Chapter 4 Which is not a function of the Integumentary system? (Will include these types of questions) Pay attention to pictures and handouts for this chapter. Epithelial Tissue = main tissue of skin’s outer layer o Protective covering o Water proof o A vascular (no blood vessels) Squamous (shape) o Don’t need to know arrangements / types Cuboidal (shape) o Don’t need to know arrangements / types Columnar (shape) o Don’t need to know arrangements / types Difference between endocrine gland and exocrine gland o Exocrine – glands have ducts or tubes o Endocrine – ductless tubes Secrete hormones Generalized connective tissue in the body o Loose soft or semi liquid o Areolar (like packaging) o Adipose o Dense Main fiber = collagen Regular Dense = tendons and ligaments Structural Connective Tissue o Cartilage is also AVASCULAR Heals slowly because no blood vessels. Reduces friction in joints Absorbs shock o Hyaline = fetal skeleton = tough grizzle like Bone storage house of calcium and phosphorus o AKA: Osseous Tissue o Does have nerves and blood (Very Vascular) Cells that make bones (build bone) = Osteoblasts Cells that break bones down = Osteclasts Muscle Tissue KNOW 3 kinds of tissue o Skeletal Muscle Voluntary Long large cylindrical cells Striated = Actin and Myocin Multi Nucleated o
Cardiac Muscle Involuntary Intercollated Discs Single Nuclei Striations o Smooth Muscle (where found / characteristics) AKA Visceral Viscera = Internal Internal Organs / Ventral cavities / Hollow Organs Involuntary/Spindle Shaped/1 Nucleus/NOT Striated o Muscle does not repair well Nervous Tissue makes up the body’s entire CONTROL and COMMUNICATION system o Neurons = basic nerve cells which transmit nerve impulses – do not replicate o Neuroglia or glial cells = replicate / protection o Basic unit of nervous tissue = neuron = cannot regenerate Epithelial Membranes o Serous membranes (cardiac) line the closed ventral body cavities – do not connect with the outside of the body.
Mucous Membranes (like the lining of your mouth) o Form a continuous lining of the body systems which have a connection to the outside of the body (digestive tract, respiratory passageway and reproductive system.) Cutaneous membrane = the skin Connective Tissue Membrane o Synovial membrane  Diarthrotic (Freely Moveable) Cushioning sacs (line bursa) Secrete synovial fluid
Chapter 5 – Integumentary System Skin = Cutaneous Membrane Skin (2 layers) o Epidermis Outer Stratified Squamous Avascular No Nerves Relies on Diffusion (so heals well) o Dermis = True Skin Dense Connective Tissue / Fiber Has blood vessels / Nerves / Glands Stratum Basale / Stratum Germinativum = DEEPEST Layer of epidermis o Closest to the dermis o Where Mitosis takes place o Growing Layer o Keratin = waterproofs our skin Stratum Corneum o The layer you can see o Dead cells that you can see Subcutaneous Layer = Under the skin =NOT PART OF THE SKIN o AKA Hypodermis o Loose connective tissue = Areolar Tissue o Adipose Tissue (Insulation, energy) o Elastic fivers continue into dermis (anchor) Hair o Involuntary muscles = Goosebumps = Arrector Pili Muscles Melanin o Pigment o Absorbs light (ultraviolet) o Protects the skin / protects the DNA o Found in stratum basale Skin has many nerve endings o Free nerve endings = bare endings Detect pain and changes in temperature o Touch receptors = Meissners Corpuscle Light Touch Pacinian Corpuscle Deep Pressure Review Questions: What doesn’t have blood vessels? What waterproofs our skin? Karatin (found in epidermis) Adipose Tissue associated with the skin = Hypodermis/Subcutaneous Receptor that’s located in the dermis and responds to deep pressure = pacinian Receptor located all over the body and is associated with pain = free nerve ending Receptor associated with light touch = meisners nd What is found in the dermis(2 layer of skin) = Free Nerve endings and deep and light nerve receptors.
Chapter 6 – Bones and Joints Functions of bone o Support o Protection for brain and spinal cord o Movement o Stores Calcium salts for re-absorption/phosphorus o Produces blood cells in the red marrow Bones can be o Flat (ribs / cranium) o Short (carpals / tarsals) o Irregular (vertebrae / facial / hip) o Long (arm / leg) Compact bone Spongy Bone(cancellouse Bone) o Where bone marrow made at end of long bones (epiphysis) And center of other bones (frequ. Hips) Red Bone Marrow o Produces all red blood cells and platelets most white blood cells Periosteum = Tough fibrous covering on outside of bone Bone Cells o Osteoblasts = build bone o Matrix o Osteoclasts = reabsorb/breakdown/dissolve bone tissue (know all 3) o When body need calcium osteoclasts bread down bone so body can absorb the calcium How to k now if a bone is done growing or not o Epiphyseal plates develop across the long bones o As long as the bone is growing it has epiphyseal plates o When bone has stopped growing it has a epiphyseal line Exercise = strong skeleton – b/c of uptake of calcium is stimulated Osteoporosis = bone thinning Bursa = small sacs with synovial fluid with joint areas of a lot of stress (ex. knee joints) Types of Synovial Joints o Hinge(Elbow) o Pivot (atlas axis jt./ C1 C2) o Saddle (Thumb) o Ball and Joint(Hip/Shoulder) Fracture o Compression – Elderly(Osteoporosis) o Green Stick – Children Review Questions: Flat bones include = Cranium Tough connective tissue membrane = periosteum Cells that build bone = Osteoblast Free Moveable joints lubricated by = Synovial fluid Adipose Tissue associated with the skin = Subcutaneous Layer
Chapter 7 – The muscular system 3 kinds of muscle Myo = Muscle Know muscle layers from outside in Fascicles = individual bundles of muscle fibers held together by fibrous connective tissue Endomysium = found around individual muscle fibers aka MYOFIBERS o Myofilaments (examples: Actin / Myosin) Perimysium = Found around fascicles (Bunds of muscle fibers) Epimysium = found over whole muscle (Muscle Belly) Tendons formed by merging epimysium and fascia o Attach muscle to bone (TENDON) Structure of a muscle o Sarcoplasmic reticulum (like ER) Storage house for Calcium Surrounds each Myofibril o Sarocomere Smallest contractile unit of a muscle Motor Units – Definition = Single neuron or axon and all the muscle fibers/cells it stimulates o Motor Impulse or Action Potentials o Nerve impulses (EFFENT) come from brain / spinal cord to muscle o Has to be stimulated to contract o In response to All or None – reaches a threshold and has to go down the whole muscle Neuromuscular Junction – Is the place where a nerve fiber or motor neuron terminal and a muscle fiber comes together (SYNAPSE) Neurotransmitter o ACH main neurotransmitter stored in the Synaptic Vesicles Synaptic Cleft – Gap/Space o ACH travels through this and binds to the receptors