Cincinnati 2032 by Alex McCord

CINCINNATI 2032 Creating an Olympic Legacy

Cincinnati 2032

Alexandria McCord Bachelor of Science in Architecture, University of Cincinnati

Cincinnati 2032

2017

Preface Every two years the Olympics are held in cities throughout the world. Millions of dollars are funneled into different projects for this two week event. Some cities come out of these events stronger than they were prior. Others find themselves spending years attempting to recover. Cincinnati went after the 2012 Olympics in 2000 and lost. If Cincinnati were to hold the Olympics today what could be done to ensure the city thrives after rather than seeing a spike and falling further into decline? This question has been inspired by a recent study abroad studio to Europe shortly following the 2016 Olympics in Rio De Janeiro. With the Olympics in the back of my mind, I made a trip to the Queen Elizabeth Olympic Park in London and spent the day wandering through the remaining venues. London received a lot of criticism post-Olympics for how much the budget exploded, but being to the site, I was impressed by how active the area still seemed to be. Each of the venues had activities going on, from a biking class in the Velopark to a handball tournament in the Copper Box. The pool was packed and the slide had sold out of tickets. Further development was happening in the area to continue its success. Evidently, not all of the Olympic Parks have become deserted wastelands. Inspired by the success of this area I wondered what it would take for Cincinnati to host a successful Olympic games and continue to succeed after?

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Introduction.................... 06 Precedents........................ 08 History............................... 16 Transit................................ 24 Venues................................ 32 Conclusion....................... 40 Acronyms.......................... 42 Resources...................... 43

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“When I am 75 years old and lyingonmydeathbed,I’llknow if theOlympicshadbeenhere, they should have been.And if they weren’t here,they could have been.” -Nick Vehr

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Introduction This book is a summation of my study into Cincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Olympic bid back in 2000 and the primary issues that the USOC found that inhibited Cincinnati from moving on to the international bidding process. Once specific weaknesses in the bid are determined, then a comparison is made. This comparison is to see if strides have been made in the last 16 years to improve any of these weaknesses. After coming to a conclusion of whether these issues are up to IOC requirements, a projection is made about further improvements. While these improvements would naturally strengthen a future Cincinnati Olympic bid, this is not the primary goal. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop solutions that will have the greatest benefits to the city Post-Olympics; once the games are over and everyone has returned to their homes. The Olympics deplete a large amount of resources and the idea is to be strategic about where they might go to give the greatest return. In the end it is not the people who come to the Olympics that decides if the games had a positive outcome, but those who are residents of the host city who have to live with the impact they have made.

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Precedents When applying to host the games, the IOC encourages each applicant city to define its own objectives and create a long-term strategy and vision. These objectives become just as critical for choosing the city as the logistical aspects. This provides the gamesâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; organizers with clear aims during the seven years of Olympic preparation and beyond. While these strategies vary widely from city to city, the end goal remains consistent; to leave behind a positive legacy. The following cities have hosted the games and each has left behind its own legacy. For better or worse, each has aspects Cincinnati would want to emulate in its own games. Cincinnati 2032

Los Angeles 1984 LOS ANGELES

The New Olympic Template

In the devastating aftermath of the 1976 Montreal Olympics, few cities were willing to take on the risk of hosting the Olympics. An international recession and global inflation caused the budget to explode. Montrealâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s debt had piled up to more than $1 billion by the time it was payed off in 2006. Because these games were so undesirable, Los Angeles used this opportunity to negotiate with the IOC. Up until that point, the IOC would negotiate the television rights and get the proceeds from the exchange. L.A. argued that the host city make these arrangements. In addition to this, the committee proposed a budget that would be one hundred percent privately funded. As the only bid city proposing to not use government funding, the USOC selected L.A. to move on to the international process and it eventually won. The eventual of the L.A. games re-stated to the world that the Olympics could have a positive outcome.

When Ronald Reagan was elected in 1980 he cut federal spending to cities. This required cities to rethink the way they typically gain funding.L.A.strategicallyformeda government-businessrelationshipin ordertoprovideboththeauthority and resources for the Olympics.

Only 4 new venues had to be built and each was privately funded. 09

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$225 Million Surplus $139.5 Million went to the United States Olympic Committee

LA84 Made a deal that if there was a profit it would be split 60% / 40% with the USOC.

$93 Million was invested into SouthernCalifornia

The LA84 Foundation Part of the $93 Million went to create the LA84 Foundation, anorganizationthatcontinuestofundyouthsportingevents, resources,and facilities throughout Southern California.

Raised $214 Million

Helped 3 Million Children

Supported 1100 Organizations

Promoted local development without requiring large sums of tax dollars. Cincinnati 2032

Barcelona 1992 Barcelona

Urban Regeneration

Using the example that Los Angeles set forth, Barcelona worked towards orchestrating a successful games with positive development that revitalized urban cores without a great monetary cost to residents. The â&#x20AC;&#x2DC;Barcelona Modelâ&#x20AC;&#x2122; of regeneration has been considered one of the more successful results of the Olympic games. The area that experienced the greatest change was a site that had previously been an abandoned industrial triangle between a curve in a railroad line and the diagonal of the Bogatell Storm Water Channel. Barcelona was able to reconnect an area that was cut off from the rest of the city. 100 hectares of land was transformed and integrated into the urban fabric, finally opening the city to sea. Additionally there were three other areas that concentrations of Olympic activities were placed. The goal was for these four areas to become new centralities within the city after the games.

Storm Water Channel Railway Line Olympic Redevelopement

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$9.3 Billion Budget 9.1%

90.9%

went towards operatingcost of the games

went towards the urban transformation

Development Projects

Regenerated the Coastline

CreatedaNetwork of Green Spaces

CoveredHighways with Parks

Restructured Railway Network

CreatedSuper Blocks

Built the OlympicHarber

Re-branded the city from industrial to cultural to the world Cincinnati 2032

Atlanta 1996 A United City ATLANTA

The success of the Los Angeles games put the Olympics in a new light for city leaders across the United States. As a city that considered itself the capital of the south, Atlantaâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s leaders were constantly concerned with its image. The new development strategy was an attempt at placing the city on the map globally. While many around the world do now associate Atlanta with an inspiring games, Atlanta was more successful at home. Throughout the entirety of the Olympic process, from the initial bid through the post-games period, residents of Atlanta consistently gave the Olympic planners high marks. This support was critical for the success of the games both locally, and for the image projected to the rest of the world. Atlanta eventually became an inspiration to smaller cities dreaming of hosting this mega - event.

More than $500 million of the $1.7 billion budget was from national and internationalsponserships.

the games branded atlanta to 70% of the world. 13

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â&#x20AC;&#x153;Winning the games is the most uplifting,beat-on-your-chest momentAtlantanseverexperienced.If youwinaSuperbowland a World Series and multiply by 100, that is the passion and pride you feel about the opportunity to welcome the world to your community.â&#x20AC;? -Billy Payne, Founder of The ACOG

A new FAce Similarly to Barcelona, a large portion of the budget went towards urban regeneration. $500 million were invested in new landscaped plazas and promenades. 2000 trees were planted throughout downtown Atlanta and several existing parks were renovated. Included in this portion of the budget was Centennial Olympic Park. Originally designed to be 60 acres and $100 million, budget cuts reduced it down to 22 acres and $50 million. Even downsized, the ten block park was the largest urban green space for 25 years. It was a popular public space during the games and continues to hose events today.

Building the Olympic Stadium, now called Turner Field allowed Atlanta to keep the Braves in the city. Residents gained a new pride for their city as it was presented to the world. Cincinnati 2032

Cincinnati 2032

HISTORY In 1996, Nick Vehr founded Cincinnati 2012, the committee that began advocating the benefits of bringing the Olympics to Cincinnati, Ohio. It took 200 people 4 years and 4 million dollars to put together the bid documents required for the USOC. On December 14, 2000, Vehr delivered the package to the post office to be shipped to the USOC office in Colorado Springs. There they would be critically analyzed and compared against the other bids over the next year. The following is a breakdown of Cincinnati 2012â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s proposal for the 2012 summer games. Cincinnati 2032

WhatSparkedThePossibility? “I think the single biggest challengeisconvincingpeopleit’s OKtobelieveit’spossible.Isense thatpeopledeepdownwantto believe it is doable.”

-NickVehr,FounderofCincinnati2012 Atlanta 1996

C I N C I N N AT I 2 0 1 2

From Atlanta to Cincinnati In 1996, Atlanta proved that it did not take an international city like Athens or London to host the Olympics. This city’s success caused Nick Vehr, a member of Cincinnati’s City Council, to begin to dream of Cincinnati winning a future bid. He left his political career in 1996 to found Cincinnati 2012, a non-profit whose main goal was to bring the Olympics to Cincinnati, Ohio. He constantly had to convince locals that the benefits outweighed the potential risks involved with the event. His persistence and enthusiasm inspired many who would have easily dismissed the idea. Others remained skeptical making convincing people of the possibility of Cincinnati becoming an Olympic host one of Vehr’s greatest challenges during the process. 17

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Potential Benefits

Improves International Standing

Urban Regeneration

Boosts Economy

Creates Jobs

VS. Potential Risks

Increased Traffic

Cost Over-runs

Loss of Low Income Housing

Neighborhood Disruptions

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A Regional Plan 23 EXISTING FACILITIES NO MODIFICATION NEEDED 4 EXISTING FACILITIES MODIFICATION NEEDED 8 NEW FACILITIES

Identity Nick Nehr and his team at Cincinnati 2012 proposed a regional plan, using existing venues in two states and six cities. This allowed them to take advantage of pre-existing world class venues that would require little funding to prepare and limit the new construction projects. This would also help to create a regional identity on the world stage. With 93% of venues within 100 miles of downtown and 70% within the metropolitan area transit between them is manageable. 19

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The Olympic Stadium Paul Brown Stadium Great American Ball Park Firststar Center University of Cincinnati Aquatic Center UC Nipert Stadium UC Shoemaker Center ATP Tennis Center Harsha Lake, East Fort State Park Princeton High School Athletic Complex-2 Facilities Cincinnati Gardens Cincinnati Shooting Venue Kings Island - 2 Facilities Sawyer Point Beach Volleyball Stadium Cintas Center Yeatmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cove Northern Kentucky University Aquatics Center

Louisville

Freedom Hall

Lexington

Kentucky Horse Park Rupp Arena Commonwealth Stadium Memorial Hall Nutter Fieldhouse Cincinnati 2032

REVENUES

EXPENSES

SURPLUS

$2.715 BILLION

$2.569 BILLION

$145 MILLION

Sponsorships - 34% Television Rights - 33% Ticket Sales - 21% Other - 12%

Operations - 81% Contingency - 12% Capital Investments - 7%

Cleveland

Jacobs Field Lake Erie Sailing Center

Columbus

Greater Columbus Convention Center Nationwide Arena Value City Schottenstein Arena

Dayton

Centerville Stadium Welcome Stadium Moraine Softball Park Miami University Millett Hall Wright State University Nutter Center

100 M ILES

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Weaknesses In The Bid 2012 OLYMPIC BID REVIEW ELIMINATION ROUND 1 OF 3 OCTOBER 26, 2001

On October 26, 2001, 5 years after the founding of Cincinnati 2012, the USOC completed the first elimination round, taking Cincinnati out of the running. There were several clear weaknesses in the bid that were detrimental to Cincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s ability to become a host city in the eyes of the USOC. Four of the original eight cities would continue to compete for the ability to continue on to represent the United States in the international bidding process with the International Olympic Committee (IOC). Within a few months New York was awarded this position, but eventually lost to London, England.

Cincinnati, OH

Washington, DC

Dallas, TX

Houston, TX

Los Angeles, CA

San Fransisco, CA

Tampa, FL

New York, NY

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POLITICAL ISSUES

GOVERNMENT SPENDING

With this amendment in place the USOC was concerned for the homosexual athletes that would want to participate. Without this law becoming overturned it would be difficult for Cincinnati to be awarded the US bid.

Local concerns arose about a new tax in order to be able to pay for new venues. The Coalition Opposed to Additional Spending produced a report that the games would cost 2 billion dollars of public funding causing riots throughout the city. While a new tax was not mentioned in the bid, the USOC would not award the games without a guarantee that the funding would be available. Proof could not be provided.

LIMITED TRANSIT

LIMITED HOSPITALITY

With 70% of venues located within the greater Cincinnati area, there were concerns that the local metro system and highways would not be adequate in terms of moving the large populations of people that would attend the games. While the street car that was being discussed would strengthen the bid, it required public funding that could not be guaranteed at the time. Cincinnati needed a stronger public transportation system.

The Olympics require 45,000 hotel rooms under the full control of the host city for the time of the games and partial control for certain periods before and after. The majority of these rooms need to be 4 and 5 star rooms for the important officials that visit. Cincinnati could not secure the necessary number of rooms. With hospitality a private industry there was not a guarantee that businesses would come in order to fulfill the needs of the Olympics.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;ISSUE 3â&#x20AC;? - Amendment to charter prohibiting city from extending legal protection to homosexuals.

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Transit When Cincinnati 2012 submitted the transit portion of the bid, the team was confident, but not certain, that the streetcar plan would gain the funding to move forward had Cincinnati won. Without the streetcar, there was hesitation that the city would be capable of moving the thousands of people that would come to the city. Especially, limited to the metro system and highways. The city has only grown in the time that has passed, and while the streetcar has become a reality, much more could still be done to both prepare Cincinnati to become an Olympic host, as well, as benefit locals in the long - term.

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Transit in Year 2000

Highways Bus Routes

During the bidding process the intercity transit was limited to the cityâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s metro system, and the intrastate transit was limited to the highways and airports. While the streets were capable of moving large numbers of people, the options were limited, and there were still concerns of increased traffic during the games.

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Theproposedtransportationimprovementswere expected to cost $177 million, more than doublethanthoseofAtlanta4yearsearlier.Thebulk ofthiswouldbetowardsthestreetcar.Whilethe lackofsuchasystemwasahindrancetoCincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bid,stateandfederalmoneywasexpectedtocoverthe costs had Cincinnati won.

Limitations of Metro System

S trictly Buses

R adial S ystem

Time C onsuming

Not R eliable

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Transit in Year 2016

Highways Bus Routes Street Car Route

In addition to the recent completion of the first stage of the street car connecting the most central venues, other means of transportation have developed since the bid was sent in 2000. Several new ride and bike share companies have developed as secondary options to public transit systems. While these are steps in the right direction in terms on catching Cincinnati up with some of the leading cities in the country there are still strides that need to be made.

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Additional Means of Transit

Ride share companies like Uber and Lyft have developed in the last 7 years providing transportation in minutes. A consumer can request a ride to anywhere from an app on his smartphone.

Another ride share model is Zipcar, allowing members to rent a car by the hour or day depending on their needs. They are located at multiple spots throughout the city, but must be returned to their home location.

With more than fifty locations throughout he city, Cincinnati Red Bike allows consumers to rent a bike from any of these locations and return them to any of the other stations at their convenience.

Terminal Closures Parking

MainTerminal

Terminal 1

Terminal 2 Concourse A

Concourse C

Concourse B

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In 2000, all terminals and concourses were in operation. Primarily because of delta shrinking what use to be the companyâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s third largest hub, terminals have closed for different periods of time over the past 16 years. While there was a brief period of Delta strengthening the hub, a company merger caused changes that hurt CVG. In early 2015 the airport tore down both, Terminals A and B. Concourse C is scheduled to be demolished in 2017. The airport was considered a strong aspect of the bid in 2000, but with the serious reductions it would not be up to Olympic starndards today.

PotentialTransitinYear2032

Highways Bus Routes Street Car Route Subway Route

The projected additions to the street car would help to give a secondary option for those trying to get to some of the slightly further venues. The abandoned subway project from 1914 could be another way to connect even more of the venues with a rapid transit line. This also creates a loop that would connect the currently radial system. The Olympics today have an even more stringent application process than Cincinnati went through back in 2000. Even with the new street car and additional forms of ride sharing, Cincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s transit system needs a great deal of work to reach the new age expectations for Olympic transit. More options of public transit are needed, whether that is additional streetcar lines, a subway line, etc.

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The Importance of Investing For the Future Furthermore,theinvestmentwouldbenefitthecityaftertheOlympics.Theyounger generationsaremoreinclinedtousepublictransitthanpreviousgenerations.There hasbeenanationaldropinthenumberofmillennials(ages21-36)driving.Many nowusetransitasadeterminingfactorforwheretomove.Cincinnatiisbelow averagewherepublictransitisconcernedandtheinvestmentcouldbecomecritical fordrawingyouthtoCincinnati.Whileitisahugeinvestmentthereturnsfar outweigh the negatives if an investment is not made soon.

Cincinnati is the 6th most expensive

20% of income

commuting city

spent on transit

58.9% jobs

22.5% jobs

accessible by

accessible in

public transit

minutes or less

2.1% people

80,000 rides

commute by bus or rail

made a day on

(5.6%

average

is national average )

Statistics based on the Greater Cincinnati Population: 3,000,000 Cincinnati 2032

on average is

10 rides per capita a year (C hicago has 44)

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venues The regional plan that Cincinnati 2012 proposed was positive in that it allowed Cincinnati to take advantage of the existing world class venues throughout Ohio and Kentucky. By using these venues, money is saved that can then go towards other projects. When a venue in the greater Cincinnati area is adequate for a certain event, it is recommended, however in certain situations it is necessary to look outside of the city limits. The venues and events that are dispersed through the region are important to the culture of those cities and allow those pieces of culture to be highlighted. The decision to use an exiting venue in or outside of the city, or build new is made strategically for each venue to benefit the city and surrounding region. Cincinnati 2032

Renewal at the Riverfront

Sawyer Point U.S. Bank Arena The Olympic Stadium

Paul Brown Stadium

Great American Ball Park

Serpentine Wall

Yeatmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cove

The highest concentration of venues would be along the river, the heart of the city and connection between the two states hosting Olympic events. The riverfront today hosts Paul Brown Stadium, the Great American Ballpark, and the U.S. Bank Arena. Each of these would host soccer medal rounds, baseball medal rounds, and indoor volleyball, respectively. Yeatmanâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s Cove would host the triathlon with visitors watching from the Serpentine Wall. Temporary beach volleyball courts would be set up at Sawyer Point. The most important aspect though, would be west of all of these locations; a new 80,000 seat Olympic Stadium sporting the Olympic flame. This would be the venue for the opening and closing ceremonies, as well, as the track and field events, and the start / finish lines for the marathon and city walk. Between the stadium and river would be a harbor and an Olympic Park transforming the riverfront, the birthplace of Cincinnati, in a way that is reminiscent of the Barcelona Plan.

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Regional Identities More spread out are the venues outside of Cincinnati. Each of these sites are in cities where the events relate to the sports culture of that city. Logistically, this is because the venues for these sports exist at quality levels. This saves Cincinnati from having to spend additional money on venues that may not be used or appreciated quite as much afterwards. Additionally, the cities that already identify by these sports will have them further ingrained into the culture after having hosted them at an Olympic level. That is a legacy that these cities will remember long after the games have left. Cleveland, Ohio, 265 miles WhileClevelandisthefurthestcityfromCincinnatiitsproximitytoLakeEriemakes itavaluablelocation.Sprinkledwithharborsandyachtclubs,thelakeisapopular destinationforrecreationalwatersports.Additionally,thewindyconditionsonthe lakecreatesadequateconditionsfortheathletestochallengethemselves.

Columbus, Ohio, 122 miles TheAsianpopulationintheUnitedStatescontinuestoriseeveryyear.Over 30%ofOhioâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sAsianpopulationislivinginthegreaterColumbusareaandis continuingtogroweveryyear.TOcelebratethispieceofculturethatisrising in the city Columbus should host the Taekwondo and Judo events.

Dayton, Ohio, 54 miles InDaytonâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;srecenthistorytherehasbeenabattletofoundanicehockeyteam.Everycouple ofyearsonebeginsonlytoshutdownwithinafewseasonsfromlackoffunding.Whileice hockeyisawinterOlympicsport,theideaistohaveDaytonhostthefieldhockeyeventsto bringafieldhockeyteamwithmuchloweroperatingcoststothecityinthefuture

Lexington, Kentucky, 83 miles Thisareahasbeenbreedingthoroughbredssincethe18thcenturyduetothehighcalcium contentinthesoil.Horsesraisedonitsgrasshavestrongerbonesanddevelopgreater endurance.ThesecondoldestracingtrackintheUnitedStatesislocatedinLexington.Both theKentuckyHorseParkandtheCommonwealthStadiumwouldseeEquestrianEvents.

Louisville, Kentucky, 99 miles Asthebirthplaceof4heavyweightboxingchampions,MarvinHart,MuhammadAli,JimmyEllis andGregPage,boxinghasbecomeimportanttoLouisville.Itistheonlycityintheworldtobeable toboastthis.FreedomHall,theproposedvenueforboxingevents,wasalsowhereMuhammadAli playedhisfirstprofessionalmatch.Hostingtheboxingeventswouldenrichthishistory. Cincinnati 2032

Finding a New Purpose It used to be that host cities would build new permanent structures when an existing space did not exist. While the intentions behind this model were positive, such as, leaving behind a legacy of world class venues, many became financial burdens once the games were over. Today it has become important to strategically decide whether an existing building is adequate, could become so with a remodel, or a new venue would need to be built. With each new venue it is important that a use is proposed for after the games have ended. For many, that simply means they are temporary structures to be taken down because there is not an economic benefit to keeping them. For others, money from the budget would be set aside to transform the venue and re-purpose it afterwards. In each case, both options are carefully considered to be most beneficial to the host city.

Temporary Structure Benefits

R educes C ost of C onstruction By 1/3 to 1/2 35

E liminates P ostG ames Upkeep C osts

E liminates R isk of A bandoned Venues Cincinnati 2032

New Construction Venues

Permanent

Temporary

Sincetheproposedplanin2000,twonatatoriumshavebeenbuiltthatwouldbeabletohost the indoor water sports.

The Olympic Stadium Olympic Scale of 80,000 Post - Olympic Scale 15,000 ThenewOlympicstadiumwouldshrinkfrom80,000seatsto15,000seatstobecomethe newprofessionalsoccerstadiumforFCCincinnati.Whiletheteamiscurrentlyplayingatthe universityofCincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sNippertStadium,ifCincinnatiwantstokeeptheteamanewstadium willhavetobebuilt.ThisisasimilarsituationtowhatAtlantawentthroughwiththeirOlympic stadiumbecomingthenewhomefieldfortheBravesbaseballteam.Additionally,thisensuresa new tenant will use the venue after and justify building a permanent structure.

Lookingintothefuture,theIOCisconsideringinvestingin temporarystructuresthatcanbetakendownandthentwoor fouryearslaterreconstructedforthefollowingOlympicgames. Cincinnati 2032

Future Sports Since Cincinnati went after the Olympics in 2000, several sports have been added and removed from the total list. After the 2008 games, baseball and softball were removed. The IOC believed the sport was heavily weighted towards the United States. In August 2009 the IOC voted and golf and rugby replaced the eliminated sports. Seven years later, in August 2016 the IOC took another vote that added five more sports to the Olympics beginning in the 2020 Tokyo games. Through the addition of karate, surfing, sport climbing, skate boarding, and the readdition of baseball / softball the goal was to get more youth participation. The newest sports will add more than 20 events and 474 athletes, close to evenly split by gender. Baseball and softball will have the same number of teams but different player totals; 15 for softball and 24 for baseball. These five additional sports raise the total from 28 in 2016 to 33 in 2020. Venues for each of these events would have to be considered. Whilebaseballandsoftballwerestillincludedat thetimeofCincinnatiâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;sbidtheywereeventually excludedfromthe2012LondonOlympics.They havesincebeenre-includedandwouldlikely takeplaceinthesamevenuesCincinnati2012 proposedbackin2000,withpreliminaryrounds takingplaceinClevelandandfinalstakingplacein Cincinnati and Dayton, respectively.

â&#x20AC;&#x153;Wewanttotakesporttotheyouth.Withthemanyoptionsthatyoungpeople have,wecannotexpectanymorethattheywillcomeautomaticallytous.Wehave togotothem...Takentogether,thefivesportsareaninnovativecombinationof establishedandemerging,youth-focusedeventsthatarepopularinJapanandwill add to the legacy of the Tokyo Games.â&#x20AC;? -Thomas Bach, IOC President 37

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Rugby Sevens Proposed to take place in Cincinnati Added to the 2016 Games 2 Events (Mens and Womens) 12 Mens Teams 12 Womens Teams

GOlf Proposed to take place in Cincinnati Added to the 2016 Games 2 Events (Mens and Womens) 60 Men 60 Women

Skateboarding Proposed to take place in Louisville Added to the 2020 Games Mixed 40 Men 40 Women

Karate Proposed to take place in Columbus Added to the 2020 Games 12 Events (6 Mens and 6 Womens) 40 Men 40 Women

Sport Climbing Proposed to take place in Louisville Added to the 2020 Games 6 Events (3 Mens and 3 Womens) 20 Men 20 Women

Surfing Proposed to take place in Cleveland Added to the 2020 Games 2 Events (Mens and Womens) 20 Men 20 Women

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Conclusion Based on the analysis of the precedent cities, Cincinnati 2012â&#x20AC;&#x2122;s bid, and the developments that have occurred since, there are three primary aspects that have stood out as the ones that would make the greatest impact on the city. These aspects would both help Cincinnati win the bid, as well, as help the city thrive into the future. The first is the importance of having local support throughout the process. Not just in terms of wanting the games to come to Cincinnati, but also believing in the possibility. It was one of Nick Vehrâ&#x20AC;&#x2122;s main issues as he went through the process and he had to spend a significant portion of his time convincing the people of the Cincinnati. The IOC was impressed with the unification of Atlanta and it was a major point when the 1996 games were awarded. This positive attitude can be felt around the world during the games and is more likely to exist after if it already exists before and during. The second is the concerns with the public transit system. The system was not found to be adequate back when the city submitted the bid. The city has only grown in the time that has passed and the transit system has not grown proportionally. The city needs a rapid transit line that forms a loop around the city, connecting the radial bus system and streetcar line. This allows the city to keep up with the large amounts of people that will be moving around the city during an Olympic games and makes strides to help the city draw young people that may not be as inclined to drive.

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The third and final is the importance of creating places that people will want to continue to inhabit after the games are over. In Barcelona, this meant creating several hubs of regeneration throughout the city. For Cincinnati this would be through a transformed water front. With the Olympic Stadium becoming a new professional soccer stadium after, there will continue to be events drawing people to an already bustling area. This will ensure that the main Olympic area continues to remain an active area of the city. Each of these would help leave the city with a positive legacy long after the game period, and allow the city to make the most of the honor to host them. However, regardless of whether Cincinnati decides to go after the 2032 games or another in the future, these are areas the city would benefit from investing;building up city pride, improved transit, and a new stadium to keep the soccer team in Cincinnati.

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Acronyms ACOG- Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games IOC - International Olympic Committee LAOOC-LosAngelesOlympicOrganizingCommittee OCOG-OrganizingCommitteeof theOlympicGames USOC - United States Olympic Committee

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Resources “A 2015 Regional Indicators Report: Transit.” SkywardNKY. Skyward, 2015. Web. 8 Oct. 2016. < http://www.skywardnky.org/wp-content/ uploads/Final_TransitReport_lores.pdf>. Burbank, Matthew, Gregory Andranovich, and Charles H. Heying. Olympic Dreams: The Impact of Mega -events on Local Politics. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner, 2001. Print. “Canditure Acceptance Procedure.” Stillmed. International Olympic Committee, 20 Feb. 2003. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. < https:// stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reports/EN/en_report_711. pdf>. “City Submits Olympic Bid.” City Submits Olympic Bid. The Enquirer, 14 Dec. 2000. Web. 8 Oct. 2016. < http://enquirer.com/ editions/2000/12/14/spt_city_submits_olympic.html>. “Factsheet: Legacies of the Games.” Legacy. International Olympic Committee, 3 Dec. 2013. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. <https:// stillmed.olympic.org/Documents/Reference_documents_ Factsheets/Legacy.pdf>. Gold, John R., and Margaret M. Gold. Olympic Cities: City Agendas, Planning and the World’s Games, 1896-2016. Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2011. Print. “Host City Contract Operational Requirments.” Stillmed. International Olympic Committee, Sept. 2015. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. < https://stillmed. olympic.org/Documents/Host_city_elections/Host_City_ Contract_Operational_Requirements_September_2015.pdf>.

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Jacoby, Steve. “Olympic Tug-O-War.” Cincinnati Magazine Aug. 2009: 50+. Print. “The Legacy of Atlanta 1996.” International Olympic Committee. N.p., 2016. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. < https://www.olympic.org/news/ the-legacy-of-atlanta-1996>. “Rethinking Olympic Infrastructure.” LSE Cites. N.p., n.d. Web. 20 Nov. 2016. <https://lsecities.net/media/objects/articlesrethinking olympic-infrastructure/en-gb/>. Riordan, Timothy H. “Cincinnati 2012 Olympic Bid.” Letter to Finance Committee. 19 Dec. 2000. City of Cincinnati, n.d. Web. 4 Nov. 2016. < http://city-egov.cincinnati-oh.gov/Webtop/ws/ council/public/child/Blob/404.pdf?rpp=10&m=397>. Speed, Barba, and Claire Porter. “What Makes a Successful Olympic Legacy?” CityMetric. N.p., 13 Oct. 2013. Web. 18 Nov. 2016. < http://www.citymetric.com/horizons/what-makes-successful olympic-legacy-380>. Walker, Alissa. “How L.A.’s 1984 Summer Olympics Became the Most Successful Games Ever.” Gizmodo. N.p., 2014. Web. 17 Nov. 2016. <http://gizmodo.com/how-l-a-s-1984-summer olympics-became-the-most-success-1516228102>. “When a City Dared to Dream: How the 2012 Summer Olympics Could’ve Been in Cincinnati.” Queen City Discovery, 26 July 2012. Web. 8 Oct. 2016. <http://queencitydiscovery.blogspot. com/2012/07/when-city-dared-to-dream-how-2012.html>.

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