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WHAT IS THE method ?? 96
The changes that have & still been occurring to societies & individuals, have had a major impact on most of the fields of study & research among which architecture has been on of the disciplines argueably being affected the most. The momentum of change from statism to dynamism, from permanent to ephemeral & from consuming to producing, has not just affected the way we use the space but, has proved that the entire current practice of our discipline is rather dysfunctional, making the need for a completely different kind of architecture, more dire, a kind of architecture that is “not built but grown”[1], an architecture that surpasses the understanding of fixed typologies, an architecture that (works with) not (works for).
[1] Conti, M. (Narrator). (2016). New partnerships between technology, nature and humanity. Live performance in Portland.
In the first part of book assigned to theory, philosophical foundations & claims. The aim was to explore the possibility of a shift in the way look at an architectural problem as well as redefining the boundaries of the discipline & its relation to other fields[2]. Moreover, the areas within the discipline that can be the catalyst for change. Accordingly, we have attempted to see as a first step -that is in no way anything but a provocation to- what might an applied translation of the entire approach look like. Sequentially, we have chosen to create a method as a channel for the applied attempt.
[2] Panizo, J.G. (2013). Jacques Rancière: Estética y política. Madrid: Eutelequia.
“First, anyone who seriously intends to become a philosopher must “once in his life” withdraw into himself and attempt, within himself, to overthrow and build anew all the sciences that, up to then, he has been accepting. Philosophy wisdom (sagesse) is the philosophizer’s quite personal affair. It must arise as His wisdom, as his self-acquired knowledge tending toward universality, a knowledge for which he can answer from the beginning, and at each step, by virtue of his own absolute insights.” Cartesian Meditations: An Introduction to Phenomenology Edmund Husserl
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The method is a process that is concerned not just with the finished article but emphasizes the importance & significance of taking a step back from the mainstream way of looking at things & explores different ways not just of (the way we look at things but, the way we look at the way we look at things). The method is a translation of a holistic critical stance that this research has tried to argue for. It is thought of not as a rigid structure but, as a flexible cluster of tools in which each tool is by itself an autonomous entity. The method as well does not aim to produce a specific kind of an outcome but tries to branch out & create a variety of outcomes that are designated along the journey of the method, it spans from intellactual discourse to proposing different depiction methods that tries to capture the essence of the approach to finally proposing a strategical structure -that we’ve called (Space+) that functions through suggested parameters with different degrees of freedom- in which not a specific kind of intervention is the focus but, the circumstantial reality in which interventions could be realized. The method is divided into three phases through which the analysis, synthesis & translation of each phase solely as well as collectively is strongly attached with change of whatever kind being discussed in relation to a variable perception of time. The change is understood & synthesized as a behavioural variation. To experiment the following mathod we chose Riverscape & its relation to its context for reasons to be mentioned later in (From Rivers to Riverscapes) and after (As a Case Study: Paris) sectors. [3] Forman, R. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. New York: Wiley.
The first phase starts with dividing the territory into three major types spatio-behavioral components[3] that are expressed differently from one context to another, following that we study the relationship that arises between these components in which this relationship/interaction is not viewed in a single manner but, a multiplicity of types of interaction that occurs over the time variation as noted earlier. Having established the components & interaction types in a territorial scale, the second phase zooms in & redefines these components in a bigger scale in terms of their constituents or in other words what makes them what they are. The identification of the constituents is followed by the study of the relations in two planes; the horizontal plane & how these relations can be understood on a map. The second is the vertical plane which is quite important as the panoramic perception of how a subject sees, hears & feels the relation provides the method with a different narrative of things.
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[4] Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2016). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Bloomsbury.
The third & final phase however is directed towards establishing a “rhizomatic”[4] strategy structure (Space+) that has components that play different roles & then establishing a dynamic functioning logic for these components to act within the structure. To do this the first part is mainly concerned with how to join, illustrate & utilize the data collected in the prior phases. It starts with an overlapping process & proposes a classification process that it continues to build on in the step following which is the selection & detection; in which the classification starts to generate specific areas that are considered as potential components for both selection & detection to start constructing the strategy structure (Space+). After that comes the representation step in which these identified components are represented seperatly with their (quality-equivalent) aspect, in other words, the areas are represented in a manner that shows the different qualities of each component. In the final step of constructing the primary form of the strategy structure (Space+) the represented components -that are fundamentally abstract- are articulated to their real spaces. Having established the primary form of the structure, the final part of the method is assigned to create a “reality” in which the components of the strategy structure (Space+) are given a definition through a three-parameter logic; that is a proposed progression from the existing parameters in which we usually understand a space. These parameters are practiced through different degrees of freedom that are flexible & open to interpretation.
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NETWORK- 3B 2010 [BURAK ARIKAN] 101
WHY
rIVERSCAPES ?
“I do not know much about gods; but I think that the river Is a strong brown god—sullen, untamed and intractable, Patient to some degree, at first recognised as a frontier; Useful, untrustworthy, as a conveyor of commerce; Then only a problem confronting the builder of bridges. The problem once solved, the brown god is almost forgotten By the dwellers in cities—ever, however, implacable. Keeping his seasons and rages, destroyer, reminder Of what men choose to forget. Unhonoured, unpropitiated By worshippers of the machine, but waiting, watching and waiting.” The Dry Salvages, No3 of Four Quartets T.S. Elliot Rivers are the ‘Roots of Civilization’ and they are the ‘Live Veins’ of countries due to the fact that the benefits that they are providing for mankind. Rivers and their components which are the rich variety of plants and animals; provide hunter-gatherer societies; water for drinking and washing, food, drugs and medicines, dyes, fibers, and wood. Farmers were taking advantage of the same benefits, as well as where needed, irrigation for their crops. For pastoral societies, who graze their herds over wide areas of often parched plains and mountains, perennial vegetation along the banks of rivers provides life-sustaining food and fodder during dry seasons and droughts. Rivers also wait on as roadways for commerce, exploration, and conquest. Throughout the historical times, rivers were the hub of life with not only the major settlements lining the banks but also play an important role in the economic and social life of the people. One of the most important roles of social life is that they are spiritual and religious for many civilizations. For instance; in ancient Mesopotamia, the Babylonians worshipped the Euphrates and the Tigris as gods, both with practical value as well as their spiritual role. Another example is that in Egypt, historical records indicate that Egyptians worship the Nile. Also in India, the Ganga River is highly sacred that pilgrims make pilgrimages there to cleanse themselves. It is obvious that rivers are historically the roots of many major civilizations since they have emerged firstly on river banks, estuaries, and floodplains. One of the most important examples is the ancient city of Babylon which served nearly two millennia as a center of Mesopotamian civilization, the main reason for its rise was its location between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. 102
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN [SEPTEMBER 2006] [EARTH OBSERVATORYNASA] 103
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1 - TIGRIS / BAGHDAD
2 - CHAO PHRAYA / BANGKOK
3 - RIO DE PLATA / BUENOS AIRES
4 - NILE / CAIRO
5 - YAMUNA / DELHI
6 - TAGUS / LISBON
7 - RIMAC / LIMA
8 - TIBER / ROME
9 - MANZANARES / MADRID
10 - SAIGON / HO CHI MINH
11 - SEINE / PARIS
12 - ST.LAWRENCE / MONTREAL
13 - THAMES / LONDON
14 - MOSKVA / MOSCOW
15 - DANUBE / VIENNA 104
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17 - MOLDAU / PRAGUE
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20 - SUMIDA / TOKYO
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23 - MISSISIPPI / CLEARWATER
24 - YENISEI / MONGOLIA 19
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26 - RIO BOGOTA / BOGOTA
27 - YUKON RIVER / ALASKA
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29 - MAPOCHO / SANTIAGO
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WHAT RIVERS PROVIDE? Rivers can be defined as the source of life for many reasons; they provide a water supply for the people, irrigation for agriculture, efficient transportation, rich sources of food, power, and water use for industries. Also, they are the natural habitats for riverine and aquatic biota, it supports a life form that consists a rich biodiversity. [5] Parker, H., & Oates, N. (n.d.). How do healthy rivers benefit society? (Working paper No. 430). Retrieved https://www. odi.org/publications/ 10286 how-do-healthy-rivers- benefit-society
The broad classification of benefits can be defined as social, economic and strategic. However, these categories are not discrete nor hierarchical. There are inner linkages of different kinds of benefits which can manifest different spatial or temporal scales.[5] SOCIAL BENEFITS The social benefits can be defined as contribution to the well-being of individuals and communities, and the functioning of society. These benefits can cover the topics of secure livelihoods, health and nutrition, good social relations, science and education, mental health and spiritual satisfaction.
-Secure Livelihoods: Fisheries, Crops, and Livestock In developing countries, freshwater fisheries are serving as the main protein and income resource. Farmers of the riverine areas are taking advantage of the rivers to irrigate their agricultural crops and mitigate the bad effects of the dry periods of production. Also, rivers provide water for livestock consumption. -Health and Hygiene Pollutants of agricultural, industrial, human and animal waste are diluted and filtrated by freshwater ecosystems. For that reason, a healthy freshwater ecosystem is extremely vital in order to obtain water for drinking, cooking, bathing, washing clothes and to reduce the risk of water-related diseases. -Aesthetic and Recreational As the river runs through the city center it becomes the main attraction for recreational activities (walking, boating, fishing, and etc.) and appreciation of natural features in many cities like; Paris, London, Seoul, Bangkok, and many others. -Spiritual and Cultural Since the rivers are associated with the development of mankind, as an inevitable reality it as a vital role in religions by means of a societal level. On the other hand, on a personal level, they highly affect the 106
spiritual fulfilments and mental well-being of individuals.
-Social Relations In the sense of conflict or stability rivers play a vital role. It measures the sense of belonging and happiness. -Education and Science Rivers are the opportunities for formal and informal education, training, and research fields for biodiverse ecosytems. At the same time recently, the topic of restoration of unhealthy rivers provides interesting avenues for researchers. ECONOMIC BENEFITS Economic benefits can be defined as contributing to the national economy and/or provide employment, for areas like agricultural production, energy production, industrial development, transport, and tourism. They are not only affecting the macro-scale but at the same time, they affect micro-scales like individual households. -Agriculture The irrigation system of agricultural activities depends on sufficient quality and quantity of water because of the sediment flows and nutrient cycles. Food security, tax revenues, and employment can be achieved via commercial irrigation. -Industry In a manufacturing, process water is a vital input since it is used for dyeing, cooling, washing, and lubrication. A sufficient output of industrial production requires the right quality and quantity, at the right time and place with the right price. -Transport A lot of settlements and cities are located on or close by the river in order to import and export goods, act as a water highway for transportation. -Energy In order to use the benefits of hydropower, rivers are highly important by means of energy efficiency. Other sources of energy/electricity require water for the production process such as extraction of raw materials, cooling in thermal processes and so on.
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-Tourism Rivers are one of the biggest attractions both for local and international tourists for the activies that they provide such as fishing, boating, wildlife viewing. This activities both provide employments and tax revenues. STRATEGIC BENEFITS Strategic benefits can be defined as national and trans-national interests which are generally policised. They include regional security, food security, climate resilience, disaster risk reduction, energy security, poverty reduction, national economic growth, and water security. -Regional Security Rivers can provide economic, environmental, social and political outcomes. However, these outcomes do not depend on the health of the river ecosystems but the deprecating situations can create political conflicts. -Food Security Since agriculture is in charge of 70% of withdrawals globally, there is a strong bond between the food and the water security. Water is highly essential for good nutritions and health. -Climate Resilience Riverine ecosystems have the power to affect the climate variability and change. -Disaster Risk Reduction Throughout the history mankind has been facing the risks of overbundance or insufficiency of water. Healthy riverine ecosystems can mitigate the impacts of flood and drought. However, healthy rivers can be a reason for hydrological risks. -Energy Security Development of hydropower creates a bridge between supply and demand and electricity generation is a necessary condition for many social and economic activities. -Poverty Reduction Riverine ecosystems are directly relied on by high proportion of poor people because of their livelihoods such as fisheries, crops, livestock, and foraging. 108
MARKARFLJOT RIVER #2 ICELAND, 2012 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY] 109
-National Economic Growth Rivers create a diversification of the economy or degree of reliance on water-related sectors. A prerequisite, a consequence or growth can occur according to the investments in water management and infrastructural development. -Water Security The management of having sufficient water by means of quality and quantity for the needs of humans in all uses and for the ecosystems. Management of water-related risks such as flood, drought, and pollution.
[6] Chan, N. W., Ao, M., Zakaria, N. A., & Ghani, A. A. (2016). Chapter 38 Rivers and Cities. In Sustainable Urban Development Textbook (1st ed., pp. 248 -256). Water Watch Penang & Yokohama City University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate. net/publication/308984294_ Chapter_38_Rivers_and_Cities.
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NATURAL BENEFITS In terms of its natural benefits; the most vital role of a river is a linking ecosystem between the land and the ocean systems. The river ecosystem and its ecology play a vital role in transforming energy and distributing it, transporting and turnover the nutrient, and storing and processing the organic matter. Rivers are basically heterotrophic as a substantial proportion of the biotic energy that drives stream communities is organic matter derived from original sources. Within most rivers, the pattern of flow variation, and its stability and water quality are the results of the distribution of the species because of the adaptation to fill a specific niche of many aquatic plants, invertebrates, and fishes. Rivers serve as a geological factor as its running water is one of the most penetrating factor of erosion. Combined with the fact of gravity, they are creating countless amount of geological and geomorphological landforms. These land forms are the results of running water through a process that took ages such as; the Niagara Falls (Canada and United States), The Grand Canyon (United States), and the Three Gorges (China). Another major role of rivers is that they transfer the materials from terrestrial environments to the oceans. These materials are not only liquid but also solids, especially, sediments, salts as well as nutrients. Without this transportation oceans will be deficient in solids and nutrients, thereby the aquatic life will be damaged.[6]
TAKING LANDSCAPE ECOLOGY INTO WATER The main issue that landscape ecology deals with is that the influence of spatial pattern on ecological processes. It studies the consequences of ecology according to where things are located, where they are relative to other things, and how these relationships and their results are contingent on the characteristics of the surrounding landscape mosaic at multiple scales in time and space. Tradionationally, landscape ecologists have focused on their studies on terrestrial ecosystems and taking rivers and streams as an element of landscape ecosytems or as a linkage. In general, there are three ways that riverine systems are included by landscape ecologists; 1- Rivers as elements of a landscape mosaic 2- Rivers linked with their surroundings by boundary dynamics 3- Rivers as internally heterogeneous landscapes The three ways above of approaching to riverine landscapes, cover the topic in two dimensions. The first approach is an advancement from thinking about rivers as parts of terrestrial landscapes to considering the rivers’ landscape structure and its details. The second one is focusing on the dynamics of spatial patterns instead of depicting as static spatial patterns. In this case, time becomes vital. It can be also understood as a scale of resolution in the sense of space and time which reveals as a consequence more detail. The third one focuses on rivers constitutes a landscape in its own right due to the fact that they are consist of heterogeneous patterns. These approaches at the same time present a change from thinking terrestrially to thinking aquatically in a way that considering their internal structure and dynamics.[7]
[7] Wiens, J. A. (2002). Riverine landscapes: Taking landscape ecology into the water. In Freshwater Biology (Vol. 47, pp. 501-515). John Wiley & Sons. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1046/j.13652427.2002.00887.x
Because of the rivers’ and streams’ locational variance or heterogeneteity, they are at any scale an important feature of landscapes. The pattern of a landscape is resulted from the kinds of elements that it contains, how they are arranged in space which is its structure, are respectively results in the variations of the quality and the context and the boundary of the patch. This spatial pattern is translated in to a process of spatially dependent landscape because of the interaction between the landscape pattern and the organisms that it contains in the sense of ecological, morphological, behaviourial and temporal lifecycle of them.
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[8] Allan, D. J. (2004). Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems. In Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (Vol. 35, pp. 258). Annual Reviews.
It is obvious that riverine landscapes differ from the terrestrial landscapes. Rivers can be defined as being complex MOSAICS of habitat types and environmental gradients, characterized and affected by their own surroundings and high CONNECTIVITY at MULTISCALE. Riverine landscapes are to be studied over a wide range of scales from the braided river and it’s valley to small habitat patches because of their own complexity and being responsible for high biodiversity of systems like patches, ecotones and successional stages.[8]
[9] Stanford, J. A. (2017). Riverscapes. In Methods in Stream Ecology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 3-19). Candice G. Janco.
An expansive view of a stream or river and it’s catchment, including NATURAL, CULTURAL ATTRIBUTES & INTERACTIONS is ”RIVERSCAPES”. A fundamental point of view is that the riverscape is not STATIC. On the contrary, it is a dynamic, constantly shifting mosaic or sequential interconnected habitats. Which are created, modified, destroyed and rebuilt by the cut and fill process of alluvionv due to the fact of flood and moderated by riparian vegetation.[9] Riverscapes and their patterns are connected through both space and time. A series of streams of one river are connected in space, but if they were all there a decade ago, a century or more ago, then there is a continuous connection for that time. The connection is of water, though not necessarily even the same species of biota, let alone the same individuals, and thirdly of impact and management. The river continuum is of time as well as space, as is the tat of the riverscape, changed, slowly or dramatically, over the years. The landform continues, the rest changes. Riverine systems are governed by water flows, and because of its density and viscosity, water is a much more effective agent in linking landscape elements, both in space and in scale, that is the air in which terrestrial landscapes are immersed. Consequently, the concept of riverscape that treats rivers as spatially expanding longitudinal and lateral riverscape instead of dealing with them as points, lines, or gradients, should be applied into the riverscape ecology and river ecology. Riverscape should also be studied similarly to terrestrial landscapes by analyzing spatial distribution, patchiness, patterns, spatial heterogeneity, spatiotemporal scale, connectivity, and disturbance, not as an element of landscape mosaic or linkage.
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1 RIVERS AS ELEMENTS OF A LANDSCAPE MOSAIC
The river is an internally homogeneous element contained within a broader terrestrial landscape.
2 RIVERS LINKED WITH THEIR SURROUNDINGS BY BOUNDARY DYNAMICS
The river is connected with the surrounding landscape by a series of flows across the land-water boundary, or longitudinally down the river corridor.
3 RIVERS AS INTERNALLY HETEROGENEOUS LANDSCAPES
The river is a part of a landscape that is internally heterogeneous, and there is therefore a “landscape” within the river system as well. 113
RIVERS AS AN INTEGRATOR IN CITIES [10] Abshirini, Ehsan & Koch, Daniel. (2016). Rivers as integration devices in cities. City, Territory and Architecture. 3. 1-21. 10.1186/s40410-0160030-4.
Rivers and cities both as dynamic systems have been interacting each other over time according to the changing relations. The morphology of many cities is a result of a long and steady struggle between the functions of the city and the river inscribed within itself. The role of the rivers in the emergence of societies is inevitable since they are a vital part of geographical environments that are influencing and confining the morphology of urban structures. Rivers not only affect the primary circumstance for growth and development of settlements but also they affect the artistic quality of these urban structures as well as their size and functions. Cities should be handled as complex systems with distinctive dynamic parameters, large numbers of distinctive actors and a heterogeneous nature. The interrelations between people, space and objects, and continuous interactions are the cause of the current situation of cities. The heterogeneity covers the topic of the population of cities makes its relation to the spatial pattern through an individual and collective process. These processes are also affecting the structure of cities, as is cognitive, social and psychological aspects with different degrees of straightforward affiliations to the physical environment. In other words ‘society and space’ doesn’t depend on or emerging from one another but highly affect each other.[10]
[11] Silva, J. B. et al, Urban Rivers as Factors of Urban (Dis) integration, 42nd ISoCaRP Congress 2006
VARIABLES OF CITY - RIVER INTEGRATION[11] 1- Physical Geography and Morphology The average slope on the whole bank and the ratio between the slope on the steepest and the flattest part of it are to describe the configuration of the valley and the accessibility to the river bed are the major factors of an overall configuration of the city and the levels of integration of city - river system on the local level. Within the national City-River System; it is important to indicate the distance from the sea and the closest district capital, the average altitude of it, or which landscape region does it belong to.
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2- Urban Dimension In terms of population and population density, the total population broken per bank of the river and/ or living in the city center and the proportion between urbanization on each bank is expected to describe if the city is balanced by means of its development on the river banks on both sides instead of concentrating on one side of it. The historical factors and administrative divisions have influenced the width of the river as well. The use of indicators of fragmentation of urban areas considers the urban sprawl through. The position of a city within the ranking of which country does it belong is an indicator on a national level. Also, the evolution of the population, indicated by the rate of variation of the resident population for every urban area and the shift in position within the overall city population ranking should be analyzed to have more accurate understanding the influence between the city and river.
3- River Dimension In order to describe the characteristics of the urban tract of the river, the average width which is the river flows for a 5-year return period, the size of the river basin where it is located upstream from the city, and the length of the urban amplitude of the river should be considered. Regardless of the width of a river, also in some situations like the changes resulted by the channelizing the parts of the river, are highly dependent on the factors exterior to the city. These variables are both natural such as precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, and artificial like damming, water extraction.
4- City - River Relation The accurate indicators for the proximity of city and river are; the total length of the contact point which is the waterfront, between the urbanized areas of the city and the river, and the ratio between these variables and the total urbanized area of the city. This defines the way of if a city occupies or not and how wide the strip along both banks of the river. It is understood that a longer waterfront allows a greater level of integration of the riverine areas and a higher amount of diversity of land use all along the riverbanks.
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5- Spatial Configuration The City-River relation is highly related to the local integration of city and river. The number of crossings along the urban tract and the number of crossings per kilometer affect the transposability of the river. A high density of crossing is an indicator of a greater integration of the urban system around the banks of a river, whereas a small amount of crossings results in shifting of focus from the river to the city so that it is not well connected. An urban structure divided by river, not connected, and defined by independents spatial configurations make the river as a backbone of the city and not used as its best potential. [12] Kondolf, M. G., & Pinto, P. J. (2017). The social connectivity of urban rivers. In Geomorphology (Vol. 277, pp. 182-196). Elsevier B.V. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geomorph.2016.09.028
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As a result, it is understood that there is a positive growth rate in the vast majority of cities where rivers inscribed within them or where they are located in a vicinity of the sea. In very favorable conditions by means of functional and physical integration which can be described as an altimetric amplitude less than 50m, provides an easy access to the water. However, the cities with a rougher topography or a higher altimetric amplitude can create a different relationship with their river but this doesn’t mean that they have lesser value. They can have a greater visual integration with the scenario and vista points that are giving an identity to that city. The system and the structure of cities are long-term proceedings and they are highly affected by the history and how they evolved and reshaped throughout the time. The change in the city populations over a long period of time results in continuity and persistence of urban development. The character and the dimension of the river are dependent on the amount of water flows on it. Lack of water in a river or in a stream can make impossible or less interesting the activities occurring on them for people and this means a weak integration with the city.[12] On the other hand, overflows and floods have a psychological effect on people which makes them feel unsafe. For that reason, in order to minimize its threats and mitigate its effects, the behavioral adjustments have to be also developed according to the previous hazardous experiences and the characteristics of the society. If there is a high sense of mutual confidence between the river and the city there will be a higher integration. In order to be domanited and protective about the river, cities force less appropriated changes on the natural character of the river which afffects the whole dynamic of a river. Throughout the time people have been trying to understand how to deal with river dynamics. As city draws back, and continue expanding in the direction of the river and constrains the occupation of urban areas on the watersides and
Relationship with River & Perception of “Closeness” [13]
[13] Kondolf, M. G., & Pinto, P. J. (2017). The social connectivity of urban rivers. In Geomorphology (Vol. 277, pp. 190). Elsevier B.V. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j. geomorph.2016.09.028 117
give a space for the river which it needs. This type of integration of city and river is an urban concept which influenced by the essential characteristics of the elements that are equally and continuously interacting and depending on the context that this relationship occurs, in other words, the geographical and physical conditions it is happenning. Another important contributor for the integration is that the connection between two banks which are the crossings because they have a function of linking two margins and providing an uninterrupted circulation along the river and contacting the zones where people can have activities like watch, enjoy the view, explore. Also, the existence or non-existence of adequate and proper areas that provide a physical contact with water is highly important for an integration. This allows people to have an intense sensorial contact and experience with it closely. Rivers always be understood as a territorial discontinuity, a physical barrier for a city or any urban settlement. However, this effect can be overcome through transposition, crossing, creating proper waterfronts for people to be part of the river life. With our proposal of the methodology, we are trying to overcome this misunderstanding of this discontinuity and barrier of River Seine. CHALLENGES OF RIVERS [14] E. (2016). Rivers and lakes in cities - Past and future challenges (Rep. No. 26/2016). European Environment Agency. doi:10.2800/516136
Although the rivers offer a countless amount of natural and human functions, rivers are in return, mismanaged and misused by humans. Since general public, industries and businesses often treat rivers badly and they use the rivers for the discharge of domestic, commercial, industrial and agricultural effluents this results in severe pollution. Most of the developing countries have been developing in the last thirty years very rapidly which is combined also with a high level of urbanization, expansion of agricultural activities and intensification of industries have resulted in the change of land use. Mainly, the forests and fields turned in to urban, commercial and industrial lands. This shifting of usages from natural to artificial cause to excessive levels of soil erosion, pollution, and river sedimentation. This high level of hazardous effects increase the landslides and level of pollution of the rivers and endangering the lives, properties, and the biodiversity. These developments have intruded upon rivers and overstressed river systems.[14] The negative impacts of urbanization on rivers go beyond the historical background of pollution and even extend to the level of structural changes of rivers. The impacts can be described as followed;
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1- Water Quantity Impacts On one hand through abstraction decrease on flow and reduction of groundwater levels, on the other hand, increase on flow from surface run-off, increase on how often the floods occur and reduction of infiltration, has an immense effect on the quantitative status of rivers.
2- Water Quality Impacts The quality of the water decreases due to the fact that, contamination from households and industrial sites, wastewater discharges and the increase in the level of run-off water from roads, roofs and gardens.
3- Physical Structure Impacts The construction of artificial wall instead of natural riverbanks results in disruption of connectivity and even making the river covered underground.
4- Geomorphological Impacts An altered morphology is an outcome of lack of space of urban rivers to erode their banks and deposit sediment or to connect to their floodplain. The width, the depth, and the course of the river change because of the bridges, pipes and other types of infrastructures.
5- Impacts on the Ability to Support Wildlife The biotas are losing their richness and diversity in the rivers which were interupted by humans.
6- Removal of Riparian Vegetation Removing the riparian vegatation for any kind of reason, decreases the organic input and the compexity of the habitat as well as increases the temperature of the river and destroys the stability of the banks. Urbanisation has an inevitable impact on the ecology of the rivers. It leads a decrease in biotic richness and increase dominance of pollution and low tolerant species. The uncontrolled urbanisation has negative feedbacks for the freshwater ecosytems. For that reason, the cooperation between government and all stakeholders is vital in order to prevent more severe and widespread impacts. 119
WHY paRis ?? As mentioned earlier parts to translate/interpret the theoretical narrative into a practical one, we’ve chosen to work on Riverscapes for reasons that were mentioned prior to this part. Sequentially, we’ve decided to apply our method in Paris. The main reason for this choice is because Paris as a city gives us the opportunity to analyse and develop a forward looking strategy to address an evolution of landscape and urban structures including societal and virtual aspects in order to test our method. It is a city of tools by means of urban development on many scales. [15] The Agency. (2018, February 06). Retrieved April 08, 2018, from https://www.apur. org/en/about-us [16] (n.d.). Retrieved April 08, 2018, from https://www. numa.co/why-numa
The support of the government and non-profit organizations make the development of the city more transparent, forward-looking, inclusive and democratic in order to make the city grow in a more assertive and sustainable way. Non-profit organizations like Apur[15] v encourages technical syndicates, public establishments, municipalities, researchers and citizens to play a role in exchanging information process. Another strong organization NUMA[16] is a pioneering entrepreneurial association, coworking space, startup accelerator and open-innovation program that works with government. Their program frame is focused on enhancements of mobility, urban planning and quality of urban life, energy studies on environmental aspects which parallel our step by step method. By learning from these entrepreneurial authorities we had the chance to develop our application of methodology process in a more accurate and utilitarian way. Paris as a city is an urban laboratory where the researchers, developers, architects, artists and other entrepreneurs test their innovative ideas. For that reason, the city started to have bit of everything which makes the city accoutred and diverse. The architectural history of the city is not dimished unlike the other cities which are undergoing the phases of punctuated equilibrium. This situation for Paris results in providing an easy way to trace the origins of the most contemporary ideas throughout history and built on them. Yet its current urban condition could hardly be considered as adequate. For us it is the time to rethink and reimagine better and innovative urban qualities for this city. The challenge is to bring together so many different styles and the city’s enormous disparity into one Paris which is highly connected to its riverscape especially when the city is so clearly defined geographically.
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PARIS & SEINE RIVER [2018] [PARIS WITH JUST AN IPHONE - PETER ADAMS] 121
References WHAT IS THE METHOD?
[1] Conti, M. (Narrator). (2016). New partnerships between technology, nature and humanity. Live performance in Portland. [2] Panizo, J. G. (2013). Jacques Rancière: Estética y política. Madrid: Eutelequia. [3] Forman, R. T., & Godron, M. (1986). Landscape ecology. New York: Wiley. [4] Deleuze, G., & Guattari, F. (2016). A thousand plateaus: Capitalism and schizophrenia. London: Bloomsbury.
WHY RIVERSCAPES?
[5] Parker, H., & Oates, N. (n.d.). How do healthy rivers benefit society? (Working paper No. 430). Retrieved https://www.odi.org/publications/10286-how-do-healthy-rivers-benefit-society [6] Chan, N. W., Ao, M., Zakaria, N. A., & Ghani, A. A. (2016). Chapter 38 Rivers and Cities. In Sustainable Urban Development Textbook (1st ed., pp. 248-256). Water Watch Penang & Yokohama City University. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308984294_ Chapter_38_Rivers_and_Cities. [7] Wiens, J. A. (2002). Riverine landscapes: Taking landscape ecology into the water. In Freshwater Biology (Vol. 47, pp. 501-515). John Wiley & Sons. doi:https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2427.2002.00887.x [8] Allan, D. J. (2004). Landscapes and Riverscapes: The Influence of Land Use on Stream Ecosystems. In Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics (Vol. 35, pp. 258). Annual Reviews. [9] Stanford, J. A. (2017). Riverscapes. In Methods in Stream Ecology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 3-19). Candice G. Janco. [10] Abshirini, Ehsan & Koch, Daniel. (2016). Rivers as integration devices in cities. City, Territory and Architecture. 3. 1-21. 10.1186/s40410016-0030-4. [11] Silva, J. B. et al, Urban Rivers as Factors of Urban (Dis)integration, 42nd ISoCaRP Congress 2006
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[12] Kondolf, M. G., & Pinto, P. J. (2017). The social connectivity of urban rivers. In Geomorphology (Vol. 277, pp. 182-196). Elsevier B.V. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.028 [13] Kondolf, M. G., & Pinto, P. J. (2017). The social connectivity of urban rivers. In Geomorphology (Vol. 277, pp. 190). Elsevier B.V. doi:https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2016.09.028 [14] E. (2016). Rivers and lakes in cities - Past and future challenges (Rep. No. 26/2016). European Environment Agency. doi:10.2800/516136
[15] The Agency. (2018, February 06). Retrieved April 08, 2018, from https://www.apur.org/en/about-us
WHY PARIS?
[16] (n.d.). Retrieved April 08, 2018, from https://www.numa.co/ why-numa
- Eliot, T. S. (n.d.). Four quartets. Boston: Mariner Books, Houghton Mifflin Hacourt. No. 3 of ‘Four Quartets’
OTHERS
- Mauch, C., & Zeller, T. (1996). Rivers in History and Historiography: An Introduction. In Rivers in history : Perspectives on waterways in Europe and North America (pp. 1-10). University of Pittsburg Press. - McCully, P. (1996). Silenced rivers: The ecology and politics of large dams. London: Zed Books. Excerpted Chapter 1 -Silva, J. B., et al (2003), Classification of the aesthetic value of urban rivers – methodology, deliverable 4.2 of URBEM European Project – Urban Rehabilitation Basin Enhancement Methods. Burton, I., -Batty, Michael. (2005). Cities and complexity, Cambridge: the MIT press.
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METHOD S
PHASE I
PH
[READING THE TERRITORY]
[IN TO
STAGE 1
ST
[BASIC COMPONENTS]
[component
STAIN
SEAM
MEDIUM
[PROPERTIES]
[PROPERTIES]
[PROPERTIES]
STAIN
[CONSTITUENTS] [CONST
ST
STAGE 2 [components’ INTERACTION]
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE
[coMPONENTS’ INTERACTION
CONNECTION
STAGE 3 [INTERACTION VARIATIONS / TIME]
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SEA
PART 1
[HORIZONTAL PLANE]
R
ST UCTURE
HASE II
PHASE III [STRATEGY structure - SPACE+]
THE CITY]
TAGE 1
STAGE 1
[STRATEGICAL COMPONENTS]
ts’ constituents]
AM
MEDIUM
TITUENTS] [CONSTITUENTS]
TAGE 2
step 1
step 2
step 3
[overlapING]
[SELECTION & DETECTION]
step 4
[REPRESENTATION] [ARTICULATION]
STAGE 2
N & CONSTITUENTS’ DYNAMICS]
[SPACE+ SYNTAX]
PART 2
[VERTICAL PLANE]
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126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
PHASE I : READING THE TERRITORY
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136
137
This phase is divided into three stages. Starting from the identification of the basic components, passing by their composition & the dynamic interaction between/within them, to the change in their structure & their relations over time.
THEIR BEHAVIOUR
StAGE 1: BASIC COMPONENTS The goal is to recognise the different spatial behavior represented as variable physical compositions of components that change in relation to one another spatially as well as, chronologically/temporarily. This change can only be understood as relational values within the scope of the flexible system in constant mutation. The process is essential to deconstruct the essence (DNA) of the territory. The components are as follows;
STAIN
SEAM
MEDIUM
1-Stain (in a discontinuous state)
A DISCONTINUOUS MARK OR DISCOLOURATION of variant forms & structures within the territory.
2-seam (in a continuous state)
A CONTINUOUS SEAM stretching across the territory, that is variant it’s conditions of motion & mutation.
3- Medium (the melieu of happening)
An agent represented by the array of elements through which the stain & seam’s structures are conveyed & their physical forces are transmitted. The medium is an entity of its own which behaves according to particular rules whether they are heterogeneous or homogeneous.
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The composition of the components are represented in three dispositions;
DISPOSITION 1
DISPOSITION 2
DISPOSTION 3
* Disposition 1: Rivers inscribed within an urban context. * Disposition 2: Rivers flowing in vicinity of urban contexts. * Disposition 3: Rivers distanct from urban contexts.
STAGE 2: COMPONENTS’ INTERACTION junctION
The physical interaction (intersection) between the components are represented in 3 different modes;
LINE
FRAGMENTATION
3RD SPACE
* Line: When the change is sudden & intense with no thresholds. * Fragmentation: When the change is gradual, that they components change from a whole to fragments towards eachother merging along a distance. * 3RD space: When the components are joined/divided by a component that belongs in its kind to neither side & is governed/configurated by other attributes (heterotopia).
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Influence
The kind of interaction that explains when the global condition or one or more components’ condition or state has an influential impact on the other component(s). There are three kinds of influence;
PHYSICAL
FUNCTIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
* Physical: When the physical/tangiable composition of one or more components impacts the physical/tangiable composition of the other component(s). * Functional: When the economic/social or other intangiable situation, impacts in a variety of manners the component(s). * Environmental: When the environmental/ecological conditions impacts in a variety of manners the component(s).
connection
The kind of interaction that explains the linkage between components & eachother & items within the same component. There are two kinds of connection;
MOBILITY
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GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
* MOBILITY: The physical lines that connects the components. * GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: The Green system of natural & semi-natural elements that joins/penetrates the components.
Stage 3: INTERACTION VARIATIONS / TIME The prior mentioned interactions whether they are tangiable or intangiable within this understanging of the territory are not fixed/rigid relations, on the contrary, they are in constant change over time whether this change is in their presence or absence or in their intensity, whether they happen simultaneously or in sequence. Accordingly, these changes are not neccessarily bound by one definition of time. they vary mainly within two time perceptions & they are as follows;
CHRONOSPATIAL
SPATIOTEMPORAL FACTOR OF CHANGE CONSTANT TIME VALUE
Chronospatial
When the relational change of any kind is consistant/constant & can be predicted/anticipated.
Spatiotemporal
When the relational change of any kind is inconsistant/ temporal & sudden. Accordingly, one of the ways to understand the rythm of change & whether it is chronospatial or spatiotemporal is by diving the factor of change by a constant time value. If the results are consistent & within a close range then the change is chronospatial. On the other hand, if the result is inconsistent & varies greatly in one or more result then the change is spatiotemporal. 141
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STAGE 1:
BASIC COMPONENTS
143
basic component 1
the sta n
i
& ITS PROPERTIES IN TERRITORIAL SCALE, THE STAIN IS DEFINED AS A DISCONTINUOUS MARK OR DISCOLOURATION OF VARIANT FORMS & STRUCTURES. IT HAS THREE TYPES OF PROPERTIES; 1- ORIGIN POINTS 2- EXPANSION 3- BOUNDARY THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS follows:
144
CHICHEN ITZA, MEXICO [IKONOS, SATELLITE IMAGE] 145
1 ORIGIN POINTS AN ORIGIN POINT IS THE 'BIRTH’ POINT OF THE STAIN WHICH IT EXPANDS OVER TIME. AS THE FIRST APPROACH TO PERMANENT SETTLING, IT WAS USUALLY LOCATED NEXT TO AREAS RICH IN RESOURCES.
2 EXPANSION THE EXPANSION OF THE STAIN STARTS FROM THE ORIGIN POINT IN AN OUTWARDS DIRECTION. THE EXPANSION FACTOR IS DIRECTLY RELATED TO THE VOLUME OF ENTITY & THE PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIUM.
3 BOUNDARY THE BOUNDARY OF THE STAIN VARIES & SHIFTS IN AN ORGANIC MANNER AWAY FROM THE ORIGIN POINT OVER TIME & IS CONTINUOUS EXPANSION UNTIL IT REACHES A TEMPORARY FORM OF STABILITY WITHIN THE GIVEN CONDITIONS. NEVERTHELESS, IT CHANGES WITHIN THE CHANGE IN THE CONDITIONS. 146
147
NILE DELTA
NILE DELTA
NILE DELTA
basic component 2
the seam & ITS PROPERTIES IN TERRITORIAL SCALE, a contINUOUS SEAM STRETCHING ACROSS THE TERRITORY, THAT IS VARIANT ITS CONDITIONS OF MOTION & MUTATION IS DEFINED AS SEAM. THE PROPERTIES OF SEAM ARE as followed; 1- vISUALLY DIVIDES 2- FUNCTIONALLY JOINS 3- FLEXIBLE THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS follows:
148
TIGRIS AND EUPHRATES RIVER BASIN [SEPTEMBER 2009] [EARTH OBSERVATORYNASA] 149
1 visually divIDES THE FIRST PROPERTY OF A SEAM IS THAT IT DIVIDES BETWEEN DIFFERENT PIECES WITH A VISIBLE LINE.
2 FUNCTIONALLY JOINS THE SECOND PROPERTY OF A SEAM IS THAT IT JOINS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT PIECES THROUGH A BUFFER ZONE THAT IS DISTINCTIVE BY ITSELF.
3 FLEXIBLE THE THIRD PROPERTY OF A SEAM IS THAT ITS ABILITY TO ADAPT TO CHANGES. AS WELL AS, BEING FLEXIBLE TO VARIATION OF CONDITIONS, ENTITIES & FACTORS.
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151
emilia rom. - lombardia
emilia rom. - lombardia
emilia rom. - lombardia
basic component 3
the
MEDIUM & ITS PROPERTIES IN TERRITORIAL SCALE, THE MEDIUM IS AN ENTITY OF ITS OWN WHICH BEHAVES ACCORDING TO PARTICULAR RULES WHETHER THEY ARE HETEROGENEOUS OR HOMOGENEOUS. IT HAS THREE TYPES PROPERTIES WHICH ARE; 1- FLEXIBLE PERCEPTION 2- MATRIX OF RELATIONS 3- TRANSFORMATIVE THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS follows:
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IRRIGATION FIELDS, EDSON, KANSAS [2015] [BENJAMIN GRANT- b.1989] 153
1 fLEXIBLE PERCEPTION THE FIRST PROPERTY OF A MEDIUM IS THAT IT CAN HAVE AN IMPACT ACTING AS CLUSTER ENTITIES, AS WELL AS INDIVIDUAL CONSITUENTS.
2 MATRIX OF RELATIONS THE SECOND PROPERTY OF A MEDIUM IS THAT IT makes IT POSSIBLE TO TRANSFER & CONNECT BETWEEN DIFFERENT ENTITIES OF A SYSTEM, CREATING A MOSAIC OF HIERARCHICAL RELATIONS.
3 TRANSFORMATIVE THE THIRD PROPERTY OF A MEDIUM IS ITS ABILITY TO CHANGE THE COLLECTIVE IMPACT BY INDIVIDUAL TRANSFORMATION OF ITS CONSITITUENTS.
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155
il-de-france - picardy
il-de-france - picardy
il-de-france - picardy
DISPOSITION 1
Rivers INSCRIBED WITHIN AN URBAN CONTEXT
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PARIS & SEINE RIVER [2018] [GOOGLE EARTH] 157
158
DRINKING DATA MIT SENSIBLE CITY LAB [CARLO RATTI]
159
DISPOSITION 2
Rivers IN THE VICINITY OF URBAN CONTEXT
160
PIACENZA & PO RIVER [2018] [GOOGLE EARTH] 161
162
DRINKING DATA MIT SENSIBLE CITY LAB [CARLO RATTI]
163
DISPOSITION 3
Rivers DISTANT FROM URBAN CONTEXT
164
TANTA & NILE RIVER [2018] [GOOGLE EARTH] 165
166
DRINKING DATA MIT SENSIBLE CITY LAB [CARLO RATTI]
167
168
STAGE 2:
COMPONENTS’ INTERACTIONS
169
INTERACTION TYPES ACCORDING TO TIME
170
1 JUNCTION
LINE FRAGMENTATION 3RD SPACE
2 INFLUENCE
PHYSICAL FUNCTIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
3 CONNECTION
MOBILITY GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
1 CHRONOSPATIAL
2 SPATIOTEMPORAL
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INTERACTION TYPE 1
JUNCTION IN TeRRITORIAL SCALE, JUNCTION ANALYSIS IS TO DEFINE THE PHYSICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS; STAIN, SEAM AND MEDIUM. THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF JUNCTION; 1- LINE 2- FRAGMENTATION 3- 3RD SPACE THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS:
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LINE
SALT RIVER PIMA - MARICOPA INDIAN RESERVATION SCOTTSDALE, 2011 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
FRAGMENTATION
GREEN HOUSES ALMERIA PENINSULA SPAIN, 2010 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
3RD SPACE
ROW IRRIGATION IMPERIAL VALLEY, SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA USA, 2009 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
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1 LINE WHEN THE JUNCTIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS ARE CATEGORIZED AS A LINE. WHICH MEANS THAT THERE ARE NO TRANSITION SPACES.
2 FRAGMENTATION WHEN THE JUNCTIONS BETWEEN DIFFERENT COMPONENTS ARE CHANGING FROM COMPACTNESS TO FRAGMENTATION OVER AN AREA.
3 3 SPACE RD
WHEN THE JUNCTIONS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS ARE THROUGH AN INTERMEDIATE SPACE THAT IS DIFFERENT IN ITS PROPERTIES THAN THE CAGING COMPONENTS.
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175
PIACENZA
TANTA
PARIS
INTERACTION TYPE 2
INFLUeNCE INFLUENCES IN TERRITORIAL SCALE ARE DESCRIBING HOW THE GLOBAL CONDITION OR ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS’ CONDITION OR STATE HAVE AN INFLUENTIAL IMPACT ON THE OTHER COMPONENT(S). THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF INFLUENCES; 1- PHYSICAL 2- FUNCTIONAL 3- ENVIRONMENTAL THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS;
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physICAL
FLOOD CONTROL LEVEE MAASVLAKTE, ROTTERDAM THE NETHERLANDS, 2011 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
FUNCTIONAL
KUMBH MELA #3 ALLAHABAD INDIA, 2013 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
ENVIRONMENTAL
DYRALAEKIR RIVER ON MYRDALSSANDUR, ICELAND, 2012 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
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1 PHYSICAL WHEN THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF ONE OR MORE OF THE COMPONENTS AFFECT THE WAY THE OTHER COMPONENTS BEHAVE AS WELL AS ELEMENTS WITHIN THE COMPONENTS THEMSELVES.
2 FUNCTIONAL WHEN economic/social or other conditions impact the spatial relation between & within the components.
3 ENVIRONMENTAL WHEN THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS WHETHER THEY ARE PERMENANT OR TEMPORARY AFFECT A COMPONENT OR MORE RESULTING IN A CHANGE OF THE DYNAMICS BETWEEN THEM.
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179
EMILIA ROM. - LOMBARDIA
NILE DELTA
ROUEN
INTERACTION TYPE 3
CONNECTION CONNECTION IN TERRITORIAL SCALE IS DEFINING THE KIND OF INTERACTION AND THE LINKAGE BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS, EACHOTHER, AND ITEMS WITHIN THE SAME COMPONENT. IN THIS SCALE THERE ARE TWO TYPES OF CONNECTION; 1- MOBILITY 2- GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS FOLLOWS;
180
moBILITY
HIGHWAY #5 LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA USA, 2009 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
POLDERS GROOTSCHERMER THE NETHERLANDS, 2011 [EDWARD BURTYNSKY]
181
1 MOBILITY IT IS THE FREE MOVEMENT THROUGH THE PHYSICAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN & WITHIN THE DIFFERENT COMPONENTS.
2 GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE IT IS THE NETWORK OF NATURAL, SEMI-NATURAL, FEATURES, AND THE GREEN SPACES IN ANY KIND OF LAND, AS WELL AS COASTAL & MARINE AREAS.
182
183
ILE-DE-FRANCE
EMILIA ROMAGNA
184
STAGE 3: INTERACTION VARIATIONS / TIME
185
186
187
360 a.d. durING THAT TIME THE STAIN HAD A FRAGMENTED NATURE, THE MEDIUM WAS NATURAL & IT’S JUNCTION WITH THE SEAM VARIED BETWEEN A LINE & A THIRD SPACE. PRELIMINARY MOBILITY AXIS
1180 The stain started expanding from its point of origin to the north of the seam, creating a line junction with the medium. in addition, other scattered stains started to appear. typology changes in some areas of the medium Significant growth in the mobility axes.
1223 The stain started expanding from its point of origin to the north of the seam, creating a line junction with the medium. in addition, other scattered stains started to appear. typology changes in some areas of the medium Significant growth in the mobility axes. 188
1422 The stain expanded significantly surrounded by a wall & a water channel. outside the walls the stains are expanding conformally with the mobility axes.major changes in the typology of the medium towards a kind of agriculture patches.
1530 The stain started expanding from its point of origin to the meDIUM. THE ORIGINAL CENTER STARTED TO be FILLED UP WITH BUILT STRUCTURES. typology changes in some areas of the medium. MINOR PART OF THE MEDIUM STARTED TO HAVE SMALL STAINS.
1643 The stain expands more & is surrounded by a wall , THE WATER RING THAT SURROUNDS THE STAIN STARTS TO DISAPPEAR. Significant growth in the mobility axes. THE MAIN AXIS OF THE STAIN STARTS TO BECOME STRONGER AND WELL CONNECTED.
189
1730 durING THAT TIME THE STAIN started to have A FRAGMENTED junction with the medIUM. IT EXPANDED ITSELF OUTSIDE OF THE CITY WALLS. the junctION BETWEEN STAIN AND SEAM is predomenantly fluctuating between being a LINE AND or a 3RD SPACE. MAJOR MOBILITY AXeS growth.
1800 The stain BECAME MORE FRAGMENTED AND STARTED TO INVADE AREAS OF THE MEDIUM. ultimately reconfiguring the junction. THE WATER RING THAT SURROUNDS THE STAIN COMPLETELY DISAPPEARED. THE JUNCTION BETWEEN STAIN AND THE SEAM APPEARED AS a LINE AND a 3RD SPACE.
1841 stain origin points STARTED apprearing SCATTERED THROUGHout THE MEDIUM. Significant growth in the MAJOR mobility axes. THE INTRAMUROS STARTED TO BECOME MORE CONNECTED TO THE OTHER STAINS.
190
1937 durING THAT TIME THE STAIN is more dense TILL THE LIMITS OF THE PERIPHERIQUE. THE other stains STARTED TO merge with the MAIN STAIN AND EXPAND THEMSELVES THROUGH THE SEAM AND CREATE A JUNCTION AS LINE AND 3RD SPACE.
1984 THE STAIN BECAME MORE EVIDENt INSIDE OF THE MEDIUM, EXPANding ALONG THE direction of the SEAM AND TO THE NORTH direction. THE JUNCTION BETWEEN THE STAIN AND THE MEDIUM varies between LINE, 3RD SPACE AND FRAGMENTATION.
2017 The stain BECAME MORE DOMINANT IN THE MEDIUM. THE FRAGMENTED PARTS OF IT STARTED TO JOIN THE MAIN STAIN. THE MEDIUM BECame MORE HETEROGENUOUS.
191