; Adv k t f rnfc, H &l m Adv k f ausmaf Zm jzpfvmonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;. Adv k b f ŒJG rsm;udk q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f urSnahf y;cJo h nf[k qdo k nf? 1942 Zefe0g&D 11 wGif Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS hf armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif;jzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f csw D ufI +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf? 1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudzk suo f rd ;f I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf(bD'aD t) jyef vnf zGŒJ pnf;aomtcg Adv k }f u;D tqifjh zifh wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1944 =o*kwf 4 rS 7 xd yJc;l +rKd Œ Armhwyfrawmf pHjywyf&if;&Sd Adv k af usmaf Zm aetdrw f iG f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S ud, k pf m;vS,o f cifp;kd wd@k vSsKŒd 0Suaf wGŒqHak qG;aEG;+y;D zufqpfwu kd zf suf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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a&;tzGŒJ zGŒJ &ef oabmwlncD o hJ nf? 1944 =o*kwf 12 wGif Armhwyfrawmfa cgi;f aqmift&m&S}d u;D rsm; tpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufcJhonf? 1945 pufwifbm (4) wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ oD[Vdk u f sG e;f (,cko&D v d uFmEdik if )H uEM+D rKd Œod@k oGm;a&muf&mY tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vdu k yf gco hJ nf? 1945 'DZifbm 15 wGif ArmhwyfrawmfY 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ nf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1949 azaz:0g&D 4 wGif awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmuf&u G cf o hJ nf? 1952 wGif jrefrm ppfrpf&iS f 'kw, d tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmiftjzpf t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ qGpZf mvef/ b,fv*f s, D rf/ aemfa0;/ qG'D ifEiS hf ,l¶q kd vm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;od@k oGm;a&mufco hJ nf? 1953 wGif ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf jyefvnfwm0ef,al qmif&u G cf o hJ nf? ArmhwyfrawmfwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhxd wm0ef xrf;&GufcJhonf?1954 rwf 2 wGif jrefrmhajrod@k usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmaom w&kwjf zLudrk ifwef (Kuomintang) wyfrsm;udk bk&ifh aemifppfqifa&;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ 1955 rwf 7 wGif w¶kwjf zLwyfrsm;udk &ef}u;D atmif ppfqifa&;jzifhvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifOD;pD; uGyfuJI wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhonf? 1955 pufwifbmvwGif ppfbufcsp=f unfa&; rdwq f uftzGŒJ 0iftjzpf w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfco hJ nf? ArmhwyfrawmfrS 1956 Zefe0g&D 6 wGif atmifrmCxd;k ppfqifEpJ$ Of AuyXmecsKyf od@k &Jabmf}u;D jrifEh iS hf Adv k af usmaf Zmwd@k ay;yd@k aom ppfa&;xdyw f ef;vSsKŒd 0Suf owif;rsm;yg&dS onfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;rdco hJ nf[q k u kd m 1957 azaz0g&D 13 &ufae@ygpm trSwf 20 &mxl; (15) 57 t& 1957 rwf 6 wGif wyfrawmfrS 'kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D tqifo h @kd avSsmch sI t+ird ;f pm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? atmifrmC ppfa&;qdo k nfrmS yckuLU c&dik t f wGi;f &Sd AuyygwXD mecsKyu f kd xd;k ppfqifaom ppfa&;jzpfonf? ,if;ESiyhf wfoufI Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmu ol. ud, k af &;twˆKyw ` dW aygi;f csKypf mtkyrf S pm 194 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f a&; om;xm;onf? "xdk (atmifrmC) ppfqifa&;twGi;f Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyrf S pm&Guf pmwrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;odr;f qD;rd&m xdt k xJwiG f OuUÏocifoef;xGe;f . xdyw f ef;vSsKŒd 0Suf zdik w f JG wpfwyJG g&o dS nf? xdzk ikd w f w JG iG f yg&adS ompmtcsKŒd rS tcsut f vufrsm;t& ocifoef; d pd u P kd xGe;f xH uíefawmf ua&;ay;onf[k xif&aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;yg&adS e&m xku ta=umif;jyKI uíefawmf u h kd t}u;D tus,f ta&;,l&ef wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif&dS qd&k , S v f pfrsm; pDpOf=uygawmhonf? Tae&mwGif uíefawmfEiS hf xdak cwfxt kd csed u f Ekid if aH &;ZmwfcrkH sm;wGif ta&;ygpmG 28
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udk a&;ygOD;rnf? xdktcsdefumv 1956 ckESpfonf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;u wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif =oZmv$r;f rd;k a&; t}u;D tus,f }uKd ;pm;aer_ t&Sed &f ae csed Ef iS v hf nf; wdu k q f ikd af eygonf? olw@kd onf jyifytEW&m,fjzpfonfh w¶kwjf zLwdu k af &;xuf jynfwiG ;f ppfuo kd m tav;ay; tjyKww f u kd cf sio f rl sm; jzpf=uonf? jynfov l x l k Ed;k =um;+y;D awmif;qdv k eG ;f Iom (wzufuvnf; Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D az:xkwf zGichf saeIom) w¶kwjf zLwdu k af &;udk vky=f ujcif;jzpfonf? xdw k u kd yf rJG sm; t&Sed Ef iS hf uíefawmf =oZm}u;D rm; vmr_uv kd nf; olw@kd pd;k &drf ae=uonf? wyfwiG ;f rS qd&k , S v f pfygwD qef@usio f nfh wyfrLS ;rsm;vnf;&S&d m uíefawmf ESihf ylaygi;f pnf;&H;k rd+y;D olw@kd qd&k , S v f pfrsm;udk tmcHacgi;f rm vm=urSmvnf; pd;k &dr=f uonf? t"durSm qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taeESifh wdkif;jynfudk 4if;wdk@pdwf}udKufcs,fvS,fvdk=u&mwGif wyfrawmfukd yxrqH;k olw@kd pdw}f uKd uf tkypf ;D Edik zf @kd &mrSm ql;ajimifch vkwjf zpfaom uíefawmfh udk z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd vkad vonf? uíefawmf TuJo h @kd wyfrS xkwyf pfa&;udk yk*K~ v d af &;t& t"du}uKd ;pm;}uKd ;udik o f l (3) OD; (OD;ausmf +ird ;f / Adv k af tmif}u;D / Adv k af e0if;) wd@k &Syd gonf? qd&k , S v f pfygwrD S OD;ausm+f ird ;f on f wavSsmufv;kH uíefawmf u h kd owdjzifah pmifh h kd ol. qd&k , S v f pfygww D iG ;f a&mufatmif rsm;pGm =unfch yhJ gonf? OD;ausm+f ird ;f onf uíefawmfu tm;xkwv f ;kH yef; }uKd ;pm;cJyh gonf? qd&k , S v f pfygwrD mS jynfow l @kd . tusK;d udk aqmif&u G f zd@k xuf uGejf rLepfygwq D ef@usiaf &;/ tjyKww f u kd af &;udo k m t"duvkyaf eaomygwjD zpf&m (t"du 4if;wd@k ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;udo k m vkyaf e&m) uíefawmf t h aeESihf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf jynfo@l rsuEf mS raxmufbJ rdrw d 0rf;wpm;twGuf qd&k , S v f pfygw0D if rvkyEf ikd af y? OD;ausmf +ird ;f taeESiu hf vnf; uíefawmf. jyif;jyaom jynfcsppf w d /f tusiphf m&dw/W oDv/ &mxl;pnf;pdrrf rufarmr_ pwmawGu=kd unf+h y;D olord ;f oGi;f Edik rf nfo h l r[kw¶f rHk u ol@a&SŒa&; &nfreS ;f csuu f ykd g aESmif, h u S Ef ikd o f [ l k jrifaeojzifh xdzk ikd w f u JG pd P ay:vmaomtcg wyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f +y;D wuf=upG mG uíefawmf u h kd ta&;,l vkyaf qmifvmjcif; jzpfygonf? Adv k af tmif}u;D rSm Edik if aH &;xuf yk*Kd~ vaf &;&mxl;twGuyf g uíefawmf u h kd qef@usif ojzifh tvGejf yif;xef+y;D uíefawmft h ay: yk*Kd~ vaf &;t&vnf; tvGerf ek ;f wD;ygonf? uGseaf wmf wyfwiG ;f &Sad eoa&GŒ ol@taeESihf uíefawmf u h akd usmu f m xdyaf &mufaezd@k rjzpfEikd yf g? Adv k af e0if; rSm uíefawmfu h kd *syefacwfuwnf;u rvdv k m;/ rESprf sKŒd aomfvnf; vufawGŒxnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsurf sm;&Syd gonf? (Adv k af e0if;onf wyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pfrsm;teuf 4if;. ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufvmvSsif tvGev f ufawGŒuspmG pOf;pm;Edik o f l jzpfonf?) wdkif;jynfwGif ppfwyfuxrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0ef}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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ol@wGit f m;ud;k zd@k r&Sad y? olu, kd w f ikd u f bmrSprG ;f &nf&o dS l r[kw?f ol@qk&d , S v f pf wyfrLS ;rsm; uvnf; tm;rud;k &? ta&;ta=umif;qdu k uíefawmfu h akd c:+y;D wm0efay;&? uíefawmf uvnf; wcgrSsrjiif;qdk? ac:+yD; wm0efay;orSs wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifcJh? wcgrv S nf; &mxl;udp/P ud, k af &;udpP rawmif;qdzk ;l ? xdt k csurf sm;a=umifh uíefawmfu h kd wyfrawmfrS xkwyf pfa&;txdawmh olutpydik ;f wGif rvdv k m;cJyh g? od@k aomf aemufyikd ;f uíefawmfh=oZmt&Sdef wufvmaomtcg olvnf; Adkvfatmif}uD;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;+yD; uíefawmfh xkwyf pfa&;udk wuf=upG mG vkyv f mygawmh onf? Tolrsm;tjyif OD;EkESifh OD;AaqG (xkdtcsdefu 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfaeol) wdk@vnf; uíefawmfu h kd rvdv k m;=ubJ jzpfaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd uvnf; xdzk ikd u f pd aP y:vmaom h kd z,f&mS ;ypf&ef vkv d m;yH&k ygonf " [lI a&;om;xm;avonf? tcg uíefawmfu 1960 azaz:0g&D (6) wGif usi;f yaomygvrD ef jynfo@l v$waf wmf taxGaxG a&;aumufyGJY woD;yk*~v trwfavmif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwdkif atmufydkif; rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m &_;H edrchf o hJ nf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyYJG oef@&Si;f zqyv trwf avmif; ocifpaH 0 ta&G;cH&onf? 1961 azaz:0g&D 27 wGif w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf _ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrwD . OuUÏtjzpf wifajrmS ufc&H onf? 1963 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf awmwGi;f vufeuf udik t f zGŒJ rsm; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ usi;f ypOfumvu jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGŒJ csKyf 'kw, d OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1976 Zlvdkif 18 wGif &efukef+rdKŒrS w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ vSsKdŒ0SufxGufcGm+yD; 1976 =o*kwv f 10 wGif AuyESiyhf ;l aygi;f cJo h nf? 1976 Ed0k ifbm (3) wGif Auy A[dXk mecsKyYf ppft=uaH y;ESihf A[dpk pfaumfr&Sif tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf AuyA[dk ppfO;D pD; Xme A[dpk pfaumfr&Siw f iG f yxr/ 'kOuUÏwm0efrsm;udk xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZmonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmxm;ESifh vufa&G;pifred @f cGe;f rsm; (1957)/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; (19 59)/ urBmppfEiS hf +ird ;f csr;f a&; (1960)/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf rJG sm; (1961)/ ordik ;f rSeu f u l u G rf sm;/ w&m;cHtppf b,fov l /J rD', D mavmuESihf tifwmAsL;rsm;/ ud, k w f ikd af &; twˆKyw ` adW ygi;f csKyf (2007) wd@k udk a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf? Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmonf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_Y pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G cf rhJ r_ sm;a=umifh 1955 Zefe0g&D (10) wGif ,l*kd pvm;AD;,m;orRw wD;wd;k . ppfonfawmfaumif; (yxrqif)h ESihf 1959 rwf (27) wyfrawmfae@wGif vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if (yxrqif)h wHqyd w f @kd udk cs;D jriS chf &H onf? oef;0if;vd_i f (rd;k rc rD', D mrS)
30
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
31
uG,fvGefol AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm odk h jynfo@l ausmaf Zm/ bausmaf ZmtwGuf E_wq f ufuAsm ylaZmfygt h ?hH e,fcs@J qef@usi/f wdu k yf 0JG ifo?l zufqpf*syef/ awmfveS cf o hJ ?l usL;ausmw f &kw k f wdu k x f w k cf o hJ ?l awmfveS w f yfrawmf azmfaqmif&mrSm OD;aqmifygol? r_id ;f eJ@twl 'd@k jynfvw $ o f l acwftqufquf jynfo@l zufu vufeufuikd o f ?l xdo k o l nfum; b0wyg;od@k ajymif;oGm;cJjh yD =u,fet D jzpf rd;k jymjriho f @kd vGiw fh ufomG ;jy?D xd=k u,feo D nf urBmwnfoa&G@ jrefrmjynftwGuf =u,fev D rf;jy jzpfapownf;? uAsmq&m 'd@k olimS vnf; urBmqufquf b0qufquf 'd@k bouf&n S f =u,feeD u D kd =unfnKd azmfne$ ;f armfueG ;f uAsm a&;onfumvnf; yg&rDjznhzf uf awmfveS zf uf[k &Jbuf &Jabmf jzpfapaomf?
armifpGrf;&nf
atmufwbkd m 14 / 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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‘ OD;wif ’ odk h ....OD;wif vdk h uefawmhyef; i,femrnf " armifa&$ " vlvm;ajrmufvmawmh " udka&$ " wdk Ah rmtpnf;t&k;H 0if wa,mufjzpfvmawmh " ocifa&$ " aygh ? " udak &$" uae - " ocifa&$" twGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%t f if[m &d;k *k%f eJ rh sKd ;csppf w d f e,fcsJ q h ef u h siaf &;pdw"f gwef J o h wWad oG; vGwv f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;rSK vrf;a}umif;ay:rSm awG Eh ikd w f ,f? tJ'&D J ah emuf *syefuakd &muf - [dik ef efa&muf xdik 0f rfzufa&muf xdik ;f ajra&muf aoG;azguf opPma&aomufyGJ usif;yt+yD; &Jabmfo;Hk usyd }f u;D tjzpf uAŠn;f qif ordik ;f 0if armfueG ;f wqifh twifrmS " ocifa&$" [m " Adv k af usmaf Zm" jzpfvmw,f ? " ocifa&$" uae " Adv k af usmaf Zm" txdtwGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m tepfemcHrKS eJ h &J&ifrh KS acgi;f aqmifyo D rSK eJ w h u kd Zf rJG mef zufqpfawmfveS af &;atmifvH wvlv}l um;uomru w&kwjf zLusL;ausmo f l armif;xkwaf &;vrf;a}umif;rSeaf y: atmifarmif;oH wnHn}H um;uyg jrifEikd w f ,f? tJ'aD emuf ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufu vGwaf jrmufa&; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifE&J$ if; wlwpH OftvHukd v$iw hf if oHviG af rmajr wcGiaf y:rSm 32
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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" Adv k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" jzpfvmw,f? " Adv k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" txdtwGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m &moufyefawmfveS af &;orm;yDorSK wnf}unfrKS eJ jh ynfcsppf w d f wzdwzf w d f &$e;f vuf aemufq;Hk xGuo f uftxd jrifae& wb0wmvk;H jynfol b h ufu jzpfcw hJ ,f? OD;av; a& " ocifa&$" udk av;pm; " Adv k af usmaf Zm" tm; pHerlemwif " OD;wif" udk }unfnKd cw hJ hJ usaemf[m tckawmh rarhravsmh pdwt f vsOef J h " OD;wif " odk h OD;wifv@kd uefawmhvu kd yf g&@J OD;aomif;wdu k u f rBm wnfapaom0f ?
0if;wifxh eG ;f 10 / 10 / 12 ae hn ( 10 / 10 / 2012 ae hrSm uG,fvGefoGm;&SmwJh &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfausmfaZmodk h aemufqkH;*g&0 ) (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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Armjynf&J h }u,feD (odk rh [kw)f tawmufyqk;H tvif;tdrf opPmw&m; wHpOf / wl uavmif / aoeuf +ird ;f csr;f a&; csK;d jzL cdik rf maom oHEÏMd mefonf jynfol jzLpifpmG &yfwnfonfrh l ³ ³ ³ ol ol ³ ³ ³ qdak om xdktzdk;ysKdtm; OD;n$w*f g&0jyKyg.?
&J+idr;f (opPm awmfvSefa&;pmay r*~Zif; trSwf 22/ Edk0ifbm/ 2010 rS) 34
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
nfol ol
35
usGefawmfh tdrfeD;em;csif; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm
zdk;oH (vlxk) uíefawmfwdk@ rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwdk@rdom;pk[m aqG&if;rsKd;&if;vdkyJ &if;ESD;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u &efukefrSmae/ uíefawmfwdk@u rEWav;rSmaeqdkawmh wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf awG@csif&if rdkif 400 c&D;oGm;rS awG@=u&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh uHa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ a&pufa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ OD;av; (uíefawmfu ol@udk tjrJ OD;av;vd@k yJ ac:ygw,f) eJ@ tdrcf si;f ay 40 avmuftuGmrSm aecJ&h ygw,f? tJ'g "0" a'o yefqef; (tcktac: yefcrf;) rSmyg? uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tJ'w D ek ;f u A[dpk cef;[m w¶kwjf ynfe,fpyf/ erfch gacsmif; auG@ywf pD;qif;oGm;wJh acsmif;tauG@ u awmifapmif;/ awmifxyd rf mS wnf&ydS gw,f? e,fpyfrsO;f u tJ'Dacsmif;&JŒtv,f wnfhwnfhrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dpcef;rSm uíefawmfaewJh tcef;eJ@ OD;av;wd@k ZeD;armifEaHS ewJh tcef;[m ajcvSr;f (20) avmufyJ uGmygw,f? ac:csi&f if atmfac:zd@k awmif rvdw k hJ tuGmta0;yg? tJ'v D kd umvawGrmS uíefawmf owdjyKrw d hJ OD;av; ta=umif;awG a&;ygrh ,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
37
pum;rayguv f @kd ajc[efvuf[efawGe@J Asmrsm;aewJh OD;av;&JŒyHu k akd wG@&if rjyKH ;bJ raeEdik f ygb;l ? olrsm;awGukd tultnD awmif;&ygw,f? 0 &Jabmfav;awG&ŒJ Armpum; a&csed f uvnf; tuef@towf&adS wmh tcuftcJu rao;ygb;l ? tJ'D 0 &Jabmfav;awGu 17 ESpf 18 ESpft&G,fav;awG rsm;ygw,f? tJ'D &Jabmfav;awGudk OD;av;u ol@xHk;pHtwdkif; cg;!$wf+yD; oljzpfcsifwmudk cifAsm;awG uíefawmfawGe@J ajymaewwfygw,f? bmompum; jy\ema=umifh OD;av; r=umc% =uKH awG@&wJh aemuftcuftcJwpfcu k xrif;pm;yG/J {nfch yH aJG wGrmS jzpfygw,f? olrsm;awGu OD;av;udk vl}uD;rdk@ wav;wpm; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; twlt&ufaomufcdkif; (wdk@pfvkyf)&if t&ufraomuf/ aq;vdyrf aomufwhJ OD;av;crsm 'kuaQ wG@awmhwmygy?J jyKH ;jyKH ; jyKH ;jyKH ;eJ@ tJ'v D kd jiif;aewJh OD;av;&JŒyHu k u kd ol@¶d;k om;r_ukd azmfjywmrd@k ol@pum;udk em;rvnfwhJ wjcm;vlawGuvnf; jyKH ;=u em;vnf=uygw,f? OD;av;udk trsm;qHk; awG@&wwfwmuawmh ol c&D;rxGuf/ tpnf;ta0; rwufbl;qdk&if ajryHkawG zwfaewm/ pm=unfhaewm/ rSwfpk ul;aewmygyJ? OD;av;udk tvum;aewm/ tv[\ tcsed jf zKe;f aewm wpfcgrS rawG@zl;ygb;l ? OD;av;rSm 0wW&m; wpfcv k jkd zpfaewJh udpw P pfcu k awmh {nfch pH um; ajym&wmyg? +rKd Œu awmcdv k mwJh vlawG/ 0 a'oudk vma&muf=uwJh wjcm;a'oawGu wyfaygif;pk&JabmfawG[m OD;av;udk odyaf wG@csi/f pum;ajymcsiyf gw,f? olw@kd [m OD;av;qDu ar;rukew f hJ A[kow k awGukd em;axmifcsif=uwmudk;? 'gayr,fh OD;av;u jyefar;wmuvnf; enf;wm r[kwfbl;? b,ft&yfuvmwJh vlyjJ zpfjzpf OD;av;tzd@k tajctae em;vnf,El ikd w f hJ a&aomufjrpfcsn;f jzpfaeygw,f? aemufq;kH taeeJ@ uae@txd uíefawmfjrifa,mifaewJh OD;av;v_y&f mS ;yHak v;udk ajymjycsiyf gw,f? A[d¶k ;kH pcef;eJ@ wpfrikd af vmufa0;wJh ta&SŒajrmuf ppfa'oXmecsKyu f kd tpnf;ta0;oGm;wufwhJ OD;av;&JŒyHak v;yg? ole@J ol@ud, k &f H 0 &Jabmfav;/ wpfa,mufu ypPwdkcg;csdwf/ pmapmifpmwrf;awG ab;vG,ftdwfxJrSmxnfhvdk@/ aemufwpfa,mufu atau 47 aoewfukd ycH;k rSm vG,v f @kd / acsmif;¶d;k wpfavSsmuf awmifapmif; vrf;uav; twdik ;f ukwu f w k f ukwu f w k ef @J avSsmufomG ;=uwJh jrifuiG ;f yg? pum;raygu=f uavawmh wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,mufvnf; pum;rajymbJomG ;=uwm awmifapmif; tauG@av;rSm uG,foGm;awmhrS jrifuGif;xJu aysmufoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@ ESpfa,muf naeapmif;vdk@ jyefvmawmhvnf; 'DyykH gy?J pyg;ESrH sm;[m pyg;toD; =u, G 0f av !$waf v qdo k vdyk J vlawG[mvnf; wefz;kd &Sad v ¶d;k om; ESrd chf savvd@k qd&k r,f xifygw,f?
zdk;oH (vlxk)
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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ocifxGef;tkyf/ ocifApdefwdk@ OD;;pD;aom wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;Y yg0ifcJhaom Adv k pf }umF . trnf&if;rSm ocifatmifoef; jzpfonf? *syef ppfynmoifwef; wufpOfu *syeftrnfrmS [D&mwmrmqmtdk (Hirata Masao) jzpfonf? xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Œ Y &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0ifrsm; Adv k t f rnfc, H &l mwGif Adv k pf }umF jzpfvmcJo h nf? Adv k pf =umudk 1915 Zlvikd f (1) &uf ordkif;wauGŒrS Adkvfp}um =umomyaw;ae@wGif rEWav;+rKd Œ Y tz (&JabmfoHk;usdyf) OD;jrwfom/ trd a':oef;wifw@kd rS zGm;jrifchJ onf? arG;csi;f (4) OD;wGif ti,fq;kH jzpfonf? arG;csif; tpfudkrsm;rSm OD;oef;ZH/? OD;oef;pdef/ OD;jroef;wd@k jzpfonf? i,fpOfu 'dik t f pkd ZD if a,musmf ; av; txufwef;ausmif; (Diocesan Boy’s High School) ESihf &efukefpdefaygausmif; (txu 6 Adv k w f axmif) wd@k wGif ynmoif =um;cJo h nf? pdeaf ygausmif;rS 10 wef;atmif +y;D aemuf tpd;k & aq;ynmoifausmif;wGif aq;ynmrsm; oif=um;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf aq;ausmif;rS ausmif; r+y;D rSx D u G If wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k od@k 0ifa&muf I Edik if aH &; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? ocifatmif oef;0if;vd_i f oef;onf 1938 Zefe0g&D (1) wGif acsmuf a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;xkukd w&m;a[majymI +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; a=umihf tzrf;cHc&hJ onf? 1938 Edk0ifbmwGif wdk@Arm tpnf;t¶kH; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aomtcg ocifApdef/ ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd OD;pD;aom wd@k Arm tpnf;t¶k;H bufo@kd vdu k yf gomG ;cJo h nf? 1940 jynhEf pS f ZGev f 10 &ufae@wGif *sLAvDa[mY ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tky/f ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf =um)/ ocifcspw f if/ ocifarmif wd@k onf *syefomG ;pdu k q f &m rpPwmudb k Ek iS fh vSsKŒd 0Supf mG awGŒqHu k m jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;twGuf *syefEikd if rH S tultnD&&ef aqG;aEG;cJhonf? ocif x G e f ; tk y f / ocif A pd e f wd k @ Armtpnf ; t¶k H ; u ocif a tmif o ef ; tm; *syefEiS q fh ufo, G &f ef ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) Edik if o H @kd apv$wcf &hJ m xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d udk ausmfv$m;pGef@pm;I oGm;a&mufcJhonf? 1940 jynhfESpf 'DZifbmwGif xdkif;EdkifiH 38
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
39
befaumuf+rKd Œod@k a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? befaumufwiG f *syeftm%mydik rf sm;ESiq fh ufo, G +f y;D ocifxeG ;f tkyx f H jrefrmEdik if &H dS Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ oH;k / av;zGŒJ rS vli,f (40) cef@ ppfynmoif=um; &eftwGuf vSsKŒd 0Supf mG apv$waf y;&ef ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? od@k aomf txrajrmufcahJ cs? ocifatmifoef; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdaea=umif; rDemrDtzGJŒ OuUÏ AdkvfrSL;}uD;plZluD; (aemifAv kd rf ;kd }uKd ;) od&v dS sS if ppfynmoif=um;&ef [dik ef ef;uGse;f od@k yd@k ay;cJo h nf? [dik ef ef;uGse;f ESifh xdik 0f rfusG e;f wd@k wGif ppfynmrsm;oif=um;cJo h nf? Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtidk af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS fh armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; csDwufpOf AdkvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifonhf vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESihf o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; wyfzŒJG ESit fh wl csw D ufvu kd yf gco hJ nf? 1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudk zsuo f rd ;f I Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGŒJ pnf; aomtcg 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tqihjf zihf ppfO;D pD;wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1943 =o*kwf 1 wGizf ŒJG pnf;aom jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &tzGŒJ ay:ayguv f m+y;D aemuf ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmfppf¶;kH csKyf AxrOD;pD; Adv k t f jzpf xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ wGif 'kw, d umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ('kw, d ppf0ef}u;D ) tjzpf wd;k jriS afh qmif &Gucf &hJ onf? 1944 {+yD 18 wGif *syefEikd if q H ikd &f m wGzJ ufjrefrmppfot H rwftjzpf cef@tyfc&H +y;D aemuf vufaxmufppfot H rwf Adv k af t;aiG ('*kejf rwfav;EG,)f twl*syefEikd if H wdu k sK+d rKd Œod@k apv$wcf &hJ m 1944 ar 20 wGif a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? *syefEikd if q H ikd &f m jrefrmppforH LS ;tjzpf 1945 ckEpS t f xd xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? 1947 Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m; vS,t f zGŒJ t*Fvefjynf vef'ef+rKd Œod@k oGm;a&muf &mwGif twdik yf ifct H jzpf vdu k yf gomG ;cJo h nf? 1947 wGif Adv k pf }umF onf jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Xme ygvrD eftwGi;f 0eftjzpf cef@tyf cH&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf Adv k pf =umonf 1945 arv 5 &ufae@wGif wnfaxmifchJ aom Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDY 0ifa&mufI EdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJhonf? ,if;aemuf zqyvtzGŒJ csKy. f Edik if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwDwiG f tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? 1951 ckEpS f ZGev f 12 wGif jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf yxrqH;k t}urd f ygvrD efa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ycJ&h m zqyvtrwf avmif;tjzpf o&ufawmifyikd ;f rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m v$waf wmftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufc&H onf? 1958 ckEpS w f iG f zqyvESpjf crf;uGaJ omtcg OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k OD;pD;aom wnf+rJzqyvwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1960 jynhfESpf azaz:0g&D 6 &ufae@wGif ygvDrefjynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh&m wnf+rJzqyv trwfavmif;tjzpf =unhfjrifwdkifawmifydkif; rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJh&m ¶_H;edrhfcJhonf? ,if;aemuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
39
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Armhava=umif;yd@k aqmifa&; ava=umif;ukr% ` ED iS fh oD&pd =umF ukr% ` rD sm; wnfaxmif vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf? 1965 ckEpS w f iG f xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd vSsKŒd 0Sux f u G cf mG oGm;+y;D 1966 atmufwb kd mvwGif xdik ;f Edik if YH trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;aumifpu D kd zGŒJ pnf;cJ&h mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? 1969 =o*kwf 6 wG i f OD ; Ek t zG J Œ xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H o d k @ a&muf v maomtcg OD ; Ek t zG J Œ ES i h f y l ; aygif ; cJ h o nf ?
¶kyf&Sifrif;orD; 0if;rif;oef;/ trnfrod/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;atmifoef; (Akdvfp}uFm)
Adv k pf =umonf 1943 ckEpS w f iG f oxHZk mwd OD;ausm'f if/ a':oef;ar wd@k .orD; a'guw f ma':cif vSvES iS fh tdraf xmifjyKI om;ol&ed f p=umF / orD;pENpD =umF / om;wm&mp=umF wd@k xGe;f um;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf a'guw f ma':cifvv S ES iS fh tdraf xmifa&;+yKd u+JG y;D aemuf 1956 wGif yJc;l ol rpP[,fv*Gseq f if ac: ¶ky&f iS rf if;orD; 0if;rif;oef;ESifh 'kw, d t}urd v f ufxyfc+hJ y;D om; tmump=umF xGe;f um; cJo h nf? 0if;rif;oef;onf urBmausmf tar&duefrif;om; *&D*&kd yD ufcEf iS w fh u JG m " c&rf;a&mifviG jf yif " trnf&dS &ku d u f ;l cJo h jl zpfonf? yxr ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwma':cifvSvSonf 1958 atmufwdkbmv 10 &ufae@ wGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiH reDvm+rKd Œ Y uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k pf =umF onf 1969 pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wGif xdik ;f Edik if YH ESvHk;a&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY 'kwd,ZeD; 0if;rif;oef;ESihf om;orD;rsm; use&f pfco hJ nf? ,cktcg 'kw, d ZeD;jzpfol a':0if;rif;oef;onf =opa=w;vs Edik if YH om;jzpfol tmump=umF ESit fh wl aexdik v f su&f o dS nf? Adv k pf =umF onf 1959 rwfv 27 wyfrawmfae@Y Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u cs;D jriS cfh ahJ om vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if ('kw, d tqih)f wHqyd f cs;D jriS cfh &H onf? oef;0if;vd_i f (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 40
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
pufwifbm 11/ 2012
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avxD;tkef;armif ( odk hr[kwf ) axmif ESifh awm
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wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&if; uufpbDppftkyfcsLyfa&;udk &yfpJypf&ef uGefjrLepf ygwDu a&SŒaqmifqifEcJG @J aom wdu k yf rJG sm;Y vnf; udt k ek ;f armifonf wm0efus&m zsmyHck &dik rf aS eI xufjrufpmG yg0ifaqmif &Gucf @J onf? 1946- rwf v wG i f uG e f j rLepf y gwD eS p f j crf ; uG J a vawm@onf ? tvH e D uGejf rLepfygw(D Armjynf ) ESi@f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD [lI ESpyf gwjD zpfvmonf? udt k ek ;f armif onf ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifonf@ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDbufodk@ yg0ifcJ@onf? xdEk pS w f jynfv;kH tH=k uv G y_ &f mS ;vmonf@ vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f wGif udt k ek ;f armif onf uGejf rLepfygwED iS @f zqyv wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&if; jynfov l x l Ek iS @f twlvufwJG v_y&f mS ;cJ@onf? zqyv tm%m&vmaomtcg wjynfv;kH &Sd uGejf rLrsm;awmcd&k mY udt k ek ;f armif vnf; vufeufpJG vsuaf jratmufo@kd ygc@J &awm@onf? jynfwiG ;f ppfumvwGif udt k ek ;f armif onf jrpf0useG ;f ay: wm0efcjH zpfvmonf? 1948- ckEpS f rwfv 2*- &ufae@rS 1953- ck Ed0k bFmv 14 &ufae@xdatmif 5- ESpaf usmrf sS =umatmif olyek Af v kd }f u;D b0ESi@f awmxJrmS aepOf/ ykord ef ,fol rjrifjh rifh qdak om trsKd ;orD; ESi@f tdraf xmifusc@J onf?
zrf;rd 1953 - Ed0k bFmv 14- &ufae@wGif udt k ek ;f armif pcrf;csaexdik o f nf@ ykord cf &dik f ( zufq vuf&mG ) pcef;od@k tpd;k &wyfrsm; vma&muf 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u kd o f nf? udt k ek ;f armif. b,f bufajcaxmufukd tpd;k &wyfrS ypfvu kd af om usnq f w H ck xdreS +f y;D xdak e&mrSmyif zrf;qD;jcif;cH&.? usnq f rH eS af om '%f&mrSm jyif;xefpmG t&d;k udk xdojzif@ ajcwbuf usKd ;&.? q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u usdK;oGm;aom ajcwbufudk yvmpwmudkifay;rnf[k ajymqdx k m;aomae@Yyif axmifxo J @kd yd@k jcif;udk cH&awm@onf? udt k ek ;f armif. t¶d;k jyef rqufawm@bJ ajcwbuf aumif;pGmroefonf@ b0ESi@f &Sad e&onf? 1961- ckESpf arvY axmifrSvGwfvmaom udktkef;armiftwGuf &efukef a¶$+rdKhawmf}uD;udk avmuopfyef;csDum;csyf wckyrm jrifaeayonf? xdkESpfu olonf vGwv f yfa&;atmifyo JG @kd a&mufc@J onf? atmifyaJG e@}u;D rd@k acgi;f aygi;f wvlval wGEiS @f orRw}u;D u Adv k &f c_ o H bifay:0,f csw D wfvm=u aomy&dowf}u;D . tav;jyKjcif;udk cH,v l su/f txl;bdrEWujyKxm;aom {nf@onfawmf}u;D vnf; armf=umG ; *k%, f =l uvsu?f tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;vGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0ifrsm; pm&if;udkxkwfjyef ausnmum Edik if aH wmforRo}u;D ud, k w f ikd u f armfueG ;f 0ifwq H yd rf sm;udk cs;D jriS ahf y;tyf 42
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ojzifh armfuGef;0if jzpfvm=uonf@ yk*~dKvftrsm;tjym;rSm armfrqHk;atmif &Sdae=u onf@tcsed w f iG f...... *sKd i;f axmuf}u;D udk axmufcg axmifcgjzif@ wa&GŒa&GŒ wv_yv f y_ f v_yf&Sm;um vrf;avSsmufvsuf vGwfvyfa&; vGwfobif tcrf;tem;udk ta0;rSyif vSrf;arSsmf=unf@&_ rcsd+yHK;uav;+yHK;vsufae aomol .... olonfum; vGwv f yfa&; atmifyo JG bifwiG f *k%jf yKtyfaom {nf@onfawmf wa,mufvnf; r[kw?f vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if wa,mufvnf; r[kwcf @J ? od@k wap olum; vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf JG twGuf a&SŒwef;rS wuf=upG mG wdu k cf @J onf@ jynfo@l om;aumif; wa,mufjzpfaom avxD;qif; Adv k t f ek ;f armifyifjzpfayownf;?
'kw,d t}udrf axmifrS vGwpf Y ajrmufOuUvmy&Sd a': jrifjh rif. h trawmf tdrw f iG f aexdik +f y;D / rsm;r=umrD awmifOuUvmywGif tdrw f tdrif mS ;&rf;um ZeD;armifEHS ajymif;a&$Œaexdik =f uonf? odk@aomf 1964 ckESpf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuf+yD;aemuf &efukef+rdKŒ Y tzrf;cH &jyefonf?
uduk ;kd usGe;f 1969- ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 31- &ufae@wGif yxrtokwt f aejzif@udu k ;kd uíef;odk@ tyd@k cH&aom yk'rf - 5 tusO;f om;rsm;teuf udt k ek ;f armif wa,mufvnf;yg0ifc@J onf? od@k jzif@ udt k ek ;f armif onf udu k ;kd useG ;f &Sd oHq;l }uKd ;um axmifxYJ }uKH awG@cHpm;cJ@aom 'kuEQ iS hf oD[u kd seG ;f YawmfveS ;f a&; oifwef;wufc@J pOfu okcwd@k udk ,SO=f unf@rd.? oD[akd wm xJY aysmaf ysm}f u;D aecJ@&jcif;jzpf+y;D / ,cka&muf&dS aeaom udu k ;kd useG ;f rlum; +i;D aiGŒbG,yf if? ajcaxmufwiG f '%f&m&um tzrf;cH&+y;D 8 ESp=f umrSs axmifxrJ mS aecJ@&onf? axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmcJ@&aom udt k ek ;f armif wa,muf. b0&yfwnfrr_ mS tvGef w&mrS raocsm ra& &mbJ/ wdryf rm avyrm b0rSmyif &Sad eonf? pm;a&; aomufa&; aea&; xdik af &; twGuv f nf; =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf;yif &Sad e&Smonf? ajrmufOuUvmyY &Sdaom r,m;nDtudk wa,muf. tdrfwGif tcsdeftawmf =umatmif rSDcdkcJ@&onf? &Jabmf&Jbuf tcsdK@. tultnDjzif@ &ufydkif; tawmtwGif;rSm awmiffOuUvmyY tdrfuav;wvHk; iSg;&rf;+yD; ZeD;a': jrifhjrifhESifh twlajymif;a&$Œ aexdkifvSsuf&Sdonf?
rSsm;eD (tdk;a0*sme,ftrSwf ( 91)/ 1334-ck / e,kefvqef;( 3 )&uf? 15²5² 1972/ pmrsufESm 11 -12 rS) (a[oDr;kd azhpb f w k rf S ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
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( tydik f; 1 ) "usaemhrf mS twWqv kd kd h rcifO;D ;udk cspcf rhJ w d m wpfcyk J &Syd gw,fAsm " Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978) usaemfwdk hrsdK;qufb0onf/ " A " ig;vk;H ESifh }u;D jyif;vmcJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? xdk " Axuf+cKd uf " ig;vk;H xJwiG /f q&m Aef;armfwifatmif vnf;yg0ifavonf? usaemfwkd ah usmif;om;b0rSm tdyrf ufawG trsm;}u;D &Scd o hJ nf? usaemfwkd rh mS usaemfwkd h av;pm; tm;us twk,cl &hJ aom tvGr;f ZmwfawGvnf; wpfavS}u;D &Scd w hJ myg? usaemfwdk hi,fi,f ausmif;om;b0rSm/ yxrqkH;t}udrf tusOf;axmifxJ a&mufoGm;=uonf? 1976 rwfv/ ykodrfaumvdyf ta&;tcif;/ rdSKif;&mjynhfta&; tcif;awGESihf? tck&&Sx d m;=uwJh emrnfawGeJ yh J twdwu f jkd yefveS &f &if/ 'Dwek ;f u ykord af xmif xJrSm/ pdk;tdrf/ pdk;aevif;/ ajrEk/ usaemfwdk@awG twlwl? usaemfwdk hcsif; t,ltq a&;&m(vuf0Jt,ltqyg) aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ pdk;tdrfu usaemhft,ltqudk aysmw h ,f/ Ekw,f qd+k y;D / 'gukd olutm;r&csib f ;l ? 'Dawmh pd;k tdru f usaemht f ay: "'Daumifu '*kew f m&meJ o h cifA[de;f pyfazmuf xm;wJah umif"vdk h aumwwfonf? usaemfwkd ch spo f nhf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f udk usaemfwkd b h 0awGxrJ mS / &ifbwfxJ xnhfxm; wwf=uwmr[kwfvm;? usaemfwdk hudkA[def;udkcspfwJhtxJrSm 44
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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tEkynmqefwmvnf; ygonf? a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fayg ?h a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fqw kd o hJ u l "awmfveS af &;jzpf" wJt h cg/ usaemfwkd v h il ,fb0rSm tm;usrqk;H awmh? av;pm;rqk;H awmh? 1300 jynht f a&;awmfy}Hk u;D +y;D vdk /h 1939 t*Fvyd t f cuf/ Armhtcsu/f Edik if jH cm;u vufeuf tultnD/ ppfa&;tultnD&Smzdk h/ wuo ,leD,H taqmufttkHxJu xGuv f mwJah rSsmv f ihcf suaf wGeJ ?h udAk [de;f eJ q h &m'*kew f m&mwdk Eh pS af ,muf/ w&kwu f eG jf rL epfygwD/ OuUÏarmfwdk heJ hqufoG,fzdk h/ w&kwf-Arme,fpyf ,leefjynfe,fbuf udk xGucf =hJ uw,f? &Srf;jynf ta&S hajrmufydkif;/ vm;&SKd;vrf;r}uD;ay:rSmvdk hqdkw,f? wpfnom; vuvnf; tvGeo f maew,f? udAk [de;f u tif;vsm;rSmuwnf;u vom&if va&mifukd cHpm;aeus? 'Dwkef;rSm udkA[def;qDu "udkaX;+rdKif" wJh?(q&m'*kefwm&m &J hemrnf&if;u aX;+rKd iyf g) "'Dvkd vomaeawmh usaemhf pdwx f rJ mS =unfE;l csr;f ajrh vmw,fAsm" q&m'*kefwm&mu/ tif;..udkA[def;awmh &efukefrSmusef&pfwJh ol h&nf;pm; rcif}u;D ta=umif; ajymawmhrmS yJvkd x h ifvu kd o f wJ?h 'Dvx kd if&atmifvnf;/ oleJ u h Akd [de;f txufArmjynfudk/ tnmqef oabFm}uD;eJ hwpf+rdK h0if wpf+rdK hxGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D; xGu=f uawmh/ &efuek u f ae q&m'*kew f m&m 0,fvmwJh pma&;puUL/ pmtdwef J w h q H yd af cgi;f awG/ udkA[def; ol h&nf;pm;rcif}uD;qD/ pmtapmifapmifa&;/ a&muf&mqdyfurf;rSm pmwdu k yf ;Hk xJxnhef J /h rEWav;ra&mufcif ajymifyga&mvm;? 'ga=umihyf /J q&m '*kew f m&m h ifrmS ayg ?h odk ah omf/ 'gayrJh..? vm;&SK;d vrf;nrSm/ udAk [de;f rcif}u;D ÉDumcsJ ah wmhr,fvkd x " 'DawmhAsm/ udkaX;+rdKif/ 'Dvdk=unfEl;csrf;ajrhaewJhtcsdefrSm cifAsm;eJ husaemf/ vDeif&@J tpd;k &eJ h awmfveS af &;pmtkyt f a=umif; aqG;aEG;&atmif" ao[Jh eENd,? q&m'*kefwm&m yufvufvefcJhrSmaocsmw,f? usaemfwdk@ vnf;yufvufvef oGm;wmygy?J [kww f ,fr[kwv f m;? uJ b,favmufcspzf akd umif;vdu k w f hJ udAk [de;f ygv?J va&mifxrJ mS rS olu k State and Revolution usr;f udak qG;aEG;csiaf ejyefowJ?h v$wv f o S ayg ?h 'gu usaemfwkd ch spcf /hJ av;pm;cJw h /hJ wuo? Auo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ocifA[de;f yJ? aemufwpfa,muf/ usaemfwdk htonf;pGJ? olu AdkvfcsKyfatmif;qef;yJayg h? Adv k cf sKyu f akd wmh usaemfwkd u h / q&m'*kew f m&m&J h"atmifqef;(odk rh [kw)f t&dik ;f "udzk wf+y;D ydkem;vnfoGm;w,f? ydk+yD;vnf;cspfvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif ol htwˆKy`wWdxJrSm "t&dik ;f onf vGwv f yf.? &J&ih. f ? ajzmihrf wf wnf=unf&;kd om;." vdk ah &;cJzh ;l wmyJ? Adv k cf sKyu f u kd sawmh udAk [de;f eJ rh wl/ awmfveS af &;jzpfw,fvkd t h &ifjrif=uw,f? =urf;w,fvdk h qdkwmyg? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk=urf;w,f/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfw,fvdk hjrifwJholu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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"a&mrefwpfjzpf" jzpfomG ;wJt h cg usjyefawmhvnf;..? *syefacwf}u;D xJrmS ? t*Fvyd t f ajy;/ *syeft0if/ a&$awmif=um;u tdr}f u;D wpf vkH;xJrSm? q&m '*kefwm&mwdk hvli,fwpfodkuf pEN&m;wD;/ tcspfoDcsif;wpfyk'f qdkae =uwJhtcsdef? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 0ifvm+yD;/ bmrajym nmrajym jAKef;qdk "a[hval wG/ awmf=uprf;/ 'Dtcsed u f cspw f m}uKd uw f mawG qd&k r,ht f csed rf [kwb f ;l ? &Jpw d &f rJ mefwufr,hf oDcsif;awGqdk&rSmAs" Adv k cf sKyu f olajymcsiw f majym+y;D jyefxu G o f mG ;a&m? tcef;xJuvlawG tHt h m; oih+f y;D use&f pfcw hJ mayg ?h 'gayrJh b,fou l rS Adv k cf sKyt f ay: pdwrf qd;k =u/ r+iKd jiif=ubl;? 'Dvekd @J aemufawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf;/ a':cif=unfeJ htdrfaxmifvnf;usa&m/ wpfae@ om;ayg hav/ q&m'*kefwm&m pEN&m;wD;aewJhtem;vm+yD;/ nifnifomomuav;eJ@" udkaX;+rdKif/ uOPeoDcsif;wD;prf;ygAsm" vdk ah jymygowJ?h tckawmh usaemfwkd Ah v kd cf sKyf El;nHo h rd af rG v h kd o h mG ;yg+y?D t&dik ;f r[kwaf wmhb;l ? tcspef J w h kd x h d vdu k v f kd v h nf;jzpfr,f? 'ga=umihyf /J Adv k cf sKyu f aemufyikd ;f rSm "tEkynmryg&if tdraf xmifa&;[m wm&Snrf cHb;l ? awmfveS af &;rSmvnf; tEkynmyg&r,f? tEkynmryg&if awmfveS af &; ratmifjrifEikd b f ;l " ajymcJw h mayg ?h usaemfwkd Ah v kd cf sKyu f ckd spw f m/ tJ'v D v kd rG ;f p&mawG&v dS kd ch sp=f uwmyg? usaemfwkd &h J ah usmif;om;b0[m/ udAk [de;f / udak tmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auo" uae/ aemufyikd ;f ocifA[de;f / ocifatmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auy" txdwikd yf rJ [kwv f m;? ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ hcsKyf(Auorsm;tzGJ hcsKyf) ABFSU uae/ aemufqkH; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (BCP) txd qdyk gawmh? 1939 ocifA[de;f yg0ifw/hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D J yh xrOD;qk;H taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yJ r[kwfvm;? odk haomf aemufydkif;rSmawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfu uGejf rLepfygwu D Ekwx f u G +f y;D / zqyv tzGJ ch sKy}f u;D rSm OuUÏjzpfomG ;ygw,f? udAk [de;f u ygwrD mS yJusecf yhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D kd zqyv tzGJ ch sKy=f u;D xJu xkwyf pfvu kd w f hJ tcsed rf mS / udAk [de;f u rEWav;aq;&H}k u;D ay:rSmyg? aemufq;Hk rSm udAk [de;f ESv;Hk a&m*geJ rh EWav;aq;&Hk }u;D rSmyJ uG,v f eG o f mG ;ygw,f? 1946 'DZifbm? "[de;f " eJ "h qef;" &J t h jzpfu &ifeihpf &myg? ESajrmwo a=uuGv J rG ;f qGwpf &myg? usaemfwkd [ h m/ usaemfwkd ah cwf}u;D u jyÏmef;ay;xm;wJt h wdik ;f / vuf0t J ,ltq awGeJ hvljzpf }uD;jyif;vmcJh&w,f qdkwmudk 0efcH&r,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@yJ usaemfwdk@ rsKd ;quf(74-75-76 rsKd ;quf) [m ae0if;-pef;,k ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &udk awmfveS cf hJ =uw,f? usaemfwkd ah cwfrmS / usaemfwkd [ h m usaemfwkd &h J v h il ,fb0udk yDyo D o"i,f" 46
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cJ=h u? &J&&J ih&f ihf "eD" cJ=h u? 'DtwGuf qkvmbfuawmh &moufyef ausmif;awG txkwcf H cJ&h w,f? axmifawGwef;awG t}urd }f urd u f sc&hJ w,f? (udq k vdik ;f wifarmifO;D }uKd ;pifay:wufc&hJ w,f) 'gayrJh usaemfwkd b h ,fawmhrOS ;D rn$wcf b hJ ;l ?aemufvnf;rqkwcf b hJ ;l ? ausmif;om; pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf/ qJAif;*sLvdkifpdwf"mwf[m t&SHK;ray;/ 'l;raxmufcJhbl;? usaemfwkd ph w d "f mwfawG/ tawG;tac:awG[m t+rx J ufjrufcikd rf maew,f? &Sio f efE;kd =um; aew,f? 'Dvdkxufjrufcdkifrmaeatmif/ &SifoefEdk;=um;aeatmif/ wdk;wufawmfvSefwJh pmayawGu/ xde;f ausmif;arG;jrL yko H iG ;f ay;cJw h mygy?J tJ'v D kd wd;k wufawmfveS w f phJ mayawGxrJ mS / q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J ph mtkyaf wG vnf;/ t"dueJ h ta&;t}u;D tcef;u¾rSm yg0ifcw hJ myg? (tydik ;f 2) " vlwpfa,muf&J w h efz;kd udk oljzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ;aewJah cwf}u;D u ol yh ck;H ay:wifay;vdu k w f hJ ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd olb,favmufo,fy;kd xrf;aqmifcw hJ ,fqw kd t hJ csuef J h wdik ;f wm&rSmyJ " Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978) ¡ ruG,fvGefrD om;tm;ajym=um;csufrsm; rS ¢ q&mAef;armfwifatmifukd usaemfwkd ch spw f m[mvnf;/ vGr;f p&maumif;vdk yh g? " usaemhfrSm twWqdkvdk h rcifOD;udkcspfcJhrdwm wpfckyJ &Sdygw,fAsm" wJh? olt h wWuvnf; enf;vGev f eG ;f vdu k w f maemf? q&mAef;armfwifatmif[m wu,hu f ykd J olawmfpifwpfO;D / vlbek ;f }u;D wpfyg;vdyk g? q&mAef;armfwifatmifeJ yh wfoufvkd v h rG ;f p&m wpfcu k vnf; q&mh om;}u;D (usaemfwkd &h aJ bmf) udAk [de;f atmif wpfqihjf yefajymjyvd@k =um;cJ&h zl;ygw,f? 1945? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;wm0efcH/ ocifpdk;u EdkifiHa&;wm0efcH/ ocifoef;xGe;f u Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &;wm0efcH qd+k y;D / " zwyv" zGJ v h kd /h zufqpfawmfveS f a&;}u;D qifE=J$ uawmh/ ocifA[de;f u wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkE, G rf sm; pnf;&H;k a&;wm0ef (1917/ vDeifwkd &h J &h &k mS ;jynf r[matmufwb kd m awmfveS af &;rSm/ pwmvif[m 'Dwm0efrsKd ;,lcw hJ ,f) eJ yh cJ ;l &d;k ru u&ifwikd ;f &if;om;awGukd pkpnf;+y;D / ajymufusm;ppfyEJG =J$ uawmh/ q&mAef;armf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif atmufwbkd m 13/ 2012 ( Myanmar Independence Journal
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t"du ta=umif;jycsuf}uD; h hJ z,f'&,frq l w kd m uíefawmfw@kd Ekid if &H ŒJ Ekid if aH &;pepf wpfqpfcsK;d auG@oGm;cJw Zmwfvrf;rSm t"du ta=umif;jycsu}f u;D jzpfcw hJ ,fAs? ta=umif;uawmh ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pD pepfukd ajrjrKS yf o+*Kõ [/f ol@tac: qd&k , S v f pf 'Dru kd a&pDpepf/ jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}u;D tac: qk&d , S v f pfta&jcKH wpfygwD tm%m&Sipf epfukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; xlaxmif&mrSm ol t"du ay;cJw h hJ ta=umif;jycsuu f tJ'zD uf'&,frl jzpfw,fAs? 1947 tajccHOya'xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f xm;wJh cGx J u G cf iG hf wpfenf; zuf'&,fru l kd ta=umif;jyK+y;D jynfe,fwpfcu k cGx J u G zf @kd =upH nf }udK;yrf;vmwma=umifh jynfaxmifpk}uD; r+ydKuGJoGm;&avatmif EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk wyfrawmfu &,lxed ;f odr;f vdu k w f mjzpfw,fv@kd tJ'w D ek ;f u umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf }u;D ae0if;u wdik ;f jynfukd today; a=unmcJw h m jzpfw,fAs?
t=uH& usyfaewkef;rSm &Spfq,fh&Spf ta&;awmfykH umvtwGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xGufay:vmwJh owif;wpfcrk mS Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;[m tm%modr;f wJu h pd P (yxp tpd;k & acgi;f aqmifawGe@J &Sr;f apmfbmG ; trsm;pkukd zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f wJu h pd )P +y;D wJah emuf wyfrawmfu bma=umifh tm%modr;f &w,fqw kd m wdik ;f jynfukd w&m;0if today;a=unmzd@k t=u&H usyaf ewke;f ol@vufaxmuf ppfAv kd }f u;D wpfO;D u a=unmcsuw f pfapmif a&;,lvmw,f? tJ'aD =unm csufxJrSm zuf'&,frla=umifh jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJ&awmhr,fh tEœ&m,f &SdvmwJh twGuf tm%modr;f &w,fv@kd a&;xm;w,f? tJ'gukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u zwf=unf+h y;D "at; aumif;w,f/ tJ't D wdik ;f a&'D,u kd toHvi$ hf a=unmvdu k f "vd@k ajymcJw h ,fv@kd qdw k ,f? tJ'aD zmfjycsuo f m rSew f ,fq&kd ifawmh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;[m zuf'&,fral =umifh jynfaxmifp}k u;D +yKd urJG mS udk wu,fypJ ;kd &dr+f y;D tm%modr;f wmr[kwb f J odr;f csiv f @kd odr;f +y;D rS zuf'&,frel @J jynfaxmifpk +yKd urJG ,fh tEœ&m,fqw kd mudk wrifoufouf qifajcqifvuf qifem;&Guv f yk v f u kd w f mjzpfw,fv@kd ,lq&rSm jzpfw,fAs? 70
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
71
0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek&ŒJ oabmxm; xm;ygawmhAsm? tcktcsed rf mS Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;a&m/ tJ'aD =unmcsuf a&;,l vmwJh ppfAv kd }f u;D a&m/ tJ'D tm%modr;f yG+J y;D aemuf zG@J pnf;wJh awmfveS af &;aumifpt D zG@J 0if tukefvkH;eD;yg;avmuf r&Sd=uawmh+yDrdk@ 'DudpPudk tus,ftus,f r+idrf;zG,f vkyfrae csiaf wmhygb;l Asm? wpfqufwnf;rSm 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Eku " jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJ r,ft h Eœ&m,f trSew f u,f&adS e+yv D @kd usKyu f kd ESprf ed pfavmufyJ }uKd ajymyg/ tm%modr;f p&m rvdkygbl;/ usKyfudk,fwdkif wyfrawmfudk tm%mtyfrSmyg "vdk@ ajymcJhwmudk 1966 ck kd w f ikd f em;eJ@qwfqwf pufwifbmvu owif;axmuf wpfa,mufjzpfwhJ uíefawmfu, =um;cJ&h +y;D owif;a&;cJzh ;l ygw,f? 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Ekvnf; tcktcsed rf mS r&Sad wmh+yrD @kd 'Dupd u P kd "&mZ0ifxrJ mS xm;&pfchJ " vd@k qd&k awmhraygAh sm?
jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&;qdkwJh tjrif zuf'&,frla=umifh tm%modrf;wmvm;? tm%modrf;+yD;rS zuf'&,frludk ta=umif;jycsuf qifajctjzpf qGJokH;ovm;qdkwJh tcsufudk &mZ0ifxJrSmxm;&pfcJhvdk@ &aumif;&rSmjzpfayr,fh &mZ0ifxJrSm rae&pfcJhbJ tJ'Daemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtxd vkdufvmcJhwJhudpPuawmh jrefrmjynfol tpdwftydkif;wcsKdŒ txl;ojzifh rsKd;qufopf wyfrawmf acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk pdwfxJ zuf'&,frlqdkwmudk jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&; vrf;ptjzpf pGJae=uwJhudpPjzpfw,fAs? wu,fyJ pdk;&drfvdk@avvm;? 'grSr[kwf ol tm%modr;f wJh udpu P kd w&m;rSsww,f (justify) vd@k trsm;u jrifatmifavvm;awmh rodb;l ? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;eJ@ ol OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k &yko H ¾mefEpS cf k (awmfveS af &; aumifpeD @J jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygw)D u tJ't D csuu f kd xyfwvJvJ oHrEd_ u S o f vdk ESucf w hJ m a=umifv h nf; tJovdpk aJG ecJ=h uwm jzpfw,fAs?
a&$jynfawmf arSsmfwikd f;reD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u zuf'&,fru l kd ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; pd;k &drpf w d ef @J yJ jzpfjzpf/ r¶d;k rom; tok;H cscw hJ myJjzpfjzpf oluawmh tJ'yD pk m> udk ya[Vdtjzpfxm;cJ+h y;D avmuxJu xGuo f mG ; cJ+h yrD @kd ol@twGuaf wmh jy\emr&Sad wmhb;l Asm? jy\em&Sad ewmu zuf'&,fru l kd jynfaxmifpk +zdKcGJa&;rltjzpf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftqufqufu oabmxm;aecJh=uwma=umifh uíefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D r+ird ;f Edik jf zpfaecJw h hJ udpjP zpfw,fAs? wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGu zuf'&,frq l w kd phJ um;ajymvdu k w f meJ@ ajymwJo h u l kd rsuaf xmifeh }D u;D awGe@J =unf/h zuf'&,fru l u kd ikd pf +JG y;D rdrv d rl sK;d pktcGit hf a&; (Nationality’s Right) twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifaeolawGukd vlrsK;d pk aomif;use;f olawGtjzpf ¶_jrifvm=u&if;eJ@yJ uíefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS +ird ;f csr;f a&;uif;rJ+h y;D a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f reD; jzpfvmcJw h m tckwikd f jzpfw,fAs? +ird ;f csr;f a&;rSr&awmhvnf; uíefawmfw@kd Ekid if w H umrSm rajymeJ@ a'owGi;f rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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jyefvnf qef;ppf okH;oyfcGifh&dS tcktcsed rf mS Ekid if aH &;jyKjyifajymif;vJr&_ ŒJ tusK;d quftjzpf pme,fZif;vGwv f yf cGiv hf nf; tawmfuav;&vmae+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawG ud, k w f ikd f ajymaeqdak e a&;aeom;ae=u+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wu,ft h "dym` ,f tppftrSeu f kd jynfoal wG tawmfuav; oabmayguf em;vnfae=u+yv D @kd uíefawmf ,lqw,fAsm? wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; z,f'&,frleJ@ywfouf+yD; rdrdwdk@t&ifwkef;u &Sx d m;cJw h hJ em;vnfoabmaygurf [ _ m rSerf rSeq f w kd mudk jyefvnf qef;ppf ok;H oyfciG &hf &Sd ae=u+yD jzpfw,fAsm? uíefawmfw@kd jynfo@l acwf*sme,frmS OD;at;omatmif tcef;quf a&;cJhwJh yifvkHeJ@ z,f'&,f aqmif;yg;awGudk zwf¶_cJh=uolrsm;taeeJ@ uíefawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifp}k u;D &JŒtwdwu f kd rSerf eS u f efuef od&+dS y;D tem*wftwGuf ajrmfajrmfjrifjrife@J awG;qEdik =f uvdrrhf ,fv@kd uíefawmf ,k=H unfw,fAs?
jynfe,ftm%m cGaJ 0ay;a&; t"du wu,fawmh 1961 tapmydkif;umvrSm wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif tcsKdŒ (txl;ojzifh &Srf;apmfbGm;awG) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk ta&;qdkzdk@ pDpOfcJh=uwmu cGx J u G cf iG ahf wmif;zd@k r[kwb f ;l As? yifvn Hk v D mcHrmS csrw S cf w hJ hJ tajccHrrl sm;rS wpfpwpfp aoGznfvm+y;D wpfae@wjcm; wd;k wuf qk;H ¶_;H vmaewJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcGit hf a&;awGukd rSerf eS u f efuef&&Szd @kd jzpfw,fAs? wpfenf;ajym&&if 1947 tajccHOya'rSm azmfjyxm;wJh wdik ;f &if;om; tcGit hf a&;awGukd vufawG@rSm trSew f u,f&&Sad &; awmif;qdzk @kd om pDpOfcw hJ m jzpfw,fAs? EkdifiHa&;&JŒ obm0twdkif; tusyfudkifwm zdtm;ay;wm aps;qpfwm aps;udik w f mawGawmh ygcsiv f nf; ygrmS aygAh sm? 'gayrJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpku cGJxGufvdkpdwf r&S=d uwmawmh uíefawmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck si=f uwmu jynfaxmifpk tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&JŒ tm%mudk yifvkHnDvmcH (wpfenf;) 1947 tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsuaf wGtwdik ;f wdwu d sus cGaJ 0ay;zd@k yJ jzpfw,fqw kd m taxmuf txm;awG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,fAsm? uíefawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHvdk@ w&m;0if ac:xm;ayr,fh wdkif;&if;om;awGuawmh " jynfaxmifpk trnfcH wpfjynfaxmifwnf; " tjzpf wpfavSsmufv;Hk ¶_jrifc=hJ uw,fAs? uíefawmfw@kd wu,f ppfreS w f hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&; vdck si=f u w,fqdk&ifawmh wdkif;&if;om;awG&ifxJu tJ'Dtjrif yaysmufvGifhpOfoGm;atmif vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh uíefawmfwdk@ ArmawGu vkyfaqmif=u&rSm jzpfw,fAs? 'DawmhrSom a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f ra0;awmhr,fh tajctaeudk qdu k af &mufrmS jzpfw,fAsm? 72
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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wdik f;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpuk cGxJ uG vf pkd wd f r&S=d uwmawmh usGeaf wmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck sif=uwmu jynfaxmifpk tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&ŒJ tm%mudk yifvnHk vD mcH (wpfenf;) 1947 tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsufawGtwdik f; wdwdusus cGJa0ay;zdk@yJ jzpfw,fqdkwm taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD; &Sdygw,fAsm? ........ Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ pum; uíefawmfuawmh wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm aoewfoHawG rpJao;bl;qdkwJh owif;awG=um;&wdik ;f vGwv f yfa&; Adou k m wdik ;f &if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; Adou k m/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒpum; wpfcGef;udkyJ t+rJ =um;a,mif rdw,fAsm? 1947 tajccHOya'xJrSm jynfe,fcGJxGufcGifh yk'frxnfhzdk@udpPudk jrefrm acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd u uef@uGu=f uawmh Adv k cf sKyu f "tdAk sm ...'Dq,fEpS t f wGi;f jynfe,fawG cGrJ xGucf siaf tmif usKyw f @kd ArmawGu }uKd ;pm;&rSmayg/h 'Dvrkd S r}uKd ;pm;Edik &f if usKyw f @kd nHv h @kd aygh " vd@k ajymcJw h ,fv@kd =um;zl;w,fAsm? [kwyf gw,fAsm? ESpaf ygi;f t&m taxmif wpfajrwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomuf vmcJ=h uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J pkaygi;f wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D r+ydKuGJ&avatmif vlrsm;pkvlrsKd;pkjzpfwJh uíefawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsKd;awGu w&m;rSsw vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@raoG wef;wlnrD sS 0g'jzLpifwehJ nf;vrf; tok;H jyK+y;D pwif }uKd ;yrf;oif=h u+yv D @kd uíefawmf ,lqw,fAsm? (rSwcf suf ? ? 1961-62 rSm twdtvif; awmif;qdck w hJ hJ &Sr;f rlv@kd emrnf}u;D wJh zuf'&,frl odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlta=umif;eJ@ jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk xJxJ0if0if avhvmvdo k rl sm; " jrefrmhordik ;f jzpf&yftrSerf sm; a&;om;jyKpak &;tzG@J "u pdppfxw k af 0wJh "1958-1962 jrefrmhEikd if aH &; " wwd,wGJ tcef; 13/ ,if;pmtkyf pwkww ˆ t JG cef; 14/ tcef; 15/ tcef; 16/ xd@k tjyif tcef; 17 pmrsuEf mS 235 atmufajcrSwpf yk g 1962 azazmf0g&D 24 jynfvrf; toHvi$ ¶hf Hk vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}u;D ) ajym=um;aom rde@f cGe;f aumufEw k cf suw f @kd udk aphaphpyfpyf zwf¶_ avhvm qifjcif pOf;pm; oifyh ga=umif;)
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29/ 10/ 2012 (jynfolacwf*sme,frS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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85
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87
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89
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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
91
ausmufprd ;f awG wl;=uazmf=uonfu;kd ? wcsKd Œaom awmifrsm;rSmrl [db k ufjcrf;/ 'Dbufjcrf; ESpfbufoHk;bufnSyfI wl;azmf=u&if; awmifyJhawmif&GJŒ }uD;rsm; jzpfaewwfonf? r,faiGOwpfa,muf ucsijf ynfe,f zm;uef@a'ood@k r=umc%a&mufavrS awmifw@kd rnfonf +yKd usomG ;¶Hrk u avmuxJrS trnfemruav;rSs ruseEf idk af wmhbJ aysmufu, G I f yif oGm;wwfyguvm;[k od&adS vawmhonf? xkdtcg uíefr pOf;pm;=unfhrdonf? awmifwdk@rnfonf ol@oabmavmuf tvdv k +kd yKd &ef cufcaJ omfvnf; vlw@kd . avmbjzih+f zKd vsS if vydik ;f twGi;f +yKd wwfyguvm;[k todawGw;kd vm.? awmifwpfv;kH topfjzpf&ef uyfurBmwpfcrk sS jzpfawmifjh zpfcjJ zpfay:&ef vGefpGmcJ&if;aomfvnf; avmbom;wdk@ +zdKavaomf wpfv/ ESpfv +zdK¶HkrSsjzihf +ydK¶Hkru aysmufu, G w f wfyguvm;[k ocFe;f pmopfawG wd;k vm.? ocFe;f pmopfawG wd;k vmovdk tawG;aygi;f rsm;pGmvnf; 0ifr. d ? vlrnfaomowW0gonf obm0w&m;wd@k udk rcsprf cif? a&$ u d k aiG u d k c spf I obm0uk d jypf y ,f u m awmud k o wf / awmif u d k o wf w wf aywum;[kvnf; aumufcsufqGJrdjyef.? t&if;ppfaomf avmbwnf;? avmbum; vlEiS v hf cl si;f vnf; owfEidk . f ? awmawG/ awmifawGuv kd nf; owfEidk af v.? uíefrum; zm;uef@+rKd Œod@k a&mufavwkid ;f awmifvrG ;f rsu&f nf usavonf? vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf oli,fcsi;f rsm;u +zKd aeqJawmifwef;rsm;rS 0if;0gaeaom ajrom;wcsKd ŒESifh taumif;yuwd usefaeao;aom tpdrf;a&mifwcsdKŒ uGuf=um;awGŒvSsif rsufpdyom' tvGev f o S jzihf "vSvu kd w f m"[k ajymwwf=uonf? uíefrum; raysmEf idk ?f yg;pyfuvnf; "b,fuvmvS&rSmvJ? tJ'g obm0ywf0ef;usifawG ysufpD;aewm? aemufqufwGJ jy\emawG trsm;}u;D "[k ajymrdwwf.? tqk;d qH;k rSm awmif+yKd omG ;aom ajrom;rsm; Eke;f wifojzihf jrpfacsmif;rsm;yg aumjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckawmh r,faiGOwpfa,muf ucsijf ynfe,f zm;uef@+rKd Œod@k ra&mufonfrmS q,fpEk pS w f pfcek ;D yg; =umjrifch +hJ y?D wpf&w H pfcgawmh zm;uef@a'orSm ucsiaf wmifwef;}u;D awG &Srd &S ydS gao;&JŒvm;[k vGr;f armwopGm awG;rdwwfonf? ,ckwavmwGirf l r=umrD oDwif;ywfrsm;upwifI ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f a'o}u;D rH&k mG c¶dik f qm;vif;}u;D +rKd Œe,f vufyef;awmif;awmif/ a=u;pifawmif/ pHy,fawmif a=u;eDprD u H ed ;f ta=umif; rD', D mrsm;rSwpfqifh =um;od&jyefavaomf r,faiGOwpfa,muf pdwrf csr;f ajrŒ jzpf&jyefonf? awmif-awmif-awmif? awmif[o l nfum; a'ocHw@dk twGurf l trnfemrukd =um;¶Hrk sS EiS fh &ifcek pf &m/ wG,w f mp&m b0oHa,mZOfawG &Sad ewwf=uonf? od@k aomf awmif&&dS mt&yfw@kd um; a&$/ aiG/ ausmuf/ oH/ ywWjrm;/ a=u;eD paom &wemawGvnf; udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaewwfonf? tzdk;xdkufwefaom &wemrsm; &SdrSef;odvSsif avmbom;awG a&muf&Sdvmum puf,Eœ&m;}uD;rsm;jzihf twkdif;twmrJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
91
92
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r,faiGO (7days
92
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
*sme,frSul;,laz: jyygw,f?)
93
qdyk gonf ... odk haomf ... a'gufwm"rRyd,
(ITBMU)
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93
94
rodem;rvnfao;wJh (od@k r[kw)f trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_&w hJ efz;kd udk rjrwfE;kd wwfao;wJh vli,f/ vl&, G t f rsm;pku rD', D muGe, f ufrsm;udk trsm;qk;H tok;H jyKae=uwmqdak wmh...? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk umuG,af y;Edik w f hJ rl0g'wpfcu k kd Oya'jyKI jyÏmef;ay;zdk@ Oya'jyKtzGJ@tm; wdkufwGef;vdkjcif;yg? Edik if aH &;rSm vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGirhf &Sv d @kd jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; rsm;pGmepfem qk;H &S;Hk r_rsm; jzpf&w,fqw kd m vufcEH ikd jf cif;yg? od@k aomf jynfo@l eDwv d @kd ac:wJh tufopfcf (Ethics) udk pepfwus avhvmxm;r_r&Sw d hJ vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k f a0cGirhf u l kd vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;}u;D cGijhf yKvu kd rf ,fq&dk if jynforl sm;twGuf aumif;usK;d ESiq hf ;kd usK;d b,foif;u ydrk sm;vmEdik w f ,fqw kd m jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; }uKd wifpOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg? Ethics qdw k m bmvJ? Ethics qdw k m jynfo@l eDwu d kd ajymwm? t"dyg` ,u f vl@,Ofaus;r_&hJ tajccHjzpfwhJ ud, k u f sio hf v D / ud, k u f sihf odumQ udt k av;xm;jcif;/ ,Ofaus; wJh trlt,m/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifhEG,fwJh jrefrm*k%fudk az:aqmifEdkifwJh 0wfpm;qif,Ofr_ jyKvkyfjcif; rsKd;udk Ethics vdk@ac:wm? wdkif;jynfwpfckrSm udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_/ udk,fydkif "avhxkH;pH/ udk,fydkif0wfpm;qif,Ofr_/ udk,fydkif pmayr&Sd&if xdkvlrsKd;/ xdkwkdif;jynf[m aemufq;Hk awmh aysmufu, G o f mG ;wwfwm[m "rRwmyg? 'gudk trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwf&o dS rl sm; odem;vnfEikd =f uzd@k yg? jrefrmjynfzmG ; trsm;pk[m Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;yg? jrwfpmG bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;rSm ,Ofaus;r_uakd &m/ avmuvlom;rsm;udyk g rysurf pD;atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufEikd w f hJ w&m;ESpfyg; (avmuygv w&m; / avmuudk apmifha&SmufwJhw&m;ESpfyg;) udk az: jy xm;jcif;yg? tJ'D w&m;ESpyf g;u [d&D (raumif; r_ujkd yKjcif;/ rvkw H vkH 0wfpm;qif,ifrr_ sm;udk &Sujf cif;) ESihf =owWy` (raumif;r_ujkd yKjcif;/ rvkw H vkH 0wfpm;qifrr_ sm;udk a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;) wd@k udk az:n$e;f xm;jcif;yg? 'Dw&m;ESpyf g;u avmu}u;D udak um vlom;rsm;udyk g apmifah &Smuf xm;jcif;jzpfv@kd apmifx h ed ;f vdu k ef moifw h w hJ &m;ESpyf g;yg? t&Sut f a=umufuif;wJh 0wfpm; qif,ifrr_ sK;d [m jref@rm,Of aus;r_EiS hf bmom,Ofaus;r_rsm;udyk g zsuq f ;D Edik w f mrd@k owdrsm; }uKd wif&x dS m;Edik =f uzd@k yg? aemuf+yD; tckacwfrSm pwkdifwpfckvdkjzpfvmwJh rvkHwvkH0wfpm;qif,if r_rsm;a=umifh qd&k , S jf y\emrsm;/ 'kp&ku d rf r_ sm;ESihf vlra_ &;jy\emrsm;[m wpfae@wpfjcm; wd;k yGm;vmaejcif;yg? Oyrm- ywfbvpf*{f &d,m (Public Area) rsm;Y rdef;uav;rsm; rvkrH +cKH 0wfqifxm;jcif;[m jy\emudk E_;d qGay;jcif;/ 'kp&ku d rf r_ sm;udk wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;enf;jzifh wdu k w f eG ;f ay;ovdk jzpfymG ;apjcif; yg? ,xmblwusus ok;H oyfEikd =f uzd@k yg? rvkHwvkH 0wfqifxm;wJhnDr (odk@r[kwf) trwpfa,mufa=umifh avSmifajymif=unf p,fc&H wJh armifwpfa,muf&hJ a'go/ rk'ed ;f r_/ vlowfrr_ sm;txd jzpfymG ;oGm;cJjh cif;a=umifh 94
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
95
aemufqufwjJG zpfay:vmwJh vlra_ &;jy\em/ rvkw H vkH 0wfqifxm;wJh orD;ESihf [ked m;'Dem; twlomG ;vd@k rS roifah wmfwhJ zcif&t hJ jzpf/ ray:way: 0wfqifxm;wJh tr od@k r[kwf nDrESihf [ked m; 'Dem; twlwuG roGm;vm&JwhJ nDtukad rmifbmG ;wd@k &Jh 'ku/Q 'gawGukd jcKiH pHk Of;pm; =unf&h if jrefrm,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk +crd ;f ajcmufaejcif;yg? 'Drdkua&pDpepft& vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm0wfqifxm;jcif;[m vl@tcGifhta&; wpf&yfyJ r[kwv f m;vd@k ar;cGe;f xkwv f o kd rl sm;vnf; &Sad umif;&Srd mS yg? ukvor*~rS 194* ckEpS u f xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;}u;D (Human Rights) rSm TurBmwGif vl[l orSsw@kd onf rdom;pktzG@J 0if nDtpfukd / armifErS rsm;ozG,jf zpf.? xd@k a=umifh oifonf vlcsi;f qufq&H mY =uifempGm azmfa&GpmG ,Ofaus;pGmjyKro l if. h ... vd@k az: jyxm;jcif;yg? tazESio hf rD;/ tudEk iS hf ESr/ armifEiS hf trwk@d t=um; rvkw H vk0H wfqifxm;r_[m ,Ofaus; pGm jyKra_ ejcif;ygv@kd rnforl sS ajym0Hrh nfr[kwyf g? "vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh" rludk tvGJokH;pm; jyKr_ESifhpyfvsOf;I jrefrm jynfrmS jzpfysuo f mG ;wJh jzpf&yfav;wpfcu k kd uGeyf sLwm*sme,frmS zwfvu kd &f jcif;yg? jzpfyu Hk rde;f uav;wpfa,muf[m ol@cspo f l (bGKid ;f z&if'h )f wpfa,mufEiS hf ud, k yf idk v f ufyaf wmh uGefysKwm tifwmeufvdkif;rSwqifh csufwif (pum;ajym) ajymcJh=ujcif;yg? xdkodk@ ajym=um;aepOf rde;f uav;u rvkw H vk0H wfqifxm;+y;D olr&Jh bGKid ;f z&if'h t f m; uGeyf sKwmrS wqifh csufwif vkyf=ujcif;yg? wpfzufrS tufopfcf r&SdwJh bGKdif;z&ifh'fu 0ufbfuif (uifr&m) jzifh xdyk u Hk &kd u dk u f ;l +y;D / xd"k mwfyu Hk kd tifwmeuf0ufbq f u kd f pmrsuEf mS ay:rSm wifxm;cJ&h m xdyk u Hk kd xdrk ed ;f uav;&Jh tazuawG@&SI d xd"k mwfyrHk sm;rSmygwhJ rde;f uav;[m ol@orD;ESifh wlovdkvdk&Sdwmrdk@ xdkykHudk taotjcm=unfh&Sk&m ol@orD;&Jh "mwfykHjzpfaeI ,lusK;H r& jzpfomG ;cJ&h wJh tjzpftysuaf v;wpfcyk g? tufopfcrf &Sw d hJ od@k r[kwf tufopfc&f hJ wef;zd;k udk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKvo kd rl sm;ESihf pmaypdppf a&;Y txde;f tuGyrf &Sad wmhwhJ "vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf" qdw k hJ 'Dr0l g'wd@k t=um; bmawGrsm; qufvufjzpfay:vmrvJ qdw k m &ifwrrjzifh qufvuf&pkS m;=uzd@k yg? om;orD;awGudk v$wfrxm;ygeJ@ tifwmeufu 'kuQay;vdrfhr,f... qdkwJh acgi;f pOfav;udak wG@&vd@k zwf=unfrh w d ,f? tifwmeufe@J vli,fw@kd &Jb h 0[m pdwyf pl &m tqifx h d a&mufaea=umif;udk jynforl sm;udo k ad pvdw k hJ apwemt&if;cHe@J a&;om;xm; jcif;yg? avmu}u;D u wpfcgwpf&rH mS awmh pdw¶f y_ pf &m}u;D yg? &k;d om;olEiS hf aumufuspo f /l yGifhvif;olESifh vSsKdŒ0Sufol/ ajzmifhrwfolESifh vdrfwwfol/ v,folESifh tol/ 'DvlawG tm;+yKd iv f m=u&if &k;d om;olawG/ tolawGom trsm;qk;H cH=u&wmyg? e,f+rKd Œwpf+rKŒd u tjzpf tysuaf v;wpfcyk g? i,f&, G o f w l @kd &Jo h bm0u pl;prf;csiw f o hJ bm0? jzpfyu Hk rde;f uav; ESpaf ,muf[m tdrcf ef;xJrmS t0wf tpm;awGcsG w+f y;D "mwfy&Hk u dk =f uwJjh zpf&yfyg? "mwfyaHk wG tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
95
96
pdwfwdkif;us&kduf+yD;wJhtcg tJ'DxJu wpfa,mufu 'D"mwfykHawGudk tifwmeufay:rSm wifr,fqdk+yD; aiGnSpf,lwJhudpPyg? udk,fvkH;wD;t&kdufcH&wJh rdef;uav;u ol@ykHawG tifwmeufay:rSm wifcH&rSmudk a=umufawmh awmif;orSsaiGudk ay;ae&if; ray;Edkif awmhwJhtqkH;rSmrS 'DZmwfxkyfu ay:vmcJhjcif;yg? 'Dae&mrSm q,fausmfoufwdk@udk ajymvkw d mu rv,fyeJ @J rqef;csiyf ge@J vd@k ? 'Dvakd jym&wmu avmu}u;D xJrmS tEW&m,f awGursm;vGe;f vd@k yg? om;orD;&So d w l ikd ;f pOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg? usm;aoudk toufoGif;ay;rdwJha,musfm; bmjzpfoGm;vJqdkwJh tcsufudk pOf;pm;olu r&So d avmufyg? tcktcsed rf mS jynforl sm;&Jh qENrsm; jynf0h vm+yv D @kd qdv k @kd &ayrJh wpfzufrv S nf; &ifqikd af jz&Si;f &rJt h &mawGu rsm;jym;vmaejcif;yg? vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0 cGirhf u l kd jyÏmef;ay;vku d jf cif;twGuf }uKd qakd erdaomfvnf; ae&mwdik ;f rSmawmh r}uKd qckd siyf g? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf wif;vGe;f &if jywf/ avSsmv h eG ;f &if ywf/ qdw k mrsK;d vdk vGwv f yfpmG ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhrlu odyfavSsmhvGef;ae&ifawmh trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udk &pfywf+yD; jref@rm,Ofaus;r_udk taemufwdkif; ,Ofaus;r_awGESifh zkH;vGrf;oGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfrdvdk@yg? ,Ofaus;r_aysmuf&if vlrsK;d aysmufomG ; Edik w f ,fqw dk hJ tcsuu f akd wmh jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ukd jrwfE;kd olwikd ;f }uKd wifpOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg? Edik if aH wmf&t hJ csKyt f csmtm%mwnf+raJ &;ESihf jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; +ird ;f csr;f pGm twlaexdkifEdkifa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSvmwJh rl0g' rsm;ESifh rvkHavmufEdkifyg? jrefrm@ ,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_/ bmom,Ofaus;rsm;udk &Sio f efapEdik w f hJ trsK;d om;a&; pdwf"mwfrsm;/ bmoma&; pdwf"mwfrsm;udk jrSifhwifay;Edkif=uzdk@yg? jrefrm@,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk pepfwus xde;f odr;f Edik zf @kd oifw h ifah vSsmufywfwhJ Oya'rl0g' rsm;udk a&;qGx J m;oifjh cif;yg? Edik if aH &; vGwv f yfciG t hf wGuf vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGiu hf kd twnfjyK jyÏmef;ay;jcif;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepf&Jh t"dur¾dKif jzpfaomfvnf; wpfcsdef wnf;rSmyif xdpk epfjzifyh if vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wygwnf; umuG,af y;Edik =f uzd@k yg? 'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd usio hf ;Hk &mrSm umva'otvdu k /f Edik if t H vdu k /f vlrsK;d tvdu k f usio hf ;Hk r_rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_rsm; &Sad ejcif;yg? Oyrm/ rav;&Sm;Edik if H jynfe,fEpS cf Yk rde;f uav; rsm; rsufESmay:&kHrSswyg; acgif;wpfacgif;vkH;udk tjyifxGufwdkif; +cKHxm;&jcif;/ vuf aumuf0wfz;Hk atmif/ ajcrsupf zd ;Hk atmif t+rw J rf;0wfxm;&jcif;wd@k udk Oya'jzifh jyÏmef; ay;xm;jcif;yg? 'Dvjkd yKvyk &f jcif;[m 'Dru kd a&pDusix hf ;Hk udk olw@kd ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf vdu k af vsm nDaxG&Sdatmif Oya'jyKI jyÏmef;ay;&jcif;vdk@ olwdk@,kH=unfxm;=ujcif;yg? xdk@a=umifh vGwv f yfciG &hf w dS ,f qdw k ikd ;f xif&mpkid ;f vd@k roifah wmfyg? jzpfoifw h mu pHyk 0k g b,fnmcs xm;wJh jrefrmyDowJh jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k &J tvSusuo f a&udk jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k *k%, f l wwf=uzd@k yg? owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsm;/ bavmh*rf sm;Yvnf; ray:way:/ rvk@H wvkH 96
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
97
0wfqifxm;wJ"h mwfyrHk sm;udk ykEH ydS x f w k af 0jcif;/ jzef@csad ejcif;/ az:jyaejcif;rsKd ;awGukd rjyKapyJ/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufEidk &f ef Oya'jyKjyÏmef;I wm;qD;ydwyf ifay;Edik &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f &jcif;yg? jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ESifh jrefrm*k%fa&mifudk xGef;ajymifEkdifapzdk@ pkHyk0g b,fnmcs xm;wJ h jref r mh trsKd ; orD ; rsm;&J h ,Of a us;wJ h [ ef t rl t ,m/ ausmh & S i f ; wJ h t usô / cef@xnfwJhxrdefudk 0wfpm;qif,ifEdkif=uzdk@yg? xdkuJhodk@jyKvkyfEkdif=ur,fqdk&if jrefrm trsKd;orD;awG&Jh 0wfpm;qif,ifr_udk urBmhvlom;rsm;u r=umrwifrSmyif todtrSwf jyKvm=urSmyg? ,Ofaus;r_ukd npfax;apEdik w f hJ vGwv f yfveG ;f wJh ykEH ydS f xkwaf 0r_rsm;udv k nf; wm;qD;ay;Edik =f uzd@k yg? ajymvdw k muawmh ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESprf sm;ryaysmufrD avmuygv w&m;rsm; qufvuf xGef;um;aeatmif 0dkif;0ef;apmifha&Smuf ay;=uzdk@yg? csrf;ompGm tdypf ufEikd =f uygap?
a'gufwm"rRyd,
(ITBMU)
(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) .....................................
xGuf+yD axmifEi S r hf c d if vlxa k ':trm - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
97
98
jyifqifjcif; tEkkynm
t&Si f ^m%dumbd0Ho &kyk u f o dk m jyif pdwf rjyif &kyk o f iG o f m vS pdwf rvS pdw d u f v dk nf; jyif &kyk v f nf; jyif jyifqifwidk ;f & jyKwkidk ;f vS okck edAmĹ ef wkidk v f rd rhf ,f Three stages of life (1) Children and teenagers Have energy Have time But no money (2) Adults Have energy Have money But no time (3) Elderly people Have money Have time But no energy 98
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
99
uav;t&G,ef @J q,fausmo f ufw@kd rSm cGet f m;awG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed v f nf; &Sw d ,f/ 'gayr,fh aiGawmh r&Sb d ;l ? oufvwfrsm;rSmawmh cGeftm; &Sdw,f/ aiG &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh tcsdef r&Sdbl;? (ESpfq,fausmfp vkkyfief;cGif 0ifcsdefup+yD; yifpifpm;csdef ajcmufq,fhig;0ef;usifavmuf t&G,rf sm;vk@d t=urf;pm; owfrw S Ef ikd rf ,f xifygw,f?) ouf}u;D &G,t f rdk sm;rSmawmh aiG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed f &Sw d ,f/ 'gayr,fh tm;tifawmh r&S=d uawmhb;l ... wJ?h tD ; ar;vf u ae a&muf v mwJ h 'D p mav;u trsm;pk a omol a wG & J h b 0eJ @ xyfwjl zpfr,fph mav;yJq+dk y;D ESpo f uf oabmusrw d ,f? aemuf+y;D b0qkw dk m jynfph w Hk ,f &,fv@dk r&Sb d ;l ? vkt dk yfcsuf wckawmh t+r&J adS ewmyJv@dk ajymvkw dk mrsm; jzpfavrvm;vk@d vnf; awG;rdw,f? cGet f m;awG tcsed af wG &Sad yr,fv h nf; aiG r&Sv d sS ijf zifh bmrSvyk v f @dk rjzpfEidk b f ;l qkw dk hJ uav;i,fb0ukkd n$ef;+yD; aiG&Jhwefzkd;}uD;rSKukkd rD;armif;xkd;jyvkkdwmvm;? cGeftm;awG aiGa=u;awG &Sad yr,fv h nf; rsm;jym; vGe;f vSwhJ tvkyk w f m0efawG=um;rSm &Sm;yg;vGe;f vSwhJ tcsed jf y\ema=umifh &Sw d chJ eG t f m;eJ@ aiGa=u;ukad wmif pepfwus rok;H Edik af vmufatmif jzpfaewJh acwfumv&Jh vlrKS b0 o&kyk o f 他mefudk nGejf y vkw d mvm;? tcsed af wG aiGawG &Sdayr,fhvnf; ukkd,fhajcukkd,fhvufukdrS ro,fEkdifavmufatmif tm;tif csnfheJ@aewJh ouf}u;D &G,t f b dk 0ukdk rD;armifx;dk jy+y;D owdoaH 0 ,lapcsiv f @dk rsm; 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;jyvku d f wmavvm;? wu,fh tajzrSeu f adk wmh 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;vku d w f hJ olu, dk w f idk rf o S mvSsiyf J odayvdrrhf ,f? pmav;ukd zwfrd+yD; 'Dpmav;u ajymjywJhta=umif;eJ@ ukkd,fhb0ukd ESdKif;,SOf =unfrh w d ,f? vuf&dS ysr;f rSs vl@oufwrf;t&qkv d sS if uk, dk t hf oufu eHywf 2 tqifrh mS ygw,fv@dk ajym&r,fh t&G,?f cGet f m; &Sw d ,f/ aiG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed f r&Sb d ;l qkw d hJ t&G,x f rJ mS aygh? okkd@ayr,fh ukkd,fhb0&JhykHpHukdu omrefvlom;awGvkd avmuDb0xJrSm aexkdif+yD; avmuvlrKS wm0efawGe@J vk;H axG;aewJh ykpH rH [kwv f @dk txufu pmxJuvkdk t&G,o f ;Hk yg;&Jh 'kw, d tqif;h rsKd ;eJ@ xyfwt l us}u;D awmhvnf; r[kw k yf gb;l ? wu,fwrf; xyfwu l sv@dk vnf; oifah wmfr,f r[kw k yf gb;l ? uk, d u f pmxJuvdk Have energy - tiftm;tjynft h 0 &Sw d hJ tm;aumif; armif;oefwOD;vk@dk rqkEdk idk v f sS iaf wmif vkyk Ef idk u f idk Ef idk w f hJ cGet f m;awmh tawmftwef &Sw d ,f? 'Dawmh 'Dtcsuf &mE_ef;jynfh r[kkwfawmif &mckkdfifE_ef; &Spfq,fausmf ukkd;q,favmuf rSew f ,fv@dk ajymEkidk w f ,f? 'kw k , d t&G,rf mS Have money - wJ?h oD;oef@0ifaiG&atmif &SmazGaeolwOD; r[kw k v f @dk aiGa=u;csr;f omwJo h w l OD;awmh r[kw k b f ;l ? ok@dk ayr,fh tm;ay; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
99
100
axmufyHholrsm;&Jh apwempGrf;tm;a=umifh ukd,fvkyfcsifwJht&m/ 0goemygwJht&m enf;enf;yg;yg;ukkd vkkyfEdkifavmufatmifawmh ajyvnfolwOD;vdk@ qkdEkdifygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dtcsuv f nf; ckepfq,fih g;&mE_e;f avmuf rSew f ,fv@dk ajymEkidk rf ,f xifw,f? But no time – tcsdefr&Sdbl;vkkd@ qkkd&atmifawmh busy - aeol/ tvkkyf &SKyaf eolwOD;awmh r[kw k yf gb;l ? wcgwav }uKaH wmif}h uKcH J wcsed w f nf;rSm vkyk u f idk &f rnfh tvkyk Ef pS rf sKd ;/ ok;Hk rsKd ;&Sw d wfwmuvGv J @dk tvkyk &f KS yaf ew,f qkw dk mrsKd ; r&Sw d wfygb;l ? tvkyk f r&SKyo f vkdk t&SKyf rvkyk jf zpfatmifvnf; qifqifjcifjcif }uKd ;pm;aewwfwm a=umifv h nf; jzpfaumif; jzpfEkdifygw,f? 'ga=umifh But no time -qkdwJh 'Dtcsufuawmh ukd,feJ@ uku d w f ,fv@dk qkEd idk rf ,f rxifygb;l ? ajym&vsif wckcu k dk vkyv f v kd sS ijf zifh vkyk cf iG o hf mavmuf atmif tcsed f vHv k aHk vmufavmuf &Sw d ,fv@dk ajymEkidk yf gw,f? Have energy - cGet f m;&Sw d hJ t&G,f ? use;f rma&;uvnf; pif;vk;Hk acsm taumif; csnf; rqkkdomawmif emrusef;jzpfaeol wOD;awmh r[kkwfygbl;? 'Dawmh &SdaewJh um,cGet f m;/ ^m%cGet f m;/ 'DceG t f m;awGudk uk, d t hf wGuf trsm;twGuf tusKd ;jzpfrnfh t&mawGrmS tok;Hk cswwfz@dk vkad yvdrrhf ,f? cGet f m;awG &Syd gvsuu f ,fe@J &Sad ewJch eG t f m;ukdk tok;Hk rcsygyJ b0&Jw h wd, t&G,v f @dk ajym&r,fh cGet f m;rJt h &G,f a&mufomG ;r,fqv dk sif tawmfyif 0rf;enf;zG,f aumif;ayvdrrhf ,f? &Sad ewJh uk, dk yf idk cf eG t f m;awG qkw dk mu uk, dk f tok;Hk csonfjzpfap/ tok;Hk rcsyJ aeonfyjJ zpfap/ ouf}u;D &G,t f jdk zpfwhJ wwd,t&G,t f xd ygvmEkid rf mS rsKd ;rS r[kw k w f m? ygvmEdik w f ,f qkad pOD;? wwd,t&G,t f xd uk, dk o hf ufwrf;u &Sncf sirf v S nf; &SnEf idk rf mS ? uk, d hf ywf0ef;usirf mS / uk, d t hf odxrJ mS uk, d ahf tmuf i,f&, G o f l awG/ ukd,feJ@ wef;wl&G,fwlawG/ ukd,fhxuf tenf;i,frSsavmufomyJ }uD;&ifholawG aoqk;Hk oGm;cJ=h uwm enf;wmrS r[kwaf wmhwm? uk, d t hf vSnhf b,fawmh a&mufvmr,f qkw dk m uk, dk u f , dk w f idk f }uKd wif odEikd w f mrsKd ;rSvnf; r[kw k w f m? cGeftm;qkdwmrsdK;u ukkd,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rma&;aumif;rGefrSKukd tajccH+yD;rS &vmEkkdifwJh aumif;usdK;&v'frsdK; r[kkwfvm;? ukd,f usef;rma&; azmufjyefvkd@yJjzpfjzpf/ pdwu f se;f rma&; r[efv@dk yJjzpfjzpf/ wpfcck u k ykrH eS rf [kw k af wmhb;l qkv d sijf zifh b,frmS vmvk@dk cGet f m;jynfo h /l cGet f m;&So d w l OD;vk@dk qkEd idk yf gawmhrvJ?'ga=umifh uk, d cf eG t f m; pdw"f mwfceG t f m; jynfh0aumif;rGefolwOD; jzpfapzkd@ cGeftm;jynfhrnfht&mawGukd vkkyfzkd@ vkdayvdrfhr,f? ukd,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rma&;aumif;rGefzkd@ jyKjyif&rnfht&mawG jyKjyifzkd@ vkdayvdrfhr,f? tusKd ;&v'fawG aumif;apzk@dk ta=umif;w&m;awGudk aumif;atmifvyk af y;zk@d vkad yvdrrhf ,f? ukkd,fpdwfESpfyg;qkdwm uH&,f/ pdwf&,f/ &moDOwk&,f/ tpmt[m&&,fukd ta=umif;cH+y;D jzpfay:avh&w dS ,f? tusKd ;&v'f jzpfww hJ &m;awG aumif;vmapzk@d / &kyaf umif; emrfaumif;awG jzpfapzk@d / uk, d v f nf; use;f rm/ pdwv f nf; csr;f om jzpfEidk af pzk@d uHawG 100
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
101
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101
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t&Si f ^m%dumbd0Ho ar 28 &uf/ 2012 (bm;rm;wla'; rS)
102
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
103
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103
104
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tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
105
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105
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106
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
107
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O\mq&mtdk aqGrsdK;ESi fhom;csif; usaemfwdk@ omrefvlawG taeeJ@uawmh aqGrsdL; udka&m om;csif;udka&m/ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f udak &m ajymqdk oH;k pGcJ =hJ uzl;wmawmhreS af yrJh wpfcck si;f pD&@J teuft"dyg` ,f udak wmhjzifh av;av;eufeuf aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm rodcw hJ m udak wmhjzifh trSet f wdik ;f bJ 0efc&H rSmyg? 'g@a=umifh q&mtd&k @J &Si;f vif;wifjyr_ukd az: jyay;vdu k &f wmyJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmrsm;omru vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;uvnf; ta&;xm;=uyg. ? om"u wpfcrk mS yJc;l wdik ;f rif;}u;D t*Fvyd v f rl sLd ; qGpo f bifo h nf yJc;l c&dik f ta&;ydik jf zpfchJ pOfu awmvdu k f pma&;wpfO;D ESiehf ,fo@kd xGucf . hJ ? c&D;t=um;wGif a&S;OD;pGm acsmif;wpfck awG@.? ta&;ydik rf if;u awmvdu k pf ma&;udk armifrif; 'gbmac:ovJ [kar;&m awmvdu k f pma&;u "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [kajz.? wpfzef'w k , d t}urd f &d;k wpfcu k kd awG@&m a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf; "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [k ajzjyef.? wwd,t}urD f ajrmif;uav; wpfck awG@jyef&m a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf; "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m; " ajzjyefyg.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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xdktcg ta&;ydkifrif;u armifrif;onf jrefrm jzpfygv#ufESifh jrefrmpum;udk rwwf/ yxrawG@wm "acsmif; " / 'kw, d awG@wm " &dk; "/ wwd,awG@wm "ajrmif; " raorcsi;f rSw[ f k rde@f ygonf[k ta&;ydik &f ;kH pma&;}u;D ywWjrm;om'if xHrS =um;emrSwo f m; rdygonf? tvm;wlyif jrefrmh"avhudkvnf; vlrsdK;jcm;rsm; ta&;xm;}uyg.? yJcl;+rdK@ vdyjf ymuef wHwikd ;f twGi;f ywfvrf;vky&f eftwGuf a&&S&d m ueftwGi;f bufo@kd wkwrf sm; cwf+y;D ajrzd@k aeav.? 4if;udpu P kd [dELN Ak'b < mom0if wdik ;f rif;}u;D o&0rfqif; jrifawG@ od&o dS mG ;aomtcg xdv k yk if ef;udk csujf cif;&yf&ef trde@f xkwaf v.? "ol. =o0g'pum;rSm a&wGi;f a&uefrsm;udk rzd@k aumif;/ cdu k w f wfonf "[lowwf? od@k jzpf&m O\mq&mtdk onfvnf; tkww f pfcsyf oJwpfyiG t hf jzpf wwfprG ;f or# jzifh jrefrmpmayjriS w hf ifa&;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;}uKd ;yef;I &SmazGaz:xkwf a&;om;wifjyv#uf &S&d m ,cktywfwiG f jrefrmvlrsKd ;wd@k . aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f tac:ta0:rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI odrw S zf , G f rsm;udk wifjyvdu k &f ygonf? tazh tpfuu kd kd "b}u;D " [lIvnf;aumif;/ tazhnu D kd "baxG;" [lI vnf; aumif; tazhtpfrudk "t&D;}uD;" [lI vnf;aumif;/ tazhErS ud"k t&D;av;" [lI vnf; aumif;/ tarhtpfrudk "rd}uD;" "}uD;}uD;" [lIvnf;aumif;/ tarhnDrudk "rdaxG;" "axG;av;"[lI vnf;aumif;/ tarh tpfudkudk "OD;}uD;" "OD;&D; "[lI vnf;aumif;/ tarharmifukd "OD;rif;" "&D;i,f"/f "av;av;" [lI vnf;aumif; ac:qd=k u&ygrnf?(axG;) udk (a'G;) [k toHxu G yf g? Tae&mwGif aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f ESihf ywfoufI arSmyf q D &mode;f }u;D . "aESmif;jzpf pmwrf;" rSm atmufygtwdkif; awG@&ygonf? pma&;awmf ? owdjyKp&mav;wpfck tpD&ifcyH gO;D rnf? avmuEdu _ f - aqGrsKd ; ^mwd om;csif;ac:a0: oHk;pGJ=uonfrSm ^mwdac: jcif;onf b,fu pyfonfv@kd uGjJ ym;pGm od=ur,fr[kwf jzpfyga=umif;? om&wˆ'yD eDÉDum- ok'Ed b M m%0g&- tzGiEhf u _D /f "ZmeEW/d OmoEWd / pmwd- ^mwdZmeEW-d ^mw,EW-d odtyfuek . f ? Áww d oRm/ xd@k a=umifh ^mwd/ ^mwdjzpf.?" " avm[dawe-orŠE<m/ wdomavm[dwm? avm[dawe/ aoG;ESifhorŠE<m/ pyfonfwnf;? Áww d oRm- xd@k a=umifh omavm[dwm/ omavm[dwm rnf.?" "ydwyk uQOmwd/ rmwk- yuQw d m / omavm[dwm/ tz. tzd@k ESihf pyfaomolonf ^mwd taqGtrsKd ;rnf.? rmwkyuQw d m trd. tzd@k pyfaomolonf avm[dwm/ om;csi;f rnf.? "[k yg&ydS gonf? trdEiS phf yfor# - om;csi;f jzpfa=umif; / tzESiphf yfor# ^mwd aqGrsdK;jzpfa=umif; o&wW'yD eDÉu D m - q&mto#if oljrwfu a[mxm;onft h wdik ;f ^mwd aqGrsKd ; om;csi;f [k 108
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
109
ac:a0:=uonfukd aoaocsmcsm uGjJ ym;atmif rSwo f m;ajymqdk =u&ef oifv h yS ga=umif;? ,cktcg "om;csif;"[k qdkv#if rdcifwpfOD;wnf;rSarG;aom/ acgif;eif;qif; jzpfaom wpftx l q kH if; jzpfaom/ t&if;jzpfaom om;a,muFsm;om;rde;f r / nDtpfuakd rmif ESrtm;vH;k udk pkaygi;f ac:a0:xm;aom pum;jzpfonf[k odae=uygonf? pifppfrl tzESihf pyfI awmf&v#if aqGrsKd ; ^mwd/ trdEiS phf yfI awmf&v#if om;csi;f jzpfygonf? "xH;k vnf;vH;k vH;k / yHv k nf;wlw/l pHrrl #r#/ t&d;k usEiS hf wnfxoufao rdapoabm vdu k zf ufav#mI nDarmapr_ ajcmufcsu&f _ "[laom ola[mif;wd@k . pum;t& twWaem rwd uif;&Si;f pGmjzifh a&;ul;az:jyaom "aqGrsKd ;ESio hf m;csi;f " aqmif;yg;udk TwGif ed*;kH ur`wf tqH;k owfyg&apawmh? usrf;udk;?
? ,k'oeftbd"mef/ arSmfyDq&modef;}uD;. aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;?
O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (2) trSwf (28) wGif az: jy+yD;?)
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tarSmif=um;u Armjynf 0if;wifxh eG ;f jrefrmEdki fiHom;wdki f; vuf0,fxm;&Sdoifhaom Edki fiHa&;ordki f;pmtkyf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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acwfpum; axmifwGif; ordkif; rsm;
Min Han axmifwGif;ordkif;qdkwm.... uíefawmfwdk@ tusOf;axmif awGxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; aevmcJhjyD;rESpfurS jyefvw G v f mcJw h ,f? axmifxrJ mS useaf eao;wJh Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGupd P aqmif&u G f &if; ab;rSmyJ cyfat;at; aecJw h myg? 'gayr,f.h ...at;at;aecsiv f @kd vm;rod rD;u'Dae@ vmavmifwmyJ? 'Dae@ axmif xGuaf wG rcsed ;f bJ qkjH zpf=uw,f? axmiftpHu k ayg?h axmifxu J ta=umif;awG ajymjzpf=u w,f? jy\emu tJ'DrSmpwmbJ? axmifxGuf EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;awGrSm ordik ;f awG&w dS ,f? axmifusc&hJ wJo h rdik ;f ..../ aemuf axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_ ordik ;f ....? axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_ordik ;f [m tvGet f ajymenf;=uygw,f? =urf;wrf;vSwhJ axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_awG[m Edik if aH &;orm; wdik ;f udo k rdik ;f rSwaf usmuf wifay;vdu k w f m yg? wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH udk c%xm;OD; axmifxu J tusO;f om;awGtwGuf bmawGvyk cf v hJ ?J tJoavmuf r[kwaf wmif ud, k af ewJh wdu k /f ud, k af ewJh taqmiftwGuf bmawGvyk cf hJ ovJ? aumif;jyD....bmrSrvkyfcJhwJhvlawG&Sdw,f....? [kwfw,f....olwdk@u bmrS rvkycf b hJ ;l ? 'gayrJh....b,fo@l udrk t S aESmuft,Surf ay;cJ=h ubl;? 'gu vlwef;pm;wrsKd ;....? aemufwrsKd ;u olw@kd ud, k u f sKd ;twGuf trsm;tusKd ;udk cseif; jypfwv hJ al wG....? 110
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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ud, k t hf wGuf tusLd ;&Srd ,fq, kd if axmiftm%mydik af wGe@J pdwaf &m ud, k yf g yl;aygi;f cJ=h uwJh olawG....? aemufwrsKd ;uawmh yk*Kd~ vaf &; rke;f wD;r_a=umifh trSm;awG qufwu kd u f sL;vGef olawG? tJ'v D kd vlawGxrJ mS rS tm;vH;k tusKd ;/ tm;vH;k tcGit hf a&;twGuf OD;aqmif wdu k yf 0JG if cJ=h uolawG....? wu,fawmh....uíefawmfu OD;aqmifwu kd yf 0JG ifoal wG ta=umif; a&;csiaf jym csiw f m r[kwyf g? olw@kd uvJ 'gukd r=uLd uf=uyg? 'Dvkd *k%af z:wmrsLd ;udk r}uLd uf=u? axmif xJrmS awmif olw@kd wdu k yf aJG wGta=umif; odyrf ajym=u? *k%rf az:=u? 'gjzifh bmajymcsiw f mvJ....? jy\emu 'Dvkd axmifxu G af wGq=kH u/ axmifxu J ta=umif;awG ajym=u,if; axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f ta=umif; ajymzd@k vdak ejyv D @kd owdxm;rd=uw,f? bma=umif@vJ qdak wmh axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f rSm qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; trSm; usL;vGecf =hJ uolawGu ae&m=u;D =u;D / &mxl;=u=D u;D &vd&k ? ol&aJ umif;awG jzpfvjkd zpf....? 'gqk.d ...axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f udk ajymzd@k a&;zd@k vdak ejy?D odwo hJ al wG tm;vH;k wm0ef &Sw d ,f? wm0eft&jynfou l kd today;&awmhrmS ayg?h axmifxu G af wG 'gukd vufc=H uygw,f? 'gjzifh b,fypkH w H ifjy=urvJ? cdik v f w kH hJ oufao&d&S r,f? axmif tvdu k w f ifjyr,f? vwfwavm tajctaet& trnfemrudk csex f m;r,f? oufqikd &f m tzGŒJ tpnf; wm0ef&o dS u l kd vdsKŒ0Suf ta=umif;=um;r,f? wu,fv@kd ta&;,lr_ r&Srd o S m tJ'v D [ l m tJ'aD e&meJ @rxdu k w f efa=umif; jynfol w&yfv;kH udk today;rSmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifwGif;ordkif;udk wdkufyGJ0ifolawG tm;vHk; a&;=u....ajym=u &vdrrhf ,f? yk*Kd~ vf a&;rke;f wD;r_ ryg? ordik ;f trSeu f o kd m az:xkw=f urnf? Min Han October 29 2012 (Min Han's facebook rS
ul;,laz: jyygonf?)
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
111
112
jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; ( ABSDF) ausmif;om;wyfrawmf 24 ESpfajrmuf ae hwGif ajym}um;aom OuUX &Jabmf oHcJ . pum;
usaemfwkd h awGvnf; vli,fobm0t& 'Dae ah jymaewJh jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &; vl t h cGiahf &;wdu k yf JG twGi;f rSm twwfEikd q f ;kH ud, k pf rG ;f Om%fprG ;f &So d r# wdu k yf 0JG ifchJ w,f? vGecf w hJ hJ (24) ESpu f usaemfwkd w h awG[m ausmif;om;vli,f b0jzpfw,f? 'Dae@umvrSm jrefrmjynf&@J vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ordik ;f rSm toufti,fq;kH jzpfwhJ ausmif;om;wyfrawmfawmifrS (24)ESpf jynfch +hJ y?D 'Dvdk bma=umifh vli,fawG[m 'Dvufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;awGukd yg0ifae=uwmvJq&kd if jrefrmjynf&@J vkt d yfcsut f & yg0ifaewmjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh wnfw h nfah jym=updk q h &kd if jrefrmjynf[m +ird ;f csr;f oif+h y?D 'D+ird ;f csr;f zdk t h wGuf t"du wm0ef&w dS muawmh wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyaf ewJh tpd;k &yJ? txl;ojzifu h tu,fI jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk vkcd si&f if wu,fu h kd *k%o f u d mQ &dw S hJ usaemfwkd ch ek uajymwJh wwdik ;f jynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; rsKd ;awG vkyx f m;zdk v h w dk ,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh 'Dtypftcwf&yfpaJ &; wckwnf;eJ jh ynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; qdw k m r+y;D jynfph EkH ikd b f ;l ? jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&J@ aemufu, G rf mS Edik if aH &;jy\emawGukd aqG;aEG; tajz&SmEkid w f hJ tcif;tusi;f &Szd kd v h w kd ,f? tajymif;tvJwck[m vlwpktwGuf jzpfvdk rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJwck[m tkypf w k pktwGuf jzpfvdk rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJwck[m 112
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
113
vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;twGuf jzpfvkd rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJ[m jrefrmjynfrmS aexdik w f hJ jynfot l m;vH;k twGujf zpf&r,f? wdik ;f &if;om; jynfot l m;vH;k &J ph m;0wfaea&; vl t h cGit hf a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&; wef;wla&;awG r#wr_awG &S&d r,f? 'Dvrkd rS [kwyf eJ @J wpkxt J wGuf tajymif;tvJ jzpfae wmrsKd ;[m rw&m;bl;vkd h usaemf,q l w,f? 'ga=umifrh kd 'H aD e t h ajymif;tvJukd xyf+y;D ajym&&if tm;vH;k twGujf zpfapcsiw f ,f? 'Dae htajymif;tvJrSm tm;vHk;vkdufygEkdifwJh tcif;tusif;jzpfzdk htwGuf tpdk;&bufu pwifoifw h ,fvdk x h ifw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd .... (1) 'Dae v h yk af ewJh typftcwf&yfpaJ &;awGukd vkyw f t hJ cgrmS bmjzpfrvJq&kd if tmrcHcsu&f &dS dS wwdik ;f jynfv;kH twdik ;f twmaqmifwhJ vuQ%mrsKd ;&S&d dS vkyo f ifw h ,fvdk h usaemf,q l w,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd tiftm;pkyg0ifEidk w f hJ tcif;tusi;f jzpfzkd t h wGuf zefw;D oifw h ,f? 'DurSwqifh tm;vH;k ajyvnfEikd w f hJ Edik if aH &; aqG;aEG; tajz&Smr_awGukd vkyo f ifw h ,f? 'Dvyk if ef;pOfawGxrJ mS usaemfw@kd vli,fausmif; om;awG taeeJ v h nf; twwfEikd q f ;kH yg0if aqmif&u G o f ifw h ,fvdk h usaemfwkd h ,lqygw,f?
&JabmfoHcJJ
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
113
114
tufaq; tarwdk hnDtr
a&$au tarwd@k nDtr ta=umif;ajym&if }u;D awmfukd A[djk yKI ajym&rnfomjzpfonf? }u;D awmfonf rdom;pk armifErS tay: tawmfoaH ,mZOf}u;D onf? i,fi,futzd;k tzGg; rsm;u ajr;OD;rd@k ac:arG;xm;&mu tart&if;jzpfwhJ u|eaf wmfw@kd tzGg;udk rr[komac:onf? tart&if;rSef; rodcJh? toufudk;ESpf/ q,fESpft&G,fa&mufrS ol@atmuf armifESpf a,mufudk armif;t&if;rSef;odawmh aq;vdyfcHkrSm tuloGm;vkyf+yD; &wJhaiGeJ@ armifESpf a,mufukd rke@f 0,fau|;/ t0wftpm; 0,fay;wmutp/ *syefacwft+y;D awme,fawGrmS r+idrfroufjzpfaecsdefrdom;pkwpkvHk;udkODaqmif+yD; &efukefudkac:vmEdkif avmufatmif pGr;f cJo h nf? tarwd@k Zmwdonf &efu k ek -f rEWav; vrf;ray:wGiw f nf&+dS y;D &efuek -f armfv+rKd if vrf;cGeJ @J vnf; eD;ojzifh *syefacwfppfa=umif;us&m a'ovnf;jzpfonf? ppf+y;D acwf a&mifpkH ol y k e f r sm;acwf w G i f v nf ; ppf a b;ppf ' g%f cH & aom a'ovnf ; jzpf o nf ? tarwdk@Zmwd&Gmonf &efukefESifhae@csif;jyef c&D;aygufonf@ a'ordk@vm;rod u|eaf wmfw@kd tarh&mG udo k mG ;wdik ;f tzGg;aumif;r_@ bke;f }u;D ausmif;ESihf zGg;av;ESpaf ,muf tdro f ma&mufz;l onf? ab;ywf0ef;usif b,furkd S ra&mufjzpfc?hJ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;udk vnf; tzGg;wd@k nDtr oH;k a,mufu arG;aom trsK;d wodu k u f ykd if tukerf od? tar&J@ tazonf tari,fi,fuwnf;u qH;k yg;oGm;I tzd;k bufu trsK;d vH;k 0rodyg? wcgom tzd;k wd@k &Gmudu k ;l +y;D aqGrsK;d pyf&m t&if;tcsm wpfa,mufpESpaf ,mufp awG@cJah omfvnf; aemiftqufjywfjyefonf? tarbufu tEG,fudk tararG;csif; t&if;rsm;uvGJI usew f mawG u|eaf wmfrodwm rsm;onf? u|eaf wmf rodwmxuf u|eaf wmfw@kd rsK;d quf twGi;f b}u;D arG; aomom;orD;(11)a,mufukd }u;D pOfi,fvu kd rf odaom/ b,fEpS af ,muf 114
tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)
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