အလင္းအိမ္မဂၢဇင္း အတြဲ (၆) အမွတ္ (၂)

1

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

1

1

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

1

2

rmwdum tvif;tdrpf um;

4

uAsm tar ESif;qDwrf;csif; acwf (3) jzpfae=uyHu k aoG;uGux f u J yef;wpfcif; aumv[mvtvGr;f pdw&f @J 0wˆK wd;k wufaewJ@acwfysuf csif;wGif;ac:oH vufyefawmif;awmifocFe;f pm wyfO;D a'gi;f tvHe@J ...

okcrdefvd_if cifrrrsdK; opPmeD xGe;f 0if;+ird ;f 'DcspfrsdK; atmifbndK ppf&efvif; armifygv atmifa0; zd;k oH (vlx)k eDviG af oG; ('\edu)

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 19 20

umwGe;f atmfyu D s,/f [musLvD/ [efav;

22

Advk rf LS ;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm armfueG ;f pmrsufEmS ordik ;f wauG@rS Adv k rf ;_ csKyaf usmaf Zm oef;0if;vd_if uG,v f eG o f Al v kd cf sKyaf usmaf Zmod@k (uAsm)armifpGrf;&nf OD;wifo@kd ....(uAsm) 0if;wifhxGef; Armjynf&@J =u,feD (uAsm) &J+ird ;f uíefawmfhtdrfeD;em;csif;... zd;k oH (vlx)k

26 31 32 34 35

ordik ;f qdik &f m okw/ &o ordik ;f wauG@rS Adv k pf }um

oef;0if;vd_if

38

Edik if aH &; okw/ &o avxD;tke;f armif (od@k ) axmifEiS ahf wm r#m;eD Aef;armfwifatmifEiS hf }u;D jyif;cJah om atmifa0; 2

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

41 44

3

ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f (od@k ) +ird ;f csr;f a&; umvay:i&JacG;}u;D awG.... awmf&mrS aysmaf tmifae&w,f jynfaxmifppk pfppfru l k.d ..

Oya'onf vlwpfpk..... avab;xnfEikd if aH &; Armjynf[m pde udv k ekd eD ,fjzpf... ykyg` ;awmif}u;D jrif+yv D m;a[h qdyk gonf...odk@aomf jyifqifjcif; tEkynm trSww f & jrufx;kH }u;D yHjk yif 'Duae@ArmawG Armpma=uapzd@k

'*kew f m&m [Hom0wDO;D 0if;wif zd;k oH (vlx)k armif0Ho vGifatmifpdk; auoG,f ausm[ f ek ;f r,faiGO a'guw f m"rRy, D t&SiOf m%dubd0o H atmifAv O\mq&mtdk

51 60 65 69 74 78 82 89 93 98 103 107

Min Han

110

&JabmfoHcJ

112

a&$au

114

jroef;wifh t'D; (AOP) armifpdk;csdef

121 127 136

tdraf jrmS ifavSit f rd f (55) &ke;f xGucf &hJ aom jrefrmjynf

armifarmifvwf oef;0if;vd_if

150 155

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

tvif;tdrf rD', D m

165

acwfpum; axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f rsm; ausmif;om;wyfrawmf 24 ESpjf ynfh OuUX &JabmfocH J pum;

tufaq; tarwd@k nDtr

0wˆKwdk armifw@kd a,musmF ;awG (bmomjyef) 'kut Q ydik ;f tprsm;(2) (tcef;quf) eif;jym;

bmomjyef tcef;quf

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

3

4

tvif;tdrfpum; Armhwyfrawmfukd pwifxal xmif&mwGif yg0ifcahJ om &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if/ wdik ;f jynf ESihf vlrsKd ; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf b0ay; tepfemcH &du k sKd ;pGm OD;pD;yg0ifcahJ om/ +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk tajccHum jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk aqmif&u G cf ahJ om/ Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwD A[dak umf rwD0if Adv k rf ;_ csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zm (1919 - 2012) uG,v f eG t f edpP a&muf&o dS mG ;jcif; twGuf tvif;tdrfrS rdom;pkESifhtwl 0rf;enf;a=uuGJrdum/ wefzdk;rjzwfEdkifaom wdik ;f jynf&wem wpfyg;tjzpf vGepf mG ESajrmwordv#uf armfueG ;f xd;k *k%jf yKtyfygonf? vlrsKd ;wpfrsKd ;rSwpfrsKd ;/ vlwpfprk S tjcm;wpfpu k /kd t"rREikd x f ufp;D eif; t=urf;zuf ,kwfrmpGm usifh}uH+yD;/ zdESdyfacgif;yHkjzwf uíefjyKr_udk vGwfvyfr_/ vGwfajrmufr_twGuf uíefawmfw@kd bd;k bGm;bDbifawG b0awG toufay; wGe;f vSew f u kd yf 0JG ifc=hJ uw,f? enf;vrf; aygi;f rsKd ;pHEk iS hf wdu k yf 0JG if=u&mrS 1948 ckEpS f ZEM0g&v D (4) &ufae@rSm wpfEikd if v H ;kH vGwv f yfa&; &&Scd yhJ gw,f? uíEfyk w f @kd &&Scd w hJ hJ vGwv f yfa&;[m jrefrmEdik if t H wGi;f rSm rSw D if;aexdik =f u ukeaf om wdik ;f &if;om; nDtudk armifErS rsm; tygt0if jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH &J@ vGwv f yfa&; jzpfw,f? +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wef;wla&;/ om,m0ajyma&; pwmawGukd ud, k pf m;jyKaz:aqmifwhJ vGwv f yfa&;jzpfw,f? od@k ayr,fh vufawG@vl@abmifb0rSm 'gawG qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h w,f? txl;ojzifh 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae@rSm t"rRvrd n f m tm%modr;f +y;D tkycf sKycf w hJ hJ ppftm%m&Sif vufatmufrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&;/ wef;wla&;/ om,m0ajyma&; qdw k mawG aysmufu, G f qdwo f Ok ;f cJ&h w,f? vdrn f m+y;D acgi;f yHjk zwfum csKycf s,v f #uf ud, k u f sKd ; pD;yGm;om a&S@wef;wif jyKvyk cf =hJ uwJh vlwpfpo k m tvGet f rif; }u;D yGm;csr;f omcJ=h uw,f? trsm;pkjzpfwhJ jynfov l x l [ k m edru hf s/ qif;&JraJG wcJw h ,f? tusiphf m&dwaW wG ysupf ;D um twW0g'aD wG }u;D pd;k cJw h ,f? ESpaf ygi;f (50) ausmf }u;D pd;k tkycf sKy/f acgi;f yHjk zwf ud, k u f sKd ;&SmcJh r_awGa=umifh Edik if eH @J vlrsKd ;[m pD;yGm;a&;/ vlra_ &;/ ,Ofaus;r_/ Edik if aH &; pwmawG tzufzufrS tedru fh sq;kH edru hf sc+hJ y;D ysupf ;D cJw h ,fqw kd m jrefrmhordik ;f pmrsuEf mS trSeyf if jzpfw,f?

EGm;uGv J #if usm;udu k o f nf[k tqd&k o dS nf? usm;onf EGm;awGurJG u _ kd t+raJ pmifh =unft h vd&k adS eonf? zefw;D vkyaf qmifwwfonf? jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f rSm rSw D if;aexdik =f uaom wdik ;f &if;om;rsm;tygt0if jynfov l x l u k kd trsKd ;rsKd ; tuGu J t JG jym;jym;jzpfatmif tusKd ;pD;yGm; vm'fx;kd aoG;cGrJ j_ yKum/ vdt k yfv#if vdt k yfovdt k oH;k jyKaom Oya'rsm;jzifh t"rRtyk cf sKyf cJ&h mwGif tkycf sKyo f l vlwef;pm;ESihf xdo k w l @kd vufa0cH vlwpfcsKd @om tqrwef }u;D yGm; csrf;omv#uf jynfolwdk@rSm qif;&JwGif;euf+yD; edrfhusum o,HZmwaygºu,fvSaom jrefrmjynfrmS o,HZmwrsm; ukeo f avmuf ysupf ;D qH;k &H;_ cJ&h w,f? qH;k &H;_ aeqJjzpfw,f?

4

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

5

,cktcsed w f iG f ppf,el aD zmif;cíwfum t&yf0wftpd;k [kqakd om OD;ode;f pdef tpd;k & vufxufwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H nf jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;udk az:aqmifaeonf[q k . kd ? rsm;aom tm;jzifh tzufzufrS t&ifuxuf vGwv f yfvmygonf qdak omfjim;vnf;/ xde;f csKy/f xdecf sef aer_rsm;u tajrmuftrsm;&Sad eygw,f? b,foal oao iawrm&if+y;D a&m pdw"f gwjf zifh twif;t"rR csrSwftaumiftxnf az:cJhaom tkyfcsKyfol tusdK;jyK/ jynfoltusdK;rJh pDru H ed ;f rsm;um; vkyaf qmifv#u&f ydS gw,f? rw&m; Oya'rJh &rf;um; vkyaf qmifaer_rsm;u tEH@S tjym; jzpfay:aejcif;a=umifh usL;ausmf &rf;um;r_rsm; jzpfay:aeygw,f? ,cktcgrmS pD;yGg;a&;ydwq f @kd r_ zGiahf y;vdu k jf cif;twGuf Edik if w H umrS &if;ES;D jrKS yEf rHS r_ sm; tultnDrsm;onf acgi;f pOfaygi;f ajrmufrsm;pGmjzifh tvH;k t&if; 0ifa&mufvmae+yjD zpfw,f? uln=D u&mrSmvnf; wpfEikd if v H ;kH jynfov l x l t k aygi;f rSm 'kut Q wdjzifh vH+k cKH uif;rJrh _ &Sad ejcif;udk wpfEikd if v H ;kH +cKH I wajy;nD wef;wlnrD # uln=D uzd@k wdu k w f eG ;f vd+k y;D / &if;ES;D jrKS wEf rHS r_ sm;udv k nf; &d;k om;pGm vkyu f ikd =f uzd@k Ed;_ aqmfvykd gw,f? vufeufuikd f tzG@J wpfz@JG . ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm }u;D pd;k cs,v f , S /f tkycf sKyrf a_ tmufwiG f jrefrmEdik if o H m;wdik ;f 'kuyQ ifv,fa0um tzufzufrS edru hf s v#u&f adS eygw,f? Tonfukd tm;vH;k rarh=uuke?f tvif;tdr&f @J oabmxm; qEN&if;rSm xdo k @kd vufeufuikd f tzG@J tpnf;wpfc. k t"rRtyk cf sKyrf a_ tmufrmS tzufzufrS edru hf sysupf ;D aeaom jrefrmEdik if u H kd tppftrSef jyKjyif ajymif;vJypf&ef/ ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm tkycf sKycf s,v f , S cf ahJ om ppfwyfrS tkycf sKyaf er_ukd tqH;k owf &efyifjzpfonf? ppfwyf xm0& tm%mwnf+raJ &;twGuf a&;qGx J m;aom 2008 ckEpS f t"rR tajccHOya'udk zsuo f rd ;f +y;D jynfov l x l w k pf&yfv;kH ud, k pf m;jyKaom Oya'topf jyefvnf a&;qG&J efjzpfonf? xdt k cg vGwaf jrmufr_ tppftrSejf zifh uíEfyk w f @kd bd;k bGm;bDbifrsm; ar#mrf eS ;f cJah om/ uíEfyk w f @kd tygt0if aemifvmaemufom;rsm; cHpm;=u&rJh vGwv f yfa&;ppfppfukd &&Srd nf jzpf+y;D urBmt h v,frmS *k%o f u d mQ &Sd Edik if aH wmftjzpf ay:ayguv f mrSm jzpfygw,f? tm%m&Sipf epfreS o f r# usq;kH ap&rnf? tvif;tdrf &Jabmfrsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

5

6

tar tarudk zGŒJ qdzk @kd om; p=um0Vm}u;D xJukd xGucf @J w,f? t}u;D rm;qH;k tawmufyqH;k =u,fwcH eG }f u;D awGu om;udk oem;=uw,f....?

awmtky}f u;D awG awmifwef;}u;D awG aumif;uif/ ajrjyif urBmwpfciG v f ;kH tar@*k%t f vuFm crf;em;jcif; cdkif;Ed_if;avmufp&m euf¶_dif;jcif; om; yifv,f}u;D awGu bmwpfcrk sS rawGŒcJ@ygvm;....? om;twGuf 0rf;enf;ae=uw,f....? tar tar at;at;jrjr tar jynfjh ynf0h 0 tJ'aD vmuf vrif;}u;D uvnf; ajcmufajcmufuyfuyf om;twGuf oHo&m}u;D xJrmS u¶k%moufae&Sm&JŒ....? om;udk xm;cJ@+yv D m;....?

okcrdefv_di f (jrm;ewfarmif/ 1997 'DZifbm rS)

6

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

7

ESif;qDwrf;csif; ESif;qDwyGifh aºuGomG ;w,f/ yef;cif;xJrSmawmh ESif;qDzl;iHkawG useaf eqJ? ESif;qDwcif; ysuo f mG ;w,f/ ESif;qDcif;awGu ae&mtESŒH &Sad eqJ? uJ - rdwaf qGwŒkd a&/ ESi;f qDrsKd ;wke;f +yv D Œkd b,foal jym&JovJ?

cifrrrsdK; (24/ 9/ 2012) (a=uGvGifhcJhaom ESif;qDeDwyGifhodkΠ) (cifrrrsdK; azhpfbkwfrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

7

8

acwf (3) "vGwv f yf+yD vGwv f yf+yD wkd ah wG vGwv f yf+yD".... tJ'o D cD si;f "mwf+ym; rSKd wufaewm =um+yv D m;? vlawG&J t h odw&m;[m.... " 'Dru dk a&pD aemufraS y;yg vSsypf pfr;D t&ifay;yg " wJh ( qEN+yyGw J pfcrk S aumufEKS wcf su)f ? bk&m;w˜rd.... &Gu J ek o f nfawG&@J t=um; a&Gzvm;&J ah &S ah &;[m rawG;awm0hpH &m ?

opPmeD ( EG,feDr*~Zif; wGJ²21/ trSwf²4/ pufwifbm 2012 rS)

8

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

9

jzpfae}uyHku "a[h ...a[h bmawGvyk af e=ujyef+yv D J bD;awGaemufjyefvnfuek rf jS zifh..."

'Dvkd pum;oHawG vSsaH eawmh?

a&Smifae at;at;aq;aq;ae t=urf;rzufe@J oluqdak yr,fh ud, k u f rwd;k eJ@?

Am;a'gb h &ufu f vdq k ENukd nnf;&SmowJ?h pdwt csKyfwnf;yg/ "tarSmifacwf}u;D xJrmS wHcg;awGudk rsuaf rSmifr=uKww f o hJ [ l m pum;awGe@J zGi=hf u hf mawmhr,fyh ?kH acwf&@J 'kuaQ wGukd bk&m;awGyg yGiv rcHpm;wwfv@kd " wJ?h pdwaf wGukd "cspfoleJ@cspfwJhtcgawmifrS a&avmif;aygif;oifyg?

OyuQmpdwef @J twdwaf wGukd f vdt k & +z;D vdr;f =uyg? w0ufyJcspfEdkifcJhowJh" pdwt rcHcsifpdwfawGeJ@ ynmacwfu nDav;a& taygif;toif;rvkyfeJ@? taemufaveJ@vGiv hf mwJh taygpm;usrf;*efawGu a=uuGpJ &mcHpm;r_awGe@J wreufc*H gxmawGe@J rdwrf zG@J eJ@? kd yfcsuaf wGukd igw@kd acwfukd r&Srd jzpfvt k m;+y;D ref;=ur_w=f uayg?h reufjzefobufcg csed ;f qdx rkew f ikd ;f udk oif;owfcw hJ m aumif;uifu=u,fawGawmif aysmzh wfaeav&J@?

xGef;0if;+idrf; (ra[oD28 ESpjf ynfh trSww f & pmtkyrf )S tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

9

10

aoG;uGufxJu yef;wcif;

yv†iaf y:u "g;wvuf / bufeufeJ h ppfbed yf / ap;uyfaewJh aoG;uGuaf wGeJ h 62 ckEpS &f @J Zmwfvrf; / yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ? zufqpfvufopf r²q²v acwf / wdu k yf kH topfeJ h qd&k , S v f pfvkd h aºuG;a=umf ykwo f ifawGomaysmw f hJ 74 &J@Zmwfvrf;vnf; yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ? tm%meJ h vufeuf &ufpuf+cif;eJ ah oG;uGuf 88 &J@t+zpftysuf rarh&ufeikd w f hJ awmfveS rf _ / &ufpuf+cif;&J@ aoG;nDS eH h oif;ys@H wJh yef;cif;vrf;r[kwf ?

ppfbv D ;l awG&hJ 18 &uf pufwifbm umuDa&mif tkww f w H ikd ;f &mZ0if&ikd ;f om yef;cif;vrf; r[kwyf g ? ol&aJ umif;awG&hJ aoG;pufawGeJ h &Sio f ef0if;vuf yef;wcif;twGuf rsKd ;wqufrS wquf ay;qyfvsS uyf if &Sad o;w,f ?

'DcspfrsdK; 5/ 9/ 1989 (D Chit Myo Facebook rS) 10

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

11

aumv[vtvGrf;

*smr%DrmS [pfwvmr&Sad wmhb;l ? tDwvDrmS rlqv dk edk rD &Sad wmhb;l ? tD&wfrmS quf'rf[pl ed rf &Sad wmhb;l ? vpfAsm;rSm u'gzrD &Sad wmhb;l ? vGr;f p&maumif;vku d w f m 'DtvGr;f awGu aumv[vr[kwyf gb;l aemufq&dk if urBmay:rSm tm%m&Siq f w dk m 'kid Ef adk qmawG rsK;d wk;H oGm;ovkd rsK;d wk;H aysmufu, G o f mG ;rSmyg tcsp&f ,f ....?

atmifbndK (EG,feDr*~Zif; wGJ 21/ trSwf 4/pufwifbm 2012rS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

11

12

pdwf&J h0wˆK

[kwrf [kwaf wmhrod ar#mv f ifch suv f t kd ifu, kd pf eD J h tdrrf ufawGut kd &nfazsmf w0ke;f xd;k armhaomufvu kd (f csi)f =u wzufurf;oGm;zdk h avSapmifo h l a&crf;atmifapmifo h l avomt&yfrmS aecsio f v l kd a&pD;omwJu h rf;ajcrSm rkew f ikd ;f qdw k marhae=u/ rSe;f q=unfh awG;=unfh ajy;r=unfheJ htHk; yef;yGiahf wGvw G v f yfpmG yGifha0qmcGifh&jyDvm;? iSuu f av;awGab;uif;pGm ysHoef;Edkif(ae)+yDvm; j'yfrhJ j'yf&adS wGvnf; vGwv f yfpmG aexdik cf iG &hf jyv D m;

pk&;kH pk&;kH eJ o h al wGvnf; yef;wdik o f kd q h EN vGwv f yfpmG cif;usi;f cGi&hf jyv D m; pdwrf ygbeJ J ph u kd w f o hJ pfyif a&rSerf eS rf aS vmif;&J v h m; bmbJajymajym b0qdw k m &Sio f efjcif;eJ ah oqH;k jcif;ygyJ te,fxdkifaewJha&jyif 0J*,ufxoGm;wmeJ h urBm}u;D ajymif;awmhr,ft h wdik ;f topfawGopfzkd h ta[mif;udv k w $ yf pf=u&r,f 'gayr,fh topfawGa[mif;roGm;atmif xdef;odrf;yg wm0efausyg?

ppf&efvif; 12

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

13

wdk;wufaewJh acwfysuf tjzpftysuaf wGu "m;oGm;ay:u ysm;&nfpufo¾mef csKd rvdv k [ kd efyefe@J cg;oufoufEikd v f eG ;f w,f? b,fo@l tusKd ;twGuq f v kd m; qDref;ref;ovdek ŒJ yg;pyfzsm;u rcspwrf; ajcuef+y;D ajymae=uwke;f ajr&Sipf epfu wjznf;jznf;qef;opfvmw,f c¶dek w D pku npfoxufnpfvmw,f ausmrGaJ wGtjzpfu epfoxufepfvmw,f?

tajymif;tvJacwf}u;D xJrmS rS ae@w"l0 tom;usaewJh umvay:aw;oGm;wyk'v f kd tb²²² tb²²² ac:oHawGu r¶d;k Edik w f hJ yHjk yifwyk'u f kd qkyu f ikd x f m;aeovdv k ²kd ²²² ikww f w k x f ikd f bk&m;xl;pH arGcx H u kd =f uapayg²h ²²²? +idrf;csrf;a&;wJhvm;²²²² aoewfajymif;0u ,rf;aiGŒawG=um; 'kuo Q nfawGtjzpf toGiaf jymif;oGm;=uw,f tavmif;awG=um;u csKd ;iSuaf v;vnf; rmefwif;ys&H if; tawmifanmif;&Smayg²h ²²²?

vlraJG wG&ŒJ xGu&f yfvrf; wJ²h ²² rSe;f csuu f vGw J mvm; ESr;f xGuu f enf;wmvm; c¶ktqHuíwfaewJh tvkyo f rm; v,form;xk [dpk pk k 'Dppk ek @J tjzpftysuaf wGukd vrf;ay:xGuf &yfae=uayg²h ²²? wd;k wufw,fv@kd }uKd &rvm;²²² acwfysuw f ,fv@kd id&k rvm;²²²?

?

armifygv 15 / 10 /2012 (armifygv azhpfbkwfrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

13

14

csif;wGif;a c: oH

tdk..csif;wGif; oifhjrif;awG jyif;jyif;pD;qif;ygp? [d;k awmif¶ikd ;f ay:u 'kef;pdkif;csvm uAsmawG/ rkew f ikd ;f awG 'g igw@kd &JŒ t¶dkif;ac:oHawG oif&h ŒJ jrif;awGvnf;jzpf&ŒJ ? csif;wGif;&JŒ igu uAsmq&mqdak wmh ig t&ifq;Hk wD;cwf&r,fh Ako H u H igh uAsmq&mawG&ŒJ &iftyHk ?J vl,Ofaus;awGu cspfjcif;arwWmudk wa,may:wif=uowJh igwkd t h ¶dik ;f tpdik ;f awGuawmh AkHay:wif=uoaygh? rm,maumhzpf uD;&JŒ oif&h J u h Asm[m igw@kd &JŒuAsmygy?J 14

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

a[m'DrmS igw;D cwfvu kd rf ,f ov†m0wDAo kH ?H tmz&duefAo kH v H n kd rH ,f ov†m0wDAo kH ?H csi;f wGi;f &J h 'DajrrSm 'DuAsmq&mawG acwfwpfacwfxal xmifc=hJ u? ysOf;rem; awmifil ov†m 'DuAsmacwfawG b,fojl iif;rvJ? armifoif;cdik w f kd u h vnf; armifoif;cdik w f kd yh sO;f rem;? armiferD eG w f kd u h vnf; armiferD eG w f kd ah wmifi?l tawmifyw H w l ihJ u S af wG twlwuGtyk pf zk JG yh so H ef;cJ=h u?

15

&ifckefoH&Jabmf&Jbuf tvHawmfwpfcw k nf;atmufrmS pkpnf;cJ=h u? acwf+ydKifxJrSm armifwifZh ifwkd u h vnf; armifwifZh ifwkd o h v†mayg ?h tdk uG,v f eG af v+y;D aom ov†myef;yGirhf sm; tdk csi;f wGi;f jrpf0rS ;f om;rsm; w&m;vnf;apmifch =hJ u jrmS ;vnf;ajzmifch =hJ u? wpfcgwek ;f u yck;H xrf;vnf;nDc=hJ u a[m'D a&=unfjrjr csi;f wGi;f ckawmh ckawmh ae hcsif;ncsif; aoG;csif;csif;eDygayg hvm;? tdk ov†majr uAsmol&aJ umif;awG&J h "vufyaH wmif;"awmifajc t&d;k wGeo f aH wG=um;ygp?

'DawmifajcrSm anmifyif}u;D awGuvnf; udik ;f idu k , f o kd ;D rsu&f nfp;D usw,f?

vufyHawmif;ygazmrifhrSm bk&ifah emifvm+y;D rsu&f nf awGawGus&mS w,f? aemufqw k &f efcsex f m;wJh wHwm;udk rD;&SKd yh pf&o J o l m ol&aJ umif;yDooljzpfw,f? igwkd h azmifzsucf =hJ uw,f? ckawmh 'Dcsi;f wGi;f jrpfvnf;r0Sr;f awmifvnf;r0Sr;f r+ird ;f csr;f ygvm;? tdk csi;f wGi;f &J h wpfcsdefu O=owpfceG ;f / ,ifwpfZeG ;f csdK+rdefvGef;cJhwJh oif&h J ah jAmoHaw;awG cg;oD;aeygayg v h m;? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

15

16

q&mOD;tHah rmif vmyg q&maZmfaZmfatmif vmyg vufyaH wmif;'g%&f m usaemfwkd u h pk m;&r,f? wpfnwke;f u bkwvif ocFs Kd i;f u q&mOD;ode;f azjrift h w k *f rl mS "pHy,fawmif"[m va&mift&$o J m; xifa,mif0;kd w0g;eJ h olbma=umifq h ;Hk yg;cJ&h w,fqw kd m id, k w kd ikd w f nf&mS owJ?h rae w h ek ;f uvnf; tjrif+h rKd u h av;u OD;ndKjrewfueG ;f awm ae0if&w D a,mrSm aomutaxmiftaomif;eJ h vufyHawmif;awmifcrsm ol u h u kd ,fwifygzkd t h a=umif; OD;ndKjrudk awmif;yef&mS owJ?h igwkd [ h m uAsmq&mawGyJ ordik ;f q&m rvkyEf ikd w f t hJ vkyf uAsmq&muvkyEf ikd w f ,f? rif;aqGEpS f vmyg =unfaZmfat; vmyg vufyaH wmif;'g%&f m igwkd u h pk m;=ur,f?

16

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

Zdtkefawmif um;pifay:u y&drk ;D oD;,yfpf tonf;ESv;Hk udk vif;,keif u S u f xd;k qGovd?k tdk csi;f wGi;f &J h vufyHawmif;awmifay:u wdk t h onf;ESv;Hk awG e*g;wpfaumifu xd;k qGaeygvm;? w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm/ ,dik , f ikd ?f jrm;rd;k &Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm/ +zdKif+zdKif? vufyaH wmif;u wdu k yf pJG avmh b0onf csi;f wGi;f csi;f wGi;f onf b0? roGJ o h JG 0h if;&J h wdk ch si;f wGi;f a& eDw,fqw kd m aoG;ueDwm? csi;f wGi;f a& =unfw,fqw kd m aoG;u=unfwm?

17

csif;wGif;a&=unf apG;apG;eD {&m0wDeJ ah ygi;f vufyaH wmif;rSm &efuek rf mS ppfarmif;[nf;jrnf "yGw J u kd f" yJ&adS wmhowJ?h wyf}u;D csaD vmh? b,fawmhrS rpkeaf veJ h tdk csi;f wGi;f iJ?h oHviG f ppfawmif; &Jabmfaumif;wdk h &efukefcrsm wyfaygif;pkzGJ h wpfae w h pfae h jrm;OD;vSnahf vmh? pme,fZif;&Sif;vif;yGJ jrpfaygif;wpfaxmif owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGJ awmifaygif;wpfaomif; aphpyfyGJ/ aqG;aEG;yGJ yef;aygif;wpf&m bmyGJ nmyGJ [d;k rSm tem*wf? 'l;axmufy/JG tnHch yH JG yGaJ wGyJ wdu k af eawmh tdk csi;f wGi;f "yGw J u kd f" wJ&h efuek af yg ?h oif&h J o h cD si;f awG rdk;,HcGif;ap? tdk csi;f wGi;f iJh b,fawmhrS rpkeaf veJ ?h tdk csi;f wGi;f a&mif;&if;iJh &efuek rf mS qef&if;om pG,pf aHk usmx f ifawGuvnf;rsm;? pD;qif;&pfygawmh? csif;wGif;a& b,fawmhrS ud, k v hf rf;om ud, k o f mG ;ygawmh? rpkev f u kd yf geJ h tdk aoG;aomuf&J h ,k=H unf&if &efuek rf mS pHy,fawmifvnf; "wdu k yf "JG r&Sad wmh? toufjyef&iS v f mr,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

17

18

}uH }h uH ch yH g aยนrGreS &f if wGi;f 0ifajzmifrh ,f? w&m;apmif&h if jrm;vnf;ajzmifrh ,f? w&kwv f monf ,dik , f ikd af vm/ ,dik , f ikd ?f jrm;rd;k &Gmonf +zdKif+zdKifavm/ +zdKif+zdKif? a[m'Dawmifajc t&d;k wGeo f aH wG=um; ,kv H m;/ ,kv H m; e*g;udk *VKeo f w k rf ,f? tdk ..csif;wGif; wdu k &f if;om ao=updk h ArmyDyD ArmhaoG;udk jy=updk ?h

atmifa0; atmufwbdk m 22/ 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

18

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

19

vufyef;awmif;awmifocFef;pm vufyef;awmif;awmift&yfqu D vufcarmif; azmifazmifcwfo=H um;awmh ajyaumif;atmif}urH ,fh om;awGvmy[ a¶Ga'gif;armifysHEdkifygayghvm;vdk@ taracgi;f axmif vnfwq H ef@=unf+h y;D =uufo;D rsm;awmif jzef;jzef;xrdw,f? ov†majr awmifajcbufrmS u q&mpHawG axmifcsx D u G v f m=uord@k ArmEdik if H a&mifejD yuf+yu D v G @kd atmifpnfEu S o f u H kd =um;a,mifrw d u hJ m om;armiftrd arysKd w@kd [m oajyndKa¶$bdkyef;udk }udK¶Smcl;+yD; ydpk wmezl;pnf;awGukd jyif=uouG,f kd a&pD trdu k af rSmifusaewJah cwfrmS (td)k qdpk &m txl;pmvH;k }u;D awGe@J wifjyr[,f? 'Dru c¶dek aD wG ajymifuspmG npfae=uwmudk f m;vd@k rjzpfb;l cspw f ;D xufq;kd wJh jzpfaeusvkd v$wx ppfbv D ;l obuf olc;kd awGu tjrpfajrusrS tzsm;xif;jzpfr,f bd;k tarG bGm;tarG ajrrsm;udk csi;f wGi;f e,f ocFe;f pmu l m;jy&if &efo"l m;cs&owJh wjynfom; vufx;kd tyf&mrSm jynfot ¶dk;reJ@{&m0wDawmifrcsefbl; =um;=um;orSs a0ae,sm &OD;r,fqv kd @kd uawmh ajy¶GmwumrSm usKd ;pm;=uygp@kd kd yf JG ('if;wd@k uav) bezl;wnfw h nfrh mS bd;k bGm;wd@k twGuf 'Dwu "m;qG w J ef q / J G tm;cJ w ef c=J ur,f ,rf;bDv;l awGxnfx h nf+h y;D ajr}u;D wkeaf tmifc=JG uw,f vmcJh... iH@k cHaer,fxifovm;? &Joal wGrif;jzpfapom;?

zdk;oH(vlxk) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

19

20

wyfOD;a'gif;tvHeJ hvGwfajrmufa&;

OD;r!$ww f hJ cGyaf 'gi;f awG {&m0wD e'Djrpfa=umif; ppfarmif;oHcsD ukv d edk aD cwf zufqpfro S nf ppftm%m&Sipf epftqk;H igwkd@yckH;ay:wGef;wifcJhvkd@ jrefrmhorkid ;f &mZ0ifrmS ukdatmifqef;qkdwJhtrnfemr ukad tmifausmef @J ukAd [de;f qkw d t hJ rnfemr orkid ;f vScw hJ m jzpfw,f? &mZ0ifopf &Spaf v;vk;H aoG;zkH;ndKnpf ausmif;vrf;rawGxufu

20

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

eDaoG;nDnw G f cGyv f ufcíefjr wyfOD;uae a'gif;cGyfacs+yD {&mjrpfa&&JjreD tpOftvmtwkdif; orkid ;f opPmwnfc?hJ wyfOD;a'gif;tvH ausmif;eH&HeJ@pmoifcef;rS oHviG ¶f ;dk r rk;d rceJ@ jr&mawmqD cGyaf 'gi;f a&SŒrSm=u,few D yf ausmif;om;wyfrawmftrnfe@J r+y;D qk;H ao;aom 'Dru dk a&pDa&; aoG;eJ@a&;cJh=uaygh?

21

rkd;rc ¶k;d r jr&myif oHviG f aomif&if; csif;wGif;jrpfa=umif; aygif;avmif; a'gif;cGif wku d yf 0JG ifo&l aJ umif;rsm;? wku d yf =JG um;u ausmif;om;vuf toufupdk eG @f r&GŒH ra=umuf razgurf jyef opPmrSecf hJ jynfo@l awmfveS af &; toufe@J paw;cJ=h u tnw&&mZ0if ol&aJ umif;wk@d uAŠn;f wif&m ¶k;d rwcGio f ufaownfv@dk ?

wyfOD;ol&Jaumif; ausmif;om;ppfonf &Jabmf=unfqef; &Jabmfqef;vif; &J&ihw f o hJ wif; csif;csif;eDarmif; wyfO;D uol&aJ umif;awG axmifaomif;ru&Scd w hJ ,f? {&m0wD 'kÏ0wDjrpf &pfacGpD;qif; oHviG f aomif&if; csi;f wGi;f ppfawmif; cGyfa'gif;vufjzihf toihef m;ukpd iG yfh gv@JS ? tkd;a0wGefoH rk;d vk;H nHvrd fh a'gi;f wrefrsm;ysv H mrnf?

eDvGi faoG; ('\edu) 11 / 1 / 2012 =umomyaw;ae@ (ausmif;om;wyfrawmf (24) ESpfajrmuf ESpfywfvnfae@ESihf acwftqufquf ausmif;om; vli,fol&Jaumif;rsm;ukd OD;!$wf*k%fjyKygonf) (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

21

22

umwGef;

22

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

23

umwGef;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

23

24

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm armfuGef;pmrsufESm

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZm 1919 - 2012 24

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

25

rsufESm AkdvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm uG,fvGefjcif;twGuf 0rf;enf;a}uuGJrSK rSwfwrf; Armhwyfrawmfudk pwifwnfaxmif&mwGif yg0ifcahJ om &Jabmfo;Hk udsy0f if / wdik ;f +ynfEiS v hf rl sK;d vGwv f yfa&; ESihf vGwaf +rmufa&; twGuf rw&m;rSKrSeo f r#udk wGe;f vSeaf wmfveS &f mwGif a&S@wef;rSyg0ifcahJ om / +idr;f csr;f a&;vrf;pOfuidk pf v JG suf +ynfwiG ;f +idr;f csr;f a&;ukad z:aqmif=udK;yrf;cJah om / Arm+ynfueG +f rLepfygwD A[kad umfrwD0if Akv d rf LS ;csKyfa[mif; ausmaf Zm ( 1919 - 2012 ) uG,v f eG +f cif; twGuf rdom;pkEiS t hf wl txl;0rf;enf;a=uuGrJ ad =umif; ESihf wkid ;f +ynftwGuf wefz;dk r+zwfEidk af om qk;H &SK;H rSKwck +zpfa=umif; rSww f rf;wif armfueG ;f xk;d *g&0 +yKtyfygonf?

tvif;tdrf&Jabmfrsm;

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

25

26

ordkif;wauGŒrS &JabmfoHk;usdyf0if AdkvfrSL;csKyfausmfaZm

oef;0if;vd_i f &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;teuf ,ae@wdik o f uf&x dS if&mS ;&Sad eaom &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if (2) OD;rSm Adv k rf LS ;&JxGÉfEiS hf Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmwd@k jzpfonf?

Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf usmaf Zm. trnf&if;rSm udak &$jzpfonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; jzpf=u onfh udx k eG ;f &Sed f (Adv k &f efEikd )f / udv k aS rmif (Adv k af Z,s)/ udv k (S Adv k rf if;a&mif) wd@k uJo h @kd udak &$ onf ausmif;om;tzGJŒrSjzpfonf? ausmif;om;tzGJŒqdkaomfvnf; pifppf ,if;wdk@onf q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f . wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k =oZmcHrsm;om jzpf=uonf? udak &$onf *syefppfynmoifwef;wufpOfu *syef trnfrmS "wmeD*ck s&d iS t f cd sD" (Taniguchi Shinichi) jzpfonf? xdik ;f Ekid if H befaumuf+rKd ŒwGif Adv k t f rnfc, H &l mwGif Adv k af usmaf Zmjzpf vmonf?

Adv k af usmaf Zmudk om,m0wDc&dik f oH;k q,f+rKd Πqdik ;f pk&mG wGif 1919 ckEpS f 'DZifbmv 3 &uf (ausmf+idrf;. &JabmfoHk;usdyf pmtkyfpm rsufESm 139 Y 1918 Edk0ifbm 30 &uf[lI az:jyxm;onf?) Y tzv,form;}u;D OD;yef;/ trda':wifw@kd rS zGm;jrifco hJ nf? arG;csi;f 6 a,mufteuf 'kw, d ajrmufom;jzpfonf?

26

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

27

i,fpOfu oHk;q,f+rdKŒESifh qdkif;pk&Gmt=um;&Sd &Gmr&Gm jrefrmrlvwef;ausmif;/ anmif0ikd ;f rlvwef;ausmif;/ oH;k q,f+rKd Œtm&fpt D rf ausmif;wd@k wGif ynmoif=um;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf &efukefodk@ajymif;a&$Œ I &efukef+rdKŒ jrLeDpDy,ftxufwef;ausmif;rS jrefrm (10)wef;atmifjrifcJhonf? [dkuf,m;*&dwfac: q&mjzpfoifwef;wufaeqJrSmyif ausmif;om;or*~ twGif;a&;rSL;vkyfcJhonf? 1938 wwd,ausmif;om;oydwfwGif udka&$wdk@. q&mjzpfoifausmif;rS ausmif;om;rsm;u twGif;0efrsm; ¶Hk;0ifayguf/ xGuaf ygurf sm; ydwI f oydww f m;cJ=h uonf? ,if;aemuf oH;k q,f+rKd Œod@k jyefI rlvwef;jy q&m0ifvyk cf o hJ nf? om,m0wDwGif wdk@Armtpnf;t&Hk;0if ocifrsm;vma&mufa[majympOf ocifcifatmifEiS hf awGŒqH&k if;ES;D +y;D udak &$ukd pifay:wif ay;ojzifh pwifa[majymjzpfco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf &efuek o f @kd jyefvmum q&mr}u;D a':rrxHwiG f t*Fvyd pf moif,cl o hJ nf? 1941 ckEpS f {+yw D iG f ppf&aJ bmfavhusiahf &;wm0efcu H ! kd Kd EiS ahf wGŒqH+k y;D t*Fvyd u f w kd u kd &f ef *syefo@kd ppfynmoifomG ;rnfh rsK;d cspv f il ,frsm;ESihf twlvu kd &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f onft h wGuf ocifjrESihf qufo, G +f y;D *syefo@kd ppfynmoif&ef apv$wo f nf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 'kw, d tokwjf zpfaom ocifp;kd (Adv k jf rifah tmif)/ ocifapmvGif (Adv k rf if;acgi)f / ocifoef;wif-2 (Adv k jf r'if)/ udak tmifoed ;f (Adv k &f x J GÉf)/ ocifxGef;a&$ (Adv k v f if; ,ke)f wd@k ESit hf wl udik ¶f rd_ m¶l; (Kaisho Maru) oabFmjzifh jrefrmEdik if rH S 1941 {+yD 13 wGif xGucf mG cJo h nf? 1941 {+yD (28) wGif *syefEikd if H tdq k mum+rKd Œod@k a&muf&cdS +hJ y;D xdrk w S qifh wdu k sK+d rKd Œod@k av,mOfjzifh xGucf mG cJo h nf? wdu k sKrd w S qifh [dik ef efusG e;f od@k 1941 ar (10) wGif a&muf&SdcJhonf? [dkifeefusGef;wGif zGifhvSpfxm;aom pef;, ppfynm oifausmif;ESihf xdik 0f rfuíef;wd@k wGif wdu k cf u kd af &;oifwef;rsm; wufa&mufco hJ nf? xd@k aemuf 1941 'DZifbm 26 wGif xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Œ&Sd jrefrmvlrsK;d rsupf u d k q&m0ef}u;D OD;xGe;f az aetdrYf &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; vufarmif;aoG;azmufum opPm t"dÏmefjyK&mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? ,ifaemuf &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm; Adv k t f rnfc, H &l m Adv k f ausmaf Zm jzpfvmonf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f ifrsm;. Adv k b f ŒJG rsm;udk q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfri_d ;f urSnahf y;cJo h nf[k qdo k nf?

1942 Zefe0g&D 11 wGif Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtikd af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS hf armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif;jzifh jrefrmEdik if w H iG ;f csw D ufI +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ wd@k udk wdu k cf u kd cf o hJ nf?

1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudzk suo f rd ;f I ArmhumuG,af &;wyfrawmf(bD'aD t) jyef vnf zGŒJ pnf;aomtcg Adv k }f u;D tqifjh zifh wm0efxrf;aqmifco hJ nf? 1944 =o*kwf 4 rS 7 xd yJc;l +rKd Œ Armhwyfrawmf pHjywyf&if;&Sd Adv k af usmaf Zm aetdrw f iG f Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;ESihf ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwrD S ud, k pf m;vS,o f cifp;kd wd@k vSsKŒd 0Suaf wGŒqHak qG;aEG;+y;D zufqpfwu kd zf suf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

27

28

a&;tzGŒJ zGŒJ &ef oabmwlncD o hJ nf?

1944 =o*kwf 12 wGif Armhwyfrawmfa cgi;f aqmift&m&S}d u;D rsm; tpnf;ta0;od@k wufa&mufcJhonf? 1945 pufwifbm (4) wGif AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;acgif;aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m;vS,t f zGŒJ oD[Vdk u f sG e;f (,cko&D v d uFmEdik if )H uEM+D rKd Œod@k oGm;a&muf&mY tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf vdu k yf gco hJ nf?

1945 'DZifbm 15 wGif ArmhwyfrawmfY 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tjzpf wm0efxrf; aqmifco hJ nf? 1948 ckEpS w f iG f ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif;/ 1949 azaz:0g&D 4 wGif awmifyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpfvnf;aumif; aqmuf&u G cf o hJ nf? 1952 wGif jrefrm ppfrpf&iS f 'kw, d tzGŒJ acgi;f aqmiftjzpf t*Fvef/ jyifopf/ qGpZf mvef/ b,fv*f s, D rf/ aemfa0;/ qG'D ifEiS hf ,l¶q kd vm;AD;,m; Edik if rH sm;od@k oGm;a&mufco hJ nf?

1953 wGif ajrmufyikd ;f wdik ;f wdik ;f rSL;tjzpf jyefvnfwm0ef,al qmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

ArmhwyfrawmfwGif AdkvfrSL;csKyftqifhxd wm0ef xrf;&GufcJhonf?1954 rwf 2 wGif jrefrmhajrod@k usL;ausm0f ifa&mufvmaom w&kwjf zLudrk ifwef (Kuomintang) wyfrsm;udk bk&ifh aemifppfqifa&;jzifv h nf;aumif;/ 1955 rwf 7 wGif w¶kwjf zLwyfrsm;udk &ef}u;D atmif ppfqifa&;jzifhvnf;aumif; udk,fwdkifOD;pD; uGyfuJI wdkufcdkufacsr_ef;cJhonf? 1955 pufwifbmvwGif ppfbufcsp=f unfa&; rdwq f uftzGŒJ 0iftjzpf w&kwjf ynfo@l orRwEdik if H od@k oGm;a&mufvnfywfco hJ nf?

ArmhwyfrawmfrS 1956 Zefe0g&D 6 wGif atmifrmCxd;k ppfqifEpJ$ Of AuyXmecsKyf od@k &Jabmf}u;D jrifEh iS hf Adv k af usmaf Zmwd@k ay;yd@k aom ppfa&;xdyw f ef;vSsKŒd 0Suf owif;rsm;yg&dS onfh pm&Gupf mwrf;rsm;udk odr;f qnf;rdco hJ nf[q k u kd m 1957 azaz0g&D 13 &ufae@ygpm trSwf 20 &mxl; (15) 57 t& 1957 rwf 6 wGif wyfrawmfrS 'kAv kd rf LS ;}u;D tqifo h @kd avSsmch sI t+ird ;f pm;ay;jcif;cH&onf? atmifrmC ppfa&;qdo k nfrmS yckuLU c&dik t f wGi;f &Sd AuyygwXD mecsKyu f kd xd;k ppfqifaom ppfa&;jzpfonf? ,if;ESiyhf wfoufI Adv k rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmu ol. ud, k af &;twˆKyw ` dW aygi;f csKypf mtkyrf S pm 194 wGif atmufygtwdik ;f a&; om;xm;onf? "xdk (atmifrmC) ppfqifa&;twGi;f Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwXD mecsKyrf S pm&Guf pmwrf;tawmfrsm;rsm;odr;f qD;rd&m xdt k xJwiG f OuUÏocifoef;xGe;f . xdyw f ef;vSsKŒd 0Suf zdik w f JG wpfwyJG g&o dS nf? xdzk ikd w f w JG iG f yg&adS ompmtcsKŒd rS tcsut f vufrsm;t& ocifoef; d pd u P kd xGe;f xH uíefawmf ua&;ay;onf[k xif&aom ta=umif;t&mrsm;yg&adS e&m xku ta=umif;jyKI uíefawmf u h kd t}u;D tus,f ta&;,l&ef wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif&dS qd&k , S v f pfrsm; pDpOf=uygawmhonf?

Tae&mwGif uíefawmfEiS hf xdak cwfxt kd csed u f Ekid if aH &;ZmwfcrkH sm;wGif ta&;ygpmG 28

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

29

a&muf&Sdaeolrsm;t=um; qufqHa&;udk a&;ygOD;rnf? xdktcsdefumv 1956 ckESpfonf qd&k , S v f pfrsm;u wyfwiG ;f wyfjyif =oZmv$r;f rd;k a&; t}u;D tus,f }uKd ;pm;aer_ t&Sed &f ae csed Ef iS v hf nf; wdu k q f ikd af eygonf? olw@kd onf jyifytEW&m,fjzpfonfh w¶kwjf zLwdu k af &;xuf jynfwiG ;f ppfuo kd m tav;ay; tjyKww f u kd cf sio f rl sm; jzpf=uonf? jynfov l x l k Ed;k =um;+y;D awmif;qdv k eG ;f Iom (wzufuvnf; Armjynf uGejf rLepfygwu D az:xkwf zGichf saeIom) w¶kwjf zLwdu k af &;udk vky=f ujcif;jzpfonf? xdw k u kd yf rJG sm; t&Sed Ef iS hf uíefawmf =oZm}u;D rm; vmr_uv kd nf; olw@kd pd;k &drf ae=uonf? wyfwiG ;f rS qd&k , S v f pfygwD qef@usio f nfh wyfrLS ;rsm;vnf;&S&d m uíefawmf ESihf ylaygi;f pnf;&H;k rd+y;D olw@kd qd&k , S v f pfrsm;udk tmcHacgi;f rm vm=urSmvnf; pd;k &dr=f uonf? t"durSm qdk&S,fvpfrsm;taeESifh wdkif;jynfudk 4if;wdk@pdwf}udKufcs,fvS,fvdk=u&mwGif wyfrawmfukd yxrqH;k olw@kd pdw}f uKd uf tkypf ;D Edik zf @kd &mrSm ql;ajimifch vkwjf zpfaom uíefawmfh udk z,f&mS ;ypfz@kd vkad vonf? uíefawmf TuJo h @kd wyfrS xkwyf pfa&;udk yk*K~ v d af &;t& t"du}uKd ;pm;}uKd ;udik o f l (3) OD; (OD;ausmf +ird ;f / Adv k af tmif}u;D / Adv k af e0if;) wd@k &Syd gonf? qd&k , S v f pfygwrD S OD;ausm+f ird ;f on f wavSsmufv;kH uíefawmf u h kd owdjzifah pmifh h kd ol. qd&k , S v f pfygww D iG ;f a&mufatmif rsm;pGm =unfch yhJ gonf? OD;ausm+f ird ;f onf uíefawmfu tm;xkwv f ;kH yef; }uKd ;pm;cJyh gonf? qd&k , S v f pfygwrD mS jynfow l @kd . tusK;d udk aqmif&u G f zd@k xuf uGejf rLepfygwq D ef@usiaf &;/ tjyKww f u kd af &;udo k m t"duvkyaf eaomygwjD zpf&m (t"du 4if;wd@k ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;udo k m vkyaf e&m) uíefawmf t h aeESihf wdik ;f jynfEiS hf jynfo@l rsuEf mS raxmufbJ rdrw d 0rf;wpm;twGuf qd&k , S v f pfygw0D if rvkyEf ikd af y?

OD;ausmf +ird ;f taeESiu hf vnf; uíefawmf. jyif;jyaom jynfcsppf w d /f tusiphf m&dw/W oDv/ &mxl;pnf;pdrrf rufarmr_ pwmawGu=kd unf+h y;D olord ;f oGi;f Edik rf nfo h l r[kw¶f rHk u ol@a&SŒa&; &nfreS ;f csuu f ykd g aESmif, h u S Ef ikd o f [ l k jrifaeojzifh xdzk ikd w f u JG pd P ay:vmaomtcg wyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pfrsm;ESihf yl;aygi;f +y;D wuf=upG mG uíefawmf u h kd ta&;,l vkyaf qmifvmjcif; jzpfygonf?

Adv k af tmif}u;D rSm Edik if aH &;xuf yk*Kd~ vaf &;&mxl;twGuyf g uíefawmf u h kd qef@usif ojzifh tvGejf yif;xef+y;D uíefawmft h ay: yk*Kd~ vaf &;t&vnf; tvGerf ek ;f wD;ygonf? uGseaf wmf wyfwiG ;f &Sad eoa&GŒ ol@taeESihf uíefawmf u h akd usmu f m xdyaf &mufaezd@k rjzpfEikd yf g? Adv k af e0if; rSm uíefawmfu h kd *syefacwfuwnf;u rvdv k m;/ rESprf sKŒd aomfvnf; vufawGŒxnfo h iG ;f pOf;pm;&rnfh tcsurf sm;&Syd gonf? (Adv k af e0if;onf wyfwiG ;f qd&k , S v f pfrsm;teuf 4if;. ud, k u f sK;d pD;yGm;ESihf ywfoufvmvSsif tvGev f ufawGŒuspmG pOf;pm;Edik o f l jzpfonf?) wdkif;jynfwGif ppfwyfuxrf;aqmif&rnfh wm0ef}uD;rsm; ay:aygufvmygu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

29

30

ol@wGit f m;ud;k zd@k r&Sad y? olu, kd w f ikd u f bmrSprG ;f &nf&o dS l r[kw?f ol@qk&d , S v f pf wyfrLS ;rsm; uvnf; tm;rud;k &? ta&;ta=umif;qdu k uíefawmfu h akd c:+y;D wm0efay;&? uíefawmf uvnf; wcgrSsrjiif;qdk? ac:+yD; wm0efay;orSs wm0efausyGefatmif xrf;aqmifcJh? wcgrv S nf; &mxl;udp/P ud, k af &;udpP rawmif;qdzk ;l ? xdt k csurf sm;a=umifh uíefawmfu h kd wyfrawmfrS xkwyf pfa&;txdawmh olutpydik ;f wGif rvdv k m;cJyh g? od@k aomf aemufyikd ;f uíefawmfh=oZmt&Sdef wufvmaomtcg olvnf; Adkvfatmif}uD;ESifhtwl yl;aygif;+yD; uíefawmfh xkwyf pfa&;udk wuf=upG mG vkyv f mygawmh onf?

Tolrsm;tjyif OD;EkESifh OD;AaqG (xkdtcsdefu 0ef}uD;csKyfvkyfaeol) wdk@vnf; uíefawmfu h kd rvdv k m;=ubJ jzpfaeygonf? xd@k a=umifh olw@kd uvnf; xdzk ikd u f pd aP y:vmaom h kd z,f&mS ;ypf&ef vkv d m;yH&k ygonf " [lI a&;om;xm;avonf? tcg uíefawmfu 1960 azaz:0g&D (6) wGif usi;f yaomygvrD ef jynfo@l v$waf wmf taxGaxG a&;aumufyGJY woD;yk*~v trwfavmif;tjzpf =unfhjrifwdkif atmufydkif; rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m &_;H edrchf o hJ nf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyYJG oef@&Si;f zqyv trwf avmif; ocifpaH 0 ta&G;cH&onf?

1961 azaz:0g&D 27 wGif w¶kwjf zLusL;ausmrf _ qef@usiaf &; trsK;d om;aumfrwD . OuUÏtjzpf wifajrmS ufc&H onf? 1963 ckEpS f awmfveS af &;aumifpED iS hf awmwGi;f vufeuf udik t f zGŒJ rsm; jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ usi;f ypOfumvu jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; tzGŒJ csKyf 'kw, d OuUÏtjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

1976 Zlvdkif 18 wGif &efukef+rdKŒrS w&kwfEdkifiHodk@ vSsKdŒ0SufxGufcGm+yD; 1976 =o*kwv f 10 wGif AuyESiyhf ;l aygi;f cJo h nf? 1976 Ed0k ifbm (3) wGif Auy A[dXk mecsKyYf ppft=uaH y;ESihf A[dpk pfaumfr&Sif tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf wm0ef,cl o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf AuyA[dk ppfO;D pD; Xme A[dpk pfaumfr&Siw f iG f yxr/ 'kOuUÏwm0efrsm;udk xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf?

AdkvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; ausmfaZmonf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; oabmxm;ESifh vufa&G;pifred @f cGe;f rsm; (1957)/ zufqpfawmfveS af &; (19 59)/ urBmppfEiS hf +ird ;f csr;f a&; (1960)/ trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&; wdu k yf rJG sm; (1961)/ ordik ;f rSeu f u l u G rf sm;/ w&m;cHtppf b,fov l /J rD', D mavmuESihf tifwmAsL;rsm;/ ud, k w f ikd af &; twˆKyw ` adW ygi;f csKyf (2007) wd@k udk a&;om;jyKpck o hJ nf?

Akv d rf LS ;csKyaf [mif; ausmaf Zmonf jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; }uKd ;yrf;r_Y pGr;f pGr;f wrH aqmif&u G cf rhJ r_ sm;a=umifh 1955 Zefe0g&D (10) wGif ,l*kd pvm;AD;,m;orRw wD;wd;k . ppfonfawmfaumif; (yxrqif)h ESihf 1959 rwf (27) wyfrawmfae@wGif vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if (yxrqif)h wHqyd w f @kd udk cs;D jriS chf &H onf? oef;0if;vd_i f (rd;k rc rD', D mrS)

30

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

31

uG,fvGefol AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm odk h jynfo@l ausmaf Zm/ bausmaf ZmtwGuf E_wq f ufuAsm ylaZmfygt h ?hH e,fcs@J qef@usi/f wdu k yf 0JG ifo?l zufqpf*syef/ awmfveS cf o hJ ?l usL;ausmw f &kw k f wdu k x f w k cf o hJ ?l awmfveS w f yfrawmf azmfaqmif&mrSm OD;aqmifygol? r_id ;f eJ@twl 'd@k jynfvw $ o f l acwftqufquf jynfo@l zufu vufeufuikd o f ?l xdo k o l nfum; b0wyg;od@k ajymif;oGm;cJjh yD =u,fet D jzpf rd;k jymjriho f @kd vGiw fh ufomG ;jy?D xd=k u,feo D nf urBmwnfoa&G@ jrefrmjynftwGuf =u,fev D rf;jy jzpfapownf;? uAsmq&m 'd@k olimS vnf; urBmqufquf b0qufquf 'd@k bouf&n S f =u,feeD u D kd =unfnKd azmfne$ ;f armfueG ;f uAsm a&;onfumvnf; yg&rDjznhzf uf awmfveS zf uf[k &Jbuf &Jabmf jzpfapaomf?

armifpGrf;&nf

atmufwbkd m 14 / 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

31

32

‘ OD;wif ’ odk h ....OD;wif vdk h uefawmhyef; i,femrnf " armifa&$ " vlvm;ajrmufvmawmh " udka&$ " wdk Ah rmtpnf;t&k;H 0if wa,mufjzpfvmawmh " ocifa&$ " aygh ? " udak &$" uae - " ocifa&$" twGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%t f if[m &d;k *k%f eJ rh sKd ;csppf w d f e,fcsJ q h ef u h siaf &;pdw"f gwef J o h wWad oG; vGwv f yfa&;}uKd ;yrf;rSK vrf;a}umif;ay:rSm awG Eh ikd w f ,f? tJ'&D J ah emuf *syefuakd &muf - [dik ef efa&muf xdik 0f rfzufa&muf xdik ;f ajra&muf aoG;azguf opPma&aomufyGJ usif;yt+yD; &Jabmfo;Hk usyd }f u;D tjzpf uAŠn;f qif ordik ;f 0if armfueG ;f wqifh twifrmS " ocifa&$" [m " Adv k af usmaf Zm" jzpfvmw,f ? " ocifa&$" uae " Adv k af usmaf Zm" txdtwGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m tepfemcHrKS eJ h &J&ifrh KS acgi;f aqmifyo D rSK eJ w h u kd Zf rJG mef zufqpfawmfveS af &;atmifvH wvlv}l um;uomru w&kwjf zLusL;ausmo f l armif;xkwaf &;vrf;a}umif;rSeaf y: atmifarmif;oH wnHn}H um;uyg jrifEikd w f ,f? tJ'aD emuf ppftm%m&Sipf epfatmufu vGwaf jrmufa&; vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &;udk qifE&J$ if; wlwpH OftvHukd v$iw hf if oHviG af rmajr wcGiaf y:rSm 32

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

33

" Adv k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" jzpfvmw,f? " Adv k af usmaf Zm" uae " OD;wif" txdtwGi;f t0if;yqk;H *k%af &mif[m &moufyefawmfveS af &;orm;yDorSK wnf}unfrKS eJ jh ynfcsppf w d f wzdwzf w d f &$e;f vuf aemufq;Hk xGuo f uftxd jrifae& wb0wmvk;H jynfol b h ufu jzpfcw hJ ,f?

OD;av; a& " ocifa&$" udk av;pm; " Adv k af usmaf Zm" tm; pHerlemwif " OD;wif" udk }unfnKd cw hJ hJ usaemf[m tckawmh rarhravsmh pdwt f vsOef J h " OD;wif " odk h OD;wifv@kd uefawmhvu kd yf g&@J OD;aomif;wdu k u f rBm wnfapaom0f ?

0if;wifxh eG ;f 10 / 10 / 12 ae hn ( 10 / 10 / 2012 ae hrSm uG,fvGefoGm;&SmwJh &JabmfokH;usdyf0if AdkvfausmfaZmodk h aemufqkH;*g&0 ) (ae@opf rD'D,mrS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

33

34

Armjynf&J h }u,feD (odk rh [kw)f tawmufyqk;H tvif;tdrf opPmw&m; wHpOf / wl uavmif / aoeuf +ird ;f csr;f a&; csK;d jzL cdik rf maom oHEÏMd mefonf jynfol jzLpifpmG &yfwnfonfrh l ³ ³ ³ ol ol ³ ³ ³ qdak om xdktzdk;ysKdtm; OD;n$w*f g&0jyKyg.?

&J+idr;f (opPm awmfvSefa&;pmay r*~Zif; trSwf 22/ Edk0ifbm/ 2010 rS) 34

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

nfol ol

35

usGefawmfh tdrfeD;em;csif; AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZm

zdk;oH (vlxk) uíefawmfwdk@ rdom;pkeJ@ AdkvfcsKyfausmfaZmwdk@rdom;pk[m aqG&if;rsKd;&if;vdkyJ &if;ESD;ygw,f? 'gayr,fh olwdk@u &efukefrSmae/ uíefawmfwdk@u rEWav;rSmaeqdkawmh wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf awG@csif&if rdkif 400 c&D;oGm;rS awG@=u&ygw,f? 'gayr,fh uHa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ a&pufa=umifyh J ajym&rvm;/ OD;av; (uíefawmfu ol@udk tjrJ OD;av;vd@k yJ ac:ygw,f) eJ@ tdrcf si;f ay 40 avmuftuGmrSm aecJ&h ygw,f? tJ'g "0" a'o yefqef; (tcktac: yefcrf;) rSmyg? uGejf rLepfygw&D ŒJ tJ'w D ek ;f u A[dpk cef;[m w¶kwjf ynfe,fpyf/ erfch gacsmif; auG@ywf pD;qif;oGm;wJh acsmif;tauG@ u awmifapmif;/ awmifxyd rf mS wnf&ydS gw,f? e,fpyfrsO;f u tJ'Dacsmif;&JŒtv,f wnfhwnfhrSm jzpfygw,f? tJ'Dpcef;rSm uíefawmfaewJh tcef;eJ@ OD;av;wd@k ZeD;armifEaHS ewJh tcef;[m ajcvSr;f (20) avmufyJ uGmygw,f? ac:csi&f if atmfac:zd@k awmif rvdw k hJ tuGmta0;yg? tJ'v D kd umvawGrmS uíefawmf owdjyKrw d hJ OD;av; ta=umif;awG a&;ygrh ,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

35

36

OD;av;[m reuf apmapm xvmwmeJ@ rsuEf mS opf+y;D use;f rma&; avhusichf ef; vkyyf gw,f? uíefawmfwdk@ aewJhae&m&JŒatmufrSmu woGifoGif pD;qif;aewJh erfhcgacsmif;xJudk avSsmqif;oGm;wJh awmifcg;yef;av;yg? aemuf+yD; acsmif;&JŒ wpfzufrSmawmh tvm;wl qifajcavSsm awmifcg;yef;eJ@ w¶kwfjynfxJu &Srf;&Gmav;wpf&Gm &Sdygw,f? [dkbuf awmifapmif;eJ@ 'Dbufawmifapmif;[m rDwm 3-400 avmuf uGmr,f xifygw,f? tawmfus,+f y;D &Snv f sm; wJh vSsK=d um;acsmif;¶d;k ¶_cif;[m om,mvSyw,fv@kd ajym&rSmyg? aemuf+yD; avxk[mvnf; oef@&Sif;vSw,f vdk@ ajymEdkifygw,f? OD;av;u tJ'D¶_cif; udrk suEf mS rl+y;D reufwikd ;f avhusichf ef;vkyyf gw,f? a':a': a':oef;pdef (OD;av;&JŒZeD;)uawmh reufwikd ;f bk&m;&Scd ;kd ygw,f? wpf&uf rysufygbl;? a':a':u nrSmvnf; bk&m;&Sdcdk;+yD;rS tdyf&m0ifwmyg? OD;av;[m tJ'Dvdk avhusifhcef;vkyf+yD;&if a,bk,sjzifhawmh reufpm xrif;pm;awmhwmygyJ? tJ'Dwkef;u uíefawmfw@kd tm;vH;k wpfae@rSm xrif; 2 eyfyJ pm;ygw,f? 'ga=umifh reuf 9 em&DavmufrmS wpfeyf/ nae 5 em&D avmufrmS wpfeyf/ 'ge@J +y;D wmygy?J OD;av;u tJ'Dwkef;u A[dkaumfrwD0ifvnf;jzpf/ ppfaumfr&SiftzGJ@0ifvnf; jzpfygw,f? 'gayr,fh OD;av;wd@k vdk acgi;f aqmifawG&wJh &dumQ [m qefe@J qDrmS useo f mref &JabmfawG&wJh E_e;f eJ@ twlwl wpfEe_ ;f xJjzpf+y;D [if;zd;k rSm (ArmaiG) q,fusyaf vmuf ydyk gw,f? bmrSrrsm;ygb;l ? acgi;f aqmifawGvnf; aps;ywfwikd ;f (ig;&uf wpfaps;yg) tom;ig; pm;csirf S pm;Edik w f myg? 'Dawmh aemufwef;pcef;rSm tdraf xmifawG[m [if;cif;av;pdu k /f =uufarG; vky=f uygw,f? vlvw G af wGuvnf; bHpk u kd yf sK;d arG;jrLa&; vky=f uygw,f?

OD;av;wd@k tdrrf mS awmh t"dutm;jzifh a':a':u vkyw f myg? 'gayr,fh OD;av;vnf; tm;&if=uKH &if aygujf ym;ayguf a&avmif;/ =uufpmauí; vky&f ygw,f? =uufarG;w,fqv kd @kd txifr}u;D yge@J ? rsm;vSrS av;ig;ajcmufaumifyg? tJ'rD mS =uufarG;w,fqw kd mu avSmifrarG; Edik yf gb;l ? tpm rwwfEikd yf gb;l ? v$waf rG;&wmyg? 'gayr,fh naeapmif;&if =uufawGukd =uufjcx H J jyef0ifap&ygw,f? awma=umifu ae@cif;rSmawmif qGw J wfwhJ ywf0ef;usirf sK;d yg? 'ga=umifh &efoal wGukd 0dik ;f ywf acsre_ ;f cJw h hJ uíefawmfh OD;av;wpfa,mufukd wpfcgwavrSm ol@ ud, k &f /H ol@ZeD;wd@k eJ@twl =uufawG 0dik ;f ywf armif;oGi;f aewm/ =uufukd zrf;zd@k 0dik ;f ajcmuf ay;aewmvnf; awG@&wwfygw,f? awmfveS af &;a'o a&mufwhJ OD;av;tzd@k taetxdik f tpm;taomuf tcuf tcJ/ ¶ky0f wˆK tuef@towf&rdS /_ awmifwuf&wJh tcuftcJ pwmawG[m ol@twGuf r_p&mr[kwyf gb;l ? 'gayr,fh ol vH;k 0 rausmv f m$ ;Edik w f hJ tcuftcJwpfck &Syd gw,f? tJ'gu bmompum;ygy?J tpnf;ta0;wpfcv k yk &f if bmom 2 rsK;d 3 rsK;d jyef&wJh t&yfa'orSm ol@tzd@k ae@pOfvykd J 'Djy\emeJ@ &ifqikd &f ygw,f? wpfcgwav ol@ ud, k &f &H aJ bmfav;eJ@ole@J 36

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

37

pum;rayguv f @kd ajc[efvuf[efawGe@J Asmrsm;aewJh OD;av;&JŒyHu k akd wG@&if rjyKH ;bJ raeEdik f ygb;l ? olrsm;awGukd tultnD awmif;&ygw,f? 0 &Jabmfav;awG&ŒJ Armpum; a&csed f uvnf; tuef@towf&adS wmh tcuftcJu rao;ygb;l ? tJ'D 0 &Jabmfav;awGu 17 ESpf 18 ESpft&G,fav;awG rsm;ygw,f? tJ'D &Jabmfav;awGudk OD;av;u ol@xHk;pHtwdkif; cg;!$wf+yD; oljzpfcsifwmudk cifAsm;awG uíefawmfawGe@J ajymaewwfygw,f? bmompum; jy\ema=umifh OD;av; r=umc% =uKH awG@&wJh aemuftcuftcJwpfcu k xrif;pm;yG/J {nfch yH aJG wGrmS jzpfygw,f? olrsm;awGu OD;av;udk vl}uD;rdk@ wav;wpm; OD;OD;zsm;zsm; twlt&ufaomufcdkif; (wdk@pfvkyf)&if t&ufraomuf/ aq;vdyrf aomufwhJ OD;av;crsm 'kuaQ wG@awmhwmygy?J jyKH ;jyKH ; jyKH ;jyKH ;eJ@ tJ'v D kd jiif;aewJh OD;av;&JŒyHu k u kd ol@¶d;k om;r_ukd azmfjywmrd@k ol@pum;udk em;rvnfwhJ wjcm;vlawGuvnf; jyKH ;=u em;vnf=uygw,f?

OD;av;udk trsm;qHk; awG@&wwfwmuawmh ol c&D;rxGuf/ tpnf;ta0; rwufbl;qdk&if ajryHkawG zwfaewm/ pm=unfhaewm/ rSwfpk ul;aewmygyJ? OD;av;udk tvum;aewm/ tv[\ tcsed jf zKe;f aewm wpfcgrS rawG@zl;ygb;l ? OD;av;rSm 0wW&m; wpfcv k jkd zpfaewJh udpw P pfcu k awmh {nfch pH um; ajym&wmyg? +rKd Œu awmcdv k mwJh vlawG/ 0 a'oudk vma&muf=uwJh wjcm;a'oawGu wyfaygif;pk&JabmfawG[m OD;av;udk odyaf wG@csi/f pum;ajymcsiyf gw,f? olw@kd [m OD;av;qDu ar;rukew f hJ A[kow k awGukd em;axmifcsif=uwmudk;? 'gayr,fh OD;av;u jyefar;wmuvnf; enf;wm r[kwfbl;? b,ft&yfuvmwJh vlyjJ zpfjzpf OD;av;tzd@k tajctae em;vnf,El ikd w f hJ a&aomufjrpfcsn;f jzpfaeygw,f? aemufq;kH taeeJ@ uae@txd uíefawmfjrifa,mifaewJh OD;av;v_y&f mS ;yHak v;udk ajymjycsiyf gw,f? A[d¶k ;kH pcef;eJ@ wpfrikd af vmufa0;wJh ta&SŒajrmuf ppfa'oXmecsKyu f kd tpnf;ta0;oGm;wufwhJ OD;av;&JŒyHak v;yg? ole@J ol@ud, k &f H 0 &Jabmfav;/ wpfa,mufu ypPwdkcg;csdwf/ pmapmifpmwrf;awG ab;vG,ftdwfxJrSmxnfhvdk@/ aemufwpfa,mufu atau 47 aoewfukd ycH;k rSm vG,v f @kd / acsmif;¶d;k wpfavSsmuf awmifapmif; vrf;uav; twdik ;f ukwu f w k f ukwu f w k ef @J avSsmufomG ;=uwJh jrifuiG ;f yg? pum;raygu=f uavawmh wpfa,mufe@J wpfa,mufvnf; pum;rajymbJomG ;=uwm awmifapmif; tauG@av;rSm uG,foGm;awmhrS jrifuGif;xJu aysmufoGm;ygw,f? olwdk@ ESpfa,muf naeapmif;vdk@ jyefvmawmhvnf; 'DyykH gy?J pyg;ESrH sm;[m pyg;toD; =u, G 0f av !$waf v qdo k vdyk J vlawG[mvnf; wefz;kd &Sad v ¶d;k om; ESrd chf savvd@k qd&k r,f xifygw,f?

zdk;oH (vlxk)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

37

38

ocifxGef;tkyf/ ocifApdefwdk@ OD;;pD;aom wdk@Armtpnf;t¶kH;Y yg0ifcJhaom Adv k pf }umF . trnf&if;rSm ocifatmifoef; jzpfonf? *syef ppfynmoifwef; wufpOfu *syeftrnfrmS [D&mwmrmqmtdk (Hirata Masao) jzpfonf? xdik ;f Edik if H befaumuf+rKd Œ Y &Jabmfo;kH usyd f 0ifrsm; Adv k t f rnfc, H &l mwGif Adv k pf }umF jzpfvmcJo h nf?

Adv k pf =umudk 1915 Zlvikd f (1) &uf ordkif;wauGŒrS Adkvfp}um =umomyaw;ae@wGif rEWav;+rKd Œ Y tz (&JabmfoHk;usdyf) OD;jrwfom/ trd a':oef;wifw@kd rS zGm;jrifchJ onf? arG;csi;f (4) OD;wGif ti,fq;kH jzpfonf? arG;csif; tpfudkrsm;rSm OD;oef;ZH/? OD;oef;pdef/ OD;jroef;wd@k jzpfonf? i,fpOfu 'dik t f pkd ZD if a,musmf ; av; txufwef;ausmif; (Diocesan Boy’s High School) ESihf &efukefpdefaygausmif; (txu 6 Adv k w f axmif) wd@k wGif ynmoif =um;cJo h nf? pdeaf ygausmif;rS 10 wef;atmif +y;D aemuf tpd;k & aq;ynmoifausmif;wGif aq;ynmrsm; oif=um;cJo h nf? xd@k aemuf aq;ausmif;rS ausmif; r+y;D rSx D u G If wd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k od@k 0ifa&muf I Edik if aH &; aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf? ocifatmif oef;0if;vd_i f oef;onf 1938 Zefe0g&D (1) wGif acsmuf a&eHajr tvkyo f rm;xkukd w&m;a[majymI +Aw d o d sS e,fcsŒJ qef@usiaf &; aqmif&u G rf r_ sm; a=umihf tzrf;cHc&hJ onf?

1938 Edk0ifbmwGif wdk@Arm tpnf;t¶kH; ESpfjcrf;uGJoGm;aomtcg ocifApdef/ ocifxeG ;f tkyw f @kd OD;pD;aom wd@k Arm tpnf;t¶k;H bufo@kd vdu k yf gomG ;cJo h nf?

1940 jynhEf pS f ZGev f 10 &ufae@wGif *sLAvDa[mY ocifApde/f ocifxeG ;f tky/f ocifatmifoef; (Adv k pf =um)/ ocifcspw f if/ ocifarmif wd@k onf *syefomG ;pdu k q f &m rpPwmudb k Ek iS fh vSsKŒd 0Supf mG awGŒqHu k m jrefrmvGwv f yfa&;twGuf *syefEikd if rH S tultnD&&ef aqG;aEG;cJhonf? ocif x G e f ; tk y f / ocif A pd e f wd k @ Armtpnf ; t¶k H ; u ocif a tmif o ef ; tm; *syefEiS q fh ufo, G &f ef ,d;k ',m; (xdik ;f ) Edik if o H @kd apv$wcf &hJ m xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd tcuftcJtrsK;d rsK;d udk ausmfv$m;pGef@pm;I oGm;a&mufcJhonf? 1940 jynhfESpf 'DZifbmwGif xdkif;EdkifiH 38

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

39

befaumuf+rKd Œod@k a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? befaumufwiG f *syeftm%mydik rf sm;ESiq fh ufo, G +f y;D ocifxeG ;f tkyx f H jrefrmEdik if &H dS Edik if aH &;tzGŒJ oH;k / av;zGŒJ rS vli,f (40) cef@ ppfynmoif=um; &eftwGuf vSsKŒd 0Supf mG apv$waf y;&ef ta=umif;=um;cJo h nf? od@k aomf txrajrmufcahJ cs? ocifatmifoef; xdkif;EdkifiHodk@ a&muf&Sdaea=umif; rDemrDtzGJŒ OuUÏ AdkvfrSL;}uD;plZluD; (aemifAv kd rf ;kd }uKd ;) od&v dS sS if ppfynmoif=um;&ef [dik ef ef;uGse;f od@k yd@k ay;cJo h nf? [dik ef ef;uGse;f ESifh xdik 0f rfusG e;f wd@k wGif ppfynmrsm;oif=um;cJo h nf?

Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtidk af t) ppfXmecsKyEf iS fh armfv+rKd ipf pfa=umif; jrefrmEdkifiHwGif; csDwufpOf AdkvfausmfaZm OD;aqmifonhf vufeufcJ,rf;rD;ausmufESihf o,f,yl @kd aqmifa&; wyfzŒJG ESit fh wl csw D ufvu kd yf gco hJ nf?

1942 Zlvikd f 27 wGif bDtikd af tudk zsuo f rd ;f I Armhvw G v f yfa&;wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGŒJ pnf; aomtcg 'kw, d Adv k rf LS ;}u;D tqihjf zihf ppfO;D pD;wm0ef xrf;aqmifco hJ nf?

1943 =o*kwf 1 wGizf ŒJG pnf;aom jrefrmEdik if t H pd;k &tzGŒJ ay:ayguv f m+y;D aemuf ArmhumuG,af &; wyfrawmfppf¶;kH csKyf AxrOD;pD; Adv k t f jzpf xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf? xd@k aemuf jrefrmtpd;k &tzGŒJ wGif 'kw, d umuG,af &;0ef}u;D ('kw, d ppf0ef}u;D ) tjzpf wd;k jriS afh qmif &Gucf &hJ onf?

1944 {+yD 18 wGif *syefEikd if q H ikd &f m wGzJ ufjrefrmppfot H rwftjzpf cef@tyfc&H +y;D aemuf vufaxmufppfot H rwf Adv k af t;aiG ('*kejf rwfav;EG,)f twl*syefEikd if H wdu k sK+d rKd Œod@k apv$wcf &hJ m 1944 ar 20 wGif a&muf&cdS o hJ nf? *syefEikd if q H ikd &f m jrefrmppforH LS ;tjzpf 1945 ckEpS t f xd xrf;&Gucf o hJ nf?

1947 Zefe0g&D 9 &ufae@wGif Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;acgi;f aqmifaom jrefrmud, k pf m; vS,t f zGŒJ t*Fvefjynf vef'ef+rKd Œod@k oGm;a&muf &mwGif twdik yf ifct H jzpf vdu k yf gomG ;cJo h nf?

1947 wGif Adv k pf }umF onf jynfxaJ &;0ef}u;D Xme ygvrD eftwGi;f 0eftjzpf cef@tyf cH&onf? vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf Adv k pf =umonf 1945 arv 5 &ufae@wGif wnfaxmifchJ aom Armjynfqdk&S,fvpfygwDY 0ifa&mufI EdkifiHa&;aqmif&GufcJhonf? ,if;aemuf zqyvtzGŒJ csKy. f Edik if jH cm;a&;&m aumfrwDwiG f tzGŒJ 0iftjzpf aqmif&u G cf o hJ nf?

1951 ckEpS f ZGev f 12 wGif jrefrmEdik if H vGwv f yfa&;&&S+d y;D aemuf yxrqH;k t}urd f ygvrD efa&G;aumufyJG usi;f ycJ&h m zqyvtrwf avmif;tjzpf o&ufawmifyikd ;f rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,OS +f yKd icf &hJ m v$waf wmftrwftjzpf a&G;cs,w f ifajrmS ufc&H onf?

1958 ckEpS w f iG f zqyvESpjf crf;uGaJ omtcg OD;AaqG/ OD;ausm+f ird ;f wd@k OD;pD;aom wnf+rJzqyvwGif yg0ifaqmif&GufcJhonf? 1960 jynhfESpf azaz:0g&D 6 &ufae@wGif ygvDrefjynfol@v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyGJusif;ycJh&m wnf+rJzqyv trwfavmif;tjzpf =unhfjrifwdkifawmifydkif; rJqENe,frS 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJh&m ¶_H;edrhfcJhonf? ,if;aemuf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

39

40

Armhava=umif;yd@k aqmifa&; ava=umif;ukr% ` ED iS fh oD&pd =umF ukr% ` rD sm; wnfaxmif vkyu f ikd cf o hJ nf?

1965 ckEpS w f iG f xdik ;f Edik if o H @kd vSsKŒd 0Sux f u G cf mG oGm;+y;D 1966 atmufwb kd mvwGif xdik ;f Edik if YH trsK;d om;vGwaf jrmufa&;aumifpu D kd zGŒJ pnf;cJ&h mwGif yg0ifco hJ nf? 1969 =o*kwf 6 wG i f OD ; Ek t zG J Œ xd k i f ; Ed k i f i H o d k @ a&muf v maomtcg OD ; Ek t zG J Œ ES i h f y l ; aygif ; cJ h o nf ?

¶kyf&Sifrif;orD; 0if;rif;oef;/ trnfrod/ AkdvfrSL;}uD;atmifoef; (Akdvfp}uFm)

Adv k pf =umonf 1943 ckEpS w f iG f oxHZk mwd OD;ausm'f if/ a':oef;ar wd@k .orD; a'guw f ma':cif vSvES iS fh tdraf xmifjyKI om;ol&ed f p=umF / orD;pENpD =umF / om;wm&mp=umF wd@k xGe;f um;cJo h nf? ,if;aemuf a'guw f ma':cifvv S ES iS fh tdraf xmifa&;+yKd u+JG y;D aemuf 1956 wGif yJc;l ol rpP[,fv*Gseq f if ac: ¶ky&f iS rf if;orD; 0if;rif;oef;ESifh 'kw, d t}urd v f ufxyfc+hJ y;D om; tmump=umF xGe;f um; cJo h nf? 0if;rif;oef;onf urBmausmf tar&duefrif;om; *&D*&kd yD ufcEf iS w fh u JG m " c&rf;a&mifviG jf yif " trnf&dS &ku d u f ;l cJo h jl zpfonf? yxr ZeD;jzpfol a'gufwma':cifvSvSonf 1958 atmufwdkbmv 10 &ufae@ wGif zdvpfydkifEdkifiH reDvm+rKd Œ Y uG,v f eG o f mG ;cJo h nf? &Jabmfo;kH usyd 0f if Adv k pf =umF onf 1969 pufwifbmv 6 &ufae@wGif xdik ;f Edik if YH ESvHk;a&m*gjzihf uG,fvGefoGm;cJhavonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY 'kwd,ZeD; 0if;rif;oef;ESihf om;orD;rsm; use&f pfco hJ nf? ,cktcg 'kw, d ZeD;jzpfol a':0if;rif;oef;onf =opa=w;vs Edik if YH om;jzpfol tmump=umF ESit fh wl aexdik v f su&f o dS nf?

Adv k pf =umF onf 1959 rwfv 27 wyfrawmfae@Y Edik if aH wmftpd;k &u cs;D jriS cfh ahJ om vGwv f yfa&; armfueG ;f 0if ('kw, d tqih)f wHqyd f cs;D jriS cfh &H onf? oef;0if;vd_i f (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) 40

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

pufwifbm 11/ 2012

41

avxD;tkef;armif ( odk hr[kwf ) axmif ESifh awm

rSsm;eD o}uFef t}udKae@wGif tif;pdefaxmifrS v$wfvdkufonf@ xdef;odrf;cH EdkifiHa&; orm; 33-OD; xJwiG f ( avxD;tke;f armif ) wa,mufvnf; yg0ifc@J acsonf? zuf q pf a wmf v S e f ; a&; twG u f wcsd e f u td E N d , jynf o d k @ oG m ;a&muf c g oufpeG @f }uKd ;yrf;xrf;&Guf cJ@onf@ t&if;ES;D qH;k &Jabmf oH;k OD;rSm ( 1 ) orRw}u;D ref;0if;armif/ ( 2 ) Adv k rf LS ;cspaf umif;( uG,v f eG f ) ESi@f avxD; tke;f armif wd@k jzpfonf? olw@kd 3-OD; oD[w kd iG pf pftwGi;f u tcsujf yynm vufawG@ oif=um;+y;D pD;aom tcgY tdENd, jynf uvwWm;+rdKŒodk@ rD;&xm;jzif@ jyefvmonf? uvwWm;rS rdkif 80a0;uGmaom *suq f ;kd +rKd Œod@k oGm;a&mufcg avxD;ESi@f qif;&efav@usi@f oif=um;&jyefonf?

ajcusdK; ud k t k e f ; armif o nf twl q if ; ouf & ef wG J z uf x m;ol r sm;ES i f @ twl zsmyH k e,fbufwGif qif; ouf&ef twGuf av,mOfjzif@ *sufqdk;uGif;rSwufvmcJ@onf? udktkef;armifwdk@ pD;eif;vmonf@ av,mOfysHonf zsmy@Hke,f yifv,fydkif;odk@ qif;ouf &efa&mufaomtcg ajrjyifrt S csujf yrD;udk rjrifojzif@ rqif;&bJ ( avewfom; ) 0g'jzef@csD a&; pmwrf;rsm;aom }ucJ s+y;D / tajrmufqrH sm; =um;rSjyef vmcJ@&onf? od@k ESi@f av,mOfyso H nf *suq f ;kd av,mOfuiG ;f od@k jyefvnf oufqif;vmonf? av,mOfys&H yf em;vSsif udt k ek ;f armifonf av,mOfwcH g;aygurf S ckeq f if;vdu k . f ? aemufrS ppfom;wa,muf uqif@uJ ckeq f if;vdu k jf yef&m udt k ek ;f armif. nmbufajcaxmufay:od@k wnf@wnf@usvmo jzif@ ajcaxmufusKd ;ygavawm@onf? zufqpf*syefrsm;tm; awmfvSefwdkufcdkuf t+yD;wGif uGefjrLepfygwDudk ajAmif xlaxmifvu kd o f nf/ udt k ek ;f armifvnf; zsmyHck &dik f uGejf rLepfygww D iG f wm0ef,cl @J onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

41

42

wm0ef,laqmif&Guf&if; uufpbDppftkyfcsLyfa&;udk &yfpJypf&ef uGefjrLepf ygwDu a&SŒaqmifqifEcJG @J aom wdu k yf rJG sm;Y vnf; udt k ek ;f armifonf wm0efus&m zsmyHck &dik rf aS eI xufjrufpmG yg0ifaqmif &Gucf @J onf?

1946- rwf v wG i f uG e f j rLepf y gwD eS p f j crf ; uG J a vawm@onf ? tvH e D uGejf rLepfygw(D Armjynf ) ESi@f ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD [lI ESpyf gwjD zpfvmonf? udt k ek ;f armif onf ocifoef;xGef; acgif;aqmifonf@ Armjynf uGefjrLepfygwDbufodk@ yg0ifcJ@onf? xdEk pS w f jynfv;kH tH=k uv G y_ &f mS ;vmonf@ vGwv f yfa&;v_y&f mS ;r_}u;D twGi;f wGif udt k ek ;f armif onf uGejf rLepfygwED iS @f zqyv wm0efrsm; xrf;aqmif&if; jynfov l x l Ek iS @f twlvufwJG v_y&f mS ;cJ@onf? zqyv tm%m&vmaomtcg wjynfv;kH &Sd uGejf rLrsm;awmcd&k mY udt k ek ;f armif vnf; vufeufpJG vsuaf jratmufo@kd ygc@J &awm@onf? jynfwiG ;f ppfumvwGif udt k ek ;f armif onf jrpf0useG ;f ay: wm0efcjH zpfvmonf?

1948- ckEpS f rwfv 2*- &ufae@rS 1953- ck Ed0k bFmv 14 &ufae@xdatmif 5- ESpaf usmrf sS =umatmif olyek Af v kd }f u;D b0ESi@f awmxJrmS aepOf/ ykord ef ,fol rjrifjh rifh qdak om trsKd ;orD; ESi@f tdraf xmifusc@J onf?

zrf;rd 1953 - Ed0k bFmv 14- &ufae@wGif udt k ek ;f armif pcrf;csaexdik o f nf@ ykord cf &dik f ( zufq vuf&mG ) pcef;od@k tpd;k &wyfrsm; vma&muf 0dik ;f 0ef;wdu k cf u kd o f nf? udt k ek ;f armif. b,f bufajcaxmufukd tpd;k &wyfrS ypfvu kd af om usnq f w H ck xdreS +f y;D xdak e&mrSmyif zrf;qD;jcif;cH&.? usnq f rH eS af om '%f&mrSm jyif;xefpmG t&d;k udk xdojzif@ ajcwbuf usKd ;&.? q&m0ef}uD;rsm;u usdK;oGm;aom ajcwbufudk yvmpwmudkifay;rnf[k ajymqdx k m;aomae@Yyif axmifxo J @kd yd@k jcif;udk cH&awm@onf? udt k ek ;f armif. t¶d;k jyef rqufawm@bJ ajcwbuf aumif;pGmroefonf@ b0ESi@f &Sad e&onf?

1961- ckESpf arvY axmifrSvGwfvmaom udktkef;armiftwGuf &efukef a¶$+rdKhawmf}uD;udk avmuopfyef;csDum;csyf wckyrm jrifaeayonf? xdkESpfu olonf vGwv f yfa&;atmifyo JG @kd a&mufc@J onf? atmifyaJG e@}u;D rd@k acgi;f aygi;f wvlval wGEiS @f orRw}u;D u Adv k &f c_ o H bifay:0,f csw D wfvm=u aomy&dowf}u;D . tav;jyKjcif;udk cH,v l su/f txl;bdrEWujyKxm;aom {nf@onfawmf}u;D vnf; armf=umG ; *k%, f =l uvsu?f tcsdeftenf;i,f twGif;vGwfvyfa&; armfuGef;0ifrsm; pm&if;udkxkwfjyef ausnmum Edik if aH wmforRo}u;D ud, k w f ikd u f armfueG ;f 0ifwq H yd rf sm;udk cs;D jriS ahf y;tyf 42

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

43

ojzifh armfuGef;0if jzpfvm=uonf@ yk*~dKvftrsm;tjym;rSm armfrqHk;atmif &Sdae=u onf@tcsed w f iG f...... *sKd i;f axmuf}u;D udk axmufcg axmifcgjzif@ wa&GŒa&GŒ wv_yv f y_ f v_yf&Sm;um vrf;avSsmufvsuf vGwfvyfa&; vGwfobif tcrf;tem;udk ta0;rSyif vSrf;arSsmf=unf@&_ rcsd+yHK;uav;+yHK;vsufae aomol .... olonfum; vGwv f yfa&; atmifyo JG bifwiG f *k%jf yKtyfaom {nf@onfawmf wa,mufvnf; r[kw?f vGwv f yfa&;armfueG ;f 0if wa,mufvnf; r[kwcf @J ? od@k wap olum; vGwv f yfa&;wdu k yf JG twGuf a&SŒwef;rS wuf=upG mG wdu k cf @J onf@ jynfo@l om;aumif; wa,mufjzpfaom avxD;qif; Adv k t f ek ;f armifyifjzpfayownf;?

'kw,d t}udrf axmifrS vGwpf Y ajrmufOuUvmy&Sd a': jrifjh rif. h trawmf tdrw f iG f aexdik +f y;D / rsm;r=umrD awmifOuUvmywGif tdrw f tdrif mS ;&rf;um ZeD;armifEHS ajymif;a&$Œaexdik =f uonf? odk@aomf 1964 ckESpf jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; aqG;aEG;yGJ ysuf+yD;aemuf &efukef+rdKŒ Y tzrf;cH &jyefonf?

uduk ;kd usGe;f 1969- ckEpS f Zefe0g&v D 31- &ufae@wGif yxrtokwt f aejzif@udu k ;kd uíef;odk@ tyd@k cH&aom yk'rf - 5 tusO;f om;rsm;teuf udt k ek ;f armif wa,mufvnf;yg0ifc@J onf? od@k jzif@ udt k ek ;f armif onf udu k ;kd useG ;f &Sd oHq;l }uKd ;um axmifxYJ }uKH awG@cHpm;cJ@aom 'kuEQ iS hf oD[u kd seG ;f YawmfveS ;f a&; oifwef;wufc@J pOfu okcwd@k udk ,SO=f unf@rd.? oD[akd wm xJY aysmaf ysm}f u;D aecJ@&jcif;jzpf+y;D / ,cka&muf&dS aeaom udu k ;kd useG ;f rlum; +i;D aiGŒbG,yf if? ajcaxmufwiG f '%f&m&um tzrf;cH&+y;D 8 ESp=f umrSs axmifxrJ mS aecJ@&onf? axmifrS vGwaf jrmufvmcJ@&aom udt k ek ;f armif wa,muf. b0&yfwnfrr_ mS tvGef w&mrS raocsm ra& &mbJ/ wdryf rm avyrm b0rSmyif &Sad eonf? pm;a&; aomufa&; aea&; xdik af &; twGuv f nf; =uyf=uyfwnf;wnf;yif &Sad e&Smonf? ajrmufOuUvmyY &Sdaom r,m;nDtudk wa,muf. tdrfwGif tcsdeftawmf =umatmif rSDcdkcJ@&onf? &Jabmf&Jbuf tcsdK@. tultnDjzif@ &ufydkif; tawmtwGif;rSm awmiffOuUvmyY tdrfuav;wvHk; iSg;&rf;+yD; ZeD;a': jrifhjrifhESifh twlajymif;a&$Œ aexdkifvSsuf&Sdonf?

rSsm;eD (tdk;a0*sme,ftrSwf ( 91)/ 1334-ck / e,kefvqef;( 3 )&uf? 15²5² 1972/ pmrsufESm 11 -12 rS) (a[oDr;kd azhpb f w k rf S ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

43

44

Aef;armfwifatmifESifh }uD;jyif;cJhaom zD;epfiSufrsm; atmifa0;

( tydik f; 1 ) "usaemhrf mS twWqv kd kd h rcifO;D ;udk cspcf rhJ w d m wpfcyk J &Syd gw,fAsm " Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978) usaemfwdk hrsdK;qufb0onf/ " A " ig;vk;H ESifh }u;D jyif;vmcJ&h jcif;jzpfonf? xdk " Axuf+cKd uf " ig;vk;H xJwiG /f q&m Aef;armfwifatmif vnf;yg0ifavonf? usaemfwkd ah usmif;om;b0rSm tdyrf ufawG trsm;}u;D &Scd o hJ nf? usaemfwkd rh mS usaemfwkd h av;pm; tm;us twk,cl &hJ aom tvGr;f ZmwfawGvnf; wpfavS}u;D &Scd w hJ myg? usaemfwdk hi,fi,f ausmif;om;b0rSm/ yxrqkH;t}udrf tusOf;axmifxJ a&mufoGm;=uonf? 1976 rwfv/ ykodrfaumvdyf ta&;tcif;/ rdSKif;&mjynhfta&; tcif;awGESihf? tck&&Sx d m;=uwJh emrnfawGeJ yh J twdwu f jkd yefveS &f &if/ 'Dwek ;f u ykord af xmif xJrSm/ pdk;tdrf/ pdk;aevif;/ ajrEk/ usaemfwdk@awG twlwl? usaemfwdk hcsif; t,ltq a&;&m(vuf0Jt,ltqyg) aqG;aEG;jiif;ckef=uwJhtcg/ pdk;tdrfu usaemhft,ltqudk aysmw h ,f/ Ekw,f qd+k y;D / 'gukd olutm;r&csib f ;l ?

'Dawmh pd;k tdru f usaemht f ay: "'Daumifu '*kew f m&meJ o h cifA[de;f pyfazmuf xm;wJah umif"vdk h aumwwfonf? usaemfwkd ch spo f nhf ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif udAk [de;f udk usaemfwkd b h 0awGxrJ mS / &ifbwfxJ xnhfxm; wwf=uwmr[kwfvm;? usaemfwdk hudkA[def;udkcspfwJhtxJrSm 44

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

45

tEkynmqefwmvnf; ygonf? a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fayg ?h a&mrefwpfjzpfw,fqw kd o hJ u l "awmfveS af &;jzpf" wJt h cg/ usaemfwkd v h il ,fb0rSm tm;usrqk;H awmh? av;pm;rqk;H awmh?

1300 jynht f a&;awmfy}Hk u;D +y;D vdk /h 1939 t*Fvyd t f cuf/ Armhtcsu/f Edik if jH cm;u vufeuf tultnD/ ppfa&;tultnD&Smzdk h/ wuo ,leD,H taqmufttkHxJu xGuv f mwJah rSsmv f ihcf suaf wGeJ ?h udAk [de;f eJ q h &m'*kew f m&mwdk Eh pS af ,muf/ w&kwu f eG jf rL epfygwD/ OuUÏarmfwdk heJ hqufoG,fzdk h/ w&kwf-Arme,fpyf ,leefjynfe,fbuf udk xGucf =hJ uw,f? &Srf;jynf ta&S hajrmufydkif;/ vm;&SKd;vrf;r}uD;ay:rSmvdk hqdkw,f? wpfnom; vuvnf; tvGeo f maew,f? udAk [de;f u tif;vsm;rSmuwnf;u vom&if va&mifukd cHpm;aeus?

'Dwkef;rSm udkA[def;qDu "udkaX;+rdKif" wJh?(q&m'*kefwm&m &J hemrnf&if;u aX;+rKd iyf g) "'Dvkd vomaeawmh usaemhf pdwx f rJ mS =unfE;l csr;f ajrh vmw,fAsm" q&m'*kefwm&mu/ tif;..udkA[def;awmh &efukefrSmusef&pfwJh ol h&nf;pm; rcif}u;D ta=umif; ajymawmhrmS yJvkd x h ifvu kd o f wJ?h 'Dvx kd if&atmifvnf;/ oleJ u h Akd [de;f txufArmjynfudk/ tnmqef oabFm}uD;eJ hwpf+rdK h0if wpf+rdK hxGuf pnf;&Hk;a&;c&D; xGu=f uawmh/ &efuek u f ae q&m'*kew f m&m 0,fvmwJh pma&;puUL/ pmtdwef J w h q H yd af cgi;f awG/ udkA[def; ol h&nf;pm;rcif}uD;qD/ pmtapmifapmifa&;/ a&muf&mqdyfurf;rSm pmwdu k yf ;Hk xJxnhef J /h rEWav;ra&mufcif ajymifyga&mvm;? 'ga=umihyf /J q&m '*kew f m&m h ifrmS ayg ?h odk ah omf/ 'gayrJh..? vm;&SK;d vrf;nrSm/ udAk [de;f rcif}u;D ÉDumcsJ ah wmhr,fvkd x " 'DawmhAsm/ udkaX;+rdKif/ 'Dvdk=unfEl;csrf;ajrhaewJhtcsdefrSm cifAsm;eJ husaemf/ vDeif&@J tpd;k &eJ h awmfveS af &;pmtkyt f a=umif; aqG;aEG;&atmif" ao[Jh eENd,? q&m'*kefwm&m yufvufvefcJhrSmaocsmw,f? usaemfwdk@ vnf;yufvufvef oGm;wmygy?J [kww f ,fr[kwv f m;? uJ b,favmufcspzf akd umif;vdu k w f hJ udAk [de;f ygv?J va&mifxrJ mS rS olu k State and Revolution usr;f udak qG;aEG;csiaf ejyefowJ?h v$wv f o S ayg ?h 'gu usaemfwkd ch spcf /hJ av;pm;cJw h /hJ wuo? Auo ausmif;om;acgi;f aqmif ocifA[de;f yJ? aemufwpfa,muf/ usaemfwdk htonf;pGJ? olu AdkvfcsKyfatmif;qef;yJayg h?

Adv k cf sKyu f akd wmh usaemfwkd u h / q&m'*kew f m&m&J h"atmifqef;(odk rh [kw)f t&dik ;f "udzk wf+y;D ydkem;vnfoGm;w,f? ydk+yD;vnf;cspfvmw,f? AdkvfcsKyfudk,fwdkif ol htwˆKy`wWdxJrSm "t&dik ;f onf vGwv f yf.? &J&ih. f ? ajzmihrf wf wnf=unf&;kd om;." vdk ah &;cJzh ;l wmyJ? Adv k cf sKyu f u kd sawmh udAk [de;f eJ rh wl/ awmfveS af &;jzpfw,fvkd t h &ifjrif=uw,f? =urf;w,fvdk h qdkwmyg? 'gayrJh 'Dvdk=urf;w,f/ awmfvSefa&;jzpfw,fvdk hjrifwJholu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

45

46

"a&mrefwpfjzpf" jzpfomG ;wJt h cg usjyefawmhvnf;..? *syefacwf}u;D xJrmS ? t*Fvyd t f ajy;/ *syeft0if/ a&$awmif=um;u tdr}f u;D wpf vkH;xJrSm? q&m '*kefwm&mwdk hvli,fwpfodkuf pEN&m;wD;/ tcspfoDcsif;wpfyk'f qdkae =uwJhtcsdef? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef; 0ifvm+yD;/ bmrajym nmrajym jAKef;qdk "a[hval wG/ awmf=uprf;/ 'Dtcsed u f cspw f m}uKd uw f mawG qd&k r,ht f csed rf [kwb f ;l ? &Jpw d &f rJ mefwufr,hf oDcsif;awGqdk&rSmAs" Adv k cf sKyu f olajymcsiw f majym+y;D jyefxu G o f mG ;a&m? tcef;xJuvlawG tHt h m; oih+f y;D use&f pfcw hJ mayg ?h 'gayrJh b,fou l rS Adv k cf sKyt f ay: pdwrf qd;k =u/ r+iKd jiif=ubl;? 'Dvekd @J aemufawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;vnf;/ a':cif=unfeJ htdrfaxmifvnf;usa&m/ wpfae@ om;ayg hav/ q&m'*kefwm&m pEN&m;wD;aewJhtem;vm+yD;/ nifnifomomuav;eJ@" udkaX;+rdKif/ uOPeoDcsif;wD;prf;ygAsm" vdk ah jymygowJ?h tckawmh usaemfwkd Ah v kd cf sKyf El;nHo h rd af rG v h kd o h mG ;yg+y?D t&dik ;f r[kwaf wmhb;l ? tcspef J w h kd x h d vdu k v f kd v h nf;jzpfr,f? 'ga=umihyf /J Adv k cf sKyu f aemufyikd ;f rSm "tEkynmryg&if tdraf xmifa&;[m wm&Snrf cHb;l ? awmfveS af &;rSmvnf; tEkynmyg&r,f? tEkynmryg&if awmfveS af &; ratmifjrifEikd b f ;l " ajymcJw h mayg ?h usaemfwkd Ah v kd cf sKyu f ckd spw f m/ tJ'v D v kd rG ;f p&mawG&v dS kd ch sp=f uwmyg? usaemfwkd &h J ah usmif;om;b0[m/ udAk [de;f / udak tmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auo" uae/ aemufyikd ;f ocifA[de;f / ocifatmifqef;wdk &h J h"Auy" txdwikd yf rJ [kwv f m;? ArmEdik if v H ;Hk qdkif&m ausmif;om;or*~rsm;tzGJ hcsKyf(Auorsm;tzGJ hcsKyf) ABFSU uae/ aemufqkH; ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwD (BCP) txd qdyk gawmh?

1939 ocifA[de;f yg0ifw/hJ ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D J yh xrOD;qk;H taxGaxGtwGi;f a&;rSL;u AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;yJ r[kwfvm;? odk haomf aemufydkif;rSmawmh/ AdkvfcsKyfu uGejf rLepfygwu D Ekwx f u G +f y;D / zqyv tzGJ ch sKy}f u;D rSm OuUÏjzpfomG ;ygw,f? udAk [de;f u ygwrD mS yJusecf yhJ gw,f? uGejf rLepfygwu D kd zqyv tzGJ ch sKy=f u;D xJu xkwyf pfvu kd w f hJ tcsed rf mS / udAk [de;f u rEWav;aq;&H}k u;D ay:rSmyg? aemufq;Hk rSm udAk [de;f ESv;Hk a&m*geJ rh EWav;aq;&Hk }u;D rSmyJ uG,v f eG o f mG ;ygw,f? 1946 'DZifbm? "[de;f " eJ "h qef;" &J t h jzpfu &ifeihpf &myg? ESajrmwo a=uuGv J rG ;f qGwpf &myg? usaemfwkd [ h m/ usaemfwkd ah cwf}u;D u jyÏmef;ay;xm;wJt h wdik ;f / vuf0t J ,ltq awGeJ hvljzpf }uD;jyif;vmcJh&w,f qdkwmudk 0efcH&r,f? 'Dt,ltqeJ@yJ usaemfwdk@ rsKd ;quf(74-75-76 rsKd ;quf) [m ae0if;-pef;,k ppftm%m&Sit f pd;k &udk awmfveS cf hJ =uw,f? usaemfwkd ah cwfrmS / usaemfwkd [ h m usaemfwkd &h J v h il ,fb0udk yDyo D o"i,f" 46

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

47

cJ=h u? &J&&J ih&f ihf "eD" cJ=h u? 'DtwGuf qkvmbfuawmh &moufyef ausmif;awG txkwcf H cJ&h w,f? axmifawGwef;awG t}urd }f urd u f sc&hJ w,f? (udq k vdik ;f wifarmifO;D }uKd ;pifay:wufc&hJ w,f) 'gayrJh usaemfwkd b h ,fawmhrOS ;D rn$wcf b hJ ;l ?aemufvnf;rqkwcf b hJ ;l ? ausmif;om; pdwf"mwf/ cGyfa'gif;pdwf"mwf/ qJAif;*sLvdkifpdwf"mwf[m t&SHK;ray;/ 'l;raxmufcJhbl;? usaemfwkd ph w d "f mwfawG/ tawG;tac:awG[m t+rx J ufjrufcikd rf maew,f? &Sio f efE;kd =um; aew,f? 'Dvdkxufjrufcdkifrmaeatmif/ &SifoefEdk;=um;aeatmif/ wdk;wufawmfvSefwJh pmayawGu/ xde;f ausmif;arG;jrL yko H iG ;f ay;cJw h mygy?J tJ'v D kd wd;k wufawmfveS w f phJ mayawGxrJ mS / q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J ph mtkyaf wG vnf;/ t"dueJ h ta&;t}u;D tcef;u¾rSm yg0ifcw hJ myg? (tydik ;f 2) " vlwpfa,muf&J w h efz;kd udk oljzwfoef;ausmv f m$ ;aewJah cwf}u;D u ol yh ck;H ay:wifay;vdu k w f hJ ordik ;f ay;wm0efukd olb,favmufo,fy;kd xrf;aqmifcw hJ ,fqw kd t hJ csuef J h wdik ;f wm&rSmyJ " Aef;armfwifatmif(1920-1978) ¡ ruG,fvGefrD om;tm;ajym=um;csufrsm; rS ¢ q&mAef;armfwifatmifukd usaemfwkd ch spw f m[mvnf;/ vGr;f p&maumif;vdk yh g? " usaemhfrSm twWqdkvdk h rcifOD;udkcspfcJhrdwm wpfckyJ &Sdygw,fAsm" wJh? olt h wWuvnf; enf;vGev f eG ;f vdu k w f maemf? q&mAef;armfwifatmif[m wu,hu f ykd J olawmfpifwpfO;D / vlbek ;f }u;D wpfyg;vdyk g? q&mAef;armfwifatmifeJ yh wfoufvkd v h rG ;f p&m wpfcu k vnf; q&mh om;}u;D (usaemfwkd &h aJ bmf) udAk [de;f atmif wpfqihjf yefajymjyvd@k =um;cJ&h zl;ygw,f?

1945? AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;u ppfa&;wm0efcH/ ocifpdk;u EdkifiHa&;wm0efcH/ ocifoef;xGe;f u Edik if jH cm;qufo, G af &;wm0efcH qd+k y;D / " zwyv" zGJ v h kd /h zufqpfawmfveS f a&;}u;D qifE=J$ uawmh/ ocifA[de;f u wdik ;f &if;om; vlrsKd ;pkE, G rf sm; pnf;&H;k a&;wm0ef (1917/ vDeifwkd &h J &h &k mS ;jynf r[matmufwb kd m awmfveS af &;rSm/ pwmvif[m 'Dwm0efrsKd ;,lcw hJ ,f) eJ yh cJ ;l &d;k ru u&ifwikd ;f &if;om;awGukd pkpnf;+y;D / ajymufusm;ppfyEJG =J$ uawmh/ q&mAef;armf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

47

48

wifatmifu udAk [de;f ac:vdk h &d;k ray:wufvu kd o f mG ; ygw,f? q&m Zh eD;a':cifO;D eJ o h rD;i,f uav;t&G,af v;awGu rsupf o d il ,f/ em;oli,fehJ tm;i,f+y;D awmifirl mS use&f pfc=hJ uwmyg? wpfae &h efoal v,mOfuvm;/ r[mrdwaf v,mOf uvm; Ak;H }uaJ wmh/ Ak;H qefu olwkd o h m;trd yke;f cdak ewJh AH;k cdu k si;f xdyw f nhw f nhf uyf+y;D us avawmh/ q&m o h rD;t}u;D rav;crsm/ wpfoufv;Hk em;yif;oGm;cJ&h yga&mvm;? zufqpfawmfveS af &;}u;D +y;D qk;H oGm;wJt h cg/ wpfae rh mS awmh/ a':cifO;D wdo hk m;trd awG&SdaewJh ae&mudk/ vlwpfa,muf jrif;jzL}uD;wpfaumifudk tustepD;vdk@a&muf vmygowJ?h &kww f &ufawmh a':cifO;D a&m/ uav;awGa&m b,forl S rrSwrf =d ubl;wJ?h aemufawmhrS jrif;jzL}u;D ay:uvlu rsucf ;Hk xlx}l u;D 0ih+f y;D +yKH ;jyvdu k af wmhrS q&mAef;armfwif atmifukd rSwrf =d uawmhw,fw?hJ rdom;pkjyefvnf aygi;f qkcH ef;[m vGr;f armp&myg? 'g x h ufy+kdy;D vGr;f arma=uuGpJ &m aumif;wmu/ ajymufusm;ppfyrJG mS aotwl &Sirf uGm wdu k yf 0JG ifvmwJ/h &Jabmf&b J uf jrif;jzL}u;D ud/k rdom;pkvufiif;pm;p&mr&Sv d kd /h wjcm; vlvufxJ a&mif;pm; vdu k &f wJt h jzpfygy?J vGrf;+yD;armp&myg? a=u+yD;uGJp&myg? q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J hemrnfausmf " &dk;rwdkufyGJ" (1963) 0wˆK[m/ 'D yJcl;&dk;ray:u udkA[def;eJ@ u&ifwdkif;&if;om; awG&hJ ajymufusm;ppfyJG tawG t h }uKH awG xif[yfw,fvkd , h q l =uygw,f? usaemfwkd rh sKd ;quf[m tJ'v D kd " A" ig;vk;H eJ /h ae0if;-pef;,k ppftm%m&Sif pepfacwf}u;D xJrmS vljzpf}u;D jyif;vmcJ=h uwmygy?J usaemfwkd rh sKd ;qufacwfrmS b,fvrkd S jyefvnfzJG ph nf;vdk /h jyefvnfxl axmifvkd h r&cJw h hJ " Auo" udk/ 1988 &Spfav;vkH; ta&;awmfykH}uD; twGif;rSm/ udkrif;udkEdkif/ udkudk}uD;/ udkrdk;oD;ZGefwdk@ ausmif;om;acgif; aqmifawGu/ &mZ0ifwiG af vmufatmif jyefvnfzJG ph nf;xlaxmif Edik cf =hJ uwmudak wmh/ usaemfwkd rh sKd ;qufu &d;k om;pGmyJ tav;jyK&ygw,f? ae0if;-pef;,k ppftpdk;&vufxuf/ acwftqufquf ausmif;om;awG tpd;k &qef u h siaf &;/ Edik if aH &;vkyv f kd h tzrf;cH&+yD qd&k ifawmhvm;/ ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awGqu D " rif;wdk hAuy =oZmcHausmif;om;awG" qd+k y;D / olrsm;awGxuf yg;wpfcsuyf kd t&du k cf H &ygw,f? [kww f ,f? usaemfwkd ah wG[m " Axuf+cKd uf" awGyJ? " Axuf+cKd u"f awGrkd v h kd v h nf;/ ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &ud/k azmifzsu+f y;D wdu k yf 0JG if&J =uwmayg ?h tJ'Dvdk usaemfwdk ha&S huae/ ppftm%m&SifpepfeJ hppftm%m&Siftpdk;&udk azmifzsu+f y;D wdu k cf w hJ /hJ usaemfwkd &h J o h &l aJ umif;}u;D / vif;,ke}f u;D q&mAef;armfwifatmif uG,fvGefoGm;wJh tcgusawmh usaemfu 1976 rwfv/ ykodrfaumvdyf ta&;tcif;/ 48

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

49

rdKS i;f &mjynhf ta&;tcif;awGeJ yh o k rd t f usO;f axmifxrJ mS yg? e&odefxJrSm/ naygif; (1000) eD;yg; jzwfoef;cJh+yD;wJh aemuf..?

1978 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv(25)&ufae ?h aemufwpfae q h &kd if/ usaemfaxmif uvGwaf wmhr,f? " bkwf" vnf; wdu k +f y;D +y?D vGw&f ufvnf;aocsm+y?D aemufrKS vnf; bmrSr&S?d 'Dawmh atmufwb kd m (25)nae wef;ydw+f y;D csed f upvdk /h axmifEpS &f n S f usaewJh u&ifoykl ek f tzGJ ah wGukd usaemf ESKwq f uf pum;ajymaewJh tcsed ?f 'Dtcsed rf mS / wpfaxmifv;Hk / taqmifwum htaqmifvSnhfvmwJh owif;pmu/ usaemfwdkhaq;&Hk taqmifay: udak &mufvmygw,f? xk;H pHtwdik ;f wjcm;tusO;f om;awGu/ usaemfwkd h ausmif;om;awGukd t&ifO;D pm;ay; zwfciG jfh yKxm;wmqdak wmh/ usaemf owif;pm aumuf,+l y;D vkyaf eus ema&; pmrsuEf mS udk t&ifveS =f unhv f u kd w f t hJ cg/ " owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m Aef;armfwifatmif/ touf(58)ESpf" qdk+yD;/ q&mAef;armfwifatmif uG,v f eG w f ehJ ma&;a}umfjimudk awG v h u kd f &ygawmhw,f? urBm}u;D [m td;k xde;f pufuo hJ kd h vnfw,fqw kd m tJ'D tcdu k t f wef rh sKd ;ygy?J 1978 ckEpS /f atmufwb kd mv(23)&ufae /h &efuek af q;&H}k u;D ay:rSm/ q&m uG,v f eG cf yhJ g+yaD umvm;? usaemf ajzrqnfEikd af wmhygb;l ? usaemfwkd &h J t h yd rf uf a&$awmif}u;D +yKd vo J mG ;yg+y?D q&mAef;armfwifatmif yxrt}urd f aq;&Hw k ufae&wJh tcsed w f ek ;f u/ usaemfwq hkd &mqDu?kd axmifxu J ae pmcd;k xkw+f y;D a&mufatmifykd ch w hJ ,f? q&m q h u D / vli,fawG ol u h kd em;vnf wJhtwGuf aus;Zl;wifa=umif;/ aq;&Hkay:uae ta=umif;jyefwJhpum;udk/ usaemfwdk@ axmif0ifpm vl}uKH uae wpfqih=f um;cJ&h wmyg? tJ't D csed u f axmifu vGwcf ge;D qdak wmh/ usaemfwkd ph w d x f rJ mS / axmifuvGw&f if vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vkyzf kd t h a&S ah jrmufyikd ;f udyk o J mG ;&rvm;/ 'grrS [kwf ,Of;aus;rSK ppfrsuEf mS uwdu k zf kd /h &efuek w f uf pma&;q&mvky&f rvm;/ ud, k b fh momud, k f a0cGrJ & jzpfae=uwJt h csed yf g? t&Snfvsm;qkH;n&J htarSmifqkH;acsmufurf;yg;udkvGefajrmuf+yD;wJhaemuf/ aemufwpfae h/ atmufwdkbmv(26)&ufae h/ rGef;vGJ(2)em&DavmufrSm usaemhfudk ykord t f usO;f axmifxu J v$waf y;vdu k yf gw,f? axmifuvGwv f w G cf si;f tdrjf yef/ tarhukd uefawmh+y;D ( tazu usaemhaf =umihf &mxl;us+y;D / ucsijf ynfe,f csaD zG-avmacgib f uf ppfqifa&; xGuaf e&ygw,f) tJ'n D ae rDwo hJ abFmeJ u h saemf &efuek w f ufvmcJyh gw,f? oabFmay:rSm ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;ESpfa,muf/ usaemhftem;u ygvmw,f? &efuek q f yd u f rf; uyfawmh/ tJ'D axmufvrS ;f a&;ESpaf ,mufu/ usaemhu f kd awmifOuUvmy/ (13)&yfuGuf/ r*Fvmvrf;/ q&mAef;armfwifatmiftdrfudk oGm;zdk h/ olwdk hudk,fwdkif av;bD;um; iSm;ay;vdkuf=uwmygyJ? tJ'Dvdk usaemhfudk axmufvSrf;a&; 2 a,mufu tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

49

50

vdu k v f aH pmihaf &Smuf cJw h chJ &D;yg? wdw k akd jym&&if/ atmufwb kd mv(27)&uf/ }uaH wmokoefu q&mAef;armfwif atmif&J h psmyeudk usaemfwufa&mufEikd cf yhJ gw,f? q&m u h kd aemufq;Hk tav;*g&0jyKchJ &ygw,f? tJ't D csed f usaemfwkd t h &if tif;pdet f usO;f axmifuvGwcf =hJ uwJ/h q&m o h m; udAk [de;f atmifwkd /h udak usmaf Zmatmifwkd eh J t h wl/ axmifxu G o f yl ek f ausmif;om;awG/ wpfenf;ajym&&if " Axuf+cKd uf" awG/ q&m Aef;armfwifatmif psmyerSm xke@J xnfe@J jyefvnfppk nf;Edik cf hJ =uygw,f? q&m ph smye+y;D awmh/ usaemf ykord u f kd jyefvmygw,f? wyfxu J tdrrf mS ('Dwek ;f u tazhwyfu csif; oeu-2 yg? tckawmh cr&-308 jzpfoGm;+yDvdk hqdkw,f) usaemf c%em;w,f? odyrf =umvdu k b f ;l ? jrpf0uíef;ay: wdik ;f jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&; twGu/f wGzJ ufausmif;q&mawG 0ifvyk =f u&r,fqw kd hJ vrf;n$ecf suef J u h saemf ajrmif;jreJ h vyGwmW bufux kd u G v f mcJyh gw,f? vufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;vkyzf kd ah wmvnf;rcdjk zpf? pma&;q&mvkyzf @d k &efuek f vnf;rwufjzpf? 'gayrJh ppftm%m&Sipf epf acwf}u;D u rnSmrwm &du k yf w k v f u kd jf yefavawmh/ 1982-yxr t}urd f Auy ,l*st D aygurf mS / usaemfygroGm;bJ/ e,fuae tomuav; vpfvm+yD;/ &efukefwuUodkvfrSm r[m0dZ‰m aemufqkH;ESpfwufaecJhwm/ tJ'DtcsdefrSmyJ/ rarSsmv f ihb f /J usaemf uAsmq&mjzpfzkd t h cGit fh vrf;}uKH c&hJ wmygy?J 'Dwek ;f u/ vSn;f wef;/ pH&yd +f ird (f 6)vrf;/ ,k'oef&yd o f mteD;/ (603) +c}H u;D a&S u h / udak rmifarmif/ r=unf0if;wdk Eh pS x f yftrd u f av;/ atmufxyfrmS / usaemfwkd /h aersKd ;aZmf (rif;ndKpif)wdk /h xl;tdro f ifwkd t h wlaecJ=h uwJ&h ufawG[m/ Aef;armfwifatmifukd vGr;f qGwf wrf;wcJ&h aom ae &h ufawGygy?J usaemfwkd ph w d x f rJ mS wdr;f wdr;f ayGayGeJ t h m;i,frw d t hJ cg/ }uaH wmocFs Kd i;f xJu/ q&mAef;armfwifatmif&J t h w k *f rl mS oGm;oGm;xdik w f wfc=hJ uygw,f? q&m Aef;armfwifatmif &J t h w k *f u l jyefvm&if/ usaemfwkd [ h m/ zD;epfiu S af wGtjzpfeJ t h iftm;opfawG 0ifvmcJw h myg?

'D tdru f av;uyJ/ aersKd ;aZmfu ta&S ah jrmufyikd ;f ppfa'oudk awmcdo k mG ;cJw h ,f? xl;tdrfoifu oDcsif;a&;q&m/ tqdkawmfjzpfvmcJhw,f? atmifa0;u uAsmq&mjzpf vmcJw h ,f?

atmifa0;

(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

50

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

51

ocifukd,fawmfrdSkif; (odk hr[kwf) jidrf;csrf;a&; ydokum

'*kefwm&m dS ? "a[h ...wm&m uíef0,f&m tqpfrygapeJ@" [k owday;avh&.

(1) q&m}u;D ocifu, kd af wmfrid_ ;f udk trsKd ;om; uAsmq&m}u;D tjzpf pmayrSpwif odaomfvnf; +ird ;f csr;f a&; ydou k m q&m}u;D tjzpfEiS fh cspu f írf;cifrif&jcif; jzpfayonf? a'gi;f ÉDum/ arsmufÉu D m/ paom pmtkyrf sm;udk ausmif;aepOfu zwfc&hJ I oGuv f ufaom um&ef jzihf pum;¶$e;f &$e;f / Z0eOm%f&i$ &f i$ f a&;om;onhf q&m}u;D . [efw@kd Y pG+J icd . hJ ? rpPwmarmifrid_ ;f rSmawmfykH 0wˆKY udak yg nnf;yHu k kd.... "wr,m;aovSsif wr,m;aep+rJayrJh/ pHvsm;tajc ESpfyg;*a[+rJr,hfol&JŒ/ (tr,frif;) r,m; tae&J&rvm;wJv h @dk / tvum; tarurJr+J y;D (cift&kH ,f) tzGm;atu qJrmS u wr_yg "paom vl@ obm0o¶kyu f kd av;csK;d }u;D jzihf cyf¶i$ ¶f i$ f a&;om;cJ. h ? vlcsi;f pwifqakH wGŒzl;onfum; ppfrjzpfraDS cwf wuUov kd o f r*~Y 0g'jzef@csad &;rSL; tjzpfaqmif&Guf cJhpOfujzpfay.? trsKd;om;ae@Y nbufwGif w&m;yGJrsm;csay;&m wuUov kd o f r*~wiG f q&m}u;D a[majym+y;D aemuf ajreDuek ;f wGif qufp&m&So d jzihf uíefawmf yif vdu k yf @kd ay;&.? q&m}u;D rSm xH;k ajcmufa&mif cyfazsmah zsmyh 0k gukd avsmw h ad vsm&h J &pfywfxm;onf? q&m}u;D onf b,fawmhrS raygi;f / vufEiS fh uAsmu&m &pfywfvu kd o f nfom jzpf.? aiGa&mifuo hJ @dk jzLazG;aom qHprsm;rSm xH;k ajcmufa&mifxufrS oG,&f &,fusae.?

E_wcf rf;arG;jzLjzL rSmZ&m. trSwt f om;jzpfaomfvnf; jyKH ;=unf&i$ jf yaom rsuv f ;kH t=unhrf mS cdik rf mav;eufjcif; ta&mifjzihf awmufyaeonf? pum;ajymvdu k af omtcg acwfraDS om oabmrsm;udk =um;&vdrfh rnf? vli,fuo hJ @kd wufºuGysKv d iG jf cif;udk awGŒ&S&d vdrrfh nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

51

52

um;ay:wGif A[ef;aumvdyfacwfudk wwGwfwGwfajymjy&m em;axmifI aumif;vS.? xdt k cgu uíefawmfw@kd rSm arG;pom&Sad o;.? q&m}u;D . a&S;jzpfa[mif;udk jyefajymaeonfrmS tm;&p&m aumif;vSonf? wcsuw f csuf uGr;f aoG;axG;vdu k +f y;D aemufpum;udq k ufjyef.? "'Dwkef;uqdkwm q&mhpdwfxJrSm wcgxJ vlrsKd;jcm;taESmiftzGJ@uvGwf+yD; ud, k rfh if;uk, d cf si;f b0udo k m a&mufawmhrvdk pdwrf mefu wufaewke;f aygh" uíefawmfu 1920 oydwt f a&;awmfyrkH S ayguzf mG ;vl;vGe@f vmaom trsK;d om; aumvdy}f u;D udk pdwu f ;l ESifh rSe;f =unhaf ecJ&h .? trf-at armif}u;D wk@d ta=umif;a&mufum trsK;d om;aumvdy}f u;D ysu&f yHu k kd ajymjyaejyef.? "'dk@ vGwfvyfa&;[m rif;wkd@ vli,f ausmif;om;awG vufxJrSm&Sdw,f? armifatmifqef;[mvJ vl awmfuav;uG@J "[k uíeaf wmfw@kd bufo@kd vSnu fh m ajymaeonf? armfawmfum;onf ajreDuek ;f t0dik ;f }u;D udk ywfvu kd af v+y?D "mwfrD;wdkifrS tvif;a&mifrsm;a=umihf q&m}uD;. rsufESmrSmvif;aeonf? q&m}uD;. rsufvHk;wkd@rSm touft&G,fa=umihf rD;ckd;a&mif&Sdaomfvnf; t=unhfYum; xufjrufvsuyf if&adS o;.? yifet D ay:zH;k tjzLxufrS uGr;f ¶d;k pif; yef;a&mifEv k ckH snf paom ArmqefaomtaoG;rSm q&m}uD;.[efyefESihf y¾m&ae.? ,ckacwfwGif EdkifiHjcm; taiG@toufryg/ Armqefqef trsK;d om;}u;D wOD;udk jyygqkd vSsif q&m}u;D udk jy&ayrnf? pum;ajym&mY vufnKSd ;udak xmifum acgi;f udik v hJ suf ajz;nif;nifompGm ajym onf? toHrmS odraf rG@onf? vli,frsm;udk &if;ES;D cspcf ifpmG qufqo H nf? [mo&$i&f i$ Ef iS fh a0zefajymavh&o dS nf? q&m }u;D ajymvSsif uíefawmfw@kd rSm t+rJ &,farmum ae=u&onf? ol. av;csK;d uAsmuJo h @kd t+r;D tarmuf rwnhaf om vlaer_pepf/ rrSeu f efaom vl@obm0wk@d udk [mojzihf jyuf&,f jyKwwfonf? ajreDuek ;f w&m;yGv J yk af e&mY um;onf&yfvu kd o f nf? vufO;D ajymolrsm;um; ajymvsuyf if&o dS nf? xdn k wGif q&m}u;D onf w&m;(3) yGJ (3) ae&mY a[m&rnfjzpfonf? q&m}u;D onf um;ay:rSqif;+y;D "at; at; }uKd ;pm;=uuG,?f r=umcif vGwv f yf &rSmaygh" [kqu dk m acgi;f w+ird +fh ird Efh iS fh E_wq f ufum xGuo f mG ;onf? "mwfcu G rf S a'grmefygygEiS afh jymaeaom trsK;d om;ae@vlxw k &m;yGJ y&dowf}u;D xJ od@k wk;d 0ifomG ; aom q&m}u;D udk vSr;f jrif vdu k &f onf? xH;k ajcmufa&mif avsm&h &J J yk0g/ yife/D yef;EkEiS fh uGr;f ¶d;k pif;/ E_wcf rf;arG;jzLjzL/ ud, k af e rwfrwf zdik zfh ikd /fh To¾mefrmS yXrOD;qH;k awGŒzl;aom q&m}u;D . ¶kyo f iG jf zpfayonf? uíefawmfhrmS vlx}k u;D xJo@kd wk;d 0ifomG ;aom q&m}u;D tm; trsK;d om; vGwv f yf a&;. trSww f q H yd f tjzpf &ifwiG ;f Y pGv J rf; rSwo f m;xm;cJah yonf?

52

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

53

(2) *syefacwfY a&$awmif=um;wGif q&m}u;D ESifh eD;uyfpmG awG@qH&k jyefonf? xdktcgu q&m}uD;rSm a&$awmif=um;vrf;ESihf csif;acsmif;&dyfom vrf;a'gihf&Sd uke;f jrihaf y:xuf xif;¶l;yifrsm;ESiw fh u kd 0f ,f aexdik v f su&f o dS nf? uíefawmfrmS wtdr=f um;&Sd Adv k af Z,sEiS t fh wl aecdu k jf zpf onf? q&m}u;D xHo@kd 'd@k Armtpnf;t¶H;k OuUÏ ocifwifarmif (,ck uG,v f eG +f y;D ) ESifh oGm;wwf=uonf? ocifwifarmifrmS uíefawmfukd r=umc% vmac: avh&o dS nf? q&m}u;D rSm trsK;d om;ae@w&m;yGw J ek ;f u ¶kyo f iG u f o hJ @kd yif cyf&i$ &f i$ t f rlt,mESi?fh yifeD&Syftuôs tjzLcHay:rSteufuGuf yavuyfvHkcsnfESihf awG@&wwfonf? yifeD&SyfrSm &ifcGJjzpfI vHkcsnftjyif xkwf0wfxm;onf? vrf;avSsmufonhftcg vufwbufu vHck snu f ckd yfqwfqwf ºuGIºuGI oGm;avh &So d nf? vbufukd wGiw f iG pf m;onf? ESr;f qDjzihf &$aJ eaom vbufcu G u f dk wd;k ay;um "pm;uG" [k uíefawmf wd@k bufo@kd vSnafh jymavh&o dS nf? vbufcu G x f &J dS qDxYJ um; ykZeG af jcmufEiS fh =uufoeG af =umfw@kd rSm eef;csi;f jzpfay.? {nho f nfrsm;um; O'[kd 0ifxu G o f mG ;vmvsuf &S=d uonf? trsm;tm;jzihf wynhw f yef;rsm; jzpfuek af om ocifrsm; jzpfay=uonf? q&m}u;D onf Edik if aH &;ESiyfh wfoufI ajymqdo k nht f cg b,fo@l udrk rS nSm? &Si;f &Si;f bGi;f bGi;f yif ajymonf? apmapmykid ;f uyif *syefqef@usiaf &;orm;jzpfum ocifatmifqef; wd@k tm; "rif;wd@k yihf vmwJb h &k m; ESicf sv@kd r&bl;vm;"[k ajymifajymavonf? wae@vH;k Edik if aH &;pum; ajymavonf?

Edik if aH &;pum; ajymvSsif armyef;onfr&S?d xrif;pm; vmac:rS xpm;onf? wcgw&H *syefowif;pm q&mrsm; aygufvmwwf.? xdktcgrsKd;wGif ocif wifarmifu pum;jyefvyk &f .? *syefrsm;a&SŒwGifyif Armrsm;onf &mZ0iftpOftvmt& b,fol@uíeftjzpf rSrcHbJ aevmcJhyHkrsm;udk tajccHum trsKd;om;Zmwdrmefudk az:avh&Sd.? *syefrsm;um; av;av;pm;pm;yif em;axmifae=u&.? q&m}u;D onf AH;k &efuv kd nf; tr_rxm;wwf? wn/ ocifwifarmifu twif;qGx J m;ojzihf q&m}u;D . tdrw f iG f tdy&f ayonf? av,smOfysv H mI atmufxyfo@kd qif;um +caH xmih&f dS AH;k usi;f xJ ajy;qif;=u.? q&m}u;D rSm b,foal c:IrS r&bJ pdwyf w k ;D udik u f m vomomY +cx H &J dS vrf;uav;wGif vrf;avSsmuf rysu/f ykw;D pdyf rysuf...?

AH;k um; wa0ga0g }ucJ svsu&f &dS m orD;jzpfol q&ma,m(aZ,s). ZeD;u... tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

53

54

"azaz...vl&yd jf rifr,f? azazu udprP &Sb d ;l ? *syefawGu wrsK;d xifaetH;k r,f? tdrfxJ0ifaeyg" [k pdk;&drf}uD;pGm vSrf;ajymvdkufrS"[if" [k wcsufqdkum arSmif&dyf&Sd aomwHcg;0Y tomuyfvu kd af v onf? uíefawmfEiS fh ocifwifarmifrmS O=o t&Snq f v JG u kd rf S AH;k usi;f xJr x S u G v f m=u onf? q&m}u;D um; ol@tcef;xJY at;aq;pGmyifxikd af eum "tif; b,fae&mawGrsm; csjyefyvJrodbl;? owW0gawG ao=uaus=utHk;awmhrSmyJ? ppf}uD;+yD;rS jzpfr,fa[h"[k wnf+ird pf mG ajymaeavonf?

(3) onhfaemufYum; q&m}uD;ESihf awmfawmf=um rqHkawG@bJ aecJh=uonf? k &f I rSwrf w S &f & &Scd sirf v S nf; trSet f m;jzihf q&m}u;D rSm uíefawmfukd jzwfueJomawG@vdu &Sdayrnf? EdkifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESihfom twlawG@onf jzpfI EdkifiHa&;e,fy,fxJu [kom omrefrw S x f ifrnf jzpf.? pmta=umif; ayta=umif;vnf; wcgrsS r,fr,f&& raqG;aEG; zl;jzpf?

1950 cku/ uíefawmf pma&;q&mtoif; OuUÏjzpfpOfu pmqdak wmfae@ vlxk tpnf;ta0;Y q&m}u;D ESifh pum;ajymvdu k &f +y;D aemuf w¶kwjf ynfomG ;=uawmhrS vufyeG ;f wwD;aecGi&fh um cifrif &if;ES;D vmav.? xdt k cgum; ocifu, dk af wmfrid_ ;f rSm +ird ;f csr;f a&;ydou k mq&m}u;D jzpfaeay+y?D av;uefzihEf @JG jcif; r&S?d vli,frsm;xufyif zswv f wfwufºuGaeonfukd tH=h opGm awGŒ&.? w¶kwf jynfwGif vnfp&m=unhfp&m tpDtpOfrsm;&Sd&m b,ftpDtpOfrS rvdu k [ f I l cseaf e&pfonfr&S?d "q&m}u;D yef;aer,f? aecsif ae&pfcyhJ gvm;" [k tvdu k w f od ajymonhftcg vufumvdkufum "vdkufwmaygh? udpPr&Sdygbl;? q&mvdkufEdkifygw,f" [kajymum yef;a&mify0k gukd tomacGywfvu kd f onf? [efacsmifY O,smOf}uD;wckodk@ oGm;vnf&m awmifay:odk@wufonhfae&m wae&m&Sd.? wcsKdŒ rdef;r udk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;rSm awmifatmuf&Sd opfyifatmufY tyef;ajz&if; ae&pfc=hJ u.? q&m}u;D rSm rarmryef; wufvu kd o f mG ;I w¶kw&f aJ bmfrsm;rSm tH=h oae=u&onf? "vdkufwmayghuG" [k tpDtpOfwkdif;udk vG,fvG,fululyif vufcHonf? useG af wmfw@kd rSm touf (76) ESpf t&G,Ef iS fh onfavmuf zswv f wfysKv d iG f aejcif;&So d nfudk tH=h oae=u&onf? c&D;vrf; wavSsmufv;kH vnf; q&m}u;D a=umihf pdak jyaecJo h nf? aumvHrk S a[mifaumifbufo@kd tul; ul;wd@k qdyw f iG f ul;wd@k a=u;xkwaf y;onfudk jrif&aomtcg "*dwaf =u;vm;uG" [k q&m}u;D u ajymI uíefawmfw@kd rSm r&,fbrJ aeEdik =f u?

54

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

55

armfpw D ek ;f . {nhcf yH JG wGiv f nf; vufYywfxm;aom ykw;D udu k Asmu&mjzKwu f m tdwx f J xnh+f y;D "ocifEek @J rSm;aeygt;kH r,fumG " [k ajym&m usaemfw@kd rSm &,farmae&ay.? q&m}uD;onf uGrf;ESihfvbufudkum; }udKufonf? w¶kwfjynfoGm;aomtcg uGr;f &Gurf sm; ,lomG ; onf? w¶kwo f &H ;kH rS *¶kwpdu k f xnhaf y;vdu k o f nf? od@k aomf (10) &ufcef@t=um yDuif;utxGuf xdatmifum;rcHawmh? EGr;f ajcmufuek af y+y?D q&m}u;D rSm nnf;nLonfr&Sb d J uGr;f oD;ud0k g;Iae.? pum;ajymvSsif uGr;f pm;rysuf ajymavh&. dS ? tpm;taomufY ZDpmra=umif? tat;udk rcHEikd rf &S?d ajrmufyikd ;f rku'ifbufo@kd a&muf&m tawmf at;aeI q&m}u;D at;ovm; [kar;vSsif "rat;ygb;l " [k ajzavh&. dS ? ocifbOD;u q&m}u;D twGupf ;kd &drI f tcef;jyifo@kd rxGub f aJ eap&m ocifbOD; uG,&f mwGif "ocifbOD;vkyw f meJ@ q&mhrvJ vlrrm}u;D usaewmbJ q&mbmrS rjzpfygb;l " [k useG af wmfw@kd tm;ajym.? wu,fvnf; q&m}u;D rSm bmrSrjzpf? pdw"f mwfuvnf; xufoefv.

S ? yDuif;wGif a&muf&Sdaeaom Armudk,fpm;vS,fawmfrsm;xJwGif q&m}uD;rSm touft}u;D qH;k jzpfI tm;vH;k u q&m}u;D udk udik ;f ¶di_ ;f av;pm;=uonf? tHv h nf; tH=h o=u onf? vl}u;D csi;f jzpfaom blvf a*;&D;,m;rS touf (60) cef@ qHyifjzLjzLESifh uAsmq&m}u;D ESiu fh m; tvGr;f oihaf e.? ESpaf ,muf om;awG@vSsif zufvw J uif; ae=u.? q&m}u;D rSm touft&G,f }u;D +yq D I kd xlxx l x J J r[kw?f pl;&S.? odjrifwwf.? tifrwefvnf; yg;onf? wcgu uíefawmftm; Edik if aH &;orm; yk*Kd~ vEf pS Of ;D ESifh ywfoufI "a[h wm&m/ olwkd@u q&mhudk tm%m&&ifayghav/ orwajrSmuf&r,f bmr,fe@J vmajymw,fu?G q&mhukd txifao;wm? q&mu bmvmbfvmb/ bm&mxl; ÏmeEW&rS arSsmfukd;+yD; ckvkdEdkifiHa&; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? 'dk@Armjynf}uD; aumif;pm;wm jrifcsiw f hJ apwemeJ@ oGm;vmvkyu f ikd af ewm? &mxl;eJ@rSsm;vd@k &w,frsm; atmif;arhae ovm;rodb;l " [k uGr;f 0g;&if;u &,fumajymae.? uíefawmfu "q&m}u;D udk =unfnKd whJ apwemeJ@vnf; ajymwmygq&m}uD;&,f" [k jyefajymaomtcg q&mu "'Davmuf rtygb;l ? vlxu k wifajrmS ufrS &wm"[k ajymae.? trSet f m;jzihf q&m}u;D rSm Edik if cH sppf w d o f ufoufEiS fh ¶d;k om;jzLpifpmG oGm;vm vkyu f ikd af ejcif; jzpf.? xk@d a=umihv f nf; wwdik ;f jynfv;kH u =unfnKd cspcf if=uayonf?

(4) +ird ;f csr;f a&; ydou k m q&m}u;D tjzpfum; jrihjf rwfavonf? vltrsm;. aumif;usK;d csr;f omr_udk a&SΦ_onf? ,ae@ jzpfysuaf eaom jynfwiG ;f ppfudk &yfpaJ pcsiaf om qEN&o dS nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

55

56

wbufEiS w fh buf twdu k t f cdu k &f yfum trsK;d om; tcsi;f csi;f pnf;vH;k pGm &S=d uzd@k apwemrSm jyif;jyonf? "q&mh oabmuawmh tm;vH;k nDn! D w G ! f w G jf zpfwmom jrifcsiw f mygyu J mG ? wa,mufe@J wa,muf onf;nD;cH+y;D aphpyf&ifawmh atmifjrifrmS yJv@kd q&m,H=k unfaewm yJ"[k q&m}u;D onf rESpf wESpu f wnf;u ajymaecJ. h ? q&m}uD;apwemudk uíefawmfwkd@ tºuGif;rJhvnf; ,Hk=unfav;pm;onf? xdk@a=umihfvnf; 1952 ck/ arvuusif;ycJhaom EdkifiHvHk;qdkif&m+idrf;csrf;a&;nDvmcHH }u;D Y Edik if v H ;kH qdik &f m aumfrwDukd a&G;aomtcg OuUÏtjzpf q&m}u;D udk wifajrmS uf&ef r&&atmif wdu k w f eG ;f }uKd ;yrf;cJ=h u.? touft&G,}f u;D +y/D bm+ypD onfjzihf wcsKŒd upOf;pm;=u&mY "'Dae&m[m q&m }u;D eJ@ toihaf vsmf qH;k yJ? b,fygwD oHa,mZOfrv S nf;r&S?d wjynfv;kH u =unfnKd wyhJ *k Kd~ v/f apwemuvnf; tifrwef rSjzLpifw,f"[k q&m}u;D udyk if tm;vH;k .oabmwlcsujf zihf OuUÏtjzpf wifajrmS ufc=hJ uavonf? ,ae@ jynfwGif;ppf}uD;Y wbufESihfwbuf wdkufcdkufaeolrsm;rSm 'dk@Arm tpnf;t¶Hk;/ ausmif;om;or*~rsm;Y twlvkyfvmcJh=uaom &Jabmf&Jbufrsm;jzpfI q&m}u;D . wynhw f yef;rsm; jzpf=uonf?

Twynhrf sm; nD!w G pf nf;vH;k pGm &Sad pcsiaf omapwemESifh wjynfv;kH vltrsm; at;csrf;pGm jzpfap csifaom tmoDowdk@ jzihfxm;&Sdaom +idrf;csrf;a&; oabmxm;rSm q&m}u;D . jynfwiG ;f nDnw G af &; ,H=k unfcsuyf if jzpfonf? " csKd;wkd@/ cgwdk@/ Z&ufwkd@qdkwJh aus;iSuf uav;rsm;awmif ol@todkufeJ@ol at;csr;f pGmaecsi=f uw,f? tjcm;wd&pd m> efrsm;u usL;ausmw f mudk rcHcsi=f ubl;? vlom; awGrSm b,frSmajymp&m &SdyghrvJ? e,fcsJŒ jcif;udk q&mwdk@u r}udKufbl;"[k yDuif;+rdKŒ tjynfjynfrS jynfo@l uk, d pf m;vS,rf sm;. xrif; pm;yGYJ ajym=um;aomtcg uíefawmfw@kd pm;yGJ&Sd [efa*&DrSpma&;q&mrsm;rSm q&m}uD;. urBm@+idrf;csrf;a&; pum;&yfrsm;udk ESpo f uftm;&jcif; jzpf&onf? uíefawmfEiS fh at;at;aq;aq; =uKH wikd ;f "a[h wm&m& ...tm%m vuf&o dS l awGa&m/ awmxJu vlawGa&m[m q&mhwynhfawGyJuG? oef;xGef;qdkwm tifrwef tvkyv f yk w f t hJ aumif? ocifEq k kd wmvJ ykw;D eJ@aewmyJ? tm;vH;k wvH;k wpnf;xJ&&dS if wd@k jynf[m odyaf umif;rSmyJ" [kajymavh&dS onf? tm&S + id r f ; csrf ; a&; nD v mcH u d p P E S i h f yD u if ; a&muf o nh f t cg oH t rwf OD;vSarmifuo dk m war;xJ ar;aeonf? "vSarmif[m q&mhwynhyf u J G" [k wuUov kd f or*~OuUÏ jzpfco hJ l udv k aS rmiftm; cifrif&if;pGJ &Sad vonf?

56

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

57

" +ird ;f csr;f a&;qdw k m vlwikd ;f }uKd u&f r,fu?G tm;vH;k yg0ifEikd &f r,f" ajymavonf? q&m}u;D . us,f jyef@pGmxm;&So d nhf +ird ;f csr;f a&; oabmxm;rSm rSeu f efvaS yonf? q&m}u;D ESifh uíefawmfw@kd rSm woabmwnf; jzpf=uonf? tpnf;ta0; obmywdvyk pf &m/ w&m;a[mp&m paom toif;tzG@J a&;&mESifh ygwo f ufI jiif;qefonfr&S?d oGm;ac:vsif acgi;f aygi;f uav; tom&pfum vdu k yf gvm.? trsm;tusK;d [kqv kd sif yifyef;onfr&S?d b,fawmhrS rnnf;nL? tm&SEiS yfh pdzw d f +ird ;f csr;f a&;nDvmcH}u;D twGuf 'kw, d t}urd yf u D if;od@k oGm;& rnf&adS omtcg a&Sma&Sm&SL&SLyif xvdu k v f mcJ. h ? earmferJh aeonfr[kw?f tajctaeudk t+rw J rf; avhvmtuJcwfavh&o dS nf? q&m}uD; rod[lI xifxm;Irjzpf? yg;vnf;yg;I odwwfjrifwwfonf? r=umc% uíefawmfhuakd c:um ar;jref;wkid f yifavh&o dS nf? "q&mhapwemu tm;vH;k aumif;zd@k / at;csr;f zd@k vkyaf ewm? urBm}u;D +ird ;f csr;f apcsiw f hJ qENt+r&J dS w,f? wygw/D wzG@J aumif;pm;zd@k / b,foal wG0ef}u;D jzpfz@kd vkyaf ewm r[kwb f ;l wm&m&"[k uGr;f 0g;&if; yd;k cef;qD;yg;uav;t=um; jrif&aomaemufwiG f w&dy&f yd f jzwfoef;usef&pfcJhonhf w¶kwfjynf *E<m&awm&Gm aus;vufrsm;udk ai;umajymwwf avonf? q&m}u;D onf rnfo. l =oZmrSrcHbJ uif;uif;&Si;f &Si;f / ¶d;k ¶d;k oef@oef@ aqmif &Guaf om Edik if aH &;udk vkyo f nf? uíefawmfhuv kd nf; "a[h wm&m uíef0,f&m tqpf rygapeJ@"[k owday;avh&. dS ? q&m}u;D rSm b,ftzG@J pnf;rSmjzpfjzpf ¶d;k om;pGm vkyu f ikd af qmif&u G jf cif;udk t+rv J kd vm;onf? q&m}u;D onf T jzLpifoef@&Si;f aom apwema=umihyf if at;onh&f moDwiG f wkdif;wyg;&yfjcm;odk@ oGm;jcif;/ tpnf;ta0;rsm;/ w&m;yGJrsm;odk@ pdwftm;xufoefpGm wufjcif; jzpfay.? q&m}u;D . trlt,mrSm tdrk if;&ihaf &mfjcif;/ EGr;f e,fjcif;wd@k r&Sb d J vef;vef;&$i&f i$ /f zswv f wfjref qefaeonfrmS ol. jyif;jyaom pdwrf mefa=umihf jzpfayonf?

(5) yDuif;a&mufonhfnu {nhfcHyGJwck&Sd&m q&m}uD;onf yifeD&ifzHk;/ a&$zvm; a&mifwiG f yef;azsmah oG; tpif;}u;D rsm;jzihf pif;xm;aom awmif&n S yf q k ;kd ESifh 0wfxm;onfukd jrif&&m jrihfrm;xGm;cdkifaom ukd,f[ef taoG;tarG;ESihf =unhfaumif;aeonf? ArmyDyD cHch n hH m;nm;ESifh usuo f a&&Sad om ¶kyo f iG jf zpfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

57

58

uíefawmfESihf ocifvGifu "q&m}uD;u zdk;pdef}uD;=uaewmyJ"[k ajymvdkuf aomtcg q&m}u;D onf cg;yHpk udk odr;f &if; "at; at;" [k &,farmaeonf? &,fyrkH mS pdw=f unfvef;p&m aumif;aeonf? tom;ta&mifrmS 0gnn hH /Hh jzLazG;aom aiGa&mifEw _ cf rf;arG;rSm touft&G,u f kd jyonf rSeaf omfvnf; &ihu f su=f unfvifaom ÁÁajEu N kd av;eufatmif jznhpf rG ;f v#uf &Sad yonf? ynm&Sd u0dw@kd . [efyefay:ae.? +ird ;f csr;f a&; vkyif ef;}u;D udk tpd;k &. twdu k t f cHoabm b,fawmhrS rxm;&Scd ahJ y? csv D u D Asmq&m}u;D eD¶'l gZeD;armifEq HS v kd sS if q&m}u;D udk rsm;pGmav;pm;=uonf?

Edik if jH cm; ud, k pf m; vS,rf sm;rSm q&m}u;D . wnf+ird =f unfvifaom ¶kyo f iG u f =kd unhu f m cspcf ifav;jrwfjcif; &S=d uonf? uAsmq&m}u;D [k ajymjyaomtcg "q&m}u;D . uAsmwyk'f avmuf &Gwjf yyg "[k awmif;yefwwf=uonf? q&m}u;D ESifh c&D;oGm;&onfrmS vl}u;D wOD;ESifh oGm;&onfEiS rfh wl &G,w f v l il ,f rsm;ESifh oGm;&ovdk aysmpf &maumif;onf? q&m}u;D . [moa=umihf &,farmumyif ae&av.?

Edik if aH &; tawG@t=uKH rsm;oljzpfI 0HomEkacwfrS zqyvacwftxd tjzpftysuf Zmwfa=umif;rsm;udk ajymjyonfukd em;axmif&onfrSm todtjrif wkd;yGm;rSwfom; avmufygay.? ttdyftaeY ZDpmra=umif? ylonf/ at;onf b,fawmhrSrnnf;? vli,frsm;a&SŒuyif zswv f wfpmG oGm;vmEdik . f ? rsuf p d r S m t&G , f E S i h f p maomf rr_ e f a o;onf u k d awG @ &onf ? pma&;&mY awGa0zihaf ES;jcif;r&S?d awmuf avSsmuf jzL;ajzmihpf mG a&;csomG ;Edik o f nf? av;csK;d udk wcgwnf; pyfomG ;Edik o f nf? w¶kw-f jrefrm rdwaf qGjzpftoif;rS o0%fvm$ udk uíefawmfah &SŒ Yyif a&;csonf? {nh f c H p m;yG J u av;wG i f a&;csonf ? &S i f r [m oD v 0H o ."u0d r ¾ygv" usrf ; rS tud;k tum;yif xnho f iG ;f oGm;onf? acgif;&if;bufpm;yGJrS aumfyDpmtkyfESihful;xm;aom "rl" wckudk,lvmum pm&Gurf sm;udk =um=umrvSe&f bJ oH;k vdo k nhf tyd'k u f akd wG@ojzihf "wm&ma& zwfprf;"[k uíefawmfhvufo@kd urf;onf? usaemfu ( rsupf rd e_ v f o S jl zpfI ) ao;aom pmvH;k rsm;udk renf;=unh, f &l .? "w¶kwfjynfwGif/ oHk;rnfv$rhfausmf/ avmif;&SifawmfvSsif/ ra[mo"mvm; bmvJrodb;l q&m}u;D / zwfv@kd r&bl;/ o"mawmh r[kwb f ;l " q&m}uD;u rsufrSefryg/ pmtkyfukd tem;,l=unhfum "ra[mfrnfom" [k zwfaeavonf?

58

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

59

tom;ta&mifrmS 0gnHnh /Hh jzLazG;aom aiGa&mifE_wfcrf;arG;rSm touft&G,uf kd jyonfreS af omf vnf; &ifuh suf=unfvifaom ÁÁajENukd av;eufatmif jznfhpGrf;vsuf &Sad yonf? ynm&Sd u0dw@kd. [efyefay:ae.? +idrf;csrf;a&; vkyfief;}uD;udk tpdk;&. twdkuftcHoabm b,fawmhrS rxm;&SdcJhay? csDvuD Asmq&m}uD; eD¶'l gZeD;armifEqHS vkd sS if q&m}uD;udk rsm;pGmav;pm;=uonf? Edik if jH cm; ud,k pf m;vS,rf sm;rSm q&m}uD;. wnf+idrf=unfvifaom ¶kyof iG uf =kd unfuh m cspfcifav;jrwfjcif; &Sd=uonf? uAsmq&m}uD;[k ajymjyaomtcg q&m}uD;. uAsmwyk'af vmuf &Gwjf yyg [k awmif;yefwwf =uonf? ...... xd@k aemuf q&m}u;D u yk*aH cwf 'DomygarmuQq&mawmf w¶kwjf ynfo@kd oHwref udpEP iS o fh mG ;yHu k kd a&S;uAsm/vuFm *Eˆ0ifrsm;rS xkwEf w _ u f m ajymaeonf? "wjynfe@J wjynf[m ul;vl;qufqjH cif; &S&d r,fu?G 'grS ,Ofaus;r_&if;ES;D r_&rdS mS ? &if;ES;D r_&rdS S rke;f pdwf bmpdwrf &Sb d eJ ;D pyf+y;D wjynfe@J wjynf ppfjzpfEikd zf @kd qdw k m a0;rSmyJ" ajym&if; o0%fvm$ ukd a&;aeonf? vufoef;/ vufoºuG,rf sm;udk pm&GuEf iS x fh d &Syu f m a&S;rl&mESifh um&efomG ;ud[ k yfaeonf? "eabawG ygvm; q&m}u;D " q&m}u;D u a&;aevsuu f "eabqdw k m pmaygw h maygu h G" o0%fvm$ a&;+y;D vSsif a&mufwwf&m&m pum;pjrnfajym&if;u 1953 ckEpS w f iG f tvuFmausmpf mG bG@J xl;rsm; ay;onht f a=umif; a&mufomG ;&m "ykavGrw _ w f hJ vlawGawmif tvuFmausmpf mG &uke=f u +yu D G" [k uGr;f aoG;rsm;ESifh &,farm ajymaeonf? q&m}u;D onf uGr;f 0g;aejyefonf? uíefawmfhtm; +ird ;f csr;f a&; tajctaersm;udk ar;jref;I ajymjyae&.? touf (80) odŒk csO;f uyfae+yD jzpfaomfvnf; q&m}u;D onf +ird ;f csr;f a&;udpYP pdwyf suf tm;avsmo h nf [lI r&Sb d J pdwt f m;xufoefvsuf &Sad yonf? "at; ...jynfwiG ;f rSm at;csr;f atmif vky=f u&rSmyJuG" uíefawmfhrmS +ird ;f csr;f a&; ydou k m q&m}u;D tjzpf wk;d I cifrifvmayonf? ?

'*kefwm&m rwfv/ 1955 (http://www.ex-absdf.net rS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

59

60

umvay: i&JacG;}uD;awG vGwfaeao;

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif 'D&ufydkif;twGif; jrefrm tif'DyJef'ihf*sme,frSm qef;qef;xl;xl; pmwpfyk'f zwfvu kd &f w,f? wdw k kd ajym&&if 'DvAkd sm? *sme,fxrJ mS zwfvu kd &f wJh pmu *sme,fawGx/J owif;pmawGxrJ mS zwf&avh r&Sw d phJ mAs? a&;wJo h u l xif&mS ;wJh Edik if aH &; tusO;f om; a[mif; "ausmif;om;v_y&f mS ;r_"qdw k hJ {&mrusr;f }u;D udk jyKpck o hJ ?l ol@emrnfu udak tmifxeG ;f ? udak tmifxeG ;f udk ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &u wpfcsed u f zrf;qD;cJw h ,f? csKyaf ESmif cJw h ,f? +y;D awmh xH;k pH twdik ;f ayg?h nSO;f yef;cJw h ,f? ESyd pf ufcw hJ ,f? tm;vH;k +y;D awmh qdyk gp@kd ? xH;k pHtwdik ;f oHwikd af emufu axmifi&Jcef;xJ oGi;f vdu k w f ,f? xH;k pHtwdik ;f axmifxrJ mS ESpyf &dap>'awG t=um}u;D ydwv f u kd w f ,f? xH;k pHtwdik ;f ol@udk vl@i&Jcef;xJ ydwx f m;cdu k f ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; ,rrif;wd@k vky}f urH a_ wG pdw}f uKd uv f yk =f uw,f?

'Dvkd rw&m; csKyaf ESmifra_ wG/ nSO;f yef;r_awG / i&Jcef;oGi;f ydwrf a_ wG axmifwiG ;f vky}f urH a_ wG/ vGwcf sed o f ihv f @kd vGwcf iG }fh uKH vm&ifawmif tusO;f om;&JŒ vl@odumQ / Edik if aH &; odumQ / ,H=k unfcsuf odumQ udk zJah jccG sKd ;zsuw f hJ cH0efcsuf trsKd ;rsKd ;udk vufrw S x f ;kd cdik ;f wmawG/ tJ'gawG tm;vH;k twGuf ppftm%m&Sif yg;uGuo f m;awG igw@kd (Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awG)udk 0efcsawmif;yef&r,f? igw@kd tzGŒJ tpnf;awGukd 0efcs awmif;yef&r,f? igw@kd bufu &yfwnf cJw h hJ jynfov l x l ak wGukd 0efcsawmif;yef&r,fw?hJ jrefrmtif'yD eJ 'f ihf *sme,frmS v$iv fh u kd w f hJ udak tmifxeG ;f &JŒtoHu a=unmcsuf 60

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

61

yHpk eH @J xGuv f mw,f? ol@toHu ppftm%m&Siaf [mif;}u;D csKyEf pS cf sKyu f kd emrnfEiS w fh uG vlaumifqx JG w k f pGypf w JG m jzpfw,f? ol@toHu jynfov l x l }k u;D wpf&yfv;kH udk od=um;ap oufao!$e;f wJh yHpk rH sKd ;eJ@ zGicfh swm jzpfw,f? tJovdk Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;a[mif; tausmaf Z,swpfO;D &JŒ toHukd uíefawmf axGaxGx;l xl; ajymp&mr&Syd gb;l ? xyfqihf oabmwlw,f? xyfqihf axmufcw H ,f? xyfqihf qENay;w,f?

'DvdkyJ vdk&if;udkwdkwdk&Sif;&Sif; ajymp&m&Sdw,f? uíefawmf udk,fwdkifuvnf; udak tmifxeG ;f vdyk J vl@i&Jukd jzwfoef;cJo h ?l 'Dawmh aemufxyf xyfqihf ajymp&mawG &Sw d ,f? enf;enf;ajymyg&ap? tm;emvd@k enf;enf;ajymyg&ap cGiafh wmif;wm? ajymp&mawG uawmh trsm;}u;D ?

1989 Zlvikd f 3 &ufrmS uíefawmfaxmifxJ a&mufw,f? tJ'ED pS f pufwifbm 30 &ufrmS axmif'%ftjypfay; cH&w,f? (3) vavmuf t=um; umvrSm uíefawmf[m tcsKyo f m;? jypf'%fusc&H wJh axmifom; r[kwaf o;bl;? tjypf wpfpw kH &m &Sw d ,fv@kd owfrw S jf cif; cH&wJo h l r[kwaf o;bl;? 'gayr,hf uíefawmfnOS ;f yef;r_awG cH&w,f? ESyd pf ufra_ wG cH&w,f? trsm;}u;D cH&w,f? }urd zf efrsm;pGm cH&w,f? nrtdyf ae@rem; &ufaygi;f rsm;pGm cH&w,f? nSO;f yef;orSsukd 0rf;[if;vif;eJ@ vnfpif;cH&w,f? 'gu tcsKyo f m;b0 (tjypfrhJ b0) eJ@ nSO;f yef;ESyd pf uf cHc&hJ wm? axmifom;b0 (tjypfusb0) a&mufawmhaum? ar;aep&m rvdyk gb;l ? ydv k @kd om qdk;vmawmhwmaygh? ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;u axmifxJrSmyJ wyfpGJaewmudk;? vmcsif&if teD;av; jzpfaeawmhwmayg?h tjyifEikd if aH &;u cíwfcíwfysuyf suf jzpfaew,f? 'Dawmh axmifxJrSm uíefawmfwdk@ zGwfzGwfnufnuf a=uae=u&awmhwmaygh? ppfacG;wdkuf oGi;f cH&vdck &H ? &Jbufcef;oGi;f cH&vdck &H ? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;u ausmcsiw f ikd ;f ausmwJh ppfa=uma&;¶H;k oGi;f cH&vdck &H ? useaf umif; use&f m vl@odumQ Avmusi;f atmif zJah jcG cíwfcmG cH&vdck &H ? zJw h m ajcw G m cH&wmawGxrJ mS tqd;k qH;k u uíefawmfyh g;pyfxu J arG;&mygomG ;awG acsmifajcG csKd ;cGswf cH&wmyJ? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&; vufcsuef @J uíefawmfo h mG ;awG tukeaf =uG ukew f ,f?

1991 uae 1998 txd oGm; 0wfvpfpvpf yg;pyfeJ@ axmifxrif;=urf; [yfaecJ&h w,f? (7) ESpt f =um 1998 a&mufrS oGm;wkwyfciG afh y;w,f? ydq k ;kd wm aemufwpfck &Sad o;w,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

61

62

1990 Zefe0g&rD mS uíefawmf tlusa&m*g &w,f? tdy&f mxJ Ake;f Ake;f vJwt hJ jzpf qdu k w f ,f? tm%mydik af wGu bmukor_rS rvkyaf y;bl;? ajymr& qdrk &bJ? 5 ESpw f w d d =umw,f? aemufq;kH tlawGacguf aoravmuf jzpfrS aq;¶Hyk @kd w,f? &efuek af q;¶H}k u;D cGpJ w d cf ef;xJukd wdu k ¶f u kd yf @kd &w,f? cGpJ w d &f w,f? vlawmh raobl;? arG;&myg wpf&OS ;f awmh "ewfoif;" jzpf&w,f? tqd;k wumh xdyaf cgif vl@i&J rD;avmifc&H wJh tjzpfu 'Dv?kd 2005 Zlvdkif 6 &uf reufrSm uíefawmfhudk v$wfay;r,fvdk@ vmajymw,f? axmifrLS ;u ac:xkww f ,f? v$wrf ,hf tusO;f om; 100 ausmef @J qH&k w,f? v$w0f &rf;a&;zd@k k rf w S pf pf w,f? axmifus wke;f u rSww f rf;,l xm;cJw h hJ uíefawmfw@kd wpfawGukd ud, ud, k t f *Fg trSwt f om;awGe@J jyefnw dS ,f? tm;vH;k +y;D awmh v$w0f &rf; ay;w,f? n$erf LS ;¶H;k tpnf;ta0;cef;rxJ oGi;f w,f? tusO;f OD;pD;!$ecf sKyf Adv k rf LS ;}u;D aZmfrif;u =o0g' ay;w,f? aemufqHk;twef;rSm xdkifaewJh uíefawmfhudk!$efcsKyfu emrnfac:w,f? a&SŒqH;k wef;udk zdww f ,f? a&SŒqH;k &JŒ a&SŒ rSm tjyifu w&m;ol}u;D awG/ Oya' t&m&Sd }u;D awG/ &Jt&m&S}d u;D awG/ axmift&m&S}d u;D awG xdik af ew,f? !$ecf sKyu f ol@=o0g'xJrmS uíefawmfh emrnfukd wa=umfa=umf ac:-atmf-azmfw,f? "q&m}u;D OD;0if;wifvnf; 'Dae@vGw+f y?D uíefawmfw@kd u q&m}u;D pmawGukd zwf+y;D }u;D cJw h m? q&m}u;D use;f rm csr;f om vd&k mqEN jynhyf gap" !$ecf sKyf =o0g' qH;k awmh tm;vH;k cef;rxJu xGu=f uw,f? axmifA;l (wHcg;r}u;D cef;r)xJukd 0if=uw,f? tm;vH;k wef;pD vGwv f rf; cs=D uw,f? vGwv f al wGxrJ mS 'DcsKyu f vli,fwm0efcH (2) jrihaf Ï;ygw,f? vGwv f al wG awmfawmfav; xGuu f ek af wmh 'kw, d !$e=f um;a&;rSL;csKyu f vmajymw,f? q&m}u;D eJ@ 'Dval wG 'Dval wG c%ae=uygOD;? jynfxJa&;0ef}uD; AdkvfcsKyfarmifOD; vmawGŒcsifw,f ajymvdk@yg? 0ef}uD; apmih&f if; xrif;av; pm;ygO;D wJ?h kd u f 10 a,muf? usm; 8/ r 2 ? (usm; 8 xJrmS 'DcsKyaf cgi;f uíefawmfw@kd vlou aqmif wpfa,mufygw,f? awmifi+l rKd Œu OD;atmifp;kd jrih?f 1990 taxGaxGa&G;aumufyrJG mS ta&G;cHc&hJ ol? 2012 =um;jzwf a&G;aumufyrJG mS vnf; ta&G;cH&ol? tck aejynfawmfrmS v$waf wmf wufaew,f)? xrif;pm;+y;D ¶Hk &Sad o;? axmufvrS ;f a&; 2 a,muf uíefawmfhukd vmac:w,f? tus¶Hk;udk vdkufoGm;&w,f? tus¶Hk;rSm wpfatmihfavmuf r=umbl;? acgi;f pGypf yG +f y;D tjyifac:xkwjf yefw,f? wpfae&m a&mufv@kd acgi;f pGyf cGswaf wmh? vm;vm; uíefawmfreufu xGuv f mcJw h hJ axmifcef;? reuf xGuv f mwke;f u &S&d o dS rSs bkOm… [d vkycf v hJ @kd tcef;u ajymifwvif;cgaew,f? pm;p&m ewœ/d +cKH p&m 0wfp&m bmrSsr&S?d a&aomufp&m cGurf S ruse?f rd;k om pke;f pke;f csKyo f mG ;w,f? b,fob l ,f0grS uíefawmftcef; ay:rvm?

62

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

63

uíefawmfhukd bmpum; wpfceG ;f rS vmrajym?

'Dvekd @J aemufxyfaxmifxJ rSm 2 ESpaf usmf tydwcf cH hJ &jyefw,f? 2008 pufwifbm 23 rS uíefawmf axmifu wu,fvw G w f ,f? axmifordik ;f rSm uíefawmfv h kd &mZ0if ¶dik ;f cJw h o hJ l r&Scd b hJ ;l ? uíefawmf =um;zl;em;0 &So d avmuf wpfa,mufrS r&Scd b hJ ;l ? vlxOk ;D vSvkd yk*Kd~ vf axmif'%f jyefausmch &hJ zl;w,f? vGw&f uf a&mufawmh ol@udak xmifA;l 0¶H;k yd@k w,f? v$w0f &rf;ay;w,f? aemufxyf yk'rf 10 (C) uyfw,f? axmifxjJ yefoiG ;f w,f? axmifjyefusw,f? uíefawmf tif;pdeaf xmifrmS &Sad ewke;f uGejf rLepfA[du k udo k ufcikd v f nf; axmifus aew,f? wpf&ufrmS ol@vGwaf e@ aphw,f? ppfaxmufvrS ;f a&;awG ol@tcef;a&SŒ a&mufvm =uw,f? v$w0f &rf; zwfjyw,f? +y;D awmh yk'rf 10(C)uyfw,f? olvnf; wpfausmjh yef axmifusw,f?

'DudpPawG uíefawmf odom;yJ? =um;zl;om;yJ? 'gayr,hf uíefawmf tjzpfeJ@ rwl=ubl;? uíefawmfu vGw+f y;D om;vl? vGww f mrS uGi;f vH;k uíwf vGw+f y;D om;vl? axmif vkyfief; oabmt& tm;vHk;/ tukefvHk;/ tlwGif;acs;cg; rusef ppf+yD;aq;+yD; ar;+yD; jref;+yD; &mcdik Ef e_ ;f jynhf vGw+f y;D om;vl? aemufxyf bmyk'rf rS ruyf? aemufxyf bmw&m;rS rpG?J J iG ;f ydwx f m;cJh aemufxyf b,f¶;kH rS rwif? uíefawmfhukd aemufxyf 2 ESpaf usmf axmifxo wm[m bmoabmvJ? bmt"dym` ,fv?J b,fvkd ajz&Si;f rvJ? b,fvkd ckcaH csyrvJ? ajAmif rw&m;csKyfaESmifwm? t&yfpum;eJ@ ajym&&if "bvdkif;" rw&m; csKyaf ESmifwm? Oya'rJh rw&m; csKyaf ESmifwm? ppftm%m&Siaf wG rw&m;vkyw f m? ppftpd;k &u Edik if o H m;wpfO;D tay: w&m;rJjh yKwm? udik ;f ...Oya' ynm&Siaf wG uíefawmfhtr_ukd b,fvkd tqH;k tjzwf ay;=urvJ? ppftm%m&Siaf wGukd b,fvkd ckcu H muG,=f urvJ? uíefawmfu h kd b,fvkd apmihaf &Smuf =urvJ? w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k a&; r&Scd v hJ @kd 'Dvjkd zpfcw hJ mvd@k ajym=urSmvm;? ppftm%m&Sif acwfu w&m; Oya'rJch v hJ @kd 'Dvjkd zpfwmvd@k ajym=urSmvm;?

'Dvkd ppftm%m&Siaf wG/ ppftm%m&Sif tpd;k &awG/ ppftm%m&Sif yg;uGuo f m;awG/ ppftm%m&Sif vufyg;apawG/ ppftm%m&Sif vufuikd w f w k af wG/ ppftm%m&Sif uyfyg;awG/ rw&m; vkycf =hJ uwmawG w&m;rJh usL;vGecf =hJ uwmawG/ tm;vH;k udk oifyek ;f acs ypfvu kd &f rSmvm;? olw@kd tm;vH;k udk 0efcs awmif;yef cdik ;f =urSmvm;? olw@kd tm;vH;k udk jynfo@l cH¶k ;kH wif/ ppfaq; tjypfay; =urSmvm;? olw@kd tm;vH;k udk Edik if w H um cH¶k ;kH wif ppfaq; tjypfay; =urSmvm;?

EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG tm;vHk;twGuf olwdk@tm;vHk;qDu epfema=u;/ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

63

64

avsmaf =u;/ awmif;yefa=u;/ uefawmha=u; awmif;=urSmvm;? ppftm%m&SifawGudk EdkifiHa&; tarGqufcHwJh ppfwpfydkif; tpdk;&wpfckvHk;udk or0g,r tpd;k &tzGŒJ vkycf ikd ;f =urSmvm;? vkycf siw f m vky?f vkyo f ihw f m vky?f vkyzf @kd vdw k m vky=f uyg? aumif;wmcsnf;ygyJ? uíefawmf axmufcyH gw,f? ta&;awmfykH wyfom; wpfa,muftaeeJ@ oabmxm; ajymygv@kd ar;rvm;?

Edik if aH &; tusO;f om; a[mif;wdik ;f u 'Dvkd ajym=uvdrrfh ,f xifw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG wpf+rKH v;kH udk urBmrausb;l a[h?

Armrausb;l a[h? igrausb;l a[h? uíeaf wmf wpfa,mufx&J ŒJ xyfqiho f abmxm; b,fvkd vJv@kd xyfqihaf r;rvm;?

'Dvkd ajzrdr,f xifw,f? ppftm%m&Siaf wG[m ordik ;f a=u;G qyf=u&r,hf wm0efawGuvnf; uif;vGwcf iG fh &ae=uw,f? w&m;Oya' a=u;G qyf=u&r,hf wm0efawGuvnf; uif;vGwcf iG fh &ae=uw,f? uG,v f eG o f l pma&; q&m}u;D owif;pm q&m}u;D td;k a0?;ndKjr pum;vH;k twdik ;f "i&JacG;}u;D vGwaf eqJ" (Hell Hound at Large) vd@k ajym&rSmayg?h aemufwpfrsKd ; ajym&r,fq&kd if 'Dvkd ajymjycsiw f ,f? "umvay: i&JacG;}u;D awG vGwaf eao;w,f"?

[Hom0wD OD;0if;wif atmufwbkd m 13/ 2012 ( Myanmar Independence Journal

64

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

rS)

65

awmf&mrS aysmfatmifae&w,f

zdk;oH(vlxk) usaemfu usaemhftara&;wJh "&wemyHkrEWav; rEWav; uíefrwdk@rEWav;" qdw k phJ mtkyu f kd xGu+f y;D av; ig;ESp=f umrSzwf&ygw,f? zwf&if;eJ@ "ausmif;}u;D a¶$tifyif" qdw k hJ aqmif;yg;udk a&mufwt hJ cgrmS "ausmif;'um}u;D OD;puf¶i$ u f jynf}u;D om;w¶kwf " tppfy?J ol@Zmwdu ,leefe,f xdr&f ihf vd@k ac:wJh rk;d jrif;+rKd Œem;u ",davmf¶mG "qdw k mudk oGm;awG@ygw,f? usaemf [mueJ jzpfomG ;ygw,f? bma=umihv f J qdak wmh tarajymwJh ae&mu usaemfa&mufaewJh ae&mjzpfaevd@k ygy?J 'D+rKd Œudk a¶S;wke;f u xde, f @JG / ¶Sr;f vdk ('Dc¶dik t f wGi;f rSm ¶Sr;f ¶GmawGtrsm;}u;D ¶Syd gw,f) rd;k +rv J @kd ac:+y;D tckawmh xde+f cKH ; vd@k ac:ygw,f? ,davmf¶mG u tckxed +f cKH ;&JŒ qifajczH;k jzpfaeyg+y?D jrpf}u;D em;eJ@ta¶SŒaemuf wef;wef; (um;vrf;eJ@) uDvrkd w D m200awmifra0;ygb;l ? vrf;uvnf;aumif;awmh um;udjk yif;jyif;armif;&if oH;k em&DomomeJ@ a&mufygw,f? 'Dupd u P kd xde+f cKH ;om;awG/ ordik ;f q&mawGawmifrodygb;l ? uíefawmfu ajymjyrS odwmyg? OD;puf¶i$ &f ŒJ trsKd ;awGvnf; ,davmfrmS ¶S=d uygao;w,f? 'gayrJh olw@kd vnf; rsuaf jcjywfaewm =umyg +yw D ?hJ +y;D awmhrS usaemf tckaeae&wm[m tarhaqmif;yg;xJu xde+f cKH ;rSmyJ qdw k mudk tarrsm;od&&if b,fvrkd sm;aervJv@kd awG;+y;D +yKH ;aerdygw,f? wdu k q f ikd cf siaf wmh 'D xde+f cKH ;+rKd Œ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

65

66

[m a¶S;uwnf;u Armjynfe@J / rEWav;eJ@ tquftqH toGm;tvmrsm;wJh +rKd Œa[mif; wckjzpfaeygw,f?

'D+rKd ŒeJ@q,frikd rf a0;wJah e&mrSm "jrefrm¶Gm"qdw k hJ ¶Gmw¶Gmawmif ¶Syd gw,f? tck ae=uwmuawmh w¶kwcf snyfh gy?J 'grrS [kwv f nf; umv=umvd@k w¶kwjf zpfuek =f u ovm; rodygb;l ? bma=umihf 'Dvakd c:w,fqw kd mudk taotcsm okawoejyKr,ho f l r¶Sad wmh b,fvu kd ae b,fvkd 'Demrnf&cJw h ,f qdw k m bmrS a&a&&m&m rod&ygb;l ? tJ'rD mS t&ifwek ;f ujrKS ycf w hJ hJ t¶d;k td;k awGbmawG wl;azmfv@kd &w,f/ a&;xm;wJh pmawGukd zwfr&bl;qdw k hJ tajymrsKd ;udyk J =um;&ygw,f? tckacwfu orkid ;f avhvmw,f qdkwmudk tifwmeufay:rSm tcsuftvuf¶Smae/ a&;ae=uwJh acwfvdkjzpfaeawmh 'Dvt kd csuf tvufawGukd b,fou l rS owdrxm;rdygb;l ? pdwyf g0ifpm; okawoevkyrf ,hf vlvakd ewmyg?

'Du wcsKd Œ bk&m;ausmif;awGrmS Armjynfuqif;wkawmfawG/ xdik u f , kd af wmfa&m/ avsmif;awmfr/l &yf awmfral &m/ bk&m;pifrmS wifxm;+y;D ud;k uG,=f uwmvnf; awG@&ygw,f? yDbd pusif ausmuf¶yk w f ak wmfawGyg? wcsKd Œae&mrSmqd&k if b,fwek ;f uwnf;u vuf¶adS e&m udk a&mufaew,fqw kd mawmif ajymEdik w f v hJ l r¶Sad wmh ygb;l ?

'D+rKd ŒeJ@ Armjynfe@J wcsed u f b,favmuf tquftqH¶cdS w hJ ,fqw kd m ajym&&if 'D+rKd ŒrSmyJa jymqdo k ;kH pGw J hJ a'odupum;awGxrJ mS Armpum;awG 0ifaewJt h xdygy?J Oyrm (a&)yH;k / csKd i(fh xrif;xnhw f chJ sKd i)fh / qyfjym/ rwfcu G f pwmwd@k w¶kwo f eH @J ajymygw,f? Oyrm qyfjymqd&k if qyfajymif;vd@k toHxu G yf gw,f? 'DuvlawGu c&rf;csOo f ;D udk avmufjrifcs,f (Armc&rf;oD;)vd@k ac:+y;D rmvumoD;udak wmh avmufjrifaxmif (Armrufro kH ;D )vd@k ac:yg w,f? aemuf+y;D oabFmoD;udv k nf; prf;ayg}u;D vd@k ac:ygw,f? t"dym` ,fu e*du k 'Dt&yfrmS r¶Syd J ArmjynfurS wqihf a&mufvmw,fqw kd myg? uíefawmf 'Duakd &mufumpwke;f uqd&k if touf}u;D wJh vl}u;D awG[m tyfcsKypf uf qd&k if pif;*g;(Singer) rS/ pufb;D qd&k if &mav;(Raleigh) rS wu,faumif;wmvd@k ajymavh ¶Sdygw,f? ArmjynfrSm ajymavh ¶SdwJhtwdkif; waoGrwdrf;ygyJ? olwdk@ tJ'DypPnf;awGudk Armjynfbufu o,fwmyg? [dkwkef;u vrf;yef;quf oG,fa&;[m ArmjynfeJ@ydkeD;/ ydv k , G u f v l @kd yg? pufb;D awG/ tyfcsKypf ufawGukd vm;0efwifawGe@J o,f,v l m=uwm jzpfygw,f? tvm;wl Armjynfu ausmufprd ;f avmuu toH;k tE_e;f rsm;[mvnf; w¶kwf pum;eJ@ xde+f cKH ;a'ou pum;awG jzpfaeygw,f? Oyrm ausmufurG w f ,f (ausmufukd ta&mifwifwm)/ vef@yef; (tjyma&mif pGuw f ahJ usmuf)/ x,fv;kH pdr;f (wpfv;kH vH;k pdr;f +y;D ta&mif ajcmufwahJ usmuf)/ ¶Si;f =uvk (tpdr;f xJrmS trnf;tpuftajymifawGygwahJ usmuf) 66

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

67

pwmawGygy?J aemufajymzd@k vdw k m wpfcu k t*Fvyd u f kd jyefwu kd w f hJ ruQ&mrif;om;&JŒom;ESpyf g; jzpfwhJ apm&efyikd ef @J apm&efEikd f rif;om; nDtpfux kd u J tpfuakd pm&efyikd [ f m t*Fvyd t f zrf; cH&+y;D tdE, dN udk tyd@k cHc&hJ ygw,f? nDjzpfol apm&efEdkifac: acsmif;cGrif;om;[m ¶Srf;jynfudkwuf+yD; tiftm;pk/ v_y¶f mS ;ygw,f? 'gayrJh tiftm;rrSsv@kd qkwcf mG vm&wm w¶kwjf ynfxJ txda&mufvm ygw,f? w¶kwb f ufu ol@udk tJ'w D ek ;f u tkycf sKyrf w _ nf+ird +f y;D vH+k cKH pw d cf s&wJh xde+f cKH ;rSm ol@udk tdraf y;xm;ygw,f? aemuf+y;D oihaf wmfpmG vnf; axmufyahH y;xm;ygw,f? ol@udk "ust D ef;aumh" vd@k w¶kwef mrnf ay;xm;w,fv@kd q&mjroef;wihf a&;wJh "awmiforef avnSi;f aqmfawmh"txJrmS zwf&zl;ygw,f? olu'DrmS AdaE<maq; a&mif;ovdk vdv k nf; t&yfpum;ajymoH =um;&ygw,f? useyf gao;w,f? 1951 ckEpS u f xkwcf w hJ hJ q&m Aef;armfwifatmif&ŒJ "aiGEiS ;f rHr_ "_H 0wˆKyg? tJ't D xJrmS q&mu ol@Zmwfvu kd [ f m t*Fvyd pf pfwyfawGe@J xde+f cKH ;udk a&mufvmcJ+h y;D 'Du w¶kwrf av; 0rfareJ@ &nf;pm; jzpf=uw,fq+kd y;D Zmwfvrf;zGŒJ xm;ygw,f? aemufq;kH rSm tcspaf &;eJ@ ppfa&;a¶G;&awmhrS aiGEiS ;f r_rH x _H rJ mS cGcJ w hJ ,fv@kd a&;cJw h m rSwrf ad eygw,f? xde+f cKH ;eJ@ 3-4 uDvrkd w D mavmuf a0;wJah e&mrSm a[mf¶i$ fh qdw k hJ ¶Gm}u;D w¶Gm ¶Syd gw,f? ¶Gmqdak yrJh +rKd Œuav; w+rKd Œavmuf¶+dS y;D c&D;oGm;vkyif ef;eJ@ tifrwefpnfum;/ 0ifaiG aumif;aewJah e&m jzpfygw,f? 'Da[mf¶i$ fh udk w¶kwjf ynfom;awG[m tdAk mpD; ¶Gm}u;D vd@k ac: =uygw,f? ta=umif;uawmh acwftqufqufrmS 'D¶mG }u;D u vlawG[m wjcm;Edik if aH wG xGuo f mG ;=uwm odyrf sm;vd@k yg? txl;ojzihf ta¶SŒawmiftm¶Swu kd yf g? 'Dvekd @J enf;enf; peJemvdu k af wmh rEWav;u uíefawmfow d hJ tdAk mpD;w¶kwf wpf0ufavmuf[m 'D¶mG }u;D u tqufawG jzpfaeygw,f? txufrmS ajymcJw h hJ Armpum;vH;k awGukd oH;k wm 'Dae&mrSm trsm;qH;k ygy?J olw@kd u 'kuq Q w kd hJ pmvH;k ukd awmif (ArmtoHxu G t f wdik ;f ) oH;k wwfygw,f? wdu k q f ikd v f @kd wpfcak jymcsiyf gw,f? tJ'gu ,cif use;f rma&;0ef}u;D a'guw f m ausmjf rihf ta=umif;yg? olw@kd rdom;pke@J uíefawmfw@kd rdom;pk[m tifrwefrS ¶if;ES;D ygw,f? ol@rdbrsm;uvnf; rEˆav;rSm puULa&mif;/ uíefawmfhtzd;k eJ@ taruvnf; rEWav;rSm puULa&mif;qdak wmh a¶S;uwnf;u odusrG ;f ae=uwmvd@k qdEk ikd yf gw,f? 'ga=umihf ol (yxrt}urd )f tdraf xmifjyKawmh uíefawmfu vlysKd &H vky&f ygw,f? olw@kd nDtpfukd armifErS awGuvnf; useG af wmfw@kd vdyk J pdeyf w D m - uGeAf ihf ausmif;ol ausmif;om;awG qdak wmh tm;vH;k rSm t*Fvyd ef mrnfawG ¶S=d u ygw,f? ol@ t*Fvyd ef mrnfu [,f&&D if; (Harry Yin) yg? 'ga=umihu f saemfw@kd tm;vH;k u tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

67

68

ol@udk ud[ k ,f&v D @kd ac: ygw,f? useG af wmh rdbrsm;uvnf; armif[,f&v D @kd yJ ac:ygw,f? b,forl S wjcm;emrnfe@J ac:wm r=um;zl;ygb;l ? olu vl&nfvnf;oef@/ taetxdik f tajym tqdkvnf;rGef&nf/ ausmif;pmvnf; awmfqdkawmh wpfcsdefu uíefawmfwdk@ ti,fawG odyt f m;us&wJh vlwpfa,mufyg? ol@toufu uíefawmftpfux kd uf wpfEpS }f u;D w,f xifygw,f? ausmif;rSm wpfwef;}u;D vd@k 'Dvkd ajymwmyg? i,fi,fav;uwJu uíefawmfhacgi;f xJrmS ole@J ywfouf+y;D pOf;pm;vd@k rayguf wJjh y\emwck ¶Scd yJh gw,f? tJ'guawmh ol@tazemrnfa&m/ taremrnfa&mrSm "&if;" qdw k hJ pmvH;k rygbeJ @J ol@emrnfu b,fvv kd yk +f y;D [,f&&D if; jzpfae&wmvJ qdw k myg?

'DvdkeJ@ wavmuawmh rEWav;rSmarG;/ rEWav;rSm}uD;jyif;wJh tdkAmpD; w¶kwf rdwaf qGwpfa,mufe@J 'DrmS awG@ygw,f? olutck rEWav;rSm raeawmhygb;l ? txufbuf ajymif;oGm;yg+y?D oluvnf; 'D a[mf¶i$ ¶fh mG tqufyg? 'ge@J ole@J rEWav;a&muf w¶kwjf ynf ayguaf wG ta=umif;ajym=u&if; ud[ k ,f&ŒD ta=umif;qD a&mufomG ;yga&m? olw@kd csi;f w¶kwcf si;f ydo k rd mS yJq+kd y;D uíefawmfu i,fi,funf;u uíefawmfacgi;f xJrmS wnf¶adS ewJh ya[Vdta=umif; ar;=unhyf gw,f?

'DtcgrmS oluw[m;[m;&D+y;D "cifAsm;uvJAsm/ olw@kd rsKd ;¶d;k emrnfu w¶kwv f kd '&if;'As? a[m'D a[mf¶i$ u fh ol@taz&JŒ tpfut kd &if;awG 'DrmS ¶Sad o;w,f? tarGqikd f tdraf jr awGvnf; ¶Sad o;w,f"vd@k ajymjyygw,f? 'DawmhrS vdyyf wfvnf oGm;awmhwmayg?h ? wpfqufxJ pOf;pm;rdwmu tcktcsed rf mS ige@J ud[ k ,f&w D @kd jyefawG@vd@k 'gawGajym f o kd @l udk r_wv f u kd &f if ydt k =Hh orSm (olu jy&ifoal wmh tH=h orSmyJ? 'gt h jyif uíefawmfu w¶kwv w¶kwpf um;rwwf oavmufyg) vd@k vnf; awG;rdygao;w,f? b,fvdkyJ ajymajym udk,hfwdkif;jynfudk tifrwefcspf/ udk,hftdrfeJ@ rdom;pkukd tifrwef cifw, G w f v hJ u l w¶kwjf ynf ,leefjynfe,fxu J xde+f cKH ;udk a&mufae+y;D ' x D ed +f cKH ; u tqufuawmh ArmjynfrmS 0ef}u;D jzpfaeygw,f? 'g[mvufawG@yg?

zdk;oH(vlxk)

68

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

69

jynfaxmifpkppfppfrludk vufcH}ujyDqdk&if a&$jynfawmf arSsmfwdkif;ra0;awmhygjyD

armif0Ho tckavmavmq,frmS "tqd;k xJu taumif;" qdo k vdk wpfzufrmS aorde@f usa&m*gwpfcktjzpf trsm;em;vnfxm;=uwJh uifqma&m*geJ@ ppfyGJqifE$Jae&ayr,fh tjcm;wpfzufrSmawmh t&ifueJ@pm&if tcsdefydk&ovdk jzpfaewma=umifh pmawG ydk+yD; zwfjzpfaew,fAs? txl;ojzifh 'Duae@ pmzwfot l rsm;pkukd ol@xufigaumif; t+yKd it f qdik f pnf;¶k;H qJaG qmifae=uwJh *sme,fawGukd yd+k y;D awmhvnf; rsm;rsm;/ yd+k y;D awmhvnf; pl;pl;epfepf zwfjzpfaerdw,fAsm?

OD;cGexf eG ;f OD;&JŒpum; tck&ufyikd ;f twGi;f zwfjzpfcw hJ hJ *sme,fyg owif;aqmif;yg; awG@qkaH r;jref;cef; awGxu J useG af wmft h m¶krH mS vm+iw d mawGxu J wpfcu k awmh The Voice *sme,fxu J &Sr;f trsK;d om; 'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf OuUÏ OD;cGex f eG ;f OD;&JŒ pum;wpfceG ;f jzpfw,fAs? *sme,fxrJ mS ygwhJ ol@pum;u 'DvAkd sm? "vGecf w hJ hJ ESp&f ufavmufu orRw¶k;H 0ef}u;D OD;atmifrif;u zuf'&,fqw kd m jynfaxmifprk v l @kd vufcv H movdk Edik if aH &;ygwaD wG/ owif;*sme,fawGrmS vnf; zuf'&,f pepfe@J ywfouf+y;D cGx J u G af &; r[kwq f w kd mudk us,u f s,jf yef@jyef@ od&v dS mw,f? tbd;k / tazeJ@ tefu,fu, kd w f ikd f axmifusc+H y;D zuf'&,fukd em;vnf vufcv H matmif }uKd ;yrf;& usK;d eyfw,f " vd@k ajymvdu k w f mAs? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

69

70

cGxJ uG af &;rltjrifudk pGef@v$wfvdkuf+yDvm; tm;vk;H od=uwJt h wdik ;f 2008 tajccHOya't& 2010 a&G;aumufyeJG @J wufvmwJh tpd;k &vufxufrmS wdik ;f &if;om; vufeufuikd t f zG@J rsm;eJ@ +ird ;f csr;f a&;&&Sad &;twGuf tpk;d &udk ud, k pf m;jyK+y;D pGr;f pGr;f wrH }uKd ;yrf;aqmif&u G af ewJh ,cif rD;&xm;0ef}u;D / ,ck orRw¶k;H 0ef}u;D OD;atmifrif;[m ,cif ppftpdk;&vufxufu wdkif;rSL;tqifhtxd wm0ef,lcJhzl;wJh ppft&m&Sad [mif;}u;D wpfO;D jzpfw,fAs? tJ'aD wmh OD;cGex f eG ;f OD; pum;t& zuf'&,fru l kd cGx J u G af &;rltjzpf ESpaf ygi;f ig;q,favmuf oabmxm;vmcJ=h uwJh ppfAv kd cf sKy}f u;D awG&ŒJ udk,fpm;vS,fwpfOD;[m vGefcJhwJh ESpf&ufavmufurS tJ'Dtjrifudk pGef@v$wfvdkufwJh oabmvd@k ,lq&rSm jzpfw,fAs?

t"du ta=umif;jycsuf}uD; h hJ z,f'&,frq l w kd m uíefawmfw@kd Ekid if &H ŒJ Ekid if aH &;pepf wpfqpfcsK;d auG@oGm;cJw Zmwfvrf;rSm t"du ta=umif;jycsu}f u;D jzpfcw hJ ,fAs? ta=umif;uawmh ygvrD ef 'Dru kd a&pD pepfukd ajrjrKS yf o+*Kõ [/f ol@tac: qd&k , S v f pf 'Dru kd a&pDpepf/ jynfov l x l k trsm;pk}u;D tac: qk&d , S v f pfta&jcKH wpfygwD tm%m&Sipf epfukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; xlaxmif&mrSm ol t"du ay;cJw h hJ ta=umif;jycsuu f tJ'zD uf'&,frl jzpfw,fAs? 1947 tajccHOya'xJrmS xnfo h iG ;f xm;wJh cGx J u G cf iG hf wpfenf; zuf'&,fru l kd ta=umif;jyK+y;D jynfe,fwpfcu k cGx J u G zf @kd =upH nf }udK;yrf;vmwma=umifh jynfaxmifpk}uD; r+ydKuGJoGm;&avatmif EdkifiHawmf tm%mudk wyfrawmfu &,lxed ;f odr;f vdu k w f mjzpfw,fv@kd tJ'w D ek ;f u umuG,af &;OD;pD;csKyf Adv k cf sKyf }u;D ae0if;u wdik ;f jynfukd today; a=unmcJw h m jzpfw,fAs?

t=uH& usyfaewkef;rSm &Spfq,fh&Spf ta&;awmfykH umvtwGif; us,fus,fjyef@jyef@ xGufay:vmwJh owif;wpfcrk mS Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;[m tm%modr;f wJu h pd P (yxp tpd;k & acgi;f aqmifawGe@J &Sr;f apmfbmG ; trsm;pkukd zrf;qD; xde;f odr;f wJu h pd )P +y;D wJah emuf wyfrawmfu bma=umifh tm%modr;f &w,fqw kd m wdik ;f jynfukd w&m;0if today;a=unmzd@k t=u&H usyaf ewke;f ol@vufaxmuf ppfAv kd }f u;D wpfO;D u a=unmcsuw f pfapmif a&;,lvmw,f? tJ'aD =unm csufxJrSm zuf'&,frla=umifh jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJ&awmhr,fh tEœ&m,f &SdvmwJh twGuf tm%modr;f &w,fv@kd a&;xm;w,f? tJ'gukd Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u zwf=unf+h y;D "at; aumif;w,f/ tJ't D wdik ;f a&'D,u kd toHvi$ hf a=unmvdu k f "vd@k ajymcJw h ,fv@kd qdw k ,f? tJ'aD zmfjycsuo f m rSew f ,fq&kd ifawmh Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;[m zuf'&,fral =umifh jynfaxmifp}k u;D +yKd urJG mS udk wu,fypJ ;kd &dr+f y;D tm%modr;f wmr[kwb f J odr;f csiv f @kd odr;f +y;D rS zuf'&,frel @J jynfaxmifpk +yKd urJG ,fh tEœ&m,fqw kd mudk wrifoufouf qifajcqifvuf qifem;&Guv f yk v f u kd w f mjzpfw,fv@kd ,lq&rSm jzpfw,fAs? 70

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

71

0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;OD;Ek&ŒJ oabmxm; xm;ygawmhAsm? tcktcsed rf mS Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;a&m/ tJ'aD =unmcsuf a&;,l vmwJh ppfAv kd }f u;D a&m/ tJ'D tm%modr;f yG+J y;D aemuf zG@J pnf;wJh awmfveS af &;aumifpt D zG@J 0if tukefvkH;eD;yg;avmuf r&Sd=uawmh+yDrdk@ 'DudpPudk tus,ftus,f r+idrf;zG,f vkyfrae csiaf wmhygb;l Asm? wpfqufwnf;rSm 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Eku " jynfaxmifpk}uD; +ydKuGJ r,ft h Eœ&m,f trSew f u,f&adS e+yv D @kd usKyu f kd ESprf ed pfavmufyJ }uKd ajymyg/ tm%modr;f p&m rvdkygbl;/ usKyfudk,fwdkif wyfrawmfudk tm%mtyfrSmyg "vdk@ ajymcJhwmudk 1966 ck kd w f ikd f em;eJ@qwfqwf pufwifbmvu owif;axmuf wpfa,mufjzpfwhJ uíefawmfu, =um;cJ&h +y;D owif;a&;cJzh ;l ygw,f? 0ef}u;D csKyaf [mif; OD;Ekvnf; tcktcsed rf mS r&Sad wmh+yrD @kd 'Dupd u P kd "&mZ0ifxrJ mS xm;&pfchJ " vd@k qd&k awmhraygAh sm?

jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&;qdkwJh tjrif zuf'&,frla=umifh tm%modrf;wmvm;? tm%modrf;+yD;rS zuf'&,frludk ta=umif;jycsuf qifajctjzpf qGJokH;ovm;qdkwJh tcsufudk &mZ0ifxJrSmxm;&pfcJhvdk@ &aumif;&rSmjzpfayr,fh &mZ0ifxJrSm rae&pfcJhbJ tJ'Daemuf ESpfaygif;rsm;pGmtxd vkdufvmcJhwJhudpPuawmh jrefrmjynfol tpdwftydkif;wcsKdŒ txl;ojzifh rsKd;qufopf wyfrawmf acgif;aqmiftrsm;pk pdwfxJ zuf'&,frlqdkwmudk jynfaxmifpk+ydKuGJa&; vrf;ptjzpf pGJae=uwJhudpPjzpfw,fAs? wu,fyJ pdk;&drfvdk@avvm;? 'grSr[kwf ol tm%modr;f wJh udpu P kd w&m;rSsww,f (justify) vd@k trsm;u jrifatmifavvm;awmh rodb;l ? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;eJ@ ol OD;aqmifwhJ tpd;k &yko H ¾mefEpS cf k (awmfveS af &; aumifpeD @J jrefrmhq&kd , S v f pf vrf;pOfygw)D u tJ't D csuu f kd xyfwvJvJ oHrEd_ u S o f vdk ESucf w hJ m a=umifv h nf; tJovdpk aJG ecJ=h uwm jzpfw,fAs?

a&$jynfawmf arSsmfwikd f;reD; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u zuf'&,fru l kd ¶k;d ¶k;d om;om; pd;k &drpf w d ef @J yJ jzpfjzpf/ r¶d;k rom; tok;H cscw hJ myJjzpfjzpf oluawmh tJ'yD pk m> udk ya[Vdtjzpfxm;cJ+h y;D avmuxJu xGuo f mG ; cJ+h yrD @kd ol@twGuaf wmh jy\emr&Sad wmhb;l Asm? jy\em&Sad ewmu zuf'&,fru l kd jynfaxmifpk +zdKcGJa&;rltjzpf wyfrawmfacgif;aqmiftqufqufu oabmxm;aecJh=uwma=umifh uíefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS jynfwiG ;f ppfr;D r+ird ;f Edik jf zpfaecJw h hJ udpjP zpfw,fAs? wyfrawmfacgi;f aqmifawGu zuf'&,frq l w kd phJ um;ajymvdu k w f meJ@ ajymwJo h u l kd rsuaf xmifeh }D u;D awGe@J =unf/h zuf'&,fru l u kd ikd pf +JG y;D rdrv d rl sK;d pktcGit hf a&; (Nationality’s Right) twGuf wdu k yf 0JG ifaeolawGukd vlrsK;d pk aomif;use;f olawGtjzpf ¶_jrifvm=u&if;eJ@yJ uíefawmfw@kd Edik if rH mS +ird ;f csr;f a&;uif;rJ+h y;D a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f reD; jzpfvmcJw h m tckwikd f jzpfw,fAs? +ird ;f csr;f a&;rSr&awmhvnf; uíefawmfw@kd Ekid if w H umrSm rajymeJ@ a'owGi;f rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

71

72

awmif "m;raemufyw d af cG; jzpfwm bmqef;ovJAsm?

jyefvnf qef;ppf okH;oyfcGifh&dS tcktcsed rf mS Ekid if aH &;jyKjyifajymif;vJr&_ ŒJ tusK;d quftjzpf pme,fZif;vGwv f yf cGiv hf nf; tawmfuav;&vmae+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wdik ;f &if;om;acgi;f aqmifawG ud, k w f ikd f ajymaeqdak e a&;aeom;ae=u+yrD @kd zuf'&,frel @J ywfouf+y;D wu,ft h "dym` ,f tppftrSeu f kd jynfoal wG tawmfuav; oabmayguf em;vnfae=u+yv D @kd uíefawmf ,lqw,fAsm? wyfrawmfom;awGvnf; z,f'&,frleJ@ywfouf+yD; rdrdwdk@t&ifwkef;u &Sx d m;cJw h hJ em;vnfoabmaygurf [ _ m rSerf rSeq f w kd mudk jyefvnf qef;ppf ok;H oyfciG &hf &Sd ae=u+yD jzpfw,fAsm? uíefawmfw@kd jynfo@l acwf*sme,frmS OD;at;omatmif tcef;quf a&;cJhwJh yifvkHeJ@ z,f'&,f aqmif;yg;awGudk zwf¶_cJh=uolrsm;taeeJ@ uíefawmfwdk@ jynfaxmifp}k u;D &JŒtwdwu f kd rSerf eS u f efuef od&+dS y;D tem*wftwGuf ajrmfajrmfjrifjrife@J awG;qEdik =f uvdrrhf ,fv@kd uíefawmf ,k=H unfw,fAs?

jynfe,ftm%m cGaJ 0ay;a&; t"du wu,fawmh 1961 tapmydkif;umvrSm wdkif;&if;om; acgif;aqmif tcsKdŒ (txl;ojzifh &Srf;apmfbGm;awG) jynfaxmifpktpdk;&udk ta&;qdkzdk@ pDpOfcJh=uwmu cGx J u G cf iG ahf wmif;zd@k r[kwb f ;l As? yifvn Hk v D mcHrmS csrw S cf w hJ hJ tajccHrrl sm;rS wpfpwpfp aoGznfvm+y;D wpfae@wjcm; wd;k wuf qk;H ¶_;H vmaewJh wdik ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d tcGit hf a&;awGukd rSerf eS u f efuef&&Szd @kd jzpfw,fAs? wpfenf;ajym&&if 1947 tajccHOya'rSm azmfjyxm;wJh wdik ;f &if;om; tcGit hf a&;awGukd vufawG@rSm trSew f u,f&&Sad &; awmif;qdzk @kd om pDpOfcw hJ m jzpfw,fAs? EkdifiHa&;&JŒ obm0twdkif; tusyfudkifwm zdtm;ay;wm aps;qpfwm aps;udik w f mawGawmh ygcsiv f nf; ygrmS aygAh sm? 'gayrJh wdkif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpku cGJxGufvdkpdwf r&S=d uwmawmh uíefawmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck si=f uwmu jynfaxmifpk tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&JŒ tm%mudk yifvkHnDvmcH (wpfenf;) 1947 tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsuaf wGtwdik ;f wdwu d sus cGaJ 0ay;zd@k yJ jzpfw,fqw kd m taxmuf txm;awG trsm;}u;D &Syd gw,fAsm? uíefawmfwdk@EdkifiHudk jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEkdifiHvdk@ w&m;0if ac:xm;ayr,fh wdkif;&if;om;awGuawmh " jynfaxmifpk trnfcH wpfjynfaxmifwnf; " tjzpf wpfavSsmufv;Hk ¶_jrifc=hJ uw,fAs? uíefawmfw@kd wu,f ppfreS w f hJ +ird ;f csr;f a&; vdck si=f u w,fqdk&ifawmh wdkif;&if;om;awG&ifxJu tJ'Dtjrif yaysmufvGifhpOfoGm;atmif vlrsm;pkjzpfwJh uíefawmfwdk@ ArmawGu vkyfaqmif=u&rSm jzpfw,fAs? 'DawmhrSom a&$jynfawmf arSsmw f ikd ;f ra0;awmhr,fh tajctaeudk qdu k af &mufrmS jzpfw,fAsm? 72

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

73

wdik f;&if;om;acgif;aqmif trsm;pku jynfaxmifpuk cGxJ uG vf pkd wd f r&S=d uwmawmh usGeaf wmf avhvmrdoavmuf aocsmw,fAsm? olw@kd t"duvdck sif=uwmu jynfaxmifpk tm%meJ@ jynfe,fawG&ŒJ tm%mudk yifvnHk vD mcH (wpfenf;) 1947 tajccHOya'yg azmfjycsufawGtwdik f; wdwdusus cGJa0ay;zdk@yJ jzpfw,fqdkwm taxmuftxm;awG trsm;}uD; &Sdygw,fAsm? ........

Advk cf sKyfatmifqef;&JŒ pum; uíefawmfuawmh wdkif;&if;om;a'oawGrSm aoewfoHawG rpJao;bl;qdkwJh owif;awG=um;&wdik ;f vGwv f yfa&; Adou k m wdik ;f &if;om; aoG;pnf;nD!w G af &; Adou k m/ trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;&JŒpum; wpfcGef;udkyJ t+rJ =um;a,mif rdw,fAsm? 1947 tajccHOya'xJrSm jynfe,fcGJxGufcGifh yk'frxnfhzdk@udpPudk jrefrm acgi;f aqmifwcsKŒd u uef@uGu=f uawmh Adv k cf sKyu f "tdAk sm ...'Dq,fEpS t f wGi;f jynfe,fawG cGrJ xGucf siaf tmif usKyw f @kd ArmawGu }uKd ;pm;&rSmayg/h 'Dvrkd S r}uKd ;pm;Edik &f if usKyw f @kd nHv h @kd aygh " vd@k ajymcJw h ,fv@kd =um;zl;w,fAsm? [kwyf gw,fAsm? ESpaf ygi;f t&m taxmif wpfajrwnf;ae wpfa&wnf;aomuf vmcJ=h uwJh wdik ;f &if;om;awGe@J pkaygi;f wnfaxmifxm;wJh jynfaxmifpk jrefrmEdik if aH wmf}u;D r+ydKuGJ&avatmif vlrsm;pkvlrsKd;pkjzpfwJh uíefawmfwdk@ ArmvlrsKd;awGu w&m;rSsw vGwv f yfjcif;eJ@raoG wef;wlnrD sS 0g'jzLpifwehJ nf;vrf; tok;H jyK+y;D pwif }uKd ;yrf;oif=h u+yv D @kd uíefawmf ,lqw,fAsm? (rSwcf suf ? ? 1961-62 rSm twdtvif; awmif;qdck w hJ hJ &Sr;f rlv@kd emrnf}u;D wJh zuf'&,frl odk@r[kwf jynfaxmifpkppfppfrlta=umif;eJ@ jzpf&yfrSefrsm;udk xJxJ0if0if avhvmvdo k rl sm; " jrefrmhordik ;f jzpf&yftrSerf sm; a&;om;jyKpak &;tzG@J "u pdppfxw k af 0wJh "1958-1962 jrefrmhEikd if aH &; " wwd,wGJ tcef; 13/ ,if;pmtkyf pwkww ˆ t JG cef; 14/ tcef; 15/ tcef; 16/ xd@k tjyif tcef; 17 pmrsuEf mS 235 atmufajcrSwpf yk g 1962 azazmf0g&D 24 jynfvrf; toHvi$ ¶hf Hk vlrsK;d aygi;f pkH ES;D aESmzvS,yf w JG iG f OD;xGe;f jrifh (awmif}u;D ) ajym=um;aom rde@f cGe;f aumufEw k cf suw f @kd udk aphaphpyfpyf zwf¶_ avhvm qifjcif pOf;pm; oifyh ga=umif;)

armif0Ho

29/ 10/ 2012 (jynfolacwf*sme,frS) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

73

74

Oya'onf vlwpk aumif;usKd;twGuf r[kwf vlxkaumif;usKd;twGufom jzpfae&rnf

vGi fatmifpdk; "awmif;rSm tuGyf" qdw k t hJ wdik ;f &ufxm;wJh tpawGukd y&rf;ywm rjzpfap &atmif tem;owfawGukd uGyaf y;xm;&ygw,f? vlrmS vnf; obm0tavsmuf pdw&f ikd ;f 0ifvmwwfwmudk rjyKrad pzd@k pnf;urf;/ usi0hf wfawGe@J xde;f uGyx f m;&ygw,f? rdom;pkxrJ mS rdom;pk pnf;urf; xm;&S=d uovdk ausmif;awG/ tvky&f akH wG/ &H;k awG/ aq;&Hak wGrmS vnf; pnf;urf; xm;&S&d ygw,f? tpnf;ta0;awG/ toif;tzG@J awGrmS vnf; pnf;urf; xm;&Syd g w,f? vlrsKd;pktvdkuf/ vlrsKd;tvdkuf "avhxHk;pHawGudk qufvufxdef;odrf;Edkifzdk@ pnf;urf;xm;&Sdygw,f? vlr_a&;rSm aqmif&ef-a&Smif&ef pnf;urf;usifh0wfawG &Sdovdk bmoma&;rSmvnf; pnf;urf; usi0hf wfv@kd ac:wJh 0denf;awGe@J aqmif&efa&Smif&efawGukd jyÏmef; usi=hf uaH p&ygw,f? tm;upm; +yKd iyf aJG wGrmS vnf; pnf;urf;eJ@ygy?J EdkifiHtaeeJ@ (Nationally) vltrsm;u rjzpfrae yg0ifywfoufvmwJh tcg rSmawmh yd+k y;D pnf;pepf ususeeeJ@ xda&mufapzd@k Oya'awGukd a&;qGJ jyÏmef;+y;D usio hf ;kH =u &ygw,f?

jyÏmef;xm;wJh Oya'eJ@ rnD&jcif;rSm Oya'udk pwifa&;qGw J t hJ cgrmS twdwu f mvrSm jzpfcw hJ mawGtay: oifcef;pm ,l+yD; vuf&Sdtajctae/ aemifvmvwWH@aom tajctaeawGeJ@ udkufnDapzkd@tjyif/ tusK;d oufa&mufyakH wGuykd g tus,jf yef@qH;k arSsmaf wG; pOf;pm;csichf sed +f y;D a&;qG&J ygw,f? vlwpk tusK;d pD;yGm;twGuf rjzpfap&bJ vltrsm;pk tusK;d pD;yGm;udk jzpfapEdik rf ,fh qEN&&dS ygw,f? 'DOya'udk w&m;0if qH;k jzwf twnfjyKwmuvnf; vlox d if&mS ; todtrSwjf yK+y;D 74

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

75

jzpfae&ygw,f? aumif;oxuf aumif;apzd@k udo k m &nf&, G x f m;wma=umifv h nf; vdt k yfwhJ tcgwikd ;f rSm jyifqif § y,fzsuf wmawG &Sad e&ygw,f?

'Dvrkd sK;d rvkyEf ikd cf &hJ if bmOya'udyk J jyÏmef;onfjzpfap..."jyÏmef;xm;wJh Oya'eJ@ rnD" qdw k mawG ae&mwdik ;f tcsed w f ikd ;f rSm jzpfvmaerSmygy?J 'DtcgrmS jyÏmef;xm;wJh Oya'eJ@ rnD&wJh ta=umif;&if;udk jyefvnfppd pf oH;k oyfoihyf gw,f?

Oya' toH=um;vSsif a=umufae=ujcif; jrefrmawG&JΠtpGJwckuawmh &Hk;*wfawGeJ@ uif;uif;&Sif;&Sif; rywfoufbJ aecsi=f uwm jzpfygw,f? Oya'vd@k toH=um;&Hw k ife@J a=umufvef@wwfoal wG &S=d uygw,f?

Oya' qdw k m a=umufp&m r[kwyf gb;l ? Oya'ukd azmufzsuw f m rdomG ;&if zrf;qD; tjypfay; cH&rSmudk a=umufvef@rdwmeJ@ Oya' qdw k mudk awG;a=umufaewwfjcif;om jzpfygw,f?

Oya' bufawmfom;awGjzpfwJh &JeJ@ w&m;ol}uD;awG&JΠrrSefuefwJh jyKrlajymqkdyHkawG a=umifv h nf; t&yfom; jynfoal wGrmS a=umufvef@/ odrif ,fpw d af wG 0ifvmwwf=uygw,f? wu,fawmh Oya'uom jynfow l OD;csi;f udk umuG,af pmifah &Smuf ay;ae&wm jzpfygw,f? 'gudk jynfolawGtwGuf vlxk ynmay;a&;awG us,fus,fjyef@jyef@vkyf+yD; todaumif;aumif; ay;Edik &f ygr,f? 'gro S m vlcyfrsm;rsm;rSm t&d;k pGaJ ewJh a=umufpw d u f kd z,f&mS ;ay;Edik yf gvrd rhf ,f? vlxk ,H=k unf tm;ud;k wJh acgi;f aqmifawG/ Edik if t H }u;D tuJawG/ xif&mS ;wJh yk*Kd~ vaf wGuvnf; tvsi;f oihw f ikd ;f tm;ay;pum; ajymqdk wdu k w f eG ;f ay;ae&if vlx[ k m Oya'tay: a=umufvef@aerSm r[kwaf wmhygb;l ?

Edik if aH &;pepf raumif;wJt h cgrmS wm0ef&w dS hJ tpd;k &awGu 'Dtcsuu f kd rodcsif a,mif aqmifxm;avh &Syd gw,f? vlxu k kd Oya'ta=umif; trSet f wdik ;f vlxyk nmay; a&;awG vkyfay;&r,fhtpm; 0g'jzef@taeeJ@ rD;avmif&mavyifh vkyfwwf=uygw,f? ydq k ;kd oGm;wmuawmh tr_ jzpfvu kd w f meJ@ vlxb k ufu cHbufcsn;f jzpfaeatmif tpd;k &u wrifwum zefw;D ,lwhJ Edik if aH &;pepfq;kd jzpfygw,f?

Oya'udk vduk ef m=ujcif; tppt&m&m wd;k wufz@HG +zKd ;wJh 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wGrmS w&m;Oya' trSew f u,f pdk;rdk;aewma=umifh jynfolawGtwGuf pm;pm;oGm;oGm; bmvkyfvkyf ta=umufw&m; r&S=d uygb;l ? Oya'u umuG,af y;xm;wma=umifh vHjk cKH pw d cf s&ygw,f? 'gukd yd+k y;D odvmwJh tcgrmS w&m;Oya' pd;k rd;k r_ (Rule of Law) udk ydrk kd wefz;kd xm;wwf=uygw,f? jynfoal wG[m rSeu f efaumif;rGew f hJ Oya'awGukd ody+f y;D tvd&k =dS uygw,f? tvd&k =dS uwJt h wdik ;f Oya'awGukd av;pm;vdu k ef m=uygw,f? vdak eao;&ifvnf; &J&}J u;D awmif;qdw k wf=uygw,f? 'gayr,fh Edik if w H cktwGi;f rSm usio hf ;kH wJh Edik if aH &;pepfawGa=umifh Edik if u H kd Oya' abmiftwGi;f u wnfaqmuf,v l mwJh taetxm;/ vlwOD;csi;f udk cav;b0uae jyKpyk sK;d tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

75

76

axmif,v l mwJh taetxm;tvdu k f Oya'udk vdu k ef m=uwJt h qifrh mS Edik if t H oD;oD;[m tedrt hf jrifh jzpfaewwfygw,f?

Oya'udk vdu k ef mol &So d vdk rvdu k ef molvnf; &Sw d wfygw,f? trsm;pk jzpfae wwfovdk tenf;pkvnf; jzpfaewwfygw,f? bma=umifh 'Dvjkd zpfae&wmawGtay:rSm vlra_ &; avhvm ok;H oyfcsuf pmwrf;awGu Oya'udk ykrd v kd u kd ef mapzd@k taxmuftul jyKay;Edkifygw,f? vdu k ef m&wJh Oya'awG[m vlwOD;csi;f utp vl@ywf0ef;usiw f ckv;kH vdu k ef m aeEdkifwmrsKd; jzpf&ygw,f? wEdkifiHvHk;...wurBmvHk;u wnDwnGwf vufcHxm;wJh Oya'rsK;d awG jzpfae&ygw,f? cav;wa,muf[m vl}u;D wa,mufvrkd sK;d pnf;urf;awG vdu k ef mEdik pf rG ;f r&So d vdk avmukw&W m usi0hf wfawGukd omrefvo l m;awG a&&Snf apmifx h ed ;f vdu k ef mzd@k rvG,v f yS gb;l ? "avhx;kH pHwckukd tom;usaeoltzd@k tjcm;"avhwckukd ajymif;vJusio hf ;kH zd@k tpydik ;f rSm tqifrajywwfygb;l ? 'ga=umifh vl@todkif;t0dkif; (odk@) EdkifiHwcktwGif;rSm rSDwif;aexdkif=uol tm;vHk;twGuf nDnGwfrSswpGm tusKd;&SdapEdkifr,fh Oya'w&yfudk a&;qGJ jyÏmef;Edkifzdk@ rvG,v f yS gb;l ? vG,v f ifw h ul +y;D +y;D a&m aygah ygq h q rqifrjcif a&;qGv J @kd vnf; rjzpfygb;l ?

Oya'udk rvduk ef molrsm; Oya'udk rvdu k ef mol yxrtrsK;d tpm;[m tm%m&Sif jzpfygw,f? 'ga=umifh tm%m&Sifudk Oya' txufuvlvdk@ ajym=u&wm jzpfygw,f? 'DvdkyJ tm%m&SifeJ@ aygif;pm;aewJh tm%m&Sif todkif;t0dkif;awGuvnf; Oya'&Sd&ufeJ@ rvdkufem=uygbl;? wcsKŒd tjzpfawGrmS qdk Oya'udk vlox d if&mS ; ajymifwif;wif; csK;d azmuf&w J t hJ xd usL;vGew f wf =uwm awG@&ygw,f? wu,fawmh tm%mudk tvGo J ;kH pm; vkyw f mygy?J 'kw, d trsK;d tpm;[m wm;jrpfxm;wJh Oya' &Srd eS ;f od&ufe@J rxDrjhJ rifvyk +f y;D azmufzsuf usL;vGefol jzpfygw,f? pdwfcHpm;r_t&jzpfap/ rawmfwqa=umifhjzpfap²² b,fvt kd a=umif;jycsuu f rkd S cGirhf v$wyf gb;l ? wcsKŒd qd&k if Oya'udk usL;vGeaf zmufzsu+f y;D Oya'a=umif;t& &ifqikd w f t hJ cgrmS awmif vmbfay;vmbf,l pwJh Oya' azmufzsurf u _ kd xyfru H sL;vGew f wfjyefygw,f? aiGa=u;wwfEikd &f if axmifaemufzufrmS wHcg;aygu&f w dS ,f qdw k m Oya'udk ysu&f ,fjyKxm;wJh pum;wcGe;f yg? wwd, trsK;d tpm;uawmh Oya'udk em;rvnfv@kd / rodv@kd / t&G,rf a&muf ao;vd@k / pdwyf ikd ;f qdik &f m cGsw, f iG ;f vd@k pwJh cGsi;f csuf ta=umif;&if;awGa=umifh Oya'awGukd azmufzsuf usL;vGerf w d wf=uygw,f? olw@kd udak wmh oufnmS r_e@J jyKjyifay;Edik rf _ txdu k f tavsmuf ay;xm;&ygw,f?

76

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

77

pwkwˆ trsK;d tpm;uawmh rw&m;wJ/h roifah wmfwhJ Oya'awGukd tenf;eJ@trsm; qef@usif tHwo k al wG jzpfygw,f? olw@kd uawmh ydrk w kd ;kd wuf aumif;rGew f phJ epfukd tvd&k =dS uwJh wuf=uv G y_ &f mS ;olawG jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; orm;awG jzpf=uygw,f?

Oya' jyÏmef;&wJh &nf&,G cf suf vd&k if;uawmh tjcm;olawG/ tjcm;t&mawGukd xdcu kd f epfemwmrsK;d r&Sad pzd@k jzpfygw,f? trsK;d tpm;cG+J y;D enf;enf; tus,cf sŒJ =unhyf gr,f?

(1) vlwikd ;f &JŒ touf ab;tEW&m,fukd umuG,af y;zd@k / (Oyrm- olc;kd "g;jy&ef/ &du k Ef u S f EdyS pf ufniS ;f yrf; +crd ;f ajcmufr_ pojzif)h (2) vl@ywf0ef;usirf mS trsm;eJ@ ,SOw f JG aexdik o f mG ;vmwJt h cg ab;&efuif;uGm+y;D pepfwuse@J tqifajyapEdkifzdk@ (Oyrm- pmcsKyfrsm;/ ,mOfOya' pojzifh) (3) vltrsm; ESpfouf oabmus vufcHwJh vlaer_ todkif;t0dkif;udk umuG,f xdef;odrf;ay;xm;Edkifzdk@ (Oyrm - vlr_a&;/ bmoma&;/ ynma&;/ usef;rma&;qdkif&mrsm; pojzif)h (4) w&m;rSswr_ukd trSew f u,f usio hf ;kH apEdik zf @kd (5) Oya' csKd;azmufolawGudk ta&;,l tjypfay;Edkifzdk@ ²² qdk+yD; Oya' jyÏmef;&wJh &nf&, G cf suaf wG &Syd gw,f? jrefrmEdik if &H ŒJ Oya'jyK v$waf wmf}u;D vnf; jyefpygawmhr,f? Edik if eH @J Edik if o H m;awG&ŒJ tusK;d pD;;yGm;twGuf Oya'opfawG jyÏmef;r,fu h pd /P wnfqOJ ya'awGxu J acwfpepfe@J ravsmn f w D mawGukd zsuo f rd ;f r,fh udpaP wG/ wnfqOJ ya'udk acwfpepfe@J avsmn f aD tmif jyifqifjznhpf u G rf ,fh udpaP wGtay:rSm jynfo@l ud, k pf m;vS,f qdw k t hJ wdik ;f &d;k om;ajzmifrh wf rSeu f efpmG wm0efxrf;aqmifEikd =f uzd@k wdu k w f eG ;f tm;ay;vdu k yf gw,f? wcsed w f nf;rSm Oya'bufawmfom; tm;vH;k wd@k uvnf; w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKiu f kd w&m;rSswpGm ajzmifhrwf =uHhcdkifap+yD; jynfolvlxk xm0& ,Hk=unftm;udk;ae&atmif wm0efawG xrf;aqmifEikd =f uzd@k arSsmv f ifah eygr,f?

vGi fatmifpdk; 17 / 10 /2012 (Lwin aung soe's facebook

rS)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

77

78

avab;xnfedkifiHa&;

auoG,f tajymif;tvJ awGu/ avrkew f ikd ;f wckv?kd ajym&&ifawmh²² jrpf0uuíef;ay: a'oudk wnwnf;eJŒ rxifrSwfxm;yJ 0ifar$omG ;wJh em*pf rkew f ikd ;f vdyk gy?J jrefrmjynf&ŒJ ediif aH &; e,ferdwf wavSsmuf/ wESpaf vmuf twGi;f rSmyJ/ rxifrw S &f cuf...xifrw S &f cufpmG / 0ifa&mufwu kd cf wf aeavcJo h nf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJŒ OD;ode;f pdef &JŒ awGŒqHrk ?l trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pD tzGŒJ csKy&f ŒJ tvSnfhtajymif;? tJh'DaemufrSm/ 2008 tajccH Oya'}uD;/ zGifhxGm;pGifhum;vmjcif;? ra=umufw&m;awG xrf;ydk;vdkŒ/ jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmwJh/ edkifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;? ta=umufw&m;awG c0gcs Edik v f mwJ/h (a':pkajymovdk )wrdik af vmufa0; olrsm;&JŒ tkwaf tmf aomif;eif; wuf=urG rl sm;? a&G;aumuf wifajrmS ufaom v$waf wmf trwfrsm;? a&G;cs,pf &m enf;yg;aom/ v$waf wmftrwfrsm;? ? 88 rlv vufa[mif;rsm;...vufuserf sm;... vufopf rsm;? jynfawmf0ifrsm;...ygwD0ifrsm; ponfjzifh/ jrefrmhedkifiHa&;=uD; jyefvnftouf0if vSKy&f mS ;vmcJo h nf? jrefrmjynf w0Sr;f vH;k u/ edik if aH &; ed;k =um;vmrlawG uvnf;/ w&ufwavawmif rem;awmh avmufatmif/ owif;rsm;u zwfvŒkd ruke?f vdu k v f Œkd ruke?f &cdik t f a&;? jrpfqt kH a&;? ausmif;om;or*~ jyefvnfwnfaqmufa&;? &efuek f wuUov kd f jyefziG ahf &;? ucsi'f u k o Q nfta&;? &cdik f 'kuo Q nfta&;? vufyawmif;awmif ta&;/ pme,fZif; vGwv f yfciG t hf a&; utp orRwaxmufcaH &;/ orRw }uKd qakd &; txd "wdŒk ta&;" awG wd;k wufrsm;jym;vmonf? vSKy&f mS ;wuf=uo G al wG uvnf; tjzLa&mif wGv J uf/ c&r;fa&mifueG , f uf/ tjyma&mif wD&yS /f tpdr;f a&mif ya&m*suf qdjk y;D / yef;ea&mif 'Dru kd a&pD aemufcH yef;csu D m;ay:rSm ta&mifppkH kH pkycf su=f urf;=urf;ESihf cyfou G o f u G f aq;puf 78

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

79

jc,f=uavonf? jrefrmedik if H &JŒ edik if aH &; a&csed w f ufaeyHk u" edik if H e,ferd w d u f akd wmif ausmv f Œkd ?

Oa&my tar&duef urBmwv$m;u/ vSKyv f KS y&f mS ;&Sm; 0rf;omt,fvJ jzpf=u& wJ/h a':atmif qef;pk=unf &JŒ jynfy c&D;pOf=u;D awG/ rdeŒf cGe;f awG/ ar;cGe;f awG ? tJ'D rdeŒf cGe;f awG vdyk /J jrefrmjynf ta=umif; xJah jymoGm;wJ/h orRw tdb k m;rm; &JŒ ukvor*~ tzGirhf ed Œf cGe;f ? tD&ef orRw tr'ifem*syf eJŒ t+yKd i/f urBmu pdw0f ifwpm; em;axmif vdu k &f wJ/h jrefrm orRw OD;ode;f pdef &JŒ rdeŒf cGe;f ? vlawG rvnf;/ 'D&ufawGrmS / rdeŒf cGe;f awG rxyfatmif rjywfatmif em;axmif&if;/ rdeŒf rdeŒf rl;rl;awGyif jzpfvrk wwf? vdKS i;f vl; ovdk rdeŒf rl; ae&wmu/ jrefrmjynf tay: ydwq f Œkd ta&;,lrl awGu/ tuefŒtouf eJŒ jzpfoGm;vdkuf/ w0ufyGifhoGm;vdkuf/ waygufyGifhoGm;vdkuf... tjynfh yGio hf mG ;vdu k ef ŒJ / acgi;f rl;atmif vdu k zf wfae&onf? eSpfaygif; eSpfq,favmuf ydwfqdkŒcHxm; cJh&wJh/ urBmausmf ,Hk=unfcsuf tusO;f ol}u;D u/ ydwq f Œkd rlawG zGiahf y;zdŒk / ajy&majya=umif; aqmf=o aqmif&u G af y; cJh wmudyk /J olwŒkd ud, k w f ikd f oGm;ajymqdk vmcJv h u kd v f v kd kd ? wurBmvH;k u =unfnKd cspcf if av;pm; ,H=k unf &wJh rsuef mS wckukd axmufjy;D / ",H=k unfygw,f" vdŒk qdk vdŒk / tzufvyk f qufqH cH&wmudyk /J +ird ;f csr;f a&; edb k ,fqak wmif &awmhrvdv k kd ? e,l;a,mufukd wul;wu jyefvm ay;&wJ/h a':atmifqef;pk=unf udyk /J tm%myg0g eJŒ =urd pf =um &du k af c:ovdv k /kd olwŒkd udyk J c&D;OD; *g&0 vmjyKovdv k kd ? vdv k akd wG rsm;vGe;f aeonf?

"EdkifiHawmf orw=uD;udk tr=uD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu vmjyD;awmh *&d vkyfwmygaemf...t&ifwkef;uvdk r[kwfbl;...usaemfwdkŒu...t&ifwkef;u rsufESmcsif; qdik w f hJ tvkyrf vkyb f ;l ckawmh armiferS vdyk J vmw,f eSKwq f ufawGŒqH=k uw,f²²²" qdw k hJ orRw&Hk;0ef=uD; OD;pdk;odef; - &JŒ RFA tifwmAsK;u/ bmvdak erSe;f rodaom/ bmvdv k kd ? ppfom;awGukd vlwa,mufjcif; tjzpfrjrify/J ppftm%m&Sif pepfvŒkd yJ jrifykH &wJ/h a':atmifqef;pk=unf [m/ "usr ppfAv kd cf sKy=f u;D awG awmfawmfrsm;rsm;udk oabmus ygw,f" vdŒk ajzvdu k v f Œkd pDteftef owif;axmuf trefygG tH=h ow=u;D jzpfomG ;&ovd/k vltawmfrsm;rsm;vnf; jzpfc=hJ uygonf? bmyJ jzpfjzpf...[Dvm&D uvifwef ajymovd/k vlowform;awG vdŒk awmif ac:vdŒk &w,f qdw k hJ wcsed u f tm%m&Siaf wG eJŒ tcktcsed rf mS tvkyw f v JG yk zf Œkd oabmxm; =u;D =u;D xm;wJ/h usi0hf wfou d mQ tjynfh eJŒ acgi;f aqmifwa,muf udk/ tm;vHk; 0ef;&HaxmufcH zdkŒomyif? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu/ ppfAdkvf/ ppfom;awG rw&m;cJw h mudk rw&m;cJw h hJ twdik ;f / axmufjy ajymcJo h vd/k ppfAv kd pf pfom;awG tay:rSm ol oHa,mZOf &Sw d mudv k nf;/ tcgtcGio hf ifh wdik ;f / ajymavh &So d nfyif? olrzufu/ jrefrmh wyfrawmf eJŒ ywfowforSs tay:rSm/ a[mif;a[mif; opfopf aumif;aumif; qd;k qd;k / tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

79

80

wzufowf arwWmeJŒ/ cGiv hf w $ af y;...vufurf;ay; aeayrJ/h wzufu/ ppfAv kd =f u;D awG wjzpfv/J orRw=u;D awG/ 0ef=u;D awG ua&m...? wu,fawmh olwŒkd awG vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf udk rav;pm; tm;rusyJ aer,f r[kwyf gb;l ? tenf;qH;k awmh/ Adv k rf LS ; atmifvif;xGwf azmfaumif vkyf ovd/k 'DtrsKd ;orD; rvG,b f ;l qkw d mrsKd ; / t&Sed t f 0g udk vefŒ=urSmawmh aocsmonf? t&ifwek ;f u rsuef mS csi;f rqdik cf w hJ hJ olu/kd tck rsuef mS csi;f qdik w f t hJ cg/ b,favmuf &d;k om;rleŒJ trSew f &m; eJŒ qufqH =u rvJ? rpk ydeo f mG ;w,f qdw k mavmuf eJŒ awmh &d;k om;w,f rqdk edik af y? bDbpD D owif;orm; pwDzif aqmhum u awmhjzif/h OD;ode;f pdef &JŒ toHcyfwrd w f rd f xJu/kd cíefjrwJh ar;cGe;f awG eJŒ cyfeufeuf wl;qG &SmazG cJo h nf? q,fpek pS f eSpcf k pmavmuf aetdrf tus,cf sKyf cHc&hJ wJh a':atmifqef;pk=unf eJŒ wuG / ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm/ tusO;f axmif awGrmS / tjyifrmS b0awG ausysuf cJ&h wJh jynfoal wG tay: awmif;yefzŒkd &Syd govm; wJ?h tm;vHk; udk,fhtvkyf udk,fvkyf=uwmygyJ qdkwJhtajzu/ awmif;yefp&m rvdkbl; qdkwJh t"dyg` ,f ? pwDzifu pum;vH;k ajymif;oH;k onf? awmif;yefzŒdk rvdk &if/ aemifwa&m r& rdbl;vm; wJh? 'Drdkua&pD tppfqD udk wu,fom oGm;=uawmhr,fqdk&if/ jzpfjyD;cJhwJh trSm;t,Gi;f awG tay:rSm/ aemifw&zdŒk r&Sb d ;l vm; wJ?h wvH;k jcif; yDo pGm ar;vdu k w f hJ ar;cGe;f awGu/ pl;&Sygayh? tm;&p&m aumif;ygayh...? 'gayrJh orRw &JŒ tajzawGuawmh r&J0yhH g? tm;&p&m raumif;cJyh g? trSew f &m; udk razmfjyedik w f /hJ r0efcH &Jw/hJ a0hvnfa=umifywf toHtuftuf tajzrsm;om? jyefvnf oifjh rwfjcif; qdw k hJ yef;wdik f wckqu D kd a&mufzŒkd / tjypfajz 0efcjH cif;eJŒ/ ausat; vufcH jcif; qdw k hJ tqifah wG rygyJ oGm;vdŒk r&bl; qdw k mud/k tm;vH;k arhrsm;ae=ujyv D m;? wzufu arhcsiaf ,mifaqmif aewmud/k wzufuvnf; awmif;qdk zdŒk r0Hrh om jzpfaeav a&mhovm;? bDbpD D jrefrmydik ;f tpDtpOf wm0ef&o dS l a':wifxm;aqG &JŒ ar;cGe;f awGuvnf;/ wm0efausaus &J&w J if;wif; / vlŒtcGit hf a&; udpu P kd rD;armif;xd;k oGm;onf? odŒk ayrJ/h rD;armif;udk t=unfv h J$ oGm;oluawmh / usaemf tcke ajymcJo h vdk...ESiyhf if/ jy;D oGm; cJo h nf? tajz&cufwhJ ar;cGe;f awG wJ?h [kwyf gw,f? trSew f &m; eJŒ w&m;rSswrl uae uif;uGmaecJw h hJ vlwpktwGu/f &d;k om;rleŒJ 0efcrH l ryg&if ajzvdŒk udk r&edik w f hJ odyu f kd cufwhJ ar;cGe;f awGrŒkd / wu,fq&kd if/ bmar;cGe;f rS tar;rcHy/J t&ifwek ;f u/ acgi;f aqmif=u;D vd/k toHwdwfaewmuyJ/ taumif;qHk; jzpfygvdrfhr,f? tckawmif/ orRwudk/ bDbDpD u rar;cifrmS / ab;rSm 0dik ;f &H aewJh t&m&Sad wGxu J / tqifjh rifh jrefrm t=uaH y; wa,mufu/ olŒ udk cyfvrS ;f vSr;f udk c% ac:oGm;jy;D / tu,fvŒkd ar;cGe;f awGukd r=uKd uv f Œkd &S&d if orRwudk rajzcdkif;bl;...vdkŒ aps;qpfwJh ta=umif;/ pwDzif aqmhum u/ "jzpfEdkifacs r&Sdaom jyKjyifajymif;vJa&;orm;" qdw k /hJ aqmif;yg; twdk wyk'rf mS a&;om;xm;ygw,f? 'gq.kd ..orRw 80

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

81

udk t=uaH y;wa,mufu xde;f csKyef ikd cf iG &hf w dS ,f wJv h m;?

RFA tpDtpOfuae ..." a':atmifqef;pk=unf qdv k nf; cifAsm;wdŒk odwhJ twdik ;f ...tESpf eSpq f ,fv;kH awmufavSsmuf qefŒusiaf ecJw h hJ taetxm;uae..." qdw k hJ tajz wydik ;f wp[m/ qDow k x f m;ygw,f qdw k hJ pum;vH;k awG xJuae/ uGuu f sef cJw h m rsm;vm;? jynfoal wG wcJeuf qENjyK cJw h hJ 2008 zGŒJ pnf;yHk tajccH Oya' ...vdŒk a&m/ b,fvkd ,H=k unfrl eJŒ &J&w J if;wif; ajymedik cf w hJ mvnf; ? em*pf umv jynfoal wG&ŒJ wcJeuf emusirf al wG ukd rsm;/ toH;k teSKH ; vGJ cJah vovm;? aoG;xGuo f , H kd r&Sw d hJ +ird ;f +ird ;f csr;f csr;f pdr;f pdr;f vef;vef; ajymif;vJrl jzpfpOfvŒkd urBmu tawmfrsm;rsm; rsupf v d sS r;f ajymaeovd/k orRwvnf;/ rsupf v d sS r;f yH&k ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh 'Dae&mrSm rsupf d rvSsr;f ovd/k owd vnf; rarhcyhJ gb;l ? tck tajymif;tvJ [m 1988 uwnf;u pwifcw hJ m jzpfjy;D / =um;xJrmS 2007 ckepS f oHCmawmfveS af &;udv k nf; xJw h u G &f rSm jzpfwt hJ wGu/f aoG;xGuo f , H rkd l r&Sb d ;l qdw k m/ r[kwyf gb;l vdŒk ...udv k b H , D m wuUov kd u f tar;tajz wckrmS / twdtvif;udk axmufjyoGm;cJo h nf? bDbpD D owif;axmuf acgi;f pOfay;xm;ovdk...jzpfedkifacs r&SdwJh jyKjyifajymif; vJa&; orm;vm;...aemufjyefrqkwaf wmhrhJ jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; jzpfpOf awGvm; qdw k mu awmh/ rdro d abm qEN&o dS vdk oH;k oyf=unf=h u zdŒk yif? a':atmifqef;pk=unf uawmh ajymonf? tck jzpfpOfawGukd vlawG oHo,&Sad er,fqw kd m em;vnfvufcv H Œkd &ygw,f... t=urd af ygi;f rsm;pGm tvdrfcHcJh&wmawGvnf; &SdcJhw,f...'gayrJh/ tJ'D oHo,awGu/ a&SŒquf&rJh vrf;c&D;twGuf taESmifht,Suf t[efŒtwm;awG rjzpfoifhbl;...qdkwJh oabmxm; ay;xm;avawmh ...uJ...bmwwfeikd rf vJ...'Dvykd J wa&GŒa&GŒwd;k jy;D / 'Dru kd a&pDukd csŒJ xGif oGm;=u,Ho k m? bmyJjzpfjzpf...wdŒk wm0ef ta&;oH;k yg;udk avSsmzf yG f rD;ylwu kd x f m;wJh ta[mif;xnf pum;vH;k ...oabmxm; tjrifawG =um;xJrmS / ydu k pf yd w f u kd f &Smedik &f ifawmh/ topfe;D yg; aumif;vSw/hJ ta[mif;xnfav;wcsKd Œ &csi&f edik rf nfvŒkd arSsmv f ifyh gao;onf? cyfvwfvwf avab;xnfav;awG qd&k ify/J edik if aH &; rkew f ikd ;f =urf;=u;D awG atmufu/ jyefvnf xlaxmifp/ jrefrmedik if aH v; twGu/f oifah wmf vSygjy?D Edik if w H umu/ 0dik ;f 0ef;uln=D uwJ/h aiGa=u;&HyakH iGawG/ tzGŒJ tpnf;awG/ &if;ES;D jrKyEf rHS l awGvnf;/ avab;xnfawGv/kd wjznf;jznf; aps;uGux f J a&mufroGm;zdŒk udak wmh / emem qkawmif;&ayawmhrnf?

auoG,f

2012 atmufwbkd m 1 &uf (http://kthwe.blogspot.com/ rS

ul;,laz: jyygonf?) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

81

82

Armjynf[m pde udkvdkeDe,f jzpfaejyDvm;

ausmf[kef; ckxd jywfom;pGm tajzrod&ao;wJh vufyaH wmif;awmif vlxt k pnf;ta0;}u;D &J@ &v'fukd awG;rdygw,f? txufArmjyn rf &Hk mG c&kid w f iG ;f u vufyaH wmif;awmif a=u;eDprD u H ed ;f eJ@qufpyf+y;D ay:vmwJt h awG; wckyg? a'ocHawG qENjy&jcif; Zpfjrpfukd avhvmok;H oyfz@dk vdv k m+yv D @dk xifv@dk yg? 'Da=u;eDprD u H ed ;f udk bma=umifh a'owGi;f ae=uwJo h al wGu &yfwef@apcsif cJ&h wm vJ? tm%mydik af wG bufua&m &yfwef@r_ vkyaf y;Edik yf grh vm;? 'Djy\emudk b,fvkd auseyf atmif ajz&Si;f =urvJ qdw k hJ ar;cGe;f rsm; ay:vmcJyh g+y?D a=u;eD wl;azmfa&;vkyif ef;[m rk&H mG ywf0ef;usirf mS vGecf w hJ hJ ESp(f 25) avmufu jrefrmh owˆKwiG ;f 0ef=u;D Xme[m (,l*/kd uae'g)wd@k eJ@pyf+y;D pHy,fawmifrmS wl;azmfczhJ ;l ygw,f? tJ'h w D ek ;f u a=u;eDw;l azmfa&; rvkyrf D avxknpfnrf;r_r&Sad tmif opfyif (3) ode;f pdu k af y; cJw h ,f? pGe@f ypfypPn;f awGukd pepfwus xdr;f odr;f cJw h ,f? vlaetdro f rd ;f / v,f,majrodr;f toHawGr=um;cJyh gb;l ? 'g a=umifh jy\emwpkw H &m rwufcb hJ ;l vk@d od&ygw,f? ck jrefrmhO;D ydik u f rk % ` eD @J w&kwyf ikd f 0rfaygi;f ukr% ` w D kd v h ufyaH wmif;awmif pDru H ed ;f =urS toHawG qlqn l n H H =um;cJ&h wmu bmvk@d jzpfwmygv?J &Si;f ygw,f? jrefrmh OD;ydik af &m 0rfaygi;f ukr% ` aD &m a'ocHjynfoal wGukd vSnphf m; t=urf;zufcv hJ @dk ygy?J a=u;eDw;l azmfa&; vkyrf ,fah e&mw0du k u f v,f,majraygi;f (7800) {uudk odr;f ,lcw hJ ,f? (3) ESpf oD;ESpH m avsmaf =u;ay;+y;D odr;f wmyg? v,form; awGuawmh (3) ESp+f y;D &if olw@kd &Jv h ,fawG jyefvyk f cGi&hf r,ftxife@J oabmwlcw hJ mwJ?h 'gayr,fh 'DprD u H ed ;f u ESpf (60) =umr,f odvm&awmh 82

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

83

olw@kd v,frb hJ 0a&muf&wJt h wGuf rausreyfjzpfapcJ&h wmygy?J vlaetdraf wG todr;f cH &wmrk@d a'oaersm; td;k rJt h rd rf /hJ v,frhJ ,mrJh 'kuyQ ifv,fa0&jcif; jzpfapcJ&h ygw,f? 'g[m jrefrmhO;D ydik &f hJ vSnphf m;vdrn f mr_qw kd m xif&mS ;apygw,f? jzpfoifw h mu tpuwnf;u a'ocHawGukd wl;azmfa&;eJ@rvGwv f @dk ae&ma&$Œay;&r,fq&kd if aetdraf wG pepfwus ae&m csay;wmrsKd ;/ vkyu f ikd pf m;aomufz@dk avsmaf =u;aiG ESpzf ufnEdS i_d ;f +y;D ay;wmrsKd ;udk &k;d om;pGm &Si;f vif;ajymjyzk@d vdt k yfygw,f? cku (3) ESpf vdv k kd ta,mifjy+y;D ESpf (60) pDru H ed ;f vkyrf ,fh ta=umif;odwt hJ cgrmS a'ocHawG rcH&yfEikd jf zpfwm rqef;ygb;l ? 'gt h jyif w&kwu f vJ ol@tusKd ;pD;yGm;wckwnf;ud=k unf+h y;D awmifawG+zKd cs/ a=u;eD wl;azmfa&;u pGe@f ypfypPn;f awGa=umifh pm;yifo;D ESaH wG ndKS ;EGr;f r_/ csi;f wGi;f jrpfa& npfErG ;f r_ awGux kd nfrh wGub f J xifwikd ;f uscJ w hJ m&,f/ avxknpfnrf;r_ umuG,zf @dk tpm;xd;k opfyif awG pdu k rf ay;wmawG a=umif&h ,f ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f a&; orm;awGu a0zefaxmufjyr_ awG cHc&hJ ygw,f? 'gayr,fv h J b,foal oao iawrm&if+y;D a&m OD;ydik u f rk % ` &D hJ wm0ef&o dS l OD;jrifah tmifu qENjyolrsm;udk rsuu f , G jf yK+y;D pDru H ed ;f qufvyk rf ,f/ &yfwef ah y;rSm r[kwf bl;vk@d ajAmifjiif;qdck yhJ gw,f? qENjyolrsm;udk zrf;qD;cJv h @dk (88) rsKd ;qufausmif;om; ud*k sirf w D kd t h zGJ eh @J ykv+J rKd @ e,f'cD sKyu f a':cifpef;vdi_ w f kd h ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f a'o}u;D 0ef}u;D csKyf OD;omat;eJ@nS+d y;D =um;0if ajz&Si;f cJ&h ygw,f? zrf;qD;cHoal wG jyefvw G v f matmif/ qeNjyxJygoal wG qufta&;r,lc&H atmif vkyaf y;Edik cf ahJ yr,fv h J todr;f cHaetdrf ,majrawGtwGuf bmtmrcHcsu/f bmjznfh qnf;ay;r_rS a'ocHawGbufu jyefr&vdu k yf gb;l ? ywf0ef;usif xdr;f odr;f r_ twGuv f J opfawmESihf obm0ywf0ef;usiq f ikd &f m 0ef}u;D OD;oef;xdu k u f pDru H ed ;f +y;D &if pdu k f ajrawGukd ajrom;jyefz@dk ay;rSmyg qdw k hJ ysm;&nf0rf;cs pum;eJ@ +y;D oGm;cJyh gw,f? oydw&f edS o f m aooGm;cJh &+y;D a'ocHawG rsu&f nfawGyJ tzwfwifusecf &hJ vk@d =um;0ifajz&Si;f olrsm;udk rSm;w,fq+kd y;D ausmif;om;wyfrawmfu udq k vdik ;f a,matmif a0zefomG ;ygw,f?

'Dvkd jynfwiG ;f jynfy a0zefra_ wG=um;uyJ oydw[ f m t}urd =f urd x f yfay:vmyg ao;w,f? yxrwke;f u awmifoal wGom&S+d y;D ab;uyHyh ;kd r_enf;cJv h @dk t&Sed jf yefaooGm; cJw h myg? a'ocHawGu csi;f wGi;f [m 'kw, d jrpfqjHk zpfv@dk aemiftESpf (60) avmufus&if {&m0wDjrpfatmufyikd ;f yg a=u;eDw;l azmfa&;u pGe@f ypfypPn;f awG'%f cH&rSmpd;k wmyg? 'gukd tpd;k &ydik ;f u b,fvu kd ikd w f , G o f vJqw kd mudk jynfoal wGrod&ygb;l ? vuf&rdS mS wl;azmf&meJ@ teD;tem; a'oawGrmS tyifawG roefawmhb;l vk@d a'ocHawGu qdyk gw,f? 'gah =umifh qENjy=uwmyg? (atmufwb kd m 19/ 2012) ae@u tv$mpkyH g0ifwhJ vlxpk nf;a0;yGJ usi;f y+y;D awmif;qdkcsuf (26) csufxkwfcJhayr,fh tpdk;&u +idrfaeqJyg? q&m}uD; '*kefwm&mu o,HZmw xkwaf zmfa&;xuf obm0ywf0ef;usiu f kd xde;f odr;f oifw h ,fv@dk yef=um;v$m tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

83

84

xkwaf wmif;qdyk gw,f? rd;k ZvaA'ynm&Sif OD;xGe;f vGiu f 'Da=u;eDprD u H ed ;f a=umifh aemif tnma'o[m vGiw f ;D acgijf zpfomG ;Edik w f ,fv@dk owday;ygw,f? tpd;k &u vdu k af vsmwk@H hjyefjcif; r&Sdao;ygbl;? {&m0wDjrpfqu Hk pd [ P mvJ OD;ode;f pdef orRwoufwrf; twGi;f om qdik ;f iHx h m;wm vk@d od&ygw,f? wu,fww d u d sus &yfqikd ;f a=umif; rajymao;ygb;l ? bmjzpfv@dk vJ? w&kwu f kd tpdr;f rajc&G v J @dk yg? w&kwef @J ArmqufqaH &;[m (rqv) OD;ae0if;vufxufxu J uGsr;f 0ifae wmudk *&kjyKr=d uygvrd rhf ,f? (e0w/ etz) acwfawGrmS taemufEikd if aH wG&hJ ppftyk pf t k ay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwfqdk hta&;,lr_awGa=umifh Arm[m w&kwfeJ@ ydkrdkeD;uyfvmcJh apygw,f? w&kwu f vJ pD;yGm;a&;t& tompD;&aecsed q f akd wmh Armudk 'Dru kd a&pD& oGm;rSm ta=umuf qk;H jzpfaewmyg? ppftyk pf ak wGukd tumtuG,af y;Edik rf S olv&kd m aps;aygayge@J &rSmrk@d ukvrSm Armhta&; wifjyaqG;aEG;wdik ;f ol@vufrmS &Sw d hJ ADwt kd m%meJ@ y,fcs+y;D Armppftyk pf u k kd umuG,cf w hJ m csn;f yJr@dk vm;? taemuftyk pf ak wGu Armhta&;udk aqG;aEG;wdik ;f 'g Arm jynfwiG ;f a&;udpyP gv@dk woufv;Hk ajymcJw h hJ w&kw[ f m tar&duefe@J Arm eD;pyfra_ wGjrifa&m Armjynf[m taemuf'rD u kd a&pDukd ykw H u l ;l cs&if rSm;r,fq+kd y;D jynfwiG ;f pGuzf ufra_ wG ajAmifvkyfvm cJhawmhwmygyJ? w&kwfu Armudk EdkifiHa&;pGufzufr_awG vkyfcJhwm[m ckrrS [kwyf gb;l ? OD;ae0if;rS OD;ode;f pdet f xdyg? tar&dum;vmr,fh OD;ode;f pde[ f m w&kwq f D t&if0if+yD; =o0g'cH,lyGJawG vkyf&ygao;w,f? ArmjynfrSm xdyfydkif;acgif;aqmifawG b,fvakd jymif;cJyh gap w&kwu f kd oHawmfO;D wifc&hJ / urBmzh t d m;ay;r_awG }uKH wikd ;f w&kw&f @J =o0g'twdik ;f vdu k v f yk cf &hJ wmawG ckxad wG ah e&wke;f yg? oef &h iS ;f tpd;k &vk@d avoHaumif;v$iahf ewJh OD;ode;f pdet f pd;k & tzGJ [ h m a':pkurkd +DS y;D taemuftyk pf ek @J ydek ;D uyfvmavav w&kwu f vJ ol@pm;usuaf umif;}u;D tvkc&H rSm pd;k vmav jzpfaeyg+y?D 'ga=umifh Armudak csmw h rsKd ; ajcmufwrsKd ;eJ@ ajcxd;k uGuaf wG pdyv f m wm[m owdjyKp&mjzpfygw,f? w&kw&f hJ avmbuawmh awmifw&kwyf ifv,fe@J xdpyfe;D uyfaf ewJh *syef/ ud&k ;D ,m;/ zdvpfyikd /f AD,uferf/ xdik 0f rf pwJh Edik if rH sm;udv k J *,uf&u dk af eqJ tcif;tusi;f awGawG ah e&ygw,f? awmifw&kwf yifv,fa&ydik ef ufawGukd oufqikd Ef ikd if H awGu ud, k Ehf ikd if t H usKd ;twGuf a&S ah rSsm=f unf+h y;D t+yKd it f qdik f vkae=ucsed f jiif;ckaH e=ucsed rf mS h 他m Armu vl}u;D rif;rsm;uawmh ajray:ajratmuf a&ay:a&atmuf wdik ;f jynfb他m 'd@k b a[hvdk oabmxm; ae=uovm;rodygbl;? udk,fhArm jynfolawGudk rD;ukef,rf;ukef EdyS u f u G af ewm awG &h qJygy?J vufyHawmif;awmif a=u;eDwl;azmfa&;udpP[m ckqdk&if jynfolawGu ydk+yD; pdwyf v l m wmawG &h aeyg+y?D tv$mpkH vlxt k pnf;a0;yG}J u;D cif;usi;f +y;D tajz&Smae=uyg+y?D &efukefu ,kZe[dkw,frSmvJ (88) rsdK;qufawGeJ@ a'ocH wuf=uGv_yf&Sm;olrsm;uyg 84

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

85

wufa&muf &Si;f vif; aqG;aEG;yGaJ wG 'dt&ifu vkycf yhJ gao;w,f? oufqdkif&m wm0ef&Sdolrsm;uawmh jynfol hqEN/ a'ocHwdk h&Jh qENawGudk vdkufa&m[ef rjywJhtjyif ajAmifjiif;awGom &SdaeqJyg? atmufwdkbm (15) &ufu jyKvyk o f mG ;wJh jrefrmhO;D ydik ef @J w&kw0f rfaygiw f dk &h hJ owif;pm&Si;f vif;yGrJ mS owif;azmfjywJh rD'D,mawGudkyg +cdrf;ajcmufoH =um;vdkuf&ygao;w,f? 0rfaygif refae*sif;'g&kdufwm rpPwm*si;f &D (Mr GengYi) u olwkd u h rk % ` &D hJ *k%o f u d mQ udk xdcu kd af pwJh rD', D m azmfjyr_ awGukd Oya'a=umif;t& ta&;,lEikd w f ,fv@dk rsuEf mS cyfwif;wif;eJ@ ajymoGm;cJyh gw,f? olw@kd tcGit hf a&;twGuq f ufvuf vkyaf qmifomG ;r,fv@dk vJ twdtvif;ajymcJyh gw,f? jrefrmOD;ydik b f ufrw S m0ef&o dS u l a'ocHawGajymwJh ordik ;f 0if v,fwq D &mawmf }u;D owif;ok;H cJw h hJ ausmif;aqmife@J apwDukd rdik ;fcrJG +zKd cahJ =umif;/ uyfvsuf ab;em;rS rdik ;f cGJ cJw h mjzpf a=umif;/ xdak e&m&Sd apwDe@J ausmif;[m v,fwq D &mawmf owif;ok;H cJjh cif;rSm r[kwaf =umif;/ olw@kd ud, k w f idk v f J Ak'b < mom rsm;jzpfv@dk 'Dv, kd w k rf mr_ vkyrf mS r[kwaf =umif; ajymcJah yr,fh vkyu f u G ef @J rvGww f hJ taqmuftODawGukd odyeH` nf;us a&$Œajymif;r_om vkyaf qmifr,ft h a=umif; ar;jref;olrsm;udk rjywfrom; a0h0g;pum;eJ@ ajz=um;cJyh gw,f? oabmuawmh vkypf &m&Sw d m qufvyk rf ,f/ aemufqw k af y;rSm r[kwyf gayg?h aemufwcsu f jrefrmh OD;ydik t f a=umif;vJ odxm;oifyh gw,f? OD;ydik [ f m jrefrm ppfAv kd cf sKyaf wGe@J eD;pyfoal wG/ vufa0cH c&ked aD wG&hJ ukr% ` D jzpfaeovm;qdw k myg? awmfwef&Hk t&yfom; pD;yGm;a&;orm;awG tem;ruyfEikd w f hJ vkyif ef;awGukd olwkd yh ikd q f ikd f ae=uvk@d yg?

OD;ydik v f yk w f hJ vkyif ef;awGukd =unfyh gO;D ?

(1) ausmufrsuw f ;l azmfa&; (rd;k ukw/f rdik &f LS ;/ eef@,ef;/ zm;uef@) (2) owˆKw;l azmfa&; (Edik if ahH 'o tawmfrsm;rsm;) (3) =u,fig;yGiehf ikd if jH cm;oabFm (4) ukeaf owWmvkyif ef; (5) pD;u&ufpuf&Hk (6) bD,mpuf&Hk (7) oHr%dpuf&Hk (8) pm;tk;H qDwifykd rh v _ yk if ef; (9) opftacsmudik v f yk if ef; (10) um;wifoiG ;f a&; (11) armfawmf,mOftpdwt f ydik ;f wifoiG ;f a&; (12) qnf/ wHwm;aqmufypPn;f wifoiG ;f a&; (13) a*:wefausmufw;l azmfa&; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

85

86

(14) oHacsmif;rsm;wifoiG ;f a&; (15) wyfrawmf &rf-t&ufxw k v f yk af &; pwJh rvGrJ aoGtjrwf&rdS ,fv h yk if ef;rsm;udk vuf0g;}u;D tkycf iG hf &xm;ygw,f? aZ,s0wD o=um;puf&u Hk kd Edik if yH ikd u f ae (25µ) avsmh a=u;eJ@v$aJ y;cJw h m OD;ydik u f ykd g? Edik if yH ikd f owif;pmrsm;u yk*v ~ u d OD;ydik u f rk % ` x D H a&mif;csvu kd f a=umif;vk@d ok;H ygw,f? 'gq&kd if OD;ydik u f rk % ` u D kd yk*v ~ u d owfrw S =f upd@k ? 'gayr,fh vufyw H ef;awmif udprP mS &JawGukd wa ,muf ae ph m; (2000) usyaf y;+y;D qENjyolawGukd ESrd ef if;cdik ;f wm OD;ydik yf gqw kd hJ owif;a=umifh OD;ydik rf mS ppfwyfe@J tEG,0f ifawGyg aewmudk owdjyKapcJyh gw,f? Edik if yH ikd f &JwyfzŒJG ukd b,fy*k v ~ u d rsm; cdik ;f apEdik yf govJ/ &Si;f ygw,f? ppfwyfu yg0g&o dS rl sm;uom cdik ;f apEdik rf mS yg? vufyw H ef;awmif vlxt k pnf;a0;yGt J wGuf cdik ;f apcH&wJh &Jtyk f atmif=unf pde/f &J't k =uyf atmif0if;xGe;f wd@k u xkwaf zmf ajymqdck v hJ @dk od&wmyg? olwkd Eh pS af ,mufvJ csucf si;f ta&;,lc&H +y;D csi;f jynfe,fzufukd a&$ ah jymif;cHvu kd f &ygw,f? 'ga=umifh OD;ydik [ f m tm%m&So d al wGe@J ED;S EG,af ea=umif; odapEdik w f t hJ csuyf gy?J ppfwyfe@J aygi;f pm;aewJh c&ked aD wG[m wdik ;f jynfo,HZmwawGukd Edik if jH cm;ukr% ` D awGe@J aygi;f +y;D &rf;cGi&hf wdik ;f &rf;um;ae/ usu d sd wuf csr;f omaeygw,f? t&ifu Edik if yH ikd f awG[m ppfwyfaemufcH c&ked aD wGvufxrJ mS &Sad eorSsawmh wdik ;fjynf0ifaiG qkw, f w k /f jynfoal wG taepkwf jzpfaeOD;rSmyg? wdik ;f jynfrmS o,HZmw wl;azmfa&;awG rvky&f awmhb;l vm;vk@d olwkd b h ufu ar;oifyh gw,f? vky&f ygw,f? 'gayr,fh pmrcsKyrf D xnfph Of;pm;&rSmu wl;azmf&mu xGuf vmr,fh pGe@f ypfypPn;f rsm; tEW&m,f/ vkyu f u G af e&mu vlaetdr/f ,majrrsm;udk tpm;xd;k jznfq h nf;a&;/ ab;xGuq f ;kd usKd ; umuG,af &;/ obm0 ywf0ef;usix f cd u kd rf _ umuG,af &;/ ordik ;f 0if taqmuftODrsm; vGwu f if;a&;/ ESpOf ;D ESpzf uf tusKd ;tjrwfpwJh tcsuaf wGukd t&ifyu kd pf yd w f u kd f avhvmok;H oyf+y;D rS pmcsKk yo f ifyh gw,f?

"Edik if aH wmfonf obm0 ywf0ef;usiu f kd umuG,x f ed ;f odr;f apmifah &Smuf&rnf" vk@d ckjyXmef;xm;wJh Oya' tyd'k f (45) rSm yg0ifygw,f? wl;azmfa&; vkyif ef;awGrmS Edik if aH wmf u obm0 ywf0ef;usix f ed ;f odr;f r_ukd wu,fumuG,rf _ &Sd - r&S/d {&m0wD jrpfqaHk &tm; vSsypf pf xkwv f yk af &;eJ@ csi;f wGi;f {&mjrpfqHk rk&H mG a'o a=u;eDw;l azmfa&; pDru H ed ;f awGu ajymjyae=uygw,f? 'gayr,fv h J jynfol q h ENrsm;udk OD;ydik ef @J tpd;k &ydik ;f [m yGiv hf if;jrifomwJh vdkufavsmr_awG vkyfrjyao;ygbl;? jrpfqkH a&tm;vSsyfppfxkwfa&;awmif OD;odef;pdef orRwoufwrf;rSm qdik ;f iHt h qifh acGs;odyx f m;wmyg? w&kwo f t H rwfu olwkd t h pd;k &[m aemufqw k af y;rSm r[kwaf =umif; owif;v$iw hf mvJ =um;rdygao;w,f? w&kwfeJ@jrefrm[m aqGrsdK;aygufazmfawG qdk+yD; toHv$ifhcJhwm[m OD;ae0if; 86

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

87

(rqv) rS onf ppftyk pf rk sm; }u;D pd;k wJh ,ae w h ikd x f yd g? wu,fawmh w&kwu f jrefrmEdik if H tay:qufqrH [ _ m aqGrsKd ;yDor_/ tdref ;D csi;f yDor_rsKd ; r&Syd gb;l ? jrefrmh o,HZmwawGukd atmufvrf;enf;/tay:vrf;enf;pkH ok;H +y;D w&kwu f tqDpyk , f yl gw,f? ol@&Jh Edik if w H um pHrrDtrdu _ af wGukd jrefrmjynfxJ jyefoiG ;f aiG&mS yg w,f? 'Dvkd vkyEf ikd zf @dk w&kwu f ppftyk pf ek @J jzpfap/ ppftyk pf ak emufcH c&ked aD wGujkd zpfap vmbfx;kd +y;D vkyu f u G f pm;uGuaf wGukd vufO;D r_ ,lxm;ygw,f? ,cifu taemufEikd if rH sm;&Jh jrefrmEdik if t H ay: pD;yGm;a&;ydwq f kd 'h %fcwfr[ _ m w&kwt f pd;k &twGuf tuGuf qdu k af pcJw h hJ &vm'faumif; jzpfomG ;cJ&h wmyg? ck ArmhEikd if aH &; tcif;tusi;f [m ajymif;pjyKvmcsed rf mS awmh w&kwf rsucf ;Hk v_yf vmygw,f? Armudk t&ifuxuf ydt k m&kjH yKvmygw,f? tar&duefe@J Arm eD;uyfvmwm[m w&kw&f hJ ypPzw d f pd;k rd;k a&;? w&kwjf ynfv+Hk cKH a&;udk xdyg;apw,fv@dk w&kwu f jrifEikd yf gw,f? 'ga=umifh acsmah jcmufenf;awG ok;H aewmawG &h wmyg? wavmu Armqefwifykd rh u _ kd w&kwu f ydwyf pfwm/ ykZeG af wGrmS qyfjym&nfyg aew,f/ yd;k awG w h ,fq+kd y;D jyefykd w h mrsKd ; vkyjf ywm[m pD;yGm;a&; npfywfwmawG jzpfygw,f? olwkd yh w d w f hJ Armqefukd tar&duefu 0,fw,f? ykZeG u f kd pifumylu jyef0,fw,f? w&kwf ajymovdk yd;k &S/d roef &h iS ;f &if 'DEikd if aH wGu 0,fygrh vm;qdw k m awG;=unfEh ikd yf gw,f? 'g[m Armtpd;k &udk oGi;f ukeaf wGukd olwkd h ydwyf pfEikd w f ,fv@dk aoG;wd;k prf;+crd ;f ajcmufjcif;ygy?J 'gayr,fv h J a&&Snf pDru H ed ;f awGa=umifh w&kwu f Armudk tvsO;f wif;rmr_awG rvky&f EJ ikd yf gb;l ? odk ah yr,fv h J w&kwef @J ArmcsKyq f x kd m;wJh pmcsKyaf wG b,favmuf &Sad eovJ qdw k mudk jynfoal wGrod=uao;ygb;l ? Armtpd;k &taeeJ@ a&&Snpf rD u H ed ;f rsm;rSm wjcm;Edik if H awGe@J jzpfap/ txl;ojzifh w&kwef @J vkyu f ikd rf a_ wGrmS jynfol x h H yGiv hf if;jrifomr_rsm; csjyEdik zf @dk t&ifvyk &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f vdyk gw,f? w&kwef @J csKyq f x kd m;wJh a&&Snaf &wdk pDru H ed ;f awG&&dS ifvJ jynfoel @J w ikd ;fjynf epfemr_rsm;r&Szd @dk jyefvnf ndES i_d ;f r_rsm; jyifqifaqmif&u G f apcsiyf gw,f? bmjzpfv@dk w&kwu f kd aZmif;ay; ajymae&wmvJq&kd if wjcm; taemufEikd if rH sm; eJ@rwlbJ w&kwt f pd;k &[m *k%o f u d mQ uif;rJv h @dk yg? taemufEikd if aH wGu tvkyv f yk &f if umuG,rf u _ kd OD;pm;ay;wwf/ vl t h cGit hf a&;awG a&S &h w _ wf=uygw,f? w&kwu f awmh olw h yg; wdik ;f jynftwGu/f olrsm; vl t h cGit hf a&;twGuf b,fwek ;f urS xnfw h u G &f ;dk r&Sv d @dk yg?

ArmeJ@qdik w f hJ w&kwo f abmxm;awGukd om"utaeeJ@xkwjf y&&ifawmh 'Dru kd a& pDa&;rSm awmufavSsmuf AD't kd m%mok;H ydwyf ifvmwm/ ucsiAf rm jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS w&kwf e,fpyfcv kd aH_ ewJh ppfajy;'kuo Q nfawGukd Edik if w H umpHne$ ;f udk csKd ;azmuf+y;D twif;t=uyf jyefarmif;xkww f m/ ('Dupd u P kd w&kwt f pd;k &u ucsi'f u k o Q nfawGukd olwkd ah rmif;rxkwyf gb;l / 'kuo Q nfawGu olwkd o h abmeJ@ ae&yf jyefomG ;wmygv@dk urBmudk ajAmifnmcJyh gw,f)/ aemuf+y;D olrsm;Edik if H obm0xde;f odr;f a&;awG xnfrh pOf;pm;wmawG jrifawG Eh ikd yf gw,f? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

87

88

ArmeJ@qdkiwf hJ w&kwof abmxm;awGukd om"utaeeJ@xwk jf y&&ifawmh 'Drdkua&pDa&;rSm awmufavSsmuf ADwtkd m%mok;H ydwyf ifvmwm/ ucsifArm jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS w&kwf e,fpyfcvkd aH_ ewJh ppfajy;'kuoQ nfawGukd Edik if wH umpHne$ ;f udk csdK;azmuf+yD; twif;t=uyf jyefarmif;xkwwf m/ ('DudpPudk w&kwftpdk;&u ucsif'uk oQ nfawGukd olwkd ah rmif;rxkwyf gbl;/ 'kuoQ nfawGu olwkd oh abmeJ@ ae&yf jyefomG ;wmygvk@d urBmudk ajAmifnmcJyh gw,f)/ aemuf+yD; olrsm;Edik fiH obm0xdef;odrf;a&;awG xnfrh pOf;pm;wmawG jrifawG hEdki yf gw,f? ....... t&ifwek ;f u ArmhusG e;f awGukd atmufvrf;enf;/ tay:vrf;enf;eJ@0,f,cl w hJ hJ w&kw[ f m ckq&kd if tyifayguaf wGyg tjrpfw;l ,laea=umif;vJ od&ygao;w,f? w&kwu f ArmrSm 'Dvv kd yk Ef ikd cf w hJ m[m w&kwf tjypf}u;D yJawmh r[kwyf gb;l ? vlwiG yf grS EGm; usm;udu k cf &H / ykqed &f ;dk vdk ud, k t hf rsKd ;udk jyefcw k w f hJ vlwef;pm;awG }u;D pd;k cHae &vk@d yg? tcsKyq f &kd &ifawmh wdik ;f jynftwGuf t&Snt f usKd ;r=unfb h J ud, k ahf umif;pma&; om=unfw h wfwhJ ppftyk pf ek @J eD;pyfaom OD;ydik u f rk % ` v D rkd sKd ;awG/ ppftyk pf w k iG ;f u tusiyhf suf oabmxm; wif;rmolawGukd rz,f&mS ;Edik af o;oa&G h vufyw H ef;awmifvkd jy\emawG qufwufaeOD;rSmyg?

'Dvdk vlwef;pm;awGudk OD;odef;pdef tpdk;&taeeJ@ tcsdefrD rz,f&Sm;Edk if&if Arm 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if H xlaxmifa&;[m aESmifah ES; =uef@=umaerSm rvGo J vdk w&kww f kd &h @J h pD;yGma&;/ Edik if aH &;t& Armtay: =oZm wpkw H &m oufa&mufc&H r_rsm; }uKH awG ah e&r,f qdw k m owdcsyaf pcsiyf gw,f? w&kwef @J uvJ Arm[m tpdr;f ajcG jzwfr& Edik af o;bl;qdw k m oabmayguyf gw,f? a&&Snf pDru H ed ;f awGt& qufqaH e&rSmyg? qufqw H t hJ cgrmS wdik ;f jynfe@J jynfoal wG rxdcu kd f &atmif/ jyifqifp&mawGukd w&kwef @J xyfnSd jyifqifEikd af &;udkd Armtpd;k &u vkyzf @dk vdyk gw,f?

'Dvkd rvkyEf ikd cf &hJ if "Armjynf[m pde udv k ekd eD ,fjzpfae+yv D m;"vk@d jynfoal wGu ar;cGe;f xkwf &ygvrd rhf ,f?

ausmf[kef;

Ekd0ifbm 2/ 2012 (rdk;rc rD'D,mrS)

88

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

89

yky`m;awmif}uD; jrifjyDvm;a[h

r,faiGO uíefronf Zmwd&yf&mG tnmajrrS ta=uatmuf&mG &efuek +f rKd Œ }u;D qDo@kd ajymif;a&$Œ aexkid v f mcJo h nfrmS ESpaf ygi;f av;q,f&adS cs+y?D tESpaf v;q,fqo dk nfrmS vl@b0wpf0uf [kyif wifpm;ajymEkdifrnf jzpfaomfvnf; uíefrtwGufrl tnmajrudk rarhEdkifao;bJ wrf;wrf;ww vGr;f ae&qJjzpfonf? txl;ojzihaf wmh ykym` ;awmifr}u;D ta&SŒbufrS vufyef jym;qdak om &Gm}u;D udk vGr;f pdwaf wGwa0a0 jzpf&onf? uíefrwd@k &Gmonf ykym` ;awmifr}u;D ESifh q,fridk t f uGmrSm &So d nfqadk omfvnf; yky`m;awmifr}uD;udk ta0;u xifxif&Sm;&Sm;jrif&onf? *E<0ifajrmuf awmiftkyfpk}uD; jzpfovdk awmifr}uD;rS jzmxGufqif;oufvmaom awmifwef;awmifpOfwdk@uvnf; ¶_arSsmrf qH;k oG,w f ef;aeonf? ykym` ;awmif}u;D udk t&yf&pS rf suEf mS rS toGio f ¾mefrsKd ;pHjk zihf awGŒ jrifEidk o f nf? xkt d xJwiG f uíefrwd@k ta&SŒt&yfbufrS jrif&aom ykym` ;awmifonf ,ufuef;vufcwf o¾mef&adS v.? uíefri,fpOfuav;b0 av;ig;ajcmufESpforD;t&G,fwGif zcifu uíefr.

OD;acgif;ukd ol.oefrmxGm;usdKif;vSaom vufESpfzufjzifh udkifnSyfvsuf txufodk@ yifhajrSmufum "yky`m;awmif}uD; jrif+yDvm;a[h"[kar;vsuf jyoavh&Sdonf? wpf}udrf ajrSmufvdkuf "yky`m;awmif}uD; jrif+yDvm;a[h"[k ar;vdkufESihf t}udrf}udrftcgtcg ae@pOfvv kd dk vkyaf vh&o dS nf? cg;udq k ef@vsuf rjcif;jzifh t&yfjrihaf p&ef &nf&, G jf cif;jzpfouJo h @kd ykym` ;awmif}u;D udk olcspcf ifovdk cspcf ifw, G w f map&efvnf; jzpfEidk . f ? trSepf ifppf uíefrwd@k om;tzomru &GmrSzcifwidk ;f u om;orD;rsm;udk ykym` ; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

89

90

awmifbufqo D @kd rsKd ;qufopf uav;oli,fwidk ;f udk jyoavh&=dS uonfrmS xH;k wrf;pOfvm jzpf o nf ? rd r d o m;orD ; rsm;ud k awmif a wmf a &$ y k y ` m ;uk d ajrS m uf u mjyoonf h " avh rnfonft h csed u f pwifco hJ nf rodEidk af omfvnf; uíefr. Zmwdajru &Gmol&mG om;wd@k onf aemufyikd ;f rSm ykym` ;awmif}u;D jrif+yv D m;qdo k nfh ar;cGe;f udk ajym&vGe;f ojzifh yDyo D oyif toHrxGuaf wmhbJ "ykyAf awmif*s;D jrifbvm;a[h"[kyif cyf00J jJ zpfcahJ v+y?D uíefrwd@k a'oum; ykym` ;awmifukd tpjyKvsuf oG,w f ef;vmaom yJc;l ¶d;k r. c&D;OD;tp awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;t=um; }u;D jyif;cJo h jl zpfI awmifwef;awmifp, G w f @dk udk jrifvsS iu f dk jrwfE;dk wG,w f mwwfav.? &Gmud0k idk ;f ywfxm;aom awmifeaD wmif/ awmifz;kd tkdawmif/ rsufvSawmif/ awmifvS/ bk&m;av;ukef; tp&Sdaom awmifrsm;pGmudkvnf; eufeuf¶id_ ;f ¶di_ ;f cspjf rwfE;dk avonf? awmxJawmifxrJ mS aysmaf rGŒolr@dk awmawG awmifawG. wefz;kd udv k nf;odyg.? em;vnfyg.? i,fpOfuyif rSwfom;cJhaom pum;rsm;wGif awmifwpfvHk;. ta&;ygyHk/ ckid +f ryJ u kH v kd nf; pGpJ +JG r+J rrJ w S o f m;cJo h nf? taru tazuG,v f eG q f ;kH yg;aomtcg (a&$awmif}u;D +ydKwmygyJ)[k qdkcJhonf? tar. b0twGuf t"dutm;udk;tm;xm;jyK&m tazr&Sd awmhjcif;udk awmif+yKd jcif;ESifh ckid ;f E_id ;f wifpm;ajymqdck o hJ nf? om;trdrsm;tay: xm;&Sad om rdbarwWmudkawmh (jrifhrkd&fawmifOD; ruusL;om; aus;Zl;t&Sif arG;rdcifESihfzcif)[k wifpm;ajymqk=d ujyefonf? vufcyH gonf? ajymxku d yf gonf? wu,fyif }u;D rm;aomt&m ckid +f raJ omt&m rdbarwWmw&m;ukd awmifrsm;. ckid rf mr_ }u;D rm;cef@xnfrE_ iS fh E_id ;f ,SOf Ekid =f uygonf? uíefr.b0wGif TrSs}u;D rm;ckid cf ef@aom tm;xm;&m/ trSt D ckjd yK&m/ arwWmw&m; ESifh ckid ;f E_id ;f &maom awmif}u;D rsm;+yKd onfukd i,fpOfawmifaus; uav;b0u vH;k 0rjrif bl;cJ?h vluawmh aoEkid q f ;kH Ekid o f nf? vlaoqH;k ovkd awmifqw kd maum ysuw f wfovm;? +yKd wwfovm;? awmifwpfv;kH vH;k +yKd avmufatmif tb,ft&mu pGr;f aqmifEidk o f nf ukrd odc?hJ ckid rf mcef@nm; }u;D rm;jrifah rmufaom awmif}u;D awG ajrom;=urf;jyiftxd +yKd rnf [kvnf; rxifrw S cf rhJ ad cs? uíefrrSm;ygonf? touf}u;D vmrS awmif+yKd omG ;onfudk jrifz;l awmhonf? uíefr tvkyfwm0efjzifh ucsifjynfe,f zm;uef@+rdKŒodk@ a&mufoGm;csdefwGifrS jrifah rmufvaS om awmif}u;D awG tvJvt J +yKd +yKd jzpf=u&onfukd jrifz;l awmhonf? zm;uef@rSm tajccsI t+raJ exkid &f onfawmhr[kw?f jrpf}u;D em;rS zm;uef@od@k ESpv f wpf}urd /f oH;k v wpf}urd f oGm;&onf? xko d @kd oGm;&onft h cgwikd ;f yxrwpf}urd o f mG ;pOfu armfIarSsmI f =unf&h aom ayoH;k / av;axmifjrifrh m;aom awmifxw G }f u;D wpfv;kH onf aemufwpf}urd f a&mufvSsif uGif;jyif}uD;jzpfoGm;wwfonfukd pwifjrifzl;onf? puf,Eœ&m;}uD;awGESihf 90

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

91

ausmufprd ;f awG wl;=uazmf=uonfu;kd ? wcsKd Œaom awmifrsm;rSmrl [db k ufjcrf;/ 'Dbufjcrf; ESpfbufoHk;bufnSyfI wl;azmf=u&if; awmifyJhawmif&GJŒ }uD;rsm; jzpfaewwfonf? r,faiGOwpfa,muf ucsijf ynfe,f zm;uef@a'ood@k r=umc%a&mufavrS awmifw@kd rnfonf +yKd usomG ;¶Hrk u avmuxJrS trnfemruav;rSs ruseEf idk af wmhbJ aysmufu, G I f yif oGm;wwfyguvm;[k od&adS vawmhonf? xkdtcg uíefr pOf;pm;=unfhrdonf? awmifwdk@rnfonf ol@oabmavmuf tvdv k +kd yKd &ef cufcaJ omfvnf; vlw@kd . avmbjzih+f zKd vsS if vydik ;f twGi;f +yKd wwfyguvm;[k todawGw;kd vm.? awmifwpfv;kH topfjzpf&ef uyfurBmwpfcrk sS jzpfawmifjh zpfcjJ zpfay:&ef vGefpGmcJ&if;aomfvnf; avmbom;wdk@ +zdKavaomf wpfv/ ESpfv +zdK¶HkrSsjzihf +ydK¶Hkru aysmufu, G w f wfyguvm;[k ocFe;f pmopfawG wd;k vm.? ocFe;f pmopfawG wd;k vmovdk tawG;aygi;f rsm;pGmvnf; 0ifr. d ? vlrnfaomowW0gonf obm0w&m;wd@k udk rcsprf cif? a&$ u d k aiG u d k c spf I obm0uk d jypf y ,f u m awmud k o wf / awmif u d k o wf w wf aywum;[kvnf; aumufcsufqGJrdjyef.? t&if;ppfaomf avmbwnf;? avmbum; vlEiS v hf cl si;f vnf; owfEidk . f ? awmawG/ awmifawGuv kd nf; owfEidk af v.? uíefrum; zm;uef@+rKd Œod@k a&mufavwkid ;f awmifvrG ;f rsu&f nf usavonf? vkyaf zmfuikd zf uf oli,fcsi;f rsm;u +zKd aeqJawmifwef;rsm;rS 0if;0gaeaom ajrom;wcsKd ŒESifh taumif;yuwd usefaeao;aom tpdrf;a&mifwcsdKŒ uGuf=um;awGŒvSsif rsufpdyom' tvGev f o S jzihf "vSvu kd w f m"[k ajymwwf=uonf? uíefrum; raysmEf idk ?f yg;pyfuvnf; "b,fuvmvS&rSmvJ? tJ'g obm0ywf0ef;usifawG ysufpD;aewm? aemufqufwGJ jy\emawG trsm;}u;D "[k ajymrdwwf.? tqk;d qH;k rSm awmif+yKd omG ;aom ajrom;rsm; Eke;f wifojzihf jrpfacsmif;rsm;yg aumjcif;jzpfonf? ,ckawmh r,faiGOwpfa,muf ucsijf ynfe,f zm;uef@+rKd Œod@k ra&mufonfrmS q,fpEk pS w f pfcek ;D yg; =umjrifch +hJ y?D wpf&w H pfcgawmh zm;uef@a'orSm ucsiaf wmifwef;}u;D awG &Srd &S ydS gao;&JŒvm;[k vGr;f armwopGm awG;rdwwfonf? ,ckwavmwGirf l r=umrD oDwif;ywfrsm;upwifI ppfuikd ;f wdik ;f a'o}u;D rH&k mG c¶dik f qm;vif;}u;D +rKd Œe,f vufyef;awmif;awmif/ a=u;pifawmif/ pHy,fawmif a=u;eDprD u H ed ;f ta=umif; rD', D mrsm;rSwpfqifh =um;od&jyefavaomf r,faiGOwpfa,muf pdwrf csr;f ajrŒ jzpf&jyefonf? awmif-awmif-awmif? awmif[o l nfum; a'ocHw@dk twGurf l trnfemrukd =um;¶Hrk sS EiS fh &ifcek pf &m/ wG,w f mp&m b0oHa,mZOfawG &Sad ewwf=uonf? od@k aomf awmif&&dS mt&yfw@kd um; a&$/ aiG/ ausmuf/ oH/ ywWjrm;/ a=u;eD paom &wemawGvnf; udef;atmif;wnf&Sdaewwfonf? tzdk;xdkufwefaom &wemrsm; &SdrSef;odvSsif avmbom;awG a&muf&Sdvmum puf,Eœ&m;}uD;rsm;jzihf twkdif;twmrJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

91

92

wl;,l=uawmhonf? aemufq;kH awmh ayoH;k / av;/ ig;axmif t&G,t f pm;&Sad om awmif}u;D rsm;yif wpfv;kH +y;D wpfv;kH vnf; aysmufu, G o f mG ;=u&avawmhonf? ucsifjynfe,f zm;uef@ a'orSm awmifawG+ydKqif; aysmufuG,foGm;=u &aomfvnf; a'ocHrsm; txdkuftavsmuf tusdK;aus;Zl;&Sdaeojzihf jy\em}uD;}uD; us,fus,fjzpfoH r=um;cJh&? rHk&Gmc¶dkif qm;vif;}uD;+rdKŒe,f&Sd vufyef;awmif;awmif/ pHy,fawmif/ a=u;pifawmifrsm;rSmrl a=u;eDxw k v f yk af om ukr% ` rD sm;u wm0efcw H m0ef,rl _ r&Sd=uojzihf a'ocHjynfolrsm; tusdK;aus;Zl;ryg? vufAvmjzpf=u&+yD; a=u;eDpDrHudef; &yfwef@&ef enf;vrf;aygif;pHkjzihf qENjyae=uonf? rdrdwdk@a'orSm owWKodkuf&Sdonf? xko d wWKou kd u f m; a'ocHrsm;tusKd ;r&Sjd zpfvsS if jy\emawGjzpfrnfrmS obm0omwnf;? a'ocHrsm;tusKd ;&Sad pOD;awmh? awmifpOfawmifwef;rsm;. rlvtrnfemryif ruse&f adS tmif +zKd zsuI f +yKd ysuaf ysmufu, G o f nftxdawmh rnfou l rS oabmwlEidk rf nf r[kwyf gacs? ajymomajym&ygonf? uíefrwk@d a'o jrefrmjynftv,fyikd ;f ykym` ;awmif}u;D . ajrmufbufjcrf;&Sd awmifay:/ ausmufwcH g;/ i&HŒuke;f paomaus;&Gmrsm;rS ydZk v dk ef[ak c:aom rD ; awmif a csmf a jrrsm;ud k wl ; azmf a e=uojzih f awmif o m;eH & H a wG tawmf y suf p D ; +ydKusae+yDjzpfovdk v,f,modrf;r_rsm;vnf; jzpfay:aeonf[k od&onf? txl;ojzihf i&HŒuke;f &GmteD;rSm tvGeq f ;kd &Gm;aom obm0ywf0ef;usif ysupf ;D aeonfudk awGŒ&onf? uíefruawmh yky`m;awmifa'orSm rnfonfh&wemowWKypPnf;rS rxGufapcsifrdyg? &wemowWKou kd af wG&jdS cif;u vSyaomrde;f rysKd uav;uJo h @kd tEœ&m,frsm;vGe;f vSonf? uíefr.zcifu uíefrudk ykym` ;awmif}u;D jrif+yv D m;[k jyocJjh cif;u rdrad rG;zGm; &Sifoef&ma'ou awmifwef;}uD;awGudk cspfcifjrwfEkd;wwfzdk@om &nf&G,fcJhavonf? jynfwiG ;f / jynfy avmbom;wk@d um; awmifwef;}u;D rsm;twGi;f rS &wemodu k u f kd ajrausm/ a&ausm tm;vH;k wufwufajymifatmif azmuf,pl m;&ef t"dur[kwyf gvm;? jzpfEidk v f sS iaf wmh r,faiGOonf ykym` ;awmifEiS w fh uG jrefrmjynfu taemuf¶;kd r/ tv,f¶;kd r/ ta&SŒ¶d;k r tp&Sad om awmifwef;rsm;ukd rnforl S rjrifrawGŒatmif ESv;kH om; xJrmS odr;f 0SuI f om xm;vku d cf siyf gonf?

r,faiGO (7days

92

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

*sme,frSul;,laz: jyygw,f?)

93

qdyk gonf ... odk haomf ... a'gufwm"rRyd,

(ITBMU)

jrefrmEdkifiHawmfonf 'Drdkua&pDpepfqDodk@ toGiful;ajymif;vm+yDqdkawmh...?

'Dru kd a&pDpepf&hJ rl0g'jzpfwhJ "vGwv f yfpmG ajymqdck iG hf" wdk@ "vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf" wd@k "vGwv f yfpmG ud;k uG,cf iG h"f wd@k qdw k m pepfEiS t hf wl arG;zGm;vmcJjh cif;yg? jynfoal wGtm; vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh?udk Oya'jyKI cGifhjyKay;jcif;twGuf 'Drdkua&pDtpdk;&tm; aus;Zl;wifrdjcif;yg? odk@aomf vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh&+yDqdkayrJh 'Drdkua&pDpepf &Jrh 0l g'rsm;udk jynforl sm; pepfwusem;vnfrxm;=uao;bl;qd&k if trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;r_ udk xdcdkufoGm;Ekdifjcif;yg? jynfoltrsm;pk[m trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udkxdef;odrf;+yD; 'Dru kd a&pDEikd if aH wmfukd pepfwus wnfaqmufvw kd m jzpfwt hJ wGuaf =umifh pme,fZif;rsm;/ ykEH ySd x f w k af 0olrsm;/ tifwmeufr'D , D mrsm;rS bmpmrluykd J xkwx f w k /f b,f¶yk yf rHk sK;d udyk J az: jyaz:jy/ b,fbavmh*rf mS yJwifwif jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_ukd qef@usif wJhpmrsKd;/ ykHrsKd;/ AD'D,kdzdkifrsKd;udk pdppf+yD;rS ykHEdSyfxkwfa0 jzef@csday;oifhjcif;yg? udk,fa&;csif wmawGudk a&;vdk@&w,fqdkwdkif;/ tifwmeufpmrsufESmrsm;rSm udk,fwifcsifwmawGudk wifv@kd &w,fqw kd ikd ;f xif&mpdik ;f =ur,fq&kd ifawmh usm;aoudk toufoiG ;f rdv@kd 'kuaQ &muf oGm;wJt h jzpfrsK;d awG jzpfomG ;Edik v f @kd yg? jrefrmEdkifiHrSm ESpftawmf=um=um 'Drdkua&pDpepf aysmufqkH;oGm;cJhwJhtwGuf jynf o l / jynf o m;rsm; tcsKyf t cs,f tzd t Ed S y f ' %f r sm;ud k tvl ; tvJ c H c J h & jcif ; yg?

'Doifcef;pmrsm;udk jyefvnfqef;ppf=unfw h t hJ cg [k, d ciftcgrsm;u ykEH ydS x f w k af 0jcif;udprP mS vGwv f yfciG hf r&Scd ahJ vawmh jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; trSew f &m;udrk odEikd =f uyJ qif;&JwiG ;f eufcJh=u&wmyg? xdk@a=umifh vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhudk arSsmfvifhcJh=uwmyg?

Edik if aH wmft}u;D tuJrsm;&Jh tarSsmt f jrif}u;D rm;r_a=umifh vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGirhf u l kd jyÏmef;ay;vkduf+yDrdk@ xdkOya'udk }uKdqdkrdjcif;yg? odk@aomf trsKd;om;a&; ,Ofaus;r_udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

93

94

rodem;rvnfao;wJh (od@k r[kw)f trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_&w hJ efz;kd udk rjrwfE;kd wwfao;wJh vli,f/ vl&, G t f rsm;pku rD', D muGe, f ufrsm;udk trsm;qk;H tok;H jyKae=uwmqdak wmh...? jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk umuG,af y;Edik w f hJ rl0g'wpfcu k kd Oya'jyKI jyÏmef;ay;zdk@ Oya'jyKtzGJ@tm; wdkufwGef;vdkjcif;yg?

Edik if aH &;rSm vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGirhf &Sv d @kd jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; rsm;pGmepfem qk;H &S;Hk r_rsm; jzpf&w,fqw kd m vufcEH ikd jf cif;yg? od@k aomf jynfo@l eDwv d @kd ac:wJh tufopfcf (Ethics) udk pepfwus avhvmxm;r_r&Sw d hJ vli,fv&l , G rf sm;tm; vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k f a0cGirhf u l kd vk;H vk;H vsm;vsm;}u;D cGijhf yKvu kd rf ,fq&dk if jynforl sm;twGuf aumif;usK;d ESiq hf ;kd usK;d b,foif;u ydrk sm;vmEdik w f ,fqw kd m jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; }uKd wifpOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg?

Ethics qdw k m bmvJ? Ethics qdw k m jynfo@l eDwu d kd ajymwm? t"dyg` ,u f vl@,Ofaus;r_&hJ tajccHjzpfwhJ ud, k u f sio hf v D / ud, k u f sihf odumQ udt k av;xm;jcif;/ ,Ofaus; wJh trlt,m/ ,Ofaus;r_ESifhEG,fwJh jrefrm*k%fudk az:aqmifEdkifwJh 0wfpm;qif,Ofr_ jyKvkyfjcif; rsKd;udk Ethics vdk@ac:wm? wdkif;jynfwpfckrSm udk,fydkif,Ofaus;r_/ udk,fydkif "avhxkH;pH/ udk,fydkif0wfpm;qif,Ofr_/ udk,fydkif pmayr&Sd&if xdkvlrsKd;/ xdkwkdif;jynf[m aemufq;Hk awmh aysmufu, G o f mG ;wwfwm[m "rRwmyg? 'gudk trsK;d om;a&;pdw"f mwf&o dS rl sm; odem;vnfEikd =f uzd@k yg? jrefrmjynfzmG ; trsm;pk[m Ak'b < mom0ifrsm;yg? jrwfpmG bk&m;w&m;awmfrsm;rSm ,Ofaus;r_uakd &m/ avmuvlom;rsm;udyk g rysurf pD;atmif xde;f odr;f apmifah &SmufEikd w f hJ w&m;ESpfyg; (avmuygv w&m; / avmuudk apmifha&SmufwJhw&m;ESpfyg;) udk az: jy xm;jcif;yg? tJ'D w&m;ESpyf g;u [d&D (raumif; r_ujkd yKjcif;/ rvkw H vkH 0wfpm;qif,ifrr_ sm;udk &Sujf cif;) ESihf =owWy` (raumif;r_ujkd yKjcif;/ rvkw H vkH 0wfpm;qifrr_ sm;udk a=umuf&ŒHG jcif;) wd@k udk az:n$e;f xm;jcif;yg? 'Dw&m;ESpyf g;u avmu}u;D udak um vlom;rsm;udyk g apmifah &Smuf xm;jcif;jzpfv@kd apmifx h ed ;f vdu k ef moifw h w hJ &m;ESpyf g;yg? t&Sut f a=umufuif;wJh 0wfpm; qif,ifrr_ sK;d [m jref@rm,Of aus;r_EiS hf bmom,Ofaus;r_rsm;udyk g zsuq f ;D Edik w f mrd@k owdrsm; }uKd wif&x dS m;Edik =f uzd@k yg? aemuf+yD; tckacwfrSm pwkdifwpfckvdkjzpfvmwJh rvkHwvkH0wfpm;qif,if r_rsm;a=umifh qd&k , S jf y\emrsm;/ 'kp&ku d rf r_ sm;ESihf vlra_ &;jy\emrsm;[m wpfae@wpfjcm; wd;k yGm;vmaejcif;yg? Oyrm- ywfbvpf*{f &d,m (Public Area) rsm;Y rdef;uav;rsm; rvkrH +cKH 0wfqifxm;jcif;[m jy\emudk E_;d qGay;jcif;/ 'kp&ku d rf r_ sm;udk wpfenf;r[kwf wpfenf;enf;jzifh wdu k w f eG ;f ay;ovdk jzpfymG ;apjcif; yg? ,xmblwusus ok;H oyfEikd =f uzd@k yg? rvkHwvkH 0wfqifxm;wJhnDr (odk@r[kwf) trwpfa,mufa=umifh avSmifajymif=unf p,fc&H wJh armifwpfa,muf&hJ a'go/ rk'ed ;f r_/ vlowfrr_ sm;txd jzpfymG ;oGm;cJjh cif;a=umifh 94

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

95

aemufqufwjJG zpfay:vmwJh vlra_ &;jy\em/ rvkw H vkH 0wfqifxm;wJh orD;ESihf [ked m;'Dem; twlomG ;vd@k rS roifah wmfwhJ zcif&t hJ jzpf/ ray:way: 0wfqifxm;wJh tr od@k r[kwf nDrESihf [ked m; 'Dem; twlwuG roGm;vm&JwhJ nDtukad rmifbmG ;wd@k &Jh 'ku/Q 'gawGukd jcKiH pHk Of;pm; =unf&h if jrefrm,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk +crd ;f ajcmufaejcif;yg?

'Drdkua&pDpepft& vGwfvyfayghyg;pGm0wfqifxm;jcif;[m vl@tcGifhta&; wpf&yfyJ r[kwv f m;vd@k ar;cGe;f xkwv f o kd rl sm;vnf; &Sad umif;&Srd mS yg? ukvor*~rS 194* ckEpS u f xkwjf yefcw hJ hJ vl@tcGit hf a&; a=unmpmwrf;}u;D (Human Rights) rSm TurBmwGif vl[l orSsw@kd onf rdom;pktzG@J 0if nDtpfukd / armifErS rsm;ozG,jf zpf.? xd@k a=umifh oifonf vlcsi;f qufq&H mY =uifempGm azmfa&GpmG ,Ofaus;pGmjyKro l if. h ... vd@k az: jyxm;jcif;yg? tazESio hf rD;/ tudEk iS hf ESr/ armifEiS hf trwk@d t=um; rvkw H vk0H wfqifxm;r_[m ,Ofaus; pGm jyKra_ ejcif;ygv@kd rnforl sS ajym0Hrh nfr[kwyf g? "vGwfvyfpGm ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifh" rludk tvGJokH;pm; jyKr_ESifhpyfvsOf;I jrefrm jynfrmS jzpfysuo f mG ;wJh jzpf&yfav;wpfcu k kd uGeyf sLwm*sme,frmS zwfvu kd &f jcif;yg? jzpfyu Hk rde;f uav;wpfa,muf[m ol@cspo f l (bGKid ;f z&if'h )f wpfa,mufEiS hf ud, k yf idk v f ufyaf wmh uGefysKwm tifwmeufvdkif;rSwqifh csufwif (pum;ajym) ajymcJh=ujcif;yg? xdkodk@ ajym=um;aepOf rde;f uav;u rvkw H vk0H wfqifxm;+y;D olr&Jh bGKid ;f z&if'h t f m; uGeyf sKwmrS wqifh csufwif vkyf=ujcif;yg? wpfzufrS tufopfcf r&SdwJh bGKdif;z&ifh'fu 0ufbfuif (uifr&m) jzifh xdyk u Hk &kd u dk u f ;l +y;D / xd"k mwfyu Hk kd tifwmeuf0ufbq f u kd f pmrsuEf mS ay:rSm wifxm;cJ&h m xdyk u Hk kd xdrk ed ;f uav;&Jh tazuawG@&SI d xd"k mwfyrHk sm;rSmygwhJ rde;f uav;[m ol@orD;ESifh wlovdkvdk&Sdwmrdk@ xdkykHudk taotjcm=unfh&Sk&m ol@orD;&Jh "mwfykHjzpfaeI ,lusK;H r& jzpfomG ;cJ&h wJh tjzpftysuaf v;wpfcyk g? tufopfcrf &Sw d hJ od@k r[kwf tufopfc&f hJ wef;zd;k udk tvGo J ;Hk pm;jyKvo kd rl sm;ESihf pmaypdppf a&;Y txde;f tuGyrf &Sad wmhwhJ "vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGihf" qdw k hJ 'Dr0l g'wd@k t=um; bmawGrsm; qufvufjzpfay:vmrvJ qdw k m &ifwrrjzifh qufvuf&pkS m;=uzd@k yg? om;orD;awGudk v$wfrxm;ygeJ@ tifwmeufu 'kuQay;vdrfhr,f... qdkwJh acgi;f pOfav;udak wG@&vd@k zwf=unfrh w d ,f? tifwmeufe@J vli,fw@kd &Jb h 0[m pdwyf pl &m tqifx h d a&mufaea=umif;udk jynforl sm;udo k ad pvdw k hJ apwemt&if;cHe@J a&;om;xm; jcif;yg? avmu}u;D u wpfcgwpf&rH mS awmh pdw¶f y_ pf &m}u;D yg? &k;d om;olEiS hf aumufuspo f /l yGifhvif;olESifh vSsKdŒ0Sufol/ ajzmifhrwfolESifh vdrfwwfol/ v,folESifh tol/ 'DvlawG tm;+yKd iv f m=u&if &k;d om;olawG/ tolawGom trsm;qk;H cH=u&wmyg? e,f+rKd Œwpf+rKŒd u tjzpf tysuaf v;wpfcyk g? i,f&, G o f w l @kd &Jo h bm0u pl;prf;csiw f o hJ bm0? jzpfyu Hk rde;f uav; ESpaf ,muf[m tdrcf ef;xJrmS t0wf tpm;awGcsG w+f y;D "mwfy&Hk u dk =f uwJjh zpf&yfyg? "mwfyaHk wG tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

95

96

pdwfwdkif;us&kduf+yD;wJhtcg tJ'DxJu wpfa,mufu 'D"mwfykHawGudk tifwmeufay:rSm wifr,fqdk+yD; aiGnSpf,lwJhudpPyg? udk,fvkH;wD;t&kdufcH&wJh rdef;uav;u ol@ykHawG tifwmeufay:rSm wifcH&rSmudk a=umufawmh awmif;orSsaiGudk ay;ae&if; ray;Edkif awmhwJhtqkH;rSmrS 'DZmwfxkyfu ay:vmcJhjcif;yg? 'Dae&mrSm q,fausmfoufwdk@udk ajymvkw d mu rv,fyeJ @J rqef;csiyf ge@J vd@k ? 'Dvakd jym&wmu avmu}u;D xJrmS tEW&m,f awGursm;vGe;f vd@k yg? om;orD;&So d w l ikd ;f pOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg? usm;aoudk toufoGif;ay;rdwJha,musfm; bmjzpfoGm;vJqdkwJh tcsufudk pOf;pm;olu r&So d avmufyg? tcktcsed rf mS jynforl sm;&Jh qENrsm; jynf0h vm+yv D @kd qdv k @kd &ayrJh wpfzufrv S nf; &ifqikd af jz&Si;f &rJt h &mawGu rsm;jym;vmaejcif;yg? vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0 cGirhf u l kd jyÏmef;ay;vku d jf cif;twGuf }uKd qakd erdaomfvnf; ae&mwdik ;f rSmawmh r}uKd qckd siyf g? tb,fa=umifq h akd omf wif;vGe;f &if jywf/ avSsmv h eG ;f &if ywf/ qdw k mrsK;d vdk vGwv f yfpmG ykHESdyfxkwfa0cGifhrlu odyfavSsmhvGef;ae&ifawmh trsKd;om;,Ofaus;r_udk &pfywf+yD; jref@rm,Ofaus;r_udk taemufwdkif; ,Ofaus;r_awGESifh zkH;vGrf;oGm;rSmudk pdk;&drfrdvdk@yg? ,Ofaus;r_aysmuf&if vlrsK;d aysmufomG ; Edik w f ,fqw dk hJ tcsuu f akd wmh jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_ukd jrwfE;kd olwikd ;f }uKd wifpOf;pm;Edik =f uzd@k yg?

Edik if aH wmf&t hJ csKyt f csmtm%mwnf+raJ &;ESihf jynfo/l jynfom;rsm; +ird ;f csr;f pGm twlaexdkifEdkifa&;rSm 'Drdkua&pDpepfrSvmwJh rl0g' rsm;ESifh rvkHavmufEdkifyg? jrefrm@ ,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_/ bmom,Ofaus;rsm;udk &Sio f efapEdik w f hJ trsK;d om;a&; pdwf"mwfrsm;/ bmoma&; pdwf"mwfrsm;udk jrSifhwifay;Edkif=uzdk@yg? jrefrm@,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om;,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk pepfwus xde;f odr;f Edik zf @kd oifw h ifah vSsmufywfwhJ Oya'rl0g' rsm;udk a&;qGx J m;oifjh cif;yg? Edik if aH &; vGwv f yfciG t hf wGuf vGwv f yfpmG ykEH ydS x f w k af 0cGiu hf kd twnfjyK jyÏmef;ay;jcif;[m 'Drdkua&pDpepf&Jh t"dur¾dKif jzpfaomfvnf; wpfcsdef wnf;rSmyif xdpk epfjzifyh if vl@tcGit hf a&;rsm;udk wygwnf; umuG,af y;Edik =f uzd@k yg?

'Dru kd a&pDpepfukd usio hf ;Hk &mrSm umva'otvdu k /f Edik if t H vdu k /f vlrsK;d tvdu k f usio hf ;Hk r_rsm; uGjJ ym;jcm;em;r_rsm; &Sad ejcif;yg? Oyrm/ rav;&Sm;Edik if H jynfe,fEpS cf Yk rde;f uav; rsm; rsufESmay:&kHrSswyg; acgif;wpfacgif;vkH;udk tjyifxGufwdkif; +cKHxm;&jcif;/ vuf aumuf0wfz;Hk atmif/ ajcrsupf zd ;Hk atmif t+rw J rf;0wfxm;&jcif;wd@k udk Oya'jzifh jyÏmef; ay;xm;jcif;yg? 'Dvjkd yKvyk &f jcif;[m 'Dru kd a&pDusix hf ;Hk udk olw@kd ,Ofaus;r_EiS hf vdu k af vsm nDaxG&Sdatmif Oya'jyKI jyÏmef;ay;&jcif;vdk@ olwdk@,kH=unfxm;=ujcif;yg? xdk@a=umifh vGwv f yfciG &hf w dS ,f qdw k ikd ;f xif&mpkid ;f vd@k roifah wmfyg? jzpfoifw h mu pHyk 0k g b,fnmcs xm;wJh jrefrmyDowJh jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k &J tvSusuo f a&udk jrefrmtrsK;d orD;wd@k *k%, f l wwf=uzd@k yg? owif;pm/ *sme,f/ r*~Zif;rsm;/ bavmh*rf sm;Yvnf; ray:way:/ rvk@H wvkH 96

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

97

0wfqifxm;wJ"h mwfyrHk sm;udk ykEH ydS x f w k af 0jcif;/ jzef@csad ejcif;/ az:jyaejcif;rsKd ;awGukd rjyKapyJ/ jrefrmh,Ofaus;r_/ trsK;d om; ,Ofaus;r_rsm;udk umuG,af pmifah &SmufEidk &f ef Oya'jyKjyÏmef;I wm;qD;ydwyf ifay;Edik &f ef wdu k w f eG ;f &jcif;yg? jrefrm,Ofaus;r_ESifh jrefrm*k%fa&mifudk xGef;ajymifEkdifapzdk@ pkHyk0g b,fnmcs xm;wJ h jref r mh trsKd ; orD ; rsm;&J h ,Of a us;wJ h [ ef t rl t ,m/ ausmh & S i f ; wJ h t usô / cef@xnfwJhxrdefudk 0wfpm;qif,ifEdkif=uzdk@yg? xdkuJhodk@jyKvkyfEkdif=ur,fqdk&if jrefrm trsKd;orD;awG&Jh 0wfpm;qif,ifr_udk urBmhvlom;rsm;u r=umrwifrSmyif todtrSwf jyKvm=urSmyg? ,Ofaus;r_ukd npfax;apEdik w f hJ vGwv f yfveG ;f wJh ykEH ydS f xkwaf 0r_rsm;udv k nf; wm;qD;ay;Edik =f uzd@k yg? ajymvdw k muawmh ,Ofaus;r_tarGtESprf sm;ryaysmufrD avmuygv w&m;rsm; qufvuf xGef;um;aeatmif 0dkif;0ef;apmifha&Smuf ay;=uzdk@yg? csrf;ompGm tdypf ufEikd =f uygap?

a'gufwm"rRyd,

(ITBMU)

(rdk;rc rD'D,mrS) .....................................

xGuf+yD axmifEi S r hf c d if vlxa k ':trm - udk,fawG hjzpf&yfrSef pmpkrsm; - zdk;oH (vlxk) trSmpum;ESifhtwl - tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; (*syef) rS pDpOfxkwfa0 jzef hcsdonf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

97

98

jyifqifjcif; tEkkynm

t&Si f ^m%dumbd0Ho &kyk u f o dk m jyif pdwf rjyif &kyk o f iG o f m vS pdwf rvS pdw d u f v dk nf; jyif &kyk v f nf; jyif jyifqifwidk ;f & jyKwkidk ;f vS okck edAmĹ ef wkidk v f rd rhf ,f Three stages of life (1) Children and teenagers Have energy Have time But no money (2) Adults Have energy Have money But no time (3) Elderly people Have money Have time But no energy 98

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

99

uav;t&G,ef @J q,fausmo f ufw@kd rSm cGet f m;awG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed v f nf; &Sw d ,f/ 'gayr,fh aiGawmh r&Sb d ;l ? oufvwfrsm;rSmawmh cGeftm; &Sdw,f/ aiG &Sdw,f/ 'gayr,fh tcsdef r&Sdbl;?

(ESpfq,fausmfp vkkyfief;cGif 0ifcsdefup+yD; yifpifpm;csdef ajcmufq,fhig;0ef;usifavmuf t&G,rf sm;vk@d t=urf;pm; owfrw S Ef ikd rf ,f xifygw,f?) ouf}u;D &G,t f rdk sm;rSmawmh aiG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed f &Sw d ,f/ 'gayr,fh tm;tifawmh r&S=d uawmhb;l ... wJ?h tD ; ar;vf u ae a&muf v mwJ h 'D p mav;u trsm;pk a omol a wG & J h b 0eJ @ xyfwjl zpfr,fph mav;yJq+dk y;D ESpo f uf oabmusrw d ,f? aemuf+y;D b0qkw dk m jynfph w Hk ,f &,fv@dk r&Sb d ;l ? vkt dk yfcsuf wckawmh t+r&J adS ewmyJv@dk ajymvkw dk mrsm; jzpfavrvm;vk@d vnf; awG;rdw,f? cGet f m;awG tcsed af wG &Sad yr,fv h nf; aiG r&Sv d sS ijf zifh bmrSvyk v f @dk rjzpfEidk b f ;l qkw dk hJ uav;i,fb0ukkd n$ef;+yD; aiG&Jhwefzkd;}uD;rSKukkd rD;armif;xkd;jyvkkdwmvm;? cGeftm;awG aiGa=u;awG &Sad yr,fv h nf; rsm;jym; vGe;f vSwhJ tvkyk w f m0efawG=um;rSm &Sm;yg;vGe;f vSwhJ tcsed jf y\ema=umifh &Sw d chJ eG t f m;eJ@ aiGa=u;ukad wmif pepfwus rok;H Edik af vmufatmif jzpfaewJh acwfumv&Jh vlrKS b0 o&kyk o f 他mefudk nGejf y vkw d mvm;? tcsed af wG aiGawG &Sdayr,fhvnf; ukkd,fhajcukkd,fhvufukdrS ro,fEkdifavmufatmif tm;tif csnfheJ@aewJh ouf}u;D &G,t f b dk 0ukdk rD;armifx;dk jy+y;D owdoaH 0 ,lapcsiv f @dk rsm; 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;jyvku d f wmavvm;? wu,fh tajzrSeu f adk wmh 'Dpmav;ukdk a&;vku d w f hJ olu, dk w f idk rf o S mvSsiyf J odayvdrrhf ,f? pmav;ukd zwfrd+yD; 'Dpmav;u ajymjywJhta=umif;eJ@ ukkd,fhb0ukd ESdKif;,SOf =unfrh w d ,f? vuf&dS ysr;f rSs vl@oufwrf;t&qkv d sS if uk, dk t hf oufu eHywf 2 tqifrh mS ygw,fv@dk ajym&r,fh t&G,?f cGet f m; &Sw d ,f/ aiG &Sw d ,f/ tcsed f r&Sb d ;l qkw d hJ t&G,x f rJ mS aygh? okkd@ayr,fh ukkd,fhb0&JhykHpHukdu omrefvlom;awGvkd avmuDb0xJrSm aexkdif+yD; avmuvlrKS wm0efawGe@J vk;H axG;aewJh ykpH rH [kwv f @dk txufu pmxJuvkdk t&G,o f ;Hk yg;&Jh 'kw, d tqif;h rsKd ;eJ@ xyfwt l us}u;D awmhvnf; r[kw k yf gb;l ? wu,fwrf; xyfwu l sv@dk vnf; oifah wmfr,f r[kw k yf gb;l ? uk, d u f pmxJuvdk Have energy - tiftm;tjynft h 0 &Sw d hJ tm;aumif; armif;oefwOD;vk@dk rqkEdk idk v f sS iaf wmif vkyk Ef idk u f idk Ef idk w f hJ cGet f m;awmh tawmftwef &Sw d ,f?

'Dawmh 'Dtcsuf &mE_ef;jynfh r[kkwfawmif &mckkdfifE_ef; &Spfq,fausmf ukkd;q,favmuf rSew f ,fv@dk ajymEkidk w f ,f? 'kw k , d t&G,rf mS Have money - wJ?h oD;oef@0ifaiG&atmif &SmazGaeolwOD; r[kw k v f @dk aiGa=u;csr;f omwJo h w l OD;awmh r[kw k b f ;l ? ok@dk ayr,fh tm;ay; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

99

100

axmufyHholrsm;&Jh apwempGrf;tm;a=umifh ukd,fvkyfcsifwJht&m/ 0goemygwJht&m enf;enf;yg;yg;ukkd vkkyfEdkifavmufatmifawmh ajyvnfolwOD;vdk@ qkdEkdifygw,f? 'Dawmh 'Dtcsuv f nf; ckepfq,fih g;&mE_e;f avmuf rSew f ,fv@dk ajymEkidk rf ,f xifw,f?

But no time – tcsdefr&Sdbl;vkkd@ qkkd&atmifawmh busy - aeol/ tvkkyf &SKyaf eolwOD;awmh r[kw k yf gb;l ? wcgwav }uKaH wmif}h uKcH J wcsed w f nf;rSm vkyk u f idk &f rnfh tvkyk Ef pS rf sKd ;/ ok;Hk rsKd ;&Sw d wfwmuvGv J @dk tvkyk &f KS yaf ew,f qkw dk mrsKd ; r&Sw d wfygb;l ? tvkyk f r&SKyo f vkdk t&SKyf rvkyk jf zpfatmifvnf; qifqifjcifjcif }uKd ;pm;aewwfwm a=umifv h nf; jzpfaumif; jzpfEkdifygw,f? 'ga=umifh But no time -qkdwJh 'Dtcsufuawmh ukd,feJ@ uku d w f ,fv@dk qkEd idk rf ,f rxifygb;l ? ajym&vsif wckcu k dk vkyv f v kd sS ijf zifh vkyk cf iG o hf mavmuf atmif tcsed f vHv k aHk vmufavmuf &Sw d ,fv@dk ajymEkidk yf gw,f?

Have energy - cGet f m;&Sw d hJ t&G,f ? use;f rma&;uvnf; pif;vk;Hk acsm taumif; csnf; rqkkdomawmif emrusef;jzpfaeol wOD;awmh r[kkwfygbl;? 'Dawmh &SdaewJh um,cGet f m;/ ^m%cGet f m;/ 'DceG t f m;awGudk uk, d t hf wGuf trsm;twGuf tusKd ;jzpfrnfh t&mawGrmS tok;Hk cswwfz@dk vkad yvdrrhf ,f? cGet f m;awG &Syd gvsuu f ,fe@J &Sad ewJch eG t f m;ukdk tok;Hk rcsygyJ b0&Jw h wd, t&G,v f @dk ajym&r,fh cGet f m;rJt h &G,f a&mufomG ;r,fqv dk sif tawmfyif 0rf;enf;zG,f aumif;ayvdrrhf ,f? &Sad ewJh uk, dk yf idk cf eG t f m;awG qkw dk mu uk, dk f tok;Hk csonfjzpfap/ tok;Hk rcsyJ aeonfyjJ zpfap/ ouf}u;D &G,t f jdk zpfwhJ wwd,t&G,t f xd ygvmEkid rf mS rsKd ;rS r[kw k w f m? ygvmEdik w f ,f qkad pOD;? wwd,t&G,t f xd uk, dk o hf ufwrf;u &Sncf sirf v S nf; &SnEf idk rf mS ? uk, d hf ywf0ef;usirf mS / uk, d t hf odxrJ mS uk, d ahf tmuf i,f&, G o f l awG/ ukd,feJ@ wef;wl&G,fwlawG/ ukd,fhxuf tenf;i,frSsavmufomyJ }uD;&ifholawG aoqk;Hk oGm;cJ=h uwm enf;wmrS r[kwaf wmhwm? uk, d t hf vSnhf b,fawmh a&mufvmr,f qkw dk m uk, dk u f , dk w f idk f }uKd wif odEikd w f mrsKd ;rSvnf; r[kw k w f m? cGeftm;qkdwmrsdK;u ukkd,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rma&;aumif;rGefrSKukd tajccH+yD;rS &vmEkkdifwJh aumif;usdK;&v'frsdK; r[kkwfvm;? ukd,f usef;rma&; azmufjyefvkd@yJjzpfjzpf/ pdwu f se;f rma&; r[efv@dk yJjzpfjzpf/ wpfcck u k ykrH eS rf [kw k af wmhb;l qkv d sijf zifh b,frmS vmvk@dk cGet f m;jynfo h /l cGet f m;&So d w l OD;vk@dk qkEd idk yf gawmhrvJ?'ga=umifh uk, d cf eG t f m; pdw"f mwfceG t f m; jynfh0aumif;rGefolwOD; jzpfapzkd@ cGeftm;jynfhrnfht&mawGukd vkkyfzkd@ vkdayvdrfhr,f? ukd,fpdwfESpfyg; usef;rma&;aumif;rGefzkd@ jyKjyif&rnfht&mawG jyKjyifzkd@ vkdayvdrfhr,f? tusKd ;&v'fawG aumif;apzk@dk ta=umif;w&m;awGudk aumif;atmifvyk af y;zk@d vkad yvdrrhf ,f? ukkd,fpdwfESpfyg;qkdwm uH&,f/ pdwf&,f/ &moDOwk&,f/ tpmt[m&&,fukd ta=umif;cH+y;D jzpfay:avh&w dS ,f? tusKd ;&v'f jzpfww hJ &m;awG aumif;vmapzk@d / &kyaf umif; emrfaumif;awG jzpfapzk@d / uk, d v f nf; use;f rm/ pdwv f nf; csr;f om jzpfEidk af pzk@d uHawG 100

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

101

aumif;atmif/ pdw"f mwfawG aumif;atmif vkyk af qmifz@dk &moDOwktnD oifw h ifh rSsw atmifaexkid zf @dk / use;f rma&;twGuf taxmuftyHah umif;aumif; jzpfapr,fh tpmt[m& awGudk a&G;cs,u f m pm;aomufz@dk vkad yvdrrhf ,f? bmyJjzpfjzpfyg? t&G,fokH;yg;xJrSm 'kwd,t&G,frSmu tcsdefr&Sdbl; qkkdayr,fh a&G;cs,Ef idk cf iG rhf sm;wJh t&G,/f vkyk Ef idk pf rG ;f tm;awG taumif;qk;H t&G,yf J r[kw k v f m;? uav;eJ@ q,fausmo f ufawGrmS u ol wk@dk rSm r&Sw d ahJ iGa=u;ukdk &Sv d matmif zefw;D zk@dk tcGit hf vrf;u tvGeef nf;yg;ygw,f? ouf}u;D &G,t f adk wG rSmvnf; olw@dk rSm r&SEd ifdk af wmhwhJ cGet f m;ukdk cGet f m;jynf0h olwpfO;D jzpfvmEkidk af pzk@dk zefw f ;D vk@dk r&Ekidk af wmh ygb;l ? oufvwfawGrmS u tcsdefr&Sdbl; qkdayr,fh tJ'Dtcsdefudk pepfwus pDrHzefwD;um t&,lr,fqkdvsif &Ekidk w f t hJ cGit hf vrf; &Syd gw,f? yxrt&G,fjzpfwJh uav;i,fawG/ q,fausmfoufawG aiGa=u; r&Sdvkd@/ csKd ŒwJEh rG ;f yg;vk@dk olw@dk b0 wufvrf; ydwq f @dk aew,fqv kd sS if tJ'D tydwt f qk@dk twm;tqD;ukd z,f&mS ;Ekidk af tmif/ olw@dk awG avSsmufvrS ;f =uwJh vrf;=urf;=urf;awG acsmarGŒom,m jzpfvm apatmif tm;ay;axmufyHh vkyf=u&r,f r[kwfvm;? tvm;wlyg yJ/ cGeftm;r&SdwJh ouf}uD;&G,ftkdawG/ ukkd,fhajcukkdrS ukkd,f r˜rEkdif/ ukd,fhvufukd,frS ukkd,f rcsDEkdif=uwJh taersKd ;rSm uk, dk rhf mS &Sad ewJh cGet f m;tcsKd Œukd olw@dk awGtwGuf rSswcGaJ 0+y;D Z&mtkrd sm;&Jh aendKcsed u f dk xdev f if; 0if;y om,matmif/ +ird ;f at; csr;f ajrh vSyatmif vkyaf qmifay;zk@d vkw dk ,f r[kwv f m;? ra&mufwm=umwJh arG;&yfajrukdk tvnfjyefawmh i,fq&mawmfu &GmjyefvmwJh ol@wynfu h dk +rKd i+f rKd iq f idk q f idk f }uKd qydk JG vkyk yf gw,f? qkidk u f ,fe@J &Gmom; av;ig;q,favmufu ig;rkid cf ef@ a0;uGmwJh +rKd Œi,fav;txd ta&mufvm+y;D }uKd q=kd uw,f? vrf;avSsmufEidk w f hJ uav;i,frsm;eJ@ oufvwft&G,f w&mausmcf ef@uawmh wrkid af vmufa0;wJh vrf;qkw H ck txd ta&mufvm+y;D &Gmjyefu, dk af wmf}u;D ukd vm}uKd =uw,f? ukd,fawmf}uD;vkd@ ukd,fhukd,fukd,f nGef;&wmu vma&muf }udKqkkd=uwJh 'D &mausmrf sS avmufoal wGxrJ mS uk, dk u hf , dk w f cgrS rawGŒrjrifb;l wJh vli,fawGu ykrd sm;rSmrk@dk emrnfavmufom olw@dk awG =um;zl;aewJh tar&duefjyef uk, dk af wmf}u;D qkw d m b,fvrdk sm; aeavrvJv@dk OD;OD;zsm;zsm; pl;prf;vkv d @dk t}uKd a&muf vm=uwmjzpfr,fv@dk cef@rSe;f rdv@dk yg? &GmOD;xdyrf mS awmh w&Gmvk;H rSm&Sw d hJ vlpw Hk ufpx Hk u G v f @dk jynfawmfjyef&mG om;ukdk 'k;d ywf0idk ;f awG qiftu awGe@J +rKd i+f rKd iq f idk q f idk f }uKd q=dk uw,f? 'DtxJrmS toufu;dk q,f jynf+h yjD zpfwhJ uk, dk t hf ar&Jh tar/ uk, dk t hf zGm; (uk, d t hf &yftac: tar}u;D ) vnf; yg ygw,f? uk, dk t hf zGm;u omreftcsed rf sm;rSmqkd ol@tdrx f u J ae b,furdk S rxGuaf wmhb;l wJ?h ok@d ayr,fh ta0;uae ol@ajr;jyefvmw,fqadk wmh &GmOD;xdyt f xd rarmyef;Ekid pf mG }uKd ;pm;+y;D vma&muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

101

102

}uKd q&dk mS w,f? olw@dk raorDrmS uk, d u hf , dk f wcgavmufawmh awGŒcsiyf gao;w,fv@dk ajymcJ=h uwJh uk, d &hf hJ i,fq&m bke;f awmf}u;D eJ@ uk, d &hf t hJ bk;d ;jzpfol OD;Zif;}u;D wk@d @vnf; oufawmfu;dk q,f t&G,frsm;rSm ysHvGefawmfrlcJh=uw,f? olwk d@qEN jynfh0oGm;atmifawmh ukd,fu rjznfq h nf;Ekid cf yhJ gb;l ? olwkd@vkdyJ raorD ukd,fhukd,f wcgavmufawmh awGŒvkdygao;w,fqkdwJh uk, d t hf ar}u;D &Jq h ENuadk wmh uk, dk u f jznfq h nf;ay;Ekid cf +hJ y?D tar}u;D ckyq Hk dk ZmwmxJuvkyd J toufw&mhESpfq,f &SnfOD;rSmvkd@ ukd,fu ajymawmh ajr; od=um;rif;&SdaerSawmh &SnOf ;D rSmaygv h @dk tzGm;u jyef ajymw,f? tzGm; &nf&, G w f hJ pum;ukd uk, dk u f aumif;aumif; em;vnfcahJ wmh ol@twGuf cGet f m;jzpfaprnft h &mtcsKd @ukd jyKvyk f ay;Ekid cf w hJ hJ uk, dk v hf yk &f yf twGuf auseyfru d m =unfE;l 0rf;omjzpfryd gw,f? tzGm;&Jeh m;eJ@rsupf u d ol@orD;jzpfwhJ uk, dk t hf arxufawmif ykadk umif;aeygao;w,f? vlwpfO;D csi;f pD&hJ ukov dk u f w H &m;u rwl uGjJ ym; wwf=uwm obm0yJav? 'Dpmav;udk toufu kd;q,ft&G, f &Gmu tar}uD;twGu f trSwfw& &nf&, G u f m a&;vku d w f myg? uk, d t hf ar}u;D vkyd J touft&G,f }u;D &ihw f hJ oifrh b d eJ@ oifh tzk;d tzGm;awG/ oifh aqGrsKd ; ouf}u;D &G,t f adk wG/ aqGrsKd ; r[kw k af omfvnf; oifh tultnDudk vkadk er,fo h al wG oifh ywf0ef;usirf mS vnf; &Sad umif; &SEd idk rf mS yg? oif&h hJ cGet f m;/ oif&h hJ aiGa=u;/ oifh&Jh &Sm;&Sm;yg;yg; tcsdefxJu tenf;i,frSsavmufyif jzpfapOD;/ olwkd@twGuf rSsw cGaJ 0ay;cJrh ,fqv dk sS if olw@dk vkad ewJch eG t f m;ukdk jznfq h nf;ay;vku d o f vkd jzpfomG ;Ekid rf mS yg? 'g[m oifhuHudk aumif;atmif jyKjyifjcif;/ oifhpdwfukd aumif;atmif jyKjyifjcif;&Jh tpdwt f ykid ;f wckvnf;yJ jzpfomG ;rSmyg? ?

t&Si f ^m%dumbd0Ho ar 28 &uf/ 2012 (bm;rm;wla'; rS)

102

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

103

jyefawG;rdaom trSwfw& jrufxHk;}uD;yHkjyif

atmifAv 1964ck Zefe0g&v D 12 &ufae@wGif awmfveS af &; tpd;k &u t*Fvyd b f momESihf k af 0onf? jrefrmbmomjzifh xkwaf 0 Working People's Daily owif;pmudk pwifxw aom vkyo f m;jynfo@l ae@pOfowif;pmESihf +yKd iI f xkwu f m tpd;k &ydik f owif;pm ESpaf pmifEiS hf e*du k &Sd aeaom yk*v ~ u d ydik f owif;pmrsm;udk wdu k o f nf? owif;pm t,f'w D mcsKyt f jzpf &efuek w f uUov kd rf S t*Fvyd b f mom q&m}u;D OD;cifarmifvwftm; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;ud, k w f ikd f a&G;cs,cf ef@xm;onf?

Adv k cf sKy}f u;D u OD;cifarmifvwftm; zdwaf c:awG@qHu k m "vGwv f yfpmG a&;yg "[k &ufa&mpGm ajymqdI k wm0efay;onf? w¶kwjf ynfwiG f armfpw D ek ;f u "yef;wdik ;f yGiyhf gap" vrf;pOfukd csrw S u f m Edik if o H m; wdik ;f vGwv f yfpmG a&;om;ap[k apwvH;k ESihf trde@f ay;cJo h nfh enf;wl jrefrm jynfwiG v f nf; "vkyfom; jynfolwdk@ tjyKoabmESifh a0zefa&;om;csuf rsm;udk ay;ydk@ygu jynfolydkif owif;pmrsm;u yHEk ydS f azmfjyrnf"[k jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D Xmeu 1965ck =o*kwv f 24&uf ae@wGif a=unmonf?

1962ck rwfvu wufvm+y;D aemuf*sLvdik f 7 &uf ausmif;om;rsm;udk owfjzwfI or*~wu kd u f kd zsucf u JG m "wyfrawmf rxde@J "g;ud"k g;csi;f / vSu H v kd cHS si;f wH@k jyefrnf "[k Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if; ud, k w f ikd f vlxu k kd ppfa=unmxm;ojzifh wkww f w k rf v_yf 0Hah om vlxu k vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;cGifh zdwfpmudk =um;vdkufaomfvnf; pdwfrcsEdkif jzpfae=uonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

103

104

axmifrsm;wGi;f wGif owif;pmq&m/ pma&;q&m trsm;udk odak vSmifxm;qJ &Sad o;onf? atmifAv wpfa,mufvnf; od=um;om; r[kwaf vojzifh tif;pdeaf xmif awm&ausmif;Y 0gqakd e&qJ jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh jrefrmvkyo f m; jynfo@l owif;pmrSm t,f'w D mrif;wd@k txHo@kd r&Jw&J ay; yd@k aom pmwd@k rS rxdwxd pmrltenf;i,fukd azmfjyEdik cf o hJ nf? t*Fvyd b f mom vkyo f m;jynfol t,f'w D mcsKyf OD;cifarmifvwfu &,fonf? vmor# pmwd@k rS tpd;k &jyKrcl suf rSeu f efr_ r&S[ d k a&;om;apumrl tajctjrpf cdik v f akH om pmrsm;udk yHEk ydS f azmfjyonf? 'Dru kd a&pD acwfu vGwv f yfpmG a&mif;0,fazmufum;cGihf &So d jzifh Edik if o H m;wd@k }u;D yGg;vrf; &Sad pumrl jrefrmh qd&k , S v f pf acwfwiG f Edik if o H m;wk@d }u;D yg;G vrf; r&S?d xd@k twl Edik if aH wmf tpd;k &vnf; }u;D yg;G rnf r[kw[ f k a&;onfh pmtrsm; a&mufvmonf? a&;olw@kd u pmwwfaywwf ynmwwfrsm; jzpfojzifh olw@kd . ,lqcsuf rsm;udk pm&if; Z,m;rsm;ESihf ydik Ef ikd pf mG a&;wwf=uonf? q&m OD;cifarmifvwf uvnf; owWad umif;onf? pmtrsm;udk owif;pmu azmfjyay;onf? q&m}u;D ESihf q&muawmf a':cifrsKd ;cspf wd@k uvnf; &J&aJ wG;+y;D &J&aJ &; =uao;onf? t*Fvyd f owif;pmu &J&ifph mG azmfjyonfukd jrif&ojzifh axmifwiG ;f &Sd atmifAv wd@k vlpo k nfyif "q&m}u;D b,fawmh a&mufvmrnfvJ "[k awG;awmum vSzH sm;wGif em;aeonfh ykpOf;twGuf a=umufacs;ygaerd=uonf?

OD;cifarmifvwftm; owif;pm wyfO;D Y ppfuw J if rdaom Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;onf vnf; toJ,m; aernfrmS rkcsjzpfonf? ud, k w f ifwhJ ppfuJ ud, k jf yefcs&efrmS vnf; rvG,o f jzifh vufyu kd I f =unfah e&onf?

ESpt f enf;i,f =umaom tcg Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u qufvufI onf;rcHEikd f awmh+y?D wae@wGif Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;u q&m}u;D OD;cifarmifvwftm; vufzuf&nf aomuf&ef zdwaf c: onf? vufzuf&nfyw JG iG f tvmyovmy pum;rsm; tmazmifpmG ajymum Adv k af e0if; avcsKd aoG;onf? OD;cifarmifvwfuvnf; &dypf m;rdonf? ppfAv kd }f u;D rsm;ESihf rqvygww D iG f ae&m&Sx d m; ol"uGejf rLepfysuf"rsm;u t*Fvyd f vkyo f m;rS pmrsm; aqmif;yg; rsm;a=umifh pnf;¶H;k a&; ysuaf e& onf[k a&;onfomru t*Fvyd v f yk o f m;udk ta&;,loif+h y[ D k ajAmifajymae=u onfuv kd nf; em;rqHah tmif =um;&+y;D jzpfonf? "q&mtzd@k Edik if aH wmf twGuf vky&f wm yifyef;vSyg+yD"[k pum;tpysKd ;um "EdkifiHjcm; at;at;aq;aq; oGm;+yD; em;em;aeae aeygvm;/ oHtrwftjzpf }udKufwJh wdik ;f jynf yd@k ay;ygr,f" "bmAs"[k OD;cifarmifvwfu jyefar;onf? oHtrwf &mxl;[laom pum;vH;k udk ajymonfEiS hf pum;rqH;k rD &Scd ;kd 'l;axmuf=uaom ppfAv kd rf sm;udk om awG@zl;ol Adv k af e0if;u 104

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

105

"oHtrwf &mxl;cef@zd@k pDpOfaeygw,f "[k &Si;f jyonf?

"Ed;k Ed;k Ed;k Ed;k u|eaf wmf oHtrwf rvkycf sib f ;l / pmay0goemom ygw,f? [J[J Adv k cf sKyw f @kd tpd;k &u u|eaf wmfu h kd r}uKd uzf ;l qdw k m &dyrf yd gw,f? u|eaf wmf &mxl;u xGuaf y; ygr,f"[k csKd omacsipH mG ajymum pm;yGrJ S xaomtcg Adv k cf sKy}f u;D u avmuGwyf if rjyKyJ xdik af e&pfchJ &Smonf? xdt k csed w f iG f tif;pdeaf xmifxu G f atmifAvrSm jynfoyl ikd f owif;pm av;apmif. yifwikd af qmif;yg;&Sif tjzpf vdik pf if& owif;pm q&mjzpfaeav+y?D "vma[h vufzuf&nf aomuf&atmif"[k tdrfawmfrS jyefvmol q&m OD;cifarmifvwfu zke;f qufI ac:ojzifh aomufaeus ¶H;k or0g,r vufzuf&nfqikd o f @kd vdu k o f mG ;onf? qdik w f iG ;f od@k a=u;rH'k w k , d t,f'w D m ud0k if;wifvnf; a&mufvmonf? "tm;vHk;csdKcg;a[h"[k qdkif&Siftm;rSm&if; "rif;wdk@AdkvfcsKyf}uD;&J@ tdrfawmfu vufzuf&nfu aygh&$wf&$wfyguGm"[k pum;p&if; jzpfcJhor#udk aemufa=umif;jyefI ajym&Smonf? q&m}u;D wGif &mxl;twGuf wyfruf 0rf;enf;r_ r&So d nfukd odompGmjrif&onf? xd&k m xl;udk q&m}u;D twGuf wyfrufaeolw@kd rSm ud0k if;wifEiS hf atmifAvwd@k om jzpfonf? xd&k mxl;onf q&m}u;D wpfO;D wnf;om xdu k w f efonf jzpfojzifh q&m}u;D twGuf vGerf if;pGm rcHcsjd zpf rd=uonf? "pdwx f cd u kd pf &m r&Syd gb;l wd@k u olw@kd aumif;usKd ; twGuf ajymwmudk olw@kd u vufrcHcsiaf wmh olw@kd emw,f/ aemuf+y;D wdik ;f jynfemwmaygu h mG "[k aumufcsucf s&if; tdraf wmfrS vufzuf&nfxuf ydIk csKd / ydIk cg;aom vufzuf&nfukd t&omcHum aomuf&if; Zdr, f al eawmhonf? atmifAvwGif uavmif&o dS nf? a&;ydik cf iG hf vdik pf ifvnf;&So d nf? atmifAvtm; Adv k cf sKy}f u;D trde@f t& &mxl;cef@pOfu jyef=um;a&;0ef}u;D u "vGwv f yfpmG a&;yg "[k apwvH;k ay;cJh onf? q&mOD;cifarmifvwf udpu P kd aqmif;yg;a&;rS jzpfrnf[k atmufyg aqmif;yg;udk aumufa&;+y;D vkyo f m;jynfol owif;pmrS yHEk ydS v f u kd o f nf? rdrd txufrS twGi;f 0ef ppfAv kd u f r&Jw&J "q&ma&;wm vGeo f aem"[k aumufcsucf s&mS onf? Adv k cf sKy}f u;D ae0if;ESihf =uKH }uKd uf ojzifh awG@aom tcg rjyKH ;pzl; jyKH ;onfukd jrif&.? w&Ha&mtcg...awmpyfwpfc&k dS Z&yfwpfaqmifwiG f zke;f awmif;pm; wpfO;D onf xdik af epOf t0wftpm; awmufypGm 0wfqifxm;onfh vlwpfa,mufonf jrufx;kH }u;D udk xrf;I0if vmonfukd jrif&owJ?h xdo k o l nf jrufx;kH udk xrf;yd;k ESihf xrf;aomfvnf; tjcm;oligw@kd xrf;¶d;k xrf;pOf twdik ;f jrufx;kH udk ESpx f ;kH ESpcf k cGI J wpfbufwpfx;kH xrf;jcif;rjyKbJ jrufx;kH wpfcw k nf;udk tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

105

106

xrf;yd;k wbuf pGe;f wGif csw d I f xrf;ojzifh vGepf mG yifyef;}u;D vS onfukd awG@&owJ?h vGerf if; pGm yifyef;aeaom xdo k u l kd zke;f awmif;pm;u pdw0f ifpm;pGm =unfah erd owJ?h armyef;aeaom xdo k o l nf twef=um em;I tyef;ajz+y;D jyefvnf c&D;quf&ef jyifqifowJ?h xdo k o l nf jrufx;kH }u;D udk ESpcf ck I JG xrf;yd;k wifjcif; rjyKbv J mpOfu enf;twdik ;f }u;D rm;aom jrufx;kH }u;D udk xrf;yd;k wpfbufwiG f wifowJ?h xdo k t l zd@k vGepf mG yifyef;&SmavOD;rnf jzpfaoma=umifh zke;f awmif;pm;u E_wq f w d f I raeEdik o f jzifh t=uaH y;rdowJ?h "tarmif... jrufx;kH udk wpfx;kH wnf; xH;k I xrf;yd;k wpfbufY csw d I f xrf;onf xuf...jrufx;kH udk ESpx f ;kH ESppf k tnDtr# cGu J m xrf;yd;k . wpfbufwpfcsuw f iG f csw d q f u JG m xrf;ygv#if rsm;pGm oufom ayrnf"[k t=uaH y;owJ?h xdo k u l twef=um pOf;pm;&SmowJ?h aoao csmcsm pOf;pm;+y;D rS tajzay;owJ?h "tcsi;f zke;f awmif;pm;/ oifay;aom t=uo H nf aumif;aom t=uH jzpfay.? jrufxHk;udk ESpfpkcGJum ESpfxHk;xHk;I xrf;ydk; wpfbufwpfcsufwGif csdwfygv#if rsm;pGm oufomayrnfrmS rSeaf yonf"[k 0efco H wJ?h ,if;od@k trSeu f kd 0efcaH pumrl xdo k u l jrufx;kH }u;D udk ESppf ck jJG cif; rjyKbJ olvmpOfu twdik ;f wpfx;kH udk wpfbufapmif;eif; xrf;I yifyef;pGm Z&yfay:rS qif;owJ?h ol. c&D;udk rqufrD xdo k u l zke;f awmif;pm;udk ajymao;owJ?h "tcsi;f zke;f awmif;pm;/ oifay;tyfaom t=uo H nf aumif;./ rSe. f ? od@k aomf oifonf olawmif;pm;omwnf;? igonfru l m; olaX;om; jzpfacsbo d nf? olaX;om; wpfOD;u olawmif;pm; ay;onfh t=uHudk vufcHv#if &mZ0if¶dkif;ayrnf? xdk@a=umifh rnfIrnfr# yifyef;apumrl igonfrv l xrf;pOfu enf;twdik ;f qufvuf xrf;ayOD;tHh"wJ?h (pmjznf?h ? q&mwufw;kd tm;vnf; Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;u oHtrwf &mxl;ESihf olaumif; jyK&ef pDpOfco hJ nf? pma&;q&m b0udo k m cifaom q&mwufw;kd uvnf;jiif;cJ. h ? q&mref;wif udo k m oHtrwf cef@Edik cf o hJ nf? q&mref;wifonf vlxu k vufcaH om emrnf}u;D pma&;q&myif jzpfaomfvnf; t&m&Sd wpfO;D tjzpf pma&;cJo h nf 0efxrf;pma&; q&mjzpfojzifh jiif;qefrr_ jyKbJ txufv}l u;D ap&mod@k oGm;&Smonfom?)

atmifAv (EG,feDr*~Zif;/ twGJ 21/ trSwf 4/ pufwifbmv 2012 rS)

106

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

107

'Duae hArmawG Armpm a}uapzdk h

O\mq&mtdk aqGrsdK;ESi fhom;csif; usaemfwdk@ omrefvlawG taeeJ@uawmh aqGrsdL; udka&m om;csif;udka&m/ aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f udak &m ajymqdk oH;k pGcJ =hJ uzl;wmawmhreS af yrJh wpfcck si;f pD&@J teuft"dyg` ,f udak wmhjzifh av;av;eufeuf aphaphpyfpyf aoaocsmcsm rodcw hJ m udak wmhjzifh trSet f wdik ;f bJ 0efc&H rSmyg? 'g@a=umifh q&mtd&k @J &Si;f vif;wifjyr_ukd az: jyay;vdu k &f wmyJ jzpfygw,f? jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmrsm;omru vlrsdK;jcm;rsm;uvnf; ta&;xm;=uyg. ? om"u wpfcrk mS yJc;l wdik ;f rif;}u;D t*Fvyd v f rl sLd ; qGpo f bifo h nf yJc;l c&dik f ta&;ydik jf zpfchJ pOfu awmvdu k f pma&;wpfO;D ESiehf ,fo@kd xGucf . hJ ? c&D;t=um;wGif a&S;OD;pGm acsmif;wpfck awG@.? ta&;ydik rf if;u awmvdu k pf ma&;udk armifrif; 'gbmac:ovJ [kar;&m awmvdu k f pma&;u "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [kajz.? wpfzef'w k , d t}urd f &d;k wpfcu k kd awG@&m a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf; "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m;" [k ajzjyef.? wwd,t}urD f ajrmif;uav; wpfck awG@jyef&m a&S;enf;twl ar;jyef.? ajzoluvnf; "acsmif; ac:ygonfbk&m; " ajzjyefyg.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

107

108

xdktcg ta&;ydkifrif;u armifrif;onf jrefrm jzpfygv#ufESifh jrefrmpum;udk rwwf/ yxrawG@wm "acsmif; " / 'kw, d awG@wm " &dk; "/ wwd,awG@wm "ajrmif; " raorcsi;f rSw[ f k rde@f ygonf[k ta&;ydik &f ;kH pma&;}u;D ywWjrm;om'if xHrS =um;emrSwo f m; rdygonf? tvm;wlyif jrefrmh"avhudkvnf; vlrsdK;jcm;rsm; ta&;xm;}uyg.? yJcl;+rdK@ vdyjf ymuef wHwikd ;f twGi;f ywfvrf;vky&f eftwGuf a&&S&d m ueftwGi;f bufo@kd wkwrf sm; cwf+y;D ajrzd@k aeav.? 4if;udpu P kd [dELN Ak'b < mom0if wdik ;f rif;}u;D o&0rfqif; jrifawG@ od&o dS mG ;aomtcg xdv k yk if ef;udk csujf cif;&yf&ef trde@f xkwaf v.? "ol. =o0g'pum;rSm a&wGi;f a&uefrsm;udk rzd@k aumif;/ cdu k w f wfonf "[lowwf? od@k jzpf&m O\mq&mtdk onfvnf; tkww f pfcsyf oJwpfyiG t hf jzpf wwfprG ;f or# jzifh jrefrmpmayjriS w hf ifa&;udk 0dik ;f 0ef;}uKd ;yef;I &SmazGaz:xkwf a&;om;wifjyv#uf &S&d m ,cktywfwiG f jrefrmvlrsKd ;wd@k . aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f tac:ta0:rsm;ESiyhf wfoufI odrw S zf , G f rsm;udk wifjyvdu k &f ygonf? tazh tpfuu kd kd "b}u;D " [lIvnf;aumif;/ tazhnu D kd "baxG;" [lI vnf; aumif; tazhtpfrudk "t&D;}uD;" [lI vnf;aumif;/ tazhErS ud"k t&D;av;" [lI vnf; aumif;/ tarhtpfrudk "rd}uD;" "}uD;}uD;" [lIvnf;aumif;/ tarhnDrudk "rdaxG;" "axG;av;"[lI vnf;aumif;/ tarh tpfudkudk "OD;}uD;" "OD;&D; "[lI vnf;aumif;/ tarharmifukd "OD;rif;" "&D;i,f"/f "av;av;" [lI vnf;aumif; ac:qd=k u&ygrnf?(axG;) udk (a'G;) [k toHxu G yf g?

Tae&mwGif aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f ESihf ywfoufI arSmyf q D &mode;f }u;D . "aESmif;jzpf pmwrf;" rSm atmufygtwdkif; awG@&ygonf? pma&;awmf ? owdjyKp&mav;wpfck tpD&ifcyH gO;D rnf? avmuEdu _ f - aqGrsKd ; ^mwd om;csif;ac:a0: oHk;pGJ=uonfrSm ^mwdac: jcif;onf b,fu pyfonfv@kd uGjJ ym;pGm od=ur,fr[kwf jzpfyga=umif;? om&wˆ'yD eDÉDum- ok'Ed b M m%0g&- tzGiEhf u _D /f "ZmeEW/d OmoEWd / pmwd- ^mwdZmeEW-d ^mw,EW-d odtyfuek . f ? Áww d oRm/ xd@k a=umifh ^mwd/ ^mwdjzpf.?" " avm[dawe-orŠE<m/ wdomavm[dwm? avm[dawe/ aoG;ESifhorŠE<m/ pyfonfwnf;? Áww d oRm- xd@k a=umifh omavm[dwm/ omavm[dwm rnf.?" "ydwyk uQOmwd/ rmwk- yuQw d m / omavm[dwm/ tz. tzd@k ESihf pyfaomolonf ^mwd taqGtrsKd ;rnf.? rmwkyuQw d m trd. tzd@k pyfaomolonf avm[dwm/ om;csi;f rnf.? "[k yg&ydS gonf? trdEiS phf yfor# - om;csi;f jzpfa=umif; / tzESiphf yfor# ^mwd aqGrsdK;jzpfa=umif; o&wW'yD eDÉu D m - q&mto#if oljrwfu a[mxm;onft h wdik ;f ^mwd aqGrsKd ; om;csi;f [k 108

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

109

ac:a0:=uonfukd aoaocsmcsm uGjJ ym;atmif rSwo f m;ajymqdk =u&ef oifv h yS ga=umif;? ,cktcg "om;csif;"[k qdkv#if rdcifwpfOD;wnf;rSarG;aom/ acgif;eif;qif; jzpfaom wpftx l q kH if; jzpfaom/ t&if;jzpfaom om;a,muFsm;om;rde;f r / nDtpfuakd rmif ESrtm;vH;k udk pkaygi;f ac:a0:xm;aom pum;jzpfonf[k odae=uygonf? pifppfrl tzESihf pyfI awmf&v#if aqGrsKd ; ^mwd/ trdEiS phf yfI awmf&v#if om;csi;f jzpfygonf? "xH;k vnf;vH;k vH;k / yHv k nf;wlw/l pHrrl #r#/ t&d;k usEiS hf wnfxoufao rdapoabm vdu k zf ufav#mI nDarmapr_ ajcmufcsu&f _ "[laom ola[mif;wd@k . pum;t& twWaem rwd uif;&Si;f pGmjzifh a&;ul;az:jyaom "aqGrsKd ;ESio hf m;csi;f " aqmif;yg;udk TwGif ed*;kH ur`wf tqH;k owfyg&apawmh? usrf;udk;?

? ,k'oeftbd"mef/ arSmfyDq&modef;}uD;. aESmif;jzpfpmwrf;?

O\mq&mtdk (jrefrmwdkif;(rf) twGJ (2) trSwf (28) wGif az: jy+yD;?)

.........

tarSmif=um;u Armjynf 0if;wifxh eG ;f jrefrmEdki fiHom;wdki f; vuf0,fxm;&Sdoifhaom Edki fiHa&;ordki f;pmtkyf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

109

110

acwfpum; axmifwGif; ordkif; rsm;

Min Han axmifwGif;ordkif;qdkwm.... uíefawmfwdk@ tusOf;axmif awGxJrSm ESpf&Snfvrsm; aevmcJhjyD;rESpfurS jyefvw G v f mcJw h ,f? axmifxrJ mS useaf eao;wJh Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awGupd P aqmif&u G f &if; ab;rSmyJ cyfat;at; aecJw h myg? 'gayr,f.h ...at;at;aecsiv f @kd vm;rod rD;u'Dae@ vmavmifwmyJ? 'Dae@ axmif xGuaf wG rcsed ;f bJ qkjH zpf=uw,f? axmiftpHu k ayg?h axmifxu J ta=umif;awG ajymjzpf=u w,f? jy\emu tJ'DrSmpwmbJ? axmifxGuf EdkifiHa&; tusOf;om;a[mif;awGrSm ordik ;f awG&w dS ,f? axmifusc&hJ wJo h rdik ;f ..../ aemuf axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_ ordik ;f ....? axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_ordik ;f [m tvGet f ajymenf;=uygw,f? =urf;wrf;vSwhJ axmifwiG ;f jzwfoef;r_awG[m Edik if aH &;orm; wdik ;f udo k rdik ;f rSwaf usmuf wifay;vdu k w f m yg? wdik ;f jynfwckv;kH udk c%xm;OD; axmifxu J tusO;f om;awGtwGuf bmawGvyk cf v hJ ?J tJoavmuf r[kwaf wmif ud, k af ewJh wdu k /f ud, k af ewJh taqmiftwGuf bmawGvyk cf hJ ovJ? aumif;jyD....bmrSrvkyfcJhwJhvlawG&Sdw,f....? [kwfw,f....olwdk@u bmrS rvkycf b hJ ;l ? 'gayrJh....b,fo@l udrk t S aESmuft,Surf ay;cJ=h ubl;? 'gu vlwef;pm;wrsKd ;....? aemufwrsKd ;u olw@kd ud, k u f sKd ;twGuf trsm;tusKd ;udk cseif; jypfwv hJ al wG....?

110

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

111

ud, k t hf wGuf tusLd ;&Srd ,fq, kd if axmiftm%mydik af wGe@J pdwaf &m ud, k yf g yl;aygi;f cJ=h uwJh olawG....? aemufwrsKd ;uawmh yk*Kd~ vaf &; rke;f wD;r_a=umifh trSm;awG qufwu kd u f sL;vGef olawG? tJ'v D kd vlawGxrJ mS rS tm;vH;k tusKd ;/ tm;vH;k tcGit hf a&;twGuf OD;aqmif wdu k yf 0JG if cJ=h uolawG....? wu,fawmh....uíefawmfu OD;aqmifwu kd yf 0JG ifoal wG ta=umif; a&;csiaf jym csiw f m r[kwyf g? olw@kd uvJ 'gukd r=uLd uf=uyg? 'Dvkd *k%af z:wmrsLd ;udk r}uLd uf=u? axmif xJrmS awmif olw@kd wdu k yf aJG wGta=umif; odyrf ajym=u? *k%rf az:=u? 'gjzifh bmajymcsiw f mvJ....? jy\emu 'Dvkd axmifxu G af wGq=kH u/ axmifxu J ta=umif;awG ajym=u,if; axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f ta=umif; ajymzd@k vdak ejyv D @kd owdxm;rd=uw,f? bma=umif@vJ qdak wmh axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f rSm qd;k qd;k 0g;0g; trSm; usL;vGecf =hJ uolawGu ae&m=u;D =u;D / &mxl;=u=D u;D &vd&k ? ol&aJ umif;awG jzpfvjkd zpf....? 'gqk.d ...axmifwiG ;f ordik ;f udk ajymzd@k a&;zd@k vdak ejy?D odwo hJ al wG tm;vH;k wm0ef &Sw d ,f? wm0eft&jynfou l kd today;&awmhrmS ayg?h axmifxu G af wG 'gukd vufc=H uygw,f? 'gjzifh b,fypkH w H ifjy=urvJ? cdik v f w kH hJ oufao&d&S r,f? axmif tvdu k w f ifjyr,f? vwfwavm tajctaet& trnfemrudk csex f m;r,f? oufqikd &f m tzGŒJ tpnf; wm0ef&o dS u l kd vdsKŒ0Suf ta=umif;=um;r,f? wu,fv@kd ta&;,lr_ r&Srd o S m tJ'v D [ l m tJ'aD e&meJ @rxdu k w f efa=umif; jynfol w&yfv;kH udk today;rSmjzpfw,f? 'ga=umifh axmifwGif;ordkif;udk wdkufyGJ0ifolawG tm;vHk; a&;=u....ajym=u &vdrrhf ,f? yk*Kd~ vf a&;rke;f wD;r_ ryg? ordik ;f trSeu f o kd m az:xkw=f urnf?

Min Han October 29 2012 (Min Han's facebook rS

ul;,laz: jyygonf?)

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

111

112

jrefrmEkdifiHvkH;qkdif&m ausmif;om;rsm; 'Drkdu&ufwpfwyfOD; ( ABSDF) ausmif;om;wyfrawmf 24 ESpfajrmuf ae hwGif ajym}um;aom OuUX &Jabmf oHcJ . pum;

usaemfwkd h awGvnf; vli,fobm0t& 'Dae ah jymaewJh jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pD &&Sad &; vl t h cGiahf &;wdu k yf JG twGi;f rSm twwfEikd q f ;kH ud, k pf rG ;f Om%fprG ;f &So d r# wdu k yf 0JG ifchJ w,f? vGecf w hJ hJ (24) ESpu f usaemfwkd w h awG[m ausmif;om;vli,f b0jzpfw,f?

'Dae@umvrSm jrefrmjynf&@J vufeufuikd af wmfveS af &; ordik ;f rSm toufti,fq;kH jzpfwhJ ausmif;om;wyfrawmfawmifrS (24)ESpf jynfch +hJ y?D 'Dvdk bma=umifh vli,fawG[m 'Dvufeufuikd f awmfveS af &;awGukd yg0ifae=uwmvJq&kd if jrefrmjynf&@J vkt d yfcsut f & yg0ifaewmjzpfw,f? 'gayr,fh wnfw h nfah jym=updk q h &kd if jrefrmjynf[m +ird ;f csr;f oif+h y?D 'D+ird ;f csr;f zdk t h wGuf t"du wm0ef&w dS muawmh wdik ;f jynfukd tkycf sKyaf ewJh tpd;k &yJ? txl;ojzifu h tu,fI jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;udk vkcd si&f if wu,fu h kd *k%o f u d mQ &dw S hJ usaemfwkd ch ek uajymwJh wwdik ;f jynfv;kH vuQ%maqmifwhJ typftcwf&yfpaJ &; rsKd ;awG vkyx f m;zdk v h w dk ,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh 'Dtypftcwf&yfpaJ &; wckwnf;eJ jh ynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; qdw k m r+y;D jynfph EkH ikd b f ;l ? jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&;&J@ aemufu, G rf mS Edik if aH &;jy\emawGukd aqG;aEG; tajz&SmEkid w f hJ tcif;tusi;f &Szd kd v h w kd ,f? tajymif;tvJwck[m vlwpktwGuf jzpfvdk rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJwck[m tkypf w k pktwGuf jzpfvdk rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJwck[m 112

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

113

vlrsKd ;wrsKd ;twGuf jzpfvkd rh &bl;? tajymif;tvJ[m jrefrmjynfrmS aexdik w f hJ jynfot l m;vH;k twGujf zpf&r,f? wdik ;f &if;om; jynfot l m;vH;k &J ph m;0wfaea&; vl t h cGit hf a&; 'Dru kd a&pDa&; wef;wla&;awG r#wr_awG &S&d r,f? 'Dvrkd rS [kwyf eJ @J wpkxt J wGuf tajymif;tvJ jzpfae wmrsKd ;[m rw&m;bl;vkd h usaemf,q l w,f? 'ga=umifrh kd 'H aD e t h ajymif;tvJukd xyf+y;D ajym&&if tm;vH;k twGujf zpfapcsiw f ,f?

'Dae htajymif;tvJrSm tm;vHk;vkdufygEkdifwJh tcif;tusif;jzpfzdk htwGuf tpdk;&bufu pwifoifw h ,fvdk x h ifw,f? 'ga=umifrh @kd ....

(1) 'Dae v h yk af ewJh typftcwf&yfpaJ &;awGukd vkyw f t hJ cgrmS bmjzpfrvJq&kd if tmrcHcsu&f &dS dS wwdik ;f jynfv;kH twdik ;f twmaqmifwhJ vuQ%mrsKd ;&S&d dS vkyo f ifw h ,fvdk h usaemf,q l w,f? aemufwcsuu f awmh Ekid if aH &;aqG;aEG;yGaJ wGukd tiftm;pkyg0ifEidk w f hJ tcif;tusi;f jzpfzkd t h wGuf zefw;D oifw h ,f? 'DurSwqifh tm;vH;k ajyvnfEikd w f hJ Edik if aH &; aqG;aEG; tajz&Smr_awGukd vkyo f ifw h ,f? 'Dvyk if ef;pOfawGxrJ mS usaemfw@kd vli,fausmif; om;awG taeeJ v h nf; twwfEikd q f ;kH yg0if aqmif&u G o f ifw h ,fvdk h usaemfwkd h ,lqygw,f?

&JabmfoHcJJ

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

113

114

tufaq; tarwdk hnDtr

a&$au tarwd@k nDtr ta=umif;ajym&if }u;D awmfukd A[djk yKI ajym&rnfomjzpfonf? }u;D awmfonf rdom;pk armifErS tay: tawmfoaH ,mZOf}u;D onf? i,fi,futzd;k tzGg; rsm;u ajr;OD;rd@k ac:arG;xm;&mu tart&if;jzpfwhJ u|eaf wmfw@kd tzGg;udk rr[komac:onf? tart&if;rSef; rodcJh? toufudk;ESpf/ q,fESpft&G,fa&mufrS ol@atmuf armifESpf a,mufudk armif;t&if;rSef;odawmh aq;vdyfcHkrSm tuloGm;vkyf+yD; &wJhaiGeJ@ armifESpf a,mufukd rke@f 0,fau|;/ t0wftpm; 0,fay;wmutp/ *syefacwft+y;D awme,fawGrmS r+idrfroufjzpfaecsdefrdom;pkwpkvHk;udkODaqmif+yD; &efukefudkac:vmEdkif avmufatmif pGr;f cJo h nf? tarwd@k Zmwdonf &efu k ek -f rEWav; vrf;ray:wGiw f nf&+dS y;D &efuek -f armfv+rKd if vrf;cGeJ @J vnf; eD;ojzifh *syefacwfppfa=umif;us&m a'ovnf;jzpfonf? ppf+y;D acwf a&mifpkH ol y k e f r sm;acwf w G i f v nf ; ppf a b;ppf ' g%f cH & aom a'ovnf ; jzpf o nf ? tarwdk@Zmwd&Gmonf &efukefESifhae@csif;jyef c&D;aygufonf@ a'ordk@vm;rod u|eaf wmfw@kd tarh&mG udo k mG ;wdik ;f tzGg;aumif;r_@ bke;f }u;D ausmif;ESihf zGg;av;ESpaf ,muf tdro f ma&mufz;l onf? ab;ywf0ef;usif b,furkd S ra&mufjzpfc?hJ aqGrsK;d om;csi;f rsm;udk vnf; tzGg;wd@k nDtr oH;k a,mufu arG;aom trsK;d wodu k u f ykd if tukerf od? tar&J@ tazonf tari,fi,fuwnf;u qH;k yg;oGm;I tzd;k bufu trsK;d vH;k 0rodyg? wcgom tzd;k wd@k &Gmudu k ;l +y;D aqGrsK;d pyf&m t&if;tcsm wpfa,mufpESpaf ,mufp awG@cJah omfvnf; aemiftqufjywfjyefonf? tarbufu tEG,fudk tararG;csif; t&if;rsm;uvGJI usew f mawG u|eaf wmfrodwm rsm;onf? u|eaf wmf rodwmxuf u|eaf wmfw@kd rsK;d quf twGi;f b}u;D arG; aomom;orD;(11)a,mufukd }u;D pOfi,fvu kd rf odaom/ b,fEpS af ,muf 114

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

115

&Srd eS ;f rodaom nDtudak rmifErS rsm;vnf; &Sad o;wmrd@k tarwd@k nDtr ta=umif; u|eaf wmf odoavmuf aw;rSwv f u kd &f onf? tartxuftr u|eaf wmfw@kd a':}u;D onf }u;D awmfvrkd xuf/ oGuaf wmhou G f onf? avmuudk tyltyifr&Sd jzwfoef;onf? awG@}uHKvm&aom avmu"Hudkvnf; pdwn f pfrcH aygah ygyh g;yg; jzwfoef;onf? tarwd@k nDtroH;k a,mufwiG f tarESiahf ':}u;D om om;orD;xGef;um;onf? a': }uD;onf om;orD;qdk;onfh'g%fudk cH&onf? a': }uD;om; u|efawmfwdk@ tudkt}uD;qHk;onf qdk;onfbufwGifygonf? 'D'g%fudk a': }uD;cH&onf? u|eaf wmfw@kd acwf ausm[ f ed ;f &J@ tjyefvrf; &ky&f iS f ud=k unf@+y;D u|eaf wmfu tarudk 'Dum; a': }uD;udkjy&if aumif;r,fvdk@ ajymawmh pH&Sm;wif o&kyfaqmifwm eifhta':udk rSrD ,frxifv@kd &,forG ;f ajymbl;onf? om;orD;ajymwm ,Ho k nf@ae&mwGif u|eaf wmft h a': pHcsed w f ifonf? 'kw, d tudk tdraf xmifusawmh vifr,m;tqifrajyvsif a':}uD;u ol@om;bufut+rJ&yfonf? ac|;rac:Iom;jyefvsif tarqDvmI &ifzGifhwwfonf? olu q,fcgjywfw,f ajymwm cku wcgyJ& Sdao;wm aemufu dk;cg apmifhayghvdk@ taruaigah wmh tarudk rsuaf pmif;xd;k Ijyefonf? b0udk b,fawmhrS eufeufeeJ rJ awG; tdraf xmifa&;udyk if tzGg;pDrw H mudk cH,o l nf? vGr;f cef;vH;k 0r&S?d b}u;D onf a':}uD;udk tpGrf;ukef tvdkvdkufonf? ay:or#topftqef; a':}uD;roHk;bl;wm/ r0wfzl;wmr&Sd? naeapmif; qdkifu,fESifhav!Sif;cHxGufonfrSmvnf; olwdk@vifr,m; zuf&SifwrsKd;? q,f}urd x f u G f ig;}urd /f ajcmuf}urd af vmufu &efy&JG o dS nf? a': }u;D u acsmonf olacwf zuf&iS f cif,ak r'DZikd ;f / qdik u f ,fEiS x hf u G v f sif ausmaf qGe@J cif,ak r txifccH siaf omfvnf; OD;ausmaf omif;ESichf if,ak r tajymcH&vsif b}u;D qif;I abmifqifyav; awmhonf? taronf arG;csi;f xJwiG f ti,fq;kH jzpfonf? tzGg;onf a':}u;D . tdraf xmif a&;udk atmifjrifpGmzefwD; EdkifcJhEdkifonf@twGuf tarbufudk jrSm;OD;vSnfhvmonf?

'Dae&mrSmtzGg;. orD;rdecf av; tdraf xmifcsay;a&; rSwo f m;p&m a&S;xH;k wck tarqDu =um;bl;onf? wae@ om;trdEpS af ,muf xrif;pm;ae&if; tzGg;u tarhukd qefwpdyf b,fEpS jf ynf&dS ovJ[ak r;onf? taruwdwu d sus rajzEdik ?f 'gut kd zGg;u tdraf xmifa&; txde;f todr;f rwwfao;[k aumufcsucf sonf? urf;vSr;f vmor#ukd i,fao;onf[k ta=umif;jyIy,fonf? 'D=um;xJ tarutazESihf tdraf xmifjyKawmh tzGg;u tpmra=u? }u;D awmfu 0ifxed ;f ay;onf? u|eaf wmfu}kd u;D awmftrd rf mS arG;onf[o k &d onf? 'Dae&mrSm }u;D awmfEiS t hf ar u|eaf wmfukd A[djk yKI tm;+yKd irf @_ jzpfco hJ nf? tJ'h D tm;+yKd irf @_ u u|eaf wmfb0 cGet f m;wck jzpfapcJo h nf? }u;D awmfonf om;orD;rxGe;f um; a':}u;D uarG;aom'kw, d om; u|eaf wmfw@kd tudt k }u;D qH;k udk olarG;onf? tudk qd;k oGr;f awmh }u;D awmfw@kd vifr,m;emrnfysuo f nf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

115

116

u|eaf wmfu h akd rG;awmh }u;D awmfw@kd vifr,m; tvdv k u kd rf @_ a=umifh tudq k ;kd p jyKaeaom tcsed jf zpf[efwo l nf? taronfu|eaf wmfukd tudv k jkd zpfrmS pd;k yH&k onf? }u;D awmfuv kd nf; i,fa=umuf jzpfonf? ol@apmifah &Smufra_ tmufwiG v f nf; ae&onfr@kd }u;D awmfw@kd vifr,m; &efrS u|eaf wmfuu kd muG,&f ef pmzwfI pmodjzifh }u;D awmfukd qef@usio f nf? u|eaf wmfukd }u;D awmftxde;f rcH/ tvdv k u kd cf H }u;D awmfuvnf; odI&G@J onf? aemiftcg ajymprSwjf yK p&mu u|eaf wmfi,fi,fu pm;oH;k qDawGukd a&csK;d ovdk upm;aeonfukd }u;D awmfu jrifonf rwm;/ tarodawmhrS a&csK;d ay;&onf? qDawGuakd wmh}u;D awmfu jyef0,fay;onf qdo k nf? u|eaf wmfi,fi,futwlae xde;f ausmif;olrsm;u }u;D awmf u|eaf wmfu h ckd sprf eS ;f odonf? tara&S@tuJygI csp[ f efrjy? }u;D awmf touf}u;D vmawmh wpfa,mufwnf; aeonfukd todrw d af qGrsm;uwm;onf? nDrwpfa,mufa,mufe@J twlae&efwu kd w f eG ;f onf? }u;D awmfuvufrcH wpfO;D wnf;omaeonf? wae@taru u|eaf wmfuo kd mG ;ac: =unf@ygvm;[k wdu k w f eG ;f onf u|eaf wmf r0Hrh &J oGm;ac:=unf@awmh toifx h w k x f m;aom txkwu f q kd +JG y;D vdu k v f monf? toufxufq;kH u|eaf wmfu@kd jzifo h m aeoGm;onf? taronf pmzwfonf? zwfonf@pmudk qdv k &kd if;odatmif }uKd ;pm;zwfonf? aemufo@l tjrif/ ol@tawG;jzifh oH;k oyfonf? vufawG@ toH;k wJo h nfah e&mwGif oH;k E_e;f wwf onf? tar0g'onf opfaumuf0g;aumuf udyk ifvsif ajzmifah tmifvyk , f I l &onf[al om 0g'/ obm0pD;qif;aeaom a&udyk if tusK;d &S&d mod@k oG,, f t l oH;k jyKEikd o f nf [laom0g' jzpfonf? tazESit hf ar 0g'rwl tazu ADZudk tajccHonf? qd;k rnfoo l nf qd;k rnfom jzpfonf? aumif;rnfoo l nfvnf; aumif;rnfomjzpfonf? xde;f odr;f jyKjyifr@_ onf omrn/ ADZonft"du 0g'jzpfonf? u|eaf wmfq,fEpS /f q,fwpfEpS o f m; avmufu u|eaf wmfh a&S@wGif tazESit hf ar 0g'+yKd iw f m}uKH b;l onf? rl&if;udpu P akd wmh rrSwrf ad wmhyg/ u|eaf wmfukd tarqlaeonfukd tazwm;&if;u jzpfwmudak wmhrw S rf o d nf? tJ'h w D ek ;f u tarajymonf@ pum;ckwikd f u|eaf wmf=um;aerdao;onf? z&Jo;D awmif av;axmifo h ;D jzpfatmif vkyv f @kd &wJah cwf[k taru ajymonf? b,fr&S v dS @kd wke;f [k tazuar;awmh/ *syefrmS r*~Zif;xJ zwfvu kd &f onf[k ajzonf? tazeJeJ awGomG ;onf? aemufrS tJ'h zD &Jo;D cg;vm;[kar;onf? z&Jo;D bJ cg;rvm;[[k taruajymawmh av;axmifb h o J ;D oD;/ t0dik ;f bJo;D oD; z&Jo;D u z&Jo;D bJ[k ajym+y;D tazuxGuf oGm;onf? tarajymwJh av;axmifzh &Jo;D u|eaf wmf toufav;q,fausmrf S jrifb;l onf? taruvGecf w J hJ tESpo f ;kH q,f ausmaf vmufu wnf;u odESifh udk;um;ESifhae+yD;+yD? taronf o l p mzwf o vd k @ u|ef a wmf w d k @ nD t ud k a rmif E S r awG u d k v nf ; pmzwfapcsio f nf? uav;b0uyif a&$aoG;/ &$i+f yKH ;pmapmifrsm; 0,fay;onf? tukef r0,fay;Edik o f nf@tcg ywf0ef;usirf o d m;pkrsm;udk uav;pmapmif 0,fzwfa&;udk pnf;&H;k 116

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

117

onf? pnf;&H;k a&;atmifjrifawmh wpftrd ef @J wpftrd f rwlaompmapmif 0,fa&;udpk pD Of+y;D tvJtvS,ef @J zwfaponf? aemuf u|eaf wmf tv,fwef;a&mufawmh owif;pmvay; 0,fbdk@ tazESifhwdkifyifonf? u|efawmfwdk@i,fi,fu u|efawmfwdk@ ywf0ef;usifwGif owif;pmvay; 0,fzwfo&l mS ;onf? vufzuf&nfqikd af wGrmS om oGm;zwf=uwmrsm;onf? taronfrajyvnfonf@=um;rS owif;pmvay;,lz@kd }uKd ;pm;onf? wjcm;pmawGzwfwm xuf pmvsif owif;pmzwfwmu A[kow k rsm;rnfukd tarodonf? b,fowif;pm 0,f&rnfuakd wmh tazuqH;k jzwfonf? tazu Adv k w f pfaxmifu}kd uKd uo f nf? u|eaf wmf wjcm;pmawGudk zwfonfudk tarr}udKuf olzwfonfh0wWKrsm;udkyif ,lrzwf&[k wm;jrpfxm;onf? odcsiv f siaf r; [kajymxm;onf? tarajymjyvd@k wuUov kd rf jrpdr;f wd@k / r0if;jrifw h @kd pmayt,ltqawGukd u|eaf wmfi,fi,fuwnf;u =um;bl;em;0&Scd o hJ nf? *sme,fausmfrrav;onf tart}udKufqHk; pma&;q&mjzpfonf? rkef;Ir[l/ olvdkvl wd@k uawmh tartud;k tum;qH;k pmtkyrf sm;jzpfonf? t&yfxu J udyk if trajymwJh olvv kd l xJuvdak ygv h @kd jyefu;kd um;vmEdik af tmif tart}uKd uq f ;kH tajymtrsm;qH;k pmtkyrf sm; jzpfonf? &ifeifah tmifar$; 0wWKukd yxrt}urd f &ky&f iS &f u dk af wmh taroGm;=unf@+y;D a':rrav; uef@uGuo f ifo h nf[k a0zefonf u|eaf wmfwpfouf tar&ky&f iS af 0zefwm 'DwpfcgbJ =um;bl;onf? owif;pm0,fonf@ae@upvd@k u|eaf wmf ausmif;pmtjyif owif;pmyg usu&f awmhonf? 'Dae@owif;pmxJ bmawGygovJar;vd@k u|eaf wmfrajzwwf&if rajyvnf wJ=h um;u zwfapcsiv f @kd 0,fay;xm;wm vSeaf vSmvnf; =unf@ygtek ;f vd@k qlwwfonf? wcgwav tazzwfaewmjrifv@kd bmowif;awGygvt J azvd@k ar;&ifawmif tazu owif;pmxd;k ay;+y;D ud, k w f ikd zf wfz@kd ajymonf? 'Dae&mwGif tazESit hf ar wpfoabmwnf; &S d o nf zwf u d k z wf a pcsif o nf ? =umawmh u |ef a wmf v nf ; owif ; pmzwf & wmud k ESpfoufvmonf? tD&ef-tD&wf &ufowWwywf=um ppfyGJta=umif; q&maqGvwf aqmif;yg;up+yD; we*FaEGtcsyfydkaqmif;yg;awGudk pGJpGJvef;vef;zwfwwfvmonf? zwf+yD;vnf; aqmif;ygrsm;udk pkwwfvmonf? owif;pmu we*FaEG q&maqGvwf aqmif;yg;ESihf Ak'[ < ;l q&mOD;pdev f OS ;D txl;aqmif;yg; awGukd pkwwfonfukd tarodonf?

ESpv f wpfcgavmuf tarowif;pm ta[mif;a&mif;csed w f ikd v f #if u|eaf wmfvckd siw f mawG xkw, f zl @kd ajym+y;D rS a&mif;wwfonf? aemif u|eaf wmftvky0f ifv@kd c&D;xGuaf e&v#iv f nf; u|efawmft+rJ pkwwfaom aqmif;yg;awGudk odrf;xm;ay;wwfovdk@ wcsKd@wcsKd@aom aqmif;yg;rsm;udv k nf csex f m;ay;wwfonf? u|eaf wmfzwf+y;D }uKd u&f if odr;f xm;zd@k jzpfonf rsm;aomtm;jzifu h awmh owif;pmta[mif; a&mif;&if u|eaf wmfukd today;+y;D rSa&mif; wmrsm;ygonf? pmzwfjcif;udt k ar tvGeo f abmusonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

117

118

u|ef a wmf t vk y f 0 if a wmh 0if a iG t m;vH k ; tarud k t yf o nf ? 0if a iG & S d o l r d k @ ausmif;aezuf oli,fcsif;rsm;u au|;aparG;apcsifonf? taru tydkoHk;aiGray; twdik ;f twmeJ@om ay;wmrd@k oli,fcsirf sm;udk au|;zd@k tarqDuawmif;&if wpfcgEpS cf g xufyrkd &/ tazqDu awmif;awmh tazu tukerf ay;eJ@av ud, k t f wGucf se+f y;D ay;aygh rif;0ifaiG oltukefodwm r[kwfbl;vdk@ oifonf? u|efawmf 'Denf;udkoHk;awmh wpfcgEpS cf gatmifjrifonf? aemiftar&dyrf o d mG ;yH&k onf? tarjyefawmif;enf;u nifom onf? u|eaf wmfaiGcsew f mudk tart&ifoad tmif }uKd ;pm;onf aemufu|eaf wmf oH;k wwf pGw J wfuv kd nf; tvGet f u|rH jzpfatmif u|eaf wmfqu D jyefawmif;enf;u 'DypPn;f av; tar0,fcsiw f m aiGb,favmuf vdak evd@k qdw k mrsK;d / 'DypPn;f av;udk rif;nDru vdck siw f m 0,fay;vdu k yf gvm; qdw k mrsK;d / tcg}u;D &uf}u;D awGrmS tzd;k tzGg;/ OD;}u;D OD;av;/ }u;D awmf rda'G;awGukd oGm;uefawmhcikd ;f wmrsK;d u|eaf wmfq h u D vufuseaf iGukd tusK;d &Sad tmif oH;k enf; awGe@J oG,0f u kd +f y;D jyefawmif;wwfonf? taronfom;orD;udk xdef;yHkonf t&yfESifhyg xdef;aomoabm&Sdonf? u|eaf wmfw@kd i,fi,fu aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f if tazbufu aqG;rsK;d rsm; vmac:I vdu k o f mG ;&wm&So d vd@k aEG&moD oifwef;rSeo f r# tukew f uf&onf? u|eaf wmf rlvwef; t&G,f aEG&moD ausmif;ydw&f ufwiG f 0dik t f rfbaD t toif;rSoif=um;aom Ak'b < mom tajccH oifwef;awG&Sdonf? 'gudk ESpfpOfu|efawmf wuf&onf? aemif tv,fwef;/ txufwef;a&mufawmhvnf; tpd;k &uay;aom oifwef; rSeo f r# tukew f ufcikd ;f onf? b,foifwef;wufwuf tdraf &muf&if tukejf yefajym&onf? tarem;vnfwmvnf; &So d vd/k em;rvnfwmvnf;&So d nf? ta=umif;t&mudek m;rvnfonfwikd f u|eaf wmhpf um; qdv k &kd if;udak wmh taruolem;vnf;ovdk jyefajymwwfonf? tarajymwm u|eaf wmf ajymaom qdv k &kd if;r[kw&f if u|eaf wmfu jyef&iS ;f jy&onf? 'Dvq kd kd 'Dvkd ajym&if &wmbJv@kd taru pum;acsmatmif oifwwfonf? taruvnf; olw&m;emoGm;onf@ tcgrsm; wGiv f nf; olem=um;cJ&h aom w&m;awmfrsm;udk jyefajymjywwfonf? olajymjy+y;D ta=umif; t&mrsm;udk u|efawmfwdk@ em;vnfovdk jyefajymcdkif;wwfonf? qdkvdk&if;rSm;aev#if/ pum;ajymracsmv#if tarujyifay;wwfonf? wpfcgwpf&H olem=um;cJ&h aom w&m;awmf rsm;xJu ta=umif;t&mrsm;ESihf qufpyfaeaom ordik ;f rsm;/ &mZ0ifrsm;udk qufpyfI ajymjywwfonf? wpfcgwpf&H ol=um;bl;em;0 &Sad omfvnf; taotcsmrodaom ta=umif; t&mawG/ u|efawmfwdk@ausmif;pmzwfwJhtcg ygwwfaom ta=umif;t&mawGeJ@ wdu k q f ikd af omw&m;rsm;=um;emcJ&h &ifawmh b,fvq kd ufpyfw,f/ b,fvkd ywfoufw,f qdw k mawGukd u|eaf wmfw@kd udk ar;wwfjref;wwfao;onf? ta=umif;t&m wpfcEk iS w hf pfck qufpyfawG;ac:wwfaom twwfEiS hf wpfzufvel m;vnfatmif ajymwwfaomtwwf 118

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

119

tarhqu D &aom tarGjzpfonf? oifwef;awG wufcdkif;aom tarhoabmu t&yfxJ trsm;ESifh&Sdaev#if u|eaf wmfowif; trsm;qDu od&rnfqo kd nf@ oabmyifjzpfonf? u|eaf wmfbmvkyf aeonfukd odvakd om oabmxm;&So d nf? ol@ywf0ef;usirf S owif;udv k nf; rsuaf jcrjywf u|eaf wmfbmvkyaf eonf? b,ftaygi;f toif;rsm;ESihf toGm;tvmrsm;onfukd tarod onf? wm;oifo h nf@tcgrsm;onfrmS yif twif;t=uyf rcsKycf s,f tusK;d ta=umif;ajymI qifjcif&efowd ay;onf? 'Dae&mwGif }u;D awmfu tarxuf tjrifomwm&So d nf? tpd;k &u ay;aomoifwef;rsm;wGif Edik if aH &;tjrifygonfukd }u;D awmfoo d nf? oifwef;rS 0g'w&m; awGukd tarudjk yefajymonf@tcg taru0g'udrk od u|eaf wmfoifwef;wuf rwuf odvkd aomqEN/ b,furkd S ajcr&Snjf cif;udk odvakd om oabmjzifo h m ar;jcif;jzpfonf? }u;D awmfu0g'udak xmufonf? wcgom; u|eaf wmfu rqvacwf cGw J rf;pepf ta=umif; tarhukd jyefajymjyaepOf }u;D awmfu vmygtek ;f q&m&,f qd+k yD rif;i,fi,fu tdrrf mS xrif;csuaf e&if; a&eHqu D ek o f mG ;vd@k w&kyq f ikd f (u|eaf wmft&yfu bDtpkd D ud, k pf m; vS,)f rSm oGm;0,f&if ae@0,f0,f/ n0,f0,f a&eHqw D pf*gvH ig;rwfbJ r[kwv f m;? qDuek u f ek /f qefuek u f ek f vdt k yfwmudk vdt k yfwt hJ csed f 0,fv@kd &w,f? ckawmh a&eHqaD 0csed rf mS a&eHq/D qefa0csed rf mS qef wjcm;udpaP wGtomxm; ola0csed rf mS 0,fxm;&w,f? r[kw&f if aps;ydak y;+y;D 0,f&w,f? 0,fcsiw f ikd ;f vnf; wcgwav 0,fv@kd &wmr[kwb f ;l cJw G rf;a0csed rf mS r&Sd &Sw d meJ@0,fxm;&wm? vlqw kd m vlr@_ a&;/ pD;yGg;a&; Am&D&awG&w dS ,f? rjynf@pHw k v J al wG twGuf aiGqw kd m vSn@f ywf oH;k &wm/ vufxaJ iG&adS wmh [d'k D &if;ES;D pm;awmh aiGygG ;wmayg?h ckawmh ud, k afh iGawmif ud, k rf ydik &f wJah cwf[k &Si;f wrf;xkwf wwfygonf? tar'grsK;d rajym wwfyg? }uD;awmfonfvnf; pmzwfonf? wcgw&H pmvHk;aygif; aygif;zwfaeonfudk awG@bl;onf? }u;D awmfonf pmawG@xuf ud, k af wG@ursm;onf? rde;f rayrJh owW&d o dS nf? u|eaf wmfErS rsm;/ trrsm; a=umufwwf&@HG wwfonfrsm;awG@v#if nD;wd@k vdrk sm;qdk iga&m/ nD;wd@k tarawGyg aq;vdycf o kH r/ aumufpu kd o f r b0uwuf&rSmawmif r[kwb f ;l [kajym wwfonf? rde;f rqdw k m ud, k u f , kd u hf , kd f umuG,w f wf&w,f? olrsm;tultnDqw kd m aemufr&S wm t&ifu, kd u f , kd hf ud, k u f muG,w f wfatmif owWad rG;&w,f[k t+raJ jymwwf onf? }u;D awmf'\eu wcgw&H &Dp&mjzpfwwfwmvnf; &So d nf? u|eaf wmf Edik if aH &;odyH` bmom&yfpmusuaf wmh tdref m;u wdik ;f &if;ol ta':}u;D wa,mufu t}u;D aumifyOPi;f wufawmhrvdkvm; nubk&m;pmawG zwfoH=um;w,fvdk@ }uD;awmfudk ar;awmh r[kwyf gb;l ausmif;pmygv@kd ajz+y;D ausmif;pmxJb&k m;pmygw,fajymawmh }u;D awmfpw d 0f if pm;oGm;yHk&onf? u|efawmfpmusuf&if ra,mifrvnf vmvm em;axmifwwfonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

119

120

wcgawmh '\edu bmomxJ odw"W rif;om;onf a*gwrbG@J cHI aemufvu kd w f ynf@ ig;&mESihf **gjF rpf&;dk wavsmuf tawG;tac:rsm; jzef@cso d nf[k zwfvu kd af wmh u|eaf wmfacgi;f a'giu f eJjrnfatmifacgu+f y;D / rdpm> 'dXpd m awGzwfaew,f/ ty,fvm;rJh taumifq+kd y;D yGuaf vm&du k af wmhonf? odk@aomf }uD;awmfonf acwfaemufrusyg? bmoma&;tay: tajccHaom tawG;tac:awmh&o dS nf?" }uKd ;onf&n S o f nf/ aยนronf&n S o f nf/ xd@k a=umifah ยนronf }uKd ; jzpfonf " [ku|eaf wmf,w k adW A'udk zwfonf@tcg }u;D awmfu " aยนronfuu kd w f wfonf/ }udK;onfrudkufwwf/ aยนrudkufvsifaowwfonf/ xdk@a=umifh }udK;onf aยนrr[kwf" [kjyefacswwfonf? u|eaf wmfu bmrSjyefrajymwwfaom tcg }u;D awmfu 'Dbmom[m t"dyg` ,rf hJ oifwmawmhr[kwf t"dyg` ,af wmh&rdS mS trSef a=umif;usK;d qufpyf+y;D ajymwJah e&m rSmoH;k vd@k &r,f xifw,f? 'gayrJh igpum;EGm;& ajymwmrsK;d awmh raumif;bl;? tusK;d &Sw d ahJ e&m rSmoH;k &if aumif;w,fq+kd yD rkom0g' w&m;udak [mygawmhw,f? ckacwf Edik if aH &;orm;awG v#mt&kd;r&Sdwdkif; ajymaewmawG/ udk,fvdk&mudk,fqGJ t"dy`g,fzGifhaewmawG =um;ae/ odaewmawGukd }u;D awmfajymwJh rkom0g'w&m;&J@ apwemyg&if/ qENyg&if uHajrmufw,f qdw k mawGukd oGm;owd&rdygw,f? tarqHk;awmh }uD;awmfudk u|efawmfpdk;&drfrdonf? }uD;awmfonf tarxuf (17)ESprf #}u;D onf? 1993 ckEpS f u|eaf wmf yxrwacguf jynfyu jyefa&mufawmh u|eaf wmf ygvmaom tpm;tpmrsm;xJu acsmuvwfawGudk taru }uD;awmfudkrau|;/ }u;D awmfu pm;csiw f ,fqI kd u|eaf wmfucd;k au|;onf? aemufae@}u;D awmfukd aq;cef;yd@k &onf? tpm;taomuf/ taetxdik u f tp pDpOfay;ae&aomtar r&Sad wmhonfh twGuf }u;D awmf taES;ESit hf jrefqo kd vdk tarhaemufvu kd af wmhrnfqw kd m u|eaf wmf wGurf yd gonf? tarqH;k +y;D wESpcf t JG =um }u;D awmfq;kH onf? a':}u;D udak wmh u|eaf wmfawG@&vdrt hf ek ;f rnf[k xifcahJ omfvnf; }u;D awmfq;kH +y;D ESpEf pS t f =umwGif a':}u;D qH;k onf? tarwd@k armifErS xJ u|eaf wmfrv DS u kd af om b}u;D ESihf tarwd@k nDtroH;k a,muf &SpEf pS t f wGi;f a&S@qifah emufqifh qH;k uke=f uI tarwd@k arG;csi;f ukeaf vonf?

a&$au

120

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

121

bmomjyef0wˆK armifwdk ha,muFsm;awG

jroef;wifh usaemfw@kd ausmif;wGif ausmif;ydw&f uf ausmif;zGi&hf uf[I l yHrk eS rf &S?d wjcm;e,f rsm;wGif qdv k #if aEGwiG f ausmif;ydww f wf=uygonf? usaemfw@kd e,fwiG rf l aumuf&w d cf sed Yf ausmif;ydwfavh&Sdonf? ausmif;om;awGuvnf; vmcsifonfhtcgrS vmwwfonf? ausmif;q&m.b0onf awmbwfpu f m;q&m. b0ESihf twlwl jzpfygonf? ud, k pf moif csiw f ikd ;f oifI r&? owfrw S x f m;onfh ausmif;om; OD;a& jynfrh S oifI &yg.? ausmif;om; wa,mufp ESpaf ,mufpESio hf m qdv k #if ausmif;q&monf bmrSvyk I f r&awmh? pmoifcsed f ukejf yq D v kd #iv f nf; usaemfw@kd awmausmif;q&mrsm;onf ttm;ae& onf r[kwyf g? &Gmom;awGtwGuf av#mufvm$ a&;ay;&.? olw@kd aqGrsKd ;om;csi;f awGxH pma&;vdv k #if pma&;ay;&onf? trawmfa=u;udpw P @kd tcGeaf wmfupd w P @kd twGuf &H;k od@k wif &ef av#mufvm$ awG a&;ay;&onf? wenf;ajym&v#if &Gmom;rsm;. pma&;}u;D tvkyu f kd vnf; usaemfw@kd vky&f ygao;onf? ausmif;tm;&uf &I usaemfh Zmwd +rKd @uav;od@k jyef&onfh tcgrsdkK;wGif olwdk@wawG xnfhcsifonfh pmrsm;udk pmwdkufyHk;xJodk@ xnfh&ef ,lomG ;&ygao;.? &Gmom;wd@k . Am[D& udpw P @kd udk Tod@k rnD;rnL aqmif&u G o f nfukd jrifonfh tcgY &Gmom;rsm;onf olw@kd . jy\em rSeo f r#ukd usaemfx h H ,laqmifvmavh &Syd gonf? odk@jzifh usaemfonf &Gmom;wdk@. twdkifyifcH t=uHay; jzpfrSef;rod jzpfvmcJhav tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

121

122

onf?uíJaysmuf EGm;aysmuf udprP o S nf vifr,m;&efjzpfonfh udpx P d usaemfx h aH &muf vmwwf=uonf? olw@kd pdwx f YJ ausmif; q&m qdo k nfrmS ynm&So d /l Om%f tajrmftjrif &So d /l todw&m;&So d /l w&m;Oya'udk uírf;usio f l [k em;vnfxm;=uonf? xd@k a=umifh ausmif;qif;I tdrjf yefa&mufonfw h ikd f usaemfw h iG f tem;rae& ? jrKd @e,f ynmtkyw f @kd bmwd@k u ausmif;wGif ausmif;0ifrw S yf w kH if enf;I usaemfu h kd ar;v#if ausmif;rSm prf;zGix hf m;&onfh ausmif;jzpfonft h wGuf enf;jcif;jzpfa=umif; aumufpu kd f csdefjzpfI &Gmom;rsm; tvkyfrsm;=ua=umif;/ bma=umif; nma=umif; ponfjzifh ta=umif; trsKd ;rsKd ; jyojzifh usaemfh ausmif;uav;udk zGijhf rJ zGiahf y;xm;cJo h nf? usaemf ausmif;zGix hf m; onfah e&mrSm aus;&Gmw&m;&H;k wnf&mvnf;jzpf.? tpnf;ta0; usi;f yonfh ae&mvnf; jzpf.? &JXmeqdv k #iv f nf; rSe. f ? tcGeaf umufonfh Xmeqdv k #iv f nf; [kw. f ? xdEk iS hf tnD usaemfh wm0efrsm;uvnf; rsm;vSygonf? w&m;ol}u;D vnf; usaemf/ &Jvnf; usaemf/ tcGeaf umufov l nf; usaemf/ wcgw&H wHqyd af cgi;f yif a&mif;vdu k &f ao;onf? od@k wdik f atmifupd rP &Syd g/ xdt k &mrsm; avmufurkd l usaemfvyk Ef ikd yf gonf? usaemfw@kd e,f xH;k pHrmS &GmwGif cdu k &f efjzpfymG ;v#if &H;k jyifuem;od@k ra&muf? &GmrSm yif udpP jy;D oGm;wwfonf? trsm;tm;jzifh &Gmvl=u;D rsm;u qH;k jzwf zseaf jz ay;avh&o dS nf? &Gmvl=u;D rsm;pm&if;wGif ausmif;q&mvnf; ygygonf? &Gmvl=u;D rsm;. qH;k jzwfcsuf udk tm;vHk;u emcHavh &Sd=uygonf? &Gmvl}uD;rsm;u awmfoifhovdk qHk;jzwf=uonf? tu,fI aus;&Gm vl}u;D rsm;. qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd w&m;vdu k rauseyfv#if txuftm%mydik f tzG@J od@k t,lcEH ikd yf gonf? txuftm%mydik f tzG@J rSm tjcm;r[kw/f qdik &f mydik &f m ewfw@kd udk ewfyaJG y;jy;D wdik w f nfjcif; jzpfygonf? od@k &mwGif rsm;aomtm;jzifrh l txuftm%mydik f tzG@J txd ra&mufwwfyg? txuf tm%mydik t f zG@J od@k wufv#if ewfuem;ay;&rnf? ewfuem; ay;v#if yGw J yGu J kd aiGu;kd &mrsKd ; waxmifrsKd ; ukeEf ikd o f nf? xd@k a=umifh atmuf&;kH wGiyf if udpP jy;D oGm;wwf=uygonf? usaemfw@kd &GmwGif &Gmol&mG om; v,form;OD;a& odyrf rsm;vS ? rd;k OD; w+yKd uf ESp+f yKd uaf vmufusjy;D p jzpfI v,fxw J iG f aygi;f awG jyefxpjyKjy/D ysKd ;=uaJ wmhrnf qdv k #io f nf aygi;f rsuaf wGukd &Si;f &OD;rnf ?xGe&f OD;rnf?x,fx;kd &OD;rnf? onfvkd xGex f nfx;kd jy;D wywff ESpyf wfavmuf rd;k vdu k v f mv#if v,fwiG o f ref; nufjyD od@k &mwGif cufonfu v,fxw J iG f &$@H awG a&awG rsm;aeao;. xdak e&mrsm;udk azmufxw k f ypf&rnf? xd@k a=umifh a&udk azmufxw k jf y;D oref; rajcmufwajcmuf jzpfatmif apmif&h tke;f rnf? xdak jr tom;usrS yJrsKd ; ajymif;rsKd ; wd@k udk pdu k Ef ikd rf nf? ysKd ;=ucJ sed w f ae@wGif usaemfx h o H @kd &Su D ;l ayguv f mav.? &Su D ;l onf &GmxJwiG f odyrf aevS ? &GmtjyifbufwiG o f m taersm;onf? &GmtjyifbufwiG f olu, kd w f ikd v f yk o f nfh ajruav; ESp{f uavmuf &So d nf? v,f,m pdu k yf sKd ;jcif;onf &Su D ;l . b0jzpfonf? ol@ 122

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

123

vkyif ef;jzpfonf? &Su D ;l onf 'dw k D }u;D udk apmifvkd vkyjf cKH jy;D usaemfx h o H @kd a&mufvmjcif; jzpfonf? 'dw k }D u;D udk jcKH xm;ojzifh yg;a&wd@k wGe@f um ydejf cKH ;usaeonfh rsuEf mS ESihf zkeaf wG tvdr;f vdr;f uyfaeonfh ajcaxmuf wd@k udo k m jrif&.? zdeyfrygbJ av#mufavh &So d jzifh ol@ajcaxmufrsm;onf om;a&tajcmuf}u;D ES,f uJt G ufvsuf &Sad vonf? ajconf;rsm; uvnf; yJ&h @JG vsuf &S=d u. vufrsm;udrk l usaemfrjrif&ajc? usaemfEiS hf t,lbw l @kd ESpaf ,mufom;xkid I f pum;ajymae=upOf ola&mufvm jcif;jzpfonf? c&D;a&mufrqdu k yf if &Su D ;l u - q&mav;rsm; EGm;waumifavmufrsm; &Smay; Edik rf vm;vd@k xGecf sed f ,ufcsed f a&mufjyrD [kwv f m; q&mav;&J@usaemfonf ausmif;q&m wa,mufomjzpf./ usaemfw h iG f EGm;ydik f usyJG ikd rf &Sd / Tonfukd ajymp&mrvdk / ,ck &Su D ;l u usaemfx h v H mI uíJ EGm;t&Smcdik ;f aeavjy/D usaemfEiS hf bmqdkifoenf; q&mav;&,f/ q&mav;iSm;ay;&if vG,fvG,fuav;eJ@&rSmyg/ usKyfzdk@ waumifavmuf iSm;ay;yg/ usKyrf mS waumifaooGm;awmh waumifyJ use&f pfcw hJ ,f? aemufwaumif &jyq D &kd if usKyf xGev f @kd &ygjyD / v,fxeG pf &m EGm;waumifrS &Smvd@k r&bl; qd&k ifawmh wESpv f ;kH iwfawmhrmS yJ q&mav;&,f / =unfv h yk af y;ygO;D / "'Dvq kd &kd if b,fo@l qDrmS iSm;vd@k &rvJ usaemfu h kd ajymav/ usaemf iSm;=unfh ay;&wmaygh " " tyd&k ,fv@kd awmh b,fo@l qDrmS rS &Srd mS r[kwb f ;l q&mav;&J@ / tckcsed u f xGe, f ufcsed q f akd wmh tm;vH;k v,fxaJ &mufuek =f urSm/ ud, k t hf vkyu f kd tysucf jH y;D b,fol iSm;rvJ q&mav;&,f usaemf iSm;wmvJ w&GmvH;k ES@H aejyD b,furS r&cJb h ;l /" "'Dvq kd kd usaemfimS ;vd@k aum b,fu&rvJ/ b,fu iSm;&rvJ/ ajymprf;ygO;D " "q&mav;bmom }uKd uw f hJ vlqu D iSm;aygh q&mav;/ usKyu f awmh EGm;&&if jy;D wmyJ &GmxJuajymawmh q&mav;[m tvGeu f n l w D wfw,fw/hJ tcuftcJ&&dS if ol@qDom oGm;wJ/h w&GmvH;k udk ulnaD ejy;D usKyu f srS bmjzpfv@kd 'Davmuftifwifwif jzpfae&wmvJ q&mav;&,f/" wvH;k rS 0ifa&mufajymqdjk cif; r&Sb d J wav#mufv;kH wdwq f w d pf mG em;axmifae onfh t,lbl u &Su D ;l bufo@kd vSn@f vdu k v f suf.... "tzd;k =u;D cifAsm; &l;aeovm; q&mav;aum b,frmS oGm;&Sm&rSmvJ q&m av;u v,form;vJr[kwb f ;l EGm;ukeo f nfvJ r[kwb f ;l cifAsm;bmom cifAsm; pdwu f ;l aygujf y;D olrsm;udk vmtyluyfaevd@k b,fjzpfygrh vJ r&Sb d ;l oGm;oGm;" &Su D ;l onf ol@ trSm;udk oloo d mG ;yH&k ./ xd@k a=umifh toH wkew f ek jf zifh ... "oGm;yghr,fAsm oGm;yghr,f usKyfu tulnDav;bmav;rsm;ay;Edkifrvm;vdk@ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

123

124

vrf;=uKH wmeJ@ 0ifajymrdwmyg 'gayrJh bmyJjzpfjzpf q&mav;&,f wwfEikd &f ifawmh usaemfh udpaP v;udk vkyaf y;ygaemf [kwv f m; " t,lbl rSm tenf;i,f pdww f o kd mG ;[efjzifh tzd;k }u;D udk avSum;twdik ;f qGaJ c: oGm;um... "tzdk;}uD; cifAsm; awmfawmf cufygvm;As [if;... ausmif;q&mqdw k m uíJawG EGm;awG csKdk i;f =um;rSm nSy+f y;D ausmif;vmwufwhJ vlv@kd xifaevm;" tzdk;}uD; &SDul;onf yg;pyfrS Aspfawmuf AspfawmufajymI xGufoGm;onf? t,lbo l nf ukvm;xdik w f iG f jyefxikd &f if; "q&mav;&,f 'Dtzd;k }u;D udk awmh bmrS aAGr,lygEiS ahf emf tzd;k }u;D u bmrS em;vnfwm r[kwb f ;l " od@k jzifh &Su D ;l onf ESp&f ufwikd w f ikd f EGm;vdu k &f mS onf? od@k &mwGif b,furS iSm;I r& tdro f @kd jyefa&mufonfh tcgwiG f armaeavjy/D "EGm;uvJ &Smvd@k r&ygb;l &Sirf &,f " &Su D ;l onf ol@rde;f rudk ajymonf/ ol@ rde;f rrSm t&yf axmifaxmif armif;armif; &GmxJ&Sd tjcm;aom rdef;rrsm;xuf acgif;wvHk; ydkjrifhonf[k qdkEdkifonf? tm;aumif; armif;oef &GmxJ&dS a,muFsm; w0ufausmaf usmx f uf oefrmonf? v,fxw J iG f a,musmF ; }u;D wa,mufpm avmufawmh aumif;aumif; vkyEf ikd o f nf? "awmf b,fol awGqu D kd oGm;iSm;cJh ovJ" "w&GmvH;k ES@H aejyD b,fEmG ;rS rtm;bl;" "'gjzifh usKyw f @kd b,fvkd vky=f urwH;k " "bmvky&f OD;rSmvJ iwfz@kd &Sad wmhwmayg"h rde;f ronf &Su D ;l . rsuEf mS udk =unfv h u kd . f / rsuv f ;kH tpHo k nf ukecf ge;D rD;cGurf S rD;a&mifvkd azsmah wmh vsuf &S. d / "uJ 'Dvq kd &kd if reufzefrmS p xGerf ,fawmf [k jywfom;pGm ajymvdu k o f nf?" "b,frmS vJ EGm;" "waumifawmh &atmif&mS &rSmaygh " "b,fvv kd yk &f mS rSmvJ" "tdk...b,fv&kd mS &Smaygah wmf" "aeprf;ygtek ;f nnf;[mu" "tdk ...&&ifjy;D a&m r[kwv f m; &Sit hf yl r[kwyf gb;l reufjzef reufus&ifom v,fxu J kd qif;zd@k jyif " &SDul;onf trsdK;rsdK; pOf;pm;.// ol@rdef;ronf rnfonfh ae&modk@ oGm;I EGm;&Sm 124

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

125

t,lbl rSm tenf;i,f pdwwf okd mG ;[efjzifh tzdk;}uD;udk avSum;twdki;f qGaJ c:oGm;um... "tzdk;}uD; cifAsm; awmfawmf cufygvm;As [if;... ausmif;q&mqdwk m usGJawG EGm;awG cskdKif;=um;rSm nSy+f yD; ausmif;vmwufwhJ vlv@kd xifaevm;" tzdk;}uD; &SuD l;onf yg;pyfrS Aspfawmuf AspfawmufajymI xGufoGm;onf? ...... rnfenf;? reufr;kd vif;aomf &Su D ;l onf xGeu f kd ycH;k wGix f rf;/ EGm;waumifukd vufuqGv J suf v,fxo J @kd qif;cJ. h ? v,fxo J @kd a&mufv#if uefoif;&d;k wGif xdik u f m &GmxJu ol@r,m; tvmudk apmifv h if. h ? wem&Dausmcf ef@ &So d nft h cgwiG f ol@r,m;udk jrif&avonf? tvdk b,fEh , S w f ek ;f / b,frmS wk;H EGm; / vufxrJ mS bmrS rygygvm;/ &Su D ;l . rsuEf mS onf rJv h mcJah vonf? aumifr ajymoGm;wkef;u avwvHk; rdk;wvHk; tckawmh b,frSmwHk;EGm;/ v,fxeG &f awmhrmS r[kwb f ;l / xGew f v hJ l xGeu f ek =f ujy/D v,fuu G af wGxrJ mS EGm;armif;oHawG qlaejyD iwfv@kd ao&ifao/ raocsi&f if awmif;pm;&awmhr,f[k awG;aepOf/ t&yfaxmif axmifarmif;armif; ESio hf @l r,m;onf teD;ok@d a&mufvmavonf/ "EGm;r&cJb h ;l aygh [kwv f m;" "b,fou l r&bl; ajymvd@k wk;H / pum;rrsm;ESihf xGeu f w kd yfrmS omwyf" "Ed@k EGm;waumifuaum" "&Sw d EhJ mG ;udo k m wyfrmS wyfprf;ygawmf/ wzufukd tJ'h ED mG ;wyf wzufu usKy0f if qGrJ ,f?" ol@rde;f rpum;a=umifh &Su D ;l wkev f y_ o f mG ;.? "rvkyyf geiS hf &Sirf &,f vljrifraumif;ygb;l [k toHwek w f ek jf zifh ajymonf? od@k &mwGif ol@rde;f rudk ajymI &rnfrxif ol@rde;f ronf EGm;waumiftvkyaf wmh vkyEf ikd o f nf[k ol@ud, k o f l xify&kH onf? "uJ [d[ k mawG 'D[mawG ar;raeESihf &Sw d EhJ mG ;udo k mwyfprf;" rwkerf v_yf jzpfaeonhf ol@a,musmF ;udk jrifonft h cgwiG f ol@r,m;onf ae&mrS xum EGm;udk xGew f iG w f yfonf? aemuf xrf;yd;k wzufukd ol@ycH;k wGif uef@vef@wifvu kd jf y;D "uJ usKyfudk }udK;wacsmif;eJ@ cdkifcdkifav;csnf" [k ajymonf? TwGif azsmah wmh }uKH vo DS nfh &Su D ;l onf tm;wufvmum xdik &f mrS xjy;D xGew f ;kH ay:wGif ajcwifum EGm;udk armif;onf? EGm;u a&G@onf? ol@rde;f ruvJ EGm;ESihf t+yKd iaf &G@onf? xGew f ;kH rsm;onf ajraysmx h o J @kd pl;epf0if oGm;um aemufwGif xGefa&;a=umif;}uD;rsm;xifusef&pfapcJhonf?&SDul;onf vl;/ qwf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

125

126

rwkerf v_yf jzpfaeonhf ol@a,musFm;udk jrifonfth cgwGi f ol@r,m;onf ae&mrS xum EGm;udk xGewf iG wf yfonf? aemuf xrf;ydk; wzufudk ol@ycHk;wGif uef@vef@wifvdkufjyD; "uJ usKyfukd }udK;wacsmif;eJ@ cdki cf ikd af v;csnf" [k ajymonf? TwGi f azsmhawmh }uHKvSoD nfh &SuD ;l onf tm;wufvmum xdik &f mrS xjyD; xGefwHk;ay:wGif ajcwifum EGm;udk armif;onf? EGm;u a&G@onf? ol@rdef;ruvJ EGm;ESihf t+ydKifa&G@onf? xGefwHk;rsm;onf ajraysmhxJodk@ pl;epf0if oGm;um aemufwiG f xGeaf &;a=umif;}uD;rsm;xifusef&pfapcJoh nf? ...... rsKd ;aphrsm;udk 0g;usnaf wmufxw J iG f xnf. h ? taygurf aS eI rsKd ;aphrsm;onf ususe&f pfc=hJ u onf? &Su D ;l . rde;f ronf EGm;ESihf ,SOI f wuke;f uke;f &H;k onf? od@k jzifh wreufv;kH ysKd ;=ucJ o hJ nf/ rGe;f wnfch sed o f @kd a&mufaomf tarm}u;D arm aeonfh olw@kd vifr,m;onf opf&yd w f iG x f ikd u f m armarmjzifh xrif;pm;=uonf? pum; rajymEdik ?f &Su D ;l rSm ESw k q f w d rf v d #u?f rde;f ruom wcGe;f p ESpcf eG ;f pajymonf? xrif;pm;jy;D v#if aumufqG wacsmif;pDjzifh rsKd ;aphrsm;udk ajrjzifh vdu k zf ;kH =uonf? naerd;k csKyo f nfh tcgwiG f olw@kd ydik o f nfh ajrESp{f u udk xGe, f uf jy;D jyD ? ysKd ;=ujJ y;D jy?D xd@k aemuf yifyef;EGr;f e,faom olw@kd oH;k OD;onf tdro f @kd jyefvmcJ=h uonf? aemufwae@wGif olw@kd ta=umif;udk w&GmvH;k u tkwaf tmf aomif;wif; ajym=u onf? wcsK@d u tH=h o=uonf? wcsKd @u ajymif=uonf? wcsKkd @u avSmif=uonf? wcsKd @u cs;D usL;=uonf? xdn k usaemf ausmif;u tjyef olw@kd tdraf &S@od@k a&mufonft h cg c% &yfonf? wJxu J rD;rSed rf edS x f w J iG f &Du S ;l . rde;f ronf arSmufvsu&f . dS ? &Su D ;l onf ol@rde;f r. ausmjyifukd ajctpHjk zifh wtdtd eif;ay;vsuf &Sad vownf;?

jroef;wifh (jroef;wifh bmomjyef EdkifiHwum acwfopf*EW0if 0wˆKwdkrsm; 1 rS)

126

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

127

tcef;quf 0wˆK 'kuQtydkif;tprsm;(2)

t'D;(AOP) (1) etzonf a&$usi/f ausmuf}u;D / rk;H ponf+h rKd eh ,frsm;twGi;f &Sd awmifay:a'o rsm;udk trJa&mif e,fajr[kowfrw S I f aomif;use;f oltjrpfjywfacsre_ ;f a&; aºu;a=umf+yD; jzwf(4)jzwf pepfuo kd ;kH um 1997 yGiv hf if;&moDrS 1998 yGiv hf if;&moDxd ESpyf wfvnf xd;k ppf}u;D rsm; t}u;D tus,jf yKvyk cf . hJ ? &ufpuf=urf;=uKwv f aS om xdpk pfqifa&; rkew f ikd ;f }u;D atmuf0,f aemfazma*wd@k awmifay: ,morm;rsm;onf tdk;tdrfpnf;pdrfrsm;udk pGefhI tajy;tv$m; toufvk a&Smifwrd ;f yke;f atmif;cJ&h .? toufxu G rf wwf xdwv f ef@a=umuf&@H$ jcif;rsm;ESihf &ifqikd =f uKH awG@cJ&h onf? &ifurJG wwf 0rf;enf;ylaqG;cJ&h onf? &l;rwwf aomua0cJ&h onf? aovk arsmyg; qmavmifiwfrw G cf &hJ onf? tHusG wrf wwf em=unf;rke;f wD; cJ&h onf? xdkodk@vESifhcsD+yD; taxGaxGa0'emrsm;udk udk,fpD&if0,fydkufum wae&mrS wae&mod/hk wqifrh w S qifo h @kd vdu k v f aH &$@ajymif; yke;f atmif;&if; tqH;k Y e,fpyfov H iG jf rpf udjk zwfausmIf xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f &Sd ppfajy; 'kuo Q nfrsm;twGuf zGiv hf pS af y;xm;aom 'kuo Q nf pcef;wpfco k @kd a&muf&dS ckv d c_H &hJ av.? ,mwpfESpfysufoGm;I aemuf(3)/ (4)ESpftxd tjyif;txef&kef;uefcJh&aom tdraf b;u rdom;pkwpk. tjypfukd aemfazma* rsu0f g;xifxif jrifc&hJ zl;onf? odq hk v kd sS if 0rf;pma&m td;k tdrpf nf;pdrrf sm;ygrusef tm;vH;k ysupf ;D qH;k &H;l cJ&h aom aemfazma*wd@k tzd@k b0opf jyefvnfxal xmifa&;onf tawmfu h ykd if cufcaJ yvdrrhf nf? Tonf vGwv f w G f vyfvyf/ at;at;csr;f csr;f vkyu f ikd Ef ikd af om tcGit hf vrf;&SOd ;D rS...²? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

127

128

tb,fa=umifq h akd omf etzppfwyfrsm;onf jzwf(4)jzwfjy;D qH;k oGm;onfw h ikd f wyf&if;tcsKd o h nf jyefvnfqw k cf mG oGm;jcif; r&Syd J aemfazma*wd@k . e,fajra'otwGi;f &Sd tcsuftjcmus&m ajrae&mrsm;ESifh pdk;rdk;awmifukef;rsm;wGif a&Shwef;v_yf&Sm; tajcjyK wyfpcef;rsm; tcdkiftrm wnfaqmuf wyfpGJxm;um e,fajrv_yf &Sm;&Sif;vif;r_rsm; yHrk eS jf yKvyk v f #u&f . dS ? xdak jcukwf wyfpcef;rsm;Y tajcjyKwyfpx JG m;aom ppfwyfrsm;onf pcef;vHjk cKH a&;ESihf e,fajrpd;k rd;k a&; twGuf v_y&f mS ;&Si;f vif;a&; ppfa=umif;rsm; xGuo f nft h csed rf sKd ;wGif yke;f a&Smifcakd tmif;I ,mvkyaf eaom Xmae ,morm;rsm;udk awG&h ydS gu "iayG;/ iayG;rsdK;" [kqu kd m zrf;qD;nSi;f yef; ESyd pf ufowfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ "iayG;/ iayG;r/ iayG;orD;"[kqu kd m tkypf v k u kd f t"rRjyKusihf apmfum;owfjzwfjcif;rsm;/ "iayG;rdom;pk"[kqu kd m rdom;pkvu kd f Oya'rJh &rf;um;owfjzwfr_rsm;/ "iayG;pcef;"[kqdkjyD; &Gmykef;&Gma&Smifrsm;tm; rD;&_d@ zsuq f ;D jcif;rsm;ESihf 0rf;pmrsm; udk vk,ufzsuq f ;D jcif;rsm; jyKvyk v f sS u&f . dS ? vufawG@tm;jzifh qd&k aomf 'kuo Q nfpcef;Y raeEdik af wmhI rdrw d . hkd Xmaersm;qD odk@jyefoGm;=uonfh rdom;pktcsdKhonf 'kuQonfpcef;odkh 'kwd,r`d jyefvnfa&muf&Sd vmavaomtcgY rdom;pk0ifrsm;pHv k ifjcif;r&Sd awmhay? Tonf ppfqifa&;umvtwGi;f etzppfwyfw. hkd jyKru l sio hf ;kH cJo h nfah y:vpDtwdik ;f yif qufvuf usio hf ;kH jyKrjl cif;omjzpfay.? xdak =umifh rdrw d . hkd e,fajra'otwGi;f Todahk om tajctaeqd;k rsm;jzpfxeG ;f aeorSsumvygwv f ;kH aemfazma*wdo hk nf rdrw d @kd .trdtz/ tbd;k tbGm;wd. hk acgi;f cs&m ajrawmfxufY wzef jyefvnftajccsa&; ESihf b0opfxal xmifa&;onf rawG;&Javmuf yifjzpf&av.?

(2) aemfazma*wd@k a&muf&cdS v kd &_H aom 'kuo Q nfpcef;rSm rJacgicf g;'kuo Q nfpcef;jzpf.? 'kuo Q nfpcef;onf xdik ;f Edik if /H rJa[mifaqmifc&dik t f wGi;f &Sd rJp&D;,ef;jrKd . h taemufbuf uDvrkd w D m (30)cefw h iG f wnf&adS y vdrrhf nf[ck ef@rSe;f &onf? rJp&D;,ef;rSwqifh taemuf bufe,fpyfrsO;f jzpfaom oHviG jf rpfurf;eHz;l Y wnf&adS om rJux&Gmtxd awmifay:ajreD um;vrf;aygu. f ? ,cifopfxw k cf sed f azmufvyk x f m;aom vrf;jzpf aoma=umifh rd;k wGi;f umvY zd;k 0D;[kac:aom awmifwufum;rsm;om oGm;vmEdik . f ? rJp&D;,ef;rS rJux&Gmodo hk mG ;onfh um;vrf;w0ufcsKd ;cefw h iG f rJacgicf g;[kac:aom acsmif;ESihf rJux acsmif;qH&k mt&yfY xdik ;f bmomtm;jzifh Zvm;[kac:aomZ&yfwck&. dS ? xdZk &yfonf 4if;ESit hf eD;0ef;usif w0du k &f dS xdik ;f awmifay:u&if&mG rsm;rS um;vmapmifph ;D &ef twGu&f nf&, G jf y;D aqmufvyk x f m;aom Z&yfjzpf.? xdZk &yfrpS I rJacgicf g;acsmif;zsm;twdik ;f 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk ae&mcsxm;ay;.? xdahk =umif?h 'kuo Q nfpcef;udk rJacgicf g;'kuo Q nf pcef;[k 128

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

129

ac:qdjk cif;jzpf.? tcsKd u h Zvm;'kuo Q nf pcef;[kvnf;ac:=u.? rJacgicf g;acsmif;onf awmifraS jrmufohkd awmif=um;twdik ;f auGah umufpmG pD;qif; oGm;jy;D ta&Srh t S aemufo@kd awmifrsm;udyk wfjy;D auG@aumufpmG pD;qif;vmaom rJux acsmif;ESihf Zvm;YqHu k m oHviG jf rpfwiG ;f od@k qufIyl;aygi;f pD;0ifomG ;.? rJuxacsmif;ESihf oHviG jf rpf qH&k mt&yfwiG f rJux&Gmwnf&. dS ? rJux&Gm taemufbuf oHviG jf rpfwzufurf;/ jrefrmbufjcrf;&Sd bk&m;uke;f Y 'guiG ;f [kac:aom etzwyfpcef; wnf&. dS ? xdek ,fpyf ajcukww f yfpcef;onf ta&Sah wmif wdik ;f ppfXmecsKyf vufatmufcH trSwf (1) ppfAsL[mtajcpdu k f (zmyGe)f uGyu f rJ _ atmuf&dS wyf&if;rsm;rS tvSnu hf s v_y&f mS ;tajcjyKxm;vSsu&f . dS ? 'guiG ;f a'oonf ,cifu (ABSDF) A[dXk mecsKyt f ajcjyK&m ae&ma[mif;wpfck jzpf.? od@k aomf 1994 -95 ckEpS rf sm;wGif wyfr(33)ESihf (DKBA) wd. hk yl;aygi;f xd;k ppfrsm; a=umifh (ABSDF) A[kdXmecsKyftm; z,f&Sm;ay;vdkuf&av.? xdkxdk;ppfumvtwGif; zmyGefESifh oHvGifjrpf=um; wavSsmuf&Sd aus;&Gmaygif;rsm;pGmrS axmifaygif;rsm;pGmaom &Gm;om;rsm;onf td;k tdrrf sm;udk pGeyhf pfum e,fpyfov H iG jf rpfukd jzwfu;l I xdik ;f Edik if t H wGi;f od@k xGuaf jy;cdv k =H_ u&av.? 4if;ppfajy; 'kuo Q nfrsm;onf aemfazma*wd@k xuf rJacgicf g;'kuo Q nf pcef;od@k tapmwvSsiaf &muf&cdS v kd H_ ae=uolrsm;jzpfay.? rJacgifcg; 'kuQonfpcef;onf 1992 ckESpf/ u&ifjynfe,f ta&Shajrmufjcrf; a'orsm;wGif jyKvyk cf ahJ om xd;k ppfumvtwGi;f wGi4f if;/ 1994-95 ckEpS rf sm;Y u&ifjynf e,fta&S@jcrf; a'orsm;wGijf yKvyk cf ahJ om xd;k ppf umvtwGi;f wGi4f if;/ 1997 ckEpS f yJc;l wdik ;f / a&$usif/ rHk;/ ausmuf=uD;ponfha'orsm;wGifjyKvkyfcJhaom xdk;ppfumvtwGif;wGif4if;/ xGuaf jy; a&muf&v dS mcJ=h uaom axmifaygi;f rsm;pGmaom ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;. ,m,DueG ;f cd&k m 'kuAQ rd mR efawmf=u;D wpfcyk ifjzpfay.? pkpkaygif; 'kuQonfOD;a&rSm tenf;qHk; wpfaomif;ig;axmifcefh &Sdayvdrfhrnf? &yfuu G (f 13) uGu&f jdS y;D acsmif;udk tjzwfaygi;f rsm;pGm jzwf&aomacsmif;vrf; wvrf;wnf; onfomvSsif &yfuu G w f ckEiS w hf ck qufo, G f oGm;vmEdik af om yifrvrf;r=u;D jzpf.? acsmif; tus,rf mS (15)ayrS ay(30)cef@xdom&Sad yaomfjim;vnf; rd;k wGi;f umvwGif =urf;wrf;onfh awmifusa&rsm; pD;qif;onft h cgrsKd ;Y jzwfu;l oGm;vma&; twGuf tEœ&m,f rsm;vSay.? aumif;uifay:u i@H=k unfrh nfqykd gu Zvm; (od@k ) Z&yfrpS I rJacgicf g;acsmif;zsm; twdik ;f acsmif;wzufwcsuf ajrjyefih ,fav;rsm;wGi?f / awmifp, G /f awmifapmif;/ awmifa=um ESifhawmifukef;rsm;wGif? jyGwfodyf pD&DpGmaygufaeaom r_dwef;=uD;yrm wnf&Sdaeaom 'kuo Q nfrsm;. wJi,fav;rsm;udk awG@&S&d ayvdrrf nf? pcef;.t0 xdyfESpfzufpvHk;wGif rl;,pfESifhopfawm bufqdkif&m tygt0if tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

129

130

xdik ;f ppfwyfrsm;rS yl;aygi;f I pcef;cs tajcjyKxm;um 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk teD;uyf apmif=h uyf vSsu&f . dS ?

(3) topfa&muf&v dS maomaemfazma*wdphk pfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;udk UNHCR / TBBC ESix hf ikd ;f tm%mydik w f @kd rS ppfaq;ar;jref; pm&if;jyKpjk y;D aemuf 'kuo Q nfrsm;twGuf ta&;ay: vdt k yfaeaom tajccH&u d mQ rsm;udk ulnD axmufyahH y;.? &dumQ xkwaf y;onfEh e_ ;f xm;rSm (5)ESpEf iS t hf xufvw l pfO;D vSsif qef(1)yH;k / qD(1) vpf/ qm;(1)xkw/f yJ0gjcrf;(1)uDv/kd ig;yd(1)uDvEkd iS hf jiKyo f ;D tenf;i,fjzpfjy;D / (5)ESpaf tmuf uav;rsm;rSm (5)ESpEf iS t hf xufrsm; &&Sad omE_e;f xm;. w0ufEe_ ;f jzpf.? rD;aoG;tm;ZeD; armifESHtwGuf (20)uDvdkESifh xyfwdk;uav;wpfOD;vSsif (5)uDvdkE_ef;wdk;Ixkwfay;jyD; tdraf xmifpk wpktwGuf a&tdro f moH;k tdro f ma=ucG u G w f vH;k pDvnf; xkwaf y;.? t[m&"mwfpmtjzpf touf(5)ESprf (S 18)ESpt f xdtm; Asia Mix (ac:) *sKrH e_ hf (1)uDvEkd iS hf o=um; (1) uDvpkd x D w k af y;jy;D (5) ESpaf tmuftm; 4if;. w0ufEe_ ;f xm;xkwf ay;.? xGufajy;cJh&pOf aovkarsmyg; iwfjywfjcif;ESif h=uHKawG@jzwfoef; vmcJh&onfh aemfazma*wd@k tzd@k xkwaf y;aom &dumQ rsm;udk =unfu h m tvSL&Sirf sm;udk txl;yifaus;Zl; wifrd.? odkhaomf T&duQmrsm;onf qefrSv$JI v0ufcefhrSsom cHonf[kqdkonfudk aemufusr o S v d mcJ&h ayawmh.? rnfo@kd yif jzpfapumrl aemfazma*wd@k ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm; tm; rao&Hw k r,f qdyk ifjim;vnf; toufwrSsif qufvuf&iS o f efEikd af &;twGuf axmufyhH auGs;arG;xm;aom tvSL&Sirf sm;udak wmh aus;Zl;wif&rnfjzpf.? 'kuo Q nfpcef;od@k a&muf&v dS mjy;D wpfvcef@ t=umrSmawmh topfa&muf&v dS m aom aemfazma*wd@k ppfajy;'kuo Q nfrsm;tm; wJtrd af qmufvyk &f eftwGuf (TBBC)rS opf/ 0g;rsm;ESihf tdrrf ;kd zufrsm; xyfrx H w k af y; av.?

(5)OD;ESit hf xufjzpfaom tdraf xmifpt k m; 0g;(350)vH;k / ,luvpfwidk f (15)wdik /f tifzufjzifyh spx f m;aom tdrrf ;kd zuf (350)yspEf iS hf (5)OD;atmuftrd af xmifpk qdyk gu 0g;(250) vH;k / ,luvpfwikd f (12)wdik Ef iS hf tdrf rd;k zuf (250)yspx f w k af y;.? xdik ;f tm%mydik rf S 'kuo Q nfrsm;udk opf0g;rckw&f [k wif;=uyfpmG trdehf xkwjf yef xm;onhf twGuaf =umifh wJtrd af qmufvyk o f nft h cg opf0g;rsm;ravmufI pcef;wGi;f Y jzpfap/ pcef;jyifyYjzpfap oGm;a&muf ckwf,lrdygu awGh&Sdzrf;rdvSsif '%faiGjzifhjzpfap/ axmif'%fjzifjh zpfap xda&mufpmG tjypfay; ta&;,ljcif;cH&rnfjzpf.? zrf;rdIaxmifcsvSsif jy\emr&Sd? axmifxJ0ifjyD; tjypfcHay;I&ao;.? odahk omf'%faiGjzifo h m rjzpf raeaqmif&rnf[k t=uyfuikd af vaom tcgrmS awmh aiGwjym; 130

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

131

wcsyrf rS &Sad om aemfazma*wd@k vdk 'kuo Q nfrsm; tzd@k tcufjzpf&av.? ay;qyfru _ vnf; az:rjy&Javmufatmif t&Sujf zpf&av.? xdahk =umifh xkwaf y;xm;aom opf/ 0g;rsm;jzifo h m wJtrd w f vH;k jzpfatmif aqmuf& avawmh.? xkwfay;aom 0g;rsm;onf vufarmif;vHk;cefhom&Sdojzifh t&if;ydkif;udkjzwfI tcif;ESit hf umtwGuf oJyyG af ygujf y;D / Ekonf[ x k if&aomtvH;k udk ES;D jzm.? cyf&if&h if/h cyfxx l rl sm;udk a&G;jy;D qifch jH yKvyk I f 'dik ;f / jrm;/ xkw/f wef;/ ,ufrESihf jcif0g;rsm;udv k nf; &So d nf0h g;jzifh aumufaeayap qGo J ;kH &.? xdek nf;wl tdrrf ;kd zufrsm; udv k nf; trd;k vHo k mG ; atmif cyfusu J sq J I JG rd;k &.? opf0g;rsm;udk tvdak wmf&o dS avmuf pdww f ikd ;f us ckw, f o l ;kH pGI J &aom a'owGif aexdik v f mcJah om aemfazma*wd@k tzd@k ,ckvkd rvHrk avmuf/ rjynfrh pHEk iS hf wJtrd af qmuf& avaomtcgwiG f tawmhu f ykd if cGwd cGusEikd v f eG ;f .? wJtrd af qmufvyk jf y;D pD;I =unfjh yefav aomtcg b,fvrkd sS pdww f ikd ;f usrawG@? ,mwJ avmufyif cdik cf o hH m;em;jcif;r&Sad om wJukd =unfI h b0ifrusjzpf&.? od@k aomf b,fvykd ifjzpfapumrl ajr=u;D ay:Y wd&pd m> efwaumifvkd tdy&f onfxuf pmvSsif awmfayao;onf[k ajzodr&hf ayawmh.?

(4) 'kuQonfpcef;odk@ a&muf&SdvmonfhtcsdefrSpI taronf tazhudkwrf;wae Iavm/ tpfukdi,fESifh nDri,fwdkhudk atmufarhaeIavm/ tpfudk=uD;ESifh aemfazma* wk@d .tem*wfa&;twGuf awG;ylaeIavm/ csujf rKy&f m Zmwdajrudk vGr;f aeIavm rod wrdi_ rf i_d /f wawGawGEiS hf jzpfav.? vomaom nrsKd ;rsm;wGif taronf awmfwefEiS rhf tdyw f wfay? wJwpH uf+rw d f atmufYxdik u f m va&mifatmufwiG f a&;aw;aw; vSr;f jrif&aom jrefrmjynfbufjcrf;rS awmifpG,f/ awmmifwef;rJ=uD;rsm;udk va&mifuG,faysmufoGm;onftxd ai;armae wwfonf? zd;k vrif;=u;D xd;k usaom vrf;a=umif;onf aemfazma*wd@k . wJtrd pf &k mG &S&d m t&yfr[kwaf yavm? zdk;vrif;=uD; ay:awmfrlonf hnrsdK;rsm;Ytaronf zdk;vrif;=uD;ESifhtwl tarSmifnrsm;udk &ifqikd jf zwf oef;jy;D zd;k vrif;=u;D c&D;vGeo f mG ;onfh nrsKd ;rsm;wGif taronf tdy, f mxufwiG f ikww f w k x f ikd u f m aq;wHukd cJjy;D tarSmifnrsm;udk wa,mufwnf; tHwk ausmjf zwfav.? &ifwiG ;f Y aomutylr;D rsm; jynfah eI weyfwav xrif;v$w&f mrS aemufyikd ;f wGif w&ufwavod@k 4if;/ xdrk w S qifw h ufum ESp&f uf/ oH;k &ufqufwu kd f tpmvGwf yGaJ wmfrsm;udk r=umc% tarqifEaJ$ v.? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

131

132

taronftouf(15)ESpaf usmcf efw h iG f tazESit hf rd af xmifusjy;D aemfazma*wd@k armifESpfr(4)a,muf udkar$;xkwfcJhonf qdkaomfjim;vnf; xGufajy; a&Smifwdrf;ykef; atmif;cJ&h pOf umvtxd tar.cE<m&ky&f nfonf awmifw h if;vSyaeqJyif? jyifrnfqifrnf qdyk gu tawmfu h ykd if vSaoG;=u, G af yvdrrhf nf? od@k aomf touf (40)awmifrjynfah o; aomtaronf ,ckawmh t&G,Ef iS hf rvdu k af tmif tdpk mcsEd o hJS mG ;avjy?D rtdyjf cif;/ rpm;jcif;&ufrsm; tyfa=umif;xyfavaomtcg tarh.use;f rma&; onf pd;k &dr&f aom taetxm;od@k jzpfvmav.? xd@k a=umifh tarhtm;'kuo Q nf&dS aq;&Ho k @kd wif&av.? aq;&H&k q dS &m/ q&mrrsm;crsm =uKd ;pm;I ukoay;=uaomfjim;vnf; tar. a&m*ga0'emrsm; oufomoGm;jcif;r&Sad y? y&da'0tylr;D rsm;a=umifh crf;ajcmufaejyD jzpfaom tar. cE<mtaoG;tom;rsm;tm; "mwkaq;0g;rsm;ESihf usm;uefI r&awmhonfh tqH;k tarhukd tdro f @kd jyefo,f=u&av.? wckwnf;om wdu k af uGs;Edik af om tarhtwGuf vlem"mwfpmjzpfonfh tnw& qefjyKww f ZGe;f i,f avmufuakd wmif 0rf;wGi;f odrhk sKd csa&; tarrwwfEikd af wmhjy?D wHpufjrw d f atmufYxdik u f m va&mifatmufwiG f a&;aw;aw; ay:aeaom awmifp, G /f awmifwef; rJ=u;D rsm;udv k nf; tarrai;Edik af wmhjy?D tdy, f mxufY ikww f w k x f ikd u f m aomufawmf aq;wH=u;D udv k nf; tar rcJEikd af wmhjy?D tarTodkh jzpfaepOfwGif tar. udk,fydkiftjrwfwEdk; tdyfaqmifypPnf;rsm; jzpf=uaom aomufawmf aq;wHt/kd "mwfr;D jcpfEiS hf nmod(k "m;vS;D aq;)Al;wdo hk nf 4if;wd@k . t&Sio f cifonf Tawmifukd rausmEf ikd af wmhjyD qdo k nfuo kd ad eonft h vm;yif acgi;f tH;k eHab;Y wdwq f w d jf ird o f ufpmG tarhuakd i;=unfu h m 0rf;enf; ylaqG;=uukeaf v.? "avhx;kH wrf;pOfvmt& 4if;wdo hk nf 4if;wd. hk t&Sio f cifEiS t hf wl b0wpfyg;odhk vdu k yf g oGm;&ay awmhrnf?

1999 ckEpS /f azaz:0g&v D (12)&ufaeh/ reuf(3)em&Dausmcf efw h iG f rEd;k aomtdyf jcif;jzifh at;puf+ird f oufpmG tartdyaf ysmo f mG ;cJah vonf? tar. vl@b0oufwrf;onf TrSsyif csKyjf ird ;f oGm;avjy?D vl@jzpfwnfrr_ rnfaom 'kuo Q nf pnf;0dik ;f twGi;f rS tar &ke;f xGuf oGm;cJah vjy?D =urf;wrf;cufxefvaS om 'kuv Q ikd_ ;f wHy;kd rsm;=um;wGif aemfazma*udk wa,mufwnf; tarxm;&pfcahJ vjy?D aemfazma*onf tarqH;k oGm;onfukd odvsS io f cd si;f tjriftm&k%rf sm; 0d;k w0g; jzpf&mrS urBmajr=u;D wckv;kH csmvywfvnfomG ;jy;D w'*F twGi;f yif tarSmifz;kH oGm;um tar. oufrchJ E<may:od@k t&ky}f uKd ;jywf ykv H u J somG ;av.? tarhuzkd ufjy;D idak =u;G aeonfrmS rnfrsS txdyif =umoGm;onfukd aemfazma* rodawmh? todw&m;rsm; jyefvnf0ifa&mufvmI odvdku f&onfhtcsdefrSmawmh 132

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

133

aemfazma*.vufarmif;udk wif;wif;qkyfudkifjyD; idkaeaom aemfvkvkESifh aemfazma*. ausmudo k yfI w&m;ESiaf jz&ef azsmifzsEpS o f rd ahf eaom OD;=u;D wd@k udk awG@& av.? [kwyf gonf? uHprD &H mtwdik ;f acgi;f iH@k cH vdu k ef m&Hu k v$I J bmrsm;wwfEikd af wmh rnfenf;? tarudk,f wdkifyifvSsif bk&m;ocif. tvdkawmftwdkif; emcHoGm;cJh&avjyD r[kwaf yavm? ysOb f ;kd rwwfEikd I f 0g;yd;k 0g;jzifo h m oJyyG af ygujf y;D tarhtacgi;f udjk yif&.? xd0k g;yd;k 0g; onfvnf; tvum;&onfr[kw?f pcef;teD;&Sd xdik ;f awmifay: u&if&mG w&GmrS &Gmom;wOD; xHwiG f 0g;yd;k 0g;(3)acsmif;twGuf qefwyH;k ESiv hf jJ y;D ckw, f cl &hJ .? aiGonfvnf; wjym;wcsyf rSr&S?d ema&;twGuf auGs;p&m/ arG;p&mr&S?d xd@k a=umifh OD;=u;D tygt0if wJe;D em;csi;f rSv=l u;D rsm;. ulnrD j_ zifh tarqH;k onfah e@ rGe;f v$EJ pS cf sux f ;kd cefw h iG yf if 'kut Q aygi;f . om;aumif rsm; xm0&vJavSsmif; tdypf uf&m &yfuu G o f @kd tarhtm; oGm;a&mufy@kd aqmif vdu k &f av.? aemufq;kH cku d ;kd &mjzpfonfh taronfvnf; vl@avmuxJrS tjy;D tydik Ef w kS rf quf yJ xGucf mG oGm;avjy?D aemfazma*. rsu&f nfpufrsm;onf aea&mifjcnfa=umifh aysmu f s oGm;onfh ESi;f cJrsm;yrm topfpufpufjzpfaom tar. ajryHx k ufo@kd ckeq f if;aysm0f if oGm;=uukeaf v.? bmtauGs;tarG;rS r&Sad omfjim;vnf; tarqH;k onfah ehrpS I (8)&ufwikd af tmif yif aemfazma*. wJtrd if ,fav;rSmawmh pnfum;odu k +f rKd uv f sS u&f adS y.? "xdk;xm;r,f...xdk;xm;r,f/ vmxm;r,fa[h...vmxm;r,f/ a[h...wpfeJ@ ukvm;tcspfrsm;r,faemf.../ ukvm;a&Smifa[h...a&Smifxm;r,f/ a[h...vufa&Smif xm;r,f.../ tukepf m;r,fa[h.../ a[m'DbufrmS avSsmx f m;r,f...a[h..." ponf... ponfaom atmforH sm;onf ae@a&m/ nyg yGun f v H sS u&f . dS ? xdkodkhaom w0kef;0kef;/ w&kef;&kef;ESifh wGef;xdk;atmfvdkuf=uonfh avmbaZm rsm;a=umifh ,luvpfwikd f pdu k /f oJyyG cf if;/ oJyyG u f m/ zufr;kd jzifh caemfceJEh iS hf aqmufvyk x f m; onfh aemfazma*. ,dik ef @J eJ@ wJtrd if ,f uav;onf vS+J yKd usomG ;avrvm;[k atmufarh &avmufatmifyif ,dr;f xd;k wkecf gvsS uf &Sad v.? rnfoyhkd ifjzpfapumrl Tod@k aom apwem&Sirf sm;xHrS aumufc&H &Sad om tvSLaiG rsm;jzifhom aumif;uifbHkY jidrf;csrf;pGm tar xm0&tdyfpuf tem;,lEdkifa&;twGuf bk&m;ocifxH toem;cHonfh qkawmif;yGJ i,fav;wckawmh jyKvyk Ef ikd cf o hJ nf r[kwaf y avm? tar...aumif;&mok*wd vm;apaom0f?

(5) tarqH;k oGm;jy;D onfah emuf OD;=u;D . azsmif;zsEpS o f rd hf ac:qdrk a_ =umifh OD;=u;D . wJtrd o f @kd aemfazma* ajymif;a&G@aexdik cf o hJ nf? teD;pyfq;kH aom aqGrsKd ;&if;csmqdI k OD;=u;D tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

133

134

wOD;om &Sad wmhonf r[kwaf vm? OD;=u;D onf tar. tpfut kd }u;D qH;k jzpfovdk tarwd@k . armifEpS rf (3)OD;xJwiG f wOD;wnf;om touf&iS f use&f pfcahJ wmhonfh olvnf;jzpf.?

OD;=u;D .ZeD; a':=u;D ukonf vGecf ahJ om(10)ESpaf usmcf efu h wnf;uyif qH;k yg;oGm; cJah vjy?D a':=u;D uk. tjzpfonf tvGeyf if oem;p&maumif;vSay.? (2)&uf/ (3)&uf qufwdkuf Adkufemaeaomfvnf; rD;rzGm; EdkifbJ atmf[pfnnf;jiLum tonf;toef jzpfae&onf? tvSrf;uGma0;vSaom jrdKhaq;&Hkodk@ xrf;ydk@rnf qdkyguvnf; rnfodkhrSs rjzpfEikd af y? xdahk =umifh vufonfuo kd m tm;ud;k &ayawmh.? &Gm&Sd vufonfwOD;om rEdkifawmhonfhtcg teD;tem;&Sd&Gmrsm;rS &Sd&SdorSs vufonfrsm;udk tajy;tv$m; yif&h av.? vufonfrsm;onf a':=u;D uk rD;zGm;Edik af &; twGuf ewfyifo h u l yif/h a&ref;wdu k o f u l wdu k /f wJuykd wfI*gxm&Gwo f u l &GwI f aomf4if;/ uav;taetxm; rrSe[ f q k u kd m Adu k u f Ekd ydS o f u l ESyd /f wGe;f oluwGe;f / vSno hf u l vSnI hf aomf4if;? enf;rsdK;pHkjzifh }udK;pm;=uaomfjim;vnf; rnfodkhrSs rD;rzGm;EdkifbJ oem;pzG,f a':=u;D ukcrsm emusiv f eG ;f ojzifh atmf&if;/ nSp&f if; wjznf;jznf;ESihf toHrsm;tm;aysmh wdr0f ifum tqH;k rSmawmh tedpb P 0od@k vm;&&Sm.? a':=uD;uk qHk;oGm;jyD;onfh aemufwGif OD;=uD;onf om;=uD;(2)OD;ESifh (2)ESpf t&G,fcefhom&Sdao;aom orD;i,fwdk@ &Sifoef vlvm;ajrmufa&;twGuf wukd,fawmf ,mckwu f m yifyifyef;yef; &ke;f uefc&hJ av.? od@k aomf ,cktcsed w f iG u f m; om;=u;D (2)OD;rSm udk,fpD tdrfaxmifusI tdk;tdrfrsm;cGJae=uum orD;i,f aemfvkvk wOD;onfomvSsif tazjzpfol OD;=u;D ESit hf wl aexdik v f sS u&f . dS ? xdak =umifh aemfvv k t k zd@k tazmf&apvdo k nfu wa=umif;/ rdef;ri,f wOD;wnf; raexdkifoifhonfu wa=umif;a=umifh OD;=uD;onf aemfazma*tm; 4if;wd@k om; tz.wJtrd o f @kd ajymif;a&$@aexdik &f ef ac:qdjk cif;jzpf.? trdrhJ cgprd@k tm;i,fae&Smaom aemfazma* udv k nf; twwfEikd q f ;kH az;rESpo f rd ahf y;&Sm.?

OD;=uD;onf taxG;qHk;vnf;jzpf/ rdwqdk;vnf;jzpfol orD;i,faemfvkvkudk vGefpGmcspf.? orD;i,f tdrfaxmifjyKrnf qdkyguvnf; orD;i,fESifhtwl wpfoufvHk; aexdik o f mG ;rnf[k qH;k jzwfxm;oljzpf.? OD;=u;D onf ol.orD;i,f aemfvv k u k kd wkeaf e atmifcspo f vdk trdr/hJ tzrJjh zpfaeaom wlrjzpfol aemfazma* udv k nf; orD;&if;csm uJo h @kd yif oem;=uifem cspcf ifvsS u&f adS y.? aemfazma*xuf (2)ESpef ;D yg;cef@i,fao;aom aemfvv k k onfvnf; 0rf;uGEJ pS rf jzpfayaomfjim;vnf; tpfriwfaeolr@kd aemfazma*tm; tpfr&if; wOD;uJo h @kd yif cspcf ifw, G w f mvSsuf &S. d ? rnfoyhkd ifjzpfapumrl tarhukd atmufarhowd&avwdik ;f aemfazma* rsu&f nf vnf&onf? "ud=k u;D wa,mufaum rma=umif;oma=umif;&Syd g&v hJ m;/ b,fvt kd ajctaersKd ; 134

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

135

awGehJ =uKH awG@ae&ygovJ/ t&dik ;f tpdik ;f t,kww f rm rdpm> aumifawGukd ckcw H eG ;f vSe&f if; wdu k yf w JG ae&mrSm usq;kH oGm;jyv D m;/ od@k r[kwf atmifyaJG wGEv J$ @kd *k%, f 0l if=h umG ;aeovm;? cufwmu cGcJ mG uwnf;u ud}k u;D eJ@ tquftoG,v f ;kH 0r&/ tarqH;k oGm;wm awmif odaumodjyv D m;/ trSew f u,fq&kd if aemfazma*xH pmv$mav;wapmif avmuf awmh yg;oifw h mayg/h tckawmh pmrvm owif;r=um;/ bmqdb k mrSrod&ygvm;? b,fvdkyJjzpfjzpf rdrdwdkhtrsdK;om; v$wfajrmufa&;twGuf wdkufyGJ0ifae aomudk=uD;twGuf aemfazma* wu,fyJ *k%f,lrdw,f...? jyD;awmh...yef;wdkifa&muf wJhtxd atmifyGJawG tvDvDqGwfcl;Edkifygapvdkh aemfazma* tjrJqkawmif; ay;yghr,f ud=k u;D &,f...? =o...bmvdkvdkeJh tarqHk;oGm;wm(1)ESpfawmifjynfhoGm;jyDaum.../ ckavmuf qd&k if taz&,f/ tar &,f/ udik ,fehJ nDr,fi,fw@kd wawG aumif;uifbw kH ae&mrSm jyefvnf qHpk nf;ae=ujy;D uk=d u;D eJ@ aemfazma*wd@k a&muftvmudk apmifah eavmufa&mayg?h a&S;b0u b,fvdk0Éfa=uG;awGa=umifh aemfazma*wdkh&Jhrdom;pkb0 ,ckvdk aouGu J /JG &Siu f u JG JG ae&ygovJ/ b,ftxdawmif qufjy;D =urRmqd;k &,f iifaeOD;rSmvJ" nv,f,x H ufwikd f twdw. f t&dyq f ;kd rsm;od@k tawG;wdrw f u kd rf sm; xlxrJ aJ rSmif vmonfhtcgwdkif; Todk@yif oGef;rsuf&nfrdk;rsm;onf twm;tqD;rJhpGm yg;jyifxufodk@ wdww f qdwf +yKd qif;&pjryJ if...? aemfazma*onf pd&k aJG eaom apmifpw k /f acguaf cgi;f tH;k udk wzufo@kd vSev f u kd . f ? =o...vGr;f aqG;wrf;wa=uuGrJ r_ sm; &Sad vorSs umvywfv;kH rsu&f nfypl ;D a=umif; rsm;onf Ttwdik ;f yif qufI pD;qif;ae&OD;rnfxif.?

t'D;(AOP) (10 / 1 / 2012) qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

135

136

0wˆKwdk eif;jym;

armifpdk;csdef (1) "OD;zd;k jr&J@ tkw*f u l kd 'Dn+zKd csypf=ur,f tJ'gtudek @J wdik yf ifcsiv f @kd tud@k udak c:cJw h m/ tud@k oabmudk usaemfw@kd odcsiaf e=uw,f/ tJ'g" "atmf +zdKcsypf=ur,faygh [kwfvm; at;pOf;pOf;pm;pm;eJ@vkyf=urSjzpfr,f/ rD;cd;k =uu G f avsmuf b,fol +zKd csc=hJ uovJqw kd m ykvyd u f vdu k v f mvdrrhf ,f/ pkpH rf;=uvdrrhf ,f/ OD;zd;k jr&J@orD;eJ@ om;awG ol}u;D tzG@J aumifp0D ifawG =uzhH w G t f zG@J 0ifawGu tr_uakd zmf=u vdrrhf ,f/ tpraz:yJ ydy&d d &de@J vkyrf jS zpfr,fuG atmif+ird ;f &?” atmif+ird ;f u udjk rarmifrsuEf mS udk va&mif r_e0f g;0g;xJwiG af jy;=unf&h if; em;pdu k f axmif onf/ o&ufukef;&GmxJrS vli,frsm;u udkjrarmifudkav;pm;cspfcif=uonf/ &yfusL;d &GmusKd ; aumif;usKd ;twGu/f oma&;ema&;vlra_ &; v_y&f mS ;=u&mwGif ol@udv k il ,f awGuacgif;aqmifwif ajrSmuf=uonf? ol}uD;OD;zdk;jr rw&m;vkyfor# OD;zdk;jrudkar;cGef; xkw&f w J o hJ /l 'grw&m;bl;/ 'Dvrkd vkyf oifb h ;l ponfjzifch ck aH jym&Jq&kd o J /l r[kwrf cHpw d &f o dS /l epfemolawGbufu rm;rm;&yf&o J t l jzpf ol@udk vli,fawGu =unfnKd av;pm;cJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf? odk@aomf,ckuJhodk@ ocFsKdif;ukef;wGif tkwf*l+zdKcsrnfh tvm;wludpPrsdL;awG wcgbl;r#rwdkif yifcJh=u/ ar#mfvifhrxm;onfh udpP/ atmif+idrf;wdkifyifaqG;aEG; vmonfh puUe@f rSm a&S@wac:ar#m=f unfh onf/ rnfo@kd tEW&m,fusa&mufEikd rf nfenf;/ rnfonft h usKd ; 136

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

137

tjrwfawG&&Sv d u kd rf nfenf;/ qd;k usKd ; xufaumif;usLd ;awGubmawGv/J &kww f &ufrmS yJ xdt k awG;rsm;uol@acgi;f xJo@kd wef;pD+y;D 0ifvm cJ+h y?D "b,foal wG+zKd rmS vJ ocFsKid ;f tkw*f +l zKd rhJ vli,fawGukd taotcsmpDppfrjS zpfr,f/ b,f olawGvJ" "armifvSjrifh/ udkcspfcif/ oef;ausmfaX;/ udkaxG;jrifh/ +yD;awmhusaemf/ ig;a,muf olwdk@&Gm xJuxGufvmae=u+yD/ awmf=uma&mufvmawmhr,f/ usaemfwdk@awG ydyd&d&d vkyfaeygw,f/ ol}uD;&J@ aemufuG,fu }udK;qGJaewJh tm%m&SifawGuvJ olwdk@wif ajrmS ufxm;wJh aus;&GmaumifpOD uUX }u;D &J@tavmif;xnfw h *hJ u l kd zsuq f ;D +zKd csw,fq&kd if tlEkudku|JcwfovdkjzpfcsifjzpfaerSm/ tudkajymovdk rD;cdk;=uGufav#mufzrf;qD; pkHprf;vm Edik w f ,f/ ykvyd t f zG@J uawmh vmrSmyJ?" o}uFeftvGefwGif o}uFefvufaq;rdk;u w+ydKufESpfjydKuf&GmcscJh+yD;jzpfonf/ e,kefrdk;ajy;u xyfI&GmoGef;aomtcg/ ajrom;ay:wGif jrufekrsm;a0pnfvmawmhonf/ vjcrf;wHpOfauG;onf wdrrf #iw f rd w f u kd x f J 0ifvu kd x f u G v f u kd t f m;oGeaf jy;aeqJ vjcrf;ESihf twlo@l tawG;rsm;onfvnf; tku H si;f zG@J um ajy;aeavonf? acgif ; rd k ; ouf u ,f v ef y sH a e+yD ; 0g;x&H u G m usaeonf h &G m OD ; xd y f r l v wef ; ausmif;onfv a&mifre_ rf e_ af tmufwiG f rv_yrf ,Suf ikww f w k f xdik v f suo f m;rlvwef; ausmif;teD;tyg;&Sd apwDi,f rS qnf;vJorH sm;u rd;k aiG@ajre@Hoif;aom wdu k cf wfavnSi;f xJwiG f vGiyhf s@H aeonf/ qnf;vJou H aw;ykvo J u D ;Hk qJ/ trd;k pkwv f x H &HumG us rlvwef; ausmif;uav;ESihf r_ejf yva&mif/ =unfjrqnf;vJ oHw@kd onf v,fuiG ;f pyfwiG f yÉdyuQ jzpfaeonf? tvStyESihf tusO;f wefrw l @kd onf xm0&yÉdyuQ/ o&ufukef;aus;&Gm tkyfcsLyf tEdik u f sihf olEiS hf ttkycf sLyf tjc,ftvS,cf H &Gmom;wd@k .yÉdyuQonf obm0yÉdyuQEiS hf twlwuG xif[yfaecJh onfy/J xdyk ÉdyuQonf wpxufwp }u;D rm;vmcJ&h mrS vGecf hJ onfEh pS &f ufu o+*Kd vcf o hJ nfo h }l u;D OD;zd;k jr. ocFsKid ;f ajray:rS tkw*f u l o kd nf n+zKd zsuyf pf awmhrnfh tajctaeod@k qdu k af &mufvmcJo h nf/ apwDi,fteD;&Sd ewfpifuek ;f uefoif;qko H @kd armifvjS rif/h udck spcf if/ oef;ausmaf X; ESihf udak xG;jrifw h @kd wc%wGiaf &mufvmcJh =uonf? olw@kd .ykc;Hk xufwiG f ykq;kd uGi;f odik ;f ud, k pf jD cKx H m; vsuu f atmif+ird ;f ESiu hf jkd rarmifw@kd xH0ifa&mufy;l uyfxikd v f u kd =f uonf? olwdk@,laqmifvmcJh=uonfh aygufwl;/ ESpfzufc|efaygufc|ef;/ av;aygifwl}uD;/ oHwl&Gif; ESifh"gwfrD;wdk@udk olwdk@teD;wGifykHxyfxm;vdkufonf/ &GmESifhcyfvSrf;vSrf;wGif awG@qkaH ecJ=h uonft h wGuf vGwv f w G v f yfvyf aqG;aEG;wdik yf ifciG &hf &So d mG ;=uonf? atmif+idrf;u udkjrarmif. oabmxm;udk&Sif;jyonf/ xdk@aemuf wa,muf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

137

138

waygufaqG; aEG;=uonf/ armifvSjrifhESifh udkcspfcifu rw&m;tkyfcsLyf tEdkifusifhr_rsm; aumufuspf pkwyf rhJ r_ sm;twGuf *vJph m;acsvI kd ol}u;D OD;zd;k jr. tkw*f u l kd +zKd cs&ifjzpfonf? oef;ausmaf X; udak xG;jrifEh iS hf udak tmif+ird ;f wd@k u xdo k @kd r[kw/f r[kwrf w&m; wmawGudk tawmrowfatmif vkyfcJh=u+yD; udk,fusdK;&SmvGef;onfhtkyfcsLyfa&;tzGJ@udk ocFef;pmay;&eftwGuf tkwf*ludk+zdKzsuf&efjzpfonf? pmuyfrnf/ xdkpmu OD;zdk;jr. acgi;f &ifwiG u f yfxm;rnf/ ol}u;D qd;k / aumifpOD uUXudk ocFsKid ;f rSmawmifvufrcHb;l / vuf&dS tkycf sLyfaewJh aumifp0D ifawG w&m;r#watmif vky=f u/ owdxm;/ tkw*f yl suaf y:wGif xdkuJhodk@pmuyfrnf/ aus;&Gmvlxk. qENrSefudkazmfxkwfay;onfh taejzifh OuUX}uD;. tkw*f u l kd +zKd zsu&f efjzpfonf? "awmfawmfo&l aJ bmfa=umifwahJ umifawGv@kd rif;wd@k udak jym=urSmyJ/ ouf&x dS if&mS ; &SdpOf rSm rsufESmcsif;qdkif+yD; rajymrqdkbJeJ@/ olaorS ykqdk;jcKHxJu vufoD;ykef;jy=u w,fv@kd ajym=urSmyJ/" tjcm;bufwbufu xkdodk@ xdk;ESufedkifonfhtajctaeu awG;awG;qq ajymaepOf udk axG;jrifu h ol@oabmxm;udk wdwyd yajymonf? " 'Dvl}uD;[m usaemfwdk@&Gm&J@ teD;uyf&efolqdkwm w&GmvkH;odw,f? oludk wdkufcdkufwJh xdk;ESufwJholudk acgif;razmfEdkifatmif enf;rsdK;pkHeJ@csdK;ESdrfwl,f/ udkjrarmif udk,fwdkifvJwdkufcJhwmyJ/ pdkufysdK;p&dwfv,fp&dwf b%fuvm+yD;aiGacs;w,f/ olu v,form;awGay:u tjrwfxkwf,lw,f/ "gwfajr=oZm ravmufriS xkwfa0a&mif; csw,f/ v,form;tawmfrsm;rsm;r0,fEdkif=ubl;/ olu tjrwfxkwf,ljyefw,f/ rw&m;vkyt f m;ay;cdik w f ,f/ ppfwyfu ay:wmqGw J ,f/ ppfwyftvdu k s twdik ;f vli,fawGukd ay:wmxJxnfw h ,f/ &Gmom;awG&@J epfemrltwGuf bmwckrt S umuG,rf ay;Edik f wJo h }l u;D / ppfwyfxJ t"rR0ifcikd ;f w,f/ ol@trde@f =oZmtm%matmufrmS &Gmom;awG[m rw&m; vkyfor# acgif;ikHcHae=uw,f/ udkjrarmifudk bma=umifhaxmifxJrxnfhwmvJ/ cifAsm; rde;f ru ol@wl rt&if; jzpfaevd@k yJ r[kwv f m;/ ud[ k efwifw@kd udak cG;ykw@kd zd;k axmife@J oHvZdw@kd tcsLyfcef;xJa&muf cJw h m[m 'Do}l u;D uyd@k cJv h @kd r[kwv f m;/ 'Davmuf,w k rf m yufpufwhJ ol}uD;udk aorSyJ ynmay;&awmhr,f/ t"Dutcsufu usef&pfcJhwJh AdkvfusaewJh ol@tkycf sLyfa&; tzG@J 0ifawG/ rdom;pkawG ocFe;f pm &zd@k yJ? ajymcsiw f mu rw&m;wmudk xkwaf zmf&rSmyJAs/ acgi;f ikrH cHb;l qdw k m b,fenf;eJ@rqdjk yo& rSmyJ? ol}u;D qd;k &J@ taoaumif pHjref;&m tkw*f u l kd +zKd cszsuq f ;D wm[mvJ xda&mufwehJ nf;vd@k rSww f ,f/ 'ga=umifh 'Denf;vrf; udak &G;cs,&f wm?" udkaxG;jrifh pum;vkH;awGu wif;rmaecJhonf/ wkwfqnf;xm;aom a&udk qnf0rSvw $ f csvu kd o f nfEh , S /f '%f&m'%fcsupf um;vk;H rsm;onf/ t[kejf zifh pD;qif;vmcJh 138

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

139

onf/ olu l ajrv$mESihf teD;uyfq;Hk od@k acgi;f ikEH rdS chf sumaq;vdyu f rkd ;D ndo S nf? &GmrSwpkw H OD; vSr;f rawG@ap&ef aq;vdyrf ;D &J &Juv kd ufjzifh uG,u f m &_u d af omufaeonf/ ol@xHrS rD;ul;um atmif+ird ;f vnf;aq;vdy&f u d_ zf mG vsu/f aus;&Gmvlqdk;tzGJ@.OuUXudk *vJhpm;acsvdkaomarmifvSjrifhESifh udkcspfcifwdk@ oabmxm;udk udkjrarmifu ar;jyefonf/ *vJhpm;acsw,fqdkwm tqifhedrfhw,fuG[k oluyifaumufcsuaf y; onf? "udkaxG;jrifhajymwmudk usaemfwdk@vufcHw,f/ odyfaumif;w,fAs/ rcHEdkifvdk@ *vJph m;acs wmxuf tkw*f u l +kd zKd cszsuq f ;D +y;D pma&;uyfwmu ydak umif;wmayg/h 'gayrJh b,fo@l vufa&;vJqkd wmvdu k pf pfaq;vdrrhf ,f/ vufa&;udzk suaf &;zd@k vdw k ,f?” udck spcf ifu&nfI ajymonf/ bk&m;apwD vdi_ *f u l akd zmuf+y;D a&$aiGausmufoH ywWjrm;xm yemawGudk azmuf,lwJholcdk;awG w&kwfocFsLdif;rSm t&dk;acgif;cGHyg;pyfxJu a&$oGm;awG xkwfaumf,l zdk@twGuf tkwf*lazmufwJhvlawGxufpm&if igwdk@tvkyfu rGefjrwfygw,fuGm/ [k&,fusJusJjzifhajym onf/ oef;ausmfaX;u udkcspfcif. avoHudk yJhwifxyfonf/ [kwfw,f usaemfwdk@awG[m a&$aiG twGuf tkwf*lazmufwJhvlawG r[kwb f ;l trSew f &m; a&$aiGywWjrm;udw k ;l azmf,=l urSm? "[kw+f yD rif;wd@k tm;vk;H opPm&S=d u&vdrrhf ,f/ opPm&Sw d ,fq[ kd m arwWmw&m; xm;&Srd S jzpfr,f/ wa,mufe@J wa,mufcikd cf ikd rf mrm cspcf ifav;pm;ygrS cdik rf mwJo h pPmudk &&Sv d rd rhf ,f/ ukeu f ek f ajymvdu k rf ,f/ wa,mufxu J kd tjypfawGpcJG suaf wGyu Hk svmcJ+h yq D &kd if tJ'DvluyJ wm0ef,lvdkufayawmh/ usefwJhvlawGudk razmfxkwfeJ@awmh/ tckyJrif;wdk@ tav;teuf pOf;pm;qk;H jzwf=uayawmh/ opPmazmuf avmufaumifrjzpfapeJ@/ b,fawmhrS avmufaumif rvky=f ueJ@/axmifvu J st;Hk r,f/ avmufaumifqw kd hJ emrnfq;kd eJ@ b0uvJ aotk;H r,f/ wckawmhaumif;w,f aus;&Gmvlxt k wGuf rif;wd@k pGe@f pm;wm[m aumif;w,f/ jrwfw,fumG /" wc%wGif +ird o f ufomG ;=uonf/ opPmazmufavmufaumifqo kd nfh a0g[m& udo k ,faqmifvmonft h oHu ol}u;D tkw*f l +zKd zsuaf &; wdu k pf pfrLS ;rsm;. &ifxw J iG pf ;l &SomG ; onf/ Ak;w H vk;H ayguu f o JG u H o hJ @kd jrnf[ed ;f yJw h ifaeonf? atmif+ird ;f u pd;k &drw f }u;D jzifh pum;pvdu k o f nf/ ,QKtcsed u f p+y;D b,forl S vrf;rcG=J uyg eJ@/ tav;teufwikd yf ifaqG;aEG;+y;D umrS tkw*f rl +zKd awmhb;l / ryg0ifawmhb;l qd+k y;D xGuo f mG ;vd@k rjzpfb;l [k tav;teufqo kd nf? puULvdyfxdyfudk teufa&mifrSiftdk;xJ xdk;pdkufum xdkrSif&nfjzifha&;xm;onfh puULuyf jym;udk arSmifxw J iG f udak xG;jrifu h jzef@vdu k o f nf/ xd@k aemuf puULcsyw f iG f uyfvsuf vufEydS "f wfr;D udck vkwEf ydS u f m rD;a&mifxw J iG jf yonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

139

140

igv h ufa&;udzk su+f y;D av;axmifph mvk;H ykpH eH @J a&;xm;w,f/ a&;+y;D wmeJ@ rSit f ;kd u tpvuf pazsmuf+y/D jrarmifzwf=unfo h nf? b,fEh , S v f u J ?G udjk rarmifEw k u f wzGz&G u G q f &kd if; pum;vk;H awGukd zwf=unfo h nf? "ol}u;D /OuUX OD;zd;k jr tvdrk &S/d &Gm&J@'kp&du k af umifjzpfv@kd ocFsLid ;f rSmvufrcHb;l / vuf&dS tkycf sLyfaewJh aumfrwD0ifawG w&m;r#watmifvyk =f uyg?" &Gmom;wd@k .aoG;ac|; id&k u kd_ o f w H @kd jzifh twd+y;D aom xdpk um;vk;H rsm;onf usnzf ;l rsm;uJh od@k c|ex f ufum toHrsm;onf usnq f aH yguu f o JG rH sm; jzpfaecJah vonf? udjk rarmif &ifw'dw'f w d f ckeaf eonf/ pum;vk;H rsm;u trSew f &m;jzpfaeum trSew f &m;onf tiftm; jzpfonfukd azmfjyay;aeonf? ol@&ifonf aoG;cke&f mrS tiftm;rsm; jynfw h if;oGm;onf/ aumif;w,f/ odyaf umif;w,f uGm æ txyfxyf w&pyf ajymcsaecJo h nf? vli,fav; a,mufpvk;H . oHjyKd iaf w;[pfa=u;G oHrmS vnf; udjk rarmiftwdik ;f wax&mxJ/ odyaf umif; w,f/ odyrf eS w f ,f? vlysKd ayguf oef;ausmaf X;u pwifv@H_ aqmfvu kd o f nf/ uJ ' gq&kd ifocFsLid ;f udk oGm;=upd@k / oef;ausmaf X;u ajymajymqdq k Ekd iS hf ckex f vdu k o f nf/ aygujf ym;toGm;&SrmS pd;k ojzifh ajcaxmufukd a&G@+y;D vSr;f vdu k pf Of ,dr;f xd;k v_y&f mS ;oGm;onf? armifvjS rifu h 'Daumif raomufyeJ @J rl;aew,f[q k u kd m ol@vufukd vSr;f qGx J m;vdu k &f onf? oef;ausmaf X;u ol}u;D . vkyt f m;ay; trde@f tm%mudk zDqefco hJ jzifo h ;Hk n xdyw f ;Hk tcwfccH &hJ ol/ taru ido k jzifo h m vufav#mah y;vdu k &f onf? xdrk pS Iemusn;f emusirf o _ nf }u;D rm;vmcJ&h m ol@ajcvSr;f rsm;onf ol}u;D tkw*f l +zKd csa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:wGif ,ck av#mufvrS ;f csw D uf ae+yaD um? ocFsLid ;f *l+zKd csa&; oHw&l iG ;f / ayguw f ;l / ESpzf ufc|ef av;aygiw f w l @kd udk toD;oD; xrf;vmcJ=h uonf? udjk rarmifu qENjyoabmxm; pm&Guu f kd cyfzzG G vdy+f y;D cyfzzG G qkw, f l vmcJo h nf? rd;k aumif;uifwiG f wdrpf ifaeonf/ aumif;uife&H jH ymvJv h ahJ y:wGif csw d q f x JG m; aom vwHpifauG;onf tvif;r_erf e_ u f kd ajccG saeqJ/ rd;k }uKd ;ypf/ aoewfacsmif;/ o&ufuek ;f &Gm ok;H &Gm.tv,f A[dw k iG &f o dS nfh ocFsLid ;f uke;f / xko kd cFsLid ;f od@k y,fvrf;[kac:onfh v,f=um; vSn;f vrf;rsm;uoGm; a&mufqq Hk nf;=uonf/ ocFsLid ;f uke;f eHab;wGif a&uefysu}f u;D wck &So d nf? a&uefabmifay:wGif o&ufyif/ ukuKdU vyf ifw@kd u 0dik ;f ywfxm;ojzifh rdi_ ;f ndK@ae onf? ocFsLid ;f uke;f wGif opfuikd ;f opfcufw@kd jzifh pdr;f ndK@aeonfh ukuKdU vyf if}u;D wyif&o dS nf/ ta0;uvSr;f =unfv h #if 'gocFsLid ;f uke;f yJ[k wwftyfajymEdik o f nft h rSwt f om;? xdkukuUKdvfyif}uD;qDodk@ olwdk@OD;wnfav#mufvSrf;aecJhonfh ajcvSrf;rsm;rSm t&m&mudk wGe;f wdu k ef if;ajcoGm;rnfh t&dyv f uQ%mudk aqmifaeonf/ vufEydS "f gwrf ;D udkrD;rzGifhyJ va&mifudk tm;jyKv#uf owdESifhav#mufcJh=uonf/ v,fwuGufausmfrS 140

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

141

wpfwDwl;waumifu vef@zsef@atmf [pfysHoef;oGm;onf/ atmif+idrf;u a&S@quf roGm;yJ wke@f ueJ &yfvu kd o f nf/ tm;vk;H wke@f qdik ;f oGm;=uonf/ 'gbmaumifv/J vufEydS f "gwrf ;D udck vkwEf ydS v f u kd o f nf/ rD;tvif;a&mifatmufwiG f ajraG [mufukd tpif;om;awG@ &onf/ tm;vk;H xdyjf ym tH=h ooGm;=uonf? "rD;zGix hf m; csuaf umif;ud&k u kd rf jS zpfr,f" ajrGa[muf. cg;wnfhwnfh udkoHwl&Gif;jzifh oef;ausmfaX; &dkufcsvdkufonf/ wvHausmf t&G,ftpm;}uD;rm;onfh ajrGa[mufu yg;ysOfaxmifum wcGD;cGD;rmefzD aeavawmhonf? oef;ausmaf X;u oHw&l iG ;f udk ajrmS ufxm;+y;D csuaf umif;udk csed &f , G af eqJ/ ajraG [muf. Zufay:od@k qufIquf Ixkcsvu kd o f nf/ wc%rSm ajro G nf opfyo G m; wkwaf csmif;jzpfomG ;+y/D ayguw f ;l xrf;vmonfh udck spf cifu ol@ayguw f ;l jzifh ajraG oaumifukd csdwfaumf+yD; vSnf;vrf;ab;odk@ ,lvmcJhonf/ xdk@aemuf ajrwusif; wl;vdkufonf atmif+ird ;f u vufEydS "f gwrf ;D udk rD;zGiahf y;xm;onf/ ajrusi;f xJo@kd ajraG oudk aumfxnfh vdu k o f nf/ ajrzd@k vdu k o f nf/ ausmcdik ;f xGuv f mcJ=h u+y;D qufav#muf=uonf? "'gatmifyw JG cky/J iguajru G rkd pd;k &drb f ;l / tdru f rde;f ruigu h kd &GmxJrmS arSmifarSmif rJrx J J vdu k &f mS aervm; pd;k &draf ewm/ ajru G o kd wdrjyKrcd b hJ ;l ? "vufpowfawmh tdru f rde;f r pdeaf t;xH rif;jyefa&mufaewmygvm; qd+k y;D jyK;H =uaxh avSmif=uonf/ ajraG [muf[m tckcsed rf mS ol}u;D OuUX OD;zd;k jrxuf tEW&m,fay;Edik w f ,f[k qdu k m ajym&,f &,f=uav onf? &ifcek o f jH cif; rwl=uonfrmS aocsmonf? tkw*f o l @kd olw@kd a&mufvmcJ=h u+y/D &ifcek o f rH sm;u ydI k yif jyif;xefomG ;=uonf/ tvdkufoifh tvsm;oifh tkwf*ludkvlcsJ+yd; 0dkif;ywfxm;vdkuf=uonf/ &efoludk0dkif;ywf xm;onfhtwdkif;jzpfaeonf/ cHjyif;&ifckefoH/ a'go&ifckefoH/ *vJhpm;acsvdkonfh&ifckefoH/ b,fawmhrS w&m;r#wr_udk rvkyfcJhonfhtwGuf aemufvlawGudk ocFef;pmay;vdkonfh &ifcek o f /H tEdik u f sirhf u _ kd wke@f jyef&ifqikd v f o kd nfh &ifcek o f /H xd&k ifcek o f w H @kd onf/ ESv;Hk &ifxw J iG f ckejf rnfvm&ko H mru olw@kd . vufarmif;rsm; vufzserf sm; vufacsmif;rsm;qDo@kd tm;oGef pD;qif;vmcJo h nf/ eDjref;yljyif;vmonfh aoG;wd@k u =uu G o f m;aoG;a=umrsm;udk v_y&f mS ;apcJph Of/ oHw&l iG ;f /aygucf |e/f ESpzf ufc|ef toGm;wwfaygucf |e;f / av;aygiw f w l @kd onf toD;oD;ajrmS uf wufomG ;wm ol}u;D OD;zd;k jr pHjref;&m tkw*f al y:od@k w'ke;f 'ke;f wc|icf |iu f kd a&mufaeav awmhonf? "rkq;kd r vS=unf&@J q,fig;ESpo f m; EGm;ausmif;om;av; armifayoD;udk ppfwyfxJ t"rR yd@k cJw h t hJ wGuf a&mhwcsu/f " "OD;cspaf tmif&@J rde;f r rode;f cifukd [dw k ek ;f u rk'ed ;f usiahf jcawmf wifcw hJ hJ tjypf twGuf tifh wcsu, f v l u kd /f " tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

141

142

"vlawGudk tedkifusifh rdkufa=u;cGJ 'kuQay;cJhor# a[m'DrSmynmay; vufpm; acsr_ a&mh wcsuf" "cifAsm;&J@om;awG ajr;awGukd b,fawmhr pS pfwyfxrJ yd@k 'g;raemufyw d f acG;awG&@J om;awGurkd S a&G;+y;D ppfwyfxJ yd@k cJw h hJ vl,w k rf m/ a[m'DrmS &du k cf sujf yif;jyif; wcsuf" vGecf w hJ hJ ESp&f ufurS *loiG ;f cJo h jzifh *lu ausmufom; rjzpfao; ausmufwnfp/ / xd@k a=umifh av;aygiw f }l u;D wcsuu f svu kd w f ikd ;f t*Fawprsm; tkwcf rJ sm; zGmvHuso J mG ;onf/ / aygucf |e;f }u;D wcsuf pl;0ifvu kd w f ikd ;f xdo k @kd yif zGmvefuso J mG ;cJo h nf? "o&ufuek ;f &Gmol}u;D aumifpOD uUX OD;zd;k jr touf 68" tkw*f l acgi;f &if;bufwiG f urŠn;f xd;k xm;onfh tkwcf syo f nf yJah =uu G somG ;+y;D jyif;jyxuf oefaom &ifcek o f rH sm;appm;&m &du k cf suaf ygi;f rsm;pGmatmufwiG f OD;zd;k jr tkw*f l onf r&_rvS +ydKusoGm;aecJhonf/ &Gmom; v,form;awGudk 'kuQay;cJhonfh pdwf"gwf tusnf;wef edrfhusr_twdkif;yif ol@tkwf*lonfvnf; &kyfysufqif;ysuf jzpfoGm;cJhonf/ tydik ;f ydik ;f txpfxpf yJah =uaG =urGomG ;cJo h nf? "acG;olcdk; olawmif;pm;}uD;" qJqdkusdef;armif;&if; oef;ausmfaX;. tm;ukefwifvdkufonfh aemufqkH; &du k cf suaf =umifh OD;zd;k jr acgi;f xdyyf ikd ;f yGix hf u G o f nf/ ajraG [muf. cg;vnfyikd ;f ESihf Zufyikd ;f u dka=urGoGm;aponfh &dkuf csufrsm;onf OD;zdk;jr. acgif;ydkif;xdyf0wGif +yD;qkH;oGm;onf? av;aygiw f }l u;D udk ajray:od@k ypfcsum armifvjS rifh ykq;kd udjk yif0wfvu kd o f nf? &ifuakd umhI toufukd w0&l&u _d v f u kd o f nf/ odyt f m;&w,fAsm [laom pum;vk;H onf &ifbwfxrJ S xd;k xGuv f mcJo h nf? udak xG;jrifh a&;vmcJo h nfh qENoabmxm; pm&Guu f kd OD;zd;k jr*l. acgi;f &if;wGif axmifxm;&ef va&mifre_ jf yjy atmufwiG f udjk rarmif prf;w0g;0g; vkyaf eonf? vufEydS f "gwfrD;udk tkwf*ltem;odk@wdk;uyfI atmif+idrf; cvkwfESdyfonf? "ol}ud; OuUX OD;zdk;jr ocFsKid ;f uke;f rSmawmif tvdrk &Sd " qdo k nfh qef@usiq f ikd ;f bkwo f nf tvif;a&mifxw J iG f txif;om; ay:vGiaf eonf? "tEdrS cf &H ty,fc&H ESyd pf uf tEdik u f sichf cH hJ =u&wJh igw@kd &Gmom;awGtwGuf }uKd ;pm; tm;xkwrf _ wckaygu h mG ? &GmoH;k &Gmtjyif &Gmaygi;f rsm;pGmu tm%mwHc;kd jy=uwJh ol}u;D qd;k awGudk taumif;qHk; ay;vdkufwJh ocFef;pmawGyJ? 'Dol}uD;qdk;awGudk vufoyfarG;cJhwJh tm%m&Sif ppfb&k ifawGuykd g wvufpxJ ocFe;f pm ay;jcif;aygumG ? qef@usiaf =umif; jywmyJ? tm%m&Si}f u;D Adv k cf sKyaf e0if;&J@ tkw*f u l kd b,fae&mrSmrS rvky&f b J ;l ? vky=f unfyh gvm;? igw@kd tckvkyfwmxuf ol@tkwf*ludk tr_H@jzpfatmif vkyfypf=urSm aocsmw,f? rpifxkwfeJ@ aygu=f urSm aocsmw,f?"

142

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

143

udjk rarmifu tm%m&Siw f @kd . ocFsKid ;f uke;f wrf;csi;f udk &ifu h sL;vdu k o f nf? uJ jyef=upd@k [k udjk rarmifuyif xyfI aqmf=ovdu k pf Of ol}u;D OuUX OD;zd;k jrudk ausmcdik ;f xGu&f ef toifjh zpf ae=u+y?D "aumufuspw f hJ vl,w k rf m}u;D aecJah yawmh" atmif+ird ;f u tbt&G,f tzd;k t&G,f ol}u;D OD;zd;k jrudk av;pm;pdwf ukecf rf;cJ+h yD jzpfaecJo h nf? tEdik u f siw hf hJ pdw"f gwu f kd b,fvrkd S av;pm;cspcf ifvpkd w d f r&Sad wmh? &Gm. acgi;f aqmif ol}u;D vkyw f m ud, k u f sKd ;tjrwftpGe;f }u;D rm;oavmuf/ qH;k ¶_;H r_onfum; rsm;jym; euf¶i_d ;f vSygb?d wrdik ef ;D yg;a0;onfh tjyefc&D;udk cyfou G o f u G f av#mufvrS ;f cJ=h uonf? tm;ukeo f eG u f sJ +zKd zsucf o hJ r# armcJ=h uonf? tmacgiaf wG ajcmufvmonf? aomufp&m a&bl;r,lcrhJ =d u? wpfww D ;l iSuf atmforH sm;udk =um;&jyefonf? 0ifvv k k vjcrf;u nukyd I kd r_HrGJvmapcJhonf? v,fuGif;udk jzwfav#mufaeaom vli,fwOD;. oDcsif;qdkoHu r_erf rJG x JG w J iG f txif;om; ay:vGiv f mcJo h nf? wdu k yf w J u kd q f ikd f vGe;f vSonf[k tm;vH;k u jyKH ;v#uf pdwx f w J iG f ajymrdv#uo f m; jzpfomG ;ayg?h "axG;&J@ ud, k pf m;jyKcsiw f ,f/ a&mufav&m b0tajcu emcHprf;uG,f armif}u;D opPjyKygrh ,f/ 'Dpepfq;kd awGuu kd , G /f ausmrGrJ sm; tm;vH;k twGuf wdu k x f w k yf pfygrh ,f" wdu k x f w k yf pf&r,fvm; wdu k x f w k yf pfygrh ,fvm; æ oDcsi;f pmom; tqH;k ydik ;f u roJruGJ jzpfomG ;onfukd owdxm;rdvu kd =f uonf? tqdak wmf wGaH w;ode;f wef. aw;oDcsi;f ? acwfqdk;}uD; xJu &Gmol}uD; OD;vlqdk;. ocFsKdif;ukef; tkwf*l zsuf+zdKyGJonf cif;usif; ujyaeaom jyZmwfwyd'k o f m jzpfcyhJ gv#if vli,fwa,muf. xdv k rG ;f oDaom aw; wyd'k o f nf aemufcaH w;oGm;om jzpf&vdrf rnf? aw;oHu v,fuiG ;f wuGi;f vH;k od@k ul;pufys@H ES@H oGm;um r_e0f g;&Da0 va&mifjzifh a&m,Suo f mG ; cJo h nf? &GmOD;xdyf xH;k azG;azG; apwDajc&if;od@k olw@kd a&mufvmonfEiS hf vlcsi;f cGv J u kd f =uonf? &Gmaemufa=umbufo@kd vSr;f vmcJ=h uonf? tdrw f pH uf+rw d o f @kd ud, k pf D iH@k 0ifvu kd f =uonf? &ifcek f oHrsm;onf tdy, f mxJtxd uyfncSd sw d w f , G f ygvmcJ=h uonfy?J &ifcek o f H topfu xyfIwd;k vmcJ+h y;D jrnfaºu;aecJo h nf? eufjzef b,fvo kd wif;awG =um;=u&rvJ? +rKd @e,ftm%mydik af wG/ ykvyd f awG vma&muf pHpk rf;OD;rSmvm;? ol}u;D rdom;pk b,fvkd wke@f jyef =urvJ? b,fo@l udk zrf;qD;+y;D ESyd f pufar;jref; avrvJ? &ifcek o f rH sm; vdi_ ;f xyJw h ifco hJ nf?

(2) ol}u;D tkw*f l +zKd zsucf &H aom owif;u we,fv;kH wuGi;f vH;k tkwaf tmf aomif;eif;jzpf cJhonf? aemufwae@ aeapmif;p/ aendKptcsdefwGif &GmoHk;&Gm=um;u ocFsKid ;f uke;f onf yGaJ wmfu av;jzpfvmcJo h nf? wzGzJ JG woJoJ &Gmom;awG a&mufvmcJh tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

143

144

=uonf? OD;bd;k jr. rdom;pkrsm;vnf; rsuEf mS rsm; ndKraJ &mufvmcJ=h uonf? ol}u;D tkw*f u l kd bma=umifh +zKd zsucf hJ =u&ovJ? olw@kd awG u b,foal wGv?J aiGay;+y;D +zKd zsucf ikd ;f wmvm;? 'gq&kd if b,f&mG b,fa'ou b,foal wGu vma&muf+zKd cs cJah vovJ? xdak r;cGe;f rsm;ESihf twl ocFsKid ;f uke;f od@k wtHw h =o a&mufvmcJ=h ujcif; jzpfonf? wufacguo f u l wufacgu/f jyKH ;olujyKH ;/ rJo h u l rJ&h @JG / ido k u l id, k /kd &,fou l &,farm/ awG;olu awG;yl/ aqG;olu aqG;il/ qGwyf s@H olu yDwjd zifh qGwyf s@H / olw@kd cHpm;r_rsm;udk rzGi[ hf yJ odak vSmifou l odak vSmif/ zGichf s tHcsou l vnf; tHcs? cHpm;csuf awG;qcsurf sm;jzifh tkw*f l t+yKd tysu}f u;D udk awG;ai; ¶_=unfah e=uonf? wu,fu rxl;qef;onfh jzpfpOf? armifayoD;ukd ppfwyfxJ xd;k usw d x f &hJ ef rJvyd f rJvrd f vkycf o hJ nfh ol}u;D OD;zd;k jr. tkw*f l +zKd zsucf cH &hJ onfh owif;udk rkq;kd r rvS=unf rnfo@kd cHpm;&rnfenf;? a=u;pm;ppfom;uav; ayoD;vnf; u&ifjynfe,f 0rfcwdu k yf w JG iG f r¶_rvS aocJ+h y?D rvS=unf rnfo@kd cHpm;rnfenf;? ocFsKid ;f t&yfo@kd a&mufvmolrsm;rSm tkw*f yl su. f avnmt&yfuom &yf=unfh Edik f =uonf? tykwef @H u waxmif;axmif; xGuv f @kd ? a&mufonfEiS hf jyefxu G o f u l rsm;onf? "taza& tazhukd &ufpufvu kd =f uwm? tazhtw k *f el @J tkw*f x l u J acgi;f udyk g zsuq f ;D &uf=uygayw,f taz&,f? rw&m;wJo h al wG/ vl,w k rf mawG? b,fawmhrS ra=ubl; rSw?f taz touf&iS w f ;kH u armfawmif r=unf&h w J hJ olawG/ tckawmh tazhukd &ufpufvu kd f =u+yD taz&J@?"

OD;bd;k jr. orD;}u;D a':oDwmjronf &ifyiG rhf wwf a=uuG[ J pfio kd nf? ukuKdU yif}u;D xuf qDrS vif;Vwaumif vef@zswyf so H ef;xGuo f mG ;? us;D uef; wtkyv f nf; xyso H mG ;=uav+y?D xdt k w k *f El iS hf reD;ra0;wGif aoewfacsmif;&Gm;om; OD;cspaf tmifukd jrKyEf cHS o hJ nf? ajryHk rd@k rd@k xufwiG f &Guv f yS ef;udik ;f rsm;ESihf ykÀg;&dyf yef;eDerD sm;udk xd;k pdu k cf &hJ m xdyk ef;yGihf yef;udik ;f rsm;rSm EGr;f ajcmuf aºu=u cJ=h u+y?D &Guv f yS if wudik ;f url &GuEf o k pf oH;k &Gujf zifh pdr;f pdr;f vef;aecJo h nf? aoewfacsmif;&GmrS tzd;k tdw k pkrmS ajryHrk @kd rd@k ESihf cyfvrS ;f vSr;f ae&mwGix f ikd v f #u?f uGr;f jrKH aq;vdyaf omuf&if; w&m;¶_rw S f ae=uonf? a':oDwmjr [pfikd wdik w f rf;oHuykd g yDyo D o =um; &¶Hrk #ru ajrv$may:xdik v f #uf idak ºu;aeonfuykd g ¶_rw S f ae=uukeo f nf? "at;av; w&m;,l=u/ w&m;rSw=f uaygAh sm [kwv f m;" OD;bd;k EG,u f uGr;f wHawG;udk ypfueJ axG;&if; pum;pvdu k o f nf? xH;k pHtwdik ;f tbOD; bd;k EG,u f av;av;yifyif? toHu atmatm}u;D ? OD;}uKd io f if;u OD;bd;k EG,b f uf wcsuv f n S =hf unfh ajymif;zl;zuf aq;vdyw f u kd kd ¶du _ zf mG onf? xd@k aemuf æ "bdk;EG,f igw&m;rSwf=unfhr,fuGm? [dkbuftkwf*lysufu ol}uD;bdk;jr?

144

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

145

v,fyikd &f iS b f ;kd jr? 'Dbufu bmtm%mrS r&Scd w hJ hJ v,fuv l cD spaf tmif? ol}u;D zd;k jrtdrrf mS awmif v,fuv l v D yk &f if; vSn;f usKd ; xrf;cJ&h wJah umif? ol}u;D &J@orD; ido k x H rJ mS w&m;awG uygvm+y;D om;uG odvm;? tazvkyo f l ol}u;D u &Gmol&mG om;awG tay:rSm wuGurf S riJn h mS yJ &ufpufcv hJ @kd om ol@udk jyef&uf puf=uwm r[kwv f m;? zd;k jr ouf&x dS if&mS ; &Spd Ofu rsuEf mS awmif armfv@kd r=unf&h cJ w hJ hJ qif;&Jom; iydef wH;k nyfawG? eif;jym;awG? 'g;raemufyw d f acG;awG? 'Dvkd &Gmom;awG/ v,form; ulvaD wGukd b,fvkd &ufpuf&rvJ qdw k m olu, kd w f ikd f oifcw hJ m? ol@tkw*f l ol@tavmif;udk zsuw f m b,forl S r[kwb f ;l ? olu, kd w f ikd yf u J ?G ud, k u f sKd ; twW}u;D wJh txufu ppftyk pf k ppfaumifpu D kd zm;w,f? atmufuvlukd zdw,f? tm%m oH;k +y;D aus;&Gmudk tEdik u f sichf w hJ ,f? w&m;cHu zd;k jrud, k w f ikd /f zd;k jrrdom;pk jzpfaewmAs? uJ bd;k EG,f b,fEh , S v hf ?J tJ'g ig&wJh w&m;yJumG " om;rufukd vSn;f jzifh yd@k cdik ;f cJI h ocFsKid ;f ajrod@k a&mufvmcJah om tbOD;vGe;f armif? aemifa0S;udk axmufI vrf;av#muf&onfh roefrpGr;f jzpfaeaomtb? ol}u;D qd;k rsm; vufxJ wGif a&jzpfco hJ nfh tbOD;vGe;f armif? OD;}uKd io f if;. w&m;udk em;axmif&if; acgi;f udk wqwfqwf +ird v hf @kd ? "zd;k }uKd io f if; ajymwm rSev f u kd af vuG,?f tdr;f tJ'gw&m;yJ? w&m;u ao+y;D rS ocFsKid ;f rSm awG@wm r[kwb f ;l ? t&yfxrJ mS w&m;wm/ rw&m;wmudk awG@ae=u&wmygy?J tck[mu tkw*f l t+zKd c&H wm awmfao;wmayg?h rdom;pk wckv;kH rD;avmifwu kd f toGi;f rcH&wm? wlaomtudsK;ay;w,f qdak yrJh t&Suw f uGJ tusKd ;eJ tkw*f +l zKd wm cH&¶kyH J &Sad o; w,f?" tbd;k tdk oH;k a,mufab;wGif vli,fig;a,muf 0dik ;f xdik af e=uv#u?f tbd;k tdk wd@k . w&m;udk em=um;ae=u ukeo f nfjzpf.? xdt k cku d t f wef@ rSmyJ rar#mv f ifah om idak ºu;oH/ ar#mrf eS ;f rxm;onfh jrifuiG ;f udk =um;&jrif=u& jyefonf? " OD;cspaf tmif usKyw f a,mufxJ tm;ud;k &m rJv h u kd w f m? OD;bd;k jr&J@ orD;jzpfayrJh igo h rD;&if;vdyk J cspyf gw,fv@kd ajymcJch spcf w hJ hJ &Si&hf @J orD; tck a,musmF ; ,lomG ;+y?D usKyu f kd xm;&pfc+hJ y?D &Siw f @kd om;tzawG xGuo f mG ;awmh usKyw f a,mufxJ b,ft&dyrf mS cdu k ;kd &rSmvJ udck spaf tmif &,f æ " &ifqdk@vkvk ¶d_ufI ¶_dufIom a':odef;cif idkaºu;avawmhonf? a=uuGJp&m Zmwfu xyfay:vmcJ+h y?D v,fyikd &f iS f ol}u;D OD;zd;k jr t"rRusihf ajcawmfwifc&hJ mrS rode;f cif 0rf;=umwdkuf wGif udk,f0ef&SdcJhonf? orD;cif+idrf;at;onf OD;cspfatmif. orD;r[kwf?

OD;bd;k jr. rxifr&Sm; orD;? xdpk Ofu tm;ud;k &mrJh rdwqd;k zwqd;k q,fEh pS Ef pS -f q,fo h ;kH ESpf orD; t&G,f rode;f cifukd ol}u;D OD;zd;k jr. ZeD; a':vSaomfu aumuf,l arG;pm;cJo h nf? xrif;aºu; t0wfqifay;xm;onfh tdrfapr/ tdrfapcH? touf q,fhckESpfESpft&G,f tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

145

146

rode;f cif 0rf;=umwdu k w f iG f cif+ird ;f at; jzpfvmrnfh ud, k 0f efu oH;k v &vmaomtcg OD;bd;k jrtdru f pm&if;iSm; v,fvyk o f m; udck spaf tmifEiS hf ay;pm; vdu k =f uonf? xdrk pS I udck spaf tmifEiS f rode;f cifw@kd t=uifvifr,m; jzpfvmcJ=h u olawG? udck spf atmifu orD;av; cif+ird ;f at;udk toufvckd spu f m xdr;f odr;f apmifah &Smufco hJ nf? ZeD; rode;f cifukd oem;=uifem cJo h ?l OD;zd;k jr.orD; a':oDwmjronf a':ode;f cif. idak ºu;wdik w f nfou H kd =um;onfEiS hf qm;yufc&H aom wDaumifjzpfomG ;onf? rsuaf pmif;xd;k =unfh wufacguu f m vSn;f jzifh xGucf gG omG ;awmh onf? olr. aus;Zl;&Sif zcif}u;D um; tykwef @H waxmif;axmif;jzifh use&f pf cJ&h mS onf?

OD;cspaf tmif em;cdk tdypf uf&m ocFsKid ;f ajryHu k kd OD;cdu k u f efawmhum OD;av;}u;D wd@k pum; 0dik ;f od@k ac:ode;f cif a&mufvmcJo h nf? =uKH @=uKH @auG;auG; xdik v f @kd ? &moD'%f tvky=f urf; '%f txyfxyf cHxm;cJ&h onfh olrtom;ta&onf rGjJ ym a&mf&ifh aecJah vonf? a=uuGJ rsuv f ;kH tdrf wd@k rSm rSed af zsmah eonf? touft&G,Ef iS hf rr#onfh ¶ky&f nfukd azmfjyaeonf? "[db k uf tkw*f rl mS u jrifraumif; ¶_@raumif;avmufatmif zsuq f ;D oGm;w,f? ig wd@k nD cspaf tmif&@J ocFsKid ;f ajryHu k awmh wnf+ird af t;csr;f aevdu k w f m" jcm;em; uGm[aom jrifuiG ;f ESpcf u k kd OD;}uKd io f if;u ,SOjf yaecJo h nf? taemuf rd;k aumif; uif wdrrf #iw f rd w f u kd f Zmyef;uGurf sm;xJwiG f vdarRmaf evH;k u rvH@k wvHk iH@k ¶_;d ykef;uG,f aev#uf? OD;EG,fu xdkaevHk;udk armhai;=unfhv#uf uGrf;wHawG;udk ypfueJ axG;xkwjf yefonf? "tm;vHk; od+yD;om;yJ zdk;}udKifoif;&,f? bmrS ajymp&m rvdkawmh ygbl;uGm? cspaf tmif qdw k hJ v,fuv l u D ol@b0wav#mufv;kH b,fo@l udrk S 'kurQ ay;cJb h ;l ? vlwzuf om;udk 'kuaQ &mufatmif b,fwek ;f urS rvkycf w hJ hJ olawmfaumif; vlqif;&J/ uHq;kd wJh olawmfaumif;? ol}u;D OD;bd;k jruawmh uHaumif;wJh vl,w k rf m wa,mufaygu h mG ?" " zd;k EG,f igwckajymr,fumG ? igw@kd eif;jym;awGuvJ igw@kd udk rw&m; cdik ;f or# apor# acgi;f iH@k oD;cH+y;D vkycf =hJ uwm r[kwv f m;? igw@kd [m tm;rwef rmefav#m+h y;D ukov kd u f H raumif;vd@k qd+k y;D uHukd yHck sc=hJ uwm? zd;k EG,f pOf;pm;=unf?h cspaf tmifvykd gyJ b,fo@l udrk S igw@kd eif;jym;awG [m 'kuQ ray;cJb h ;l ? rSeyf gw,f? 'gayrJh rw&m; tEdik u f sirhf _ vkyv f mwm/ vlv@kd rjrifyJ EGm;waumif vdk jrifvmwm/ 'gawGukd oD;cHacgi;f iH@k aecJo h r# igw@kd rif;wd@k [m EGm;awG jzpfc=hJ uwmyJav" ab;em;u vli,fawGrmS jyKH ;&cuf/ &,f&cuf/ rJ&h vJ tcufjzpfomG ;=uonf? ud, k u hf , kd f udk EGm;tjzpf pGypf aJG eyHu k obm0usus jyKH ;&,fp&m qdak omfvnf; &ifeifph &m jzpfaeI b,frmS jyKH ;&,fEikd f ygawmhrvJ? OD;}uKd io f if;u ol@pum; tquftxH;k rsm;udk 146

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

147

jyefajzonf? OD;vGe;f armif udk wvSn/hf OD;zd;k EG,u f kd wvSnphf D =unf&h if; rmefygvmonf? " 'DrmS zd;k EG,/f igw@kd vl@avmu[m wd&p>mef avmu twdik ;f yJu?G t[dwf wd&p>mef om;¶dik ;f aumifawGukd =unfv h u kd pf rf;/ tiftm;oefprG ;f wJh aumifu tiftm;rJw h hJ aumifukd +rKd 0g; pm;aomufwmyJ? usm;u orifukd pm;w,f? ief;a¹ru jrufav#ma¹rukd +rKd w,f/ a¹ru ºuufukd +rKd w,f? OpPm tm%m&Sw d hJ aumifu OpPm tm%mrJw h hJ vlukd EGm;vdk cdik ;f w,f/ EGm;vdk oabmxm;w,f/ aoG;pkww f ,f? +ird cf H oD;cHawmh bmjzpfomG ;vJ/ ud, k yf g wd&p>mef jzpfomG ;wmayg?h 'Dawmh jzpfwehJ nf;eJ@ rw&m;wm/ tEdik u f siw hf mudk vltjzpfe@J wke@f jyef wGe;f vSerf S vl,Ofaus;? ESirhf @kd &if igw@kd vJ om;¶dik ;f wd&p>mef jzpfaerSmyJ? vlpifppfu EGm;awG/ u|aJ wGb0 a&mufae&if tiftm;}u;D wJo h u l yd}k uKd uw f mayg?h yd+k y;D rw&m; vkyv f @kd &wmayg?h " OD;zd;k EG,u f aumufum iifum pum;zefx;kd onf? " zd;k }uKd io f if; ajymcsiw f mu rae@nu b,f&mG urSe;f rodwv hJ w l csKd @u ol}u;D OuUXOD;bd;k jr tkw*f u l kd +zKd csvu kd w f m[m EGm;awG u|aJ wG&@J vljzpfa=umif; jywJh yGv J @kd ajymcsif wmvm;uG" xdo k @kd ,laomf &. aygu h mG qd+k y;D OD;}uKd io f if;u pum;pudk jzwfvu kd o f nf? vGecf w hJ hJ q,f&ufu aoqHk;cJhonfh OD;cspfatmifudk om"uxm;+yD; ajymjzpf=uao;onf? ol. eif;jym;b 0udk qef;ppf&mrS &Gmom;rsm;udk ocFe;f pmvSvS ay;cJo h nfh tjzpftysuu f ykd g xnfah jymjzpf=uonf? rw&m;wm tEdik u f siw hf m zdeif;wmudk vltjzpfEiS hf wke@f jyefweG ;f vSe&f mrS tEdik u f siw hf m cH&onfh vlawG wpkwpnf;xJ wnDwnGwx f J wke@f jyefrS tEdik u f sichf &H wJh b0u vGwaf jrmufw,f qdo k nfh vSaom ocFe;f pm? vl,Ofaus;wd@k . ocFe;f pm? vGefcJhonfh ppftm%m&Sif ae0if;ESifh ppftm%m&Sif pepfudk awmfvSefonfh ta&;awmf yH}k u;D xJwiG f eif;jym;OD;cspaf tmifonf yg0ifco hJ nf? tm%m&Siu f kd vl,Ofaus; vlawG tode;f toef; pkpnf;wGe;f vSef +zKd csjzKwcf s cJonfh ocFe;f pm om"uudk tbd;k tdk oH;k a,mufu wa,mufwrsKd ; xkwjf y=uonf?

OD;cspfatmif. eif;jym;ajrv$m ajrpmyif b0wGif bmeJ@rS rvJvS,fEdkifonfh wefb;kd ESpf ckukd olaoonftxd zufw, G f jrwfE;kd cJh bl;onf? wckEiS w hf ck wqufwnf; wpyfwnf;? &Spaf v;vH;k ta&;awmfy}kH u;D u wjynfv;kH udk Ed;k xap/ ¶ke;f ºuap ¶du k cf wfaeonfh umvwGif v,form; eif;jym;rsm;onf +rdK@awmfodk@ csDwuf+yD; ppftm%m&Sif pepf zsuo f rd ;f a&; twGuf taocH wdu k f yG0J if cJ=h uonf? wOD;wnf;aom ajr&Si/f tm%m&Siu f kd awmfveS q f ef@usif cJ=h uonf? woufv;kH ausmrGJ eif;jym;/ woufv;kH 'g;raemufyw d af cG; jzpfae&mrS vGwfajrmuf&ef ¶kef;x&mY v,fulvD OD;cspfatmif yg0ifcJhonfyJ? acgif;iHk@ cHcJh&onfh EGm;b0rS r[kwf&if rcHbl; vl,Ofaus;b0odk@ xkwf azmfjyoEdkifcJhonf?

OD;cspaf tmifonf +rKd @awmf Edik v f eG u f wW&mvrf;ray:wGif zufqpfwyfom;rsm;. aoewf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

147

148

vGecf whJ hJ q,f&ufu aoqH;k cJoh nfh OD;cspfatmifukd om"uxm;+yD; ajymjzpf=uao;onf? ol. eif;jym;b 0udk qef;ppf&mrS &Gmom;rsm;udk ocFe;f pmvSvS ay;cJoh nfh tjzpftysufuykd g xnfah jymjzpf=uonf? rw&m;wm tEdik uf sifwh m zdeif;wmudk vltjzpfEiS hf wke@f jyefweG ;f vSe&f mrS tEdik uf sifwh m cH&onfh vlawG wpkwpnf;xJ wnDwnGwxf J wke@f jyefrS tEdik uf sifch &H wJh b0u vGwaf jrmufw,f qdok nfh vSaom ocFe;f pm? vl,Ofaus;wd@k. ocFe;f pm? ........... ajymif;0 a&S@wGif &ifaumh }uKd ;yrf;cJo h nf? wefb;kd udk bmeJ@rS rvJv, S Ef ikd af wmh? olzuf wGif jrwfE;kd cJo h nfh vl,Ofaus;qdo k nfh wefb;kd ? vl,Ofaus;qdo k nfh bG@J xl;*k%x f ;l . wefb;kd ? naygi;f oH;k npvH;k a&$w*d akH jcawmf&if; oydwpf cef;wGif wnf;cdck =hJ upOf a&$w*d kH apwDawmfukd w0zl;cJ&h onf? +rKd @awmfEiS hf rdik af jcmufq,f eD;yg;r#om a0;uGmaomfvnf; v,fxw J iG f ajru|eb f 0jzifh evHrxlEikd cf ?hJ a&$w*d u kH kd zl;csiv f #uEf iS hf rzl;ar#mEf ikd cf ?hJ b0 woufwmvHk; pdwful; tdrfrufxJrSmyJ a&mufcJhbl;onfh a&$wd*Hk? awmfvSefa&;}uD;udk ta=umif;jyKI awmfveS af &; ta&;awmfy}kH u;D uyJ a&$w*d kH ajcawmf&if; qDo@kd yd@k aqmif ay;cJo h nf? tm;yg;w& w0warm zl;cJo h nfh aumif;r_uo k v kd f wefb;kd udk bmeJ@rS rvJv, S f EdkifcJh? xdEk pS cf /k xdw k efb;kd ESp&f yfukd ol vl=uKH wikd ;f ajymonf? pum;pyfrw d ikd ;f ajymonf? vl jzpfusKd ; eyfoavmufe;D yg; cHpm;&yHu k kd t&St d wdik ;f ajymjyaeus? ,QKvnf; tbOD;}uKd io f if; wd@k onf olxm;&pfco hJ nfh ocFe;f pmESihf ol@b0 toufxufq;kH jrwfE;kd zufw, G cf o hJ nfh wefb;kd ESp&f yf udk cs;D rGr;f *k%jf yK cJ=h ujyefonf? ol. ¶kyt f avmif;rSm ajratmufwiG f ysupf ;D ajymif;vJae+yD jzpf aomfvnf; ol.wefb;kd rSm b,frmS ajymif;vJysupf ;D oGm;Edik yf grnfenf;? ol@udk txyfxyf av;pm; OD;!$wf *k%jf yKae=uonf? " Adv k cf sKyf apmarmifw@kd tm%modr;f ,l +y;D wJah emufrmS &Gmuol}u;D aus;&Gm+ird yf d aumif pDOuUX pdeaf rmifu OD;cspaf tmifukd ac:+y;D owd ay;w,f? wu,fv@kd tckvykd J aemifukd oydwf arSmufr,f/ qef@usirf ,fq&kd if ol}u;D udk cGijhf yKcsuf awmif;&rwJ?h 'Dawmh OD;cspaf tmif u bmajymw,f rSwv f /J "gwaf jr=oZm cd;k a&mif;wJh udprP S r[kww f m/ ig,=kH unfv@kd igvyk w f hJ udp?P trsm;aumif; usKd ;twGuf pkpnf;tvkyf vkyw f u hJ pd /P igu bma=umifh cGijhf yKcsuf awmif;&rSmvJuv G @kd wif;wif;rmrm jywfjywfajymawmhrS +ird o f mG ;w,fav" rodef;cifonf olwdk@vifr,m; =uHKawG@cJhonfh b0wauG@udk vSpfjyvdkuf? pum;0dik ;f xJ rS vli,fv}l u;D wd@k ajrodrw hf ek af tmif jyKH ;&,fvu kd =f uonf? tb OD;}uKd io f if;u ajymvufp pum;awGukd ed*;kH csKyv f u kd o f nf? at;...ign h cD spaf tmifa&@ rif;[m eif;jym; 148

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

149

EGm;b0uae ,Ofaus;wJh vl vl,Ofaus;tjzpfe@J aoqH;k cJw h myJumG ? rif;&J@ aumif;r_awGukd igw@kd om"kac:ygw,fumG ? ig wd@k &J@ om"kac:oHukd ajrwdu k x f u J ae rif;=um;ygap? ae0ifp naeqnf;qmonf vdarRmaf &mifrS cJom;a&mifo@kd ul;ajymif;vmcJ+h y?D arSmif &Doef;onfEiS hf vlpck u JG m tdrjf yefvmcJ=h uonf? ocFsKid ;f uke;f wGif olw@kd ESpaf ,muf usef &pfc=hJ uonf? wa,mufu rke;f wD;pufqw k rf _ atmhEv S ;kH emr_ awGukd &&Scd v hJ @kd ? wa,mufaom olu vlw@kd . cspjf rwfE;kd r_ukd &&Sad evd@k ?

(3) 'kw, d ajrmuf ae@wGif ykvyd t f zG@J o&ufuek ;f &Gmod@k a&mufvmcJah vrvm;? wwd, ajrmuf od@k r[kwf aemuf&ufawGrmS b,fo@l udk vmzrf;rnfenf;? a':oDwmjrwd@k rdom;pku ppf axmufvrS ;f a&;ESihf ykvyd u f kd }uKd uaf ps;ay; vm'fx;kd +y;D b,fo@l udk zrf;cdik ;f avrvJ? rd;k OD;us pdr;f pdk tH@k rdi_ ;f aeaom o&ufuek ;f &Gmonf &ifcek v f i_d ;f xaecJo h nf? &Gm. xd&k ifcek o f o H nf rd;k }uKd ;ypfEiS hf aoewfacsmif;&Gmod@k wdik f ul;cwfaecJah vonf?

armifp;kd csDef =o*kwf 25/2012 eHeuf 4em&Dwwd ?d

...............

0J}oCrSm aw;oHjydKifvdk h A[kvGifjyif

(88) rsdK;quf ausmif;om; acgif;aqmifwpfOD;. axmifwGif;jzpf EdkifiHa&;aemufcH 0wˆKopf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;rS pDpOfxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

149

150

bmomjyef tcef;quf Tpmtkyfonf pma&;q&mr karen connelly . rl&if;pmtkyw f tkyjf zpf+yD; pmzwfolrsm; tm; tvGeftrif; zwfapcsifaom qENa=umifh }uKd;pm; wifjyvkdufygonf? Tpmtkyftm; zwfapjcif;jzifh jref rmEkdifiHtwGif; tkyfcsKyfrif;rlaeaom ppftpkd;&. vuf xufwGif jrefrmEkdifiHom;wkd@ rnfa&G@ rnfr#xdvl@tcGifh ta&; qkH;&_H;ae+yD; jrefrmEkdifiHwGif;&Sd tusOf;axmif rsm;twGif; rnfuJhokd hzdpD;ESdyfpuf rnfuJhokd qif;&J'kuQcH&I ppftpkd;&. vlrqefr_rsm;ukd uGufuGufuGif;uGif; odjrif&rnf jzpfygonf? tcef;quftjzpf azmfjyoGm;ygrnf?

tvif ; td r f r **~~ Z if ; ,cifvrStquf

tdrfajrSmifavSmiftdrf tcef; ( 55)

axmifeH&Haxmifhu oHacsmif;acgufoHudk em;pGifhvdkuf&if; naeig;em&Dxdk; awZtjyifo@kd ai;=unfv h u kd af wmh pmuav; av;aumifa&yH;k ta[mif;xJu a&xJrmS a&csKd ;ae=uwm jrif&w,f? acgi;f eJ@ tawmifyaH wG ajcmufomG ;atmif cE<mud, k u f kd cgxw k f ae=uw,f? wckecf ek f wqGqeG @J awZtem;txd a&mufvmw,f? awZ pmuav;awGukd aemufajymifz@kd yg;pyf [vdu k w f ,f? emusiv f mw,f? bmvd@k tckxufxd emusiaf ewke;f yJ/ b,favmuf=umrS 'Dyg;pyfe@J E_wcf rf;awG taumif;twdik ;f jyefjzpfrmS vJ? awZ ol@&J@ oHwikd t f aemufrmS xdik af e&if; vufxu J xrif;aph vufuseaf v; awGe@J pmuav;awGukd jrmS ;ac:aew,f? pmuav;awGvnf; awZudk aemufajymifygw,f? yso H mG ;vdu k f awZteD;rSm jyefvmvdu k /f ckeq f q G eG @J [dak jy;'Dajy;vkyaf ew,f? awZ pmuav; awGudk =unfhae&if; oabmuspGm &,farmrdw,f? pmuav;awGudk pdwf0ifpm;pGm =unfah e&if; cE<mud, k u f kd =urf;jyifay:rSm vSaJ evdu k w f ,f?

150

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

151

awZ taqmif&@J t0ifvrf;zuf vSr;f +y;D ar#m=f unfv h u kd w f ,f? ajcoH=um;vdu k &f w,f? Free Elsavador av; a&mufvm+y;D vifAef;udk vufEpS zf ufe@J aoaocsmcsm udik x f m;w,f? awZu aumif;av;udk / "rif;vmwmeJ@ ig&h @J oli,fcsi;f pmuav;awG a=umuf+y;D xGuaf jy;oGm;w,f? bmyJjzpfjzpf pmuav;awG igq h u D kd r=umcifjyefvmvdrrhf ,f? igh pmuav;awG naepm pm;p&m&Sad ewm pmuav;awGow d ,f? " Free Elsavador av;u "udkawZ / cifAsm; xrif;jyefpm;+yDvm; / usGefawmf bmvkyaf y;&rvnf;? " awZ acgi;f cgvu kd w f meJ@ aumifav;u awZ twGu, f v l mwJh naepm xrif;[if;udk awZ ta&S@rSmbJ tm;&yg;& xdik pf m;vdu k w f ,f? aumifav;u / "udak wZ bmjzpfv@kd tckxufxd xrif;rpm;ao;wmvnf;/ vd@k ar;vdu k w f ,f? " awZ u acgi;f cgvu kd &f if;eJ@ "igrS rqmwmuGm / rqmyJe@J b,fvv kd yk +f y;D pm;vd@k &rSmvnf;?" / aumifav;u "udak wZ / cifAsm;tck odwyf ed af e+yaD emf/ awmfawmf=um vJusaer,f/ tm;jywfomG ;wmawmh raumif;bl;?" awZ u "ig rif;udk ajymbl;w,f/ rif; rrSwrf ad wmhb;l vm;/ ig bke;f }u;D awGvykd J usiahf ew,fqw kd m ? reufbJ pm;w,f/ ae@vnfausm&f if bmrS rpm;awmhb;l av? " aumifav;[m ol@E_wcf rf;udk vufzrd;k eJ@ yGwo f yf&if; pdwx f u J " 'Dvl eJeJ &l;ae+yD " vd@k awG;vdu k rf w d ,f? (awZ) - ig naepm rpm;ayrJh xrif;awmh enf;enf; igt h wGuf csex f m;ay;yg? ig iSuu f av;awGukd tpmaus;G csiw f ,f? aumifav;u "udak wZ / cifAsm;u bke;f }u;D rS r[kwb f J / bmvd@k 'Dvkd vky&f wm vnf;? " (awZ) - at;igu bke}f u;D r[kwaf yr,fh (8) yg;oDv apmifzh @kd }uKd ;pm;aewm / bke;f }u;D awG vkyo f vdak yg@ ?

Free Elsavador av;[m / iSua f wGtwGuf xrif;(3) ZGe;f pm awZ &J@oHwikd x f u J kd xnfah y;xm;w,f? aumifav;[m awZudk txif}u;D oGm;w,f? "cifAsm; awmfawmf =uifemwwf wmyJaemf?" awZ&J@ xrif;vifAef;em;rSm xdik af e&if; awZudk ai;=unfh vdu k w f ,f? "udkawZ" &kwfw&uf aumifav;toH=um;vdkufw,f? awZu tay:udk armh=unfv h u kd w f ,f? aumifav;[m =uifemwJrh suv f ;kH awGe@J awZ udk =unfah e&if; / "cifAsm; b,fawmhavmuf 'Daxmifxu J vGwrf mS vnf;?" (awZ) - aumifav;udk =unfah e&if; pdwx f u J " ig 'Daumifav;udk enf;enf; av;rS txifr}u;D cJw h m rSm;+yx D ifw,f? 'Daumif tawG;tac: &Sad ew,f? awmfvmw,fv@kd ajym&rSmbJ ?" tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

151

152

awZ udk,fcE<mudk wjznf;jznf;a&G@vdkuf&if; aumifav; auseyfrJhpum;udk aoaocsmcsm pOf;pm;ae&if; "at; - odyrf =umawmhb;l / 'ga=umifrh if;udik g / 'DuaexGuf oGm;zd@k ajymaewmayg@? igrxGucf if rif;twGuf vkyEf ikd w f mvkyv f u kd cf siw f ,f?" awZ ajympum;ud=k um;&if; aumifav; t&rf;tm;wufvmw,f? "[m 'gq&kd if useG af wmfw@kd tjyifrmS r=umcif awG@=u&awmhrmS ayg@aemf?" ('gayr,fh aoaocsmcsm jyefawG@r,fqw kd m rajymwwfb;l ? 'gayr,fh rif;udk igt h ar ajymwJph um; ajymjyr,f? vlEpS af ,muf[m b,favmufa0;a0; rawG@bJaeae aemufq;kH wa,mufa,mufu aysmufu, G o f mG ;awmifrS wa,mufuw kd a,muf cspcf ifwhJ arwWmawGe@J tJ'v D El pS af ,muf vlcsi;f rawG@awmhayr,fh t+rw J rf;owd&aer,f/ cspcf ifae r,f/ tJ'gukd rif; aoaocsmcsm rSwx f m;yg? ) aumifav;rSm atmufoGm;eJ@ tay:oGm;zHk;udk udkufxm;&if;/ 0rf;enf;pGm rsu&f nfawG usvmw,f? aumifav;u " wa,mufe@J wa,muf t+rw J rf;awG@ae cspcf ifae&wm avmuf awmh raumif;bl;ayg@aemf? " ( awZ ) "at; - enf;enf;awmhrwlb;l ? 'gayr,fh tcspq f w kd m odycf ikd rf mw,f? urBmay:rSm tiftm;t&SdqHk; t&mwckvdk@ajym&r,f? rif;eHrnfeJ@ rif;&Sdw,f? igu rif;ta=umif; rodbeJ @J vnf; rif;udck spw f ,f? oabmwckajym&&if ig&,f ign h v D akd yg@ ? igu axmifxrJ mS / ign h u D e,fpyfawmxJrmS ? axmifxrJ mS ae&vd@k rawG@Edik b f ;l qdak yr,fh tjyifrmS aevnf; rawG@Edik b f ;l ? odyaf 0;w,f? b,fvo kd mG ;&rSe;f awmif rodEikd b f ;l ? 'gayr,fh ighnDudk ig t+rowd,w,f/ cspfw,f? ol@ta=umif;ae@wdkif; pOf;pm;w,f? tJ'DvdkbJ ign h v D nf; igu h ckd spw f ,f? b,favmufa0;a0; cspaf e / owd,aer,fqw kd m igow d ,f? tJ'g[mtcspb f ?J awG@aerS cspw f m r[kwb f ;l ? rawG@bJe@J vnf;/ cspaf e&if+y;D wmbJ?" aumifav;[m awZ udk aoaocsmcsm pdu k =f unfah ew,f? w&m;xdik w f hJ yHpk eH @J xdik af ewJh awZud, k cf E<m[m ydev f v DS v S eG ;f w,f? awZpdwx f rJ mS tvdv k kd odaew,f? aumifav; awZqDu wckcak r#mv f ifah ew,f? bmvJawmhrodb;l ? awZ&J@ pum;awGukd yd+k y;D =um;csiaf ew,f? awZay;wJh ynmawGukd yd+k y;D vdck siv f mw,f? awZ u wd;k wd;k av;eJ@ " nDav; - 'gah =umifh igajymwmayg@/ avmu}u;D rSm vlawG[m wa,mufe@J wa,muf rawG@=u rqHEk ikd =f uayr,fh cspaf e=uEdik w f ,f? " aumifav; awZ udpk u kd =f unf&h if; 0rf;enf;vmawmh rsuv f m$ udk atmufukd oufjyif;eJ@twl csvu kd w f ,f? zdeyfr0wfxm;wJh aumifav;&J@ ajcaxmufuav;awGukd awZ pdu k =f unfah e&if; aemifw&p&mpum;udk ajymcsvu kd w f ,f? " igw@kd vnf; wa,mufe@J wa,muf aowJt h xd cspo f mG ;vd@k &w,f?"

152

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

153

aumifav; idck svu kd &f if; xdcu kd pf mG eJ@ " udak wZ - cifAsm; rao&bl;? b,fawmhrS rao&bl;? raobJe@J 'Dvb kd J uíefawmfw@kd cspaf e=ur,f? " oHwikd u f kd udik x f m;wJh aumifav;&J@ vufuav;awGukd awZ aoaocsmcsm qkyu f ikd x f m;vdu k &f if;eJ@ "igaoaocsmcsm ajymjyr,f/ rif;aoaocsmcsm rSwx f m;/ rif;ao wmudk odc&hJ if/ tJ'aD ojcif;u touf&iS o f efjcif; qdw k mudk rif;udk aoaocsmcsm oifay; vdrrhf ,f?" aumifav; pum;ajym rxGuaf wmhbJ pdwt f m;i,fpmG awZudk pdu k =f unfah ew,f? aumifav;[m cGcJ mG jcif; / aysmufq;kH jcif; / qdw k mudk r=um;csiaf wmhyg? odvnf;rodcsib f ;l ? oifvnf; roifcsiaf wmhb;l ? toH;k ruswhJ pm&Gu/f toH;k ruswhJ abmvfyif wckawmh&dS w,f? tJ'gawGukd awZudk ay;vdu k w f t hJ wGuf awZqDu vifAef;jym;udk awmif;vdu k w f ,f? "reufu uíefawmfay;xm;wJh vifAef;jym;udkajymwmyg? uíefawmf zdkxJrSm jyefxm;&r,f?" awZ wvSr;f csi;f vSr;f &if; tcef;axmifu h vifAef;udk aumuf,v l u kd w f ,f? wajz;ajz; vSnv hf u kd &f if; ydev f aDS o;oG,w f hJ vufe@J aumifav;vufxu J kd vifAef; jyefxnfh ay;vdu k w f ,f?

Free Elsavador av;u vifAef;udkoHwdkif=um;uqGJ,lvdkufwJhtoH[m oHwikd u f kd oHacsmif;eJ@ jcpfvu kd w f hJ toHvkd =um;&w,f? aumifav; uke;f uke;f uGueG @J ud, k cf E<mudk [efrysuf jyefxed ;f vdu k w f ,f? tprSm ajcvSr;f rSm;oGm;awmh vJusrvdk jzpfomG ; wmayg@? 'gayr,fh vifAef;xJu pm;p&mawG / xrif;awGawmh zdwu f somG ;w,f? awZ &,f / aumifav;&,f olw@kd ESpaf ,muftv,frmS =urf;jyifay:rSm jyef@}uJ aewJh pm;=uiG ;f pm;useaf wGukd ai;=unfah e&if; awZu "odw+f y;D pdwrf yle@J wu,fv@kd olw@kd ar;&if ihga=umifh vifAef;arSmufomG ; w,fq+kd y;D awmif;yefvu kd rf ,f? " awZpdwx f rJ mS wqufxJ axmifr;_ vlacsm / udpk ed , f w kH @kd udk yd+k y;D a'goxGuv f m w,f? ol@udkESdyfpufcJhwJh 0g'gawGudkvnf; a'goxGufvmw,f? 'geJ@bJ bmrSrqdkifbJ atmf[pf&if; "b,faumifrS ig@qDrvmeJ@ / igb,ftaumifrS rvdck sib f ;l ? b,ftaumif rSvnf; aomuf*&krpdkufbl;? " a'goeJ@ atmf[pfaew,f? 0ef;xJu 0g'gawG=um;rSm aocsmw,f? 'gayr,fh olw@kd u awZudk tvum;t&l;bJq+kd y;D / ypfxm;=uw,f? awZ atmf[pf+y;D rS aemifw&csio f vdk a=umuf&@HG vmovdk cHpm;&w,f? 'Dvekd @J tcef;av;&J@ eH&=H um;rSm rwfwyf ausmuf&yk w f &kyv f kd awmifah wmif}h u;D &yfaevdu k w f ,f? tusO;f cef;xJu atmf[pfayguu f +JG y;D ajy;xGuo f mG ;csiv f mw,f? aumifav;[m ol@tjypfvnf;ygawmh a=umufa=umuf&@HG &G@H eJ@ bmvky&f rvJ tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

153

154

rodatmifjzpfomG ;w,f? awZeJ@ rsuv f ;kH csi;f rqHrk ad tmif }uKd ;pm;vdu k w f ,f? usaewJ[ h mawGukd tjrefjyef+y;D oyfxnhv f u kd w f ,f? rsuEf mS odwyf o l mG ;w,f? 'ge@J bJ vifAef;udk tjrefaumuf,+l y;D p}ueF u f tjrefq;kH ajy;xGuo f mG ;w,f? awZu "nDav; c%aetke;f / " ajymvdu k af yr,fh aumifav;r&yfrem; tjref ajy;xGuv f m&if; axmifrw S w f rf;&H;k awmif ausmo f mG ;w,f? tJ'D tcsed rf mS wm0efus 0g'g[m aumifav;udk "ukvm;av; ajz;ajz;vkyf ajz;ajz;vkyf " ajymvdu k w f ,f? 'ge@J aumifav; tajy;&yf+y;D ckeaf ewJh &ifcek o f u H kd twdik ;f om; =um;aevdu k &f w,f? oluikd x f m;wJh vifAef;[m wdu k yf w d t f cef;axmifrh mS ususe&f pfcw hJ mawmif olrod vdu k &f awmhb;l ? 0g'gtaqmifa&S@u jzwfav#mufvu kd &f if; taqmifxu J uufqufxu J trsKd ;ord; wa,muf oDcsi;f qdo k =H um;&w,f? aumifav; ol@&J@tzDcsxm;wJh tdrt f pkwu f av;qD jyefa&mufomG ;w,f? txJu ypPn;f awGwppDjyef@}uaJ ew,f? axmifrLS ;vlacsm ol@udv k m+y;D &du k Ef u S w f ;kH u olxu G af jy;&if; yG}uo J mG ;wJh ypPn;f awG ol@twGuf odyt f a&;}u;D wJh vG,t f w d u f kd vufxrJ mS +r+J rq J yk u f ikd f vdkufw,f? vG,ftdwf atmufqHk;axmifhrSm oltjrwfEdk;qHk;ypPnf;udk vufeJ@prf;&if; &SmazGaew,f? awG@+yD.....0rf;omoGm;w,f? opfom; rD;cspb f ;l av;? txJukd zGi=hf unfv h u kd &f if; ypPn;f awGukd ppfvu kd w f ,f? tm;vH;k useaf o;w,f? t"du aumifav;twGuf wefz;kd rjzwfEikd w f mu tJ'D rD;cspb f ;l av;xJrmS ol@taz &J@ oGm;wacsmif;udk aoaocsmcsm odr;f xm;w,f? tJ'g[m aumifav; tjrwfE;kd qH;k ypPn;f bJ? tckrb S J use&f pfcw hJ hJ vifAef;udk owd&w,f? oGm;+y;D jyef,&l tke;f r,f? awZ&J@ ta&S@rSm vifAef; arSmufuscw hJ mudk olv;kH 0 pdwyf o l mG ;w,f? pdwv f nf;raumif;bl; cHpm;&w,f? t"du tckjzpfaewm 0rf;Adu k x f u J toHawGjrnfaew,f? Adu k o f yd q f mvmwm trSeb f ?J

armi af rmifvwf ( Roland Hardy ) qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

154

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

155

bmomjyef tcef;quf a'gufwmbarmf .

&kef;xGufcJh&aomjrefrmjynf Ba Maw BREAK THROUGH IN BURMA Memoirs Of a Revolution 1939 - 1946

oef;0if;vSkdif (jyefqdkonf) rl&if;pma&;q&m a'gufwmbarmf. (Breakthrough in Burma) vuf&mjzpfonf?a'gufwmbarmfonf udkvdkeD acwfynmwwf 0wfvHka&S@aewpfOD;jzpf+yD;/ jrefrmEdkifiH.udkvdkeDacwf 0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif;wpfOD;/ zufqpf*syefacwf t"dywdtm%m&SifwpfOD;/ twdkuftcH EdkifiHa&;orm;wpfOD; jzpfcJhbl;olwa,mufjzpfum/ oljzwfoef;}uHKawG@cJh&aom jrefrmjynf. EdkifiHa&;jzpfpOfudk tajccHI a&;om;xm;aom pmtkyfjzpfonf? pma&;q&m oef;0if;v_difrS bmomjyefI a&;om;xm;onfudk tvif;tdrfrStcef;quftjzpf az:jyvdkufygonf? acwfwpfacwf/ EdkifiHwpfEdkifiH. EdkifiHa&;ordkif; jzpfpOfudk acgif;aqmifwpfa,muf jzpfcJhol. a&;om;csufudk avhvmod&SdEdkif&ef wifjyvdkufygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

,cifvrStquf

wdik ;f jynfonf trSeyf if ppf}u;D ESihf rsuEf mS csi;f qdik f ae&onf? jrefrmh t&if;tjrpf tm;vH;k udk +Aw d o d #w@kd oabmtwdik ;f odr;f ,lz@kd pm&if;aumufaeonf? jynfov l x l u k kd xde;f csKyzf @kd umuG,af &; Oya'ESihf pnf;rsO;f pnf;urf;a[mif;wd@k udk jyefvnf toufoiG ;f onf? vufeufuikd w f yfrsm; wd;k cs@J =uonf? txde;f tcsKyrf &Sd bwf*suu f kd toH;k jyKvsuf umuG,af &; vkyif ef;rsm; pwifonf? Ttajc taersm; aqmif&u G af epOfYyif/ ppfukd &ifqikd af e&o!fh tjcm;Edik if w H @kd . t&yf&yf tajctaewd@k udk vnf; u|Eyfk w f @kd =um;ae& onf? rdrw d @kd udk ppf}u;D twGi;f qGo J iG ;f r!fh t}ut H pnfEiS hf vkyu f ikd af eo!fh ywf0ef; usirf S taetxm; trsKd ;rsKd ;udk owdxm;rd=uo!ft h cg / rdrw d @kd taeESihf wpfcck u k kd jywfjywfom;om; qH;k jzwf &rnf jzpfa=umif; oabmayguv f monf? rnfo@kd yif oabm xm;onf jzpfap/ ppf}u;D um; jrefrmwd@k ESifh ywfoufvmae+y?D jyifyjzpf&yfEiS hf zdtm;rsm; a=umihf urBm yÉdyuQtwGi;f yg0ifywfoufaeo!fh jynforl sm;taeESifh tjyif;txef tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

155

156

pOf;pm; qH;k jzwfz@kd vkv d monf? tajctaeopf wpfcu k vnf;/ jrefrmwd@k twGuf &kyv f ;kH ay: vmav+y?D jynforl sm;t=um; txl;ojzifh Edik if aH &;ygwrD sm;twGuf oabmxm;wpfcrk mS jywfom; xif&mS ;vm+y;D / aemufyikd ;f jzpfxeG ;f vmr!f/h jzpf&yfw@kd udk tqdyk g umv twGi;f u oabmxm;rsm; wGe;f yd@k ay;vdu k af wmhonf?

TtawmtwGi;f jynfwiG ;f ESihf jynfy tajctae t&yf&yfukd ajymif;vJay;vdu k f o!fh tajc taersm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? u|Eyfk f t,ltqt&/ tqdyk g tajctaersm;rSm azmfjyyg vtenf;i,f twGi;f yHak zmfvmo!fh oabmxm;rsm;tay:/ t}u;D tus,f v$r;f rd;k cJo h !ft h wGuf ,if;wd@k udk azmfjy zd@k vkt d yfrnf xifonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd a&G;cs,cf o hJ !fh vrf;a=umif;tay: eufeuf&id_ ;f &_id ;f &du k cf wfco hJ !fh jzpf&yf ig;ckukd u|Eyfk f azmfjytH?h Ttjzpftysuw f @kd rSm jrefrmwd@k . oabmwlnrD _ r&Syd gy/J jrefrmjynfukd ppf}u;D twGi;f qGo J iG ;f cJo h !fh +Aw d o d #w@kd . vky&f yfrsm;vnf; jzpfonf? ,if;wd@k rSm ppfEiS hf pyfvsO;f o!fh +Aw d o d #w@kd . &nf&, G cf surf sm; jzpfonf? txl;ojzihf vGwv f yfaom ydv k efEikd if u H kd wdu k cf u dk I f vljzL Edik if w H @kd udk u|efjyKo!fh +Adwdo#wdk@. a=unmcsuf/ tdENd,trsdK;om; uGeu f &uf. ppftay: oabmxm;/ *syefw@kd . tm&Say:vpDopf 1940 jy!hEf pS f tapmydik ;f wGif *smrefw@kd . ppfatmifjrifrr_ sm; ESihf 4if;aemufyikd ;f 1941/ 42 ppftwGi;f yg0ifvmo!fh *syef po!fh tjzpftysuw f @kd rSm jrefrmjynf. Edik if aH &; tvS!t hf ajymif; tay: qH;k jzwfay;vdu k o f !fh jzpf&yfrsm; jzpfawmhonf? +Aw d ed u f *smrefukd ppfa=unmvdu k o f !fEh iS hf jrefrmjynf bk&ifcu H vnf;/ jrefrm wd@k udk ppfxJ qGaJ c: zd@k enf;vrf;&Smawmhonf/ umuG,af &;XmerS t&m&Sw d pfO;D . tqdt k & xdpk Ofu 0ef}u;D csKyf wm0efxrf;aeo!fh OD;ykukd bk&ifcu H jrefrm Oya'jyK v$waf wmf. ppfa=unmcsu&f zd@k awmif;qdck o hJ nf?

Tod@k aqmif&u G rf nfqv kd #if t,ltq trsKd ;rsKd ; &Sad eo!f/h ol. ygwrD mS tpdwpf w d f tr$mr$m uGo J mG ;Edik o f nf? od@k twGuf OD;yktaeESifh tqdyk g udpu P kd wdu k cf u kd f aqmuf&u G zf @kd wGe@f qkwf aeonf? Oya'jyK v$waf wmf taeESiv hf nf; xdcu kd ef pfemEdik o f !fh Edik if aH &; jy\emrsm;udk yGiyhf iG v fh if;vif; raqG;aEG;yJEiS fh vufcv H rd rhf nf r[kw?f od@k twGuf xrif;a&yl v#mvGI J om/ OD;yku zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH tajccH Oya'u ay;xm;o!fh tm%m jziho f m aqmif&u G zf @kd bk&ifcu H kd v$aJ y;vdu k o f nf? jrefrmjynfrmS vnf; +Aw d o d # tifyg,m. tpdwt f ydik ;f wpfcjk zpfo!ft h wGuf *smreDEiS hf +Aw d o d #w@kd jzpfaeo!fh ppfy}JG u;D Y jrefrmwd@k vnf; yg0if&rnf jzpfonf? Ttcsuo f nf OD;ykEiS fh ol. 0ef}u;D tzG@J wd@k . vuf&adS e&mudk xdcu kd rf _ r&So d vd/k t*Fvyd w f @kd tvk&d &dS mudv k nf; ay;vdrrhf nf jzpfonf? jynfow l @kd onf om/ u|EJ pS af umif cwfw=hJ um; ajrZmyif b0 a&muf&awmhrnf? od@k jzihf rdrw d @kd twGuf b,fvkd tusKd ;tjrwf/ b,fvkd ta=umif;a=umifh [lI 156

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

157

vH;k 0 rodygyJ ppf}u;D twGi;f jrefrmwd@k '&Gww f u kd f vdu k yf gaeonf? Ttcsurf mS zG@J pnf;tkyf csKyyf o kH pfu rnfo@kd qdx k m;ap/ udv k ekd D jynfow l @kd . uH=urRmudk pDrH uGyu f aJ eo!fh t*Fvyd w f @kd . tppftrSef tm%mvnf; jzpfonf? Tod@k aom a=unmcsurf sKd ;udk rsuEf mS v$zJ @kd twGuv f nf; olw@kd zG@J pnf;yHw k iG f enf;vrf;wpfcck k &S+d y;D jzpfonf? Tonfum; tusyt f wnf;wdik ;f Y awG@&o!fh tajctae wpfcv k nf; jzpfonf? xdt k csed Yf yif tdE, dN rS ppfqef@usiaf &; a=u;G a}umfow H @kd udv k nf; u|Eyfk w f @kd =um;vdu k &f onf? xdrk S jrefrmjynfo@kd ul;pufvmcg / jrefrmjynf ppfqef@usiaf &; v_y&f mS ; r_rsm; tpysKd ;vmonf? jrefrmESihf tdE, dN &Sd trsKd ;om;ygww D @kd u wufwuf=u=G uG ae&mtES@H tjym;/ v_y&f mS ;cJ=h u +y;D / t*Fvyd f t&dyaf tmuf aexdik af eolrsm;om 4if;v_y&f mS ;r_rsm; udk qef@usicf =hJ uonf? Tppf}u;D onf jynfow l @kd ESihf rywfoufyJ t*Fvyd t f pd;k &ESio hf m oufqikd af =umif; twdtvif; xkwaf zmfc=hJ uonf? od@k jyif ppfEiS hf pyfvsO;f o!fh tjrifrsm; rSmjrefrmwd@k . aemufq;kH wdu k yf u JG kd tpjyKay;vdu k af wmhonf? qdck o hJ vdk jrefrmwd@k taeESifh bkrod brod/ ppf}u;D twGi;f qGo J iG ;f cHvu kd &f ovd/k ppfwu kd &f r!fh &nf&, G cf surf mS vnf;/ t*Fvyd w f @kd . a=unmcsut f & cHjyif;p&maumif; vSonf? xH;k pHtwdik ;f t*Fvyd w f @kd u ppfEiS fh ywfoufo!fh &nf&, G cf suu f kd wpfcef;wpfem; a=unmonf? t*Fvyd w f @kd onf u|ejf yK cHxm;&o!fh jynfot l aygi;f . vGwv f yfrt _ wGuf c&l;qdwf ppfy}kH u;D udk pwifvu kd +f yD jzpfa=umif; Edik if aH &;wefz;kd ESihf usi0hf wfukd wefz;kd xm; av;pm;oltm;vH;k / t*Fvyd f tifyg,m}u;D udk umuG,&f rnf jzpfa=umif; xkwjf yefonf? od@k wdik f TtxJwiG f t*Fvyd Ef iS hf taygi;f tygrsm;/ u|efjyKxm;o!fh udv k edk D jynforl sm; ryg? ppf}u;D onf jrefrmwd@k ppf}u;D jzpfaomfvnf;/ vljzLrsm;uJo h @kd jrefrmwd@k wGif tcGit hf a&; hf a&;rsm;udk umuG,&f rnfom jzpfonf? r&S?d jrefrmwd@k wm0efu vljzLwd@k . tcGit vdt k yfv#if taocHI aomfvnf;aumif;/ ydik q f ikd o f !ft h &m tm;vH;k udk pGe@f v$wI f aomf vnf;aumif; wdu k cf u kd &f rnf jzpfonf?

Tonfw@kd um; udv k ekd D Edik if rH sm;tay: xm;&So d !f/h t*Fvyd w f @kd . ppf&nfreS ;f csurf sm; jzpfonf? trSet f m;jzifh u|Eyfk w f @kd . ta&;t&mESifh ywfoufor# t*Fvyd w f @kd . csO;f uyfrr_ mS &,fp&m aumif;vSonf? +Aw d o d #w@kd . t}uu H m; u|Eyfk w f @kd ESifh ydv k efvrl sKd ; wd@k udk cGjJ cm;aejcif; jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd rSm tm&SEikd if H jzpf+y;D / t*Fvyd w f @kd u odr;f ydu k f xm;onf? ydv k efw@kd um; Oa&my wdu k o f m;rsm; jzpf+y;D *smrefw@kd vufatmuf a&mufae onf? t*Fvyd w f @kd twGuf trSejf zpfI/ *smrefw@kd twGuf trSm;jzpfonf? wpfenf;tm;jzifh trSm;ESifh trSerf mS jyKoEl iS hf tjyKc&H oltay: rlwnfaeonf? *smrefEiS hf ywfoufIvnf; t*Fvyd w f @kd oabmxm;rSm Ttwdik ;f jzpfonf? xdu k mvu t*Fvyd af wG wzGzG &Gwaf eo!fh tqdt k rde@f wpfcrk mS ordik ;f tm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

157

158

vH;k . aomhcsuf rSm vlrsKd ; jzpfonf[. l ? olw@kd . r[mtifyg,m t&Si}f u;D 'Dp&,fv;D . tqdk jzpfonf? tjcm; wpfzufrS =u!hv f #if tifyg,m e,fcsJ @0g'rSm ordik ;f a&; jzpfpOf twGi;f acsmifyw d rf ad eovdk yÉdyuQrsm; tqufrjywf arG;xkwaf y;aeo!ft h wGuf / t}uw d t f e,f +yKd iq f ikd af e&jcif;vnf; jzpfonf? rnfo@kd yif &_jrifapumrl / ,cktcsed f tcgum; e,fcs@J rsm;bufrS e,fcs@J 0g'twGuf wefz;kd udk / usi0hf wfEiS fh &ky0f wˆK t& jyefay;&r!fh tvS!hf jzpfonf? ppfEiS fh ywfoufo!fh &nf&, G cf surf sm;udk azmfjy&mwGif pum;vH;k toH;k tE_e;f wd@k rSm tm;vH;k ar#mv f ifx h m;ovdk avwpfv;kH rd;k wpfv;kH jzpfonf? jrefrmESihf ywfoufI oD;jcm; a=unmcsuf wpfck &Scd o hJ nf? od@k wdik f 1940 jy!fEh pS f =o*kwt f xd bk&ifcu H xyfwvJvJ ajymaeo!fh pum;rsm;rSm +Aw d o d #w@kd . udv k ekd D e,fy,ftwGi;f / jrefrmwd@k onf ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyaf &;udk wjznf;jznf; wd;k wuf oabmayguv f mvdrrhf nf jzpfa=umif; / 'drk eD , D H tqif. h trSwt f om;jzpfaom/ tjy!ft h 0 ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyaf &;rSm yef;wdik f jzpfa=umif;/ ponfrsm;om jzpfonf? tvm;wl ppf}u;D +y;D qH;k oGm;o!ft h cgwiG f vnf;/ t*Fvyd w f @kd ay;aeo!fh *wdrmS jrefrmjynf jy\emud/k t*Fvyd f tpd;k &u vdv k v kd m;vm; aqG;aEG;vdo k nf[I l om jzpfonf? olw@kd ajymaeaom jrefrmwd@k . yef;wdik q f o kd nfrmS b,fae&m b,fumv [lIum;/ b,forl # rajymEdik =f u? tcsed u f mv wpfcck t k wGi;f wd;k wufr_ wpfpw kH pfck ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyaf &; wpfrsKd ;rsKd ; jzpfvmvdrrhf nf qdo k nf? ra&r&m pum;vH;k rsm;om jzpfonf? Tonfw@kd um; jrefrmwd@k ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm y,fcsvmcJo h !f/h udv k ekd D e,fcs@J wd@k . vky&f ;kd vkypf Of ay:jyLvm wpfcv k nf; jzpfonf? od@k jzifh ae@&ufw@kd ausmv f eG v f monfEiS fh tr# &ky0f wˆK pum;vH;k rsm; rajymif;vJ aomfvnf; avoHw@kd um; cufxefvmonf? 1941 ckEpS f =o*kwv f ukew f iG u f m;/ t*Fvyd f wd@k rSm &efol rD;0dik ;f ae awmhonf? *smrefw@kd u taemufOa&my wpfcv k ;kH udk odr;f ,lvu kd f o!ft h wGuf +Aw d o d # ta&S@tifyg,m wpfjcrf;wnf;u wdu k cf u kd zf @kd jyifqifae&onf? xdt k csed Yf yif bk&ifco H pfu jrefrmjynf zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH ESihf pyfvsO;f o!fh wd;k wufrr_ sm;rSm/ jrefrmrsm;bufu +Aw d o d #w@kd ESifh yl;aygi;f I wdu k yf 0JG if/ r0if tay:wGif rlwnfaea=umif; xkwjf yef a=unm vku d o f nf? xdEk pS f =o*kwv f wGif xif&mS ;vSo!fh twWvefww d cf smwm ay:xGuv f monf? csmwmyg/ wwd,pmyd'k Yf Tod@k a&;om;xm;onfukd &Si;f vif;pGm em;vnfEikd o f nf? "u|Eyfk w f @kd onf ud, k yf ikd t f csKyt f jcm tcGit hf a&;rsm;/ rw&m; zsuo f rd ;f cH vdu k &f o!fh Edik if w H @kd udk ,ciftwdik ;f ,if;wd@k jyefvnf&&So d nfukd jrifawG@ vko d vd/k rdrdwdk@ aexdkif&r!fh tpkd;&yHkpHudk a&G;cs,f&ef jynfolwdk@. tcGifhta&;udkvnf; av;pm;onf?"

158

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

159

,if;pmyk'ft& rnfolwd k@udk &nf!$ef;xmonfrSm &Sif;vif;vSygonf? jrefrmwd@k uvnf; tqdyk g a=unmcsuu f kd ,H=k unf=uonf? od@k wdik f a=unmt+y;D wpfvausmaf usmYf yif twWvefww d f csmwmrSm +Aw d o d #yikd f udv k ekd D Edik if rH sm;twGuf tusKH ;r0ifa=umif; xyfraH =unm vdu k af wmhonf? pifppf twWvefww d cf smwmrSm vljzLEdik if rH sm;twGurf l wduso!fh uwdu0wf r&S?d ppfxyJ gz@kd om aqmf=oxm;onf? tvm;wl ra&r&m azmfjyxm;o!fh ta=umif;t&mrsm;vnf; &Sad o;onf? pufwifbm vtxd jrefrmjynfqikd &f m Edik if jH cm;a&;Xmeu xkwjf yefco hJ !fh a=unmcsuw f pfcrk mS Tod@k jzpfonf?

"4if;wd@k tpd;k &. 0daoo vuQ%mudk x!fo h iG ;f pOf;pm;jcif; r&Syd /J u|Eyfk w f @kd D H jzpfonf? xd@k a=umifh taeESihf jyify jynfow l @kd udk cGijhf yKrnf r[kwaf om tqifrh mS 'drk eD , atmifyEJG iS fh ppf}u;D +y;D aemuf ta&;ay: tajctaersm;atmufwiG f jzpfEikd o f r# jy!f0h pGm &&Sad p&ef/ jrefrmwd@k udk tultnD ay;vdo k nf?"

Tod@k tjyKoabm (od@k ) xl;jcm;r_ vH;k 0r&Sad om/ *&kwpdu k f azmfjyxm;o!fh a=unmcsurf mS xdpk Ofu eef;&if;0ef (0ef}u;D csK y)f jzpfaeol OD;apmu 1941 ckEpS u f ek yf ikd ;f vef'efo@kd oGm;a&mufpOf t*Fvyd f tpd;k &udk wdu k &f u kd af r;cJo h !fh ar;cGe;f ud/k jyefvnf ajz=um;vdu k jf cif;vnf; jzpfonf? ppf}u;D twGi;f yg0ifwu kd cf u kd &f r!fh jrefrmrsm;taeESihf ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKycf iG hf &/ r& qdo k !fh ar;cGe;f jzpfonf? od@k wdik f t*Fvyd t f pd;k &. tajzum; Tr#xuf ryd?k eef;&if;0ef csmcsD qdv k #i/f jrefrmwd@k tem*wfEiS hf ywfoufI aqG;aEG;zd@k yif jiif;qefco hJ nf? od@k jzifh jrefrmwd@k . ar#mv f ifch surf sm;udk t*Fvyd t f pd;k &u jrefrmwd@k ESpaf ygi;f rsm;pGm =um;ae&o!fh pum;vH;k rsm;ESihf tqH;k owfvu kd af wmhonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd twGuf tajctaeum; &Si;f ae+yD jzpfonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd tm;xkwrf r_ sm;rS u|Eyfk w f @kd jyef&r!fh tusdK;tjrwfrsm;rSm ta&;ay: tajctaeatmufY / t*Fvdyfwdk@. qHk;jzwfcsuf wpfcw k nf;ay: Y rlwnfaea=umif; jzpfae+yD jzpfonf? wpfzufrS Tod@k w&m;0if 'dkif,mavmh xGufay:aepOfrSmyif/ tjcm;wpfzufrS +Adwdo#wdk@ xD;&dyfatmufwGif rScD akd eaom "m;raemufyw d w f @kd uvnf;/ jrefrmwd@k taeESihf vGwv f yfa&;ESihf tH0ifciG f us r&Sad oma=umifh +Aw d o d # udv k ekd 0D g'udk a&S@u vlrsm; ajymqdck =J uovd/k tr$r;f wifae awmhonf? ppfr;D v#rH sm; awmufavmifaeo!fh urBm}u;D u xdo k w l @kd udk tjyKoabm aqmifo!ft h &m[lI bmwpfcrk # oif=um;ay;cJjh cif; r&Sad y? jrefrmwd@k . awmif;qdrk r_ sm; udkom jyuf&,fjyKI wdkufckdufae awmhonf? u|Ekfyfwdk@twGuf +Adwdo#wdk@xHrS w&m;r#wo!fh/ pum;wpfvHk;r# xGufay:vmjcif; r&Sday? ydkvefESifh tjcm;Oa&my Edik if rH sm;i,frsm;/ [pfwvm vufatmufa&mufomG ;csed Yf / vGwaf jrmufa&; rSm rdrw d @kd ppf. &nfreS ;f csuf jzpfonfEiS t hf nD/ tm;wufoa&m ulnrD nfjzpfa=umif; csmwmY tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

159

160

txift&Sm; a=unmcJo h nf? udv k ekd D Edik if rH sm;buf 4if;wd@k . tem*wfEiS hf ywfoufI ar;jref;vmo!fh tcgwiG u f m;/ vef'efwikd rf ;f owif;pm}u;D . tqdt k & ppfEiS hf ywfouf o!fh jrefrmwd@k . }uKd ;pm;tm; xkwrf r_ sm;rSm +Aw d o d # tpd;k &udk aps;qpfaeonf? +Aw d o d # tpd;k &. tusKd ;&Srd !fh uwdu0wfrsm;rS tjrwfxw k zf @kd }uKd ;pm;aeonf[I l pGypf aJG e awmhonf?

Tod@k tvkyrf jzpfo!fh pum;vH;k rsm;ESio fh m tcsed fjzKe;f aeo!fh vtenf;i,f twGi;f wGif jrefrmwd@k u *syefw@kd ESifh yl;aygi;f um t*Fvyd w f @kd udk armif;xkwv f u kd +f y;D / t*Fvyd w f @kd tdE, Nd od@k xGuaf jy; =u&onf? Tod@k udv k ekd D e,fcs@J rsm; oabmayguf em;vnfo!f/h wpfcw k nf;aom enf;vrf;jzifh jrefrmwd@k u rdrw d @kd . ud, k yf ikd t f yk cf sKycf iG Ehf iS fh }uchH ikd rf u _ kd xdu k mvtwGi;f oufaojyvdu k af wmhonf? jrefrm tjyKtrlEiS hf ywfoufI &Si;f vif;&mwGif eef;&if;0ef csmcsu D +Aw d o d # rsm;taeESifh jrefrm twGi;f oabmudk em;rvnfcahJ =umif; ajymcJo h nf? tqdyk g tcsuf onf u|Eyfk af zmfjycJo h !hf aemufct H cif;tusi;f rsm;ESifh qef@usiv f su/f tqH;k Y udv k ekd D e,fcs@J 0g'udk zsuq f ;D ypfvu kd o f !f/h udv k ekd D pdwaf eobm0xuf ydrk akd om tjcm;wpfcu k kd azmfjyvdu k jf cif;vnf; jzpfonf? wdik ;f jynfukd odr;f ydu k jf cif;jzifh jynfow l @kd . ESv;kH om;rsm;udk tEdik , f l Edik yf govm; qdo k !fh ar;cGe;f rSm/ tvGew f &m &d;k tDaeaom ar;cGe;f jzpfygvrd rfh nf? od@k wnf;r[kwf jrefrmjynfwiG f u|Eyfk w f @kd vufiif; }uKH awG@ae&o!fh yHpk t H m;jzifh qdv k #i/f ydv k ef Edik if o H m;wd@k . awmif;qdck suw f @kd udk ypfypfcgcg jiif;y,f+y;D / ydv k efukd odr;f ,lvu kd jf cif;jzif/h ydkvefwdk@. ESvHk;om;udk [pfwvm tEdkifr&cJhonfrSm/ csmcsDtwGuf tHh=op&m [kwyf govm;? wdik ;f rf; owif;pm}u;D . a0zefcsuu f kd jyefaumuf&v#if / emZDw@kd u|ejf yKxm;o!fh ydv k efEikd if EH iS hf tjcm; vljzLEdik if w H @kd . vGwv f yfa&;udk jyefvnf&,ljcif;rSm/ tqdyk gEikd if w H @kd udk tEkid &f xm;olw@kd . uwdu0wfrsm;rS tjrwfxw k v f u kd jf cif; jzpfonf[k 4if;owif;pm }u;D u pOf;pm;cJyh govm;? pifppf tqdyk g jy\emrsm;rSm/ vlrsKd ;a&;Y tajccHaeovdk / vljzLESifh tjcm;vlrsdK;rsm;t=um; cGJjcm;r_ jzpfonf? csmcsD. oDtkd&Dt&qdkv#if vGwv f yfro _ nf vljzLrsm;twGuo f m jzpfonf? tjcm;vlrsKd ;rsm; txl;ojzifh udv k ekd D Edik if o H m;rsm;twGuf r[kw?f tqdyk gtqifo h @kd a&mufvmo!ft h cg / vlrsKd ;a&; o[Zmw jzpfjcif;ESihf +idrf;csrf;a&; pum;rsm;rSm ayga=umifa=umif jzpfvmawmhonf? csmcsD. a=unmcsuf xGuv f mcsed Yf jrefrmEdik if YH Tod@k jzpfco hJ nf? urBmudk a=unmvdu k o f !fh +Aw d o d #w@kd . ppf&nfreS ;f csurf sm;ESihf udv k ekd D Edik if w H @kd udk a=unm vdu k o f !fh +Aw d o d # tifyg,m ay:vpDw@kd rSm/ ppf}u;D onf;xefvmonfEiS t fh r# tjiif;yGm;p&m jzpfvmovdk jrefrmjynf. tajctaerSex f uf / tjcm; wpfcck u k kd azmfjy 160

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

161

aejcif; jzpfonf? xkt d csi;f t&monfyif tem*wf tjzpftysuw f @kd tay: }u;D }u;D rm;rm; v$r;f rd;k cJo h vdk jrefrmwd@k . wdu k yf t JG wGuf aemufq;kH wl &_;H csuq f D yd@k ay;vdu k o f !fh vrf;a=umif;wpfcu k v kd nf; zGiahf y;vdu k af wmhonf? u|Eyfk w f @kd taeESifh cHpm;r_t& jzpfap/ oabmxm;t& jzpfap/ tjiif;yGm;r_rsm;u ay;vdu k f o!fh aemufqufwJG &v'frsm;udk oabmayguf em;vnfz@kd / tvGew f &m ta&;}u;D vSygonf? ,if; wd@k udk tjy!ft h 0 azmfjyzd@k &m t*Fvyd w f @kd oabmxm;ESifh ywfoufo!fh jrefrmwd@k . wH@k jyefcsu(f od@k ) jrefrmwd@k bufrS ay;o!fh ta=umif;jy csufwdk@udkvnf; u|Ekfyf azmfjy&ayvdrfhrnf? ,if;wdk@. t&yf&yf taetxm;ESifh oufa&mufrw _ @kd udk xdt k csed u f xkwaf zmfajym=um;cJo h !fh a=unmcsurf sm; twGi;f awG@Edik yf gonf? uHaumif; axmufrpGmyif/ 1940 ckEpS f azazmf0g&v D twGi;f ppfEiS yhf wf oufo!fh qH;k jzwfcsuu f kd Oya'jyK v$waf wmfY/ tajcwif aqG;aEG; jiif;cHck =hJ uo!fh rde@f cGe;f rsm;rSm / ,ae@txd w&m;0if rSww f rf;rsm; tjzpf &Sad eao;onf? ,if;wd@k rSvI JG jrefrmwd@k . ta=umif;jycsurf sm;ESifh pyfvsO;f o!fh taxmuftxm;rsm; r&So d avmufyif? xdt k csed u f ygvrD ef twdu k t f cH taeESihf vnf;aumif;/ vGwv f yfa&;tkypf . k acgi;f aqmif taeESihfvnf; u|EkfyfbufrS tajcwif ajymqdkcJhonf? rdef@cGef;wcsdK@udk azmfrjyrD Tae&mY vGwv f ufa&; tkypf k qdo k nfukd tusO;f r# &Si;f vif;vdo k nf? (aemufyikd ;f tcef;rsm;Y Tta=umif;t&mudk tus,&f iS ;f ygrnf?)

ArmxGu&f yf*% kd ;f qdo k nfum; qif;&Jom;ygw/D wd@k Arm tpnf;t&H;k (od@k ) ocifygwED iS fh ausmif;om;rsm; or*~ yl;aygi;f I/ ppfumv nD!w G af om wyfO;D tjzpf/ zG@J pnf;xm;o!fh tkypf k jzpf+y;D / jrefrmh vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ppf}u;D u zefw;D ay;vdu k o f !f/h tcGifhta&;udk twlwuG toHk;cs taumiftxnfazmfzdk@ qHk;jzwfcJh=uaom/ bHk &nf&, G cf suv f nf; &So d nf? a&S@wGif Tajymr!fh Zmwf a=umif;twGi;f / tqdyk g tkypf }k u;D . vkyif ef;pOfrsm;rSm/ ppf}u;D . aemufq;kH rsm;txd rnfo@kd rnfykH v_y&f mS ;aqmif&u G v f ma=umif; awG@&ayvdrrhf nf?

Armhxu G &f yf*% kd ;f . ud, k pf m; Oya'jyK v$waf wmfwiG f u|Eyfk af jymqdpk Of tcgu/ ppfEiS fh pyfvsO;f aom t*Fvyd w f @kd . &nf&, G cf su/f 4if;wd@k . yÉdyuQrsm;udk jrefrmwd@k bufrS rnfo@kd oabmxm; a=umif;/ aumif;pGm &Si;f jyEdik cf yhJ gonf? xdpk Ofu t&yf&yf tajc taerSm/ onf;xef =urf;wrf;vSovdk jynfow l @kd . cHpm;csuEf iS hf t,ltqwd@k rSmvnf;/ jyif;xefaeo!fh tavsmuf/ u|Eyfk . f avoHEiS fh pum;vH;k wd@k rS wpfqifh em;vnfEikd yf gonf? u|Eyfk . f rde@f cGe;f rSm ppfumvtwGi;f u jrefrmhvw G v f yfa&; ESihf ywfoufo!fh / jy!fph o kH !fh rSww f rf; wpfck jzpfo!ft h wGuf / 4if;rS tcsKd @ tcsuw f @kd udk u|Eyfk w f @kd um; azmfjyygrnf? u|eaf wmfw@kd [m tvGew f &m pl;pdwf &_yaf xG;p&m aumif;vSwhJ urBm}h u;D rSm tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

161

162

aexdik v f suf &Syd gw,f? tjzLeJ@ trnf; tjzpf rdu k rf pJ mG cGjJ cm;aewJh urBm}u;D vnf; jzpfyg w,f? tjzLawG&@J uwdu0wfawGe@J trnf;awG&@J vufawG@ aqmif&u G cf suaf wGvnf; jzpfw,f? vufawG@rygwhJ pum;vH;k awG[m r=umcif avxJ vGio hf mG ;ygvrd rhf ,f? tvkyef @J pum;vH;k / uwdu0wfe@J vufawG@aqmif&u G f csuaf wG&@J yÉdyuQukd ae&mwdik ;f rSm u|eaf cwf uvdk awG@ae&ygw,f? tJo h nfvkd tqDtai: rw!fw h hJ urBm}u;D twGuo f m ppf&nf&, G cf suaf wGu tvkyjf zpf+y;D / t"dyg` ,f &Sad eygw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd urBm}u;D udk =u!fv h u kd &f if/ &efvakd ewJh Edik if aH wG[m usi0fh wf odumQ qdw k hJ pum;vH;k }u;D awGe@J / olw@kd ppf&nf&, G cf suaf wGukd a=unmaeygw,f? *syefu w&kwu f kd usL;ausmf wdu k cf u kd w f ,f? 'Dvkd vky&f wm[m tm&SrmS tpDtrHopfukd wnfaqmufz@kd vljzLawG&@J Edik x f ufpnf;eif; usK;ausmrf u _ tm&Svrl sKd ;eJ@ Edik if aH wGukd umuG,zf @kd pkpnf;zd@k jzpfovd/k tm&S tdik 'f t D v kd *kd sD ay:rSm tajccH xm;wJh jrifjh rwfwhJ &nf&, G cf suf jzpfw,fv@kd qdw k ,f? taemufrmS vnf; *smrefu urBm}u;D udk vGr;f rd;k aewJ@ wpfcw k nf;aom e,fcs@J tifyg,m pepfukd wdu k cf u kd af csre_ ;f zd@k jzpfw,fv@kd a=unmae w,f? Edik if iH ,fav;awG&@J tcGit hf a&;udk tumtuG,af y;r,fv@kd vnf; ajymaew,f?

'Dvydk J tar&dum; tdE, Nd eJ@ tjcm;=um;ae Edik if w H @kd &J@ zdtm;ay;ae&wJh t*Fvyd u f vnf; u|eaf wmfw@kd odxm;wJt h wdik ;f ol&@J ppf&nf&, G cf suu f kd a=unmcJw h ,f?

'Dawmh u|eaf wmfw@kd &J@ jy\emu bmudk ,H&k rvJqw kd myJ? aocsmwmuawmh tm;vH;k rrSeEf ikd b f ;l ? tcsKd @a=unmcsuaf wG[m rsuEf mS zH;k pGyx f m;wJh &nf&, G cf suaf wGom jzpfw,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd vwfwavm vky&f r,fh tvkyu f / vufawG@ v_y&f mS ;r_e@J prf;oyf+y;D trSef trSm; cGjJ cm;zd@k yJ? vwfwavm qH;k jzwfcsuef @J jyifqifcsut f wGu/f t*Fvyd af wG&@J &d;k om;r_ukd u|eaf wmfw@kd ar;cGe;f xkwaf ewm r[kwyf gb;l ? &efvakd ewJh Edik if aH wGu ol@xufig tvkt,uf pif;vH;k acsm ppf&nf&, G cf suaf wG a=unm ae=uwJt h wGu/f +Aw d o d # tpd;k &u ay;aewJ/h uwdu0wfawGukd jrefrmjynf twGuf vufawG@ taumif txnfazmf+y;D / trSew f u,f &d;k om; ppfreS af =umif; jyoapcsiyf gw,f? 'gro S m u|eaf wmf wd@k bufuvnf; ,H=k unfEikd yf gvrd rhf ,f? ordik ;f a=umif;udk jyef=u!hrf ,fqv kd #i/f +Aw d o d #awGu olw@kd yg0ifc&hJ wJh ppfyw JG ikd ;f udk usi0fh wf odumQ / c&l;qdwpf pfyJG wpfcv k kd *k%, f l ajymqdck =hJ uygw,f? w&kwjf ynfrmS jzpfcw hJ hJ bde;f ppfyrJG mS awmif +Aw d o d #awGu Edik if w H um usi0fh wf E_e;f pHwcsKd @/ tjcm;olawG&@J tcGit hf a&;pwJh wdwu d sus r[kwaf yr,hf jrihrf m;wJh tr_upd P wcsKd @twGuf / umuG,f aew,fqw kd mudk oufaojyzd@k }u;D us,w f hJ usi0fh wfou d mQ pum;vH;k ta&;tE_e;f eJ@ / tkwfatmfaomif;wif jzpfvSwJh azmfjrLvmawGudk toHk;jyKcJhwm txift&Sm;ygyJ? twdwu f yJ jzpfjzpf / vufwavmyJ jzpfjzpf/ ukeu f ek af jym&&if bk&m;ocife@J t*Fvef 162

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

163

ordik f;a=umif;udk jyef=u!hfr,fqdkv#if/ +Adwdo#awGu olwdk@ yg0ifcJh&wJh ppfyGJwdkif; udk usih0f wf odumQ / c&l;qdwpf pfyJG wpfcvk kd *k%,f l ajymqdck =hJ uygw,f? w&kwjf ynfrmS jzpfcwhJ hJ bdef;ppfyGJrmS awmif +Adwdo#awGu Edki fiHwum usihf0wf E_ef;pHwcsdK@/ tjcm;olawG&J@ tcGifhta&;pwJh wdwdusus r[kwfayr,hf jrihfrm;wJh tr_udpP wcsdK@twGuf / umuG,f aew,fqdkwmudk oufaojyzdk@ }uD;us,fwJh usihf0wfoduQm pum;vHk; ta&;tE_ef;eJ@ / tkwfatmfaomif;wif jzpfvwS Jh azmfjrLvmawGudk toHk;jyKcJhwm txift&Sm;ygyJ? twdwfuyJ jzpfjzpf / vufwavmyJ jzpfjzpf/ ukefukefajym&&if bk&m;ocifeJ@ t*Fvef bk&m;ausmif;u c&pf,ef bkef;}uD;awGeJ@ jzpfcJhwJh/ ppfyGJrmS awmif +Adwdo#awG bufuyJ/ t+rJ=unfhwwfygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfyGJawG+yD;vdk@ tEdik f&wJhtcgrSmawmh/ apmapmuajymcJwh hJ uwdu0wfw@kd/ usih0f wfoud mQ udpwP @kd qdwk mawG/ =uufaysmuf/ iSuaf ysmuf aysmufomG ;+yD;/ yuwd tajctaetwdik ;f qH;k jzwfcwhJ m csnf;ygyJ? ....... bk&m;ausmif; u c&pf,ef bke;f }u;D awGe@J jzpfcw hJ /hJ ppfyrJG mS awmif +Aw d o d #awG bufuyJ/ t+r=J u!fw h wfygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfyaJG wG+y;D vd@k tEdik &f wJt h cgrmS awmh/ apmapmuajymcJw h hJ uwdu0wfw@kd / usi0fh wfou d mQ udpw P @kd qdw k mawG/ =uufaysmuf/ iSuaf ysmuf aysmufomG ; +y;D / yuwd tajctaetwdik ;f qH;k jzwfcw hJ m csn;f ygy?J 'Dawmh b,frmS vJ Edik if w H um usi0fh wf/ pnf;urf; / t*Fvyd af wG 'Dvkd vkycf w hJ m wpf}urd w f nf; r[kwyf gb;l ? 'g[m ordik ;f u oif=um;ay;cJw h hJ oifcef;pmygy?J +y;D cJw h hJ twdwo f rdik ;f a=umif;awGukd u|eaf wmf jyefraumufcsiyf gb;l ? 'gayrJh yxr urBmppf }u;D udk wcsuf jyef=u!f=h u&atmif? tJo h !fw h ek ;f u +Aw d o d #awG&@J ppf&nf&, G cf suu f bmygv?J tck ajymaeovdk usi0fh wf pnf;urf; ajym+y;D / trsKd ;om; Edik if iH ,fav;awGukd umuG,zf @kd qdw k /hJ ta=umif;jy csuef @J *smr%Dukd ppfa=unmcJw h mygy?J aemufxyf t*Fvyd af wG ay;cJw h /hJ uwdu0wfawG &Syd gao;w,f? 'Dru kd a&pD twGu/f urBm}u;D udk umuG,zf @kd Edik if w H ikd ;f ud, k yf ikd f jyXmef; tkycf sKyyf ikd cf iG hf pwmawG twGu/f ud, k u f sKd ; pD;yGm;rzufy/J ppfwu kd af ewm jzpfw,fv@kd qdyk gw,f? tufupG f(Asquith) vGKd uaf ,mha*smh (Lloyd George) bGeef mavm(Bonar Law) eJ@ tjcm; +Aw d o d #acgi;f aqmif awGu +Aw d o d #awG ppfwu kd af ewm/ e,fajrydu k ef uf cs@J xGizf @kd r[kwb f ;l vd@k / urBmudk tJo!fw h ;kH u a=unmcJw h ,f? 'gayrJh ppf}u;D +y;D vd@k tEdik &f cJw h t hJ cg &v'fu bmawG jzpfvmvJ? +Aw d o d # tifyg,m}u;D [m ,cifuxuf rdik af ygi;f wpfoef;cGJ eD;eD; ydu k s,v f m cJw h ,f? 'Dawmh +Aw d o d #awG ajymcJw h hJ ud, k yf ikd f tkycf sKyrf E_ iS hf rl0g' qdw k m b,fvkd jzpfomG ; wmvJ? jrefrmjynf twGuf zG@J pnf;yHk a&;qGaJ ewJh aumfrwDukd ud, k yf ikd f jyXmef;cGihf tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

163

164

ta=umif;/ u|eaf wmf ajymjywke;f u olw@kd twGuf &,fp&m jzpfaew,f? u|eaf wmfw@kd odwt hJ wdik ;f yJ orRw}u;D 0D;qif[m tJo!fph um;vH;k eJ@ tvdrcf H vdu k &f w,f? twWvefww d u f kd jzwf+y;D / tJo!fh pum;vH;k udk vdu k &f mS azGcw hJ ,f? 'gayrJh ol bmawG &vdu k o f vJ? ol@wpfoufv;kH ,H=k unfcw hJ hJ tdik 'f , D mudk pGe@f ypfvu kd &f w,f? txl;ojzifh ppfe@J +ird ;f csr;f a&; tdik 'f , D m ygy?J jrefrm 1935 ckEpS f zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf kH qdw k m/ tJo!fh tkdif'D,mu u|efawmfwdk@ &vdkufwJht&m ygyJ/ u|efawmfwdk@&J@ tJo!fh zG@J pnf;tkycf sKyyf [ kH m/ ud, k yf ikd f jyXmef;csuf jzpfw,fv@kd Oa&my tzG@J 0if wpfO;D OD;u ajymEdik f ygovm;?

Edik if iH ,fav;awG&@J tcGit hf a&;eJ@ ywfouf+y;D / +Aw d o d #awG&@J a=unmcsuf ua&m bmawG jzpfvmovJ? tck t,fab;eD;,m; / tbD qD;eD;,m; / refcsL;ud;k / csuu f pkd vdk Aufu;D ,m;eJ@ =opa=w;vs Edik if aH wG b,fa&mufomG ;+yv D ?J tJo h !fh Edik if iH ,fe@J vlrsKd ;i,fawGukd jrL;epf pmcsKyef @J zsuo f rd ;f ypfvu kd f =uw,f r[kwv f m;? o!fhaemufrSmawmh +Adwdo#awG[m olwdk@usqHk;cef;udk jrifawG@ae&yg+yD? urBm}u;D udk pd;k rd;k xm;wJh +Aw d o d #awGukd [pfwvm pdeaf c:zd@k jyifqifae+y?D 'g[m urBma[mif;udk pdeaf c:aewJh urBm opf&@J v_y&f mS ;r_vnf; jzpfw,f? tJo!ht f cg +Aw d o d #&@J usihf0wf todw&m;u Edk;vm+yD;/ EdkifiHi,fav; awGudk tumtuG,f ay;&r,hf wm0ef&w dS ,fv@kd oabmaygucf w hJ ,f? tenf;qH;k urBm}u;D udk t+ydKif v$r;f rd;k zd@k twGuf [pfwvm&J@ pDrHudef;xJrSm yg0ifaewJh EdkifiHi,fav;awGudk umuG,f&r,fqdkwm odvmw,f? tbDp;D eD;,m; / csuu f pkd vdk Aufu;D ,m;eJ@ refcsL;wd@k udk tumtuG,af y;zd@k jiif ; cJ h a yr,f h yk d v ef u d k umuG , f & r,f q d k w mawmh +Ad w d o #awG csuf c sif ; oabmaygu=f uw,f? "'Dupd u P kd ajymaewJh wpfqufwnf;rSmyJ +Aw d o d # uwfbeD uf 0ef}u;D a[mif; h hJ pum;udk 'Dae&mrSm rpPwm '&zf ul;yg;/(Mr. Duff Copper)) tifwmAsK; wpfcrk mS ajymcJw u|eaf wmf ud;k um;csiyf gw,f? tJo h !fh tifwmAsK;rSm olajymcJw h mawGu tar&dum; jynfoal wG&@J =um;ae t,ltq wpfcu k /kd yef=um;wJh taeeJ@ &nf&, G af jymqdck w hJ myg? vufwavm jy\em[m ydv k ef jzpfw,f? wu,fawmh +Aw d o d # tifyg,m wnf+rJ a&;[m / +Aw d o d # jynfoal wGe@J acgi;f aqmifawGu rpOf;pm;cJ&h ifawmif trSew f u,f wnf&adS ewJh jy\em jzpfw,fv@kd ajymqdck w hJ ,f? tar&duef jynfoal wG a&S@arSmufrmS +Aw d o d # Ekid if aH &; acgi;f aqmifwpfO;D ajymcJw h hJ pum;awG[m/ +Aw d o d #w@kd &J@ ppf&nf&, G f csuu f kd ajymifajymifwif;wif; azmfjyvdu k w f m jzpfygw,f?"

oef;0if;vdSki f

qufvufaz: jyygrnf?

164

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

165

tvif;tdrfrSwfpk

trsKd ;om;'Dru kd a&pDtzG@J csKyf (*syef) rS OD;pD;usi;f ywJ@ (13) }urd af jrmuf jrefrmh&;kd &m oDwif;uíwfyaJG wmfukd 30/ 9/ 2012 ae@wGif KIBA KOHAN yef;+cw H iG f eHeuf 10 em&D rS nae 5 em&D txd usi;f yjyKvyk &f m tzG@J tpnf;toD;oD;ESihf jrefrmrdompkrsm;u jrefrmh&;kd &m tpm;tpmrsm;udk a&mifcsc=hJ ujy;D / aw;*Dwrsm;jzifah zsmaf jz wifqufc=hJ u&m *syefEikd if o H m; rsm;/ tzGJ@tpnf;toD;oD;rS jrefrmrsm;ESifh *syefEdkifiHa&muf jrefrmrsm; pkpkaygif; (700) cef@vma&mufum oDwif;uíwfyaJG wmfukd aysm&f i$ pf mG yg0if qifEcJ$ =hJ uygw,f? owif;? ? tvif;tdrfrD'D,m ......... "gwfyHk? ? 0if;Edkif (Lin Po Yin) tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

165

166

tvif;tdrf r*~Zif;tm; ulnDaxmufyHhay;aom (1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

bdb k o kd uf &Jrif;0if; ausmx f eG ;f Edik f cdik Of ;D i,f ud=k unfpef;

wdk htm; tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; &Jabmfrsm;rS rSwfwrf;wif *k%fjyKtyfygonf .................................................

zdwfac:tyfygonf EdkifiHa&;/ vlr_a&;/ pD;yGm;a&; tawG;tjrifaqmif;yg;rsm; a0zefa&;aqmif;yg;rsm; uAsm/ 0wKˆ wd/k umwGe;f / yef;csrD smudk

rnforl qdk vGwv f yfpmG ay;yd@k Eikd yf gonf? pmrlrsm;udk (15) &ufae@ aemufq;kH xm;+yD; ay;yd@k =uyg&ef arwWm&yfct H yfygonf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif;

166

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

167

tvif;tdrf wm0efcH

pmtkyfcsKyfvkyfa&;

&J+idr;f

aX;0if; / at;aZmfjrifh

ta0;&muf t,f'Dwm aZmfaZmfatmif (t*Fvef) ABFSU (88)rsKd;quf

t,f'Dwm rsKd;jrifhatmif / ausmfrkd;Ekdif tHharmf

tr_aqmift,f'Dwm Anm;b&kdif,efuif; / xGef;+idrf; atmifaZ,smndK / rcdik =f unf0if;

yef;csDo&kyfazmf xDvm+idrf; ausmv f if;xGÉaf tmifcif

&H;k tzGJ h cifarmifaZmf / =unfwkd; aeatmifausmf / [efaZmf0if; jrihfudk / r0if;oE Wmatmif rvJhvJh0if;udk / 0if;Edkif(Lin Po Yin)

L-NOORA

pmpDpm&dkuf ausmfxGÉf0if; / pnfoljrifh [def;rif; / jynf+zdK;&J

jynfwGif;jynfy jzef hcsda&; ausmfcdkif0if; / jr0if;pd;k atmif=unf / wifEdkif / jrihfOD; / wifrif;Edkif tm;opfrGef

b¾ma&; rif;rif;odef; / xGef;xGef;0if; atmifrsdK;rif;

/ owif; ESifh rD'D,m aZmfaZmfEdkif / at;okduf &Jjrifhatmif / rsdK;apm rsdK;ausmfodef; / ausmfrsdK;xGef;

Web Site

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

167

168

tvi tviff;tdrf odk hqufoG,f&ef POST 169-0075 TOKYO TO, SHINJUKU-KU TAKADANOBABA,3-7-10 303,HIGARI BLD TEL - FAX 03 - 6313 - 4178 Japan.

TEL 080-5070-0080 090-1842-9888 090-6528-9292 090-8486-2161 090-7198-4763 e-mail - aalinneain@yahoo.com web - http://alineain.net/ http://luminarymagazine.wordpress.com/ http://alinneain.blogspot.com/

168

tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

1

jrefrmouU&mZf 13&4 / wefaqmifrkef;v

2006 ckESpf/ {+yDv wGifpwifxkwfa0onf? tvif;tdrfr*~Zif; twGJ(6)trSwf(2)

1