bazaar: the grey spaces within This Final Project is presented to The Faculty of the School of Architecture by
Amish Patel
In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Architecture
Southern Polytechnic State University, Marietta, Georgia Spring Semester 2015
Department of Architecture School of Architecture and Construction Management Southern Polytechnic State University Student’s Full Name: Amish Patel Thesis Project Title:
bazaar, the Grey Spaces within
Thesis Summary: This thesis is about the micro-entrepreneurs within the Grey spaces of a bazaar in India. It takes a look at the conditions of a bazaar space by analyzing three case studies in India and also keeping in mind similar existing architectural solutions. The solution this thesis seeks to solve is the living and working conditions that the micro-entrepreneurs live by as well as giving them purpose in the macro scale of a bazaar.
Student Signature ________________________________________Date __________________________
Approved by: Internal Advisor 1________________________________________ Date ___________________________ (Primary Advisor)
Professor William Carpenter
Internal Advisor 2________________________________________ Date ___________________________ (Secondary Advisor)
Professor Bronne Dytoc
Thesis Coordinator ______________________________________ Date ___________________________ Professor Elisabeth Martin-Malikian
Dedicated to the people of India.
Thanks to my family and friends for supporting me.
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DESIGN THEOREM: RESEARCH 03 07 09 11 19 21
Table of Contents
Introduction: India Influence: Laurie Baker Contention: Life in the bazaar Case Studies: Conditions of a bazaar Design Hypothesis: Grey spaces within Precedent Studies
2
DESIGN ANALYSIS: SITE 27 29 34 37
Site Context: Macro Site Analysis: Micro Existing Condition: Scenarios Master Plan: Program
3
DESIGN PROCESS: PROPOSAL 39 Iterations 41 Section Studies 43 Kit of Parts
4
DESIGN SYNTHESIS: APPLICATION 49 Preliminary Documentation 51 Final Documentation
5
CRITICAL RESPONSE 61
Presentation Layout
6
REFERENCES 65 Bibliography
Table of Contents
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DESIGN THEOREM: RESEARCH 03 07 09 11 19 21
01
Introduction: bazaar Influence: Laurie Baker Contention: Life in the bazaar Case Studies: Conditions of a bazaar Design Hypothesis: Grey spaces within Precedent Studies
02
bazaar /bǝ’zär/ A form of gathering space defined by significant roads that are composed of small markets, living spaces, public facilities and dead end alleys forming outdoor courtyards.
A
03 Introduction
B
Primary Roads Secondary Roads Tertiary Roads Market Space
bazaar: a look at Main Bazaar
Imagine A small lane view
New Delhi, India
Imagine B open market space Imagine C main bazaar road
Taking a look at Main Bazaar in New Delhi, India we see the urban fabric of a basic bazaar. Located in a dense area north of the city center, the bazaar outskirts consists of local and long distant train stations, tourist monuments and many small market dwellers that often live and work on site.
Picture View
C
Introduction
04
Laurence Wilfred Baker (Laurie Baker)
March 2, 1917- April 1, 2007 birthplace Birmingham, England death place Kerala, India
Influence
-On the way back from the war between China and Japan, Baker had an encounter with Mahatma Gandhi while waiting for a ship at Bombay.
-Later Baker realized the impact Gandhi had on his architecture, as Gandhi ideologies were to influence education him in all his work. Birmingham Study of Architecture (1937) Mahatma Gandhi of domestic architecture
05
Influence
-Gandhi imbibed one persistent message within Baker: ...change in post-independent India can be brought about only through education and revival of the local crafts and cottage industries; that is, real Independence can be only achieved by self-reliance and by encouraging local craftsmanship.
Design Principles Baker has never accepted the idea that multiplicity of human needs and aspirations can be fulfilled by a standard set of design options and materials. He believes that individual needs stem from India’s diverse environment, the varying cultural patterns and lifestyles; and he feels that these needs must be met through an architecture which is responsive, uses local materials and express itself in many different forms.
Vernacular Construction Gandhi tells Baker, The ideal house in the ideal village will be built of material which are all found within a five-mile radius of the house, which has influenced Baker’s thinking more than anything else. -How
to cope with local materials...
-How to cope with local hazards... -How to accommodate the local social pattern of living...
Influence
06
Methods
Sketches by Laurie Baker’s Publication ‘How to Reduce Cost’
vaulted door threshold
flemish bond
brick pattern on roof
flat door threshold
improper design
proper design
bamboo gutter design
corrugated floor design
allows for roof to properly drain during monsoons rat trap bond
07
Influence
roof pitch design
“Baker looks upon the initiation of foreign techniques of building and the superficial superimposition of India details as aspects that only exaggerate the poverty of the country’s architecture. He seeks to convey the conditions of a place through Process the medium of building; the medium may Thought -Involved in the design and build process much interested in the poor of India and how that be material, the design or the technique -Very creates community of construction, but in doing so every -Seeks to convey the conditions of place through the medium of building project also makes a larger statement of Use of Materials leading to Construction the society in which it is set.” -Only uses materials found within a specific radius of site (Bhatia, Gautam. ‘Laurie Baker: Life, Works & Writings’.)
-Very little to no use of hardware -Sustainable in the thought process of design -Finding solutions that are innovative with materials found close to the site.
Influence
08
bazaar: Contention Looking at the conditions of a bazaar through the Filter of Senses and Accessibility
ACCESSIBILITY
SMELL
SOUND
Many bazaar dwellers that live and work within the market not because of choice. Coming form a handicap back round, many dwellers have had an infection, broken bone or mental disorder at some point.
Positive smells Certain smells that make consumers remember that place and want to come back for more business. Negative Any smells that consumers do not enjoy, human waste and trash
The sounds that make that bazaar unique to its place. Specific sounds that people know where they are by the certain sounds that occur during the experience of the bazaar.
09 Contention
bazaar: Contention Looking at the conditions of a bazaar through the Filter of Senses and Accessibility
VISUAL
COMMUNICATION
FEELING
How the bazaar is formed from merchant booths to street scape width, all visual aspects effect the amount of sales per people that occur. Organization of bazaar space and layout have influence on conditions of bazaar.
How merchants communicate with the consumers to earn their loyalty, whether tourist or resident. What sort of body language do they carry. Negotiating and trade is a big part of the lifestyle in the bazaar space.
What kind of feelings of the conditions the space portrays to have consumers want to come back for more. How the space could be properly designed for weather and safety.
Contention
10
Hybrid Bazaar Space Analysis of Case Study A author: Beattie, Martin location: Calcutta, India
This article touches of the notions of hybridity in a traditional market space situated to the north of the center of Calcutta called Barabazaar, or The Great Bazaar. A marketplace or bazaar demonstrates local identity and often defines one particular place as more significant from it surrounding communities. Meeting point of several communities.
11
Case Study A
Positive Huge paper trading market Negative Improper sewage and drainage throughout
Chowks A change in land use from residential to commercial activities. Loud, public gathering area due to transactions and density of people.
Gaddi Raised floor keeping it clear of dirt from the street and monsoon rain. Often had family stay, saving money to send back to relatives.
Mohallas Consumers Small neighborhoods formed naturally by time Often go to get exactly what they need giving the Indian urban market its character of Merchants or Traders cluster trade. Sell a lot during morning, takes a afternoon break, comes Mixed-use area of residential and commercial acback for the evening time tivity that also contained its own mosque, temple Consumer + Merchants and school. Traders must know the configuration and meaning bazaar categories and build relationships with other traders in order Unclean occupations clustered on the periphery of the bazaar, while clean or dominant groups to stay in business occupied prime locations.
Case Study A
12
Urban Tissue of New Delhi Analysis of Case Study B author: Yamane,Shu location: New Delhi, India
This paper discuses the space formation and transformation of Old Delhi, focusing on street system, neighborhood blocks, distribution of public, religious and commercial facilitates and the distribution of religious communities. This article is describing the transformation by comparing a map form the mid 19th century from a map of this time.
13
Case Study B
Positive Different kinds of spices and herbs Distribution of public facilities but not contained right Negative Improper sewage smells around faculties
Jama Masjid Mosque Located on the corner of this bazaar is Jama Masjid bringing in practicing Muslims and tourist from all over. 5 times a day the bazaar is reminded of this One of the busiest area in Old Delhi
Density Commercial facilities and factories-congested areas, shops located on ground floor, while upper floors reserved for residential use. Different entrances make the two spaces seem separated and private but really close in reality.
Mixed-Used Multiple different kinds of trades and services provided within bazaar Two main languages spoken and two main religions practiced.
Street Systems-major streets, smaller public streets, narrow lanes, dead-end alleys Neighborhood block- small lanes, Mohallas -consists of kuchas, galis, or katras Safety- street gates are considered to be placed for the security of residential areas
Case Study B
14
Space Formation of Jaipur Analysis of Case Study C author: Funo, Shuji location: Jaipur, India
With Jaipur’s streets firmly laid out in a grid pattern, it is well known as a fine example of a planned city in India. This paper will analyze the block pattern, street system, residential forms and neighborhood structure in the old city of Jaipur.
15
Case Study C
Positive Planned urban blocks with different markets of scents Organized in a manner that keeps similar shops close
Gher The space at the end of a lane in the form of an open court. Dwellings, shops and workshops are built around the gher making it a residential unit.
Galli Numerous small lanes within residential quarters usually representing a lower order. Width of the galli is usually narrower than the width of the marga.
Marga Composed of 40 to 50 household and the residents of marga belong to the same caste or subcaste and practice the same occupation. As a community, marga has been conductive to the social and cultural activity of the residents
Building Type The evolution of the house from its initial phase when an ‘I’ shape dwelling block is built to the final stage when dwelling block are gradually built to enclose a courtyard has an affect on the space’s feeling.
Case Study C
16
Commonalties
Commonalties
Existing conditions show the lack of Public Facilities were full of bad odor due to lack health and satiation facilitates within the of maintenance. Food smells were often times a bazaar. Toilets, hands washing units, and good smell. proper female facilities.
How do I interpret this condiHow do I interpret this condition? tion? Positive in the way that India provides public facil-
Commonalties
The acoustics of a bazaar make it unique to its character having a connection on the building block forms.
How do I interpret this condition?
What people hear around them in a baProper care and sanitation for hand ities, negative in the way they don’t keep it main- zaar space makes them have a since of washing, cloths washing, dish washing tained. Some smells people want to smell in order place and identity. The more private the and baby care. At least one per two famistreet the quieter it is. The more public it to enjoy or purchase anything, mainly food. lies of four. is the louder it is.
What do I want to get out of it?
Proper connection and link to the whole bazaar by keeping them in business and also living within the bazaar.
17
Recurring Patterns
What do I want to get out of it?
Connecting to the solution to the rest of the infrastructure so that it becomes a vital role in the bazaar space.
What do I want to get out of it?
Keeping the designed enclosure capable of damping or canceling noise when wanted.
Commonalties
Living spaces within a bazaar space seems to find a unique approach to a dwelling.
Commonalties
The way merchants communicate with other mer- A use of mixed used residential and comchants and traders is a non-professional manner mercial spaces found within Mohallas. but still mange to do business.
How do I interpret this condi- How do I interpret this condition? Many levels of negotiating is dealt with due to the tion? multiple levels of religions and cultures. The different kinds of living dwellings share a common usage of living meaning, sleep, cook, and live. All have the same building typology.
What do I want to get out of it?
The lack of organization and cleanliness of space in a bazaar often creates that unique moment but at times confuses the user as to what is public and what is private.
Commonalties
What do I want to get out of it?
Making it easier to communicate with other merchant to make more business happen.
How do I interpret this condition? The better well lit the space is, the safer it is to walk around at night or alone. Having a safe and clean space keeps customers coming back for more.
What do I want to get out of it?
Taking the existing conditions and integrating lighting and safety factors within the design.
Recurring Patterns
18
bazaar: the grey spaces within
19
Design Hypothesis
This thesis explores the conditions, density and typology of bazaar space in India. With Laurie Baker’s influence, it seeks to use similar construction methods and vernacular techniques for the people who inhabit the outskirts of a bazaar known as the Grey spaces. By doing so, this will better their involvement with the urban context, improve their living and working conditions and give them a sense of place, while creating a perma-cultrue.
Design Hypothesis
20
Life in 1.5x30 location Dhaka, Bangladesh duration June 29, 2008-July 20, 2008 end user tea seller and father design agency Architecture for Humanity- Dhaka design team BRAC University Students cost $640 (students of BRAC University) area 14 sq.m. occupancy 2
Context The context is the dense city of Dhaka, Bangladesh. Site Location The site is set within two buildings, one commercial and one parking deck. Program The program consists of living spaces with a small ‘gadii’, work space, in the front selling tea and cigarettes. Project Intent To get the micro-entrepreneurs involved and part of the full bazaar space.
21
Precedent Study 1
Project Mission/Goal: 1) Improve the human spirit of micro entrepreneurs 2) Increase awareness of the environment and address climate change 3) Respond to our growing need for hygiene, Energy and Economic development 4) Address humanitarian crises of informal micro entrepreneurs 5) Re-construct a new idea for urban planning issue. 6) Changing SEMIOTICS of urban unused spaces where one family can survive with better living condition 7) Introduce a new form of urban citizenship (http://dhaka.architectureforhumanity.org/projects/5707)
Precedent Study 1
22
Dymaxion House architect: Buckminster Fuller
Design and built during and after World War II, the Dymaxion House was developed for the housing problem that brings out a complete new idea to what we call home. The structure is developed using tensile cables to suspend the floor plate from a central pole in the middle of the house that allows the top roof to circulate bringing in fresh air every minute of the day. This new idea of having a circular home was something not everyone at the time was open to but Fuller did provide everything a regular house at the time would provide.
23
Precedent Study 2
B33
architect: Marcel Breuer
It was the avant-garde that separated Marcel Breuer from the rest of the architects at the time. Having no patent on the chair, due to a legal issue with Mart Stam- another avant-garde member- the chair differentiates from the previous renditions by having a cantilevered steel cylindrical piping that extended downward into the structure of the seat. The wrapped canvas sling is tied under tension serving it as seating. The use of mandrels was used to prevent the metal piping from bending at certain areas.
Precedent Study 3
24
2 DESIGN ANALYSIS: SITE 27 29 34 37
25
Site Context: Macro Site Analysis: Micro Existing Condition: Scenarios Master Plan: Program
26
Site Context
Jama Masjid Mosque Showing the variety demographics in this context, this mosque gets
Urdu Bazaar Road & Meena Bazaar Road New Delhi, India
RED FORT
many tourist, locals, and indigenous people from the rural areas of India to come visit it everyday. Its location is essential to the people within the bazaar around it by being such a monumental piece.
B EXISTING SITE Red Fort More than 200 acres of Old Delhi, Red Fort was used as a base
for the higher class in which it had its own market, public space, private quarters, and lush landscape. The materials play a key role in the way the process was easy to replicate to build such a massive structure during this time period.
A
A
Jama Masjid Mosque
B
Emerging Tourist Area Overall the context brings in many tourist from around world and
India to see Old Delhi. Pop-up markets are filled along the streets of this area to serve the tourist and locals. Being that tourism has such an impact on income and the longevity of the locals, the small businesses need to prosper.
N
27
Site: Macro
Section A-A
Section B-B
Site: Macro
28
Site
Urdu Bazaar Road & Meena Bazaar Road New Delhi, India
Jama Masjid Mosque
N
29
Site: Micro
The Grey Space The area outside the bazaar is the threshold between dense living and working spaces known as the grey space.
Solution Typology
-Hands-on demonstration project to introduce a new protagonist of Urban planning -Adaptable to accommodate multiple families -Vernacular in construction
Site: Micro
30
Street Analysis
Urdu Bazaar Road & Meena Bazaar Road New Delhi, India
31
Site: Micro
EVOLUTION OF STREET FLOW
GENERATION OF ZONES
[DENSITY]
6 AM
12 PM
[TYPOLOGY]
6 PM
6 AM
12 PM
6 PM
Site: Micro
32
Existing Site Conditions
SCENARIO 1
Urdu Bazaar Road & Meena Bazaar Road New Delhi, India
Who: middle aged man Service: chai (Indian tea), fried items
STRUCTURE -using the fence to tie to -using lateral force pulling away SCENARIO 1
COVER -using tarp from protection from climate -ruffled up at the ends -lack of tension, poor drainage -tied to the fence and then pulled away with tie downs
SCENARIO 2
LATERAL SUPPORT
SCENARIO 3
33
Existing Condition
-tie downs don’t allow horizontal movement -help the pulling away from the fence
SCENARIO 2 Who: handicap grandpa, mother, 8 year old boy Service: small food items, snacks
SCENARIO 3 Who: Dad, Mom, 10 year old boy, 7 year old girl, toddler, goats Service: clothing items
SCENARIO 1
Who: middle aged man Service: chai (Indian tea), fried items
SCENARIO 2 Who: handicap grandpa, mother, 8 year old boy Service: small food items, snacks
SCENARIO 3 Who: Dad, Mom, 10 year old boy, 7 year old girl, toddler, goats Service: clothing items
ADAPTABLE ELEMENTS -beds, pallets, cots... -the vendor stand with the goods to sell -random pots, pans, Tupperware
PUBLIC/ PRIVATE & SECURITY -tarps during day roll up to allow sun and business to happen -tarp during night folds down allowing for privacy and sense of home -very low quality of light within space during the evening times
ECOLOGY -shrubs behind the living units provide shade -level of comfort brings a sense of energy and life
Existing Condition
34
Fence Design Site Constraints
LATERAL FORCE [COMPRESSION]
LATERAL FORCE [TENSION]
VERTICAL FORCE
35
Existing Condition
Force Direction
Moment Occurrence
Stress Applied
Program
Urdu Bazaar Road & Meena Bazaar Road New Delhi, India
Water House
Proper Water Access for Drinking Bathing Washing dishes
1
2
LIVING & WORKING UNITS
1-2-3
3
Living area; sitting, laying Selling area; sitting, standing Cooking area; proper source of energy Adaptable to suit different needs based on users
Master Plan
36
3
DESIGN PROCESS: PROPOSAL 39 Iterations 41 Section Studies 43 Kit of Parts
37
38
Iteration 1
ITERATION 1 Structure: one stationary pole no lateral support Cover: attaches to top of pole and fans out Elements: supported by the pole bed stand Negative: Not apart of context does not engage the fence in the way it needs to privacy issue
39 Iterations
Iteration 2
ITERATION 2 Structure: two wall panels that hang on fence Cover: attaches to top of each panel and extends outwards Negative: too much reliance on structural integrity of fence unwanted moment occurs at top of fence
Iteration 3
Iterations
40
Section Design
Standing Eye Level
Sitting Eye Level
41
Section Studies
Defined Sub-Zones Over 14 hour day
6 AM
2 PM
4 PM
8 AM
6 PM
10 AM
8 PM
12 PM
10 PM
Section Studies
42
Kit of Parts Shelter Relief Cover from climate, weather and proper water easement is essential to the solution of the shelter relief. Also how each tarp can be adaptable and connected to other tarps around is essential.
Masonry Unit The unit is an element that needs to be used for weight, lateral support, and to create walls of privacy and screening. This needs to easily be multiplied to create as many as the user needs with local materials.
43
Kit of Parts
Kit of Parts
44
Masonry Unit Formation
45
Kit of Parts
Kit of Parts
46
4
DESIGN SYNTHESIS: APPLICATION 49 Preliminary Documentation 51 Final Documentation
47
48
After looking at the site context and constraints, iteration three was the right balance in structure, cover, and elements needed. Further design lead to break up the basic needs to connect them better within the urban context, improve living and working conditions, and give them a sense of home, into two basic elements that compromise for many things. The proposal consists of a Shelter Relief element and a Masonry Unit element.
49
Primarily Documentation
Primarily Documentation
50
Master Plan
51
Final Documentation
Shelter Relief
Function: -Frame work for basic needs -Protection from climate and weather -Sense of home; security, identity, dignity Purpose in Context: -Giving a sense of place by creating a particular design to the area but still managing to fit in -Working together to operate as a whole Connections (tie-downs): -two adjacent to the fence; tied to building or fence -two tied down with the masonry unit; movable throughout day -two tied back to the fence; holding flexible piping up
Masonry Unit
Function: -Wall- privacy- mortar use above certain height -Wall- screening- mortar used above certain height -Structural storage- able to create pockets while being structural -Vendor Stand- with the use of solid plank/planks on top -Laying platform- with the use of solid plank/planks on top -Sitting platform- multiple stacked in particular way -Tie down- weight used to help balance Shelter Relief Purpose in Context: -Community Space wall screen and privacy method to act as a solid structure something permanent hard, bold, concrete as bath house area should be -Individual Areas tie downs to balance shelter element interior elements made by the individual’s needs Final Documentation
52
Shelter Relief Structure Set-up, Single Unit
53
Final Documentation
Shelter Relief Cover, Single Unit
Final Documentation
54
Masonry Unit One Unit Approximately= 45lbs
55
Final Documentation
Masonry Unit Application
sitting position laying positions
vendor stand storage
tie-down weight
walls screening
walls privacy
Final Documentation
56
Masonry Unit Full Scale Mold
57
Final Documentation
Final Documentation
58
5 CRITICAL RESPONSE 61
59
Presentation Layout
60
61
Presentation Layout
Presentation Layout
62
6 REFERENCES
65 Bibliography
63
64
65
Bibliography Arifin, Zainal. Laurie Baker- The famous British Architect. Biography Collection. http://biographycolllection.blogspot.com/2012/05/laurie-baker-famous-british-architect.html. Beattie, Martin. Hybrid Bazaar Space. Newcastle University. pages 45-55. Bhatia, Gautam. Laurie Baker: Life, Works & Writings. Penguin Books, 1991. Bottom, Alain de. The Architecture of Happiness. First Vintage International Edition. April 2008. Design Like You Give a Damn (2). Architecture for Humanity, 2012. Design with the other 90% cities. Smithsonian Cooper-Hewitt, Natoinal Design Musesm, 2011. Funo, Shuji, Yamamoto Naohiko, and Pant, Mohan. Space Formation of Jaipur City, Rajastan, India; An Analysis on City Maps (1925-28) made by Survey of India. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. March 2002. pages 261-269. Jain, A.K. Humble, humane, and harmonious houses of Laurie Baker. International Journal of Environmental Studies. 2010. Khan, Sabir. Indian Furniture: Between the Body and Architecture. Georgia Institute of Technology. pages 475-478. Lewis, Terrance. Mahatma Gandhi. Salem Press Biographical Encylopedia. Janurary 2013. http://eds.a.ebscohost.com/eds/detail/detail?sid=738 6e3f1-4fd1-4261-97ec-8fadabd0a11b%40sessionmgr4004&vid=0&hid=4108&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWRzLWxpdmUmc2NvcGU9c2l0ZQ%3d%3d#db=ers&AN=88801952. Malik Ayyub. Profile: Sri Laurie Baker, Architect. Building without Boarders. pages 30-33. Rishi, Bikramjit and Singh, Harvinder. Determinants of super market shopping behavior in an emerging market. A Journal of the Academy of Buiness and Retail Management. pages 27-38. Yamane, Shu, Funo Shuji, and Ikejiri, Takashi. Space Formation and Transformation of the Urban Tissue of Old Delhi, India. Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. November 2008. pages 217-224. 66