Reforming community Prison ThesisDesign 2013
Ammani nair Thesis 2013
declaration The thesis titled ‘ Reforming Community, New Delhi’ has been carried out by the undersigned as part of the Bachelors program in the Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi-110002, India under the supervision of Professor M.L Bahri and Professor Meena Mani. The undersigned hereby declares that this is her original work and has not been plagiarized in part or full from any source. Furthermore this work has not been submitted for any degree in this or any other university.
Ammani Nair Final Year, B.Arch A/2022/2008 School of Planning and Architecture, New Delhi
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Acknowledgement I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my thesis guide Prof. M.L Bahri and Prof. Meena Mani for guiding me throughout the research and the ongoing design process and Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover for her constructive inputs during studio. I would also like to thank all my friends and my family for their continuous support and valuable insight. I would lastly like to thank everyone from Tihar Ashram, without whom I would have never understood the inner workings of a prison.
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Contents Chapter 1: Search And Proposition......................01 1.1 Introduction.................................................................... 02 1.2 Global View.................................................................... 04 1.3 Need Identification........................................................06 1.4 Proposition.......................................................................07
Chapter 2: Research..............................................09 2.1.1 Areas Of Research......................................................10 2.1.2 History Of Incarceration..............................................12 2.1.3 Types Of Prisons............................................................20 2.1.4 Prisoner Psychology.....................................................21 2.1.5 Inferences & Bibliography.......................................... 24 .
Chapter 2.2: Case Studies.....................................27 2.2.1 Tihar Ashram................................................................ 28 2.2.2 Danish State Prison......................................................30 2.2.3 Jaipur Central Jail....................................................... 32 2.2.4 Case Study Analysis.................................................... 34 2.2.5 Inferences & Bibliography.......................................... 36
Chapter 3: Project Analysis...................................39 3.1 Project Scope................................................................. 40 3.2 Spatial Requirements.....................................................41 3.3 Functional Compents.................................................... 42 3.4 Security............................................................................44 3.5 Booking............................................................................45
3.6 Cells.................................................................................. 46 3.7 Arrangement Of Cells.....................................................49 3.8 Area Program..................................................................51 3.9 Bibliography.....................................................................57
Chapter 4: Site Analysis..........................................59
4.1 Introduction......................................................................60 4.2 Location............................................................................61 4.3 Zone................................................................................. 62 4.4 Connectivity.....................................................................63 4.5 Neighborhood.................................................................64 4.6 Surrounding......................................................................65 4.7 Site.................................................................................... 66 4.8 Inference & Bibliography............................................... 67
Chapter 5: Design Determinants...........................69 5.1 Design Influences & Site Parameters............................ 70 5.2 Functions..........................................................................71 5.3 Zoning & Access............................................................. 72
Chapter 6: Design Concepts.................................75 Chapter 7: Design Evolution.................................. 81 Chapter 8: Final Design..........................................85
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list of figures Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Figure 1.2 Figure 1.3 Figure 1.4 Figure 1.5 Figure 1.6 Figure 1.7 Figure 1.8 Figure 1.9 Figure 2.44 Figure 2.45
Google Search www.tribune.com.pk www.indiatoday.intoday.in www.news-views.in www.icrc.org www. rpgcharacters.wordpress.com www.scientologynews.org Author, Data from Tihar Annual Review(2013) Author, Data from Tihar Annual Review(2013) Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi
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list of figures Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Figure 2.2 Figure 2.3 Figure 2.4 Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Figure 2.7 Figure 2.8 Figure 2.9 Figure 2.10 Figure 2.11 Figure 2.12 Figure 2.13 Figure 2.14 Figure 2.15 Figure 2.16 Figure 2.17 Figure 2.18 Figure 2.19 Figure 2.20 Figure 2.21 Figure 2.22 Figure 2.23 Figure 2.24 Figure 2.25 Figure 2.26 Figure 2.27 Figure 2.28 Figure 2.29 Figure 2.30 Figure 2.31 Figure 2.32 Figure 2.33 Figure 2.34
Chapter 2.2 Author Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Google Search Google Search Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Google Search Google Search Google Search Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi www. culturemass.com p-adamek0912-dc.blogspot.com Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Google Search Google Search Google Search Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi www.nationalarchives.ie www.nationalarchives.ie Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. www.tiharprisons.nic.in/ www.tiharprisons.nic.in/ Google Search
Figure 2.35 Figure 2.36 Figure 2.37 Figure 2.38 Figure 2.39 Figure 2.40 Figure 2.41 Figure 2.42 Figure 2.43 Figure 2.44 Figure 2.45
Author www.tiharprisons.nic.in/ Author Author www.cfmoller.com www.cfmoller.com www.cfmoller.com www.cfmoller.com Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi
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list of figures Chapter 3
Chapter 4
Figure 3.1 Author Figure 3.2 Author Figure 3.3 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. Figure 3.4 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.5 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.6 Author Figure 3.7 Author Figure 3.8 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. Figure 3.9 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Figure 3.10 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.11 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.12 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.13 Jail Design Guide. (2011). Figure 3.14 Jail Design Guide. (2011). National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Figure 3.15 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. Figure 3.16 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Figure 3.17 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Figure 3.18 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. Figure 3.19 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Figure 3.20 ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Figure 3.21 Author
Figure 4.1 Figure 4.2 Figure 4.3 Figure 4.4 Figure 4.5 Figure 4.6 Figure 4.7 Figure 4.8 Figure 4.9 Figure 4.10 Figure 4.11 Figure 4.12 Figure 4.13 Figure 4.14 Figure 4.15 Figure 4.16
www.topnews.in Google Maps http://delhi-masterplan.com/ http://delhi-masterplan.com/ Google Maps Author, Google Maps Author Author Author Author Author Author Author Google Maps Author Author
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Chapter 1
Search & proposition
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Introduction Our built environment is a physical element of our perception and is mostly analysed and studied on a visual level. In most cases, architects consciously design to indulge our vision and sensation of touch, but the maximum impact the environment has on us, is in how it affects our behaviour. We interact with various built settings on a daily basis and, in an attempt to manoeuvre through them, we adapt ourselves. The interaction a person has with a certain space, will impact the way the person interacts with a space similar to it.
Every space is distinct and on constant use of that space, a person subconsciously changes their behaviour to suit it. This takes place in all environments, whether they were designed taking human behaviour into consideration or not. Spaces are designed in accordance with the culture that is present. The space affects the people (intended or not) who then effect the culture and so this becomes a cyclic loop. With the understanding that the built environment can change human nature,
Concurrently, it is important to understand that human behaviour also governs the design of a space. The ergonomics of a human being is scrutinized to enable us to reach a sound understanding of the spatial requirements of a human being while doing various activities. This allows us to understand the physical boundaries of a human being. A space designed in such a manner subconsciously also directs a person to use it in such a certain way. So, while people can adapt to a space, it is less likely to be able to change the built environment to the people after it has been built. Now the question arises, ‘to what extents can the architecture affect a person’s behaviour’? Can continuous interaction with a certain space change the nature and character of person?
Figure 1.1
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Can spaces be designed with the primary purpose of altering human nature? A complex with such a function would be one which has users whose nature needs to be altered. Such an environment would imply that the users be confined to a space in which their environment can be controlled and their daily routine be constricted. The people involved should be those that require this intervention. The primary function of the institute should be to reform people. A prison or jail is such an institute in which the main function is to reform ‘convicts’, though, this has not always been the case. Initially, prisons were designed to segregate the criminals from society as a form of punishment. They were held in small, poorly lit spaces and in some cases were treated inhumanly. In such situations, those that served their time and returned to society could not adapt easily and often returned to confinement. Society’s notion of criminals has shifted from a firm black & white to different shades of grey. The function of a prison is now seen as a place to rehabilitate those who could not reform to society. In prison’s which propagate this ideology, various initiatives have been taken like engaging the inmates in sports, academics and are made to feel productive by employing then in various activities, but the fundamental design of the prison is rarely questioned.
Overcrowding in India Prisons
Figure 1.2
Sweet Factory in Tihar Ashram
Figure 1.3
Entrance of Tihar Haat
Figure 1.4
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Global View In 1955, the United Nation’s adopted the Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners. Following this, various governments including the U.S, Sweden, the United Kingdom and India, set local standards governing the design and construction of prisons. Various old prisons were renovated after these standards were set but still rarely manage to reach the standards. Across the world, governments are now conducting prison design competitions and approaching architectural design firms to design prisons. These design are directed towards improving the living conditions and the reformation of the inmates. Kitchen inside Jail
Figure 1.5
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Global View For most of history, imprisoning has not been a punishment in itself, but rather a way to confine criminals until a punishment was administered, which would often be physical harm. Dungeons were used to hold prisoners; those who were not killed or left to die there often became galley slaves or faced penal transportations. In other cases debtors were often thrown into debtor’s prisons, until they paid their gaolers enough money in exchange for a limited degree of freedom. In the beginning 19th century, beginning in Britain, did prisons as known today become commonplace. The modern prison system was born in London, influenced by the utilitarianism of Jeremy Bentham. Bentham’s panopticon introduced the principle of observation and control that underpins the design of the modern prison. The notion of prisoners being incarcerated as part of their punishment and not simply as a holding state until trial or hanging, was at the time revolutionary. This is when prisons had begun to be used as criminal rehabilitation centres
Medieval Dungeons
Figure 1.6
A meeting between the guards and the inmates
Figure 1.7
In the mid 19th century, the perception of prisons, world wide, shifted from a place that was designed to isolate individuals from society to a place of reform.
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Need Identification In the past decade, Delhi prison have been facing problems of over-population and poor living conditions. The prisons previously designed have generally been single storey and today can be considered under built. With the Indian context in mind, efforts are being made to improve conditions in the prison but the rise in the number of criminals(and laws) has led to over-crowding in prisons by 200%. This has led to a need for prisons with higher capacity. Tihar jail, located in New Delhi, is the largest complex of jails in asia covering an area of 178 hectare. With a capacity of approx 5,200, it currently holds 11,800 inmates
Tihar Jail Statistics Jail Complex
Capacity
Population
Occupancy % of Total Inmates
Central Jail No. 1
565
1778
315
Central Jail No. 2
455
897
197
Central Jail No. 3
740
1907
258
Central Jail No. 4
740
1967
266
Central Jail No. 5
750
883
118
Central Jail No. 6
400
540
135
Central Jail No. 7
350
812
232
Central Jail No. 8+9
1200
1749
146
Total
6250
12113
194% Figure 1.8
Undertrials
Convicts
Detenues
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Civil Prisoners Male
Female
41328
1884
7801
245
15
1
38
0 Figure 1.9
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Proposition
Area of Exploration
The design of a prison typology more conducive to altering human nature and encouraging social reform.
The 2 main areas of research this thesis is restricted to are: The functioning and design of prison in the past and present.
The search for a new design philosophy for prison.
Design Project
Lessons Learnt
Design of a new prison proposed in Baprola, West Delhi
After the initial research, a few forethoughts should be acknowledged:
Project Specification The new prison site in Baprola has been proposed to reduce the over-loading taking place in Tihar jail. Tihar jail is the largest prison complex in South Asia and many programs have been initiated for the rehabilitation and reform of the inmates. The Delhi penal authorities are in favour of new design philosophies which will propagate the policy of reform.
The functionality of prison is of utmost importance as users are potentially dangerous. The relation between creating a reforming environment and the functionality of a prison is critical. The nature and perception of a criminal needs to be understood.
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Chapter 2
Research
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Areas of Research The research required for this thesis is very specific to the design of prisons and it’s relation to human behaviour and nature. This research should allow for the complete understanding of the workings of a prison. It should also unveil the relation between the built fabric of the prison and it’s prisoners.
The core area’s of research are:
Primary: Architecture of Incarceration Secondary: Prisoner Psychology
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Primary Research: Architecture of Incarceration Prisons are operated on the basis of care, custody, and control. Of these, control is the most important. Prisoners are classified by security level (type of crime) as well as by custody level (flight risk and privileges earned by good behavior), but prisons are only classified by security level (maximum, medium, and minimum). The levels of security within a prison system are categorized differently around the world, but tend to follow a distinct pattern.
High Security
Medium Security
General Security
High Security
General Security
Different Types of Classification
Most developed countries divide prisons into separate security classes depending on the inmate population and the security needed to keep them under control. Accordingly, most developed countries have classes ranging from the most secure, which typically hold violent prisoners and those judged most likely to escape, to the least, which are most often used to house non-violent offenders or those for whom more stringent security is deemed unnecessary.
Low Security
Under-trial
Under-trial
Figure 2.1
Figure 2.2 Most Common Type of Prison
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History of the Penal system Throughout the world a variety of institutions and programs exist for different offenders, including remand centers, low, medium, and maximum security institutions and hospital facilities.
correctional facilities, as it moves apace with the pressure of change in the penal system and also the perception of general public about a prison.
Architecture has invested an important outlet in providing Period
Nature of Social relationship
500,000-200,000 B.C. 200,000-25000 B.C. 20000,000 B.C. Appearance of Appearance of early homogeneous modern man
Pre-tribal
Sanctions
Form of punishment
Personal retribution
25000-3000 B.C.
400 B.C.-500 A.D.
500-1750 A.D.
1750-present
Development of first criminal Development of Roman codes laws
Medieval and feudal justice
Incipient group and tribal
Intermediate group and tribal
Advanced group and tribal, incipient state
Feudal and Advanced organized state intermediate organized state
Incipient customs and mores
Intermediate customs and more
Customs and rudimentary laws
Custom and common laws
Customs and rudimentary laws Custom and common laws State retribution, reformation, rehabilitation, reintegration
Injury, torture and death.
Torture, injury, death, banishment, forfeiture.
Deportation, banishment, forfeiture, Torture, injury, death.
Fine, supervision, incarceration, death.
Figure 2.3
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History of Incarceration With the change of perception, prisons have drastically changed over the years. Development of prison design from the dungeons of yore to specialized institutions today has not been very consistent. There have been long stretches of declivity and brief boost of reforms in prison architecture. Throughout the history, it was the socialist who stepped forward to work on act of incarceration and its architecture.
View into Cell(left) and Corridor (right) in Alcatraz Prison
Figure 2.4
England had always been one step forward in the earliest noticeable of state retributions. In middle age, it was decreed that the sheriff brought reasons would build the goals to house any convict. At this time, Europe had many castles and dungeons owned by any person who had significant power and politics in the state. In 15th-16th century, such places had increased enormously and also gave foundations to the famous Seven Tower of Constantinople and Castle of Spielberg.
Seven Towers of Constantinople
Figure 2.5
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History of Incarceration Packing In Concrete:
Dutch work house:
Till late 16th century, there being no proper goals for the criminals, city gates were modified a little into captivate the prisoners. In 1557, Bride Wells were started as the special institution to provide employments to beggars, vagrants and criminals. Original Bride well at Petworth, Sussex was in use till 1774, it had two rooms (5.5mX2.7m approx.), which were too small for the number of prisoners it had housed. It had no shutters in the windows, no courts, no chimneys. The only underlying principle of these is a secure boundary whose penetrations are controlled by gates.
Brought more control on crime and violence. The basic aim of this was to keep the inmates busy and provide them with work for their learning.
Figure 2.6
This was more influential in the world: Germany, Belgium and Scandiravia. Most of such institutes were work house having 9 rooms to house 4 to 12 inmates each of about 5.2 X 3.2 m2 areas each. Rasp House, the first and the most famous one, at Amsterdam which was found in 1595.
Figure 2.7
Figure 2.8
Figure 2.10
Figure 2.9
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History of Incarceration First Cellular Prison in the World The prison of St. Michael in Rome designed by Carlo Fontona in 1703-1704 was the first ever cellular prison. It was conceived as a reformatory. It had twenty cells to each of the three storeys, ten on each side of the workshop. Each cell had a lavatory. This prison influenced the architecture for next 200 years in prison reform. The thought behind its design was to do cellular separation so that each prisoner gets space to reflect on his misdeed in solitude. In 1773, a drastic development took place: this development was mainly brought by the construction of Cellular Prison at Ghent: It was the first radial prison in the world.
In 1778, Blackstone Act was formed in honor of work of John Howard, Sir William Blackstone and Sir William Eden. Few of the points that it stated were:
Establishment of penitentiary houses.
Confirmed principles of separate confinements.
Needs for moral and religious spaces.
Fixed cell sizes: max. 3.7 X 2.4 X 3.4 m3 min. 3 X2.1 X 2.7m3
The pioneer idea behind this was to enable the prison staff in corridor to have a clear view of the prisoners. The need of security, adequate light and air were also entertained by the octagonal plan with rectangular cells radially aligned from the center. This also helped to classify the inmates as juvenile, habitual, women etc. Later half of 18th century, a new reform of transportation came in ferocity. Deportation as a form of punishment was employed by England and France. England and France had started shipping criminals to Australia, Africa, and Devil’s Island etc. This inhumane practice of shipping got demolished after the Second World War.
Figure 2.11
First Segregated Prison
Figure 2.12
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History of Incarceration Theory Of Panopticon Prison In 1787, Jeremy Bentham carried the development of radial layout of prison to a logical conclusion. The first produced plan was a four storey high building with a circular shaped chapel over the central inspection area. The cells with radiating partitions were planned around the external wall, internal open galleries and staircases connecting them at each level. Panopticon was primarily based on certain principles: cellular separation, safe custody, security, belief that rehabilitation is possible through seclusion. The principle of the Panopticon was that prisoners could be observed night and day, without realizing that they were being observed. The structure consisted of tiers of prison cells, arranged in a circular design. In the very centre of the circular structure was an observation tower, tall enough for the observer to be able to see the interior of each cell. The windows of the observation tower were masked so that it was not possible for prisoners to know if anyone was in the tower. An arrangement of blinds was suggested to hide the presence of any lights inside, so that prisoners could not guess whether the observation tower was staffed.
View From Inside
Figure 2.13
Figure 2.14
The psychology of the Panopticon was thus that prisoners would never be certain whether or not they were being observed. The Panopticon later became the inspiration for a number of different prison designs. Its significance for Foucault was that it reflected much of the philosophy of observation that has become a guiding principle of policing in the modern state. The use of video cameras both in cities and on roads employs the same principle of observation, so that the citizen is never entirely sure whether or not they are being watched.
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History of Incarceration Prisons in America
Pennsylvania system
The first effective sign of modern prison architecture in place was the erection of a block of cells in Walnut Street Jail in 1790
A penal method based on the principle that solitary confinement fosters penitence and encourages reformation. The idea was advocated by the Philadelphia Society for Alleviating the Miseries of Public Prisons. In 1829 the Eastern State Penitentiary, on Cherry Hill in Philadelphia, applied this socalled separate philosophy. Prisoners were kept in solitary confinement in cells 16 feet high, nearly 12 feet long, and 7.5 feet wide (4.9 by 3.7 by 2.3 m). An exercise yard, completely enclosed to prevent contact among prisoners, was attached to each cell. Prisoners saw no one except institution officers and an occasional visitor. Solitary penitence, however, was soon modified to include the performance of work such as shoemaking or weaving. The Pennsylvania system spread until it predominated in European prisons. Critics in the United States argued that it was too costly and had deleterious effects on the minds of the prisoners. The Pennsylvania system was superseded in the United States by the Auburn system.
Leslie Fairweather says that this was the first time America had attempted to segregate and classify prisoners for the need of rehabilitation and reform. After 1790, America played a major role in the evolution of prison designs. The evolution was a consequence of two separate and different philosophies:
Pennsylvania system
Auburn system
Plan
Figure 2.15
Axiometric View
Figure 2.16
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History of Incarceration The Auburn system A penal system of the 19th century in which persons worked during the day and were kept in solitary confinement at night, with enforced silence at all times. The silent system evolved during the 1820s at Auburn Prison in Auburn, N.Y., as an alternative to and modification of the Pennsylvania system of solitary confinement, which it gradually replaced in the United States. Later innovations at Auburn were the lockstep (marching in single file, placing the right hand on the shoulder of the
man ahead, and facing toward the guard), the striped suit, two-foot extensions of the walls between cells, and special seating arrangements at meals— all designed to insure strict silence. The Auburn and Pennsylvania systems were both based on a belief that criminal habits were learned from and reinforced by other criminals. In 1828, Sing-Sing became the model of all auburn system institutes. This prison had five tiers of inside cells and long dark cell corridors which became a curse of prison architecture for the coming centuries.
Eventually Pennsylvania system was adopted in Europe and auburn system prevailed in America. Where Pennsylvanian scheme provided little light of rehabilitation and reform, auburn system still prevailed in U.S. for a long time probably because of overcrowding and cheaper cost of construction.
Figure 2.19
Entrance to Auburn Prison, N.Y.
Figure 2.17
Auburn Prison, N.Y.
Figure 2.18
Figure 2.20
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History of Incarceration The Nineteenth Century Inheritance After centuries of brutality, squalor and corruption in prisons throughout the world, reforms during the 18th and 19th century led to gradual improvement in prison design on the whole. In 1842, the noticeable example of Pennsylvanian system in England, the Pentonville Prison came into existence. This was an evolved radial prison which followed the design of the eastern Penitentiary, Cherry Hill. This plan ruled the prison architecture for next 50 years. (Spens, 1994) English construction of radial prisons in late 19th century: External wall: brick, stone or flint, 0.6 m thick. Internal wall: brick or stone about 350 X 450 mm thick Ceilings: brick arches in two courses. Floorings: Asphalt or 75 mm York stone.
Pentoville Map
Figure 2.21
Construction of Pentoville
Figure 2.22
Heating and ventilation: cold air was heated by being passed over hot water pipes and then was discharged into large ventilation flues to the cells. Cells: sizes varied around 3.9X 2.1 X 2.7 m3 .and cells were generally equipped with a toilet bucket, a wash basin and a gas light flitting. Windows: were about 1.1 m long and 130 mm heavily barred.
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Types of Prisons Since 1830, a lot of experiment had been done evolving the layouts of prison, the following type were the success out of those and influenced the prison architecture the most
Telephonic Pole Prison: This was a
breakaway design to emerge in the history of Prison. This was introduced by M.F. Poussin at Fresnes. This type of prisons has a central corridor linking a series of rectangular cell houses arranged perpendicular to the corridor on both the sides. Each cell house was a separate unit which guaranteed a better classification of inmates. Lighting and ventilation was improved and supervision also became easier. This kind of layout was suitable for maximum, minimum or medium security prisons.
Figure 2.23
Courtyard with Barracks: This layout
has cells arranged around a central courtyard blocks are connected through long corridors. These prisons are successful in terms of ease of segregation and classification and they also provide space for interaction in the grounds. It is used for maximum and medium security prisons.
Figure 2.24
Self-Enclosed Prisons: Where the
prison building itself becomes the outer boundary wall with a courtyard in centre. This kind of layout is used for high security.
Figure 2.25
Open Campus: These are essentially
separate cell houses or cottages planned to enclose one or a series of courts, usually for minimum security prisons. This layout stresses on the fact that large number of low risk prisoners can benefit from the more open and normal conditions.
Figure 2.26
Free Layout: They grows organically
and are most often built in phases as and when it was required.
Figure 2.27
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Secondary Research: Prisoner Psychology This section of the research will focus on the impact of a prisoner’s life on their psyche. The influence of the built on their behaviour and the capability and extent to which the architecture can change their character. An insight into the behavior of any prisoner who is also a member and an indirect client of a prison, might lead to certain direct or subtle architectural ramifications. Before proceeding any further, it should be brought in notice that most of the prisons in India house both prisoners under trial and convicts who have already been sentenced.
The most important segregation of inmates in prison is between under-trial and convicted inmates.
Inmates under-trial: Under trials are people who are
innocent unless proved otherwise. Therefore, it makes one wonder whether they should be a part of a prison community.
Convicts: These are primarily classified as first time offenders and habitual criminals.
First time offenders: They easily become the victim of the crimes being held in the prison. They would also find it difficult to enter into the life of a prisoner. The first time offenders are more introspective in life as compared to a career criminal. Therefore they could easily be manipulated and further rehabilitated through surrounding environment. Habitual criminals: These are generally criminals who
Figure 2.28
have made prisons as their second home. Such criminals are deviated from their path willingly and are stubborn not to change. These are the criminals who act violently, form groups and spread the act of homosexuality and try to control the environment of prison.
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Secondary Research: Prisoner Psychology The interaction between the inmates and the staff is important while discussing the factors that influence a prisoners experience. The appropriate interaction and visual connection should be maintained. If the interaction is low, the social structure among the inmates becomes strong and the prison then gets turned into a ‘school of crime’. Too much interaction could possibly lead to a decrease in security as the staff can be compromised There are 2 basic types of supervision, namely:
Direct surveillance
Intermittent surveillance
Intermittent surveillance
The success of pod-like/direct supervision over the past 20 years has caused most jurisdictions that are planning new facilities to eliminate or minimize the traditional linear jail design that relies on intermittent surveillance. In the intermittent surveillance model, the location and size of housing units are not closely tied to the location of a staff post; therefore, this model allows for many separate cellblocks and thereby facilitates the physical separation of inmates. However, intermittent surveillance has many operational drawbacks. Visual and acoustic separation capabilities are lost when housing units are located across from each other, back-to-back with each other, or next to each other in one common cell-block area.
Remote surveillance
Remote surveillance Remote surveillance designs, in which several housing units are clustered around a fixed control position, pose the greatest challenge, as visual and perhaps acoustic conflicts can occur between individual housing units as a by-product of the clustering design Supervision
Intermittent
Figure 2.30
Direct
Figure 2.31
Direct supervision
Figure 2.29
Separation tends not to be a problem with direct supervision because the units can operate in an essentially selfcontained manner, thereby eliminating the need to affiliate them with control positions outside the unit or to expose them to full views from corridors. 22
New Generation Direct Supervision Jails The New Generation approach, based on common-sense principles, seeks to manage human behaviour positively, consistently and fairly.
Correction officers spend more time inside the jail than inmates do, year in and year out. Efforts to make the job less tense and stressful for officers pays off.
The facility as a whole sends a message. If a jail, in its design and management style, "expects" people to act uncivilized, it will evoke that behavior. If the message is that antisocial behavior is intolerable and inappropriate, the majority will conform to that message. Most inmates want to avoid trouble and will do so if given a chance. The few who seek trouble are separated from the majority.
Many of the "niceties" provided for the inmates actually benefit the staff more. Television, for instance, is a popular pastime, and two sets reduce conflict over channels. Carpets to reduce noise create a calmer atmosphere for the officers as well as the inmate.
Figure 2.32
Direct supervision puts the officer in constant contact with the inmates to guide their behavior in positive directions. All barriers between officers and inmates are eliminated in the housing units.
Figure 2.33
Figure 2.34
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Inferences It is not necessary to view all prisoners but they should think that they are always being watched Interaction between inmates and officers Direct supervision- because it is easier to understand the social system and prevent bad influences from spreading
Bibliography http://www.teachyourself.co.uk/ http://www.britannica.com/ Jail Design Guide. (2011). Washington: National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. Nair, R. (n.d.). Prison Architecture and it’s impact on prisoners.
Officers will know each inmate better
Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi.
Segregation is required so criminals don’t influence each other and it doesn’t become a ‘school of crime’.
Dhanda, K. (2008). Reformation Architecture.
Open space is beneficial for the inmates Single cell is good if the inmate is dangerous but otherwise complete isolation is bad for the mental health of the inmate
www.wikipedia.org www.tiharprisons.nic.in/ http://prop1.org/legal/prisons/97jails.htm
24
25
Chapter 2.2
case studies
27
Case Study: Tihar Ashram The total population of tihar complex is 11800, when the capacity is only 6250. There are only 2 jails for convicts. All convict lodging buildings are only 1 storey high. Tihar jail is a progressive jail and has its own brand. There are various factories inside that employ the convicts in the manufacturing of various items. In Delhi, there is a shift towards multi-storied prisons.
History
Lodging
1958
Central jail commissioned
1
Under trial in Tis Hazari
1980
District jail built
2
Convicts
198485
Existing jail trifurcated to Central jail 1,2 & 3.
3
Under trial in Tis Hazari
4
Under trial in Patiala House
5
Convicts
6
Female under trial & convicts
7
Adolescent(18-20 years)
District jail converted tow Central jail 4. Central jail 5 1996 commissioned 2000 Central jail 6 commissioned Central jail 7 2003 commissioned 1990
2005
Central jail 8,9 commissioned
8 9
Under trial in Karkardooma Under trial in Karkardooma
CENTRAL JAIL Zonal Plan
STAFF QUARTER
OFFICES Figure 2.35
28
Case Study: Tihar Ashram Housing Each ward or house block has the capacity for 50 inmates. Each jail can house approximately 400 inmates. Each complex is broken up into multiple house block walled areas each having its own security post. Each cells open out into the open space of each house block.
Security Through the security, one then enters the recreation space. The watch tower in the centre is a tall structure which houses one staff. Watch towers are also present at the corners of the complex. There is only one secure entry point.
View of Barracks
Plan of Jail No.5 house block
Figure 2.37 jail compound wall duty room
recreation area
watch tower
house block wall
Figure 2.36 Section of Jail No.5
Figure 2.38
29
Case Study: Danish State Prison The Danish State Prison designed by C.M Moller covers an area of 32000 m2. The prison is to be situated in Blichersvej, Gundslev, Falster, Denmark. It is still in the design stage and construction will begin in 2016. The prison will house approximate 250 inmates.
Design Inspiration The inspiration for the star-shaped form of the new prison was drawn from its location in a rural area of small villages. The shape is reminiscent of that of the surrounding villages. It provides a small, condensed urban environment with varied spatial experiences, functional density and clarity of layout that the prison’s surrounding environment offers. The compact, urban structure means that there is also left space for natural and cultivated areas, areas for animal husbandry and for the integration of sports facilities in the landscape within the perimeter wall.
View of South
Figure 2.39
Site Plan
Figure 2.40
30
Case Study: Danish State Prison Planning Situated at the centre of the urban environment, will be an administration building, occupation building and culture centre which will include a library, religious worship room, sports facilities and a shop. With its corners and variations, the six-metre tall, star-shaped perimeter wall creates a less restrictive appearance by providing a sense of dialogue with the outside world. A plaza area and sequence of streets bind the complex together.
View of Cultural Centre
Figure 2.42
Housing Radiating outwards from the central cluster of buildings will be four wings and one high security wing. Its star shape will ensure all wings have a view of the landscape, but none will have visual contact with each other.
Material & Detail
Aerial View
Figure 2.41
Each individual building in the total complex has its own identity. Overall, the complex is in a warm, grey shade of brick. Variation is provided by, amongst other things, the occupation building, which is crystal-shaped and faced with perforated metal plates in green shades. The cultural centre, which is round, covered with glass and ringed by green slats. 31
Case Study: Jaipur Central Jail Jaipur central is one of the biggest prison complexes in Rajasthan built by the state government. It can be put under the category of medium security prison
View from Entrance
Figure 2.44x
Planning
Location Plan
Figure 2.43
It is located on the main Agra road. It’s capacity is for 400 inmates but currently houses 1842 of which 908 are under rigorous imprisonment There is a big vegetable garden run and maintained by the inmates.
The entire complex has a single entrance The administration area is situated near the entrance. Each ward has patrols posted in the corridors for surveillance. There is also a visitor’s room next to the administrative block right next to the entrance. The four blocks of hospital also has barracks for ill inmates. The dinner is served in the courtyard or in barracks as there are no dining halls.
32
Case Study: Jaipur Central Jail The Complex i) Administrative block iii) Four hospital blocks v) 4 factories
ii) 9 prison wards iv) Central kitchen vi) Community hall
Housing The housing is according to the classification of being under-trial or a convict. The roofing is primarily a concrete slab and the flooring is done using plain cement. The accommodation is of two types– Barrack or dormitory and Solitary confinement. Site Plan
Cells
Figure 2.45
Barracks The ward containing solitary confinement cells has two blocks of the ward facing each other with a court in between them. The solitary confinement cell is a small room (almost 3m X 2.5m) with an Indian W.C and a sleeping platform.
One ward is constitutes of barracks on three edges and a blank wall on the remaining side forming a square courtyard in the centre. There is one entrance gate to the ward. The barracks have gates made of iron grilles which offer no protection against weather. The toilets are located within the barrack attached to the sleeping area. Few barracks have odd shaped cemented platform (2mX 0.8 m) which is used for sleeping.
33
Case Study Analysis Tihar Ashram conceptual underpinning Recently renamed Tihar Ashram,
many initiatives have been taken for the benefit of the inmates and to reform them including the Tihar Haat, Tihar Idol, yoga etc.
impact of site
Functionality + architect’s interpretation Services + structure
It is a square plot with a public road on the north-east and south-west sides. The site is planned such that the main prison area is always surrounded, either by the staff quarters or the offices. The main precinct is broken into 9 jails and have been built over time. They are self sufficient to the extent of basic facilities. Concrete beams and columns are use to support most of the structures which are all 1 to 3 floors high. Each jail has its own facilities.
Jaipur Central Jail
Danish State Prison
The inmates are encourage to garden and grow vegetation. An effort is made to reform the inmates through therapeutic methods
‘the inmates spend all their waken hours in the prison environment, and the architecture within the prison walls is therefore an extremely important part of their lives and experiential universe. That is why we have deliberately created a very varied and stimulating environment of different spaces and landscape features - Hopefully this will contribute to the re-socialization of the individual and to create renewed confidence in the community and mutual respect for society as a whole.’ - mads mvandrup(architect) It is set in a rural surrounding. The building is designed on a slope with the central, meeting and activity areas on the highest point and the housing radiating out along the slope
It is located on the main Agra road and has only one entrance. The administrative block and visiting centre are at the entrance.
The layout is fairly simple with the public functions near the entrance. The housing is divided into 2 types; barracks and cells There is no dining area so the inmates either eat in the courtyard or barracks.
Angled room and it’s star shaped spatial arrangement ensure that inmates cannot see each other but have a view looking onto the landscape The inmates have shared bathrooms. Each facility like the cultural centre, sports area, occupation building and the administration building have wash-rooms. There is a central kitchen which supplies food to each sub-kitchen at each wing which then distributes the food. 34
Case Study Analysis number OF INMATES: Inmate Segregation
development controls applicable + outcomes
Area Program + Translation into Form
Tihar Ashram
Jaipur Central Jail
Danish State Prison
400-500 per jail, Total capacity of 5,200 There are separate jail complexes for under trial, women, juvenile, and convicts
400
250
There are separate barracks for ex-convict women and juvenile and located away from the general barracks. Total area inside the prison should ensure 62.7m2 of area for each inmate with only 20-25% ground coverage. The building housing the inmates in the past in India have commonly been single storey.
Housing is divided into 5 wings, of which one is high security
Total area inside the prison should ensure 62.7m2 of area for each inmate with only 20-25% ground coverage. The building housing the inmates in the past in India have commonly been single storey. Each cluster of lodging cannot contain more than 40-50 inmates and each complex cannot hold more than 250 inmates. The entire prison is subdivided into smaller clusters for easier surveillance
35
Inferences The housing area’s are surrounded by the axillary facilities Use of intimate courtyards in which the inmates are give more freedom
Bibliography Singh, A. (2012). Architecture in Prison. New Delhi. Dhanda, K. (2008). Reformation Architecture. www.wikipedia.org
Use of farming as a method of rehabilitation.
www.tiharprisons.nic.in/
Singular Entry into site
www.archdaily.com
Create confusing circulation
www.cfmoller.com/
36
37
Chapter 3
Project ANALYSIS
39
Project scope The design on an entire jail includes four main zones:
Master Control
1. Inmate zone 2. Administrative Zone 3. Service Zone 4. Staff Zone The scope of this project will be restricted to planning of the entire site and the architectural design of the inmate, administrative and service zones
Administration
Booking Staff Area
Visiting area
Control Room
LEGEND
Recreation
Kitchen
Workshop
Dining room
INMATE ACCESS STAFF ACCESS Public ENTRY STAFF ENTRY
Common Area
Inmate ENTRY Cell/ Dormitory
Functional Diagram Figure 3.1
40
Spatial requirements Workshop
A central jail can have a maximum of 1000 inmates. Each jail complex has a maximum capacity of 250 inmates. Each duty room should take care of maximum 50 inmates. The inmate area must be a minimum of 100m away from any other building A segregation in the living areas of various inmate groups, depending on the severity of their crime, is required. Each kitchen can serve a maximum of 250 inmates. Proper recreational areas like grounds, auditorium, indoor games area, etc. must be provided. Each cell or barrack must have direct access to open area. Soothing materials with light colours should be used. There should be sufficient light in all cells and indoor spaces.
Min. 1.5 m3 per person
Min. 62.7 m2 area per person in compound
Kitchen Cell Min size of
8.92 m
Min. 150 m2 area for every 100 persons
2
per head
Accommodation Hospital
Dormitory Min. 3.71 area per person
5% of total population m2
Min. 5.58 m2 area per person
Sanitation 1 W.C & shower for 6 persons
Minimum Standards Required in a Prison Figure 3.2
41
Functional components Main Functions
Services
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Master Control Housing Mess Health Care Indoor/Outdoor Recreation Programs and Specific Activity Areas Commissary
Relationship Diagram
Kitchen Laundry Storage Maintenance Mechanical Service Area Loading & Unload Area for goods
Administration 1. 2. 3. 4.
Administration Offices Intake-Release Area Visiting Staff Quarters
Adjacency Diagram
Figure 3.3
Figure 3.4
42
Spatial matrix
Functional Requirements Maximum Surveillance With Minimum Personnel In jails, it is important that there is constant surveillance where the staff have a constant visual of the inmates.
Figure 3.6
Minimum permeability by inhabitants Cells
Figure 3.5
Cells
Entry
Cells
Figure 3.7
In a branch spacial structure, the choices for the in habitants are constrained, as there is only one direction of movement. On the other hand, for an outsider, there are multiple choices. A space designed in such a manner ensure that the users quickly adapt to it.
43
Security Security in jails is of utmost importance. It should be insured that the inmate not harm others around him or himself. This is achieved by the use of CCTV and guards or duty officers that periodically check on the inmates. The design and arrangement of cells or dormitories also plays an important factor
Primary Perimeter Creating an overall barrier, commonly referred to as a “security perimeter,� that precludes contraband passage from the outside and unauthorized access to and egress from the jail.
Another aspect of security is to ensure that no inmate escapes. This is achieved by creating hierarchical barriers at various levels of security.
Figure 3.8
Figure 3.9
Secondary Perimeter Creating internal security zones that preclude escape and contraband passage within the jail by controlling internal movement and maintaining separation between key activities and inmate-occupied areas, especially those that house inmates who pose the greatest risk of escape or contraband passage according to the facility’s classification plan.
Figure 3.10
44
Booking The chief interface between law enforcement and the jail is the transfer of custody of an arrestee from local police, state police, or sheriff’s deputies to the jail staff. This is a daily occurrence that the jail design must easily accommodate. An enclosed vehicle transit-bay for entry of the arrestee and arresting officer is virtually standard in modern jails. Beyond that, provisions for the arresting officers should also include the following
Visual monitoring by intake-release and/or master control staff of the entire arrestee route, in case the arresting officer needs assistance.
A work area/security vestibule that provides a secure entry point through the jail’s security envelope as well as a place for law enforcement officers to do pat searches, take property, and complete prebooking paperwork.
Weapons lockers Frisking/ checking equipment in or adjacent to the work area/ vestibule.
Plan of Booking Area
Figure 3.11
Section of Booking Area
Figure 3.12
45
Single occupancy cell The requirements are
Bed of size: 750mm x 2000mm
Storage space
Study Area
Psychological Needs Use of larger cell windows Using light walls and ceiling colours Avoiding long narrow cells that disproportionately accentuate room length.
Various single cell configurations
Figure 3.15
46
Cell Façades/Faces When designing cell ‘faces’ the level of security of the inmates and the mode of supervision for each housing unit should be considered.
Figure 3.13
Figure 3.14
47
Natural light Natural lighting is an important component for human comfort in a closed environment. Jails require minimal opening which are preferable not in reach for the inmates. The following are various methods employed to allow natural light into the comm on areas.
Figure 3.16
+ Maximum view to outside.
+ Good lighting in common room
+ Maximum natural lighting
- Lowers level of security
- Minimum view outside and
- No view to outside
minimum lighting in cells.
48
Arrangement of cells Visibility It is essential that the duty officer is able to view into all cells as he makes his rounds. Maximum visibility into cells and of the common area are also important while designing the duty room/area
Figure 3.18
Sketch of view from duty area
Figure 3.17
Sketch of view from common area
49
Typical arrangements of cells All cells should be in view if an officer moves throughout the day space, under all forms of inmate supervision.
Ideally, it should be possible to move through the room without losing visual contact with the rest of the space
Figure 3.20
+ Direct sunlight in each cell
+ Maximized visibility from all points within the housing block.
cells from one point
- All rooms are not in front of the duty
- There is no single point from where the
- Observation of one corner is not
room/desk.
entire area can be observed
+ The duty officer is able to view all
possible from the opposite corner.
50
area program No
Type
A
Housing
A1
High Security Accommodation W.C Kitchen Mess Library Recreation Area
A1.1 A1.2 A1.3 A1.4 A1.5 A1.6 A1.7 A1.8 A1.9 A1.10 A1.11
Computer Centre Duty Room Main Duty Room Office Deodi Circulation
A1
Total
Number
Area Per Person
Number of Inmates Per Unit
4.5 1.2 1.5 0.7
3 6 102
Unit Size
Number
Total Area
13.5 6.2 153 24 33 32
34 20 1 3 1 2
459 124 153 72 33 32
13 19 50 119 95
1 3 1 1 1
13 57 50 119 95 362.1
1
1569.1
51
Area program No
Type
A
Housing
A2
General Security Accommodation W.C
A2.1 A2.2 A2.3 A2.4 A2.5 A2.6 A2.7 A2.8 A2.9 A2.10
Kitchen Mess Library Recreation Area Computer Centre Duty Room Office Deodi Circulation
A2
Total
Number
Area Per Person
Number of Inmates Per Unit
Unit Size
Number
3.5 0.8
6 6
21 6.4
37 29
777 185.6
1.5 0.7
222
333 145 40
1 1 1 2 1 12 1 1
333 145 40 56 29 96 77 100 551.58
Total Area
3
29 8 77 100
717 0.54
52
Area program No
A
A3 A3.1 A3.2 A3.3 A3.4 A3.5 A3.6
Type
Housing
Under-trial Accommodation W.C Kitchen Mess Library Recreation Area
Number
Area Per Person
Number of Inmates Per Unit
3.5 1.0 1.5 0.9
6 6 234
Unit Size
Number
Total Area
21 6.4 351 70 71 70
39 35 1 3 1 3
819 224 351 210 71 210
34 6 201 201
1 12 1 1
34 72 201 201 717.9
2
A3.7 A3.8 A3.9 A3.10
Computer Centre Duty area Office Deodi Circulation
A3
Total
6221.8
A
TOTAL
14961.44
53
Area program No
Type
B
Workshops
B1 B2
Work area Toilets Circulation
Number
Area Per Person
Number of Inmates Per Unit
4.0
292
Unit Size
Number
1168 13
1 2
Total
Total Area
1170 26 358.8
1554.8
C
Library
5.0
140
D
Lecture Rooms
0.6
36
F
Auditorium
0.6
200
700
3
502
600
54
area program No
G
G1 G2 G4 G5 G6 G7
Type
Recreation
Gymnasium/Indoor Games Store Badminton Court Basketball Court Tennis Court General Purpose Ground Total
Number
Area Per Person
1.0
Number of Inmates Per Unit
Total Area
Unit Size
Number
100
1
100
10 145 523 360 1820
6 2 1 1 1
20 290 523 360 1821 2994
Total
120
H
Medical Facility
1010
I
Inmate Entry
211
J
Visitors Centre
592
K
Administration
353
55
area program No
Type
Number
Area Per Person
Number of Inmates Per Unit
Unit Size
Number
5.0
Total Area
L
Courthouse
630
M
Distribution & Store
300
N
Circulation (walkway)
2160
O
Master Control
200
P
Main Sentry
150
Q
Secondary Sentry
54
3
162
R
Watch Towers
26
13
338
Housing distribution
Area Distribution Inmate Housing Area Accommodation Inmate Facilities
Inmate Facilities
Administration & Offices Administration & Offices Security
Built Up Area
High HighSecurity Security General Security General Security
Inmate Housing Built Area Administration & Offices Inmate Facilities
Total
14960 m2 4790 m2 1790 m2
24544 m2
Inmate Housing Capacities
Under-Trial
Under-Trial
Security Figure
High security inmates 3.21General security inmates Under-Trial Inmates
102 persons 666 persons 234 persons 56
Bibliography Jail Design Guide. (2011). Washington: National Institute of Correction,U.S.A. ACA Guide for Adult Local Detention Facilities. (n.d.). American Correctional Association. Jail Design Guide. (n.d.). National Institute of Correction. Model Prison Manual . (n.d.). Bureau of Police Research and Development.
57
Chapter 4
Site Study
59
Introduction A large chunk of prison population is dominated by first offenders (around 90%) The rate of offenders and recidivists in prison population of Indian jails is 9:l while in the UK it is 12:1, which is quite revealing and alarming. Despite the relatively lower populations in prison, the problems are numerous. As of 2007, the prison population was 3,76,396, as against an official capacity of 277,304, (representing an occupancy rate of 135.7%) distributed across 1276 establishments throughout the country. The prison population has been steadily increasing during the last decade. A majority of the prison population is male (nearly 96%) and approximately two-thirds are pre-trial detainees (undertrials). Delhi, being the capital of India, has a vast judicial system which witnesses a large number of criminals. There is vast dearth of prisons as most of the prisons in Delhi are over populated.
Figure 4.1
According to the UN Global Report on Crime and Justice 1999, the rate of imprisonment in our country is very low, i.e. 25 prisoners per one lakh of population, in comparison to Australia (981 prisoners), England (125 prisoners), USA (616 prisoners) and Russia (690 prisoners) per one lakh population.
The existing Delhi Prisons are presently highly overpopulated. There is a sanctioned capacity of 6250 prisoners but about 13,500 prisoners are presently lodged. On an average about 1000-1100 prisoners attend various courts everyday. Around 300 to 350 prisoners are admitted and an equal number of prisoners are released daily. It leads to about 1,00,000 1,25,000 prisoners visiting the Delhi Prisons yearly. The space congestion two-three times has created unprecedented problems of health, hygiene, sewerage, management control, discipline etc. All efforts are, therefore, being made to reduce prison population on one hand and to construct new jails on the other. One of the sites sanctioned for a new jail by the government is in Baprola, West Delhi.
60
Location The site is located in North-West Delhi in Baprola Village. The land around the site was initially uninhabited but over the past few years has been encroached upon till the edge of the site. The total site area is 41 acres and will include the prison complex and staff area. The site area delineated for the prison complex is 28 acres. Baprola Prison Site
Dwarka
Indira Gandhi Airport
Dhaula Kuan
India Gate
Figure 4.2
61
Zone K-1 The Zone ‘K’ covers an area 12,439 Ha. having two sub zones K-I with an area of 6,515 Ha and ‘K-II’ Dwarka having an area of 5,924 Ha. About 2827 Ha of area of zone K-I is in the form of built-up area/unauthorized colonies
Figure 4.3
Reforming community
The existing population of the zone K-1 as per 2001 census is about 5.0 lakh. This population of zone K-I is inhabited in 180 un-authorized colonies and 26 villages
At present there is hardly any planned recreational area manufacturing or public-semi public. School and health centers are available in villages/nearby area of village. Site
Zone Map
Figure 4.4
Site
Figure 4.5
62
Connectivity The major roads in the zone are Rohtak Road, Najafgarh-Nangloi road and Najafgarh road which connects Najafgarh to Zone ‘G’ and rest of the central part of Delhi.
The site is 14 km from Tihar jail. The main mode of transit is the bus system and unauthorized multiple passenger vehicles. There are 2 bus stop in the vicinity of the site.
The major road nearest to the site is the Najafgarh-Nangloi road which is at a distance of 220m at the nearest point
This Zone being rural in character have road network connecting various villages/ rural settlements. The road width varies for different roads.
Bus Stop
Bus Stop
Najafgarh Nangloi Road
af ga
UER II
N
aj
rh
Site
o
R oi
l
ng a N
ad
Figure 4.6
ad
Shivaji Ro
Tihar Ashram Figure 4.7
63
Neighbourhood Most of the neighbourhood that surrounds the site is unauthorized residential area.
A vocational training Institute was recently opened in the same village.
The government is also proposing to increase the number of public and semi-public facilities because other than schools, there is no other in the area.
Land for the construction of a Gem & Jeweller Institute has been allocated in the latest MasterPlan. View Along Main Road
Air-force Bani Camp
Site
Figure 4.9
Jem & Jewellery Institute Vocational Training Institute Unauthorized Residential
Figure 4.8
Road leading to Site
Figure 4.10
View of entry into village from main Road
Figure 4.11
64
Built up
Street pattern
Terrain
No building in the vicinity are more than 4 floors. The residential built that surround the site are 2 to 3 floors high. There is plenty of open area that surrounds the site most of which are small fields.
The streets are laid out in a grid. The site was earlier demarcated as a prison site with uninhabited land around it. The road pattern was laid out following the demarcation of the plot area.
The site is mostly flat with a few undulations.There is a slight slope in zone K-1 which directs sewage and water to the Najafgarh drain on the west. This leads into the Palam Drain
Figure 4.12
Figure 4.13
Figure 4.14
65
Site
2
The site is located in Ram Nagar. The road along the East edge of the site, is the main public spine of the village along which, some commercial activity is present. 4
1 3
258 m
392 m 3
4
2 n
scale 1:2000 Figure 4.15
1
Figure 4.16
66
Inferences
Bibliography
This site is suitable for a prison because of the following conditions: The site is on flat land. This is important as it allows for undeterred
http://delhi-masterplan.com/
visibility over the entire site. The circulation and road pattern surrounding the site allow for a singular entry into site, which is important to ensure security and reduce the possibility of escape. The height of the prison structures should be taken care of such that the prisoners inside do not get a view of the surrounding built(residences).
67
Chapter 5
Design Determinants
69
Design Influences The entire site should be flat and preferable have only one entry The site cannot be located in the city, but concurrently should be easily accessible and should be connected with public transport The prison should be designed with a confusion circulation like a maze to intimidate the inmate and discourage him from escaping. An encouraging and engaging environment is very important to improve prisoner behaviour.
Site Parameters Strength Weakness
Opportunity
Threat
To ensure security, levels of barriers should be made.
The site is a regular shape and is mostly flat. Connectivity to the site is minimal and the main road is far from the site. The site is currently used illegally for cultivation. The open area in the site can be used as farmland as part of a vocational program The growth of unauthorized residences can lead to unfavourable conditions for a prison site. The surrounding area’s of a prison must never be crowded
The prisoners must be segregated according to the severity of their crime and the number of times the inmate has been in prison. Segregation of the prisoners living areas is necessary. The inmate housing should be in the innermost area of the entire complex and be a considerable distance from the perimeter. There must be open accessible green area in every housing complex. The axillary function should encompass the housing and be along the edge of the site. Existing Built Up
Figure 5.1
70
Functions
Master Control
Main Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
Master Control Inmate Housing Intake-Release Visiting Centre Housing Medical Centre
Administration
Booking COURT HOUSE
Visiting area
Functions in Inmate Housing 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Deodi Duty Rooms Kitchen Mess Recreational Area Library T.V Room Computer Room
Axillary Functions 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Administration Courthouse Service Area Sports Centre Cultural Centre Vocational Training Agricultural Centre
Control Room
Recreation
sERVICE BAY
Workshop
Dining room Kitchen
Common Area
Cell/ Dormitory
LEGEND
Public ENTRY
INMATE ACCESS
STAFF ENTRY
STAFF ACCESS
Inmate ENTRY Functional Diagram Figure 5.2
71
Zoning
Inmate access
Public access
The zoning is done in such a way that the inmate housing is not on the edge of the site in all directions Parking is placed before one enters the complex. All visitors and staff will enter the site on foot
Parking
Administration is placed on the most public edge
Administration and offices
Inmate Housing
Staff housing is placed in the area which would be the most difficult to observe Buffer usable and unusable open space is provided between the inmate housing and the surroundings where ever other functions are not provided.
Buffer Open area
Access and Circulation
Buffer
Staff housing
There is a singular entry point but two paths of circulation The inmate access is the most direct access with respect to the main road The office access is near the public spine and is connected to the bus stop Inside the inmate housing area, the main circulation spine leads to the centre where the highest security prisoners will be kept
LEGEND INMATE ACCESS Public ACCESS Figure 5.3
72
73
Chapter 6
Design Concepts
75
Concept
SECURITY Layered Fortification Minimal Surveillance Confusing Configuration
Confusing Grid Create identical passages to confuse inmates
REFORM Inmate Segregation Free Mobility in Open Space Direct Interactive Surveillance Enclosing spaces into manageable greens Healthy internal environment Building Secure exterior corridors
Angular Circulation Enhances surveillance by increasing the area of visibility at every corner
Duality Of Spaces
Fragmentation And Segregation Segregating inmates into manageable numbers depending on severity of crime and
76
Concept Series Of Barriers
Security Depth
Enclosing Open Spaces Traditional Prison Designs
Level Separation
Fragmenting and Segregating of Open Spaces Enclosing spaces into manageable greens which allows for easy surveillance and free-er access to open area for the inmates.
Decreased chances of escape by ensuring community space is at different level than entry point and outer circulation.
77
Concept
Sports Centre
Access LVL +3200 Service Area
LVL +0000
The common open space in each of the housings are on the ground level The inmate enter through a separate entry,after search and identification procedure they reach a common transit bay from where they rise to a higher floor. The inmate housing complexes are accessed from this floor.
78
Concept
routine Sports Centre
Sports Centre
CIRCULATION AND LIFE M
Cell access Open Green access
M
UT
H
M
Medium security movement
UT
H
M
Floor Access
Under-Trial movement
M
M
UT
UT
Cultural centre
FARMING The open space to the west of the inmate housing may be used as farms where a near by vocational training institute will send over a few of their trainers to train the inmates in agriculture.
Sports Centre
0900 - 1200
1200 1500
15001800
18002100
cultural centre
Sports Centre
M
M
M UT
H
M
M
M
UT
cultural centre
UT
H
UT
cultural centre
79
Chapter 7
Design Evolution
81
Concept 1
Concept 2
Concept 2: Single Occupancy Unit
82
Concept 3
Top: Roof Plan Top Right: 1st Floor Plan Right: Intake/ Release Detail
83
Chapter 8
Final Design
85
Architectural Design Thesis 2013
PROPOSITION
In the past decade, Indian prisons have been facing problems of overpopulation and poor living conditions.
3500
Population
Capacity
Site
3000 2500
Prisons were initially designed to house 2000 inmates and were a form of punishment. 1500 They are now seen as a dichotomous 1000 institutes. A place for punishment as well 500 as reform. The prison’s primary function is 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 to encourage social reform, to ensure that Capacity of Tihar Central Jails the inmates adjust well in society after
S.W.O.T › ›
According to Annual Review, 2013 their release. The social environment in prisons has long been criticized for being counterproductive and inhuman. They are perceived as ‘schools of crime’.
› ›
The design of a prison typology conducive to human behaviour and encouraging social reform. The built form must represent a balance between security and imprisonment and a relatable environment that encourages social rehabilitation.
RESEARCH
SECURITY Layered fortification Easy and Minimal Surveillance Confusing Configuration
13
14 km from Tihar. Dense built up along edge of site Cultivable land Encroachment
Total Area 42 acres
Baprola, West Delhi
Prison Area 28
acres
CASE STUDIES
REFORM Direct interactive Surveillance Free mobility in open space Inmate segregation 1
2
Synopsis Reforming Community
Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
Thesis Guides : Prof. M.L Bahri | Smt. Meena Mani
1. Danish State Prison, Denmark Integration of farming 2. Tihar Ashram, New Delhi Direct interaction with open space 3. North Branch Correctional Institute, U.S.A Multiple Barriers 4. Jaipur Central Jail, Jaipur Singular Entry Point
3
4
Ammani Nair A/2022/2008 5th Year. Section A
86
Main Entry Parking
Main Sentry Visitors Centre
Inmate Entry
Courthouse Medical Centre
Administration
Intake/ Release
Supplies
Sports Complex
General Security Wing
Staff Area
Building Services
Under-Trial Wing
General Security Wing
High Security Wing
Staff Area
General Security Wing
Farm Land
Staff Area
Under-Trial Wing
Agricultural Workshop
Lecture Rooms
Workshop
reforming community
Site Plan
Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
ground floor plans SCALE 1 :500
SHEET NO: 16
mts 0 10 20
scale
50
100
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
200
87
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
View From South-East
88
Medical Wing
Ho Mai using nE ntr y
Staff
Medium Security Housing
Ent
Under Trial Housing
ry
Medium Security Housing
Entry
Entry
High Security Housing L0
Staff
LV
ry
Ent 0
Entry
320
L+
LV
Medium Security Housing
Staff LVL +100 Agricultural Block
LVL +4000
Under Trial Housing
OAT Library Workshop Auditorium
reforming community
First floor plan SCALE 1 :500
First Floor
Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
SHEET NO: 17
mts 0 10 20
scale
50
100
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
200
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
89
A 5
View From North-west View From South-East
90
Medium Security Housing
Under Trial Housing
Medium Security Housing High Security Housing
Medium Security Housing
Under Trial Housing
Cultural Block
reforming community Second Floor Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
second floor plan SCALE 1 :500
mts 0 10 20
SHEET NO: 18
scale
50
100
200 Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
91
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
sections
A
B
B’
C
C’
key plan
View Along Section Aa’
A’
C wo ultu rk ral C sh e op nt re
r we To Se nt ry
Me d
ica
lB
loc
M Ho ediu us m ing Se cu
k
rit y
section - Aa’
LVL +21200
LVL +10200 LVL +9600 LVL +6400 LVL +3200 LVL +0000
Sections reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
92 sections SCALE 1 :200
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani SHEET NO: 20
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
sections
lH ou sin g Un de rT ria
To we r Se nt ry
Hi g
h
M Ho ediu us m ing Se c
Se cu rit
y
ur it
y
Ho us ing
section - cc’
LVL +21200
LVL +10200 LVL +9600 LVL +6400 LVL +3200 LVL +0000
k
te Ce n Sp
or
ts
es fic Of
lB di ca Me
r
loc
se ou tH ur Co
Vi
Me
et
sit o
ing
r’s
Ce
Ha ll
nt
er
section - bb’
LVL +21200
LVL +10200 LVL +9600 LVL +6400 LVL +3200 LVL +0000
Sections reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
sections SCALE 1 :200
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani SHEET NO: 19
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
93
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008
View From Main Sentry Tower (entrance)
94
Entry
Main Security
Visitor’s centre
Courthouse
Medical centre
Toilets
Lobby
Commisioner
Attorney
Attorney
UP
Attorney
Judge’s chamber
Entrance lobby Cout
Emergency ward
Pre-function Hearing room
Inmate Waiting
Meeting hall
Courtyard
consultation
Staff lobby
Inmate entry
Administration
Pharmacy
security
Courtyard
Counselling
stairs
Entry for visitors
Emergency ward
Courtyard lobby
OT
records Inmate entry
records UP toilet
office
Intake-release toilet
Armory
General offices
records
General offices
Toilet
Emergency Inmate lobby ward security
search and identification
Ent Inm ry to ate Ho us
Storage and distribution
UP
Store
Store
Unloading bay
Office
ing
Master control
Store service area UP
Distribution bay
UP
Administrative block ground floor Administrative block ground floor reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
SCALE 1 :200
SHEET NO:
mts 0
10
scale
10
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
20 Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
50
95
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
View of Walkway to the Main Prison
96
Medical centre Down General ward Staff lobby
Intensive care units
General ward
Inmate lobby
Down
administrative block first floor reforming community administrative block first floor Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
SCALE 1 :200
SHEET NO: 11
mts 0
10
scaleThesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
20 Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
50
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
97
View From South-West
98
Duty Room Games room
Kitchen
Toilet
Kitchen
Library Kitchen
Computer center Duty room
Duty room
Rooms for cooks
Up
Dining room
Up
Up
Dining
Office
Duty room
C omputer center
Games room Computer Centre
Up
Duty room
Library
Dining T.V. room
Kitchen
toilet
Duty room
library
Up
T.V. room Kitchen Office Lvl +1 00
Up
or
f ms
ks
coo
Roo
Rooms for cooks
Up Dining
Games room
T.V. room
Up
reforming community
housing ground floor
Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
housing ground floor SCALE 1 :200
SHEET NO: 7
mts 0
scale
10
20
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
50
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
View inside High Security
100
Duty Room
Toilet
6 Person Room
Duty Room 6 Person Room
Up
Toilet
Up Recreation Area
Entry
Up
Door
3 Person Room
Duty Area
Up
Toilet Stairs to sentry Deodi
Entry
Dining
Staff area
Up
Entry Up Door
reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
housing First floor SCALE 1 :200
housing First floor
SHEET NO:
8
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
mts 0
scale
10
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
20
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
50
101
View inside Medium Security
102
Duty Room
Toilet
6 Person Room
Duty Room
Duty Room
6 Person Room
Up
Toilet
Up
Up
Recreation Area
Toilet
Up 3 Person Room
Up
Duty Room
6 Person Room Duty Area
Up
Toilet Dining
Main Duty Room
Up
Up
Dining
reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
housing second floor
Up
housing second floor SCALE 1 :200
SHEET NO: 9
mts 0
scale
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
10
20
Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
50
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
Entry
Agricultural department Reading area
Oat Down Down
Entry to Agricultural department
Entry Entry
Library
Down
Shelves
Entry to workshop Entry
Changing rooms
Entry
Auditorium Pre- function Entry
Seating
Workshop
Stage Security Exit Librarian
cultural center ground floor Cultural center first floor reforming community Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
SCALE 1 :200
mts 0
scale SHEET NO: 13
10
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
20 Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
50
104
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
Agricultural department
Packaging and storage UP Toilets UP UP Toilets
lecture halls OAT
Entrance lobby
Stage
Auditorium
Changing rooms
Hall 1
Workshop Stage Hall 2
Hall 3
reforming community
cultural center ground floor SCALE 1 :200
Cultural center first floor
Correcting Human Behavior through Prison Design
12
mts 0
scale
10
20
Thesis Guide: Prof. M.L Bahri, Smt. Meena Mani
50 Thesis Co-ordinator: Prof. Aruna Ramani Grover
AMMANI NAIR A/2022/2008 5TH YR SEC A
105
106
View from Roof of Under-Trial Wing
107