More of Chapter 7….. Sliding Filament Mechanism Actins’ Role o Light Thin Myosin’s Role Remember Picture o Dark Thick Sarocomere o Repeating contractile – Smallest contractile unit of a skeletal muscle Z-Line Troponin/Tropomyocin Review Picture / Handout ACH is released from axon terminal…. ACH binds to motor endplate and produces action potential… Action pot. Travels down Sarcoplasmic reticulum (Where Calcium is Stored) Myosin Heads – Muscle Shortens – Know how ATP – Energy in the Myosin Cross Bridge Basically know everything about this!!!!!!!!!!!
Muscle Energetics Anaerobic Glycolysis (Anaerobic = no oxygen) Aerobic Glucose Metabolism (slide 35) Three types of muscle contractions o Partial (Tonus = Partially contracted state) Posture o Isotonic(Muscle produces Movement) No change in tension (or mucle tone) Muscle length shortens (We must increase our bust) o Isometric
Chapter 8 The CNS = Brain and Spinal Cord PNS = Cranial Nerves / Spinal Nerves / Ganglia (nerves outside CNS) Functional Divisions of PNS (HANDOUT) PNS o Afferent Sensory What carries the messages Divided into Somatic (voluntary) o Delivers impulses from receptors in skin, muscle and joints Visceral o Viscera = organ o Delivers impulses from internal organs Efferent (exit) Motor Carry impulses from CNS to effector organs or glands o Effector=Skeletal muscles Divided into o Autonomic (Involuntary) Effects smooth muscle, cardiac muscle and glands Subdivided into: o Sympathetic Nervous System (Fight.Flight) o Parasympathetic Nervous System (Rest and Relax) Neurons –Functional unit of nervous system o No mitosis Cell body has nucleus in it Dendrites of a nerve = sensory /afferent receptors o Conduct impulses to the cell body Cell body motor neuron = inside CNS Cell body sensory neuron = Ganglion = outside CNS Sensory = Afferent o
Carry impulses to spinal cord brain
Action Potential o
The status of the plasma membrane in a resting neuron
Electrically Polarized More negative ions inside the cell that outside Different concentrations of ions o
Higher concentration of sodium ions outside the cell and potassium ions inside.
Depolarization (1st stage) Sodium enters cell (Inside = more positive) Repolarization (2nd) Potassium moves out Sodium and Potassium Pump = returns the Ions to normal Slide 37 o
Point of junction = synapse has 3 parts
Synaptic knob
Synaptic cleft (GAP/Junction - that is functional)
Postsynaptic membrane
Neurotransmitters (released into synaptic cleft) Foramen Magnum (Shorter than vertebral Bone) Know where is on spine Spinal Cord surrounded by: o
Meninges
Pia Mater
Arachnoid
Subarachnoid
Inside Spinal Cord o
Dorsal Horns (Posterior) Somato sensory
o
Ventral Horns (Anterior) Somato motor
Acending/Descending Tracts
o
Dorsal columns that have ascending (Sensory) tracts only
Sensory Ganglia o
Outside the nervous system
o
Study spinal cord pic in book
31 pairs of spinal nerves Dorsal Ganglion o
Posterior/Sensory/Body’s sensory Neurons
Ventral Root o
From the anterior of the spinal cord
o
Contains only motor fibers
Plexus o
Interweaving of nerves
o
Cervical
o
Brachial
o
Lumbosacral
o
Innervates legs/pelvis/butt
Includes the sciatic nerve (longest nerve in body)
NO THORACIC PELXUS BC INTERCOSTAL NERVES
ANS (Autonomic Nervous System) o
Sympathetic (Figh/Flight)
o
Tholacolumbar Division
Parasympathetic (Rest/Relax/Digest)
Craniosacral Division (Digestion, Defecation,Diuresis)
o
Work opposite of each other
o
Activated by: (4 E’s)
Excitement
Embarrassment
Emergency
Exercise
Study (PG 161 in Book)
Chapter BRAIN
4 areas of the brain o
Cerebrum
Lobes 4
o
Diencephalon
o
Brain Stem and what it houses
o
?
Meninges***** o
Connective tissue covering brain and spinal cord
3 layers Dura = Tough outer durable o
Has 2 sinuses drains venous blood from the brain
Arachnoid = area of mater where CSF flows o
Arachnoid Villi
Pia = covers everything in the brain (delicate) Functions of CSF o
Carries nutrients to cells
o
Transports waste products from cells
Blood Brain Barrier o
Least permeable capillary in the body
o
Protects the brain from bad substances that don’t belong there
Know 4 lobes Gyri o
Elevated
Sulci o
Grooves
Primary motor cortex = precentral gyrus/sulcus (either or) o
Front of the brain is the primary motor cortex
Postcentral Gyrus (Parietal Lobe) o
Primary Sensory cortex in the brain
What each lobe is responsible for (See Handouts) Thalamus – principal relay station for all sensory impulses (Except for smell) Cerebellum – area of brain that helps coordinate voluntary muscles / balance / equilibrium What composes brain stem 12 pairs of cranial nerves (review all) o
Know numbers/names/sensory/motor/mixed
Cranial Nerver 5 (Trigeminal) = Motor Part= Chewing o
“VestiB” hearing and balance
o
Vagus = wander / longest