Chapter 1: Anatomy/physiology definitions Levels of organisms in order simple to complex (chem. -> organism) Cell = Basic unit of life / smallest unit of living things Body systems (11 body systems) What they are and what they do (which does which) Pregnancy massage – reproduction Catabolism – breakdown of substance (destructive phase) makes energy Anabolism – metabolic building up of simple substance into more complex (building up) releasing energy (need energy) Homeostasis definition – state of balance within the body, dynamic state of equilibrium which always trying to remain stable Negative feedback – most common type of feedback in the body (ex. Heater/Air Condition) o Blood sugar normal Positive Feedback 0 more of the same o Childbirth Oxytocin o Blood clotting Directions of the body (Anatomical Positions) Directional Terms o Superior (above, towards head) o Ventral (anterior, front) o Cranial (head) o Medial (towards middle) o Proximal (Closer to trunk or origin) o Superficial (closer to surface) o Parietal o Inferior o Dorsal o Caudal o Lateral o Distal o Deep o Visceral Frontal (coronal) / Sagital(longitudinal) /Transverse(horizontal) / Mid sagital Dorsal (posterior back) / Ventral (anterior front) All Body Cavities – which organs in which cavity Mediastinum? 4 quadrants of the abdomen (what is in each quadrant) – which one only has 1? Additional Terminology o Acromial o Ante brachial o Antecubital o Axillary o Brachial o Buccal o More… need to look up in notes….
Chapter 2: Matter has mass (weight) and is anything that takes up space – materials that make up the entire universe. Smallest living = Cell Define Chemistry Elements = simplest form of all matter and cannot be broken down by chemical means Oxygen / Carbon / Hydrogen / Nitrogen – found in largest percentage in the human body (don’t need to know any percentages) Definition of Atom – Smallest unit of an element that still has the property of the element Elements are made of atoms. Nucleus at center of atom o Protons (+) have mass eight o Neutrons (no charge) have mass weight o Electrons (-) have no mass – first orbit holds 2 electrons – second orbit holds up to 8 o Atomic number = number of protons o Number of protons = number of electrons (Means atom is neutral) Molecules – formed when 2 or more atoms unite on the basis of their electron structures (how many electrons in their valance) Compounds – 2 or more different elements joined together. Smallest unit of a compound = molecule Universal Solvent = Water (dissolves many different substances) Hydrophilic (water loving) Hydrophobic (water fearing – fat) Solution – solute dissolves in a solvent Suspension definition Ionic Bond (1 electrons transferred from one atom to another)Vs. Covalent Bonds (shared atoms) Atom loses an electron = positive charge Atom gains an electron= negative charge Cation (+) lost electron Anion (-) gained electron Hydrogen is INTERmolecular – found between molecules Chemical Reactions: o Synthesis - 2 or more reactions combine to form a new more complex product (Synthesis) A=B=AB o Decomposition – complex substance broken down into simpler parts (catabolic-destructive) AB=A+V Acid = proton donor (PH is below 7) More hydrogen ions = more acidic = lower the number 7 ph balance = neutral Above 7 ph= Base Organic Compounds – found in living organisms (contain CARBON) 5 types of organic compounds (organic = living) o Carbohydrates o Lipids o Proteins o Nucleic Acids o ATP Monosaccharides (Simple Sugar one chain) o Glucose- blood sugar o Fructose – fruit sugar o Galactose Disaccharides (SLM) Sweet ladies man
o Sucrose – Table sugar o Lactose o Maltose Polysaccharides – plant Lipids = fat o triglycerides, o phospholipids(found in cell membrane) o Steroids are lipids/fat Enzyme essential to metabolism (Catalyst – makes something happen faster) Protein contain o Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen o Composed of amino acids = building blocks
Chapter 3: Cells – basic unit of all life Look at cell organelle picture – know what does what… Plasma membrane = outer layer of ANY cell o Double layer structure (bi-layer) o Phospholipids (lipids or fats with phosphorus) Outer layer = phosphorous (hydrophilic) Inner Layer = Protein channels move forward o Normal things couldn’t get through any other normal cell membrane Cell structure – Nucleus(Where DNA is found) o Nucleus – largest organelle Nucleolous (inside nucleus) made up of RNA Cytoplasm – is the colloidal material that fills the cell Ribosome’s – manufacture protein (protein synthesis takes place) RNA/DNA (protein factory) Mitochondria – Power Plant (where ATP – energy is made) Lysosomes – remove waste (demolition Peroxisomes – break down toxic /free radicals Rough ER – where ribosome’s are located Golgi Apparatus – packaging part Cilia – small hair like Gene – subunit of a chromosome – distinct segment of DNA – DNA found in nucleus of cell Protein Synthesis o 2 kinds (organic compounds = Carbon) DNA & RNA Composed of building blocks of NUCLEOTIDES Nitrogen base in DNA = ATGC (Adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine) (NO U) RNA = AUGC (adenine, uracil, guanine, cytosine) (NO T) 3 kinds of RNA Protein Synthesis o Step 1 Transcription(takes place in nucleus mRNA) o step 2 Translation (takes place in cytoplasm) Mitosis = cell division = replication of DNA = parent becomes 2 identical daughter cells Before mitosis = parent cell replicates and doubles itself (92 chromosomes instead of 46) 4 phases “I Passed My Anatomy Test” o Interphase (in between phase) o Prophase (Before) centriols move to opp. Ends o Metaphase (change) center of cell o Anaphase (back or again) Centromere splits o Telophase (end) nuclear membrane Passive transport vs. Active transport o Passive – doesn’t require ATP energy o Active – Requires ATP (Endocytosis and Exocytosis) Need energy b/c going against natural flow of particles Endocytosis Phagocytosis (Cell Eating) broken down by lysosomes Pinocytosis (Cell Drinking) Exocytosis Diffusion – higher to lower concentration gradient
Osmosis – is diffusion for water o Follows own concentration gradient from high to low Filtration – passage of water and dissolved materials – mechanical pushing force Facilitated diffusion – protein transports o Follows concentration gradient Hypo = less concentrated Hyper = Greater concentrated