Literature Review

LITRETURE REVIEW 2

Aquaponics—Integration of Hydroponics with Aquaculture Author: Steve Diver Year Published: 2006 Citation: Diver, Steve, and Lee Rinehart. Aquaponics-Integration of hydroponics with aquaculture. Attra, 2000.

This article focuses on the integration of growing plants hydroponically with the association of aquaculture. The discussion rotates around the benefits of using fish effluent water as a mineral for hydroponic irrigation water. The effluent from the fish tank is rich with nutrients; therefore, it is used to fertigate hydroponic production beds. Hydroponic and aquaponic creates an indefinite cycle in which the growing plants demand the nutrient-rich effluent from the fish tank, and the fish tanks necessitate the plant roots and rhizobacteria to absorb the nutrients from the water; nutrients generated from fish formed to build-up contaminants that would otherwise create toxic levels in fish tanks. The hydroponic growers view fish effluent as an organic fertilizer source that enables plants to arise well. Also, Fish farmers view hydroponics as a filtration method to aid fast recirculating aquaculture. The water quality characteristics of the raised fishes are crucial. The water features should include dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, ammonia, nitrate, nitrite, pH, chlorine, and other characteristics, and it is essential to monitor the water quality constantly.

The article is relevant to the proposal because of the essential information about collaborating hydroponics with aquaponics. Minerals are one of the initial elements for hydroponics after the water. However, processed nutrients can rebirth the plants or wither them due to unbalanced formula, wrong fertilizer, etc. Although nutrients are so sensitive to the hydroponic system, providing a nurture nutrient source such as extracting the minerals from fish effluent water tanks will sufficiently help operate the hydroponic system and prevent any issues that can happen because of minerals.

LITRETURE REVIEW 3

IoT based hydroponics system using Deep Neural Networks Author: Manav Mehra, Sameer Saxena, Suresh Sankaranarayanan, Rijo Jackson Tom M.Veeramanikandan Year Published: 2018 Citation: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2018.10.015

The article focuses on technology involvement in hydroponics. The IoT refers back to the Internet and storing data in the cloud. IoT can be an essential part of the hydroponic system due to its aid in automating the hydroponics culture. The hydroponic system required a daily monitoring system that reads the water level, pH, temperature, flow, and light intensity, which can be done using IoT. Machine learning is a minor in Artificial Intelligence (AI) that assists in providing computers the capability to perform actions independently after being trained for a particular task. Machine learning has various obligations in hydroponics to control the plant growth, optimization of Electrical Conductivity (EC) values of the Nutrient Solution.

The article is relevant to the proposal because a hydroponic system requires daily and consistent monitoring of temperature, PH, and light intensity. Applying AI in the hydroponic domain will simplify the process of monitoring, which will aid in growing the crops healthily and consistently. The existence of AI will help in preventing all the disadvantages of processed nutrients or natural nutrients.

LITRETURE REVIEW 4

Hydroponics with wastewater: a review of trends and opportunities Author: Liliana Cifuentes-Torres, Leopoldo G. Mendoza-Espinosa , Gabriel Correa-Reyes & Luis Walter Daesslé Year Published: 2020 Citation: Cifuentes‐Torres, Liliana, Leopoldo G. Mendoza‐Espinosa, Gabriel Correa‐Reyes, and Luis Walter Daesslé. “Hydroponics with wastewater: a review of trends and opportunities.” Water and Environment Journal (2020).

This article talks about recycling wastewater and utilizing it as a water source for a hydroponic garden. The goal behind reusing the wastewater is to protect the environment. Reclaimed water (RW) is a viable source for product irrigation because it is constant and unaffected by climate variability and droughts. The cons of RW are the presence of pathogens like bacteria, viruses, protozoa, and helminths. The article states the conflicts in views regarding the pros and cons of the hydroponic system with wastewater. The article states several studies about the pros and cons of adopting the wastewater in the hydroponic system. If these studies are adequately addressed, then the wastewater can be used in the hydroponic system, which will lift a hefty portion of government responsibility. Finding other alternatives sources of water to be used for planting will help reduce the reliance on government processing water. The articles and books analyzed cover enough detail on the methods adopted to improve the cultivation products. The selected literature states the ability to combine growing plants hydroponically, and aquaculture, the combination of these two cultures will build an aesthetic and functional environment for crops to grow. The “Hydroponics with wastewater” article states that the wastewater can be used to irrigate plants; recycling the wastewater and utilizing it for irrigation will reduce the reliance on government processing water. Also, Technology plays a huge role in controlling the climate; therefore, sensors will be adopted to adjust a proper environment set for a plant to grow.

CONCLUSION

PRECEDENT S T U D I E S

Fig. 1. The diagram shows a variety of climate in the building.

Fig. 2w. The entrance of the building.

PRECEDENT STUDY 1

Greenhouse as a Home

Architects: BIAS Architects Client: Taoyuan City Location: Xinwu District of Taiwan Project Area: 336m2 Project Year: 2018 Project description: The project considers green architecture and the building was designed to regulate climate, leading to the creation of thermalregulation or climate regulation zones in various parts of the building, which enhances human thermal-comfort. (fig. 1) In the building, the human living space is intertwined with that of the plants and organized according to climatic zones, rather than traditional architectural areas. Greenhouses building materials and structures are arranged to separate climatic areas, while the distribution of water and energy flows is technologically managed. The purpose of the building is so people can experience an integrated variation of climate, landscape, and activities, while they cross “Greenhouse as home.” They can also activate some sense for the respective interdependencies, that is important for to trigger and develop a culture of sustainability.

Relevance to Proposed Project: There are a variety of types of plants and each plant demands a different climate set-up. The plants in the building are distributed horizontally and vertically in the building, and according to its climate needs, The plants create a therapeutic environment where people can enter the place with anger and leave the place with serenity and calm energy. (fig. 2) The building exposes people to the four seasons’ climate, and in some of the zones there is an activity taking place. Like in the third zone, fresh vegetables are picked up in a daily manner and then cooked in real time for the benefit of the visitors. Just like the proposed project, the relation between plants and climate is one of the most important elements for a greenhouse success.The greenhouse as home considers the importance of people’s experience through the building and entertaining activities and fresh cooked food to enhance human experience.

Fig. 3. The structure of the building. Building structure: The construction materials as well as structures used in the building were arranged with the aim of separating climatic zones and distributing energy flows as well as water using green technologies. Thus, the element of green and sustainable architecture is demonstrated in the building through hydroponic farming that allows the growth of fresh vegetables for human users and climatic differences that can be felt by the users. (fig. 3)

Light: Light is one of the most important elements in agricultural life, since plants rely on the sun to grow. Therefore, the building is designed to control climate with the awareness of the Sun necessitates, the material of the walls is well-chosen to reduce the sun rays however does not Obscure it. The roof was designed with the purpose of controlling solar radiation and light since it uses combined plastic films and agricultural gauzes.

Vernacular design: The signature of the building is the simplicity of the exterior and interior. the architects have created a new greenery world inside a transitioned pattern building, each area follows a different climate regulation system. The building has a climatic zone, which guided the organization and allocation of user spaces within the building. (fig. 4)

The key design elements in the building include texture, color, form, and line. The use of lines is also seen in the design and demarcation of human living spaces, as well use of walkways plant forms, which have been used to create an aesthetic look as well as for climate regulation purposes. On the other hand, the texture is attained by using various types of construction materials and plants that have various textural attributes for aesthetic and visual.

PRECEDENT STUDY 2

Rooftop Greenhouse Agrotopia

Architects: Meta Architectuurbureau Client: Inagro and REO Veiling Location: Oostnieuwkerksesteenweg Roeselare, Belgium Project Area: 9500m2 Project Year: 2015-2020

Project description: The rooftop greenhouse Agrotopia is an ambitious project for research and demonstration of vegetable cultivation. The building houses high-tech research facilities for fruit-vegetable and leaf-vegetable cultivation surrounded by an educational routing for a wider public.

Relevance to Proposed Project: The building is organized by creating different user spaces as well as cultivation areas. Where each type of vegetable or fruit is growing in its own area, there is clear existence of large-sized symbols of fruit and vegetable inside the building as a guide for people to know the location of each item. The use of solar energy and the design of the ceiling to allow natural light to enter the building is a very important element for indoor agriculture spaces. The space planning is well thought in terms of orientation of the plant area, and the solar system will be utilized in the proposed project.

Building facilities: The double-height Greenhouse for the innovation of stacked horticultural innovations/solutions is located in the Vertical Greenhouse Gevelserre while the building’s heart contains the facilities for visitors. The grand stairs welcome users to explore the spaces from Urban Agriculture Square to other facilities. The reed filter for residual wastewater treatment and rainwater storage is located in the basement. This level of organization has enhanced the building’s functionality. The circulation path is straight lines and a clear pathway that takes people to all the sections in the building as it is shown in the diagram. (fig. 6)

Fig. 8. The entrance of the building. Technology: The key parameters of the building include human spaces for research and educational purposes, as well as urban farming or roof gardening. The technology featured or used in this project is greenhouse technology, which refers to the provision of favorable environmental conditions that allows the growth of plants.

Materials: The materials used in the projects include transparent materials. The design and construction materials used in the building include glass as well as a sculpture of steel, which are both transparent. These design materials were used to construct a project, which silhouettes the skyline. The rooftop is resting on the market’s concrete base. In this way, the building will establish a prominent position for Urban Agriculture on industrial roofs in the city skyline of Roeselare.

Light: Natural lighting and the use of solar energy are mostly used in the building since it follows green architecture principles of using renewable energy sources. The rooftop material is transparent for the purpose of allowing natural light to enter the building.

Vernacular design: The transparent material in the façade of the building allows sunlight to expose the space. The concrete and the transparent material create a sort of contrast of light and heavy materials, the transparent material reflects lightness and concrete reflects heavies which combining both materials creates a contrast. Proportion, contrast, alignment, balance, and emphasis are the elements activated in the building through the facade, stairs, columns.(fig. 7)