192
192
PHASE II :
IN TO THE CITY
193
194
195
In this phase, there’s a transition of scale, which means that in this part of the methodology the focus is on the inter-relations as well as the in-relations of the components investigated in phase 01. The main issues that are being studied in two stages are; First, the Identification of the components’ constituents. Second, the interaction between the components at a zoomed scale which imples as well the investigation of these components‘ constituents on the horizontal plane (Map). As well as, on a vertical plane (panoramic view) in terms of dynamics & in-relations that range between real & virtual.
how they form the StAGE 1: components’ constITUENTS components ? In this stage, the change of the scale requires a more detailed understanding of not just the entirty of the components but also, an understanding of what are the constituents that together with their dynamic construct these components & their inter-realtions. These constituents’ are not passive entities, but, active parts of a system.
STAIN constITUENTS
SEAM CONSTITUENTS
MEDIUM CONSTITUENTS
1-Stain CONSTITUENTS
The physical structures with intrinsic or extrinsic values. They are the layers of built structures, links, gaps, morphologies, and infrastructure.
2-seam consTITUENTS
A combination of continuous elements & connections. Together they form an “inbetween” entity.
3- Medium constituents
The natural/semi-natural elements of different kinds, colors, shapes & life span. 196
STAGE 2: COMPONENTS’ INTERACTION & constituents dynamics In this stage the interaction between the components are investigated in deep. Within these components there is another level of relations at play that require an analytical view of the components‘ constituents- defined in stage 1- & their dynamics. These relations are investigated in a variety of approaches -”genealogy” or the study of otherness- to undertand the level of complexity & to depict the plurality & sometimes contradictory traces of other aspects that has invisible influences on the dynamics & they are as follows;
part 1: horizontal plane (map) The horizontal plane’s understanding is an important aspect to depict the Tangiable relations as well as, the patterns of use by the subjects in terms of intensity, time & frequency. They are investigated through the following channels;
junctION
The physical interaction (intersection) between the components are represented in 3 different modes;
LINE
FRAGMENTATION
3RD SPACE
* Line: When the change is sudden & intense with no thresholds. * Fragmentation: When the change is gradual, that they components change from a whole to fragments towards eachother merging along a distance. * 3RD space: When the components are joined/divided by a component that belongs in its kind to neither side & is governed/configurated by other attributes (heterotopia).
197
Influence
The kind of interaction that explains when the global condition or one or more components’ condition or state has an influential impact on the other component(s). There are three kinds of influence;
PHYSICAL
FUNCTIONAL
ENVIRONMENTAL
* Physical: When the physical/tangiable composition of one or more components impacts the physical/tangiable composition of the other component(s). * Functional: When the economic/social or other intangiable situation, impacts in a variety of manners the component(s). * Environmental: When the environmental/ecological conditions impacts in a variety of manners the component(s).
connection
The kind of interaction that explains the linkage between components & eachother & items within the same component & the social interaction within the components. There are three kinds of connection;
moBILITY
198
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
PERCEPTION
* MOBILITY: The physical lines that connects the components. As well as, the study of social patterns created by movement trajectories & frequencies conducted by individuals or groups within the components. * GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE: The Green system of natural & semi-natural elements that joins/penetrates the components. As well as, the study of social patterns created by the use & frequencies conducted by individuals or groups within the components. * perception The invisible relations / sensations that connect the different components. It is the study of social patterns created by the use, being & frequencies conducted by individuals or groups within the components.
Part 2: vertical plane (panoramic view) The vertical plane’s understanding is a fundamental aspect to unearth the invisible relations as well as, the direct relation between the components & the subject. The scope of this part is concerned with several issues through which the components‘ interaction types are understood in this plane & they are;
the rhythms’ sequence
the virtualscape
the stroller perception
the Rhythms’ sequence
The fluctuating repetitions of the presence or absence of elements & activities with variant degree of intensity, order & occurence.
199
the virtualscape
Virtual scape is the network of threads that connect people & spaces through the virtual world while manifesting in the real world, this constructs a matrix of use, movement & being of individuals and groups within the context. Accordingly, it’ in continuous mutation over time and space.
the stroller perception
The observer- participant dialectic is essential in understanding part of the relations between the components. Through the previous mentioned notions, the understanding of the interaction aspect in a vertical plane is redefined. The interaction types investigated are the same though what they represent changed & they are as follows;
JUNCTION
The physical interaction(intersection) between the components defined as having one of the three modes are investigated thoroughly in this plane as the constituents that form these modes & they are as follows;
HORIZON PROFILE
GREEN AREAS
BUILT STRUCTURES
*HORIZON PROFILE: The continuous skyline without distinction as percieved by a subject. *Green areas: The presence & abscence of green areas that are in direct contact with the seam& their impact on the junction. *Built structures: The presence & abscence of built structures that are in direct contact with the seam & their impact on the junction. 200
influence
The kind of interaction that explains when the global condition of one or more components’ state has an influential impact on the other component(s).
ENVIRONMENTAL
*envIRONMENTAL: When the environmental/ecological conditions impacts in a variety of manners the component(s).
CONNECTION
As it is defined in this plane, it is the kind of social interaction within the components;
PERCEPTION
*PERCEPTION The invisible relations/sensations that connect the different components. It is the study of social patterns created by the use, being & frequencies conducted by individuals or groups within the components.
201
202
STAGE 1: COMPONENTS’ CONSTITUENTS
203
components’ conStITUENTS 1
the sta n
i
CONSTITUENTS IN CITY SCALE, THE STAIN CONSTITUENTS ARE THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURES WITH INSTRINSIC OR EXTRINSIC VALUES. THEY ARE THE BUILT STRUCTURES, LINKS, GAPS, MORPHOLOGIES, AND INFRASTRUCTURE. IT IS DESCRIBED AS follows:
204
PARIS, FRANCE 2016 [GOOGLE EARTH] 205
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS APENDIX
staIN CONSTITUENTS
physICAL STRUCTURES
BIRD EYE VIEWS
206
REFERENCES
River Forest Artificial Open Spaces Activities Water Quarries, Dump Sites Collective Housing Equipment Individual Housing Transportation
In the city scale, the aim of analyzing components’ contituents is to understand what creates the black mass of the territorial scale. The physical structures that creates the stain in Paris case are built structures, infrastructures, and urban rooms.
207
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS APENDIX
staIN CONSTITUENTS BUILT STRUCTURES
BUILT STRUCTURE OF PARIS
208
REFERENCES
Built Structures Limits of the Seam
Built structures are one of the main constituents that create the stain, in order to understand composition of stain structure, solids and voids are analyzed.
209
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS APENDIX
staIN CONSTITUENTS INFRASTRUCTURE
INFRASTRUCTURE OF PARIS
210
REFERENCES
Infrastructure Limits of the Seam
Other important constituent of stain; the infrastructure is analyzed in order to understand the relations and connections between the constituents.
211
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS APENDIX
staIN CONSTITUENTS roomS
ROOMS OF PARIS
212
REFERENCES
Rooms Limits of the Seam
As a constituent of stain, rooms of the city are analyzed due to the fact that the natural, semi-natural and artificial rooms join and penetrates the components.
213
components’ conStITUENTS 2
the seam CONSTITUENTS IN CITY SCALE, THE Seam CONSTITUENTS are the combINATION OF CONTINUOUS ELEMENTS & CONNECTIONS. TOGETHER THEY FORM AN “INBETWEEN” ENTITY. IT IS DESCRIBED AS follows:
214
PARIS,FRANCE 2011 [CNES SATELLITE IMAGE] 215
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS APENDIX
SEAM CONSTITUENTS RIVER & RIVERBANK
SEINE RIVER & RIVERBANKS
216
REFERENCES
River Riverbank
In the city scale analysis of Paris, the constituents of the seam are the Seine River and the discontinuous riverbank. Seine River and riverbanks of it form an “inbetween� entity.[1]
217
218
STAGE 2: COMPONENTS’ INTERACTIO & CONSTITUENTS’ DYNAMICS
N
219
part 1
horIZONTAL PLANE (map) IN cITY SCALE, THE HORIZONTAL PLANE IS A VITAL ASPECT TO DEPICT THE TANGIABLE RELATIONS AS WELL AS, THE PATTERNS OF USE BY THE SUBJECTS IN TERMS OF INTENSITY, TIME & FREQUENCY. THEY ARE INVESTIGATED BY THE CHANNELS; 1- JUNCTION 2- INFLUENCE 3- CONNECTION THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS follows:
220
AERIAL PARIS SERIES, #1 CITY MAP [LEBBEUS WOODS 1989] 221
INTERACTION TYPE 1
JUNCTION IN THE CITY SCALE, JUNCTION ANALYSIS IS TO DEFINE THE PHYSICAL INTERACTION BETWEEN THE PRESENT COMPONENTS; STAIN, SEAM AND MEDIUM. IN THIS PHASE ANALYSIS ARE DONE IN A BIGGER scale for that reason, IT IS POSSIBLE NOT TO SEE ONE OF THE COMPONENTS OF TERRITORIAL SCALE. THE TYPES OF THE JUNCTION ARE THE SAME AS THE PHASE 1 ; 1- LINE 2- FRAGMENTATION 3- 3RD SPACE THEY ARE ANALYZED IN THE CASE STUDY OF PARIS AS FOLLOWS;
222
LINE
TAUSHUBETSU BRIDGE, NUKABIRA, HOKKAIDO, JAPAN,2008 [MICHAEL KENNA]
FRAGMENTATION
JETTY AND WAITING SHIP PALMA, MALLORCA, SPAIN, 2017 [MICHAEL KENNA]
3RD SPACE
PONTE DE LA TOURNELLE, PARIS, FRANCE 1995 [MICHAEL KENNA]
223
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS SEAM - STAIN APENDIX
JUNCTION
JUNCTION AS LINE
1
2
JUNCTION AS 3RD SPACE
3
4
224
REFERENCES
River Junction as 3rd Space Junction as Line
4 In the city scale, we analyze the interaction between the components defined as SEAM & STAIN. In this scale the medium is no longer present. Among three types of physical interactions which are line, fragmentation, and 3rd space; LINE and 3rd SPACE are the most dominant in the case of Paris’ Riverfront.
2
JUNCTION AS LINE & 3RD SPACE
5 6
1
3 5
6
225
INTERACTION TYPE 2
INFLUeNCE PHYSICAL, FUNCTIONAL, AND ENVIRONMENTAL INFLUENCES IN THE CITY SCALE ARE DESCRIBING HOW THE GLOBAL CONDITION OR ONE OR MORE COMPONENTS’ CONDITION OR STATE HAVE AN INFLUENTIAL IMPACT ON THE OTHER COMPONENT(S). THE TYPES OF INFLUENCE ARE THE SAME AS THE PHASE 1; 1- PHYSICAL 2- FUNCTIONAL 3- ENVIRONMENTAL
THEY ARE ANALYZED IN THE CASE STUDY OF PARIS AS FOLLOWS;
226
physICAL
APPROACHING CLOUDS, PIZZOFERATO, ABRUZZO, ITALY, 2016 [MICHAEL KENNA]
FUNCTIONAL
BOSPHORUS BRIDGE, ISTANBUL, TURKEY, 2006 [MICHAEL KENNA]
ENVIRONMENTAL
YUANYANG, STUDY 1 YUNNAN, CHINA, 2013 [MICHAEL KENNA]
227
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS FUNCTIONAL APENDIX ATTRACTION POINTS
INFLUENCE
PERMANENT ATTRACTIONS
1
2
1
SEASONAL SETTINGS
3
4
228
2
REFERENCES
4
5
River Riverbank Peripherique Attractions Seasonal Settings
Permanent attractions of Paris are generally the land marks of the city. One of the most important temporary attractions is the Pop-Up beaches which were launched in 2002. It is a free summer event that transforms several spots in Paris into full-fledged beaches, each with a distinct theme.
3
2 SEASONAL USE
5
5
229
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS FUNCTIONAL APENDIX Usage levels of river
INFLUENCE
TRANSPORTATION OF PRODUCTS
TOURIST BOAT TOUR
230
REFERENCES
River Usage Level of River High
Low
The high usage of Seine River depends on the touristic boat tours. Lately some of the major companies are starting to use the river in order to transport their goods. Other types of usage for the boats are residential, industrial and recreational.[2]
OTHER USES
231
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS FUNCTIONAL APENDIX DAY TIME USAGE
INFLUENCE
HIGH
1- Avenue George V
1
2- Rue Saint Jacques
MODERATE
6
3- Boulevard de l’Hopital
4- Boulevard Richard Lenoir
232
REFERENCES
River Peripherique High Moderate Low
The high and moderate day time usage of the city mainly accumulate in the city center, where as the low usage occurs in the residential areas and around the peripherique.[3]
4 5 LOW
2
3
5- Avenue Philippe Auguste
6- Boulevard des Invalides
233
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS FUNCTIONAL APENDIX NIGHT TIME USAGE
INFLUENCE
PARIS BY NIGHT
234
REFERENCES
Dark Illuminated
The night analysis indicates that all the green rooms and Seine River becomes dark and not used efficiently. Although the landmarks are illuminated they are not accessible for the users.[4]
235
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL APENDIX WATER POLLUTION
INFLUENCE
POLLUTION OF SEINE RIVER
236
REFERENCES
River Turbidity* Level [FTU] 650
350
50
15
2.5
1.5 0.1
*Measures the degree to which light is being backscattered by particles in the water. Tracking changes in turbidity is useful when monitoring sediment plumes from dredging and dumping activities. The measurement unit is Earth Observation Turbidity Unit (ETU) and directly related to backscattering of particles, very similar in magnitude Formazine Turbidity Units (FTU).[5]
237
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS ENVIRONMENTAL APENDIX AIR POLLUTION
INFLUENCE
AIR QUALITY OF PARIS
238
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Air Quality* Good Fair Moderate Poor Very Poor * Data obtained from European Environment Agency. 01/03/2018 7p.m.[6]
239
INTERACTION TYPE 3
CONNECTION CONNECTION IN CITY SCALE EXPLAINS THE LINKAGE BETWEEN COMPONENTS & EACHOTHER. IN THIS SCALE THERE IS AN ADDITIONAL CONNECTION TYPE TO PHASE 1 WHICH IS PERCEPTION. PERCEPTION EXPLAINS THE INVISIBLE SENSATIONS THAT CONNECTS DIFFERENT COMPONENTS. 1- MOBILITY 2- GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE 3- PERCEPTION THEY ARE ANALYZED IN THE CASE STUDY OF PARIS AS FOLLOWS;
240
MOBILITY
GARE ST.LAZARE, PARIS, FRANCE, 1991 [MICHAEL KENNA]
GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE
ORTUCCHIO LAKE REFLECTION FUCINO, ABRUZZO, ITALY, 2016 [MICHAEL KENNA]
PERCEPTION
THALYS VIEW, BRUSSELS, BELGIUM, 2010 [MICHAEL KENNA]
241
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX METRO
CONNECTION
242
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Metro Routes Hierarchy of Metro Stops
Paris metro system is one of the oldest and biggest one around the world. The first line was built in 1900 and today it has 16 lines which are in total 214 km. It is highly used by locals as well as by tourists because of its high connectivity.[7]
243
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX TRAM
CONNECTION
244
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Tram Route Main Tram Route Hierarchy of Tram Stops
Nine lines of tram are currently operational, with extensions and additional lines in the planning and construction stage. Although the system mainly runs in the suburban regions of Paris, two lines run entirely within the city limits.[8]
245
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX TRAin - rer
CONNECTION
5
1- Gare du Nord
2- Gare de l’Est
3- Gare de Lyon
4- Gare d’Austerlitz
246
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Train Route Hierarchy of Tram Stops & Main Stains
1 2
The train stations of Paris are the terminal stations of major lines (trains going beyond the ĂŽle-de-France region). Except for Bercy, suburban lines that do not belong to the RER. The stations of Austerlitz, Saint-Lazare, Lyon and Nord are also stations of the RER, and are served by the Paris MĂŠtro.[9]
3
6 4
5- Gare Saint- Lazare
6- Gare de Paris Bercy
247
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX BIKE
CONNECTION
248
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Bike Lanes Hierarchy of Bike Sharing Points
Velib is a large scale public bicycle sharing system of Paris Launched in 2007, the system encompasses around 14,500 bicycles and 1,230 bicycle stations, located across Paris and in some surrounding municipalities, with an average daily ridership of 85,811.[10]
249
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX Bus
CONNECTION
250
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Bus Route Hierarchy of Bus Stops
Bus lines of Paris interconnecting all points of the city center and its closest suburban areas. There are 58 bus lines operating in Paris that have a terminus within city limits. Also there are several options of bus tours for the tourists.[11]
251
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX Boat
CONNECTION
252
REFERENCES
River Active for Tour Riverbank River Touristic Tour Route
The main mobility of boats on Seine River is depending on the touristic activities. The tours start from ĂŽle aux Cygnes and ends at ĂŽle Saint-Louis. The tours are also happening at nights.
253
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS MOBILITY APENDIX PEDESTRIAN
CONNECTION
1
1- Promenade Jacques Hebertot
2- Avenue de l’Observatoire
3- Avenue Philippe Auguste
4- Rue des Fosses Saint-Bernard
254
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Sidewalks more than 6m width
6 The aim of the side walk analysis is to understand how is the street structure of Paris serves comfortably to the pedestrians.[12]
5
3
4
2
5- Boulevard de Charonne
6- Boulevard de la Villette
255
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS GrEEN INFRASTRUCTURE APENDIX GREEN ROOMS
CONNECTION
1- Bois de Boulogne
1
2- Bois de Vincennes
6
3- Parc de la Villette
4- Parc des Buttes-Chaumont
256
5
REFERENCES
3
River Riverbank Green Rooms
4
Although the amount of public green rooms in Paris is adequate, they are not accessible all the time, because of the their fenced structure.
5- Parc Georges-Brassens
2
6- Le Jardin du Luxembourg
257
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS GrEEN INFRASTRUCTURE APENDIX LINEAR TREES
CONNECTION
2 1- Boulevard Saint-Germain
3 5
2- Boulevard Haussmann
6
1
4
3- Champs Elysées
4- Avenue Denfert-Rochereau
258
REFERENCES
River Riverbank Linear Trees
The linear trees are one of the most important part of the green infrastructure. They affect the temperature of the streets, pollution levels and the comfort of the pedestrians since they provide shadows.[13]
5- Avenue Montaigne
6- Avenue de Suffren
259
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS GrEEN INFRASTRUCTURE APENDIX TemPERATURE OF STREETS
CONNECTION
WARM
1- Boulevard de Grenelle
2- Boulevard du Montparnasse
TEMPERATE
2 1
3- Boulevard Auguste Blanqui
4- Boulevard de Charonne
260
REFERENCES
6 River Riverbank Warm Streets Temperate Streets Cool Streets
The temperature of the streets highly depend on the existance of greenery. The streets with trees or if they are close to a greenery they are cooler than the streets with high density of traffic.[14]
5
4
COOL
5- Rue Botzaris
3
6- Rue d’Aubervilliers
261
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS VIRTUAL PERCEPTION APENDIX LOCALS
CONNECTION
1
6 1
2
3
4
262
REFERENCES
River Usage Level of Streets High
2
5 4
Low
The usage of streets by locals has a different dynamics than the tourists. The daily uses of the city mainly accumulate around the green areas and the riverbanks of Seine River due to the fact of sport activities. Also the main arters that are highly connected by public transportation are the highly prefered links.[15]
3
5
6
263
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS VIRTUAL PERCEPTION APENDIX TourISTS
CONNECTION
264
REFERENCES
River Social Media of Locals Social Media of Tourists
According to the virtual mapping of social media usages, it is possible to differentiate the areas mainly used by locals from the ones that are used by tourists.[16]
265
SIDE NOTES REFERENCES QUATATIONS VIRTUAL PERCEPTION APENDIX PHOTO MAP
CONNECTION
266
REFERENCES
River Location of Photos High
Low
Since Paris is one of the most touristic cities around the world, the virtual map also proves that majority of the photos were taken around the attraction points.[17]
267
part 2
verticAL PLANE (panoramIC VIEW) IN cITY SCALE, THE VERTICAL PLANE IS A FUNDAMENTAL ASPECT TO UNDERSTAND THE INVISIBLE RELATIONS AS WELL AS, THE DIRECT RELATION BETWEEN THE COMPONENTS & THE SUBJECT. THEY ARE INVESTIGATED BY THE CHANNELS; 1- RHYTHMS’ SEQUENCE 2- THE VIRTUALSCAPE 3- THE STROLLER PERCEPTION THEY ARE DESCRIBED AS follows:
268
AERIAL PARIS SERIES, #2 PERSPECTIVE VIEW [LEBBEUS WOODS 1989] 269
THE CITY OF PARIS IS LOCATED ON THE SEINE RIVER AS IT IS DEFINED AS SEAM IN THE PHASE 1, WHERE IT HAS CIRCLED ITSELF AROUND ITS HISTORIC CENTER WITH THE SEAM DIVIDING THE STAIN (PARIS) INTO TWO PARTS; THE NORTHERN PART AND THE SOUTHERN PART. PARIS “INTRA-MUROS” WHERE MAJOR ACTIVITIES ARE TAKING PLACE IS SEPERATED FROM THE SUBURBS BY THE BELTWAY (PERIPHERIQUE) THAT EXTENDS WHERE THE OLD WALLS OF THE CITY USED TO STAND AND IS CURRENTLY FUNCTIONING AS AN AREA WHERE DIFFERENT INFRASTURCTURE ARE STACKED. THE SITUATION FORCES THE CITY TO REMAIN CENTRALIZED.
centralIZED cITY URBANIZATION THROUGH OUTER SKIRT
URBANIZATION THROUGH OUTER SKIRT
IN AN ABSTRACT AND GENERAL POINT OF OBSERVATION PARIS CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO PARTS THAT SHARE THE SAME CHARACTERISTICS IN AN uncomprehensIVE WAY.
SAME CHARACTERISTICS
270
SAME CHARACTERISTICS
SECTOR 1
SECTOR 2
SECTOR 3
SECTOR 4 each sIDE DIVIDED INTO TWO MORE PARTS. ONE PART IS ADDRESSING TO CITY CENTER, THE OTHER PART IS ADDRESSING TO THE URBANIZED AREAS IN THE VICINITY OF THE PERIPHERIQUE.
CITY CENTER URBANIZED AREAS IN THE VICINITY OF PERIPHERIQUE
SECTOR 1
SECTOR 2
URBANIZED AREAS IN THE VICINITY OF PERIPHERIQUE
SECTOR 3
SECTOR 4 AFTER DIVIDING PARIS INTO FOUR SECTORS, IN THE FOLLOWING STAGE, AS TWO EXAMPLES, SECTOR 1 (URBANIZED AREA CLOSE TO THE PERIPHERIQUE) AND SECTOR 2 (PORTION OF THE CITY CENTER) WILL BE ANALYZED IN DETAIL ACCORDING TO THEIR JUCTION, INFLUENCE, AND CONNECTION IN THE VERTICAL PLANE (PANORAMIC VIEW).
PORTION OF CITY CENTER URBANIZED AREAS IN THE VICINITY OF PERIPHERIQUE 271
* IN THE FOLLOWING STAGE ONLY SECTOR 1 & SECTOR 2 WERE ANALYZED 272
273
274
275
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
276
277
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
278
279
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
280
281
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
282
283
A
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
284
285
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
286
287
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
288
289
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
290
291
292
293
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
294
295
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
296
297
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
298
299
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
300
301
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
302
303
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
304
305
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
306
307
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
308
309
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
310
311
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
312
313
JUNCTION
INFLUENCE V
CONNECTION
314
315
References PHASE 2 - STAGE 2 HORIZONTAL MAP INFORMATIONS
[1] Meziani, M., Vauléon, Y., & Bourennane, I. (2016, September). Parisian public spaces, new recreational facilitiesStudy on the development of sports areas and itineraries and open access to sports facilities in Parisian public spaces (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.apur.org/ en/our-works/parisian-public-spaces-new-recreational-facilities [2] Strava Global Heatmap. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2017, from https://www.strava.com/heatmap#12.45/2.30844/48.85867/hot/water [3] Meziani, M., Vauléon, Y., & Bourennane, I. (2016, September). Parisian public spaces, new recreational facilitiesStudy on the development of sports areas and itineraries and open access to sports facilities in Parisian public spaces (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.apur.org/ en/our-works/parisian-public-spaces-new-recreational-facilities [4] Loff, S. (2016, July 11). Paris at Night. Retrieved December 10, 2017, from https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/paris-at-night [5] Http://www.worldwaterquality.org/. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://www.worldwaterquality.org/ [6] Air quality index. (2017, November 15). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-index [7], [8], [9], [10], [11] Transportation map & tourist map of Paris (France). (n.d.). Retrieved November 6, 2017, from https://parismap360.com/ [12], [13], [14] Meziani, M., Vauléon, Y., & Bourennane, I. (2016, September). Parisian public spaces, new recreational facilitiesStudy on the development of sports areas and itineraries and open access to sports facilities in Parisian public spaces (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.apur. org/en/our-works/parisian-public-spaces-new-recreational-facilities [15] Strava Global Heatmap. (n.d.). Retrieved December 10, 2017, from https://www.strava.com/heatmap#12.67/2.31292/48.85641/hot/run [16] (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2018, from https://www.mapbox. com/bites/00245/locals/#13/48.8680/2.3446 [17] Sightsmap. (n.d.). Retrieved February 22, 2018, from http://www. sightsmap.com/
316
- MapD Tweetmap. (n.d.). Retrieved December 05, 2017, from https:// www.mapd.com/demos/tweetmap/ -Http://www.worldwaterquality.org/. (n.d.). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://www.worldwaterquality.org/ - Air quality index. (2017, November 15). Retrieved March 01, 2018, from http://www.eea.europa.eu/themes/air/air-quality-index - Google earth V 7.3.1.4507 (February 06, 2018). Paris, France. DigitalGlobe 2018. https://www.google.com/earth/ [November 26, 2017]
- (n.d.). Retrieved December 17, 2017, from http://www.velib.paris/ misc/closed.html
PHASE 2 - STAGE 2 VERTICAL MAP INFORMATIONS* *
The data of water quality, air quality and twitter usage of Sector 1 & Sector 2 maps and the perspective views were obtained from the same resources.
OTHERS
- Bigorgne, J., Richard, O., & Senegas, G. (2014, December). A Local Energy Plan for Paris and the metropolis (Rep. No. 81). Retrieved A Local Energy Plan for Paris and the metropolis -Pousse, J. F. (2015, November). 2050 Map of Paris, climate, air and energy (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.apur.org/en/our-works/2050map-paris-climate-air-and-energy -Bouvier, B., & Mohrt, F. (2015, March). Changes in commercial activity in Paris – 2014 survey of Parisian shops and high street businesses and 2011-2014 developments (Rep.). Retrieved https://www.apur.org/ en/our-works/changes-commercial-activity-paris-2014-survey-parisian-shops-and-high-street-businesses
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