AMINO IMSTC 2021 Vol 2 (Scientific Poster, Public Poster, Photography and Videography)

AMINO AMSA-Indonesia Competition Archive

Academic Competition IMSTC 2021: Vol 2

All the works publicized here are the works of AMSA-Indonesia’s member who participated in Indonesian Medical Students’ Training and Competition 2021

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

TABLE OF CONTENTS Scientific Poster ● First Winner Efficacy of Sm-p80-based Vaccine As A Promising Prophylaxis of Schistosoma Mansoni Infection in Pre-clinical Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis ● Second Winner Efficacy Analysis of Single Dose Rifampicin-Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (SDR-PEP) as a Preventive Intervention for Leprosy Transmission: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials ● Third Winner Carica Papaya Extract as A Reliever For Thrombocytopenia In Dengue: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trial ● Finalists ■ The Perspective and Willingness of Medical Students in Reducing The Leprosy Stigma ■ Effectivity Multivalent Fusion Protein Vaccine Candidate with BmALT-2 and BmVAH Against Challenge Infections Human Lymphatic Filariasis with Brugia malayi in Mice Model ■ Apiaceae Essential Oil as A Promising Solution in Filarial Vector Control in Indonesia: A Systematic Review ■ Possibility of Using rAs16-Kilodalton Protein as A Vaccine of Ascaris to Prevent Albendazole Resistance: A Systematic Review ■ Control of Dengue Virus Transmission through Aedes Aegypti Using Wolbachia-Based Population Replacement ■ The Role of Carica papaya Leaves Extract to Increase Platelet Count in Dengue Patients: A Systematic Review ■ The Role of micro-Ribonucleic Acids (miRNAs) in Monitoring Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs)

1

3

5

7 9

11 14 16 19 21

AMINO | IMSTC 2021 ● Entries ■ Major Risk Factors for Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus Vertical Transmission: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies ■ Factors Affecting Knowledge, Attitude, and Prevention Practices Against Dengue in Rural and Urban Asian Communities: A Systematic Review of Cross-Sectional Studies ■ GeneExpert: Prospective Testing Method for Chlamydia Trichomatis A Systematic Review ■ Natural Octyl Disaccharide-Leprosy diagnostic (NDO-LID) Potency as a Biomarker for Leprosy in Endemic Countries: A Systematic Review ■ Single Dose of Rifampicin (SDR) as A Chemoprophylaxis Prevention of Leprosy in Indonesia ■ In Silico Repositioning Of Approved Drugs Against Schistosoma Mansoni Energy Metabolism Targets ■ Community-wide Mass Drug Administration : Can It Prevent Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Indonesia?

■ The Effect of Carica papaya Leaves Extract as an Organic Repellent for Aedes aegypti: A Literature Review ■ Biosynthesized Green Silver Nanoparticles of Andrographis paniculata as Effective Antifilarial for the Control of Filariasis ■ The Utilization of Social Media to Prevent Neglected Tropical Diseases in Indonesia ■ 16S rRNA-PCR as A Highly Potential Testing Method for Early and Accurate Diagnosis for Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review

23 25

27 30 32 34 38 40 44 46 48

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Public Poster ● First Winner Avoid WORM to Prevent Ascariasis

50

● Second Winner TOGETHER, LET’S PUNCH ASCARIASIS

53

● Third Winner Addressing Stigma Around Leprosy With Our “HANDS”

55

● Most Favourite Addressing Stigma Around Leprosy With Our “HANDS”

55

● Entries ■ Prevent The Filariasis Curse With Kaki Gajah Mantra ■ Turmeric Sways Filariasis Away With Magic!

■ Stop STH Infections, Use SANDAL! ■ Let’s Stop Leprophobia with the 5 N's of Leprosy!

■ “Beat Dengue Fever with RACKET” ■ LEPROSY: Fight the “CURSE” with “MAGIC” ■ “GET READY” TO FIGHT ELEPHANTIASIS ■ Let’s Reveal Our Schistosomiasis Heroes ■ Repel Mosquitoes with Natural Way ■ P.O.L (Prevention of Leprosy) ■ Treat DENGUE with a little bit of DANGER ■ Get To Know Cysticercosis ■ Prevent Bigger Legs Caused By Filariasis With BIG ■ Fight DENGUE with DENGUE ■ Prevent Frambusia with “EPIC” ■ Let’s Prevent Elephantiasis with “CAGES” ■ MOVE ON FROM WORMS! ■ Beat Rabies With BITE ■ AWARE for Filariasis Prevention

58 60 62 65 68 70 73 76 78 81 83 86 89 92 94 97 99 101 104

AMINO | IMSTC 2021 ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■ ■

SMACK Mosquito to Prevent FILARIASIS Stop DHF with STARE Tinea Corporis? Can be Prevented!

Trachoma Level Up with Leptospirosis Drinking Green Chiretta Prevents Malaria Infection Prevent Scabies Within Community with “GARUK” HYGIENE prevents Leptospirosis Ascaris Tiny yet Dangerous PREVENT TB WITH “SAVE” Sink Cash to save Liver Is It My Leg or An Elephant’s?

Leprosy Is Not Curse Disease, Find It Early!

Let’s Prevent Filariasis Transmission With Lotions Fight Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis with HELMINTHS Bitten by RABIES Beat Malaria with the “PITCH” Your ABCD Against Malaria Preventive Mass Drug Administration GATSBY: Get to Know ‘Bout Leprosy Stop Dengue with ABCD Steps Dengue Fever 101 Leprosy: SEE with TOUCH MALTA! Preventing Fasciola Infection with Simple Tips Get To Know More About Filariasis Prevent Dengue with “SHIELD” Do Swab wo Prevent Leprosy Prevent Rabies with Virus Prevent Filariasis By Using “KELAMBU” HEY: Reducing Malaria Prevent Filariasis With “TROUSER”

106 108 111 114 116 118 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 139 141 143 145 147 149 151 153 155 157 159 161 163 166 168 170

AMINO | IMSTC 2021 ■ Road to Rabies-free Indonesia ■ Let’s Beat Filariasis With “SADAR” ■ Schistosomiasis: Endemic Infection due to Schistosoma japonicum Parasite ■ Let’s Prevent Tuberculosis with LUNGS! ■ Spare Your HUGS for Rabies ■ Support Malaria Treatment With Eat ICE & Avoid HOT ■ Snake Bitten!? Don’t Panic!

■ EUCALYPTUS: “Empowerment of natural resources for Leishmaniasis control and prevention to unsafe society” ■ Stop Trichuriasis with WHIPPED ■ Robi (Recognize Rabies) for a Better Life ■ LETS PREVENT FILARIASIS WITH 5L ■ “WAVE” to Overcome Rabies

170 173 175 177 180 182 185 187 190 193 195 197 199

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Photography ● First Winner Wash It Kill It!

201

● Second Winner Save Us, Please!

203

● Third Winner Special People With White Cloth

205

● Most Favourite “Repelling the Water”

207

● Entries ■ Use It, Kill Them ■ Is This My Country ■ You remember, You Recover, Indonesia will healthier ■ The Trash-Dependent Man ■ Prevent It by Wearing It ■ Lookout, Is That A Worm?.. RUN!!

209 211 213 215 217 219

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Videography ● First Winner Address NTDs with TROPIC

221

● Second Winner Prevent Scabies with a SUITCASE!

222

● Third Winner Stop Soil-Transmitted Helminth by WEEKEND

224

● Most Favourite PREVENT THE DENGUE FEVER WITH M-REPPALERT

225

● Entries ■ The Hansen’s disease: Stigma Kills – Love Heals ■ Neglected Tropical Diseases ■ Tropical Disease Surround Us ■ “Filariasis? It’s time to pay attention” ■ SANDALS, can you protect my sweetheart?

226 228 230 232 234

TESTIMONY

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Muhammad Kevin Ardian AMSA-Universitas Indonesia 3rd Winner of Scientific Poster Category IMSTC is not just an ordinary competition. This is a prestigious events held annually by AMSA-Indonesia. IMSTC gives the participants both cultural and academic knowledge throughout the events. Moreover, IMSTC is well-known among AMSA-Indonesia members. So, Winning this competition would be a great experience in your career as a AMSA-Indonesia member!

I recommend you to observe the announcement carefully in the start of the new tenure about IMSTC because this event's submission usually opens around December. In that way, you can prepare yourself better. Beside that, AMSA-Indonesia has given the members a great opportunity by publishing AMINO or the archives of every submission. I also recommend you to read that.

Making a scientific poster, scientific paper, and other branches needs teamwork. This competition also needs you to make a good timeline with your team such as making decisions about your topic, the reference, and your work. The more you try in a competition the more you get used to it. If you are afraid to start, place in your mind the regret you will get in the end.

So, start now and don’t regret it later!

MASTERPIECE

Efficacy of Sm-p80-based Vaccine As A Promising Prophylaxis of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Pre-clinical Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Bendix Samarta Witarto, Visuddho, David Nugraha

Introduction: Schistosomiasis affects many people worldwide and lead to chronic disease which negatively impact quality of life. Current preventive strategy is using praziquantel as chemotherapy, however sustainable reduction in disease burden could be achieved by deployment of a vaccine in conjunction with current control programs. Sm-p80-based vaccine is the potential leading candidate vaccine and the efficacy need to be evaluated. Thus, this review aims to evaluate the efficacy of Sm-p80-based vaccine.

Material and Methods: A systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted through database such as PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost (CINAHL Plus). Study selection process based on PRISMA Statement and quality assessment was conducted using SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool.

Results and Discussion: All included studies were in pre-clinical phase with total 250 samples (126 for intervention and 124 for control). Random-effect model analysis of Sm-p80 in worm burden showed significant reduction in vaccinated group using Sm-p80 (MD: -1.12 [95%CI: -1.53 to -0.70], p<0.00001; I2=51%, p=0.07). Fixed-effect model showed reduced egg burden both in liver and intestine, but not statistically significant (MD: -0.19 [95%CI: 0.54 to 0.15], p=0.27; I2=25%, p=0.26). This vaccine protection efficacy can be evaluated from reduction in subject’s worm burden which indicate the anti- worm effect. The use of Sm-p80 vaccine also play role in anti- fecundity effect via reduction in egg production of S. mansoni. Decreased of egg load is observed in murine and baboon model with Sm-p80 vaccine, but did not change in a statistically significant fashion.

Conclusion: Sm-p80-based vaccine in S. mansoni infection could be a promising candidate to reduce worm and egg burden. Therefore, advanced studies of Sm-p80-based vaccine in human clinical trial is strongly suggested.

Keyword: efficacy, Schistosoma mansoni, schistosomiasis, Sm-p80, vaccine

1

Efficacy of Sm-p80-based Vaccine As A Promising Prophylaxis of Schistosoma mansoni Infection in Pre-clinical Studies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis Bendix Samarta Witarto - Visuddho - David Nugraha

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

INTRODUCTION Schistosomiasis, also known bilharzia, is an infectious disease caused by schistosoma that affects almost 240 million people worldwide, and more than 700 million people live in endemic areas.1,2 Schistosoma mansoni infection can lead to chronic disease which currently suffered by about 20 million people. Approximately 0.2 million deaths are attributed to this chronic infection every year, mainly due to varicose veins.3 This infection also negatively impact children's physical health and had a significant effect especially on the emotional dimension of quality of life.4 Current preventive strategy by using chemotherapy with praziquantel (PZQ), single drug that has been widely used over the past 40 years. Recently, increase in cases of resistance to PZQ have been reported. Further, sustainable and meaningful reduction in disease burden and transmission would only be possible by deployment of a vaccine in conjunction with current control programs.5 Studies of schistosome genomics, assist in identification for prophylactic vaccines which promote development in several preclinical study of novel S. mansoni vaccine. Sm-p80-based vaccine is the potential leading candidate to be used as an effective prevention of S. mansoni infection. This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of Sm-p80-based vaccine in published preclinical study within last ten years. The primary outcomes of our study are the total amount of worm burden and egg burden after vaccination.

Table 1. Characteristics of the Included Studies Sample Author, Year Study Design Animal Model

Control (n)

Outcomes Intervention (n)

Worm Burden (mean ± SD) Control

GLA-SE boosted 2x & sacrificed in week 18 (15) Zhang W, et Pre-clinical Female C57BL/6 GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 14 (10) 6 study mice al., 2014 GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 20 (10) GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 26 (10) ODN (4) Ahmad G, et Pre-clinical Baboons (Papio R848 (4) 7 study anubis ) al., 2011 VR-1020 + ODN (3) VR-1020 + R848 (3) Zhang W, et Pre-clinical Female C57BL/6 VR1020 + alum (30) study mice al., 20118 Zhang W, et Pre-clinical Female C57BL/6 GLA-Alum (15) 9 study mice al., 2018 Le L, et al., Pre-clinical Female C57BL/6 VR1020 + ODN# 2137 (14) study mice 201410 Karmakar S, Pre-clinical Female baboons GLA-SE (4) 11 study (Papio anubis) VR1020 + alum (2) et al., 2014

Intervention

Number of Egg (mean ± SD) Control

Quality Assessment

Intervention

rSm-p80 + GLA-SE boosted 2x & sacrificed in week 18 (15) rSm-p80 + GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 14 (10) rSm-p80 + GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 20 (10) rSm-p80 + GLA-SE boosted 1x & sacrificed in week 26 (10) rSm-p80 + ODN-10104 (4) rSm-p80 + R848 (4) Sm-p80-VR-1020 + rSm-p80 + ODN-10104 (3) Sm-p80-VR-1020 + rSm-p80 + R848 (3) Sm-p80 DNA + alum (15) rSm-p80 + alum (15)

27.93±6.74 19.40±4.68 24.90±11.29 10.20±5.22 184.25±109.94 178±59.94 684.33±43.3 809.66±54.85

rSm-p80 + GLA-Alum (15)

138,33 ± 39,39 78,33 ± 23,9 675,305 ± 1765,73

Sm-p80-VR1020 + CpG oligonucleotides (16)

34,43 ± 23,16 20,56 ± 18,20 5176,07 ± 5342,08 2972,18 ± 4424,89

3/10

556,50 ± 144,12 356,00 ± 78,46 6345,01 ± 1358,8 2930,70 ± 482,86 881,00 ± 2,83 792,50 ± 79,9 2509.17 ± 828,49 2254,04 ± 1200,14

4/10

rSm-p80 + GLA-SE (4) Sm-p80-VR1020 + rSm-p80 + alum (2)

16.27±4.80 n/a n/a 12.50±3,38 n/a n/a 17.00±4.08 n/a n/a 8.70±4.33 n/a n/a 77.75±35.56 n/a n/a 85.25±19.34 n/a n/a 360.33±131.79 n/a n/a 505.00±35.99 n/a n/a 14,73 ± 9,14 4259,15 ± 5918,11 33,99 ± 12,12 5554,92 ± 6876,6 13,6 ± 11,35 6975,95 ± 9084,97 637,7 ± 493,79

3/10

4/10

2/10 5/10

Figure 3. Forest Plot Comparing Mean Differences of Worm Burden Among Vaccine and Control Group

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Eligibility

Screening

Identification

A computerized data searching was conducted in PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, ProQuest, and EBSCOhost (CINAHL Plus). Boolean operator was used to broaden and narrow the search result using “Sm-p80”, ”vaccine”, “Schistosoma mansoni”, ”Schistosomiasis”, and its synonym. Qualitative assessment was conducted using SYRCLE’s Risk of Bias Tool.

The inclusion and exclusion criteria are as follows: a. Inclusion criteria: 1. S. mansoni infection 2. Sm-p80 as intervention 3. Pre-clinical or clinical study b. Exclusion criteria: 1. Irrelevant study or outcomes 2. Wrong PICOs component 3. Review, report, editorial article 4. Not written in English or Bahasa 5. Non-extractable data 6. No full text available, > 10 years Records identified through database searching (n = 186)

1

5 6

3

Explore and extract all the required data various database

4

Collect mean and SD from included study. SE converted to SD using standardized formula if any

Pooled analysis in forest plot using Review Manager version 5.4

Total sample in six eligible studies : 250

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Additional records identified through other sources (n = 0)

Records after duplicates removed (n = 131)

Records screened (n = 131)

Full-text articles assessed for eligibility (n = 53)

Figure 4. Forest Plot Comparing Mean Differences of Tissue Egg Burden Among Vaccine and Control Group

Screening studies based on inclusion and exclusion criteria

2

Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 6)

Included

Systematic review process based on PRISMA Statement

Records excluded Irrelevant title / abstract (n = 78)

Full-text articles excluded Irretrievable full text (n=5) Irrelevant exposure (n = 10) Irrelevant outcomes (n = 6) Review article(n = 13) Editorial (n = 2) Case report (n = 2) Old study (>10 y) (n = 7) Lack of numerical data (n =2)

Studies included in quantitative synthesis (meta-analysis) (n = 6)

Figure 2. PRISMA Diagram Flowchart

The characteristic of six included studies were demonstrated in Table 1. All of the studies were in pre-clinical phase and yielded 250 samples in total (126 for intervention and 124 for control). As shown in figure 2, a random-effect model analysis of Smp80 in worm burden showed significant reduction in vaccinated group using Sm-p80 (MD: -1.12 [95%CI: 1.53 to -0.70], p<0.00001; I2 = 51%, p = 0.07).

Sensitivity analysis using leave-one-out method by removing Zhang W, et al. 2011 showed similar result with reduced heterogeneity. In the other hand, interestingly, when pooled analysis was done comparing Sm-p80 and egg burden, fixed-effect model showed reduced egg burden both in liver and intestine, but not statistically significant (MD: -0.19 [95%CI: -0.54 to 0.15], p=0.27; I2 = 25%, p = 0.26).

Figure 5. Global Prevalence and Distribution of Schistosomiasis in 2018.2

Sm-p80, the large subunit of calpain, is a protein involved in schistosomes’ surface membrane renewal and is considered considered to be part of the parasite’s strategy to evade the host immune system. Therefore, recognition of Sm-p80 by inducing the host immune system might play a role in enabling the host to “reject” schistosome infection. Based on previous studies, the Sm-p80-based vaccine has shown a great potential for the reduction of the morbidity caused by S. mansoni infections.12 This vaccine protection efficacy can be evaluated from the reduction in subject’s worm burden and number of eggs in tissues (i.e., liver and intestine), which indicate the anti-worm and anti-fecundity effect, respectively.12,13 The use of Sm-p80-based vaccine also play a role in anti-fecundity effects via reduction in egg production of S. mansoni.12,14 Decreased of egg load is observed in murine and baboon model with Sm-p80 vaccine but it did not change in a statistically significant fashion.12 The results of present study have provided a proof of concept for Sm-p80-based vaccine. This vaccine formulation with further optimization is a step closer to be tested for safety and efficacy determination in humans.

CONCLUSION In conclusion, the use of Sm-p80-based vaccine showed a reduction in S. mansoni worm and egg burden based on available pre-clinical studies. Therefore, further research of Sm-p80-based vaccine in human clinical trial is strongly suggested.

References: 1. Colley DG, Bustinduy AL, Secor WE, King CH. Human schistosomiasis. Lancet [Internet]. 2014;383(9936):2253–64. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61949-2 2. World Health Organization. Schistosomiasis (Bilharzia) [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.who.int/health-topics/schistosomiasis#tab=tab_1 3. Gunda DW, Kilonzo SB, Manyiri PM, Peck RN, Mazigo HD. Morbidity and Mortality Due to Schistosoma mansoni Related Periportal Fibrosis: Could early diagnosis of varices improve the outcome following available treatment modalities in Sub Saharan Africa? A scoping review. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2020;5(1).

4. Kinung’hi S, Magnussen P, Kaatano G, Olsen A. Infection with Schistosoma mansoni has an Effect on Quality of Life, but not on Physical Fitness in Schoolchildren in Mwanza Region, North-Western Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2016;10(12):1–14.

5. Mo AX, Agosti JM, Walson JL, Hall BF, Gordon L. Schistosomiasis elimination strategies and potential role of a vaccine in achieving global health goals. Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2014;90(1):54–60.

6. Zhang W, Ahmad G, Le L, Rojo JU, Karmakar S, Tillery KA, et al. Longevity of Sm-p80-specific antibody responses following vaccination with Sm-p80 vaccine in mice and baboons and transplacental transfer of Sm-p80-specific antibodies in a baboon. Parasitol Res. 2014;113(6):2239–50.

7. Ahmad G, Zhang W, Torben W, Ahrorov A, Damian RT, Wolf RF, et al. Preclinical prophylactic efficacy testing of Sm-p80-based vaccine in a nonhuman primate model of schistosoma mansoni infection and immunoglobulin G and e responses to Sm-p80 in human serum samples from an area where schistosomiasis is endemic. J Infect Dis. 2011;204(9):1437–49.

2

8. Zhang W, Ahmad G, Torben W, Siddiqui AA. Schistosoma mansoni antigen Sm-p80: Prophylactic efficacy of a vaccine formulated in human approved plasmid vector and adjuvant (VR 1020 and alum). Acta Trop [Internet]. 2011;118(2):142–51. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2011.01.010 9. Zhang W, Ahmad G, Molehin AJ, Torben W, Le L, Kim E, et al. Schistosoma mansoni antigen Sm-p80: Prophylactic efficacy using TLR4 agonist vaccine adjuvant glucopyranosyl lipid A-Alum in murine and non-human primate models. J Investig Med. 2018;66(8):1124–32.

10. Le L, Zhang W, Karmakar S, Ahmad G, Torben W, Siddiqui AA. Simultaneous priming with DNA encoding Sm-p80 and boosting with Sm-p80 protein confers protection against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mice. Parasitol Res. 2014;113(3):1195–200.

11. Karmakar S, Zhang W, Ahmad G, Torben W, Alam MU, Le L, et al. Use of an Sm-p80-based therapeutic vaccine to kill established adult schistosome parasites in chronically infected baboons. J Infect Dis. 2014;209(12):1929–40.

12. Ahmad G, Zhang W, Torben W, Damian RT, Wolf RF, White GL, et al. Protective and antifecundity effects of Sm-p80-based DNA vaccine formulation against Schistosoma mansoni in a nonhuman primate model. Vaccine. 2009;27(21):2830–7.

13. Torben W, Ahmad G, Zhang W, Siddiqui AA. Role of antibodies in Sm-p80-mediated protection against Schistosoma mansoni challenge infection in murine and nonhuman primate models. Vaccine [Internet]. 2011;29(12):2262–71. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.01.040 14. Zhang W, Ahmad G, Torben W, Siddiqui AA. Sm-p80-based DNA vaccine made in a human use approved vector VR1020 protects against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni in mouse. Parasite Immunol. 2010;32(4):252–8.

Efficacy Analysis of Single Dose Rifampicin-Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (SDR-PEP) as a Preventive Intervention for Leprosy Transmission: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials Muhammad Mikail Athif Zhafir Asyura1, *, Ilma Ranjani Wijaya1 1

Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia *muhammad.mikail91@ui.ac.id

Introduction: Leprosy also known as Hansen’s disease is a skin disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that reached 200,000 cases annually. Considered a neglected tropical disease, leprosy remained endemic only in certain countries such as Brazil, India, and Indonesia with the three accumulating 80% of the annual cases. Current multidrug treatment has been shown to be effective in curing leprosy but ineffective in pressing the transmission rate shown by the unchanging number of new cases for the past 8 years. The implementation of large-scale single dose rifampicin-post exposure prophylaxis (SDR-PEP) was shown to be promising to intercept the infectious transmission and thus, this systematic review was made to analyze the efficacy of the said treatment and determine the feasibility of it.

Materials and Methods: This systematic review was carried out based on the PRISMA statement from multiple databases using set keywords. A total of 3355 studies were found and then filtered based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. From the screening, 5 studies were included in the review Results and Discussions: Randomized controlled trials were conducted on 88,001 participants that were divided into control and interventional groups. Most studies showed a significant decrease of leprosy cases compared to the control in 2nd year of follow up. Interestingly, follow up after the 2nd year yielded less efficient reduction of leprosy cases. Furthermore, a complementary effect between SDR-PEP and Bacillus Calmette–Guérin vaccine was shown. Moreover, costeffectiveness of the intervention was analyzed and yielded about IDR 80,414,775 being averted in the 25th year since its initial implementation Conclusion: The review established promising results of implementing SDR-PEP as a preventive measure to inhibit leprosy transmission. Further national scale intervention with a multi-layered approach is suggested to ensure full support and continuity of the large-scale intervention

Keywords: chemoprophylaxis, leprosy, post exposure prophylaxis, single dose rifampicin

3

4

Carica papaya Extract As A Reliever For Thrombocytopenia In Dengue: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Control Trial Muhammad Kevin Ardian, Gideon Hot Partogi Sinaga, Ade Gautama

Abstract

Introduction: Dengue is an infection that causes high morbidity and mortality worldwide especially in South and Southeast Asia. This disease was caused by a mosquito-borne infection of the Aedes genus.

There has been a huge rise in the incidence of dengue in the last two decades, from 8.3 million cases to 58.4 million cases worldwide. Moreover, COVID-19 pandemic worsened the burden in tropical countries, especially Indonesia. Lack of effective intervention has created popularity in herbal medicine. For that reason, we propose the use of herbal treatment that potentially helps increase platelet count, the Carica papaya leaf extract for the treatment of dengue.

Objectives: To critically analyze available clinical evidence from RCT on C. papaya leaf extract by increased platelet count as clinical indicator of favorable outcome in dengue infection.

Materials and methods: This review selects randomized clinical trials on three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOHost) systematically using the PRISMA guideline. Search results were screened by previously determined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Critical appraisal and risk of bias was conducted using STROBE checklist for case-control studies.

Results and discussion: This review yielded 4 studies with a total of 207 subjects. From the 4 studies reviewed, quantitative analysis shows C. papaya leaf extract was found to be associated with increase in platelet count in the overall analysis (mean difference [MD] =36.02 [95% CI 26.49–45.55; P < 0.00001]) after five days. Heterogenity analyses revealed negligible heterogenity in mean difference of platelet count.

Conclusion: C. papaya leaf extract can be considered as a potential candidate for increase in platelet count in patients of dengue. However, there is need of high-quality evidence in the form of large clinical trials before a decision related to the use of such extract is made.

Keywords: Dengue, thrombocytopenia, Carica papaya leaf extract

5

Carica papaya Leaf extract as a reliever for thrombocytopenia in dengue: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized control trial

Muhammad Kevin Ardian, Gideon Hot Partogi Sinaga, Ade Gautama RESULT

INTRODUCTION Dengue is an infectious disease that causes high morbidity and mortality globally, specifically in South and Southeast Asia. This disease was caused by Aedes species infection transmitted by mosquitoes. From the past two decades, there has been a massive increase in incidences of dengue, which is from 8.3 million cases to 58.4 million cases all over the world. Moreover, the COVID-19 pandemic worsened the burden in tropical countries, especially Indonesia. Lack of effective intervention has created popularity in herbal medicine. For that reason, we propose the use of herbal treatment, Carica papaya leaf extract, which potentially increases platelet count as a clinical indicator for the favorable outcome in dengue infection

Figure 3. Forest plot

OBJECTIVE To critically analyze available clinical evidence from RCT on C. papaya leaf extract by increased platelet count as clinical indicator of favorable outcome in dengue infection.

Figure 4. Risk of bias

Table 1. Characteristics of studies

Figure 5. Funnel plot

Materials And methods DISCUSSION

Efficacy and safety of C. papaya extract From the meta-analysis, C. papaya is significantly associated with rapid increase of platelet counts in patients of dengue at 3-5 days. Several studies also stated that platelet improvement may shorten the duration of hospital stay, prevention of plasma leakage, and life-threatening complications.

Proposed Carica papaya thrombocyte production mechanism

Figure 1. Conseptual framefork

Carpaine is the most abundant alkaloid substance in Carica papaya leaf. Several studies show that carpaine has an anti -thrombocytopenic effect. Carpaine stimulates hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) to start the differentiation process. HSC will differentiate to common myeloid progenitor (CMP). Then, CMP will differentiate into megakaryocyte (MK) to become thrombocyte. This mechanism is influenced by the effects of IL-6 production from HSC. IL-6 can directly stimulate thrombocyte production by involving in the differentiation process from HSC to CMP and CMP to MK. In addition, IL-6 may indirectly stimulate the liver to produce the chief cytokine thrombopoietin (TPO) involved in thrombopoiesis.

Adverse Effect Figure 6. Proposed Carica papaya thrombocyte production mechanism

the most common adverse effect is nausea and vomiting. However, there is no serious adverse effects reported in all five studies.

Strength, Limitation, and Reccomendation Overall, low to negligible heterogeneity has been shown. However, the variability of C. papaya doses given may present several moderate biases. Therefore, large-scale randomized double-blind placebocontrolled may be conducted to determine the potential and effect of CP extract.

Reference Figure 2. Search method

1. Assir M, Nasir N, Mansoor H, Waseem T, Ahmed H, Riaz F. Effect of Carica papaya leaf extract on platelet count in dengue fever: a randomized controlled tirals (PLEAD TRIAL) J Allama Iqbal Med Coll. 2011;9:6–9.

2. Sathyapalan DT, Padmanabhan A, Moni M, P-Prabhu B, Prasanna P, . Efficacy & safety of Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) in severe thrombocytopenia (≤ 30,000/μl) in adult dengue–Results of a pilot study. PloS one. 2020 Feb 19;15(2):e0228699.

3. Subenthiran S, Choon TC, Cheong KC, Thayan R, Teck MB. Carica papaya leaves juice significantly accelerates the rate of increase in platelet count among patients with dengue fever and dengue Haemorrhagic fever. Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative medicine : eCAM. 2013;2013:616737 4. Abhishek G, Vinod T, Malik S, Virmani S, Saurabh S. Efficacy of Carica papaya leaf axtract in treating thrombocytopaenia in casesof dengue. Journal Of Advance Researches In Medical Sciences (Formerly Journal of Advance Researches in Biological Sciences) 2015;7(1):01–04 5. Gowda A, Kumar NV, Kasture P, Nagabhushan K. A pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of Carica papaya leaf extract in increasing the platelet count in cases of dengue with thrombocytopenia. Indian Med Gaz. 2015;149:109–116.

Conclusion

6

Papaya leaf extract can be considered as a potential candidate for increase in platelet count in patients of dengue; however, there is need of high-quality evidence in the form of large clinical trials before a decision related to the use of such extract is made.

The Perspective and Willingness of Medical Students in Reducing The Leprosy Stigma Lintang Cahyaning Ratri, Quinamora Estevan Sutantyo

Introduction: Leprosy was suffered by 184.212 people in the world by the end of 2018. The high prevalence in Indonesia, third rank world wide, is supported by the happening stigma of leprosy sufferers or lepers. Hence, lepers tend to have low quality of life. The authors thought of a program to lessen the stigmatization that allows preclinical medical students giving mental support for the lepers and sharing better understanding of leprosy to the individual and community.

Objectives: To describe preclinical students' perspective regarding leprosy and their willingness to give mental support and education for lepers.

Materials and Methods: A single-centered cross-sectional study was conducted to preclinical medical students of Universitas Airlangga batch 2017-2020 from 1-7 December 2020 through a self-assessment questionnaire. The data was further processed through Microsoft Excel.

Results and Discussion: As much as 102 out of 106 collected responses were included. 98 respondents acknowledged what Leprosy is and the underlying agent. 101 participants agreed that the disease is preventable. Few thought it is incurable (3%). Around 93% of respondents know the disease transmission mechanisms. Presenting a remarkable rate, 72 participants were afraid of getting infected, then another 25 felt ordinary and the rest were reluctant when meeting lepers. All students agreed that lepers are dishonored, 92.2% of them suggested education may abate leprosy stigmatization, and 55.8% of them are willing to give action.

Therefore, the authors are optimistic that the proposed program may reduce stigmatization.

The government’s role is expected to embrace lepers and volunteers to support this program.

Conclusion: Most participants have adequate understanding and open mind towards leprosy cases. More than half of the respondents are willing to accompany and give encouragement towards lepers. This finding supports the optimism of the program.

7

8

Effectivity Multivalent Fusion Protein Vaccine Candidate With BmALT-2 and BmVAH Against Challenge Infections Human Lymphatic Filariasis with Brugia Malayi in Mice Model Triana Amelia Lasdianto, Stanley Bulain, Hana Devina Lesmono Introduction: Human lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic infection that causes a severe economic burden in several parts of the world. Disease caused by the filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi affects more than 120 million people worldwide. We are focused on Brugia malayi. Multidrug therapy is effective for human lymphatic filariasis but requires annual treatment and there is a significant concern of the possibility of the emergence of drug-resistant parasites and insecticide-resistant arthropod vectors, other forms of intervention need to be considered. In this paper, we selected the two most promising candidate antigens, Brugia malayi Abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and B. malayi Vespid allergen Homologue (BmVAH) for further development as a multivalent vaccine.

Materials and Method: The method used in this paper is the literature review and the materials are relevant scientific journals or reports.

Results & Discussion: The vaccine candidate is based on two antigens, named Brugia malayi Abundant larval transcript-2 (BmALT-2) and B. malayi Vespid allergen Homologue (BmVAH). It can be constructed in forms of DNA vaccines, either bicistronic construct (BmALT-2 and BmVAH) or a single construct of DNA vaccines (BmALT-2 or BmVAH). It also can be constructed in a cocktail vaccine consisting of anti-BmALT-2+BmVAH, or a single construct (either anti-BmALT-2 or anti-BmVAH). Similarly, in antigen vaccinations, multivalent vaccines show higher levels of protection than the single one. Protection level in anti-rALT-2+VAH is 79% cytotoxicity, while protection level of either anti-rALT-2 or antirVAH is 70% and 61% cytotoxicity, respectively. These findings also suggest that the protection level is higher in antigen vaccination than DNA vaccine construct.

Conclusion: Multivalent combination of BmVAH and BmALT-2 is an excellent and effective vaccine against lymphatic filariasis caused by B. malayi. Developing this multivalent formulation as a prophylactic vaccine against B. malayi for human and veterinary use has great potential.

9

10

Apiaceae Essential Oils as A Promising Solution in Filarial Vector Control in Indonesia: A Systematic Review Nanda Ayu Sabrina1, Shafa Maulida1, Anita Dominique1 3rd Year Medical Student

ABSTRACT Introduction: While lymphatic filariasis has affected 893 million people worldwide and caused several morbidities, this infectious disease in Indonesia is still considered to be neglected. Microfilariae infected Culex sp. mosquitoes are responsible for the parasite transmission. Therefore, mosquito control is considered as a promising strategy for disease control. Insecticides have induced resistance and their effects have gained environment concerns. Natural insecticide development appears as a promising solution. Essential oils from Apiaceae family extract have been identified to have bioactivities, including larvicidal activity.

This study aimed to analyze and vatuate the larvicidal activity of Apiaceae family against Culex sp as one of the main filarial vectors.

Materials and Method: A systematic review was performed on Pubmed, SpringerLink, ScienceDirect, and Proquest using the keywords (Apiaceae AND Larvicidal) AND (Culex OR Filaria) based on PRISMA Statement. Experimental studies with available full text, published in the last five years, and evaluated Apiaceae plant extracts on Culex sp. larva were considered eligible.

Results and Discusson: A total of seven studies which evaluated 10 Apiaceae plants and 3 Culex species were included. All the Apiaceae plants were evident to cause 100% larvicidal activity after 24 hours and the mean 90% Lethal Dose is 67.94 ppm. T. ammi fruit extract showed the highest larvicide activity with the lowest 90% Lethal Dose. Apiaceae plant essential oils were reported to show Acetylcholinesterase inhibition and pro-oxidant effects which caused toxicity for the vector larvae. All studies confirmed Apiaceae family extracts possess potential as a Culex sp. larvicide.

Conclusion: Apiaceae essential oils evident as a promising Culex sp. larvicide to control Filariasis transmission in Indonesia.

11

Keyword: Apiaceae, filariasis, larvicide, mosquito, Culex

12

Apiaceae Essential Oil as A Promising Solution in Filarial Vector Control in Indonesia : a Systematic Review Nanda Ayu Sabrina. Anita Dominique. Shafa Maulida

INTRODUCTION

METHODS

In 2017, there were more than 12.600 cases of chronic filariasis or also known in Indonesia as Kaki Gajah. While in some areas are still endemic for filariasis which states that this disease is still being neglected in Indonesia. LF is one of the most debilitating diseases which impairs our lymphatic system and can lead to irreversible enlargement of some body parts, causing pain, social stigma, and also cause permanent disability in tropical and subtropical countries (1). LF is caused by three species of filarial roundworm: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori that transmitting to human through infected mosquitoes. Mosquito control is a supplemental strategy to reduce the transmission of LF (2), and has been a graduallyincreasing priority for research on control of mosquito-filaria transmission (3).

database searching (n= 194) Pubmed = 7 SpringerLink = 17 Proquest = 142 Sciencedirect = 28

OBJECTIVES

We identified experimental studies through systematic searches of the following bibliographic databases :

through other sources (n = 0)

PubMed Science Direct Proquest, Springer link.

Records after duplicates

removed (excluded n = 154)

Eligibility

Titles and abstract screening (n = 40) exluded n= 21 - Irrelevant topic - Study out of 5 years - No access for full text

Records excluded (n = 12) - Not performed on Culex sp. (n=1) - Inappropriate study type (n=1)

Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n = 7)

Inclusion Criteria

Studies on effectiveness of Apiaceae Essential Oils against filarial vector Culex sp.

Performed on mosquito other than Culex sp. in-accessible full text article

English

Review article

Published 2016-2020

Exclusion Criteria

Study design: Experimental

Table 1. Characteristic of Studies

Systematic review based on PRISMA statement Qualitative and quantitative analysis

This study is conducted to analyze and evaluate the larvicidal activity that produced by Apiaceae Essential Oils against Culex sp. as one of the main filarial vectors.

RESULT

The search terms were: "Apiaceae" AND "Larvicidal" AND ("Culex" or "Filaria").

19 of full-text articles assessed for eligibility

Included

The initial large scale success achieved in the control programme was short-lived as the vectors developed resistance to the insecticides in use, and also because of concerns about the effects of insecticides on the environment (4). In this framework, screening botanicals for their larvicidal activity may offer effective and eco-friendly tools in the fight against mosquitoes (5). Apiaceae family is one of the biggest plant families on the earth, this family possesses a range of compounds that have many biological activities, including their promising larvicidal activities and highly toxic to the larvae that has been tested in several studies (6). Especially in Indonesia, the use of Apiaceae family has been known as the old tradition in herbal therapy and also as side dishes that has been trusted upon their benefits (7).

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

Figure 2. PRISMA Flow Diagram

Performed on filariasis vector : Culex sp. Larva

Total of 7 studies included Inclusion and exclusion criteria screening

Inspected the larvacidal effect of Apiaceae extract 1

Reported the percentage of larvacidal activity, LC, LD

DISCUSSION

2

3

The results of our systematic reviews from 7 selected experimental studies highlighted the promising outcomes of Apiaceae essential oils (EOs) as natural insecticides against Culex sp. as one of the main filarial vectors. These research explored 10 selected plants from Apiaceae species. All the 10 species were proved to cause 100% larvicidal activity after 24 hours. The mean concentration to cause 90% larvicide effect was 67.94, with broad variations among each species and each plant source, ranging from 22.1 ppm to 160.2 ppm. From the toxic effect, it could be inferred that T. ammi fruits extract showed the most potent larvicidal activity with the lowest 90% Lethal Dose. The larvicidal activity of the selected Apiaceae essential oils can be related to the presence of several chemical components with demonstrated insecticidal activities such as thymol, E-anethole, myristicin, p-cymene, limonene and beta ocimene (5). Insecticidal mode of action from the EOs has been identified to be related with their Acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity (8) and pro-oxidant effect (9). In addition, some studies also conduct the experimental study on analyzing the synergized effect of Apiaceae essential oils mixtures.

4

5 6 7

Figure 3. LD50 Values of Studies

Figure 5. Cochrane non-RCT Risk of Bias Graphic Benelli, G. et al., 2016 Al Mekhlafi, 2018 Pavela et al., 2017 Pavela et al., 2018 Pavela, R. et al., 2016

This systematic review has several strengths, including some studies has mentioned the specific extracted part of the plant which is important in determining which part of the plants has the strongest larvicidal activity that could be optimized. In addition, quality assessment showed low or moderate risk on all the included studies, which correlates to the validity. On the other hand, there are some study limitations, such as there is no objective comparison between the larvicidal activity of Apiaceae Essential Oils and the conventional chemical insecticide which need further explorations for the efficacy of Apiaceae extract as herbal larvicide based on other perspectives. These findings have strong interests due to the need of effective preventive intervention in eliminating Lymphatic Filariasis and some problems that occured in the use of chemical insecticides. Besides the evidenced danger to the environment, the spread of insecticide resistance also poses a great catastrophe on the vector control efforts. The major advantages of these biolarvacides are reduced application cost, safety to environment, human beings, animals and other non-target organisms (5). In Indonesia, Apiaceae has potential to become a larvicidal reckoning that these plants are also spreading across entire Indonesia regions and has been used in earlier times.

Muturi et al., 2018

Bias in selection of the reported result

Bias in measurement of outcomes

Bias due to missing data

Bias due to departures from intended interventions

Bias in measurement of interventions

Bias in selection of participants into the study

Figure 4. LD90 Values of Studies

Bias due to confounding

Pavela et al., 2018

CONCLUSION As concluded, Apiaceae Essential Oils evident as a promising larvicide for the control of Filariasis transmission in Indonesia, due to their demonstrated potential larvicidal activity which shown in the results of this systematic review.

Figure 6. Apiceae Family Plants

REFERENCES 1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

Dickson BFR, Graves PM, Aye NN, Nwe TW, Wai T, Win SS, et al. The prevalence of lymphatic filariasis infection and disease following six rounds of mass drug administration in Mandalay Region, Myanmar. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2018 Nov 1;12(11).

WHO. Lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis Famakinde DO. Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease Mosquitoes and the Lymphatic Filarial Parasites: Research Trends and Budding Roadmaps to Future Disease Eradication. mdpi.com [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 10]; Available from: www.mdpi.com/journal/tropicalmed Aliyu A. 7 Vector Control Using Insecticides [Internet]. books.google.com. [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.google.com/books?hl=id&lr=&id=lCyaDwAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PA153&dq=Aliyu,+Alhaji.+(2012).+VectorControl+Using+Insecticides.&ots=FwjGF1fqCz&sig=c9madbjQzoTK_xhLmRJhQ8jVLDY Benelli G, Pavela R, Iannarelli R, Petrelli R, Cappellacci L, Cianfaglione K, et al. Synergized mixtures of Apiaceae essential oils and related plant-borne compounds: Larvicidal effectiveness on the filariasis vector Culex quinquefasciatus Say. Ind Crops Prod. 2017 Feb 1;96:186–95.

Pavela R, Maggi F, Cianfaglione K, Canale A, Benelli G. Promising insecticidal efficacy of the essential oils from the halophyte Echinophora spinosa (Apiaceae) growing in Corsica Island, France. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2020;27(13):14454–64.

Yusarman (Litbang Banten). Bulletin Mengenal Tanaman Adas. 2016;(June 2016):1–5.

Pavela R, Maggi F, Lupidi G, Cianfaglione K, Dauvergne X, Bruno M, et al. Efficacy of sea fennel (Crithmum maritimum L., Apiaceae) essential oils against Culex quinquefasciatus Say and Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.). Ind Crops Prod [Internet]. 2017;109(May):603–10. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2017.09.013 Al-Mekhlafi FA. Larvicidal, ovicidal activities and histopathological alterations induced by Carum copticum (Apiaceae) extract against Culex pipiens (Diptera: Culicidae). Saudi J Biol Sci [Internet]. 2018;25(1):52–6. Available from: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2017.02.010 Pavela, R., Maggi, F., Cianfaglione, K., Bruno, M., & Benelli, G. (2017). Larvicidal Activity of Essential Oils of Five Apiaceae Taxa and Some of Their Main Constituents Against Culex quinquefasciatus. Chemistry & Biodiversity, 15(1), e1700382. doi:10.1002/cbdv.201700382 Pavela R, Vrchotová N, Tříska J. Larvicidal activity of extracts from Ammi visnaga Linn. (Apiaceae) seeds against Culex quinquefasciatus Say. (Diptera: Culicidae). Exp Parasitol. 2016;165:51-57. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2016.03.016 Muturi EJ, Doll K, Ramirez JL, Rooney AP. Bioactivity of Wild Carrot (Daucus carota, Apiaceae) Essential Oil Against Mosquito Larvae. J Med Entomol. 2019;56(3):784-789. doi:10.1093/jme/tjy226 13

Possibility of Using rAs16-Kilodalton Protein as A Vaccine of Ascariasis to Prevent Albendazole Resistance: A Systematic Review Luisa Yulia Saputra - Zahra R. Zhafira - Gabriel Rio Widipriyatama Introduction: Ascariasis as one of the major problem in public health around the world use albendazole that was proven to be effective for the treatment of ascariasis, leading to its regular use. A vaccine that involves rAs16 is being developed and has been tested on mice and pigs.

We want to invite researchers and doctors to explore more of the vaccine, to press the use of albendazole, and find the alternative for albendazole resistance, when the time comes.

Method: A literature search was conducted through Pubmed and ScienceDirect with the keyword of recombinant Ascaris 16- kilodalton protein, rAs16, reduced efficacy of albendazole, ascariasis, the efficacy of albendazole. We found seven full texts that match our inclusion and exclusion criteria that we include in our quantitative analysis.

Result and Discussion: A total of seven studies which consist of five studies about the efficacy of albendazole and two studies about the recombinant Ascaris 16- kilodalton protein. The study about the efficacy of albendazole used 2.507 samples. Based on the data, there has been a significant reduction in the efficacy of albendazole in some parts of the world. The study about recombinant Ascaris 16- kilodalton protein used a total of 9 pigs divided into 3 groups and 40 mice divided into 4 groups, that receive different treatment. Both studies resulting an identical effect to the sample group that received rAs16-CTB combined with a better result compared to the CTB or rAs16 by itself. It is mentioned that pig contained the same As16 as human does. It can be translated that As16 can be a promising substitution for protection against helminths.

Conclusion: rAs16- Kilodalton protein may have potential as a vaccine for humans, this will lead to minimal use of albendazole. However, further experiments need to be conducted

14

15

Indonesian Medical Students’ Training & Competition (IMSTC) 2021 ABSTRACT Control of Dengue Virus Transmission through Aedes Aegypti Using Wolbachia-Based Population Replacement Chatrine Angelica Dwi Christy1, Ardhito Rahadian2 1

Third Year Medical Student, Universitas Kristen Indonesia

2

Forth Year Medical Student, Universitas Kristen Indonesia

Introduction The incidence of the disease caused by the Aedes aegypti mosquito has continued to increase dramatically and become a global threat. This is due to the development of mosquito vectors that cause mosquito-borne arbovirus. The most effective control strategy for dengue virus infection is an insecticide-based control program targeted at mosquitoes. However, this expensive method has decreased effectiveness due to the development of resistance to insecticides by mosquitoes. One of the efforts to control the population of mosquito-borne diseases is by using Wolbachia.

Materials and Methods The method used is to combine literature reviews searched through the search engines "Research Gate", "NCBI", and "Science Direct". The keywords used are Wolbachia "AND" Dengue Virus, Wolbachia "AND" Aedes Aegypti, and Wolbachia "AND" Control Population.

Results and Discussion Based on previous studies, there is evidence that the Wolbachia strain can shorten the lifespan of fruit flies. Genetically modified population-based replacement of Wolbachia bacteria that consist of anti-pathogenic genes and a gene activation system that aims to suppress pathogen replication and to spread the phenotype in the target population. Some Wolbachia strains can reduce the life span of A. aegypti through the induction of cytoplasmic incompatibilities that interfere with the replication of various pathogens. Transmission occurs from female mosquitoes infected with Wolbachia offspring in high frequency. The wMelPop-CLA strain was transmitted from parent to offspring with almost 100% efficiency in the transmitted A. aegypti mosquito, indicating the success of population replacement through mosquito

16

modification. The wMel and wMelPop strains shown dramatically reduces vector competence and virus replication.

Conclusion The Wolbachia-based application is a new population control for a disease transmitted through mosquito vectors which have the advantage of being more environmentally friendly and potentially more cost-effective than the current strategy.

17

18

The Role of Carica Papaya Leaves Extract to Increase Platelet Count in Dengue Patients: A Systematic Review Ratu Basyasyah Cianora; Cherin Majesty Romero; Nur Insani Yamin

ABSTRACT Introduction: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a viral infection disease transmitted by the bite of an infected female Aedes mosquito with dengue viral. In Indonesia, there were 68.407 cases recorded by the end 2017. By this time, there were much empowerment of natural resources in curating the dengue cases. Carica papaya is one of the major commodities in Indonesia and has therapeutic effects to dengue patients. The extract of Carica papaya leaves contain several active components that have antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects that can increase platelet count considering dengue severity correlated with vascular leakage. In this review we aim to clarify the effect of Carica papaya to increase platelet count in dengue patients.

Material and Methods: A systematic review was conducted and PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) was implemented. Pubmed and Elsevier database were searched up to December 2020. All articles were independently evaluated by the authors based on inclusion criteria.

Results: Our findings revealed that Carica papaya significantly increased the platelet count of dengue patients, especially at the 5th day. Platelet count has strong correlation to vascular leakage of protein and liver damage. Major pathophysiological hallmark of dengue severity is vascular leakage, therefore increasing platelet count might help to decrease the severity in dengue

Conclusion: Using the Carica papaya leaves extract as the curative step is useful for the treatment of dengue fever patients. Carica papaya plays role in increasing the platelet count by neutralizing dengue virus in plasma and significantly reducing platelet aggregation enabling improved patient management and treatment of dengue fever. Carica papaya prevents patient to fall into a much worse condition.

19

20

The Role of micro-Ribonucleic Acids (miRNAs) in Monitoring Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) Indah Rahmadani Siin, Marlin, Annisa Safira Introduction : NTDs are infectious diseases that principally impact the worlds poorest people and about 2 billion people are at risk of one or more NTDs and more than 1 billion people are affected. Early laboratory detection particularly through biomolecular investigation is one of the way to monitor re-emergence and drug resistance of preventive chemotheraphy of NTDs. MicroRNAs have received increasing attention as a mechanism of control of gene expression in some organisms.

Materials and Methods: The methods used in this paper is literature review and the materials are relevant scientific journals that conducted on Pubmed, ScienceDirect and ProQuest.

Results and Discussion : From the study, it was appeared that miRNAs has the role as biomarker in monitoring therapy and early detection of NTDs. The types of miRNAs include miR-36 for, miRs (let-7, miR 5364, and miR 71) for filariasis, miR-71 for onchocheriasis, seven miRNAs (-miR 236-1, ov-miR-100d, ov-bantam-a, and ov-miR-87-3p, miR-223) for O.volvulus. For Schistosoma (S. Mansoni miR-2c-3p, S. Japonicum miR-223 and miR-454), let-7 and miR-7. Six miRNAs for soil transmitted helminths (Ascaris Lumbricoides alu-miR novel 503, 021, 064, Necator Americanus nam miR 8308,1175-3p, 254, Brugia Malayi miR71). Three miRNAs for trachoma (miR-184, miR-147b and miR 1285). miR-451 for Plasmodium. mir-184 and mir-275 to for DEN4 in Ae.albopictus and Ae.aegypti. The expression of hsa-miR-150-5p and hsa-miR-15b-5p in P. Vivax, hsa-let-7a-5p in both P.vivax and P. Falciparum. Four miRNA (miR-19a-3p, miR-19b-3p, miR-142-3p and miR223-23p) for cerebral malaria. Plasma miR-451 and miR-16 for malaria at parasitic stages or with multi organ failure. miR-125b, 27a, 23a, 150, 17-92, and 24 in malaria with multiple organ failures.

Conclusion : Combination of miRNAs and disease spesific tests as a basic controller in some diseases, may be have the potential to be utilized as a biomarker in monitoring therapy and early detection of NTDs.

21

22

Major Risk Factors for Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus Vertical Transmission: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies Nikita Pratama Toding Labi, Nathanael Timothy Tarore, Jeremy Eleazar Roring

Introduction: 257 million individuals around the world are chronically tainted with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, causing more than 887,000 deaths in 2015. HBV contamination amid the primary year of infant's life has up to 90% likelihood to create inveterate disease. It has gotten to be one of the most prevalent tropical disease that committed in numerous nations, counting Indonesia. This systematic review is conducted in arrange to elucidate the foremost predominant risk factors of HBV mother-to-child transmission.

Materials and Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus and Springer database based on PRISMA statement guideline to identify major risk factors contributing to HBV vertical transmission in several prospective cohort studies. We found eight studies that matches our inclusion and exclusion criteria. Those studies are included in our qualitative synthesis.

Results and Discussion: From 8 prospective cohort studies with 20.250 participants, the major risk factors contributing to neonatal hepatitis B vertical transmission were hepatitis B virus DNA load (OR: 2,42-7,98 and RR: 22,583) and seropositivity of HBeAg (OR: 1,84 and RR: 31,74). Less common risk factors include young maternal age (RR: 6,8), vaginal delivery (OR: 6,52), and neonatal without given HBIg (RR: 0,427).

Conclusion: HBV vertical transmission are caused by several risk factors. This review deduce that it is mainly due to HBV DNA load and HBeAg in maternal serum. Screenings of these factors in pregnant women and public education are essential to manage neonatal hepatitis B vertical transmission.

Keyword: Hepatitis B, neonatal, maternal HBV infection, HBV vertical transmission

23

Major Risk Factors for Neonatal Hepatitis B Virus Vertical Transmission: A Systematic Review of Prospective Cohort Studies Nikita Pratama Toding Labi, Nathanael Timothy Tarore, Jeremy Eleazar Roring Table 1. Basic characteristics of studies

INTRODUCTION

AUTHOR AND YEAR OF

SAMPLE SIZE STUDY DESIGN

STUDY LOCATION Mothers

PUBLICATION

Agreeing to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2017, 257 million individuals around the

Infants

world are chronically tainted with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, causing more than 887,000

Yin Y, et al. 2012

Prospective cohort

Taipei, Taiwan

1355

1355

deaths in 2015.1 HBV contamination amid the primary year of infant's life has up to 90%

Ding Y, et al. 2013

Prospective cohort

Shenyang, China

4536

4536

likelihood to create into inveterate disease.2 WHO has taken genuine measures to eradicate this

Wen WH, et al. 2013 Prospective cohort

Guangzhou, China

97 cases, 262 controls

81 cases, 222 controls

Zhang L, et al. 2014

Prospective cohort

Wuhan, China

415 cases, 75 controls

1150

respect to the causes of immunoprophylaxis failure that imperiling those measures.

Liu CP, et al. 2014

Prospective cohort

Chengdu, China

172 cases, 84 controls

172 cases, 84 controls

Subsequently, this systematic review is conducted in arrange to elucidate the foremost

Lee LY, et al. 2015

Prospective cohort

Singapore, Singapore

161

161

predominant risk factors of HBV mother-to-child transmission. Therefore further actions could

Wang C, et al. 2016

Prospective cohort

Jilin, China

890

871

Lu Y, et al. 2017

Prospective cohort

Jiangsu and Henan, China

1448

1448

infection because it has gotten to be one of the most prevalent tropical disease are committed

in numerous nations, counting Indonesia. In any case, there is still a need of information with

be conducted, in parallel encouraging local governments and non-governmental organizations towards creating an applicable screenings for pregnant women and educating people, especially mothers, regarding vertical transmission of HBV.

Table 2. Method and outcome of studies

AUTHOR AND

MATERIALS AND METHODS

YEAR OF

Figure 1. Conceptual framework

EXCLUSION

CRITERIA

Keywords: Hepatitis B, neonatal hepatitis B, maternal HBV

Systematic Review (PRISMA guideline)

- Prospective cohort studies - Review paper, interventional - Maternal and/or newborn

Collecting studies from PubMed,

studies or other studies

HBV infection with

asides of prospective cohort

serologic markers

studies

ScienceDirect, Scopus and Springer

Ding Y, et al. 2013

Eight prospective cohort studies included

Figure 2. Selection method

Maternal HBV DNA ≥10-7 (RR: 22,583), maternal HBeAg

Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test

positive (RR:31,740)

Fisher’s exact test

Older than 20 years HBsAg positive (OR: 4,54), older than 20 years anti-HBc positive

Wen WH, et al.

Wilcoxon rank-sum test (continuous

2013

variable), Chi-square data, Fisher’s exact (OR Univariate: 2,54, multivariate: 3,49). Increasing

Maternal viral load per log10-copy/ml increase

test (categorical variable), univariate and gestational age (OR Univariate: 0,69), birth weight per 1

Inclusion and exclusion criteria screening

- More than 100 samples for - Non-english literature and irretrievable full-text each mothers and infants

Student t-test (quantitative data),

(qualitative data)

infection, HBV vertical transmission

CRITERIA

OUTCOME

PUBLICATION Yin Y, et al. 2012

INCLUSION

METHOD OF ANALYSIS

multivariate logistic regression

kg increase (OR univariate: 0,031)

Zhang L, et al.

Chi-square test (categorical variables),

Mother’s age <25 years (RR: 0,164), birth weight <2.500

2014

t-test, logistic regression analysis

g or ≥4.000 g (RR: 0,443), neonate without given HBIg

INCLUDED ELIGIBILITY

SCREENING

IDENTIFICATION

(RR: 0,427)

Records identified through database searching (n= 636)

Liu CP, et al. 2014

Pubmed (n=123) ScienceDirect (n=204)

Univariate and multivariate logistic

High maternal HBV DNA level (per log 10 IU/ml increase)

regression

(OR univariate: 2,42, multivariate: 2,44), vaginal delivery (OR univariate: 6,52, multivariate: 6,96)

Scopus (n=257)

Lee LY, et al. 2015

Fisher’s exact test

Springer (n=52)

Young maternal age (RR: 6,8), HBV DNA load log IU/ml (RR:3,8)

Document excluded on the basis of duplication (n=18) Records screened based on title and abstract (n=618)

Wang C, et al. 2016 Chi square test (categorical variable) and Maternal HBV DNA levels (OR: 4,55) Fisher’s exact test Lu Y, et al. 2017

Document excluded on the

Chi square test (categorical variable) and Increasing maternal age (OR: 0,84), maternal HBV DNA Fisher’s exact test

load log IU/ml (OR: 3,68), maternal HBeAg (OR:2,90)

basis of inclusion and exclusion (n=597) Full text articles assessed for eligibility (n=21) Document excluded on the basis of lack essential data (n=13) Studies included in qualitative synthesis (n=8)

DISCUSSION HBV DNA load & HBeAg

HBV DNA is a major risk factor for HBV vertical transmission (RR: 22,583)3, high HBV DNA load increases the chance of HBV vertical transmission.4,5,6,7 Moreover, HBeAg level is also a risk factor for HBV vertical transmission.3,8 HBeAg can only be significant of HBV infection diagnosis in the presence of HBV DNA load in the maternal serum. Without HBV DNA load, the infant will lose HBeAg within 6 months of age.8 This is why HBV DNA load is the most general or major risk factor for HBV vertical transmission. Other

RESULTS

risk factor included is young maternal age7,9, neonate without given HBIg9, HBsAg and anti-HBc10 Limitation

Figure 3. Pie chart and bar diagram of risk factors assessed in the study Risk factors according to epidemiological triangle

Numbers of literatures assessing the risk factors

This review only includes observational prospective cohort studies that conducted in Asia, as the largest population infected by HBV. Lack of sample population identified because limited study scope.

Therefore, extended studies are needed to optimize the results.

Implication This study can promote HBV DNA load and HBeAg screenings in susceptible pregnant women.

REFERENCES 1. Global hepatitis report 2017. Geneva: World Health Organization. 2017.

CONCLUSION

2. Edmunds WJ, Medley GF, Nokes DJ, Hall AJ, Whittle HC. The influence of age on the development of the hepatitis B carrier state. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 1993;253(1337):197–201. doi: 10.1098/rspb.1993.0102 .

3. Yin Y, Wu L, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhang P, Hou H. Identification of risk factors related to the failure of immunization to prevent the vertical transmission of hepatitis B virus. Journal of Infection. 2013;66(5):447-452. doi: 10.1016/j.jinf.2012.12.008.

4. Wen WH, Chang MH, Zhao LL, Ni YH, Hsu HY, Wu JF, et al. Mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus infection: significance of maternal viral load and strategies for intervention. Journal of Hepatology. 2013;59:24–30. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.02.015.

5. Liu CP, Zeng YL, Zhou M, Chen LL, Hu R, Wang L, et al. Factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of hepatitis B virus despite immunoprophylaxis. Internal Medicine Journal. 2015;54:711–716. doi: 10.2169/internalmedicine.54.3514.

6. Wang C, Wang C, Jia ZF, Wu X, Wen SM, Kong F, et al. Protective effect of an improved immunization practice of mother-to-infant transmission of hepatitis B virus and risk factors associated with immunoprophylaxis failure. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(34):e4390. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000004390.

7. Lee Y, Aw M, Rauff M, Loh KS, Lim SG, Lee GH. Hepatitis B immunoprophylaxis failure and the presence of hepatitis B surface gene mutants in the affected children. Journal of Medical Virology. 2015;87(8):1344-50. doi: 10.1002/jmv.24193.

HBV vertical transmission are caused by several risk factors. This review deduce that it is mainly due to HBV DNA load and HBeAg in maternal serum. Public education and screenings of these factors in

8. Lu Y, Zhu FC, Liu JX, Zhai XJ, Yan L, Wei KP, et al. The maternal viral threshold for antiviral prophylaxis of perinatal hepatitis B virus transmission in settings with limited resources: A large prospective cohort study in China. Vaccine. 2017;35(48):6627-33. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.032 9. Zhang L, Gui X, Wang B, Ji H, Yisilafu R, Li F, Zhou Y, Zhang L, Zhang H, Liu X. A study of immunoprophylaxis failure and risk factors of hepatitis B virus mother-to-infant transmission. European Journal of Pediatric. 2014;173(9):1161-8. doi: 10.1007/s00431-014-2305-7.

10. Ding, Y., Sheng, Q., Ma, L. et al. Chronic HBV infection among pregnant women and their infants in Shenyang, China. Virology Journal. 2013;10(17). doi: 10.1186/1743-422X-10-17.

pregnant women and are essential to manage neonatal hepatitis B vertical transmission.

24

Factors affecting knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices against dengue in rural and urban Asian communities: a systematic review of cross-sectional studies Valerie Josephine, Priscilla Geraldine, Zhahna Maharani Abstract Introduction: Dengue fever poses significant burden on healthcare worldwide, especially in Asian regions that are most impacted. Understanding of factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices (KAP) in rural and urban communities play a major role in directing specific community-based intervention strategies that can reduce burden and improve response against dengue as a whole. Despite its importance, there has been no study that reviews each of these factors specifically.

Objective: To investigate factors associated with knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding dengue in rural and urban Asian communities.

Method: A systematic review was conducted through PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO, and Cochrane, searching for cross-sectional studies that assess specific factors that impact knowledge, attitude, and prevention practices against dengue in rural and urban community settings in Asia. Studies selected were assessed for bias risk with Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) for cross-sectional studies.

Results: The search yielded nine cross-sectional studies with a total 4,794 subjects. Higher education, residence in non-hotspot areas, better income, and female gender are associated with higher KAP score. Conversely, younger age and lower socioeconomic status are associated with less KAP score. Meanwhile, correlation between each component of the KAP remains controversial.

Conclusion: To conclude, factors that affect dengue KAP include socioeconomic status, education, gender, age, and location. Understanding of these factors allow targeted education and programs that can better facilitate vulnerable groups which can increase overall KAP score, leading to lower incidence and burden of dengue fever in rural and urban Asian communities.

Keywords: dengue, factors, knowledge, attitude, practice, rural, urban, community, Asia

25

26

GeneXpert: Prospective Testing Method for Chlamydia Trichomatis A Systematic Review​ Tamara Atmogo1 , Jane1 , Edvano Adam1 Mahasiswa Program Sarjana Kedokteran, Fakultas Kedokteran dan Ilmu Kesehatan UKRIDA, Jakarta

1

Introduction: Neglected tropical disease Trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) needs accurate diagnosis and timely treatment to control the infectious disease.1 It has been estimated that there are up to 2.8 million new CT cases annually.2 Traditionally, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are used to confirm the presence of these infections, but the results are often delayed.3,4 There has therefore been a long-recognized need for an easy-to-use, accurate test for CT. This study aims to explore GeneXpert as a prospective testing method for CT and hopefully can be applied in Indonesia.

Materials and Methods: A search was conducted in 3 databases (PubMed, ProQuest, SciDirect) using the following keywords, Chlamydia Trachomatis AND GeneXpert, with inclusion criteria of full text, RCTs, cohort study, systematic reviews, and meta-Analyses written in English. We also conducted a search manually.

Results and discussion: Three studies were extracted which involved 3902 tests that used rapid assay. Two studies which are randomized controlled trials and one study which is a prospective study. One RCT study by Gaydos C, et. al. showed that the over treatment of the patients in the rapid test group who were not infected with Chlamydia trachomatis led to a significant reduction for women. The length of ED stay between the rapid test and control group was not substantially different. Wilson S, et. al. found that rapid assay showed an overall excellent negative and positive predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Furthermore, Causer L, et. al. showed an excellent overall positive and negative concordance.

Conclusion: GeneXpert has the potential to diagnose CT accurately and timely with the high sensitivity and specificity, however further research is needed in order to fully understand its capability.

Key words: Chlamydia trichomatis, geneXpert, neglected tropical disease

27

RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

“

Author

Country

Gaydos C, et. USA al. (2018)

GeneXpert: Prospective Testing Method for Chlamydia Trichomatis

”

Subjects 254 tests 127 in the rapid test group and 127 in the control standardof-care group

Result The undertreatment rate difference of patients who tested positive for C trachomatis -46,2% ;95% confidence interval [CI] -73% to -19.2% The overtreatment of patients who were not infected with C trachomatis with antibiotics 23.1% (27/117) in the rapid test group compared with 46.5% (53/114) in the control standard-of-care group Rapid testing in the ED led to a significant reduction in the overtreatment for women without infections compared with the standardof-care control group (-23.4% ; 95% CI -35.3% to -11.5%)

A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW

The length of ED stay between the test and control group was not substantially different (rapid test group 5.9 hours, interquartile range 4.6 to 8.6 hours ; control group 5.8 hours, interquartile range 4.4 to 7.5 hours)

INTRODUCTION

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Neglected tropical disease Trachoma caused by Chlamydia Trachomatis (CT) needs accurate diagnosis and timely treatment to control the infectious disease.1 It has been estimated that there are up to 2.8 million new CT cases annually.2 Traditionally, nucleic acid amplification tests (NAAT) are used to confirm the presence of these infections, but the results are often delayed.3,4 There has therefore been a long-recognised need for an easy-to-use, accurate test for CT. This study aims to explore GeneXpert as a prospective testing method for CT and hopefully can be applied in Indonesia.

A search was conducted in 3 databases (PubMed, ProQuest, SciDirect) using the following keywords, Chlamydia Trachomatis AND GeneXpert, with inclusion criteria of full text, RCTs,, systematic reviews, meta-analyses, and cohort studies written in English. We also run a search manually.

Wilson S, et. USA al. (2017)

1200 patients with 1162 samples were included.

Overall excellent negative and positive predictive values for rapid assay: -in men 0.20 (0.06-0.71) and 32 (4.51227.2), -in women 0.007 (0.003-0.01) and 182 (75-439).

Sensitivity and specificity test for rapid assay: -in men 80.0% (44.2-96.4%) and 97.5% (85.3-99.9%), -in women 80.8% (72.687.1%) and 99.2% (98.4-99.6%) Accuracy of the rapid assay: -In men 94.0% (87.4-100%) -in women 97.1% (96.1-98.1%)

Causer L, et. Australia 2486 al. (2018) tests were conducte d

CONCLUSIONS GeneXpert has the potential to diagnose CT accurately and timely with the high sensitivity and specificity, however further research is needed in order to fully understand its capability.

REFERENCES 1. Causer LM, Guy RJ, Tabrizi SN, Whiley DM, Speers DJ, Ward J, et al. Molecular test for chlamydia and gonorrhoea used at point of care in remote primary healthcare settings: A diagnostic test evaluation. Sex Transm Infect. 2018 Aug 1;94(5):340–5.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC).

CDC fact sheet: incidence, prevalence, and cost of sexually transmitted infections in the United States; 2013.

Overall excellent kappa agreement between assays CT for men was 0.81 (95% CI 0.59-1.00), for women was 0.87 (95% CI 0.79-0.94)

3. Wilson SP, Vohra T, Goldberg J, Price C, Calo S, Mahan M, et al. Reliable Rapid Assay for Gonorrhea and Chlamydia in the Emergency Department. J Emerg Med. 2017 Dec 1;53(6):890–5.

Overall CT concordance was 99.4% (95% CI 99.1 to 99.7) with a positive concordance of 98.6% (95% CI 95.9 to 99.7) and negative concordance of 99.5% (95% CI 99.1 to 99.8)

4. Gaydos CA, Ako MC, Lewis M, Hsieh YH, Rothman RE, Dugas AF. Use of a Rapid Diagnostic for Chlamydia trachomatis and Neisseria gonorrhoeae for Women in the Emergency Department Can Improve Clinical Management: Report of a Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Emerg Med. 2019 Jul 1;74(1):36–44.

TAMARA ATMOGO – JANE SABINI – EDVANO ADAM 29

One RCT study by Gaydos C, et. al.

Showed that the overtreatment of the patients in the rapid test group who were not infected with C trachomatis led to a significant reduction for women. The length of ED stay between the rapid test and control group was not substantially different.

Wilson S, et. al. found that rapid assay showed an overall excellent negative and positive predictive values, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. Furthermore, Causer L, et. al.showed an excellent overall positive and negative concordance.

Natural Octyl Disaccharide-Leprosy IDRI diagnostic (NDO-LID) Potency as a Biomarker for Leprosy in Endemic Countries: A Systematic Review 1

1

Ali Habibi , Rahadinda Mutia Dhamar Drajad , Nabilla Yashinta Ixora1 1

Faculty of Medicine University of Jember, Jember, Indonesia

Abstract Introduction: Leprosy or Morbus Hansen is a chronic disease mainly affect skin, peripheral nerve, mucosal surface of upper respiratory tract and eye caused by Mycobacterium leprae.

In Indonesia, more than 10,000 cases of leprosy are reported each year. The disease commonly diagnosed by skin biopsy to detect the severity of lesion and PCR to detecting DNA of bacteria in tissue, however, these methods can only be detected after experiencing chronic clinical manifestations. Early detection is one of the eradication problems in Indonesia. Significant increase of biomarker anti-NDO-LID antibodies was found in patient with history of leprosy reaction that is useful to detect early leprosy responses.

Materials and Methods: A literature search was conducted with multiple electronic databases, such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar based on PRISMA. We found six full-text articles that matches with our inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results and Discussion: The area under receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curves (AUC) were created to determine and evaluated the performance of the NDO-LID ELISAs by comparing the Endemic Controls and Leprosy patients. AUCs of less than 0.7 are considered poor, 0.7-0.8 fair, 0.8-0.9 good, 0.9-1.0 excellent. Based on the data, the AUC value is between 0.94-0.97 in MB leprosy and 0.66-0.81 in PB leprosy with normal 95% confidential interval. One study specified the antibodies reaction into IgM and IgG, the AUC value were 0.877 in IgM and 0.993 in IgG of MB leprosy. All studies mentioned that NDO-LID performance could diagnose greater in MB leprosy than PB leprosy because of its high sensitivity, specificity, and AUC value.

Conclusion: This review showed that detecting the levels of antigen-specific antibodies against NDO-LID has a huge potential to diagnose MB leprosy patient.

Keywords: Leprosy, NDO-LID, diagnostic test, endemic control

30

Table 1. Characteristics of Studies

Table 2. NDO-LID Assessment Outcomes

Figure 1. Conceptual Frameworks

Figure 2. Diagram Flow of Literature Search Strategy

31

Single Dose of Rifampicin (SDR) as A Chemoprophylaxis Prevention of Leprosy in Indonesia Angela Lady Kezia, Sesprianja Adimin Dolla, Naomi Martha Micella S

Introduction: Indonesia has a considerable endemic area of leprosy infection, there are 11 province (32,35%) classified as high leprosy burden and 23 province (67,65%) as low leprosy burden in 2015-2016. However, using BCG vaccine as a prevention of leprosy infection is inadequate due to the efficacy of leprosy is only around 26-41%. There is sufficient evidence that chemoprophylaxis with Single Dose Rifampicin (SDR) is efficacious in reducing the chance of developing infectious disease among contacts of leprosy patients by more or less 60%. In this study, we would like to examine the performance of Single Doses of Rifampicin (SDR) as a chemoprophylaxis to reduce the incidence of leprosy in Indonesia.

Material and Methods: A literature review with a comprehensive search from online resources using keyword “Single Doses of Rifampicin (SDR)”, “Chemoprophylaxis” and “Leprosy in Indonesia” conducted with Pub Med and Google Scholar published in the last five years.

Result and Discussions: From three year follow-up usage of SDR in Indonesia leprosy endemic area, new cases from 1071 who had received SDR was 6, while among 410 who had not received SDR was 4. The odds ratio is 0.57 (95% CI: 0.16–2.03), represent that the odds of having leprosy are lower in the exposed (SDR) than in the non-exposed (no SDR) group.

Moreover, we find that usage SDR as a chemoprophylaxis reduce the risk of leprosy by 60%.

Conclusion: Single Dose of Rifampicin (SDR) as a chemoprophylaxis of leprosy can be considered due to the ability to reduce the incidence of leprosy endemic in Indonesia.

32

Single Dose of Rifampicin (SDR) as A Chemoprophylaxis Prevention of Leprosy in Indonesia Angela Lady Kezia, Sesprianja Adimindola Bangun, Naomi Martha Micella S

Introduction

Result

Indonesia has a considerable endemic area of leprosy infection, there are 11 province (32,35%) classified as high leprosy burden and 23 province (67,65%) as low leprosy burden in 2015-2016.

The WHO calls to globally interrupt leprosy transmission and cut back grade-2 disabilities in recently detected cases to below 1 per million population by 2020. Thus providing post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) to contacts of leprosy patients could facilitate to prevent transmission and can contribute to reducing the quantity of recent leprosy cases. Several chemoprophylactic regimens have been demonstrated to be effective. There is sufficient evidence that chemoprophylaxis with Single Dose Rifampicin (SDR) is efficacious in reducing the chance of developing infectious disease among contacts of leprosy patients by more or less 60%. During this study, we might prefer to examine the performance of Single Doses of Rifampicin (SDR) as a chemoprophylaxis to scale back the incidence of leprosy in Indonesia.

Materials Materials and and Methods Methods A literature review with a comprehensive search from online resources published in the last five years.

Discussion Discussion This is a three year prospective follow-up study wherever the implementation of the SDR intervention was completed throughout the primary two visits with a year interval. As a result of the required coverage of over 80% wasn't reached in first visit, it absolutely was set to conduct a second visit within the next year to incorporate those that were incomprehensible during the first visit. Within the first two visits, 14 of the cases had MB infectious disease (33%), and 29 PB leprosy (67%). Two individuals (5%) had grade 2 disability. A third (follow-up) visit once a year was conducted to watch the amount of new cases arising within the population once the intervention throughout the two baseline visits. Throughout the third visit, 1481 individuals were screened, of whom 1071 had received SDR during the earlier visits and 410 had not.

The amount of recent cases among the 1071 who had received SDR was six and therefore the number of cases among the 410 who had not received SDR was four. From this result, there was an apparent reduction of leprosy of around 60% among those that had antecedently received SDR compared to those who had not. This evidenced that the extent of acceptance of SDR among leprosy patients and their contacts is incredibly high which the combination of single dose prophylaxis in routine leprosy management is feasible.

SDR

no SDR

Conclusion Based on scientific reasoning, it is likely that the effectiveness of the current SDR regimen could be increased if contacts of leprosy patients with preclinical disease would be treated with an appropriate enhanced prophylactic regimen. A second reason for the restricted effectiveness of SDR is the short half-life of rifampicin within the blood (just over three hours) and therefore the proven fact that only one dose is administered.Thus far, SDR perceived to show protecting result against leprosy throughout the third visit. Therefore, Single Dose of Rifampicin (SDR) as a chemoprophylaxis of leprosy can be considered due to the ability to reduce the incidence of leprosy endemic in Indonesia.

References

1.Bernadette DN. Chemoprophylaxis versus immunoprophylaxis in tuberculosis and leprosy infection. Widya Med. 2020;6(1):63-9.

2.Anuj T, Liesbeth M, Dhakal K, Arif M, Dandel S, Jan HR. Introducing leprosy post-exposure prophylaxis into the health systems of india, nepal and indonesia: a case study. BMC. 2017;17(684):1-10.

3.Anuj T, Steaven D, Rita D, Liesbeth M, Jan HR. Population-wide administration of single dose rifampicin for leprosy prevention in isolated communities: a three year follow-up feasibility study in indonesia. BMC. 2018;18(324):1-7 4.Liesbeth M, Anna TT, Wim HB, Emmanuelle C, Paul RS, Cairns SS, et al. An enhanced regimen as post-exposure chemoprophylaxis for leprosy: pep++. BMC. 2018;18(506):1-7.

New Case after 3rd Visit

33

IN SILICO REPOSITIONING OF APPROVED DRUGS AGAINST SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI ENERGY METABOLISM TARGETS Siti Ulfatur Rizqa, Revy Simbran Asharf, Dimas Arif Fakhruddin

INTRODUCTION Schistosomiasis caused Schistosoma trematode mainly S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. Japonicum. In 2016, transmission in 78 countries, 206 million people requiring preventive chemotherapy and 88 million people received treatment in 52 countries with a high or moderate prevalence.WHO recommends first line drug praziquantel but the appearance of strains resistant and low effectiveness against immature worms.

Target molecules act in the metabolism of Schistosoma spp. potential interact with compound candidates for anti-schistosomiasis therapy. Mitochondria and glycolytic pathways is energy production targets for inhibitor development because they reduce energy contributing to the death and elimination parasite.

MATERIALS AND METHODS •

Identification of Schistosoma mansoni energy metabolism targets

•

Search for approved drugs for the selected targets

•

Specific commands for the DrugBank and Therapeutic Targets Database

•

Criteria for the compilation of expected targets

•

Search for interaction drugs with other protein targets and the possible side effects of this relationship

•

List of drugs already tested against Schistosoma spp.

34

RESULTS •

Development of a predicted target list

•

Identification of targets and drugs with potential for anti-schistosomiasis therapy

35

•

Identification of interaction between drug(s), target(s) protein(s), and side effect(s)

DISCUSSION Drugs already tested against Schistosoma spp. Metabolism •

Thiabendazole and Albendazole potential as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor.

•

To evaluate in vivo anti-schistosomiasis activity. Thiabendazole and albendazole in mice infected with S. mansoni, 100 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day doses use. Albendazole treatment showed no effect on the number of dead adult specimens and/or the elimination of eggs from this parasite. Using thiabendazole treatment increased the mortality of adult worms

Drugs not already tested against Schistosoma spp Fomepizole, Desflurane, Isoflurane, Alendronate CONCLUSION In silico test to identify new drugs for treating intestinal schistosomiasis based on the principle of target similarity to identify drugs approved for clinical use in humans. In vitro tests to confirm effect of thiabendazole on energy metabolism target.

36

In Silico Repositioning of Approved Drugs Against Schistosoma Mansoni Energy Metabolism Targets Siti Ulfatur Rizqa, Revy Simbran Ashraf, Dimas Arif Fakhruddin

Result

Introduction

a

Table 1. Identified Targets and Their Function in S. Mansoni Energy Metabolism

Schistosomiasis caused Schistosoma trematodes mainly by S. mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. Japonicum. In 2016, transmission in 78 countries, 206 million people requiring preventive chemotherapy and 88 million people received treatment in 52 countries with a high or moderate prevalence. WHO recommends first line drug praziquantel (PZQ) that is effective in a single oral dose, mild adverse reactions and has a relatively low cost but the appearance of strains resistant to PZQ and low effectiveness against immature worms. Molecules that act in the metabolism of Schistosoma spp. have potential for anti-schistosomiasis therapy. Disturb Mitochondria and glycolytic reduce energy production capacity, contributing to the death and elimination of the parasite.

Function

Number

Target(s)

02

Cytochrome-C oxidase

Smp_128610 Smp_144000

Reduction of O2 to H 2 O is Supplemented by the extrusion of four protons in the intramitochondrial compartment

01 01

Glutamate synthase

Smp_128380.2 Smp_044440

Chemical reactions and pathways that result in glutamate formation, anion of 2-amino pentatonic acid

ID(s)

Alcohol dehydrogenase

03

ATP Synthase

Smp_029390 Smp_082120 Smp_038100

01

NADH_ubiquinone oxidoreductase

Smp_038870.1

01 01

Aminomethyltransferase Smp_128980 Succinate dehydrogenase Smp_061230

02

Glutaminase

Involved in the oxidation process of ethanol for conversion into acetyl-CoA

Involved in the transport of protons connected to ATP synthesis

Acts as an NADPH oxireductor Acts on glucine decarboxylaion through the cleavage system Involved in the tricarbocylic acid cycle

Smp_147040 Smp_091460

Involved in the glutamine metabolic process

Antimetabolite 5.3% Antidote 5.3%

Anesthethics 31.6%

Antihypertensive 5.3% Anti-infective 5.3% Anti-bacterial 5.3% Antiasthmatic 5.3% Antibiotic 5.3%

Anti-helminths 10.5%

Antihypocalcemic 15.8%

Figure 1. Original Principal Drug Indications With Potential Anti-Schistosoma Activity Table 2. The New Associations Between Schistosoma Mansoni Energy Metabolism Targets and Drugs Identified in The Present Study

Material and Methods

1

Drug name Drug category

Identification of Schistosoma mansoni energy metabolism targets

2

Search for approved drugs for the selected targets: General strategy in DrugBank and Therapeutic Targets Database

Drug toxicity

IDa and S. mansoni target name

E-value b

Anthelmintic

High dosage may be associated with transient vision and psychological disturbances. the oral LD is 3.6 g/kg, 3.1g/kg, and 3.8 g/kg in mice, rats, and rabbits, respectively

(Smp-061230) Succinate dehydrogenase

4.68425e-121

(DB00518) Albendazole

Anthelmintic

Overdose symtoms include increased liver enzymes, headaches, hair loss, low white blood cell count (Neutropenia), fever, and itching

(Smp-061230) Succinate dehydrogenase

2.31889e-25

(DB01213) Fomepizole

Antdote

Headaches, nausea, and dizziness

(Smp-044440) Alcohol dehydrogenase

5.95631e-125

(DB01189) Desflurane

Anesthetic

Unavailable

(Smp-082120) ATP synthase delta chain, mitochondrial

2.72872e-44

(DB00753) Isoflurane

Anesthetic

LC 50 = 15300 ppm/3hours (inhalation per rat)

(Smp-082120) ATP synthase delta chain, mitochondrial

2.72872e-44

(DB00630) Alendronate

Antihypokalemic

Damages the esophagus not only because of the medicines's toxicity but non-specific irritation secondary to contact between the pill and the esophageal mucosa, similar to other "esophagitis pill" cases

(Smp-038100) ATP synthase beta-subunit

1.35936e-21

(DB01119) Diazoxide

Antihypertensive

LD 50 orally: 980 mg/kg for rats and 444 mg/kg for mice

(Smp-091460) Glutamine synthetase 1, 2 (glutamate ammonia ligase) (gs)

3.91448e-180

(DB00730) Thiabendazole

a ID-Target b

3

Specific commands for the DrugBank and Therapeutic Targets Database

4 5

identity E-value-Expectation valur

Discussion Criteria for the compilation of expected targets Drugs already tested against Schistosoma spp. Metabolism Thiabendazole acts as an inhibitor of the flavoprotein subunit of fumarate reductase catalyzes the oxidation of succinate to fumarate during the Krebs cycle (Drug Bank Data).

Albendazole acts as a beta tubulin inhibitor and interferes with microtubule polymerization and assembly. cytoplasmic microtubule loss, a reduction in glucose absorption by the parasites in larval and adult stages occurs, resulting in reduced ATP synthesis (Drug Bank Data).

Both potential as a succinate dehydrogenase inhibitor.

Search for interaction between drugs identified with other protein targets and the possible side effects of this relationship

6

List of drugs already tested against Schistosoma spp.

To evaluate in vivo anti-schistosomiasis activity of thiabendazole and albendazole in mice infected with S. mansoni, 100 mg/kg/day and 500 mg/kg/day doses.Albendazole treatment showed no effect on the number of dead adult specimens and/or the elimination of eggs from this parasite. But Thiabendazole increased the mortality of adult worms

References Drugs not already tested against Schistosoma spp Fomepizole Desflurane Isoflurane Alendronate

1. Calixto NM, dos Santos DB, Bezerra JCB, de Almeida Silva L. In silico repositioning of approved drugs against schistosoma mansoni energy metabolism targets. bioRxiv. 2018;13(12):1–13.

Conclusion This study presents an in silico repositioning strategy to identify new drugs for treating intestinal schistosomiasis based on the principle of target similarity to identify drugs approved for clinical use in humans. In vitro tests to confirm the effect of the thiabendazole on energy metabolism target.

37

Community-wide Mass Drug Administration : Can It Prevent Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection in Indonesia? *Maghfira Arviola Nona Hariyadi, Putri Daffa Salsabila, Yulia Mega Pratiwi *nonaarviola184@gmail.com Introduction: In Indonesia, Soil-Transmitted Helminth (STH) prevalence is very high, and the prevention strategy from Ministry of Health namely Mass Drug Administration (MDA) only targets SAC, but the strategy did not succeeded to reduce the infection. A novel strategy named Community-wide Mass Drug Administration is needed to reduce the infection.

Materials and Methods: The method used is technically review of sources as articles and journals in WHO, CDC, PLOS, PubMed, Indonesian Ministry of Health [3], etc. Publish all around the last 10 years. Our keywords are "Mass Drug Administration", "Soil-transmitted helminths", and "STH".

Results and Discussion: Based on cluster-randomised controlled trial , that community-wide treatment with albendazole significantly reduced the prevalence and intensity of hookworm among all ages compared with school-based treatment. The results of this study indicate that expansion of treatment represents a feasible strategy to reduce hookworm infections in the community.

Expansion of treatment for all ages might support sustainable interruption of parasite transmission, and thus avoid the need for ongoing mass treatment. Savings treatment cost in the longer term are probable if transmission can be interrupted and regular treatment is no longer required.

Conclusion: Community-Wide Mass Drug Administration is needed to interrupt the infection of STH and more cost-effective compared to other strategies. This strategy works best if it is combined with better hygiene and sanitation.

38

39

The Effect of Carica papaya Leaves Extract as an Organic Repellent for Aedes aegypti: A Literature Review Josephine Passareta Riduvan FN 1, Indrawati2, Stefanie Belinda3 ABSTRACT Introduction Dengue fever is still considered a scourge for people in tropical countries, including Indonesia. The severe form of dengue fever, called dengue haemorrhagic fever, is characterized by plasma leakage that may cause organ damage and mortality. Carica papaya is abundant in tropical countries, and its leaf extract contains active compounds that can be used as a repellent against Aedes aegypti. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of C. papaya leaves extract as an organic repellent against Aedes aegypti.

Materials and Methods This study used literature review with keywords dengue fever and natural resources, critical appraisal and epidemiology of dengue fever in Indonesia.

Prior study obtained C. papaya leaves extract using maceration method. The extract was then processed into a lotion by mixing cetyl alcohol, stearic acid, PEG400 and methyl paraben. Then, triethanolamine, glycerine, and essential oils were added. Afterwards, distilled water was added gradually. C. papaya concentration in the repellent lotion was ranging from 5% to 80%. In the trial, human volunteer’s arms were covered with C. papaya leaves extract lotion and then put in a container contained A. aegypti mosquitoes.

Results and Discussion Several case reports and clinical trials indicated that C. papaya leaves as an A. aegypti repellent lotion yielded a higher mean protection and safer compared to chemical mosquito repellent.

This is possible since C. papaya contains flavonoid, which is useful for inhibiting mitochondria within the cells that leads to the intervention of oxygen binding and respiration system of A. aegypti. In addition, the distinctive aroma of the lotion also disrupts the A. aegypti physiological process to avoid the skin.

40

Conclusion This study gives a comprehensive overview on the use of Carica papaya leaves extract as an organic repellent for Aedes aegypti. The extract helps reduce the number of Aedes aegypti perched on human skin with a minimum side compared to chemical repellent.

Keywords: dengue fever and natural insecticide, repellent for A. aegypti, Carica papaya leaf active compound, Carica papaya repellent for Aedes aegypti

41

References: 1. Dengue fever - Symptoms and causes [Internet]. Mayo Clinic. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020].

Available

from:

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/dengue-

fever/symptoms-causes/syc-20353078 2. PDF Viewer [Internet]. V2.eprints.ums.ac.id. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020]. Available from: http://v2.eprints.ums.ac.id/archive/etd/12320/3/11 3. Fadilah A, Cahyati W, Windraswara R. UJI DAYA PROTEKSI EKSTRAK DAUN PEPAYA (Carica papaya L) DALAM SEDIAAN LOTION DENGAN BASIS PEG400 SEBAGAI REPELLENT TERHADAP AEDES AEGYPTI [Internet]. Jurnal.unitri.ac.id. 2020 [cited

15

December

2020].

Available

from:

https://jurnal.unitri.ac.id/index.php/care/article/view/668/643 4. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia [Internet]. Kemkes.go.id. 2020 [cited 15 December

2020].

Available

from:

https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20070900004/hingga-juli-kasus-dbd-di-indonesiacapai-71-ribu.html 5. [Internet]. Pusdatin.kemkes.go.id. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020]. Available from: https://pusdatin.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/infodatin/InfoDatin-SituasiDemam-Berdarah-Dengue.pdf 6. papaya | Description, Cultivation, Uses, & Facts [Internet]. Encyclopedia Britannica. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.britannica.com/plant/papaya 7. Complications of dengue - HSE.ie [Internet]. HSE.ie. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020].

Available from: https://www.hse.ie/eng/health/az/d/dengue/complications-of-dengue-.html 8. Transmission | Dengue | CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020].

Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/transmission/index.html 9. [Internet]. Jsirjournal.com. 2020 [cited 15 December 2020]. Available from: http://www.jsirjournal.com/Vol2Issue6013.pdf 10.

[Internet].

Iisc.ernet.in.

2020

[cited

15

http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/feb102001/341.pdf

42

December

2020].

Available

from:

43

Biosynthesized Green Silver Nanoparticles of Andrographis paniculata as Effective Antifilarial for the Control of Filariasis Ditya Pramudyaning Tias, Salsabila Rahmani, Shabrina Izzata Afiyati Ahmad

Introduction: Filariasis is one of the neglected tropical diseases which is still being the most common issue in healthcare. More than 120 million people worldwide are directly affected by the disease. In 2018, Indonesia has more than 10.000 cases of people suffering from clinical filariasis. The chemotherapy drugs used to treat filariasis today include diethylcarbamazine, ivermectin, and albendazole have adverse effects as toxicity and resistance. Therefore, the development of natural medicines as an alternative to anti-filarial drugs is needed, one of which comes from Andrographis paniculata (A. paniculata). In addition, green silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are currently being developed as a parasitic therapy because of their small special properties so that they are effective in the treatment process as antifilarial. This review aims to identify the potential of AgNPs synthesized with A. paniculata (AP-AgNPs) as effective therapy to control filarial development.

Materials and Methods : The method that is used technically review of sources as articles and journals in The Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology, Pubmed, Google Scholar, etc. Published all around the last 10 years.

Results and Discussions : AP-AgNPs showed significant results in reducing the motility of adult worms at 5 hours compared to the control group. Based on the results, AgNPs induce oxidative stress and decreased levels of antioxidant marker enzymes in parasites. Activation of the ced-3 gene and decreased expression of ced-9 mediated apoptosis in parasites. These results indicate that AP-AgNPs is the most effective at controlling filarial growth.

Conclussion : AP-AgNPs has effectiveness as an antifilarial especially in macrofilarials because it’s reduce motility, viability, and antioxidant marker enzymes of adult parasites with a shorter time than the control in the most effective dose.

Keywords : Filariasis, antifilarial, A. paniculata, silver nanoparticles, AP-AgNPs

44

45

The Utilization of Social Media to Prevent Neglected Tropical Disease in Indonesia Syaza Azra1, Intan Qanita2, Dinda Anjelina3 University of Syiah Kuala Abstract Introduction: Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) has been a problem in many years. It is spreaded globally by parasites, viral, and bacterial affecting more than one billion people.

Prevention by effective educational strategies is important for “Neglected Disease” that affect lower-middle income population such as Indonesia. One of the way is to raise society’s awareness by using social media. The social media could be used to spread infomation and impacts people’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviours in both high and low income countries.

Method: The study is a literature review that obtained from the Pubmed, Science Direct, Chocrane, and Public Library of Science (PLOS) databases as well as manual searches for hand searching methods with a combination of keywords and Boolean AND. Our inclusion criterias is literatures that explained the correlation between social media and neglected tropical disease.

We found 7 literatures that related to the topic.

Result and Discussion: Four research have shown the relation between hashtag on twitter is related to the occurence of NTD in some places. One research has proved early detection of Ebola using twitter 3 months in advance. A research revealed on how the intra-urban outbreak risk relates with human mobility to develop new early warning. The usage of hashtag in twitter is able to educate the society on prevention, treatment, and even advocacy. One research showed the usage of facebook could decrease the number of soil-transmitted helminths significantly.

Conclusion: Social media has been used widely worldwide. The utilization of social media in Indonesia as one of low-middle country income on preventing NTD comes with the advantages and challenges that must be considered by government and policy-makers. Several studies have been showed positive impacts by using social media related to neglected transmitted disease, epidemiological study, and education.

46

The Utilization of Social Media to Prevent Neglected Tropical Disease in Indonesia Syaza Azra 1, Intan Qanita 2, Dinda Anjelina 3 Faculty of Medicine Syiah Kuala University

Introduction

Results and Discussion

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) has been a problem in many years.

It is spreaded globally by parasitic, viral, and bacterial affecting more

Study conducted from Fung et al (2017) by using twitter hashtag with 5 major global health issue keywords show a result how malaria is the

Social Media and NTD Occurence

most popular hashtag and NTD is the least. It is also written in his

than one billion people [1]. Infection are caused by unsafe water, poor

Several study have shown the relation between high social media

journal about the most common topic in hashtag is about prevention,

sanitation, and poor housing. It could impair or permanently disable and

hashtag on twitter is related to the occurrence of NTD in some

control, treatment, and advocacy with the main user come from health

kill

millions

people

every

year

resulting

physical

pain

and

social

stigmazation [2]. Indonesia as emerging country are very prone to NTD due to the climate and social economy situation. NTD such as Malaria, Leprosy, Filariasis, and Schistosomiasis are included at Medium Term

places. Joshi et al (2020) in his research about Ebola epidemic that occured in 2014 by using twitter hashtag and monitoring algorithm showed a result on how twitter are effective for data aggregation and surveillance to see Ebola symptom occurrence

Development Plan (RPJM) 2024 in Improve Disease Control [3].

[7]. Other researches was done by Pruss et al (2019), MarquesStrategies focusing on prevention by effective educational strategies is

Toledo et al (2017) and systematic review done by Gienfreddi et

important

income

al (2018) all shown there are corellation between twitter hashtag

population such as Indonesia[4]. One of the way is to raise society’s

and epidemiological status on Neglected Tropical disease which

for

“Neglected

Disease”

that

affect

lower-middle

awareness by using social media. Social media user in Indonesia on January 2020 than

59%

are reaching the number of 160 million people or more

population

[5]

The

website

such

as

Facebook,

twitter,

Youtube, Blogger could be used to spread infomation and impacts people’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviours in both high and low income countries [6].

means

the

higher

number

of

hashtag,

the

higher

Neglected

Tropical disease in particular places [8][9][10]. Gomide et al

on preventing and controling diseases by allowing issues to spread widely and quickly. This literature review aims to see the advantages of

surveillance

to

predict,

spatially,

and

temporally,

dengue

epidemics [11]. However most of the study only use twitter as

reason it is only a platform that provide API for data research.

Social Media and Early Alerts

The study is a literature review that obtained from the Pubmed, Science Direct, Chocrane, and Public Library of Science (PLOS) databases as well as manual searches for hand searching methods with a combination of keywords and Boolean AND.Our inclusion criterias is literatures that explained the correlation between social media and neglected tropical disease. We found 7 literatures that

social media to sharing idea to prevent soil transmitted helminths (STH) with the member among teachers, administators, employees of NGO, civil servants, and UN agencies. After several times, a recent STH survey conducted by Ministry of Health showed a significant reduction of STH in all of place over the country [15].

Conclusions Social media has been used widely worldwide. The utilization of social media in Indonesia as one of low-middle country income on promoting health comes with the advantages and challenges that must be considered by government and policy-makers. Positive by

using

social

media

related

to

neglected

transmitted

disease, mass communication, and education have been shown in several studies. In the other hand, further research about the best

Joshi et all (2020) about Ebola epidemic has proven on early

platform with high number of using among the society to be used

detection

in order to spread wider awareness.

of

Ramadona

Methods

research done by Thinley et al (2019) in Buthan using Facebook as

impact

using social media to be a referred platform for enhancing the awareness of society about Neglected Tropical Diseases.

that the information would be useful foe the society to know Another

(2011) in the research showed the potential of twitter data for

main social media to collect epidemiological data due to the Several studies have been shown the used of social media related health

professional, GO and NGO, journalist, and society [14]. It is stated

Yogyakarta

Ebola

et

al

using

(2019)

revealed

on

twitter on

the

how

3

months

research

the

in

advance

about

intra-urban

[7].

Dengue

outbreak

in

risk

relates with the combination between human mobility such as analysis of twitter and the size of local outbreak to develop new

References 1.

Cdc.gov. 2020. CDC - Global Health - Neglected Tropical Diseases. [online] Available at: <https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ntd/index.html> [Accessed 4 December 2020].

2.

Who.int. 2020. Neglected Tropical Diseases. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/news-room/q-a-detail/neglected-tropical-diseases> [Accessed 4 December 2020].

3.

Overview [Internet]. World Bank. 2020 [cited 4 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/indonesia/overview

4.

early warning.The system potentially used as decision-making

global-digital-yearbook?utm_source=Reports&utm_medium=PDF&utm_campaign=Digital_2020&utm_content=Yearbook_Promo_Slide> [Accessed 4 December 2020].

6.

and coordination within public health system [12]. However,

Luz, S. et al. (2016) “Using a serious game to promote community-based awareness and prevention of neglected tropical diseases,” Entertainment computing, 15, pp. 43–55.

5. DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. 2020. Digital 2020: Global Digital Yearbook — Datareportal – Global Digital Insights. [online] Available at: <https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2020-

Hagg E, Dahinten V, Currie L. The emerging use of social media for health-related purposes in low and middle-income countries: A scoping review. International Journal of Medical Informatics.

2018;115:92-105.

7.

Joshi A, Sparks R, Karimi S, Yan S, Chughtai A, Paris C et al. Automated monitoring of tweets for early detection of the 2014 Ebola epidemic.

PLOS ONE. 2020;15(3):e0230322.

some countries with lower social media user might not be able

8.

9.

country and city level. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2017;11(7):e0005729.

10.

to detect the alert.

Pruss D, Fujinuma Y, Daughton A, Paul M, Arnot B, Albers Szafir D et al. Zika discourse in the Americas: A multilingual topic analysis of Twitter. PLOS ONE. 2019;14(5):e0216922.

Marques-Toledo C, Degener C, Vinhal L, Coelho G, Meira W, Codeço C et al. Dengue prediction by the web: Tweets are a useful tool for estimating and forecasting Dengue at

Gianfredi V, Bragazzi N, Nucci D, Martini M, Rosselli R, Minelli L et al. Harnessing Big Data for Communicable Tropical and Sub-Tropical

Disorders: Implications From a Systematic Review of the Literature. Frontiers in Public Health. 2018;6.

11.

Social Media and Health Promotion

related to the topic.

12.

Ramadona A, Tozan Y, Lazuardi L, Rocklöv J. A combination of

incidence data and mobility proxies from social media predicts the intra-urban spread of dengue in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2019;13(4):e0007298.

13.

Fung, I., Jackson, A., Ahweyevu, J., Grizzle, J., Yin, J., Ho Tse, Z., Liang, H.,Sekandi, J. and Fu, K., 2017. #Globalhealth Twitter Conversations on #Malaria, #HIV, #TB, #NCDS, and #NTDS:

a Cross-Sectional Analysis. Annals of Global Health, 83(3-4), p.682.

14.

47

Gomide J, Veloso A, Meira W, Almeida V, Benevenuto F, Ferraz F et al. Dengue surveillance based on a computational model of spatio-temporal locality of Twitter. Proceedings of the 3rd

International Web Science Conference on - WebSci '11. 2011;.

Thinley S, Namgyal K, Montresor A. Social media and control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis in Bhutan. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 2019;13(2):e0007102.

16S rRNA-PCR as A Highly Potential Testing Method for Early and Accurate Diagnosis for Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review Jeanette Sefanya Yefta1, Holie Frendy2, Gitana Gezatania3 1jeanette.2018fk110@civitas.ukrida.ac.id, 2holie.102019169@civitas.ukrida.ac.id, 3gitana.102019054@civitas.ukrida.ac.id

Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

Introduction: Leptospirosis is an endemic bacterial infection in tropical and subtropical regions like Indonesia. It is a potentially life-threatening disease but often overlooked, making it a significant public health concern, particularly in regions that experience heavy rain and flooding. The diagnosis of leptospirosis is frequently missed because of its diverse and overlapping clinical presentation with other endemic infections. Moreover, the serological gold standard microscopic agglutination test (MAT) only comes in limited sources and less sensitive to detect early phases of the infection. 16S rRNA-PCR is another method that is currently being proposed to be a new primary testing method.

Methods: This systematic review is conducted to evaluate the potential of 16S rRNA-PCR method to provide an early and accurate diagnosis of leptospirosis. A search was conducted on online databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. We found 5 full-text articles that meet the inclusion and exclusion criterias. All articles were assessed using QUADAS-2.

Results and Discussion: This systematic review discusses the potentials and possibility of 16S rRNA-PCR method as a leptospirosis diagnostic tool that can provide an early and accurate diagnosis of the disease. We found that this method has a higher sensitivity and specificity in detecting Leptospira in human samples in a shorter amount of time. This shows that 16S rRNAPCR has a promising function for earlier precise leptospirosis detection. Further studies have to be conducted to further assess its applicability, especially in rural and endemic areas.

Conclusion: Our study found that 16S rRNA-PCR has higher sensitivity and specificity than other testing methods. It is also able to provide results in earlier stages of the disease. Thus, we recommend this method to be used as a primary test for leptospirosis.

Keywords: 16S rRNA-PCR, leptospirosis, diagnosis

48

16S rRNA-PCR as A Highly Potential Testing Method for Early and Accurate Diagnosis for Leptospirosis: A Systematic Review Jeanette Sefanya Yefta - Holie Frendy - Gitana Gezatania Undergraduate Program, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Universitas Kristen Krida Wacana

1

3

BACKGROUND

RESULTS & DISCUSSION Current Methods for Leptospirosis Testing

Tabel 1. Chacteristics of Studies

According to official Ministry of Health (MoH) reports, This potentially life-threatening but treatable zoonosis caused an estimated 895 human cases in Indonesia during 2018, with a case fatality rate of 17.8%.

(1)

The clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis is difficult to Leptospirosis

distinguish from that of other infectious diseases (e.g., malaria, dengue, rickettsial disease,

often

misdiagnosed

and

underdiagnosed

because

of

its

common and wide-ranged symptoms. Therefore, diagnosis is relying on laboratory

Hantavirus, or acute viral disease), because the clinical manifestations and laboratory (2)

is

Several types of tests can be performed such as the serological

tests. The current cornerstone of leptospirosis serodiagnosis is the Microscopic

‘gold-standard’ microscopic agglutination test (MAT), but requires considerable resources

Agglutination Test (MAT). MAT is a solid-phase assay that detects Immunoglobulin

and trained staff, is only available at three centers in all of Indonesia.

Even the gold

M antibodies. However, IgM antibodies can stay for many months after the onset,

standard methods of direct culture and the MAT, require either weeks to grow spirochetes

thus raising the chance of false-positive results. Another disadvantage of the MAT

findings are nonspecific.

from body fluids or highly trained laboratory personnel and paired sera. Therefore, there is a

critical

need

for

rapid

and

effective

diagnostics,

especially

for

detection

of

method is that it’s less sensitive in the early phase of leptospirosis. This provides a

early

challenge for early detection of the disease. Another method of test that is most

(3)

infection.

widely used is IgM ELISA. But this also have a high chance of false positive and

Although PCR-based diagnostic methods have been developed that can detect

can’t detect early stages of infection.

leptospiral DNA, overall sensitivity of these assays is poor, and in general is less than 60%.

Unlike DNA targets, which usually exist as a single copy per cell, each bacterium contains

16S rRNA-PCR

hundreds to thousands of specific RNA molecules. We therefore hypothesized that an assay

based

on

the

PCR

amplification

of

cDNA

molecules

representing

highly

and 16S rRNA-PCR has already been used to detect bacteria that are hard to

consistently transcribed Leptospira genes like16S rRNA, which are also mostly conserved in pathogenic Leptospira, could improve the sensitivity of Leptospira detection.

culture since the last decade. But despite its wide range of use, 16S rRNA-PCR is

(4)

still not being explored enough through evidence-based studies. 16S rRNA-PCR

2

method

METHOD

is

known

to

have

a

very

high

specificity

and

sensitivity

to

detect

pathogens, especially compared to conventional culture. Hence, it’s a potential powerful strategy for diagnosing bacterial infections inclusing leptospirosis.

Systematic review

Applicability

INCLUSION CRITERIA Qualitative analysis

Retrospective or cross-sectional studies

An optimal diagnostic test for leptospirosis should detect stable targets that

Used human subjects

allow varying test times and temperatures of sample storage and do not require

PRISMA Statement

toxic RNA stabilization. These criterias are met by the 16S rRNA-PCR method. A study done by Backstedt B. T. in 2015 shows that leptospiral 16S RNA molecules are

QUADAS-2

EXCLUSION CRITERIA

able to maintain relative stability in blood. Through some experiments they held, it

Studies published before 2010

was also found that time and temperature do not affect 16S RNA in the samples.

5 full-text articles

Review studies

Study Limitations

Inaccessible full-text article

16S RNA has an outstanding abundance and specificity The samples needed to do the testing method are also plausible. The PCR method that targets 16S rRNA also

603 human samples

No extractable data

This review has several limitations, mainly due to the sample size used. The main target sample used in

Figure 1. PRISMA Flow Diagram

noitacifitnedI

Records identified through database searching

provides higher sensitivity and more rapid results. This is proven by the articles that

this study is human. While several studies had a large sample size, some studies we found only used a small

we have found. Researches that have been done in the articles supports the claim

sample size. In addition, we could not find many cross-sectional studies that are ideal for diagnostic studies

that the sensitivity and specificity of 16S rRNA-PCT are superior compared to other

so that the results obtained might be less objective. However, our study has an advantage because this is the

methods of testing, including MAT. Therefore, 16S rRNA-PCR method has a strong

first review study that has been done to discuss the diagnosis of leptospirosis using the 16S rRNA-PCR

potential to be the primary testing method for earlier and more accurate diagnosis

PubMed n = 69

Additional records

ScienceDirect = 316

identified through other sources

ResearchGate = 77

method.

(n = 2)

Google Scholar = 2580

Hopefully

this

topic

will

be

explored

further

to

find

the

best

method

possible

to

diagnose

of leptospirosis. Even so, further researches need to be conducted to further assess the applicability of this method especially on rural and endemic areas.

leptospirosis.

gnineercS

Records after duplicates removed (n = 3031)

Title and abstract screened

Records excluded

(n = 3031)

(n = 2965)

4

5

CONCLUSION

REFERENCE

ytilibigilE

1. RI KK. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2018. Jakarta 2019.

Our study found a higher significant percentage of 16S rRNAFull-text articles assessed for eligibility (n = 66)

Full-text articles excluded, with reasons - Not available in full text - Review articles - Non-human subjects

literature. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 35(36), 3–8. 2020.

PCR sensitivity and specificity than other testing methods including

dedulcnI

Studies included in qualitative

current

gold

standard,

MAT.

These

findings

suggest

that

16S

10(6), 1–18. 2015.

5. Natarajaseenivasan K, Raja V, Narayanan R. Rapid diagnosis of leptospirosis in patients with different clinical manifestations by 16S rRNA gene based nested PCR. Saudi Journal of

rRNA-PCR

can

be

an

alternative

method

or

even

a

new

gold

Biological Sciences, 19(2), 151–155. 2012.

6. Thaipadunpanit J, Chierakul W, Wuthiekanun V, Limmathurotsakul D, Amornchai P, Boonslip S, Smythe LD, Limpaiboon R, Hoffmaster AR, Day NPJ, Peacock SJ. Diagnostic accuracy of

standard for leptospirosis because this method provides an early

real-time PCR assays targeting 16S rRNA and lipl32 genes for human leptospirosis in Thailand: A case-control study. PLoS ONE, 6(1), 1–6. 2011.

7. Güven Gökmen T, Soyal A, Kalayci Y, Önlen C, Köksal F. Comparison of 16s rrna-pcr-rflp, lipl32-PCR and ompl1-PCR methods in the diagnosis of leptospirosis. Revista Do Instituto de

and accurate detection for both pathogenic and non-pathogenic

synthesis (n = 5)

3. Budihal SV, Perwez K. Leptospirosis diagnosis: competancy of various laboratory tests. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8(1):199–202.

4. Backstedt BT, Buyuktanir O, Lindow J, Wunder EA, Reis MG, Usmani-Brown S, Ledizet M, Ko A, Pal U. Efficient detection of pathogenic leptospires using 16S ribosomal RNA. PLoS ONE,

the

- No extractable data (n = 61)

2. Na YS, Kim HL, Kim CM, Yun NR, Kim DM. Usefulness of nested polymerase chain reaction with clinical specimens for the diagnosis of leptospirosis: A case series and a review of the

Medicina Tropical de Sao Paulo, 58(1), 2–7. 2016.

8. Woods K, Nic-Fhogartaigh C, Arnold C, Boutthasavong L, Phuklia W, Lim C, Chanthongthip A, Tulsiani SM, Craig SB, Burns MA, Weier SL, Davong V, Sihalath S, Limmathurotsakul D,

Leptospira species.

Dance DAB, Shetty N, Zambon M, Newton PN, Dittrich S. A comparison of two molecular methods for diagnosing leptospirosis from three different sample types in patients presenting

49

with fever in Laos. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, 24(9), 1017.e1-1017.e7. 2018.

PUBLIC POST

TER

TESTIMONY

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Galuh Mahendra AMSA-Universitas Gadjah Mada 1st Winner of Public Poster Category IMSTC is one of the most prestigious events held by AMSA-Indonesia.

It holds some competitions; one of them is a public poster. It was my first time participating in a competition so I think a public poster is the right choice as it is quite simpler than others.

Creating a public poster was a brand new and also unforgettable experience for me. I am not an expert but here are some tips. Get supportive teammates to discuss and work together. It is critical as we are going to spend months with them. Then, try to look for an interesting topic. Try to make it as specific as possible, so that it will be easier to learn. For the final round, try to explore your creativity so that the presentation will be interesting and not boring. The most important thing is mastering the topic and managing to understand every single thing and word in your poster.

At first, we didn’t expect anything but thank God we made it to the final and got the first place. The key is not to be afraid to try something new. Even the tiniest step may lead to a huge success.

MASTERPIECE

Avoid WORM to Prevent Ascariasis Authors: Galuh Mahendra, Daffa Malik, Zaky Rahmat

Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, a large roundworm transmitted via soil (Soil-transmitted Helminths/STH)1. An estimated 807 million–1.2 billion people in the world are infected2, including 31.8% of elementary school children in Indonesia3. As the name suggests, roundworm eggs are found in soil contaminated by the feces of infected people. Unwashed or raw food grown in contaminated soil or by manure can also transmit eggs1.

The eggs are swallowed, hatch into larvae in the intestine, penetrate intestinal wall, and reach the lungs through bloodstream. Respiratory symptoms such as persistent cough and breathing difficulty may occur. When coughing, the larvae are expelled to the throat, swallowed, and cause intestinal blockage1. Children are infected more often than adults, as they sometimes put their hands in their mouths after playing. A. lumbricoides have shown to cause great impacts in impaired food absorption, which if left untreated may lead to malnutrition, impaired growth and cognitive, even poor academic performance45.

This poster is aimed to raise people’s knowledge on how to prevent ascariasis by avoiding WORM. The first one is washing hands with contaminated water or puddles. Clean water and soap is preferred for washing. Furthermore, flowing water may help wash parasites away. As stated earlier, eggs are transmitted by feces, therefore outdoor defecating should be prohibited. All vegetables and fruits also have to be washed, peeled, or cooked before eaten.

We should avoid manure, which probably contains ascaris larvae by using gloves when handling it. Last but not least, anthelmintics should be given routinely every 6 months for children, especially under five6.

After reading this poster, we hope that people, especially those with kids, would have more awareness and knowledge on how to do early prevention of this future-ruining disease.

1

Water related diseases [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 6 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases-risks/diseases/ascariasis/en/

50

2

CDC - Ascariasis [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 6 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/index.html 3 Wibawa T, Satoto T. Magnitude of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Indonesia at Postmillennium Development Goals Era. Journal of Tropical Medicine [Internet]. 2016 [cited 6 December 2020];2016:1-9. Available from: https://www.hindawi.com/journals/jtm/2016/5716785/ 4 Sari D, Ali M, Pasaribu S. The effect of treatment for soil-transmitted helminthiasis on cognitive function in children. Paediatrica Indonesiana [Internet]. 2012 [cited 6 December 2020];52(2):99. Available from: http://garuda.ristekbrin.go.id/documents/detail/500714 5 Schoff W. Pediatric Ascariasis: Background, Pathophysiology, Epidemiology [Internet].

Emedicine.medscape.com. 2018 [cited 6 December 2020]. Available from: https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/996482-overview 6 Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 15 Tahun 2017 tentang Penanggulangan Cacingan

51

52

TOGETHER, LETS PUNCH ASCARIASIS Siti Faizatul A, Sekar Arum S, Ichlasul Mahdi F. Abstract Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) are a diverse group of tropical infections which are common in low-income populations in developing regions of Africa, Asia, and Americas. They are caused by a variety of pathogens such as viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths. WHO has included 17 diseases caused by bacteria (Buruli ulcer, leprosy, trachoma, and yaws) virus (dengue virus infection and rabies) protozoa (Chagas diseases, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis) and helminths (taeniasis, dracunculiasis, echinococcosis, trematodiasis, filariasis, onchocerciasis, schistosomiasis, and soil-transmitted helminthiasis) into NTD. Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis (STH) is an infection with one or more intestinal parasitic worms: roundworms, whipworms, or hookworms. Hotez et al, reported that Indonesia has the greatest number of cases of ascariasis and trichuriasis (more than 90 million cases of each) as well as of hookworm (60 million). Ascariasis is an infection of the small intestine caused by Ascariasis lumbricoides, a large roundworm. Ascariasis affects 763 million people worldwide with approximately 60.000 deaths per year, mainly in children. The signs and symptoms of ascariasis are abdominal pain, nausea or vomit, jaundice, fever, dry cough, anemia. The worst of ascariasis is chronic childhood infection and severe clinical disease occurring in heavy infections. Chronic ascariasis in childhood can be associated with impaired physical growth and intellectual development, which in some cases can be linked to vitamin A and other micronutrient malabsorption as well as protein-calorie malnutrition.

Because of that, our team have an idea to prevent of ascariasis with “PUNCH” solution which has the following content: P : Prevent to play in the soil freely U : Urgent to wash hand with soap and water N : Never forget to consume antihelminthic drug once in 6 months C : Cook food until cooked H : Have short nail

53

54

Addressing Stigma Around Leprosy With Our “HANDS” Revina Raissa Gunawan; Andrea Melynda Panggalo; Ennia Yuniarti Br Bancin

ABSTRACT Leprosy, also known as Hansen’s disease (HD) is a chronic infectious disease caused

by Mycobacterium leprae. In 2018, World Health Organization stated that 14,397 out of 208,619 cases of leprosy registered globally were from Indonesia, making Indonesia listed as top three nations with the highest leprosy cases (WHO, 2019). It is estimated there are 6.42 cases per 100,000 people as lepers in Indonesia with Eastern Indonesia are classified as a high lepers endemic area (Kemenkes, 2019).

This disease mainly attacks the skin, eyes, and peripheral nerve (PAHO, 2019). It makes society usually feel disgusted and fear to be infected, and these feelings leads society to hatred and social ostracism towards the lepers. The stigma of leprosy has always been associated with a strong negative feeling towards people with leprosy (lepers) relating to the loss or spoiling their moral status as a person (CDC, 2017). This negative stigma is caused by lack of understanding and misconception about the disease, especially in its transmission.

Therefore, through this poster, in order to address stigma around Leprosy, we suggest our “HANDS”. “HANDS” is for: 

Handing goods politely to lepers. Leprosy transmission can be prevented by using mask and hand washing so it’s fine to hand goods politely.



Avoiding close and frequent contact to minimize the infection rate



Not neglecting lepers, as it is actually a curable disease if the lepers got the prompt treatment.



Detecting and do treatment as early as possible since treatment in the early stages may lead to better outcome and prevent disabilities.



Sign and Symptoms of leprosy should be known, such as discolored patches of skin, thick and stiff skin, painless ulcer, muscles weakness, also eye problems which may lead to blindness.

We hope that “HANDS” could help lighten the negative’s stigma of Leprosy and be

more care to lepers.

55

Bibliography 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2017, January 6). Hansen’s Disease (Leprosy). Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/index.html

2. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia (Kemenkes). (2019, May). INDONESIA HEALTH

PROFILE

2018.

Retrieved

from

https://www.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatanindonesia/indonesia-health-profile-2018.pdf

3. Pan American Health Organization (PAHO).

(2019, PAHO/WHO). Stigma and

discrimination prevent early diagnosis and treatment of Leprosy in the Americas.

Retrieved

from

https://www.paho.org/hq/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=14930:stig ma-and-discrimination-prevent-early-diagnosis-and-treatment-of-leprosy-in-theamericas&Itemid=1926&lang=en

4. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019, September 10). Leprosy. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/leprosy#:~:text=There%20were%20208%20619%20new,corresponds%20 to%200.2%2F10%20000.

56

57

PREVENT THE FILARIASIS CURSE WITH KAKI GAJAH MANTRA Majesty Patu Buana, Jeane Kinanti Tandung, Irene Jessica Leonardy

ABSTRACT

Background: Filariasis is a zoonotic disease transmitted by mosquitoes that can cause disability. There are 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide who remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection. 120 million people were infected, with about 40 million disfigured and incapacitated by the disease. In Indonesia there are 10,681 cases which are spread over 34 provinces.

Lymphatic filariasis can be prevented by various ways to eliminate worms as the parasitic agent or by stopping the infection through mosquitoes as the vector. Unfortunately, there are many misconceptions in the society regarding filariasis labelled as a curse so that they expect healing from a shaman, not medical personnel. This is also concerning because the curse conception creates a stigma that filariasis is not preventable.

Objectives: In line with the government's goal of eliminating filariasis through the month of filariasis elimination (BELKAGA), we are focused on making this happen, especially in Sulawesi with the aim of eliminating public misconceptions about filariasis as a curse that cannot be prevented.

Conclusion: Hence, this poster is designed to give understanding about Filariasis to enrich knowledge and straighten misconceptions about the neglected tropical disease.

References: 1. InfoDatin. 2018. Indonesia Bebas Filariasis.

2. Who.int. 2020. Lymphatic Filariasis.

3. CDC. 2020. Parasites Lymphatic Filariasis.

58

59

TURMERIC SWAYS FILARIASIS AWAY WITH MAGIC! (Hijrian Priyo Juwono, Benhard Patuan Purba, Salma Tyas Salsabila) Filariasis is a disease that often occurs in tropical area and is one of the neglected tropical disease (NTD). This disease is transmitted by mosquitos and infects human lymph tissues and is able to cause swelling of the extremities (elephantiasis). Filariasis caused by parasite in the form of filarial worm. In Indonesia itself, there are three species of filaria that often occurred causing filariasis: Wucheraria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori.

In 2019, there were 10,758 cases of chronic filariasis spread in 34 provinces in Indonesia with the highest distribution in eastern Indonesia, which is Papua as many as 3,615 cases.

Some of the treatment of filariasis come from natural product, one of them is turmeric.

Turmeric is obtained from the rhizome of Curcuma longa, it is a type of medicinal plant that widely found in Indonesia. Turmeric contains curcumin, a chemical compound which has proven to has apoptotic effect on filariasis parasites by suppressing anti-apoptotic genes and enhancing pro-apoptotic genes of the parasite’s microfilaria stage and adult stage in a dose dependent manner.

To extract and consume the curcumin in an easiest way is to boil the turmeric in water.

Even though curcumin undergo hydrolitic degredation at high temperatures, the dose remains is still sufficient. We use the acronym “MAGIC” to easily describe the simple steps to extract the curcumin from turmeric.

Even though it is not the primary medication, the use of turmeric to treat filariasis, which is still an endemic disease in Indonesia, could be an alternative treatment that can ease the disease. With the making of this poster, we are hoping that it could give enough information of the disease and easy instruction to make use of turmeric as an alternative treatment for the disease.

60

61

Stop STH Infections, Use SANDAL! Alya Kusumaningrum, Raka Ibrahim Faiz Syafrisal, Raynanda Sabta Charis Binti,

Objective: To reduce the infection rate of Soil-Transmitted Helminth through education and increasing community awareness.

Introduction: Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infection is one of the numerous neglected tropical diseases commonly found in areas with warm and moist climates where sanitation and hygiene are poor. In Indonesia, the prevalence rate of STH infection varies from 2.5%–62% (Kemkes, 2017). It is a chronic infection caused by different species of roundworm, whipworm, and hookworms that are primarily transmitted through contaminated soil. Infection can occur when humans digest helminth eggs or come into contact with their larvae. The major risk factors for STH infection are children, particularly the age of 6 to 12, as well as rural and dense metropolitan areas with a certain condition, such as low socioeconomic status, inadequate food handling, poor sanitation, poor availability of clean water, and poor personal hygiene (World Health Organization: WHO, 2020). Additionally, a child’s playground and a densely populated home environment may lead to more transmission of the disease. STH infections can result in abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea or constipation, malnutrition, and impaired cognitive function. According to research conducted in Mandailing Natal, North Sumatra in 2019, the prevalence of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection is 76% and 87% in two primary schools in Mandailing Natal (Nasution et al, 2019).

“SANDAL” is a simple mnemonic that we designed to raise the community’s awareness and help prevent widespread transmission of STH infection. The fundamental principles that we bring to this mnemonic are personal hygiene and sanitization, such as handwashing, wearing footwear, proper food handling, deworming, finding suitable toilets, and avoiding playing on the ground. By applying “SANDAL” in our daily lives, we can reduce the prevalence rate and the number of Soil-Transmitted Helminth infection cases in Indonesia.

Key Findings: Soil-Transmitted Helminth, Children, Personal Behaviour

62

References: WHO. 2020. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections. [online] Available at: <https://www. who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminth-infections> [Accessed 2 December 2020].

Kemkes. 2017. Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia No.15 tahun 2017 tentang penanggulangan cacingan. [online] Available at: <http://hukor.kemkes.go.id/uploads/ produk_hukum/PMK_No._15_ttg_Penanggulangan_Cacingan_.pdf> [Accessed 5 December 2020].

Nasution, R., Nasution, B., Lubis, M., and Lubis, I., 2020. Prevalence And Knowledge Of Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infections In Mandailing Natal, North Sumatera, Indonesia. [online] Available at: <https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32002070/> [Accessed 6 December 2020].

63

64

Let’s Stop Leprophobia with the 5 N's of Leprosy!

Athaya Shaumi Hermawan1, *, Muhammad Mikail Athif Zhafir Asyura1

Introduction: Leprosy also known as Hansen’s disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae.1,2 Globally, new cases of the disease were reported to be 200,000 yearly with 80% of those cases being in Brazil, India, and Indonesia.1,3 Despite the current multidrug treatment (MTD) being effective in curing leprosy, stigma surrounding the disease remained a hurdle in eradicating and preventing the disease from spreading.4 Terminologically called leprophobia or the excessive fear of catching leprosy, this prejudice has made it hard for leprosy patients to reintroduce themselves into society and to seek medical treatment. Hence, as people with leprosy are discouraged to go outside, their conditions persist without cure and remain as a transmission hub for leprosy towards their close contacts.4,5 Thus, to prevent this from continuously occurring, proper education and awareness about leprosy are crucially needed.

Objective: Our objective is to raise awareness regarding the current state of leprosy in Indonesia and to introduce leprophobia towards the public domain. Furthermore, we would like to explain the impact of leprophobia on leprosy patients and to provide a simple method to minimize leprophobia.

We advocate the 5 N’s of leprosy that stands for Not contagious, Not hereditary, Not a curse, Not because of food, and Not incurable. These five points are the most common misconceptions according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and should be urgently addressed.1 Conclusion: Hopefully, this poster would be able to change public mindset on how they perceive leprosy as a disease. By doing so, more leprosy patients in Indonesia are not socially pressured to self-isolate and to go out to seek treatment. Hence, more people with leprosy are treated, lowering the cases of leprosy and in the long run, helping the eradication of the disease

References: 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. World Leprosy Day: Bust the Myths, Learn the Facts [internet]. United States of America: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2018 Jan 26 [cited 2020 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/features/worldleprosy-day/index.html

65

2. Blok DJ, Vlas SJD, Richardus JH. GLobal elimination of leprosy by 2020: are we. Parasit Vectors.

2015

[cited

2020

Dec

9];

8:

548.

Available

from:

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4618543/ 3. Yadav N, Kar S, Madke B, Dashatwar D, Singh N, Prasad K, et al. Leprosy elimination: a myth busted. J Neurosci Rural Pract [internet]. 2014 Nov [cited 2020 Dec 9]; 5(Suppl 1): S28–S32. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4271377/ 4. Kaehler N, Adhikar B, Raut S, Marahatta SB, Chapman RS. Perceived stigma towards leprosy among community members living close to Nonsomboon leprosy colony in Thailand. PLoS One [internet]. 2015 [cited 2020 Dec 9]; 10(6): e0129086. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4457619/ 5. Suryanda, Etnawati K. Persepsi masyarakat terhadap penyakit kusta: studi kasus di Kecamatan Cambai Prabumulih [internet]. Yogyakarta: Universitas Gadjah Mada; 2007 [cited

2020

Dec

9].

http://etd.repository.ugm.ac.id/home/detail_pencarian/34781

66

Available

from:

67

Title : “Beat Dengue Fever with RACKET” Author : Juan Reynaldy Gotama Destra Aulia Nooriza Arif Devira Rosinta Sari

Dengue Fever is one of the neglected tropical diseases which has grown significantly around the world in decades, with 40-50% of the world's population at risk. In 2019, the Ministry of Health in Indonesia recorded the number of Dengue Fever cases in Indonesia reached over 137.000 cases, which increased significantly compared to 2018 with 65.602 cases. From there, we can see that Dengue Fever spread quickly, especially in tropical countries like Indonesia. The cause could be due to various things, one of them is the poor handling of prevention from the surrounding community. That’s why we choose this topic.

In this public poster, we want to introduce 6 simple steps to society about how to prevent Dengue Fever’s spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue Fever has symptoms that we are aware of which are fever, eye pain, headache, muscle pain, joint pain, etc. Prevention that we suggest called RACKET that means Remove standing / stagnant water where mosquito could lay eggs, Avoid mosquito bites by using insect repellent, Cover water storage container, Kill mosquito outside and inside your house, Educate the community on the risk of the disease, and last but not least, take them to the nearest hospital immediately if dengue fever is suspected.

With RACKET, we hope we can show society that it does not have to be a complicated and inconvenient step to beat Dengue Fever. The most important thing is to know what is Dengue Fever, which causes the disease, what are the symptoms, and what precautions we can take. We also hope that our poster can inform society about Dengue Fever and its simple prevention so it would be easy to understand, anyone can do the procedures precisely, and together we can reduce the number of cases.

68

69

LEPROSY: Fight the “CURSE” with “MAGIC” Eldy1*, Teddy Tjahyanto1, Salwa Lidya Magfirah1

Abstract Aim: Enlighten public and increase awareness on Leprosy to fight the stigma.

Background: Following the survey from World Health Organization, Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) has been affecting approximately 1.5 billion people in 149 countries.

Leprosy is one of 20 diseases formally categorized as NTDs. Indonesia has been the third highest number of new Leprosy cases each year following India and Brazil. There are more than 15,000 new cases a year and counting thus being one of the major causes of preventable disability. Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of Leprosy disease. The population with poor sanitation and nutrition may have an underdeveloped growth which impacts their quality of life and other major issues such as these individuals are immunocompromised towards Leprosy. That affects physical, psychological, spiritual and societal aspects on the individual. The classic appearance of people with leprosy is truly visible to the eye, such as Chronic wound, Unable to feel sensation, Reduced muscle strength, Skin patches, and Eye redness had always been stigmatized as a social "CURSE". Changing the public curse about Leprosy, the “MAGIC” works as antidote turning it into curable disease as it stands for Medication, Abandon the stigma, Give hope and support, Immunization, Counseling and education. The witch analogized as the peculiarity of leprosy that perpetually goes along with it hence does not rule out the possibility of equivalently as human. Nevertheless, the lack of knowledge and thorough understanding that has remained as a prominent issue had hinder alternative ways of overcoming this mildly infectious disease.

Conclusion: Develop Understanding of Leprosy, Reduce the Stigma.

Key Findings: Neglected Tropical Diseases, Leprosy, Hansen’s Disease

70

Sources: 1. Guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of leprosy [Internet]. World Health

Organization.

2020

[cited

13

December

2020].

Available

from:

https://www.who.int/lep/resources/9789290226383/en/ 2. Indonesia | Our Work | The Leprosy Mission [Internet]. Leprosymission.org. 2020 [cited 13 December 2020]. Available from: https://www.leprosymission.org/tlm-inyour-country/indonesia 3. Integrasi Sosialisasi Program Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Penyakit Kusta dan Frambusia | Direktorat Jendral P2P [Internet]. P2p.kemkes.go.id. 2020 [cited 13 December 2020]. Available from:

http://p2p.kemkes.go.id/integrasi-sosialisasi-

program-pencegahan-dan-pengendalian-penyakit-kusta-dan-frambusia/

71

72

“GET READY” TO FIGHT ELEPHANTIASIS Nathaniel Gilbert Dyson, Priscilla Geraldine, Violine Martalia

Abstract According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide remain threatened with high risk of contracting lymphatic filariasis.1 Lymphatic filariasis, also known as Elephantiasis, is a parasitic infection of nematode worms, such as Wuchereia bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, which is transmitted to humans via infected Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, or Mansonia mosquitoes.2 This disease disrupts the lymphatic system and causes abnormal enlargement of body parts with permanent disability and bad social stigma.

In Indonesia itself, lymphatic filariasis has been a public health problems for a long time.3 Despite commendable preventive efforts done by the government through mass drug administration, the result so far has not met the target. One of the many challenges that we highlight is the ineffective education and awareness campaign to the community.4 Therefore, we created a public poster titled “GET READY to Fight Elephantiasis” in order to educate the community on detailed steps of elephantiasis prevention. We use the mnemonics “GET READY” to help memorize the steps as well as to indicate that we should be aware if we want to stop the spread and end the threat immediately. In addition, “GET READY” represents the feeling of optimism because we are getting closer in eliminating lymphatic filariasis for good.

Conclusion : Lymphatic filariasis still represents a major threat for millions of people worldwide, including Indonesia. Sustainable education and awareness raising campaigns are needed immediately to get all participation from the community. This public poster aims to raise awareness and educate readers on detailed steps of elephantiasis prevention that can be done at all time. By preventing the spread of elephantiasis, we hope that the threat can be eliminated soon.

References 1. WHO. Lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 8]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis

73

2. CDC. Lymphatic filariasis [Internet]. [cited 2020 Dec 9]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html 3. Kemenkes RI. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia Tahun 2019. Jakarta : Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2020.

4. Meliyanie G, Andiarsa D. Program Eliminasi Lymphatic Filariasis di Indonesia. J Heal Epidemiol Commun Dis 2019.

74

75

Let’s Reveal Our Schistosomiasis Heroes!

Brigitta Chrysilla, Tanri Julian_Public Poster Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a disease that is caused by an infection of a parasitic worm with the genus Schistosoma. This disease can be transmitted when a person does an activity in a body of water that is contaminated by the parasitic Schistosoma. The Schistosoma can infect a person when it penetrates a healthy person's skin. The species of Schistosoma that is endemic in Indonesia is Schistosoma japonicum, which can be found in only one province which is Central Sulawesi.

Preventive efforts that can be done are educating the community through trained health workers about things that must be understood and implemented regarding Schistosomiasis, especially avoiding activities in water (especially water containing cercariae) and boiling water before consuming to kill all kinds of parasites in water. In addition, education must be given to the community by health workers about this disease screening test, in order to determine the right treatment and prevent further complications.

Curative efforts which should be taken by health workers are to stock up more Praziquantel drugs, especially in endemic areas. Praziquantel, a drug officially issued by the WHO to treat this disease. In addition, the addition of health professionals can help treat infected people, especially in endemic areas. Rehabilitative efforts can be done by educating the community to routinely carry out screening tests once a year for people who have been infected so that they can be followed up.

Competent health personnel must be provided in endemic areas to treat this disease, considering this disease is still an endemic disease in Indonesia. Health workers can also carry out direct campaigns directed to community regarding prevention efforts so that people get wider insight about this disease and can take preventive action. Therefore, health professionals are obliged to provide the best service to treat this disease.

76

s m r a My itchy! e r a

l el te nt an ua qu ziiq Az RA PR P

SCHISTOSOMA JAPONICUM

Brigitta Chrysilla and Tanri Julian

LET'S REVEAL OUR S C H I S T O S O M I A S I S

H E R O E S!

Improve Health Workers Improving and educating

health workers in endemic areas

so that health

workers are more capable to cure

Schistosomiasis when

encountering them.

Routine Check ups Preventing Infection People in endemic areas are obligated to do a routine check up to prevent the spread of Schistosomiasis.

Travellers to Endemic areas are also required to do testing before returning to their countries 77

Supervise Endemic Areas Endemic aReas should be supervised all the time to prevent a breakout of The disease.

Increasing the amount of health care center and personnel that specialized in this disease should be assign to endemic areas and help educate the society around.

REPEL MOSQUITOES WITH NATURAL WAY Muhammad Teguh Surya Bangsa Saenal Sibulo*

ABSTRACT Mosquitoes are intermediate hosts for various infectious diseases such as dengue hemorrhagic fever, malaria, filariasis and so on. Central Sulawesi is a region with a high incidence of dengue fever and malaria. To reduce the incidence of the disease, prevention efforts are needed. One of the preventive efforts that can be done comes from empirical and ethnobotanical studies, namely the use of mosquito repellent plants. Various plants have been identified as having the ability to repel mosquitoes including Zodia, Basil, Marigold, Torch Ginger, Geranium, Lemongrass, Suren, Lavender, Citronella grass, Rosemary. These plants produce essential oils, which contain geraniol and citronellal compounds as active ingredients which are not preferred and are highly avoided by insects, including mosquitoes. The use of mosquito repellent plants has several advantages such as reducing the use of chemicals (synthetic), has a pleasant smell and can beautify the house and is cheap. With the use of mosquito repellents sourced from natural plants, it is hoped that it can repel mosquitoes and reduce the incidence of various infectious diseases.

Keywords : Mosquito, plant, repel

78

REFERENCES Central Sulawesi Provincial Health Office. 2018. Health Profile of Central Sulawesi Province.

Palu: Central Sulawesi Health Office.

Indonesian Ministry of Health. 2019. Indonesia Health Profile 2018. Jakarta: Ministry of Health RI. Maia, MF. and Moore SJ. 2011. Plant-based insect repellents: a review of their efficacy, development and testing. Malaria Journal. 10 (Suppl 1):S11.

Sukla, D., Wijayapala, S., and Vankar, PS. 2018. Effective mosquito repellent from plant based formulation. International Journal of Mosquito Research. 5(1): 19-24.

Vongsombath, C. 2011. Botanical Repellents and Pesticides Traditionally Used Against Haemotophagous Invertebrates in Lao PDR. Disertation. Uppsala University. Sweden.

79

Muh. Teguh Surya Bangsa

Let's Repel Mosquitoes With Natural Way Go Green, Let's Plant, Mosquitoes Bye

Zodia

Lemongrass

Basil

Suren

Marigold

Lavender

Torch Ginger

Citronellagrass

Geranium

Rosemary

(Evodia Suaveolens)

(Andropogon Nardus)

(Ocimum Basilicum L.)

(Tagetes Erecta L.)

(Lavandula Angustifolia)

(Cymbopogon Nardus)

(Etlingera Elatior)

(Pelargonium Citrosa)

Benefit

(Toona Sureni Merr.)

(Rosmarinus Officinalis)

1. Repel mosquitoes 2. Your home look pretty 3. It smells good

Infected Disease by Mosquitoes

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Malaria

Filariasis

Chikungunya

Yellow Fever

This plant produces atsiri oil. This oil contains geraniol and sitronelol compounds which can be used to repel mosquitoes.

Geraniol and sitronelol compounds are active ingredient that is not liked by insects, including mosquitoes. So this plants are effective to repel mosquitoes.

80

P.O.L (PREVENTION OF LEPROSY) Andi Hanna Shelinda Silva ; Phalosa Sahasika Sri Bharata

ABSTRACT Leprosy is a tropical infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae. The disease mainly affects the skin, the peripheral nerves, mucosa of the upper respiratory tract, and the eyes.

(WHO, 2019) In study, there are 200,000 new leprosy cases reported globally from 159 countries every year and there is still no exact transmission method. (WHO, 2016) ​Over 200,000 new cases of leprosy are detected each year, of which approximately 7% are associated with grade-2 disabilities (G2Ds). In the study by Pescarini and colleagues, increased age, poor sanitary and socioeconomic conditions, lower level of education, and food-insecurity are risk markers for leprosy. Furthermore, ecological studies provided evidence that lower inequality, better human development, increased healthcare coverage, and cash transfer programs are linked with lower leprosy risks. We know that leprosy and socioeconomic risk markers and highlight a lack of studies conducted in low-income countries. To reduce the incidence of infection and prevent the onset of new G2Ds, the World Health Organization has advocated for targeted detection and intervention among higher risk groups within endemic countries. (Pescarini, 2019) ​There are several targets of The Global Leprosy Strategy, zero disabilities among new pediatric patients, a grade-2 disability rate of less than 1 case per 1 million people, and zero countries with legislation allowing discrimination on basis of leprosy. (WHO, 2019) CONCLUSION Through our public poster, we aimed to raise public awareness about leprosy and participate in realizing targets of The Global Leprosy Strategy.

81

Andi Hanna Shelinda Silva Phalosa Sahasika Sri Bharata

P.0.L

Prevention Of Leprosy Leprosy is a mycobacterium leprae infection that can affect skin, eyes, and nerves

Did You Know? there are 200,000 new leprosy cases reported globally from 159 countries every year and there is still no exact transmission method.

CARDINAL SIGN OF LEPROSY Hypopigmented Patch Painless Swelling Hair Loss

NOTICE kNOw the cardinal sign BRO!

PREVENT WITH:

pracTICE healthy and clean lifestyle Break the stigma RepOrt to health institution if there is a sign Referensi

Pescarini, J. M., Strina, A., Nery, J. S., Skalinski, L. M.,Andrade, K., Penna, M., Brickley, E. B., Rodrigues, L. C., Barreto, M. L.,& Penna, G. O.(2018). Socioeconomic risk markers of leprosy in high-burdencountries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 12(7), e0006622. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006622 WHO. (2019) Leprosy [Online]. Available at:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leprosy (Accessed: 27 Nov 2020) 82

WHO. (2016) Leprosy Elimination [Online]. Available at: https://www.who.int/lep/transmission/en/ (Accessed: 27 Nov 2020)

Title : Treat DENGUE with a little bit of DANGER Author : Gabriella Astrid Ghitapenny Nabila Mayori Arsanti Nabila Adithya Putri Dengue fever is a disease that frequently occurs in tropical countries and Indonesia is one of them. This disease is caused by ​Aedes sp. ​mosquitoes and it’s at peak during the rainy season.

Due to the high number of dengue fever, we try to find some solution with natural products that could be found in everyday life.

Conclusion: D = Drink orange juice The ingredients found in squeezed oranges can help treat the additional symptoms of dengue fever and clear the infection. Nutrient C also helps boost the immune system.

A = ​Andropogon Citratum

Its basic name is citronella grass. Dynamic constituents of this plant are fundamental oil and citronella oil. This oil is placed in candles and lamps that can be signed to repulse mosquitoes as a mosquito repellant

N = Neem Leaves Neem juice can increase the platelet count and white blood cell count in people suffering from dengue fever. Not only dengue fever, neem juice is also used to treat stomach aches, loss of appetite, and gum disease.

G = Chinese Ginger People with dengue patients usually need lots of fluids. and ginger water is an option for warming and reducing the effects of nausea E = Purple Eggp​lant

83

Substances namely flavonoids, glycoalkaloid, saponins and tannins which are thought to have an insecticidal effect on Aedes sp. This eggplant extract is then sprayed to get rid of the mosquitos.

R = Rosemary Rosemary which is used as a highly nutritious essential oil against A. aegypti by using a diffuser or humidifier.

84

Treat

DENGUE

with a little bit of

DANGER rink orange juice D

The ing dients found in squeezed o nges can help t at the additional symptoms of dengue fever and c ar the infection. Nutrient C also helps boost the immune system.

ndropogon citratum A Its basic name is cit nel g ss. Dynamic constituents of this p nt a fundamental oil and cit nel oil. This oil is p ced in cand s and mps that can be signed to pulse mosquitoes as a mosquito pel nt .

eem Leaves N Neem juice can inc ase the p te t count and white b od cell.

inger G

ginger water is an option for warming and ducing the effects of nausea.

gg plant E Substances namely f vonoids, glycalka id, saponins and tannins which a thought to have an insecticidal effect on Aedes sp. .

Rosemary Rosemary which is used as a highly nutritious essential oil against A. aegypti by using a diffuser or humidifier.

Nabi Mayori, Nabi Adithya, Gabriel Astrid

Refrences: LAOJUN S, Chaiphongpachara T. Comparative study of larvicidal activity of commercial essential oils from aromatic rosemary, vanilla, and spearmint against the mosquito Aedes aegypti. Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity. 2020 May 9;21(6).

Qadir MI, Abbas K, Tahir M, Irfan M, Raza Bukhari SF, Ahmed B, Hanif M, Rasul A, Ali M. Dengue fever: Natural management. Pakistan Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015 Mar 1;28(2).

Singh PK, Rawat P. Evolving herbal formulations in management of dengue fever. Journal of Ayurveda and integrative medicine. 2017 Jul 1;8(3):207-10.

Jiwintarum Y, Tatontos EY, Noviana A, Diarti MW. Natural Insecticide Spray for Aedes sp., Made from Ethanol Extract of Purple Eggplant Fruit (Solanum melongena L.). Medico-legal Update. 2019;19(1):216-20.

85

Get To Know Cysticercosis Name of Authors: Rhaisa Hayfa Nayya, Nabila Yasmin Dehan Perdania, Made Divara Ariesta Sekar Suryadi

86

Neglected Tropical Diseases are communicable diseases in tropical and subtropical countries that affects more than one billion people. One of the disease is called Cysticercosis, a condition where an infection is caused by the larvae of the parasite Taenia solium. This infection occurs after a person swallows tapeworm eggs.

Cysticercosis was first discovered in Bali and Paniai District, Irian Jaya (Papua), Indonesia in the 1970s. There is a rapid increase of cases in Jayawijaya district, eastern Papua.

A total of 1,120 new cases of burns (7.0%) and 293 new cases of epileptic seizures (1.8%) from 15,939 local people was found during 1991-1995.

Natural resources has its strong impact on treating the disease. Raising awareness to the society regarding the use of safe water needs to be done as it is a prime consumption for our daily needs. Thus, clean water should be provided by the government to prevent Cysticercosis infection.

Curative ways to treat such cases includes the use of oil plants, this could be done by consuming Cymbopogon martini (Poaceae), a well known oil plant that has an antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and anti-inflammatory medicinal properties. It is mainly found in Indochina areas. Eupatorium triplinerve (Compositae) extract is used as antiseptic. Its leaves are used through infusions, decoctions, baths, and tea.

Rehabilitative ways are equally as important as preventing the infection from happening. Practising good hygiene should be done. Taking herbal vitamins that contains oil plants extracts is also essential during the rehabilitation process.

Resources: 1. SS, Margono et al. "Cysticercosis In Indonesia: Epidemiological Aspects". Pubmed, 2020, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12041608/.

2. "CDC - Cysticercosis". Cdc.Gov, 2020, https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/cysticercosis/.

3. "Taeniasis/Cysticercosis". Who.Int, 2020, https://www.who.int/news-room/factsheets/detail/taeniasis-cysticercosis.

4. BIZHANI, Negar. "Herbal Therapy And Treatment Of Worm Infections, Emphasizing Taenia Solium". Pubmed Central (PMC), 2020, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4703238/.

5. Chemijournal.Com, 2020, https://www.chemijournal.com/archives/2018/vol6issue2/PartS/6-2-139-980.pdf.

87

88

PREVENT BIGGER LEGS CAUSED BY FILARIASIS WITH BIG

Fitri Azza Mumtazah, Ismi Cayanda, Syaffira Salsabila Rahayu

Filariasis remains to be world’s health problems including Indonesia. In 2017, endemic filariasis areas in Indonesia was reported in 28 provinces and 236 districts. It is estimated profusely 12.677 people who live in endemic districts risk are being infected with filariasis in chronic stage. In order to handling filarisis cases, Indonesia government's provide mass prevention drugs such as diethylcarbamazine and Albendazole. Indonesia has implemented MADP since 2015 and has been running for five years since Indonesia has implemented MADP. Elephantiasis known as lymphatic filariasis that caused by filarial worms. In Indonesia, filarial worms classified into three types namely Wuchereria Bancrofti, Brugia Malayi and Brugia Timori.

More than 70% of filariasis cases are caused by Brugia Malayi. It transmitted through the bites of mosquitoes containing filarial worms in the human body and settle in the lymph tissue. When bitten by a mosquito it will cause damage to the lymphatic system for years and swelling of the legs, breasts, arms and genital organs. Although this disease rarely causes death yet, it could be reduce daily productivity even to permanent disability.

In summary, The aim of this poster is to support the decresing number of filariasis sufferes by appealing to the public for increasing their awareness of filariasis. We do hope indonesia citizen especially in endemic areas would be able to take preventions by protecting themselves from mosquitoes which are the vectors of disease, educating each other to keep the surroundings clean in order to avoid mosquitoes, as well as participating in government programs of Massive Administration Drugs Preventive.

Source: 1. Kementrian Kesehatan RI. INFODATIN. Menuju Indonesia Bebas Filariasis. ISSN 24427659. 2018.

89

2. Arini. Lintang DS. Praba G. Martini. Prevalensi Filariasis Dan Gambaran Pengobatan Masal di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Jembatan Mas Kabupaten Batang Hari. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat. Volume 6. 2018

90

91

Fight DENGUE with DENGUE

Indonesia is one of the largest tropical countries in the world and home for many animals.

Climate change that occurs can affect the development of various diseases and their impact on humans, such as Dengue fever. Dengue fever is an acute illness that can be a deadly infection in cases of severe manifestation. This illness is caused by RNA virus and spread by Aedes mosquitoes. Dengue infection has come up as a public health challenge in the tropical and subtropical nations. Dengue Fever is a disease that has spread in Indonesia more or less in a period of 45 years. In the world, the number dengue fever is rising by each year. In developing countries dengue fever is a serious problem. This year, the number of dengue cases in JanuaryJuly reached 71,633 cases. More than 469 people were declared dead caused by dengue fever.

The government has issued policies related to dengue fever case increase preparedness in Indonesia, namely implementing G1R1J, increasing case surveillance and risk factors for dengue cases, and increasing human resource capacity. The Indonesian Ministry of Health also said that if mosquitoes were still around us, dengue would continue to exist. Therefore, to support government, our team has a preventive measure called DENGUE. There are: D: Door and window closed, could keep mosquito outside E: Empty water storage containers on a weekly basis N: No outdoor activity at dawn and dusk G: Grow natural mosquito repellent, such as lemongrass U: Use mosquito repellent products E: Empty any items that hold water like buckets and planters

Conclusion: Through this, we hoped that community will understand better how to prevent dengue fever, and aware of the importance of maintaining cleanliness in order to create a better quality of health.

92

FiGHT DENGUE WiTH At A Glance

2000

Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in all regions of WHO in recent years.

Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. These mosquitoes are also vectors of chikungunya, yellow fever and Zika viruses.

Dengue is widespread throughout the tropics, with local variations in risk influenced by rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and unplanned rapid urbanization.

WHO, 2020

2010

505.430

2.4 Million

4.2 Million

Dengue reported case, WHO 2020

Prevention Door and window closed, could keep mosquito outside Empty water storage containers on a weekly basis No outdoor activity at dawn and dusk Grow natural mosquito repellent such as Lemongrass Use mosquito repellent products Empty any items that hold water like buckets and planters

2019

Don’t forget REDUCE the number of mosquitoes and get rid of containers outside that hold water by s e o t i u q s o m REPEL t n le l e p e r t c e s n using i

REPORT areas where water sits for more than a week

By: Fitra nd Pande a Kusiyanto T Yulia Rago Wahyu Di aslim rg hma W 93 ardani antara

PREVENT FRAMBUSIA WITH “EPIC” Mita M, Elena, Mentaria N ABSTRACK Frambusia disease is one of the infectious diseases that can not be treated completely.

Frambusia, patek or puru (yaws) is a tropical infectious disease of the skin, bones and joints caused by the bacterium spiroket Treponema pallidum pertenue. Frambusia is a skin disease transmitted through open wounds. Frambusia mainly affects children living in the tropics in hot and humid countryside; found in children aged 2–15 years and more often in males.

Frambusia disease in Indonesia to date has not been eliminated from all regions although nationally the prevalence rate is less than 1 per 10,000 inhabitants. Symptoms of this disease there are four levels, namely: Primary level: small wounds at the place of inoculation, Secondary level: Widespread spread of skin wounds such as primary level, latent level: asymptomatic, but wounds on the skin can occur again., Tertier level: deformation or changes in the shape of bones, joints, and soft tissues. Frambusia Risk Factors there are several factors of home conditions, social economy and behavior. Prevention and treatment of frambusia, 1.

Education about frambusia disease, knowledge of the severity of frambusia so that people do not underestimate frambusia . Behavior based on knowledge will be more lasting than behavior that is not based on knowledge. A person who has knowledge can receive information well,2.Prevent direct contact with frambusia sufferers, bathing twice a day, providing enough clean water for bathing purposes, using soap during bathing, clothes used are often changed twice a day, understand the importance of maintaining individual hygiene, and after bathing using towels or cloth to dry the body. 3.Information about frambusia from medical personnel or social media and 4.Clean and healthy lifestyle for personal and environmental, by following PHBS to avoiddisease-causing bacteria not only frambusia

REFRENSI •

SITANGGANG, Yuli Arisanti, et al. Serologic Observation and Risk Fact of Yaws in Hamadi Public Health Center, Jayapura. Health Science Journal of Indonesia, 2018, 8.1: 63766.

94

•

Wanti W, Sinaga ER, Irfan I, Ganggar M. Kondisi sarana air bersih, perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat terhadap frambusia pada anak-anak. Jurnal Kesehatan Masyarakat.

2013; 8(2): 66-71

•

Boedisusanto RI, Waskito F, Kushadiwijaya H. Analisis kondisi rumah, sosial ekonomo dan perilaku sebagai faktor risiko kejadian frambusia di kota Jayapura tahun 2007. Berita Kedokteran Masyarakat. 2009; 25(2): 82-87

95

96

LET’S PREVENT ELEPHANTIASIS WITH “CAGES” Nabila Athooyaa Arsyad T, Diandra Imanuella Zilver S, Shafira Meutia N Abstract Elephantiasis, also known as lymphatic filariasis, is a chronic disease frequently affecting the legs, male genitals, and female breasts, distinguished by the thickening of the skin and subcutaneous tissues underlying it.​1 Elephantiasis is a mosquito-borne disease caused by parasitic helminths such as ​Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori​.​2,3 Up until this day, Elephantiasis is considered a prominent health issue especially in tropical and

subtropical regions and is also one of the most common Neglected Tropical Diseases in Indonesia.​1,2 According to ​Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia​, Elephantiasis is spread

in all 34 provinces around Indonesia with more than 14.932 chronic cases in 2020.​2 Without

immediate treatment, Elephantiasis may result in permanent physical disability and psychological effects.​1,3 Furthermore, this disease is also known to cause a productivity decline, thus contributing to the world’s economic burden.​3 For these reasons, it is important to understand and implement preventive measures towards Elephantiasis.

In hopes of reducing the incidence of Elephantiasis in the future, this poster is aimed to increase community awareness regarding Elephantiasis whilst promoting simple and applicable ways to prevent Elephantiasis with “CAGES”.

Key Findings: Lymphatic Filariasis, Elephantiasis, Parasitic Helminths, Prevention, Indonesia ___________________________________________________________________________ References: 1. Yimer M, Hailu T, Mulu W, Abera B. Epidemiology of elephantiasis with special emphasis on podoconiosis in Ethiopia: a literature review. J Vector Borne Dis. 2015 Jun; 52: 111-5.

2. Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. Filariasis: oktober “bulan eliminasi kaki gajah (BELKAGA)”. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia; 2020.

3. Rajasekaran S, Anuradha R, Manokaran G, Bethunaickan R. An overview of lymphatic filariasis lymphedema. Lymphology. 2017; 50: 164-82.

97

98

ABSTRACT Worms is an infectious disease caused by parasites in the form of worms, Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH). Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) are intestinal nematodes which in their life cycle require soil for the ripening process. The losses due to worms cannot be seen directly, therefore this disease is often underestimated by the Indonesian people. Worms can cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, exhausted, paleness, anal itching, and lose weight so that economically it causes many losses. The factors that influence it are low awareness of cleanliness, poor sanitation, low socio-economic conditions, availability of clean water sources, and population density. To prevent worm infection, it can be done by washing hands with soap before eating and after defecating, maintaining nail cleanliness, drink boiled water, defecating in adequate toilets, using footwear when playing outside, and always maintaining cleanliness. These worms are commonly found in tropical and subtropical areas and wet climates where hygiene and sanitation are poor. However, in general it attacks children because their immune system is still low.

CONCLUSION Seeing the response of the Indonesian people who consider the problem of worm infection lightly, more education is needed to the public about the impacts and losses of being infected with this worm, Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH). In addition, people must also know what are the causes and symptoms that arise as a result of this worm infection. As well as the community must also know how and what efforts can and should be done to prevent worm infection.

99

100

BEAT RABIES WITH BITE Prayshe Rombe, Jeremy Roring, Nadya Priscilla Purpose: This poster aims to raise awareness about the present danger of rabies that still exists in Indonesia and also to educate on the behavior of animals with rabies, preventing the spread of the disease.

Background: Rabies is a viral infectious disease that attacks the brain and the spinal cord .[1,2] Rabies virus is an enveloped, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA virus from the Lyssavirus genus of the Rhabdoviridae family.[1] Transmitting the disease through the bite or scratch wound contaminated by the saliva of infected mammals, mainly dogs but also can by cats, monkeys, and bats. [1] According to the WHO, rabies is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) with an almost 100% case fatality rate, responsible for tens of thousands of deaths every year. In Indonesia alone, rabies is responsible for 80.861 cases and more than 500 deaths in the last five years, predominantly affecting the poor and vulnerable populations (especially children) in remote rural areas.[3,4] Although rated as one of the deadliest virus in the world, rabies is a completely preventable disease with good knowledge of the disease and fast action.

Therefore we need to take part in preventing and eliminating rabies, especially in Indonesia.

So let’s beat rabies with BITE! Conclusion: Rabies is a deadly virus if not treated immediately. Although it is a preventable disease, it still remains a threat to society. All of this could be solved by educating society and taking strict preventive measures.

Keywords: Rabies, Prevention, Neglected Tropical Diseases, BITE

101

Reference 1) Yousaf MZ, Qasim M, Zia S, Khan Mu, Ashfaq UA, Khan S. Rabies molecular virology, diagnosis, prevention and treatment. Virol J. 2012;9:50. Published 2012 Feb 21. doi:10.1186/1743-422X-9-50 2) Rupprecht CE. Rhabdoviruses: Rabies Virus. In: Baron S, editor. Medical Microbiology.

4th edition. Galveston (TX): University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston; 1996.

Chapter 61. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8618/ 3) Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. INFODATIN. Situasi Rabies di Indonesia 2017. 2017 4) World Health Organization.

Rabies. sheets/detail/rabies. Accessed December 6, 2020.

102

https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-

103

Title poster

: AWARE for Filariasis Prevention

Authors

: Glennadya Jennifer, Kelvin Liemanto, Laurentcia Jocellin

Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is commonly known as elephantiasis. The causative agents of lymphatic filariasis (LF) include the mosquito-borne filarial nematodes Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, B. timori An estimated 90% of LF cases are caused by W. bancrofti (Bancroftian filariasis).

Lymphatic filariasis infection involves asymptomatic, acute, and chronic conditions. The majority of infections are asymptomatic, showing no external signs of infection, although their blood is positive for microfilaria. This stage may lasts for months.

1. Asymptomatic, however this infection still causes damage to the lymph and kidney tissues while affecting the immune system.

2. Acute episode of local inflammation involving skin, lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels.

3. Chronic condition shows oedema with thickening of the skin and underlying tissues (the classical symptom of filarasis).

The best treatment for filariasis : 1. Taking routine anthelmintic to treat infections of animals with parasitic worms.

2. For infection with filaria worms that cause a large swelling of parts of the body, surgery may be required.

The best way to prevent lymphatic filariasis is to avoid mosquito bites. The mosquitoes that carry the microscopic worms usually bite between the hours of dusk and dawn.

Anticipate for mosquito bite by maintaining environmental hygiene Wear long sleeves and trousers Apply mosquito repellent on exposed skin.

Reduce the risk by Sleep under a mosquito net or in an air-conditioned room Exterminate puddles and mosquito nests

104

105

SMACK Mosquito to Prevent FILARIASIS Hayatunnufus Putrialif, Faadhilah Widya Prananda

Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is one of the most neglected tropical diseases in the world. According to WHO, more than 120 million people in 2000 were infected, with about 40 million disfigured and incapacitated by the disease. In Indonesia, there were 10,681 cases of filariasis spread across 34 provinces in 2018. It is reported that 235 out of 511 districts/cities in Indonesia are endemic for filariasis. This number indicates that many of the Indonesian population lives in areas at high risk of contracting filariasis.

A person can be affected with filariasis by parasites transmitted through the bites of infected mosquitos. In Indonesia, there are three species of parasitic filarial worms, namely Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi and B. timori. The damage caused by the disease is not only physical, but also mental due to the social stigma for patients and their caretakers.

Indirectly, this disease has an impact on reducing the work productivity of patients and leading to financial losses.

For this reason, this poster aims to increase public knowledge on how to prevent larvaecarrying mosquito bites. After seeing this poster, authors hope that people will no longer underestimate mosquito bites, especially for those who lives in endemic areas. Thus transmission can be avoided and the burden of disease and disability caused by filariasis can be reduced.

106

SMACK MOSQU

TO to Prevent FILARIASIS

WHAT FIL WHAT IS IS FILARIASIS? FILARIASIS? FILARIASIS? ARIASIS? Lymphatic filariasis, commonly known as elephantiasis, is one of the neglected tropical diseases caused by roundworms that transmitted through the bites of mosquito. It impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma.

10,681

In 2018, cases of filariasis spread across 34 provinces in Indonesia.

S

235

out of 511 districts in Indonesia are endemic for filariasis.

leep under a mosquito net

M A C K

ake sure to stay indoor during dusk & dawn pply mosquito repellent on exposed skin

over yourself with long sleeved shirts & trousers

eep mosquito away by dumping any standing water near home.

107

Hayatunnufus Putrialif / Faadhilah Widya Prananda

STOP DHF WITH STARE AUTHORS : Husna Bunga Jannati, Raden Ayu Salsabila Rifdah, Audrey Alvura Digna

Introduction : The COVID-19 pandemic urged everyone to carry out all activities at home such as washing which then accidentally leaves a pool of water that can be a place for mosquitoes to breed, gardening without using clothes that cover all of the arms and legs so that it makes it easier for mosquitoes to bite, etc. Moreover, by the end of the year in Indonesia, we have entered the rainy season where there is a high probability that the number of mosquitoes will increase, including Aedes aegypti.

That leads to an increase in the cases of Dengue Fever or worse, Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, and also Dengue Shock Syndrome.

Objective : Our project focused on how to prevent Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever. Dengue is the most prevalent and widespread human arboviral disease in the 21st century. Considering this pandemic situation, the incidence of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever is at the peak, proven by the data from the Indonesian Ministry of Health, it was recorded that there were 71,633 cases in 2020. The knowledge of how to prevent the etiology will help to decrease the incidence rate and increase the awareness to control the mosquito bite.

Conclusion : We are currently in a pandemic era, we do not want anyone to underestimate the prevention of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever because we are too focused on COVID-19.

Reference: 1. Pang X, Zhang R, Cheng G. Progress towards understanding the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever. Virol Sin. 2017 Feb;32(1):16-22. doi: 10.1007/s12250-016-3855-9.

Epub 2016 Nov 14. PMID: 27853992; PMCID: PMC6702245.

2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever [Internet].

CDC.

[cited

2020

108

Dec

08].

Available

https://www.cdc.gov/dengue/resources/denguedhf-information-for-health-carepractitioners_2009.pdf 3. Indonesian Ministry of Health's Center for Data and Information. DHF Situation in Indonesia

year

2020

[Internet].

[cited

https://www.kemkes.go.id/pdf.php?id=20070900004

109

2020

Dec

08].

Available

STOP DHF WITH

"STARE"

STA

gnant water as a place for mosquito breeding must be avoided

ecycle used Rgoods that is

E

pr vent mosquito bites by wearing covered clothes

potential to be mosquito's nest

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever

Some patients with dengue fever tend to develop dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF), a severe and sometimes fatal form of the disease worsen by vascular leakage. Dengue is a mosquito-borne disease caused by any one of four closely related dengue viruses (DENV-1, -2, -3, and -4) carried by

the symptoms are

By July 2020, DHF in Indonesia has reached 71.633 cases, mainly from West Java and Bali

Headache

Muscle pain

Vascular leakage

Fever Rash

Husna Bunga Jannati, Raden Ayu Salsabila Rifdah, Audrey Alvura Digna Pang X, Zhang R, Cheng G. Progress towards understanding the pathogenesis of dengue hemorrhagic fever.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Dengue and Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever.

Indonesian Ministry of Health's Center for Data and Information. DHF Situation in

Aedes aegypti

110

Tinea Corporis? Can be Prevented!

Authors: Avrialina Nur Anissa, Delwi Novita Sitorus, Zahirah Siti Lutfiyah

Abstract

Ringworm is also called “tinea” or “dermatophytosis”. The different types of ringworm are usually named for location on the body. Tinea corporis or ringworm of the body is caused by a fungal infection. Ringworm frequently transmission by direct skin-to-skin contact with an infected animal or person. Tinea Corporis is one of the most common infectious skin diseases in tropical areas, including Indonesia, whose climate is hot and humid which causes the high growth of fungi that cause this disease. In Fact, in Indonesia, 52% of all fungal infections are dominated by tinea corporis. Therefore, make us aware that we need good prevention to deal with this problem by implementing several behaviors that can prevent tinea corporis (Sahoo and Mahajan, 2016).

Tinea Corporis can affect the skin on almost any part of the body as well as fingernails and toenails. Symptoms of tinea corporis usually begin to appear 4-10 days after the body is exposed. At first, itchy skin lesions appear, especially when sweating. Due to itching and scratching, the lesions will enlarge, especially in areas of moist skin. Scaly, itchy, and inflamed skin. The lesions are generally separate patches from each other and in untreated cases, they can spread and aggravate the skin condition (Agarwal et al., 2019).

Despite Tinea Corporis is a big problem, it can still be prevented. The fungus that causes it is common, and the condition is contagious even before symptoms appear. Wear fit clothes, not too tight and absorb sweat easily. Changing out of sweaty clothes after do exercise and activities. Do not share personal items such as towels and clothes with others (Burmana, Putri and Nusadewiarti, 2017). Implementing a clean and healthy lifestyle and keeping the environment. Avoid direct contact with sufferers. So, we hope that the problem of Tinea Corporis can be prevented and decreased.

Keywords: Prevention, Symptoms, Tinea Corporis

111

References

Agarwal, M. et al. (2019) ‘Tinea corporis infection manifestating as retinochoroiditis—an unusual presentation’, Journal of Ophthalmic Inflammation and Infection. doi: 10.1186/s12348-019-0173-z.

Burmana, F., Putri, M. N. and Nusadewiarti, A. (2017) ‘Penatalaksanaan dan Pencegahan Tinea Korporis pada Pasien Wanita dan Anggota Keluarga’, Agromedunila.

Sahoo, A. and Mahajan, R. (2016) ‘Management of tinea corporis, tinea cruris, and tinea pedis: A comprehensive review’, Indian Dermatology Online Journal. doi: 10.4103/2229-5178.178099.

112

113

Clarista Cahyani, Keshia Kulakalyani, Samantha Yaffa Trachoma Trachoma is one of the neglected tropical diseases that can lead to blindness. Globally, there are 142.2 million people that are at risk for trachoma. Trachoma itself is an eye infection by bacteria called Chlamydia trachomatis, which is found in an unhealthy environment. The infection spreads due the eye and nose discharges of the infected person. These discharges can be propagated by specific fly species. Besides direct personal contact, trachoma also easily spread through shared towels and clothes.

The signs and symptoms of trachoma are usually mild itching and irritation of the eyes and eyelids, eyelids swelling, light sensitivity, redness and pain of the eyes. If left untreated, it will lead to visual impairment or blindness. This loss vision can be complete or partial.

Improving access to clean water and sanitation generate a major preventive effect due to the spreading of trachoma infection. Furthermore, avoiding direct personal contact and taking good care of hygiene, such as washing hands diligently, maintaining facial cleanliness, and not sharing towels and clothes with other people, also can reduce the transmission of the eye and nose discharges.

Treating trachoma as soon as possible helps prevent the infection. WHO reported that 95.2 million people in endemic communities were treated with antibiotics to eliminate trachoma. Azithromycin is the most used antibiotics to clear the infection of trachoma.

However, for some advanced cases, surgery is one of the recommended procedures that can clearly correct and avert the blinding complications. Maintaining eye cleanliness is a must after trichiasis surgery to prevent irritation.

To summarize, trachoma is a contagious disease. Through this public poster, society will know how to prevent and overcome this disease. We hope with these cognitions, the awareness of trachoma can be enhanced and the number of people that are at risk for trachoma can be reduced.

114

115

LEVEL UP WITH LEPTOSPIROSIS Angelique Agatha Suzanne1, Hiskia2, Regita Indra Valencia3 Abstract Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by Leptospira sp. bacteria with symptoms for instance high fever, headache, muscle pain, red eyes, nausea, vomiting, also coughs. The disease transmitted through water or food that are contaminated with the urine of reservoir animals, mostly rodents. Leptospirosis is considered as Neglected Tropical Disease in Indonesia is in view of the fact of the significant rise of cases every year and found in most major provinces, referring to such big urgency yet neglected. As we know, flood often occured in Indonesia and due to that, there are always remarkable rise of Leptospirosis cases whenever it occured.

According to WHO, there are 920 leptospirosis cases reported in Indonesia, with 122 deaths caused by the disease in 2019. Therefore it is important to prevent the cases to keep arising.

There are few ways to prevent the disease’s transmision, which are 3-Up: Seal Up, Trap Up, Clean Up. Seal Up are done by sealing every holes around the house so rodents can’t live in it. Trap Up are done with placing traps to catch rodents. Clean Up are done by keep sanitating and cleaning our house. These steps are called Rodent Control and has been done in few places around Indonesia and proved it’s adequacy.

Keywords : leptospirosis, rodent control, tropical disease, neglected tropical disease

Conclusion Leptospirosis is a blood infection caused by Leptospira sp. bacteria with symptoms for instance high fever, headache, muscle pain, red eyes, nausea, vomiting, also coughs and through animal’s (mostly rodent) urine contaminated water/food. Leptospirosis is considered as Neglected Tropical Disease in Indonesia because the significant amount of cases in Indonesia with 920 reported cases and 122 deaths on 2019. Therefore we present the steps of Rodent Control, which are 3-Up: Seal Up, Trap Up, Clean Up.

116

117

DRINKING GREEN CHIRETTA PREVENTS MALARIA INFECTION Abstract Malaria is a tropical disease that is transmitted through the bite of a female anopheles mosquito that carries the parasite plasmodium. Utilization of natural resources to prevent malaria, the general public, especially in Indonesia, uses herbal medicine, a formulation of Green chiretta.

In some journals, there are main compounds as activity antimalarials, namely xanthones that can kill the plasmodium parasite, namely Andrographolide. In its own use, it is to boil water and leaves until they boil and then filter and drink the boiled water.

Conclusion Utilization of natural resources, namely natural plants that are easily found, namely Green chiretta. As an antimalarial because it has active substances Andrographolide and xanthones which are able to kill plasmodium parasites. Simple processing from Green chiretta. make up a pretty high score. However, it is possible to consider side effects.

118

119

PREVENT SCABIES WITHIN COMMUNITY WITH "GARUK" Hanif Ardiansyah Sulistya, Maulana Bagus Adi Cahyono, Teddy Yusuf

Aim : Increase community knowledge on how to prevent scabies in dense populations Background : Indonesia is a country with the 4th largest population in the world. Indonesia has several areas with dense populations and most of them can be found in the form of illegal settlements, slum areas, shanty towns, and boarding schools/dormitories. People living in those areas possess a higher risk of transmitting contagious diseases, especially scabies with a prevalence of 4.6%-12.95%. Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by Sarcoptes scabiei.

Scabies can be transmitted directly through prolonged skin-to-skin contact, and indirectly through sharing clothes, toiletries, or beddings. Scabies’ signs and symptoms include intense itching and appearance of track-like burrows in the skin. Most of the society are unaware of scabies and how to prevent its transmission, therefore leading to its vast spreading. This poster aims to improve community knowledge on how to prevent scabies within community, especially in dense populations with "GARUK".

Keyword : Scabies, Community, Prevention

120

121

HYGIENE prevents Leptospirosis Luna Azhria, Khania Inayah Aini, Harsheena Gobind Aim: ​To raise awareness for those who live in tropical and sub-tropical areas that are often flooded. Also, a few steps of prevention that could decrease the number of cases of people affected with leptospirosis.

Background: Leptospirosis is one of the neglected tropical diseases which spreads from animals to humans, caused by an infection of the bacteria ​Leptospira​. Based on Kementrian Kesehatan (KEMENKES), in 2019, Indonesia has reported 920 cases from 9 provinces, which increased from 2018 that reported 894 cases. Maluku province had the highest CFR at 50%.

The most common source of infection is in contact with infected animal urine and/or contaminated soil or water. Although many domestic animals can serve as reservoir hosts, the brown rat (​Rattus norvegicus​) is the most important source of human infections.

Leptospirosis occurs worldwide, but is commonly in tropical and sub-tropical areas. People with leptospirosis have a wide range of symptoms such as high fever, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, rash, muscle pain, and red eyes.

The preventions that could be taken are having on protective clothing, using food cover and getting vaccination to the animals or pets that you have. Don’t forget to include clean water and evade swimming in flood water. Nonetheless, never leave damaged skin untreated also exclude touching dead animals. From this, we simplified it to one word which is HYGIENE. Conclusion: ​Indonesia is a tropical country with high rates of leptospirosis, so we took the initiative and summarized the prevention in a simple word, HYGIENE, to raise the knowledge of the community and reduce the case of leptospirosis in Indonesia.

122

123

Ascaris Tiny yet Dangerous Salsabilla Elfirdausy1, Andreas Dexter G.1, Revina Maharani2,

Soil-transmitted helminths refer to the intestinal worms infecting humans that are transmitted through contaminated soil (CDC, 2020). STH species are Ascaris lumbricoides, whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and hookworm (Anclostoma duodenale and Necator americanus). STH infection is still a public health problem, mostly in developing countries, such as Indonesia. There are approximately 1.2 billion cases of ascariasis throughout the world.

Southeast Asia (SEA) is the region with the highest reported prevalence of STH infection in recent years where 126.7 million people are infected with Ascaris lumbricoides, while 115.3 million people are infected with Trichuris trichiura, and lastly there are 77.0 million people who have hookworm infections (Hotez, et al., 2015).

Ascariasis, infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, has the highest number of cases among STH. Ascaris lumbricoides lives in the human intestine. Infection occurs when a person ingests an egg through multiple ways. Fingers, soil, and toys are the most common vehicles of transmission. The ingested egg then immigrates into the intestine as larva and penetrates the mucosal epithelium surface then enters the portal system and carried into the liver causing liver disease. Eventually, they migrate to the lungs and causing symptoms such as pneumonia, wheezing, and Loeffler’s syndrome.

Infection is often asymptomatic, therefore a lot of individuals with intestinal ascariasis remain undiagnosed for years before they have symptoms or seek medical attention. There are some ways to prevent the disease, such as washing food before ingest it, avoid ingesting soil or putting hand on the soil directly, and not defecating outdoors. Eventually, as anyone may be at the risk of having the disease mostly low-income family and rural areas, giving more attention

to

STH

infection

may

reduce

its

incidence

KEYWORDS: Ascaris lumbricoides, Asymptomatic, ascaris prevention

124

(CDC,

2020).

125

PREVENT TB WITH “ SAVE” Adela Tabrizanka Latief, Shela Azizah, Tsana Makarim Dika Nurulloh Abstract The number of new Tuberculosis (TB) cases in Indonesia was 420,994 cases in 2017 (data as of May 17 2018) and continues to increase. Indonesia is one of five countries in the world with a high incidence of TB cases. The national target of the National Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJMN) as stated in Presidential Regulation Number 59 of 2017 concerning SDGs sets the TB prevalence target in 2019 to 245 per 100,000 population. Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by organisms of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, which includes M. tuberculosis, the most common and important agent of human mycobacterial disease, and M. bovis, which is acquired via ingestion of unpasteurized milk. This disease most often affects the lungs, although other organs are involved in up to one-third of cases. If properly treated, TB caused by drug-susceptible strains is curable in the vast majority of cases. If untreated, the disease may be fatal within 5 years in 50–65% of cases. Transmission usually takes place through the airborne spread of droplet nuclei produced by patients with infectious pulmonary TTB is a dangerous disease because TB is one of the 10 causes of death and the main cause of infectious agents. Its spread that passes through droplets or sputum sparks causes TB to become a dangerous disease. In 2022 WHO states the global target of treating at least 40 million people with TB by means of screening because It is estimated that close to three million people with TB are not diagnosed or reported annually around the world.

Conclusion : TB is dangerous disease is so we must aware with our environment by taking precautions so as not to contract TB.

126

127

Sink Cash to save Liver Writers: Rifqi Alamsyah Putra, Mohammad Nizar Maulana, Titus Adimasto Fascioliasis belongs to foodborne trematode infection group and may transmitted to humans by animal infection (zoonosis). The trematodes that caused this disease are Fasciola hepatica and F. gigantica. Fasciola gigantica exclusively found in country with tropic climate, like Indonesia. Both species caused the same disease and mainly affect liver.

The complex life-cycle of fascioliasis pathogen affect the transmission of this disease.

The process starts when infected animals (Cows, goats, etc) as main hosts defecate in freshwater sources. Since the worm lives in the bile ducts of such animals, its eggs are evacuated in faeces and hatch into larvae that lodge in a particular type of water snail (intermediate host). Once on the snail, the larvae reproduce and release more larvae into the water and may swim to aquatic plants (carier) and attach to it and form metasercariae (cyst for trematode).

Humans do not typically contribute to the parasite's life-cycle. We only infected with this parasite when we failed to observe basic hygiene measures of our food.

Unfortunately, there is no specific data about fascioliasis infection on human in Indonesia. But look at our community behavior, especially who life in rural area, that eat uncooked vegetable and drink uncooked water may increase the probability of fascioliasis.

That’s why we create a public poster called “Sink Cash to save Liver”. Sink Cash is the acronym for selective in buy food, drink cooked clean water, cook meat properly, and wash vegetable properly before eat. We hope our public poster could raise public awareness to prevent fascioliasis.

128

SI NK CASH t o SAVE LI VER!

TREMATODE’ S

LI FE CYCLE

SELECTI VE

COOK MEAT

I N BUY FOOD

PROPERLY

WASH VEGETABLE

DRI NK COOKED

PROPERLY

CLEAN WATER 129

IS IT MY LEG OR AN ELEPHANT’S? By: Nadhifa Az Zahra & Jovanda Atha Alodia Aji ‘Is It My Leg or an Elephant’s’ poster is one out of many efforts that was made to educate and raise awareness in society about Elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is a kind of neglected tropical disease that is commonly found in Indonesia with more than 10.000 cases per year. Its prevalence starts to rise again in 2019, mostly happened in remote areas in Papua. In Asia, this disease is caused by either filarial worms: Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori, that is transmitted by mosquitos, especially from the species Culex quinquefasatus, Anopheles, and Aedes. Elephantiasis mostly asymptomatic, but may show early symptoms on some people, such as high fever, chills, skin lesions, leukocyte amount arises, and undefined pain around lymph nodes (thigh or under arms). Late symptoms showed after the worms’ larva become infective (8-14 days). These symptoms including haematuria and severe swelling on scrotum, arm, leg, or breast. Untreated elephantiasis can cause permanent disability to the sufferer, which turns them into a burden to their family. As a result, their productivity decreases and financial loss occurs. Concerning this condition, government decided to conduct ‘BELKAGA’ (Bulan Eliminasi Kaki Gajah), with its main program ‘POPM’ (Pemberian Obat Pencegahan Massal) since 2015. Due to this program, a large amount of DEC and Albendazole (anti parasite medicines) had been given for free. To support government’s effort in reducing elephantiasis, we propose an alternative way to prevent elephantiasis: ‘THE MAN’. We persuade people to wear tight long sleeve clothes in damp open areas, provide hygienic environment, terminate mosquito’s breeding places, sleep under mosquito nets, take the prevention medicine, and apply mosquito repellent lotion. We hope that these steps could bring significant results in preventing elephantiasis in Indonesia.

130

131

LEPROSY IS NOT CURSE DISEASE, FIND IT EARLY! Alifa Hasna Ramadhani Fachly, Ruth Arthesya Nauli Basa Sihombing, Sena Pongtuluran ABSTRACT The epidemiological situation of leprosy from 2001 to 2018, in Indonesia tends to be static with a prevalence rate of 0.7 - 22 - per 10,000 population. Leprosy or leprosy is a disease caused by infection with Mycobacterium leprae which attacks the nerves and skin. This disease often occurs in tropical and sub-tropical areas. Many people view leprosy as a contagious disease and cannot be cured. Some say that it is a curse from God. Many people who suffer from leprosy are ashamed of their disease because there are physical changes in not only patients but their families can also be ostracized by the community because of the stigma of this "curse" disease even though leprosy itself if done with prompt and appropriate treatment will heal.

Leprosy can also be prevented by: 1) Maintaining personal and environmental hygiene, 2) Increase knowledge about leprosy by health promotion, 3) Early diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy, 4) Family support for increase self-confidence. So that people do not feel feared by the stigma of leprosy as a "curse", it is necessary to promote health by utilizing technology such as social media as a development of the health system in Indonesia. There are many various social media that can be used for disseminating information, for example Instagram because it has various features in it that we can use for health promotion. Besides that, we can also use Youtube, Whatsapp, Line, TikTok as a forum for the dissemination of information on leprosy. Social media was chosen because it has a wide range of information dissemination, making it easier for people in various circles to find out the information to be provided more easily. It is hoped that in this way the community can understand and understand leprosy so that the negative stigma about leprosy is reduced.

Reference: 

Noviyanti Kartika Sari. Upaya Pencegahan Penyakit Kusta Dengan Program Penerapan Pola Hidup Bersih Dan Sehat Sejak Dini. Iik Strada Indonesia



Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor Tahun Tentang Rencana Strategis Kementerian Kesehatan Tahun 2020-2024



Emedicine.Medscape.com

132

Leprosy is not a Curse Disease Find it early!

F I

N E

Family support for increase self-confidence.

DID YOU KNOW?

Leprosy is a disease ,simply caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium leprae, which causes damage to the skin and the peripheral nervous system.

Increase knowledge about leprosy by health promotion.

Nurture personal and environmental hygiene.

Early diagnosis and treatment with multidrug therapy.

Red stain White patches Not itchy Painless Does not heal with ordinary skin medication

Prevention may be achieved by increasing the level of detection and controlling the risk factors.

by Alifa Hasna, Ruth Sihombing & Sena Pongtuluran 133

LET’S PREVENT FILARIASIS TRANSMISSION WITH LOTIONS Zahra Putri Ariyan, Alifah Jihan Hasan, Aditya Bayu Sena Filariasis is inflammation of the legs, arms, and genitals caused by filarial worms and transmitted through the bite of mosquitoes which contain filarial worms in its body. There are three species of filarial worms that can cause filariasis; Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, and Brugia timori 1. These filarial worms can be transmitted by 23 species of mosquitoes, the main species are Anopheles barbirostris, Mansonia, and Culex quinquefasciatus 2. According to Indonesian Health Ministry in 2019, around 10,758 people in Indonesia suffered from filariasis which widely spread in 28 of 34 provinces 1. This disease can cause psychological, social, and economic bad impact to the sufferers and their families 3.

This poster has aim to improve society's knowledge on how to prevent filariasis transmission with seven steps “LOTIONS”. (1) Lessen the mosquito vectors in your environment by fogging. Remember pay attention to the dosage used. (2) Do not do outdoor activities during the peak of mosquito hours. (3) Use mosquito net to keep mosquitoes away during the sleeping time. (4) Improve environmental sanitation to avoid breeding ground for mosquitoes. (5) Don’t forget to wear closed clothes on the day. (6) Apply mosquito repellent on daily activities. (7) Share valid health information with others. We are expecting this poster can raise awareness of people in Indonesia about filariasis transmission and reduce the number of filariasis sufferers.

1

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2020. Profil Kesehatan Indonesia 2019. Jakarta: Kementerian

Kesehatan RI. 2

Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 2005. Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia

Nomor 1582 Tahun 2005 tentang Pedoman Pengendalian Filariasis (Penyakit Kaki Gajah).

Jakarta: Kementerian Kesehatan RI. 3

Ernawati A. FAKTOR RISIKO PENYAKIT FILARIASIS (KAKI GAJAH). Jurnal

Litbang, 2017;XIII:105-114.

134

135

Fight Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis with HELMINTHS Michael Sugiyanto, Liovicinie Andarini, and Madeline Belda

Soil-transmitted helminthiasis (STH) is a disease caused by the infection of worms through contaminated soil. This group of worms consists of Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. STH is one of the most prevalent tropical diseases in the world. It is estimated that 24% of the world population are infected by STH and 807-1,121 of the world population are infected by Ascaris lumbricoides. Most of the infected population live in sub-Saharan Africa, Asia, and South America.1,2

The alarming effects of STH classify it as a serious disease therefore it needs to be eradicated.

The worms colonizing the gastrointestinal tract will absorb the blood and nutrition designated for the host. This will lead to anemia and malnutrition of the host resulting in lethargy, cognitive impairment, and decreased productivity.1 In fetuses and children, infestation by these worms can cause growth and development retardation. The vulnerable population for STH are preschool and school-age children, women in reproductive age, gardeners, mine workers, farmers, and people with poor hygiene practices. 3,4

The eradication of STH is essential in achieving a healthier community, especially in developing countries. While the complete eradication of STH seems to be difficult, the creative campaigns to raise the awareness of STH and its prevention needs to be done, especially to high risk populations. STH can be avoided by washing hands properly, educating children to practice good hygiene, handling livestock cleanly, using clean water in daily life, avoiding open defecation practices and touching soil with bare hands and feet, and having the meals cooked properly1, abbreviated as HELMINTHS. This poster aims to raise awareness about the seriousness of STH and educate people to prevent STH therefore achieving a healthier community.

136

References 1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Parasites - trichuriasis (also known as whipworm infection) prevention & control [Internet]. Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2013 Jan 10 [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/prevent.html 2. World Health Organization. Soil-transmitted helminth infections [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020 Mar 2 [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available from: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/soil-transmitted-helminthinfections#:~:text=Approximately%201.5%20billion%20people%20are,soil%20conta mination%20with%20infective%20eggs 3. Pasaribu AP, Alam A, Sembiring K, Pasaribu S, Setiabudi D.Prevalence and risk factors of soil-transmitted helminthiasis among school children living in an agricultural area of North Sumatera, Indonesia. BMC Public Health. 2019 Aug 7; 19: 1066.

4. Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Penyakit kecacingan masih dianggap sepele [Internet].

Jakarta: Sekretariat Jenderal Kementerian Kesehatan RI; 2010 Jul 9 [cited 2020 Dec 10].

Available

from:

https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/1135/penyakit-

kecacingan-masihdianggap-sepele.html

137

138

Bitten by RABIES Anisa Henintya Rizki Putri, Elsie Levina Aisha, Aurellia Rinnanda Putri Asian Medical Students’ Association

Aim: This poster aims to increase the awareness of society about rabies, which is a Neglected Tropical Disease category with a relatively high mortality rate. This poster is providing facts which consist of transmission, treatment, and prevention.

Background: Based on Indonesian Ministry of Health 2020, Rabies is also called rabid dog disease, which is an acute infectious disease of the central nervous system. This disease is a group of zoonotic diseases, namely contagious diseases from animals to humans through the bites of dogs, monkeys, ferrets, cats. In Indonesia, the mortality rate due to rabies is still relatively high, namely 100-156 deaths per year with a case fatality rate of almost 100%.

Rabies transmission to humans usually occurs due to the bite of an animal infected with rabies. Transmission can also occur when the saliva of an animal in contact with a new, open wound or by the eye or other mucosal surface.

Based on WHO, The incubation period of rabies may vary starts from 1 week until 1 year but typically 2-3 months and the initial symptoms include fever with pain, tingling, and burning sensation at the site of the wound. Since rabies virus spreads into the central nervous system, it may result in symptoms like hydrophobia or fear of water, excitable behaviour, and cardiorespiratory arrest, which causes death.

If someone has been bitten by rabies reservoir, the first-aid includes wash and flush the wound with soap,water,detergent, or povidone iodine for a minimum 15 minutes and plan to see healthcare provider immediately.

Conclusion: We hope that the society will know more about rabies through BITTEN and contribute to eliminating rabies in animals since rabies is preventable by vaccine.

139

140

BEAT MALARIA WITH THE “PITCH” Aisyah Mardiyyah, Marlin, Kinanthi Prima Astari Aim : To increase community knowledge on how to prevent malaria through vector control strategies.

Background : According to epidemiological research, there was an estimated 30 million cases malaria every year. Every year around 15 million people were treated because malaria, but only about 10 % who receive treatment in healthy facility. From 2015-2017, WHO estimated that there was an increment of malaria cases based on the survey. It is related to the fact that Indonesia is one of the country that is still at risk of malaria because there are 80 % endemic area for malaria. Malaria elimination initiatives officially have been declared by the Ministry of Health, Republic of Indonesia, which the targets for elimination particularly in endemic areas by 2030. In global health, a vector is any organism that is a vehicle for disease transmission. Vector control is one of the ways to prevent from transmitting disease. In the case of malaria parasite, the vector is the female Anopheles mosquito. The vast majority of successful antimalarial campaigns have relied heavily on vector control. Therefore, this poster aims to improve public knowledge on how to prevent malaria through vector control strategies, with the PITCH. Put mosquito repellent to cover exposed skin Install a wire mesh on all the windows of the house Try to wear long and light-colored clothes Clean up the stagnant water from places where mosquitoes breed Have to sleep under an insecticide treated bed nets

Key Finding : Malaria, Vector, Prevention

141

BEAT MALARIA WITH THE "PITCH" Malaria is a life threatening disease caused by plasmodium parasite and

transmitted

through

the

bite

of

infected

female

Anopheles

mosquito. Indonesia is still at risk of malaria because 80 % of its area is still endemic for malaria. Together we can prevent malaria with the PITCH strategies

P

I

T

Put musquito repellent to cover exposed skin

Install a wire mesh on all windows at the house

Try to wear long and light colored clothes

Clean up the stagnant water

C

H

from any potential places for mosquitoes to breed

Have to sleep under an insecticide treated bed nets

Aisyah Mardiyyah • Marlin • Kinanthi Prima Astari 142

Title : Your ABCD Against Malaria Name of Author : Alvitra Salmalia Syaharani, Betzy Riani Kesuma, Erlangga Prabowo Abstract : Malaria is a severe disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which is transmitted to humans by a bite of an infected female mosquito of the species Anopheles.

Malaria remains the leading cause of mortality around the world, and early diagnosis and fast-acting treatment prevent unwanted outcomes. It is the most common disease in Africa and some countries of Asia, while in the developed world malaria occurs as imported from endemic areas. Therefore, it is necessary to have malaria prevention efforts which consist of 2 aspects, there are controlling the mosquito population and protecting yourself from mosquito bites that have the potential to transmit malaria.

Conclusion : The malaria prevention strategy is summarized in 4 steps which is shortened as ABCD. The first step is A or Awareness, be aware of the risk, the incubation period, the possibility of delayed onset, and the main symptoms. The second step is B or Bite precaution, avoid being bitten by mosquitoes, especially between dusk and dawn. We should be advised that personal protection from mosquito bites between dusk and dawn is their first line of defence against malaria. The third step is C or Chemoprophylaxis, take antimalarial drugs which is Chemoprophylaxis when appropriate, at regular intervals to prevent acute malaria attacks.

The last step is D or Diagnosis. Immediately seek Diagnosis and treatment if a fever develops 1 week or more after entering an area where there is a malaria risk and up to 3 months (or, rarely, later) after departure from a risk area.

Bibliography : Suh, K. N., K. C. Kain, dan J. S. Keystone. 2004. Malaria. Cmaj. 170(11):1693–1702.

Talapko, J., I. Škrlec, T. Alebić, M. Jukić, dan A. Včev. 2019. Malaria: the past and the present. Microorganisms. 7(6) Tizifa, T. A., A. N. Kabaghe, R. S. McCann, H. van den Berg, M. Van Vugt, dan K. S. Phiri.

2018. Prevention efforts for malaria. Current Tropical Medicine Reports. 5(1):41–50.

143

144

Preventive Mass Drug Administration Salsabillah Chaerunnisa – Naomi Martha Micella Situmeang – Winia Ngantung Abstract Background Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections are among the most common infections worldwide and one of Indonesia's problems health issues based on social and environmental.

They are transmitted by eggs present in human feces, which turn contaminate soil in areas where sanitation is poor. Soil transmitted helminthiasis is often caused by Ascaris lumbricoides, Trichuris trichiura, Ancylostoma duodenale, and Necator americanus. In Indonesia soil transmitted helminths are classified as a neglected disease. Indonesia's government made the Regulation of Health Minister No. 15/2017 to eradicate helminthiasis about Preventive Mass Drug Administration conducted on children under five, pre-school age children, school-age children in areas with high and moderate prevalence.

Objectives To provide information to the public about the prevention of Soil Transmitted Helminths through the government program of Mass Prevention of Medicines so that it is hoped that the public will know more about how to prevent STH so that it is hoped that STH cases in Indonesia can be reduced.

Conclusion With this poster, the public can find out how to prevent STH (Soil-Transmitted Helminths) and support government programs regarding mass prevention of drugs to achieve indicators of achieving the target of the worm prevention program to below 10% (ten percent) in each district/city. It is also so that we can maximize the prevention and promotion of mass prevention of drugs to the public and health workers.

145

146

GATSBY: Get to Know ‘Bout Leprosy Adhristhi Pramithaswari Firmansyah, Prahastya Putra, Namira Vadya Permana

Abstract Leprosy is a chronic disease that caused by Mycobacterium leprae. This disease mainly attacks the peripheral nervous system, which caused its patient to feel numb in their hands or legs. It spread slowly and can caused other symptoms on skin, the respiratory tract, muscles, and other organs.

One of the main complications that caused by the damage of peripheral nervous system in Leprosy is deformity or disability. This complication can affect not only the patient’s medical state but also the mental state, social state, and economy state. This situation is caused by the lack of knowledge about leprosy in community and can make the patient is ignored or neglected by the community.

People can only get infected with leprosy by close contact with someone with untreated leprosy in long period of time. Leprosy is a cure-able disease, there are pharmacology intervention and nonpharmacology interventions. The pharmacology intervention is Multi-Drug Therapy and the nonpharmacology interventions are counseling, medical rehabilitation assessment and prevention of disability.

Conclusion Leprosy is a chronic but cure-able disease, which now can be cured if the patient is obediently taking medication. Also, leprosy is not easily transmitted through brief contact such as hugging, shaking hands, sitting next to each other, etc. It is only transmitted by close and long contact for months or years. This poster is aim to increase the knowledge about leprosy in community. Thus, the community can support the people who got leprosy.

147

148

Stop Dengue with ABCD Steps Namira Vadya Permana, Prahastya Putra, Adhristhi Pramithaswari Firmansyah

Abstract Dengue fever is one of tropical disease that caused by Dengue virus. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes through the bites to human skins. The most female mosquitoes that carried the Dengue virus are from the species Aedes aegypti. People who get infected by Dengue virus can show several symptoms that lasts for 2-7 days such as high fever, headache, muscle pain, etc. The virus can attack the body and cause severe bleeding and plasma leakage. This situation can cause a higher risk of death if not treated properly. Until now, there is no specific treatment for Dengue fever. The best options are to treat the symptoms with paracetamol and also IV fluid drops to maintain the patient’s body fluid and to prevent severe plasma leakage. The main cause of this disease is the Dengue virus that carried by the mosquitoes. The mosquitoes like to live in manmade water storage or water reservoirs. Thus, there are several actions that can prevent to get infected by Dengue virus. First, avoid the mosquito bites by using mosquito repellents. Second, bury all things that no longer used to prevent a convenient habitat for the mosquitoes. Third, cover all water reservoirs or water storage to prevent the mosquitoes to lay their eggs. Last, drain domestic water reservoirs (bathtubs, buckets of water, etc) to prevent the mosquitoes to reproduce and lay their eggs.

Conclusion Dengue fever is one of tropical disease that can cause higher risk of death if not treated properly.

In Indonesia, the morbidity and mortality rate of Dengue fever are still high. This poster is aim to increase the knowledge about the prevention of Dengue fever in community. Thus, the community can learn how to prevent the Dengue fever and decrease the morbidity and mortality rate of Dengue fever in Indonesia.

149

150

Poster Title

: Dengue Fever 101

Authors

: Ardhito Rahadian & Chaterine Angelica

Poster Abstract

:

Dengue, caused by infection with any of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes (1–4), is the most important mosquito-borne viral disease in humans and is of major public health concern.

The clinical manifestations of dengue virus infection range from asymptomatic infection or a mild flu-like syndrome, also known as dengue fever (DF), to the more severe and lifethreatening forms, dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) and dengue shock syndrome (DSS).

Indonesia is a country that located in Southeast Asia, is a tropical country where the main mosquito for the dengue endemic in all region. The first case reported for Dengue in Indonesia was in 1960s, and since then it has continued to increase. The case by no mean small, but have been neglected by almost all people. From then Dengue have been one of the Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), wich are common in low-income populations in developing region such as Indonesia. By spreading the information to the public using poster, the Author hope that people will raise awareness and actively prevent themselves from being infected by Dengue and know well if they are infected or not to help raising the public health.

Conclusion

:

As one of the Neglected tropical diseases (NTDs), Dengue have been around us since a long time ago. The increase of cases each year indicate that dengue are neglected. By spreading information and awareness around people, our hope is we can help improving knowledge to the public and reduce the cases of Dengue and one day make a place free of Dengue.

151

152

Leprosy: SEE with TOUCH It affects Skin, nErves, Earlobe (SEE), let us prevent it with, Tolerate no symptoms, suppOrt early diagnosis and treatment, build Up an improved screening system, seek for medical help when in Contact with a patient, raise awareness among tHe people (TOUCH).

Clara Angelina, Donnatella Valentina, Hans Widyatomo Abstract Leprosy, also known as Hansen's disease, is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae (M. leprae), a microorganism that has a predilection for the skin and nerves, mainly transmitted via droplets from the nose and mouth of a leprosy-infected individual. Despite being a curable disease, leprosy is one of the most common causes of nontraumatic peripheral neuropathy worldwide.

As we are all aware, to prevent is always wiser than to cure. Transmission rate and infectivity among society could be decreased, preventing people from being infected and from developing disabilities, which could be generated with increased severity of the disease, not to mention decreasing case detection rates and leprosy prevalence in a country.

With that said, we prioritize leprosy prevention methods by formulating an improved screening system and vouchsafe accurate information that will increase society’s awareness upon this illness. Early diagnosis and treatment are also fundamental in decreasing infectivity and transmission rate in society. Last but not least, advocate the need to report to a medical worker when in contact with a leprosy-affected individual, which is what we, as medical students should do as well whenever we encounter a case.

Conclusion Leprosy effects and prevention methods are highlighted in our poster which we abbreviated as “SEE with TOUCH'' to be easier for the public to comprehend and memorize. We believe, to prevent a disease is always better than to cure, as a lot of undesirable things can be avoided. As we aim to educate the public on leprosy, we have made our poster not only pleasing to the eye, but also fairly easy to understand. With the information presented in our poster, we hope the community will receive accurate and appropriate information on leprosy and aid us in preventing the spread of the disease.

153

154

MALTA!: Preventing Fasciola Infection with Simple Tips Billy Yansen Lifindra(012011133033), Rahmi Nugraningrum (012011133049), Ziba Naila Octavi (012011133048)

WHO has estimated that 600 million people worldwide are poisoned each year, and as many as 420,000 of them die, including 125,000 children under 5 years of age. Some of the sources of transmission of fasciola are from consuming plants contaminated by metacarcaria. Consuming contaminated water.Eating food or drink made from contaminated materials..The symptoms are divided into two, namely acute and chronic symptoms.

Follow: fever, nausea, swelling of the liver, pain in the stomach, especially in the right, and skin rash. Chronic: anemia, jaundice, and sudden pain. Prevention that can be done. Make sure the food you buy, store, and eat must be hygienic. Never eat fruit or vegetables without washing them beforehand. Process the vegetables by boiling or cooking them up to the eyes.Avoid raw food and meat. Always wash your hands before eating. If necessary, provide deworming medicine at least 2 times year. So, it is important to ensure our food sources are clean and avoid contamination of wormeggs.

Key words: fasciola, contaminated material, prevention, symptoms

155

MALTA!: Preventing Fasciola Infection with Simple Tips

By: Rahmi, Billy, Ziba WHO has estimated that 600 million people in the world are infected by parasitic flatworm (Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica) each year, and as many as 420,000 of them die, including 125,000 children under 5 years of age.

How do we get Infected?

Consuming uncooked meat and livers

Consuming contaminated plant products

Drinking contaminated water

What are the Symptoms?

Acute symptoms are fever, abdominal pain,

swelling on the right side of the body (on the liver), and skin rash

So, how do we prevent it?

With MALTA! Always wash your hands & ingredients Make sure your food are cooked properly,

Chronic symptoms are jaundice, anemia, and sudden pain

Take deworming medicine

Mas-Coma, S., Bargues, M.D. and Valero, M. A. (2018) "Human fascioliasis infection sources, their diversity, inci dence factors, analytical methods and prevention measures," Parasitology. Cambridge University Press, 145(13), pp. 1665-1699. doi: 10.1017/50031182018000914 https://www.who.int/foodborne_trematode_infections/fascioliasis/en/ https://www.who.int/health-topics/foodborne-diseases

156

Get To Know More About Filariasis Alda Raihan Almira​1​, Riya Tanjung Ekasari​2​, Aisyah Azizah Nur S H​3 Email: 1​​ aldaraihanalmira@gmail.com​, 2​​ riya.tanjung20@gmail.com​, 3​

aisyahazizah61@gmail.com Abstract

One of the diseases that can reduce productivity both socially and economically is filariasis.

According to the Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 94 of 2014 which discusses the prevention of filariasis, filariasis or more commonly referred to as elephantiasis is a vector-borne disease, or a disease that requires a vector in its transmission. This tropical filariasis disease is a chronic infectious disease caused by filarial worms that attack the ducts and lymph nodes, and is transmitted by mosquitoes. All types of mosquitoes can be an intermediate vector for filariasis. The type of content in this poster was literature review. Filariasis symptoms are fever, feeling cold, headaches, swollen of the lymph nodes, inflammation of the lymph nodes, filarial abscess, early swelling. So, to prevent this filariasis we called PASS. They are Protect body from mosquito, Avoid area where filariasis is common, Shut off the source of puddles, Set the mosquitoes repellents plants.

Keywords: ​abstract, filariasis, symptoms, prevent

157

158

Prevent Dengue with “SHIELD” Irgy Prijenka Ardhanariswara, Ibrahim Fuadizidane, Alysha ardana dya ardisa Aim: To increase the knowledge of the communities for those who live in tropical and subtropical countries that are having a rainy season. likewise, tips of prevention that could lead to decreasing the number of cases of people that are infected by dengue Abstract: Dengue is one of the neglected tropical diseases, the most common cause of dengue is the arthropod-borne viral disease that infects man 50-100 million per year. Dengue in countries that are considered as tropical and sub-tropical areas is an endemic disease that comes every rain season that the mosquito reproduces such as Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus that usually found in tropical and sub-tropical like Indonesia to northern Australia.

The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that every year incidence of dengue approximately 100 million infections, with about 500,000 people with dengue requiring hospitalization, and many of them are children. Dengue mortality rate is approximately 1-2,5%, but without proper treatment, the fatality rate may surpass 20%. In Indonesia, 10 provinces reported the most cases and there were 71.633 infected cases and 459 death cases of dengue in 2020, East Java province had the highest infected cases at 10.772.

With these numerous cases, we took an initiative path to prevent the spread of dengue with SHIELD Conclusion: We wish that this health promotion could raise the community to become more aware and anticipate the dengue.

Reference: 1. Back, A.T. , & Lundkvist A. Dengue viruses – an overview, Infect Ecol Epidemiol.

2013; 3

2. Pusat Data Dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI. Situasi DBD (2016, April 22) https://www.kemkes.go.id/download.php?file=download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin %20dbd%202016.pdf 3. https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/view/20070900004/hingga-juli-kasus-dbd-diindonesia-capai-71-ribu.html

159

160

DO SWAB TO PREVENT LEPROSY Nahdia Miftachul Huda, Karunia Mahardika, Nielanawalul Putri Rosyanti

Aim: socialize to Indonesian society about what is leprosy, what causes it, and how to cure it Background: The term leprosy comes from the Sanskrit language, namely leprosy means a group of skin symptoms in general. Leprosy or leprosy is also called Morbus Hansen, the name that discovered the bacteria. Leprosy is a disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae which attacks various parts of the body including nerves and skin. Indonesia has achieved the status of eliminating leprosy, namely prevalence, 1 per 10,000 population, in 2000. After that, Indonesia is still able to reduce the incidence of leprosy although it is relatively slow. The leprosy prevalence rate in Indonesia in 2017 was 0.70 cases / 10,000 population and the new case detection rate was 6.08 cases per 100.00 population. In addition, there are several provinces whose prevalence is still above 1 per 10,000 population. This prevalence rate cannot be declared leprosy free and occurs in 10 provinces in Indonesia. This poster aimed to socialize to Indonesian society about what is leprosy, what causes it, and how to cure it. Based on Kemenkes, the average new cases of leprosy is 15 thousand per year.

Keyword: Leprosy, socialize, cure

161

162

PREVENT RABIES WITH VIRUS Tiara Adinda Maharani, Alieftya Paramitha Abstract: Rabies is one of the 17 neglected tropical diseases listed by the World Health Organization. Rabies is a viral disease caused by infection with a lyssavirus. Rabies is transmitted through contact with the saliva, bites, and scratches of an infected animal. An estimated 59. 000 people die from rabies each year. Up to 99% of rabies cases in humans are caused by dog bites. That’s one person every nine minutes of every day 40% of whom are children living in Asia and Africa. Globally, the economic burden of rabies is estimated at US$ 8.6 billion per annum. The disease is endemic in the remaining 26 provinces in Indonesia and over the past five years.The investment in dog vaccination, rabies monitoring and surveillance systems remains low in most countries where rabies occurs. How to prevent this can start from understanding about rabies is crusial, improved awareness and education, increased access to healthcare, medicines and vaccines. Mass dog vaccination campaigns that cover 70% of the at-risk dog population can confer herd immunity against rabies. Human vaccines such a PEP consists of a series of rabies vaccines and rabies immunoglobulin (RIG), administered after a suspected exposure to rabies. Appropriate wound management and prompt access to quality-assured PEP is almost 100% effective in preventing human rabies deaths.

Bite wound should be irrigated with soapy water and scrubbed to remove foreign bodies, and the use of iodine-based antiseptics is recommended. Rabies in some infected animals may behave strangely, but sometimes there may be no obvious signs they're infected, avoid touching any dead animals. And the last is PrEP to prevent rabies, this is recommended for highrisk persons, including veterinarians, spelunkers, etc.

Conclusion: Rabies is fatal but can be preventable, if we can understanding more about rabies, we can reduce prevalence deaths caused by rabies.

Keyword: Rabies, Neglegted Tropical Disease, Prevention

Reference: 1. Sullivan W. (2016). The untapped cell biology of neglected tropical diseases.

Molecular biology of the cell, 27(5), 739–743. https://doi.org/10.1091/mbc.E15-110771.

163

2. Santhia, K., & Sudiasa, W. (2019). Human rabies epidemiology in Bali, Indonesia.International Journal of Health & Medical Sciences,2(1), 7-16.

3. WHO. 2020. World Rabies Day 2020: FAO, OIE and WHO leaders announce collective

effort

to

end

human

rabies

deaths

by

2030.

https://www.who.int/news/item/28-09-2020-world-rabies-day-2020.

4. FAO, et al. 2018. ZERO BY 30: The Global Strategic Plan to end human deaths from dog-mediated rabies by 2030.

164

PREVENT RABIES WITH VIRUS is a fatal but preventable viral disease caused by infection of lyssavirus. Rabies is transmitted through contact with the saliva, bites, and scratches of an infected animal. Rabies is mostly found in wild animals like bats, raccoons, skunks, and foxes but most rabies are caused by dog bites.

+

Preventable with V I R U S

SIGNS OF RABIES IN ANIMALS

PREVENTION

V accination animal

lethargy

The only real way to interrupt the disease's infectious cycle between animals and humans

abnormal vocalization paralysis

+ +

+

hypersalivation

I mmediately wash the bite wound

Use soapy water and iodine-based antiseptics, scrubbed to remove foreign bodies

R abies vaccine after exposure

PREVALENCE

59.000

people die from rabies each year

99%

Consists of a series of rabies vaccines and, in some cases, rabies immunoglobulin (RIG)

4/10

U nderstanding rabies risk

deaths are in children

Learn the risk and symptoms

S tay away from wild animals Avoid touching any stray animals or dead animals especially stray dogs and cats

of human cases result from dog bites

by : Tiara Adinda Maharani and Alieftya Paramitha

165

PREVENT FILARIASIS BY USING “KELAMBU” Stevens Wijaya, Munzhirul Nur Ilman, Satria Leonardo Simon

ABSTRACT Background: Lymphatic Filariasis (LF) is an infection caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, a worm trasmitted through mosquito that causes chronic and progressive swelling of the limbs (lymphedema) and testis (hydrocele). The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF) which have been set in 2000 by WHO to eliminate LF as a public health problem globally by 2020 will not be achieved by then. This can happen because there are still 25,13% people in the world in 2019 who are at high risk with LF infection and in need of preventive chemotherapy (PC). Indonesia is ranked fourth in the world with 38.258.683 people in need of PC after India with 312.183.577 people, Nigeria with 82.992.655 people, and Democratic Republic of the Congo with 36.946.748 people. The most common symptoms of LF ia a hydrocele and lymphedema. Through this public poster, we want to increase community knowledge on how to prevent and stay away from LF by using “KELAMBU”.

Objective: We want to tell the last update information about LF as an infection disease to public, so no more misunderstanding LF as a curse. To increase community knowledge on how to prevent and stay away from LF, and change the status quo of LF from Neglected Tropical Disease.

References: CDC - Centers for Disease Control (2020) ‘Lymphatic Filariasis’.

Kemenkes RI (2019) ‘Situasi Filariasis di Indonesia’, Infodatin Pusat Data dan Informasi Kementerian Kesehatan RI, pp. 1–12.

Newman, T. E. and Juergens, A. L. (2020) Filariasis, StatPearls. StatPearls Publishing.

Available at: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32310472.

World Health Organization (WHO) (2020) Lymphatic filariasis (Elephantiasis). Available at: https://www.who.int/health-topics/lymphatic-filariasis#tab=tab_1.

166

167

HEY : Reducing Malaria Euis Alina Kusumaningtyas, Dwiarsi Sajariana Riadani, Nur Shinta Lestari

In 2019, there were 250.644 malaria cases with 23% of Indonesians living in the malaria endemic zone. From 2014, the number of malaria cases has been stagnant with an increasing number in Papua region. The mortality rate of malaria in the past few years has reduced, except in 2019. Hence, Indonesian Ministry of Health has been conducting the malaria elimination program from 2019 in order to achieve the malaria elimination by 2030 in Indonesia. From the data in 2019, there were already 300 regions that had achieved the goal, malaria-free zone, but only 3 provinces with all its regions are free from malaria. According to WHO, there were 229 million malaria cases in 2019 with the South-East Asia Region accounted for 3% of the malaria cases globally. Malaria cases are regarded much more seriously in children and pregnant women. Anemia, premature birth, low-weighted birth, complication in cognitive development of the babies and deaths are the risks for them. In 2019, children below 15 years old contributed to 39% of the malaria cases in Indonesia and toddlers contributed to 14% of it.

We found that the majority of Indonesians are still not aware of the danger of malaria.

Also, we think that the act of prevention can reduce the number of cases significantly. We took the initiative to make this public poster with the hope of increasing the society’s awareness of malaria. We provide a brief explanation on the definition and the facts of malaria with the simplified explanation on prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation that Indonesian Ministry of Health has provided. Hence, readers could pick up the messages easily and be able to take the steps to jointly prevent the development of malaria cases in Indonesia, especially in potential areas.

References: Kemenkes RI, 2020. Laporan Situasi Terkini Perkembangan Program Pengendalian Malaria di Indonesia Tahun 2019. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

WHO, 2020. World Malaria Report 2020: 20 Years of global progress and challenges.

Geneva: World Health Organization. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

168

Euis Alina Kusumaningtyas

Hey !!!

Reducing malaria

Dwiarsi Sajariana Riadani Nur Shinta Lestari

In order to prevent the spread of malaria, the Indonesia government has conducted:

23% Indonesians live in malaria endemic areas

Blood test on people with symptoms From 2014, the number of malaria cases in Indonesia is stagnant with increasing number in Papua

Mass campaigns of malaria prevention

The malaria seasonality in Indonesia also Increases when COVID-19 cases are increased

Strengthen the quality of referral hospitals

I’m causing an acute febrile illness called malaria with my bite

What should we do?

Home

Use mosquito nets, wire gauzes, and fold clothes Infected people will be given ACT (Artemisinin-Based Combination Therapy) for their treatment

Environment

Keep our yard clean, eliminate puddles, and cultivate mosquito egg-eating fish

Yourself

Use anti-mosquito body products and wear body-enclosed clothings

169

PREVENT FILARIASIS WITH “TROUSER” Mahadi Manalu, M. Arkan Ramadhan, M. Rakha Nabil

Aim: Increase society knowledge and awareness about the filariasis, its consequence, and its prevention.

Background: We choose lymphatic filariasis as main topic in our poster because filariasis diseases that affect many people in this world and cause body deformities. Based on Infodatin (2018), filariasis cases in Indonesia decline in the three years span (2015-2017). Even so, that doesn't mean we can be careless about the risks that can come in the future. We must be aware and keep preventing the spread of this disease.

Filariasis or it can be called lymphatic filariasis is one of the neglected tropical disease in the world, especially in Indonesia. This disease is caused by microfilaria of Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori that transmitted by various types of mosquitoes (Anopheles sp., Aedes sp., or Culex sp.). The microfilaria can disturb the lymphatic and renal system, so does immune system. Because of the disturbance of lymphatic system, the legs of the sufferer become big like an elephant’s leg as known as elephantiasis. Elephantiasis is a permanent disorder that can interfere with a person’s daily activities.

Conclusion: Filariasis is a disease that can't be neglected even though the cases keep declining year by year, since it causes some complications in our body. Because of that, we made this poster in order to raise people's awareness about the filariasis, its consequence, and its prevention.

Keyword: filariasis, prevention, elephantiasis

Reference: Cdc.gov.

2020.

CDC

-

Lymphatic

Filariasis.

[online]

<https://www.cdc.gov/parasites/lymphaticfilariasis/index.html> December 2020].

170

Available [Accessed

at: 12

Who.int. 2020. Lymphatic Filariasis. [online] Available at: <https://www.who.int/newsroom/fact-sheets/detail/lymphatic-filariasis> [Accessed 12 December 2020].

Infodatin. 2018. Menuju Indonesia Bebas Filariasis. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia.

[online]

Available

at:

<

https://www.kemkes.go.id/download.php?file=download/pusdatin/infodatin/infodatin %20filariasis%20per%20halaman.pdf> [Asccessed 14 December 2020].

171

PREVENT FILARIASIS WITH "trouser" What is filariasis?

Filariasis is an infection that occurs in the lymphatic system when filarial parasites are transmitted to human through mosquitoes. In the initial phase, this infection does not cause symptoms, but in chronic conditions it can causes body deformities (WHO, 2020).

Symptoms High temperature Trends of Filariasis Cases in Indonesia 2015-2017

Shaking chills

Body aches Swollen lymph nodes (especially on legs)

Take Rub mosquito someone to repellent on the hospital exposed skin

Open clogged drains

Use elongated outfit

2015

13.032

2016

13.009

2017

12.677

Sleeps under mosquito nets

BY MAHADI MANALU, M. ARKAN RAMADHAN, AND M. RAKHA NABIL 172

Eradicate all Remove pile of items mosquito's larva

Title of Poster

: Road to Rabies-free Indonesia

Authors

: 1. Kamila Fadya Amelia 2. Tsabita Aurelia Nugrohoputri 3. Dian Wahyu Permatasari

Rabies is one of the neglected tropical diseases in Indonesia caused by a viral infection that can be transmitted by mammals to humans, causing brain damage and even death. Rabies is transmitted through the saliva of infected mammals when they bite or scratch humans. In addition, licking of infected mammals on human wounds, scratches, mouths or noses can also transmit the rabies virus.

According to sources, the mortality rate due to rabies in Indonesia is 100 - 156 deaths per year with a case fatality rate of almost 100%. Currently, 8 out of 34 provinces are free from rabies, while 26 other provinces are still rabies endemic. This shows that efforts to control a manage rabies in Indonesia still require structured and systematic steps to be able to achieve a rabies-free Indonesia.

The preventive steps from Indonesia’s Ministry of Health to overcome rabies are eradicate rabies in infected area by providing anti-rabies vaccine for human, increase promoting activities, intensify knowledge and skill training for health officers, prepare 120.000 dosages of anti-rabies vaccine for animal, perform active surveillance, and set up “Rabies Center” in Puskesmas as an information center.

Once the symptoms of rabies develop, there is no effective treatment to do. First, wash any bites and scratches for 15 minutes with soapy water, povidone iodine, or detergent.

Then, you can seek medical help at once. After exposure and before symptoms begin, a series of rabies vaccines will be injected into the arm over the next 2 to 4 weeks. Furthermore, you must find out whether the animal has rabies or not.

Our poster talks about the current situation of rabies in Indonesia including the preventive and curative steps. Our intention is to raise public awareness and shared the knowledge. Our targets are medical students, medical professionals, public, and government.

REFERENSI Novita, R., 2019. Pemberantasan Rabies di Indonesia sebagai Upaya Mewujudkan Right to Life, Right to Health. Balaba: Jurnal Litbang Pengendalian Penyakit Bersumber Binatang Banjarnegara, pp. 151-162.

WHO, 2018. Frequently asked questions about rabies for the General Public. Issue February, pp. 1-12.

173

174

Let’s Beat Filariasis With “SADAR” Rachel Firda Azzuri, Cindy Graciella, Dimas Widyadhana B.A.

Abstract: Tropical infectious disease is infectious diseases that can be found in the part of the equatorial world bounded by the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn. This disease is one of the risky things for people who working in agriculture area. One example of the common tropical infectious disease is filariasis. Based on WHO, there are more than 800 million people in 52 countries at risk of contracting filariasis and it’s estimated that 60% of all cases are in Southeast Asia, including Indonesia. Remember, in Indonesia more than 40% of the workforce is dependent on agriculture sector. Hance, Indonesian farmers are still at high risk to exposed filariasis. Filariasis is a disease caused by nematode parasite such as Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, Brugia timori and it is transmitted by mosquito as vector. The typical symptoms we can found are fever, lymphedema, and hydrocele, funiculitis, epididymitis, orchitis Because this disease is chronic in nature, early detection is difficult.

When the typical symptoms appear, it can’t be cured and irreversible. So the best way to against with this disease is prevent it. Unfortunately, until now there has been a lack of efforts to increase the knowledge of Indonesian society regarding filariasis.

Aim: Increase community knowledge on how to prevent filariasis and reduce prevalence of filariasis.

Conclusion: To prevent filariasis, we made an innovation with SADAR methods which has the following content: S: Sleep inside a mosquito net or insecticide-treated A: Apply mosquito repellent on exposed skin D: Don’t go out between dusk and down A: Avoid mosquito bites by using long sleeves R: Refrain from sporting cologne Key Finding: Filariasis, Lymphedema, Hydrocele, Prevention

175

176

Schistosomiasis: Endemic Infection due to Schistosoma japonicum Parasite Margaret Christabella Gunarta, Michelle Amelia Tanian, Michelle Devina Tantra Abstract Schistosomiasis is an endemic infection due to a parasite called Schistosoma japonicum. People in endemic areas whose occupation and daily activity exposes them to infected water, such as farmers and fishermen are more-likely to get infected. The early stage symptoms of Schistosomiasis are stomach pain, followed by low grade fever, loose of bowel movement, and bloody mucoid stools. Meanwhile, liver and spleen enlargement, emaciation and bulging of abdomen are symptoms that occur on the late stage of infection. The eggs of Schistosoma japonicum spread via human feces and urine. When the egg hatches, it releases miracidia which maturate into cercariae, the form that will penetrate through skin. Inside the body of an infected human, paired adult worms will migrate to veins in the intestines or bladder to lay eggs, and the egg will be shed from the infected human again. To prevent the infection of Schistosomiasis, it’s recommended to avoid contact with parasite infested fresh water, boil and filter fresh water before use. Praziquantel is a drug that treats multiple types of parasitic worm infections, including Schistosoma. Single dose of praziquantel is the treatment of choice since it is highly effective, easy-to-administer, and has minimum side effects. Another method to control the spread of Schistosomiasis is by administering snail control. It’s stated to be the most effective way to break Schistosoma worms' life cycle. However, this method is considered complicated and very expensive.

Conclusion Schistosoma japonicum causes Schistosomiasis, it spreads by the flow of human feces and urine. This parasite can be found in fresh water in some particular endemic areas. Praziquantel is the main medication to treat worm infection. Best known methods to terminate the life cycle of these worms are by snail control, however there are some aspects to be considered.

177

References 1. World Health Organization. Integrating Neglected tropical diseases into global health and development: fourth WHO report on neglected tropical diseases. World Health Organization. 2017. 240-6.

2. Grimes JET, Croll D, Harrison WE, Utzinger J, Freeman MC, Templeton MR. The roles of water, sanitation and hygiene in reducing schistosomiasis: a review. Parasit Vectors. 2015 Mar 13;8:1-11.

3. Gordon CA, Kurscheid J, Williams GM, Clements ACA, Li Y, Zhou XN, et al. Asian schistosomiasis: Current status and prospects for control leading to elimination. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 26;4(1):2–6.

178

SCHISTOSOMIASIS

An endemic infection due to a parasite called Schistosoma japonicum

Early symptoms

WHO ARE MOST AFFECTED? People in endemic areas whose occupation and daily activity exposes them to infected waters are more-likely to get infected.

Stomach pain Low grade fever Loose of bowel movement Bloody mucoid stools

Late symptoms FARMERS

Liver and spleen enlargement Emaciation Bulging of abdomen

FISHERMEN

LIFE CYCLE OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS

PREVENTION Avoid contact with parasite invested fresh water!

Paired adult worm

(Swimming, wading, drinking)

Boil and filter fresh water before use!

Cercariae loses tail during penetration

Migrate to veins in intestine or bladder to lay eggs

PRAZIQUANTEL Single dose treatment of praziquantel is the treatment of choice since it is highly effective, easy-to-administer, and with minimum side effects.

Cercariae penetrate skin Egg passes in human feces and urine

SNAIL CONTROL

Egg shed from infected human

is the most effective way to break the life cycle of Schistosoma worms. However, this method is very expensive.

Cercariae released from snail into water Egg hatches and releases miracidia

MICHELLE D.T

MARGARET C.G

MICHELLE A.T

179

Lets Prevent Tuberculosis with LUNGS! Nisrina Puspitasari, Tiara Sekar Andini, Evi Muthia Rahini According to Kemenkes, there are 245,000 man and 175.696 woman suffer from Tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis or we usually say TB is caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is spread when people who are sick with TB expel bacteria into the air, for example by coughing.

TB disease in the lungs or throat can be infectious. This means that the bacteria can be spread to other people. TB disease in the lungs may cause symptoms such as a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer, pain the cest,etc.

Handling Tuberculosis can be with LUNGS, there are : -

Leave your doors and windows open

-

Use personal dishes

-

Note and apply the cough etiquette

-

Get your hand always clean

-

Stay away from coughing people

180

181

Spare Your HUGS for Rabies Indrawati, Stefanie Belinda, Stefani Irene Darmanto

ABSTRACT Rabies or commonly known as the “mad dog disease” is a fatal but preventable viral disease that can infect human brain and central nervous system , causing seizure, paralysis and death. It is caused by Rabies virus from the Rhabdoviridae family. According to WHO, Rabies is included as one of the Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD) with approximately 59.000 rabies-related deaths worldwide annually, and has an almost 100% fatality rate once symptoms develop. Information regarding rabies is widely spread in the Internet nowadays and many countries have established certain policies in dealing with rabies. But, misleading information on rabies is still circulating in the society. Indonesian governments have been campaigning about rabies since 2016 and succeeded in decreasing the number of cases in some cities. Unfortunately, the common stigma that rabies can only be transmitted by dog’s bite or scratch are still lingering in the society, whereas actually it can be transmitted by other mammals, such as cats, monkeys and bats. Rabies can be prevented by sparing some HUGS: Hinder yourself from the wildlife will definitely lower down the risk of getting infected by rabies. Upbuild shelter for stray animals, so that it can be easier to Give regular vaccination to the carnivore pets. Sort and eliminate infected animals, since there is no cure for infected animals. By protecting our animals and ourselves with warm, tight HUGS, the world will be able to save thousands of life and tackle this Neglected Tropical Disease together.

Keywords: Rabies, Neglected Tropical Disease, Preventable

182

References: 1. What is Rabies? | Rabies | CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 25 November 2020].

Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/about.html 2. Epidemiology and burden of disease [Internet]. World Health Organization. 2020 [cited 26 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.who.int/rabies/epidemiology/en/ 3. Rabies Prevention | Prevention | CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 26 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/prevention/index.html 4. InfoDATIN Rabies. Jakarta: Kementrian Kesehatan Indonesia; 2020.

5. Rabies in Dogs [Internet]. WebMD. 2020 [cited 27 November 2020]. Available from: https://pets.webmd.com/dogs/rabies-dogs#1 6. [Internet]. WebMD. 2020 [cited 27 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/what-is-rabies#1 7. How is rabies transmitted? | Transmission | CDC [Internet]. Cdc.gov. 2020 [cited 28 November 2020]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/transmission/index.html

183

184

Support Malaria Treatment With Eat ICE & Avoid HOT I Wayan Alit Yastika, Lizzeth Natalie Chandra, Shara Rukshana

Abstract : Malaria is a mosquito borne disease and typically found in tropical regions. The tropical climates are most amenable to few kinds of Plasmodium parasites as their living environment which important for their transmit. Indonesia is one of tropical countries with second highest malaria cases after India in South-Southeast Asia (2015), moreover the number of world-wide death caused by malaria is 7%. With such a rising evidence of death and victim, prevention and treatment are important to suppress those numbers other than conventional treatment methods. The patient’s nutrition is also the main focus that should be watched properly in order to increase their recovery’s rate. Nutrients play role in approximately 50% to reach recovery in Malaria’s patient, therefore we proposed an idea to educate society regarding the importance role of nutrition in Malaria’s patient recovery journey. The idea was then made into this public poster by title of “SUPPORT MALARIA TREATMENT WITH EAT ICE AND AVOID HOT“ as a list of abbreviations about what’s allowed and not allowed to consume during Malaria Key Findings: Malaria, Support, Nutrition References : 1. Yakoob MY, Qadir M, Hanny O. Vitamin A supplementation for prevention and treatment of malaria during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review and metaanalysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2018 Dec;8(1-2):20-8.

2. Osei AK, Hamer DH. Management of Pediatric Malaria: Role of Nutritional Interventions. Annales Nestle. 2008;66:31-47.

185

Support Malaria Treatment With

AVOID HOT & EAT ICE

Introduction Malaria is a contagious infectious disease that is common in the tropical regions, caused by several species of the plasmodium, which is transmitted by mosquito . Indonesia is the second highest contributor to malaria infection in South-Southeast Asia after India.

(WHO 2015)

Do you know ?

50% of patients die cause

inadequate nutrition during therapy

Indonesia is the fourth highest contributor to malaria’s death in the world

7% death (WHO 2015)

Let’s support malaria treatment with

avoid

EAT

hot High Fat (french fries, cheese, coconut milk)

0

F lat (nuts, beets, cabbage)

Thiamin (Red meat, soybeans, wheat)

I

H

ICE

C

O

Iron

(spinach, sesame seeds, steam potatoes)

E

T

create by : I Wayan Alit Yastika Lizzeth Natalie Chandra Shara Rukshana

MILK

Combination

vitamin a - zinc

(carrots & papaya + milk & eggs)

Vitamin

E

(kiwi, mango, green vegetables)

References : 1.

Yakoob MY, Qadir M, Hanny O. Vitamin A supplementation for prevention and treatment of malaria during pregnancy and childhood: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Epidemiology and Global Health. 2018 Dec;8(1-2):20-8.

186

2.

Osei AK, Hamer DH. Management of Pediatric Malaria: Role of Nutritional Interventions. Annales Nestle. 2008;66:31-47.

Snake Bitten!? Don’t Panic !

Authors Muhamad Zulqi Prishandi Wijaya, Achmad Rizky Maulana, Jihaan Farahiyah.

Abstract Indonesia is one of the largest tropical countries, as a result, it engenders high burden cases of snakebite. These injuries are caused by venomous snakes. Globally, there are about 320 species of venomous snakes that are classified into three families: Atractaspinidae, Elapidae, and Viperidae. These species have distinct characteristics, for instance, triangular head, elliptical pupil, and a single row of subcaudal scales. This poster aims to educate and raise society's awareness of snakebite envenoming preventions and treatments.

Snakebite is an essential public health problem in tropical countries. There are several preventions and antivenoms for this disease. Snake antivenoms are an effective treatment to prevent or reduce the deleterious effects of snakebite. They are included in the World Health Organization's list of essential medicines and should be part of the primary care for treating snakebite. Unfortunately, many people neither can use the antivenom nor can afford it.

Consequently, their families will sell a property or take debt to obtain antivenom. In addition, ensuring proper regulation and antivenom testing is another challenge that affects the availability of high quality and effective drugs.

Although snakebite preventive action has been done, people still need to know how to deliver proper first aid to the victim. The World Health Organization recommends doing these steps to handle a snakebite. First of all, move away from the area where the bite occurs. Then remove anything tight from around the bitten part and keep the bitten limb still. After that, immediately seek help and call the ambulance. Remember to not use a tourniquet, or even suck the wound. Wait until help arrived and stay calm.

Conclusions

187

Snakebite envenoming is among the top WHO's neglected tropical disease list. That means proper education must be given in order to raise awareness about such a life-threatening disease.

188

189

Gabriella Sachiko Jannesha Sudirman Jeremy Abednego Michael Daniel EUCALYPTUS : “Empowerment of natural resources for Leishmaniasis control and prevention to unsafe society” I.

Poster Abstract This poster presents various kinds of natural resources in preventive, curative, and rehabilitative ways regarding Leishmaniasis control and prevention. This poster's need is because natural resources require less cost, lower incidence of severe side effects, and more practical than non-natural resources. After all, some can be made by yourself. Before getting into the list of natural resources that we can found, this poster gives an explanation about Leishmaniasis, so that people can get to know more about Leishmaniasis, such as what causes Leishmaniasis, how they are transmitted, and what types of Leishmaniasis are there.

There are three types of ways to control Leishmaniasis, which is preventive, curative, and rehabilitative. Preventive is an effort to do various things to prevent health problems that threaten society. Natural resources that can prevent someone from getting Leishmaniasis are lavender, lemon eucalyptus oil, and tea tree oil. Curative is a treatment to cure a disease before getting worse. To cure Leishmaniasis, it requires natural resources with antileishmanial activity that can be found in plants,

such as Tridax

procumbens (tridax daisy), Pseudelephantopus spicatus (which exhibit significant activity than Amphotericin B, an antifungal medication that is used for Leishmaniasis), and Croton cajucara. Lastly, rehabilitative is an effort of activities aimed at former patients until they can normally interact in society. Natural resources for rehabilitation are zucchini and coconut oil.

II.

Conclusion Leishmaniasis is a disease caused by the protozoan species belonging to the genus Leishmania. Control and prevention of Leishmaniasis can be achieved by using natural resources that can be found in our environment with low cost, low incidence of serious adverse effects, and good efficacy. We hope through this poster, people can get to

190

know more about Leishmaniasis, be more aware, and know the control and prevention for Leishmaniasis.

191

192

STOP TRICHURIASIS WITH WHIPPED ABSTRACT Shintya Kurniawati, Alieftya Paramitha, & Irsalina Cahyani A Nowadays, the infection that mostly affected to children come from the food they eat regardless to its hygiene. Kind of infection that often occurs is trichuriasis. Trichuriasis defined as soil-transmitted helminthiasis infections caused by Trichuris trichiura (Whipworms). In 2016, World Health Organization (WHO) showed that the greatest incidence rates are in sub-Sahara Africa, America, China and East Asia and more than 1.5 billion people or around 24% of the world's population were infected with Trichuriasis and Indonesia has the greatest number of cases of trichuriasis (more than 90 million cases). It is basically depending on the life style and environment’s condition, poor sanitary conditions correlate with heavy disease burden and infections. The risk obtained if there is infected by trichuriaris will impact for long term.

Therefore, prevention of infection is really important. All the way for prevention are wash your hands with soap, have the grass cut short in areas where dogs or cats regularly defecate, instruct children not to eat soil and to wash their hands after playing outdoors. Then, clean all raw vegetables and fruits before eating. Purify or boil drinking water. Evade contact with soil that may be contaminated with human feces and don’t defecate outdoors.

193

Stop Trichuriasis with WHIPPED Trichuriasis is soil-transmitted helminth Trichuris infections caused by trichiura (Whipworms). Whipworm eggs are passed in the feces of infected persons.

Symptom:

Indonesia has the greatest number of cases of trichuriasis more than 90 million cases

Abdominal pain Abdominal discomfort Mucus discharge

Wash your hands before handling food

Have the grass cut in areas where dogs or cats regularly defecate

How to prevent?

Instruct

children to wash their hands after playing outdoors.

Peel, wash, or cook all raw vegetables and fruits before eating

Purify or boil drinking water that may be contaminated

Evade contact with soil that may be contaminated with human feces

Shintya Kurniawati Alieftya Paramitha Irsalina Cahyani A.

Don’t defecate outdoors 194

Tittle : Robi (Recognize Rabies) for a Better Life Our Team Member : 1. Adinda Cahya Prabasari 2. Nurasiyah Rahman 3. Zakya Fairuz Zahraini

Our team decided to choose subtheme number 4 and rabies as the one of Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD). In society there is a stigma that rabies can be cured, but in fact there's no cure for rabies or treatment for the disease. However, there is a treatment that can be given immediately after a bite or scratch to stop the infection. Based on WHO, 2018 Rabies is one of the Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTD) that predominantly affects poor and vulnerable populations who live in remote rural locations. Approximately 80% of human cases occur in rural areas.

The first symptoms of rabies may be very similar to flu such as fever, headache, nausea, vomiting and many more that may last for days. People are usually infected following a deep bite or scratch from an animal with rabies. Transmission can occur if saliva of infected animals comes into direct contact with human mucosa or fresh skin wounds. Contraction of rabies through inhalation of virus-containing aerosols or through transplantation of infected organs is described, but extremely rare. Human-to-human transmission through bites or saliva and transmission to humans via consumption of raw meat or milk of infected animals are theoretically possible but has never been confirmed. Rabies control is carried out in 2 (two) ways, namely anti-rabies vaccine is implemented against all pet dogs, monkeys, and cats; and elimination total HPR in the infected area in the radius 10 Km from the positive village case point laboratory confirmed.

Our team took NTD’s “rabies” because the public still considers this problem, so that more information is needed to educate them in order to recognize and be more vigilant, especially in animals that are commonly infected with rabies such as dog.

195

196

LETS PREVENT FILARIASIS WITH 5L By: Erna Rahmawati(1) (2007101010013), Chinta Simah Bengi(2) (2007101010039), Darra Assyifa(3) (2007101010124) ABSTRACT Filariasis is a chronic infectious zoonotic disease found in tropical regions around the world caused by filaria worms that attack the ducts and lymph nodes. There are three species of filariasis-causing worms namely Wuchereria brancofti; Brugia malayi; Brugia timori. A person can contract filariasis, if the person gets an infective mosquito bite of filaria worms. The process of transferring filaria worms from mosquitoes to humans occurs in several stages, mosquitoes containing infective larvae (larva stage 3/L3) bite humans, then the L3 larvae come out of their proboscis period and live skinned around the mosquito bite hole, then when the mosquito pulls its probsosis, the L3 larva will enter through the hole of mosquito bite marks and move towards the lymph system.

The effort to reduce the number of cases of filariasis with the implementation of filariasis elimination program through mass drug prevention filariasis that is to give dec drugs combined with albendazole every year once every 5 years in a row. Other efforts that can be made to prevent its spread are cleaning the environment around the residence of residents, applying or taking mosquito repellent to all parts of the body, taking anti-filariasis drugs, using mosquito nets while sleeping, and wearing long-sleeved clothes as well as trousers to avoid mosquito bites carriers of parasitic worms that cause filariasis.

The spread of filariasis in Indonesia from year to year over the last 5 years has decreased although not significantly. The largest spread of filariasis is found in the provinces of Aceh, Papua, and East Nusa Tenggara.

197

198

IMSTC 2021

“WAVE” to Overcome Rabies Nurbahri L Salam, Dwi Ajeng Vira Larasati, Aqshal Mubarak

Abstract Rabies is a disease caused by an acute viral infection of the central nervous system that can affect mammals, including humans. This disease is caused by viral RNA from the Lyssavirus Genus and is usually spread through contamination of saliva containing viruses from bites of rabid animals. Animal vectors include dogs, cats, bats, foxes, raccoons, skunks, and wolves.

Rabies is one of the oldest diseases in history, but the annual mortality rate is high, which is around 25,000 - 159,000 people die each year. Rabies disease consists of several stages following inoculation, starting from the incubation stage, next to prodrome stage, and then the acute neurological stage (encephalitis or paralysis or a rare non-classical form), progressing to the coma stage (flaccid paralysis may occur), and the last is death.

There is no effective treatment for rabies other than supportive treatment or medication to prevent the development of rabies. So the preventive action is the mainstay of action in dealing with this disease. Through this poster, we describe some preventive measures in order for the readers don't ignore this disease anymore. Preventive actions that we describe are: Wound care, Avoiding wild animals, Vaccination, Education (WAVE). Where the education provided can be in the form of educating people about responsible pet ownership and routine veterinary care.

199

200

PHOTOGRA

APHY

TESTIMONY

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Adhristhi Pramithaswari AMSA-Universitas Kristen Indonesia 1st Winner of Photography Category Hello people of Tomorrow! My name is Adhristhi Pramithaswari from AMSA-UKI, but you can call me Adhris for short. I joined Indonesian Medical Students’ Training and Competition (IMSTC) 2021 because I wanted to have an experience competing at the National level. From IMSTC, I’ve also gained the ability to make my own publication. Other than that, I got the chance to meet all AMSA-Indonesia members virtually. I have no specific tips and tricks while I made my Photograph. I took the picture because I want to be able to express the message from the picture to the community and I want the community to be able to understand my picture and the message easily. But, I have so much experiences by joining this competition.

I’ve learned how to take photo with the best angle, improve my English and writing skills, and I’ve learned to do oral presentation using English in which I haven’t done it especially at National level.

So, this is the best opportunity and experience that I have and I’m very grateful for it. Thank you AMSA-Indonesia and AMSA-Unsyiah!

MASTERPIECE

Wash It Kill It! Adhristhi Pramithaswari Firmansyah Background Washing our hands is one of the precautions we can take towards a lot of disease, one of them is Neglected Tropical Disease. Washing our hands with soap is an effective way of killing germs on our hands, this has already proven by a lot of research. Washing our hands is important because our hands made a lot of contact with the outside world, so it is essential to protect our self and to increase our personal hygiene. The main reason to use soap when washing hands is because the ingredients in soap is useful to kill the germs, and it is more effective rather than washing our hands only with water. This action will also help reduce transmission of germs from other people to us or the other way around, because germs can be transmitted as simple as shaking hands with other people. Many ingredients that has already proven effective to kill germs is surfactant. These are the reasons why washing our hands is very important, and it is also important for us to follow the instruction about how to wash our hands properly that is given by WHO. Objective This photo shows the correct ways to wash our hands with running water and soap. Washing hands with running water and soap is the effective way to kill germs that is on our hands. By washing our hands, we can increase our personal hygiene and also the hygiene of people around us. Thus, we can break the chain of transmission. That’s why it is very important to always wash our hands before and after doing something.

Conclusion Washing hands with running water and soap is a simple way to break the chain of transmission of many diseases, especially Neglected Tropical Disease.

201

202

Save Us, Please!

Author: Pandego Wahyu Dirgantara

ABSTRACT Background: Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis (henceforward this term will be written as STH), is one of the neglected tropical diseases that is commonly found in tropical countries. It caused by infection from worms in the soil and considered trivial by some circles. STH mostly found in slums areas with poor people in there. In tropical countries like Indonesia, the number of cases of this disease is high and increasing every year. STH can cause weakness, nausea, anemia, diarrhea, labor problems and the worst is malnutrition. Around 45%-65% of malnutrition due to STH occurs in Indonesia. To handle this problems various government policies had been given, like the policy of deworming medication once every 6 months. Deworming programs for toddlers need to be applied as an effort to eradicate parasites in the toddlers. In addition, this activity is very important as a form of prevention in dealing with STH. But, in fact there are still many people have not implemented this program optimally. Therefore, the community needs more education and socialization about the importance of giving worm medicine to toddlers every 6 months. With routine deworming, it is hoped that it can reduce morbidity and mortality due to STH. If we don’t do anything, there will be more people suffer due to the inadequate handling of the eradication of STH. Objective: The aim of this photo is to show the importance of deworming for toddlers. The public must be more aware, by administering deworming medicine can reduce morbidity and mortality rates of toddler in Indonesia due to STH. For the better of a healthy and worm-free future generation.

Conclusion: Through this, participation between the government, health workers and medical students is urgently needed in educating and making the public aware of the importance of deworming to toddlers every 6 month.

203

204

Special People With White Cloth Author: Dewi Rofiqoh Fillah R Background Neglected tropical diseases are an infectious disease that develops in poor areas and destroy the lives of about one billion people in the world. One of the diseases in NTD is leprosy. Leprosy is caused by Mycobacterium leprae infection. This disease is a type of granulomatous disease of the peripheral nerves and mucosa of the upper respiratory tract and skin lesions. If left untreated, leprosy can be very progressive causing damage to the skin, nerves, limbs and eyes. Data from the World Health Organization (WHO), recorded a prevalence of 0.2 per 10,000 population, with 208,619 new patients occurring throughout 2018. Until now there has been no vaccination for leprosy, from research results it has been proven that leprosy germs that are still intact have more potential. to cause contagion. Treatment of this disease is very important to prevent transmission. Thus, it is very important to hold leprosy counseling for everyone, especially for sufferers as a recommendation for regular treatment.

Objective This photo depicts leprosy examination and counseling to several people. Leprosy counseling is very important to increase public awareness and provide education to prevent transmission and reduce the number of people with leprosy. And physical examination is carried out to prevent the high incidence of leprosy.

Conclusion Currently, Indonesia is in the third position in the world with the most leprosy sufferers after India and Brazil (WHO, Weekly Epidemiological Report, 2016). Therefore, people with leprosy need all the attention of the public. Due to the absence of a leprosy’s vaccine, it is necessary to provide counseling about leprosy to the general public so that people realize the importance of preventing leprosy and provide free examinations every few months. To support government programs in the elimination of leprosy by 2020.

205

206

“Repelling the Water” Irene Jessica Leonardy Background: Dengue, a mosquito-borne viral infection is a global burden, labeled as endemic in more than 100 countries including Indonesia. Its manifestation spectrum is wide from asymptomatic to severe dengue which can lead to severe bleeding, organ impairment and plasma leakage.

Dengue prevention methods varies from repellents, insecticides applyment, minimizing skin exposure, electrical swatter and etc. Dengue is mainly transmitted by Aedes aegypti, hence the virus transmission can be overcomed by breaking reproduction chains of mosquito through source reduction on water. This species’ eggs survives for several months and hatches when in contact with water. Instead of source reduction, repellents are widely used in the society to avoid disease exposure although they provide incomplete protection, and only useful around outdoor human activities.

Objectives: It is necessary to raise awareness about changing home remedy strategies to “Repelling the Water” not directly by spraying repellents to the water as shown at the photo, but symbollically preventing from water as the source of problem (in the photo repellents vapors are directed as if it targeted the water) by doing source reduction more frequently than spraying repellents.

Source reduction is less expensive and more effective than chemical control, executed by looking standing water and removing unneeded water containers or by inserting natural mosquito predator such as ornamental fish, lizards, frogs, and spiders in or surrounding the water. Another way is to add Bacillus thurigiensis israelensis (BTI) as an infectious agent that kills mosquito larvae at standing water but drinkable for other animals; or by adding insect growth regulator (IGR) to inhibit larval development.

Conclusion: Change in the society through campaigns and government policies is needed for dengue transmission prevention home remedy strategies into “Repelling the Water” through source reduction more frequently for it is more effective than widely used commercial repellents spray.

207

208

Use It, Kill Them Intan Qanita University of Syiah Kuala Background: As tropical country, Indonesia is prone to be infected by Neglected Tropical Disease (NTD). One of the most common NTD in Indonesia is malaria that caused by Plasmodium and transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Data from World Health Organization reveals there are 229 million malaria cases worldwide with the number of death is 409.000. In 2019, there are 250.644 cases accross Indonesia. Malaria is preventable and curable. One way to prevent malaria is by controlling the vector such as using insecticide and indoor residual spraying. In the other hand, uncontrollable usage of chemical to kill the vector might cause allergic reactions, intoxication, larva resistance, and bad impact of the environment. Natural substance is expected to be a new choice in controlling malaria vector. Carica papaya or papaya leaves easily grow in tropical countries and found anywhere in Indonesia. The utilization of Papaya leaves has been proven by a lot of studies in killing malaria vector such as the larva effectively.

Objective: This photo aims to show the importance of malaria prevention by controlling the vector using natural insecticide such as papaya leaves as a new choice .

Conclusion: Natural substances such as Papaya leaves have been proven effectively killing malaria larvae to prevent the raising of malaria cases, with less toxicity, and have no bad impact to the environment.

209

210

Is This My Country?

Michael Manuel This picture was taken in Pasar Curug on the 6th of December 2020. A boy is looking at all the trash around him while walking up the stairs. The atmosphere is gloomy, depicting the unsanitary living conditions of some Indonesian citizens - due to the lack of awareness of both the government and the villagers. Not only do the passersby not bother to pick up the garbage, they do not seem the least bothered by flies that perch on top of the food they eat. The agonizing look of the boy portrays his anxiety in the increasingly preventable deaths had only people cared more about sanitation; the place is stinky, humid and dirty. It is the perfect condition for cockroaches, rats and infectious pathogens to breed and thrive. The breeding of vectors such as rodents can lead to NTDs (Neglected Tropical Diseases) such as dengue fevers.

The government who had previously taken up the responsibility to look after the place should have known better and took responsibility. They should have made stricter rules and regulations, as well as educated the villagers about proper sanitation. Since sanitation is one of the key roles in diminishing NTDs in Indonesia, the government should provide public facilities so that the villagers are able to discard their waste properly. Encouraging the community to be more aware about the situation and the grave side effects of being unhygenic would bring if it was not solved should also be given the utmost importance.

After all, it takes a whole village to raise a child. Collective effort and collaboration between the authorities and the people are steps that will make the movement a successful one.

Happiness comes from being mentally and physically healthy, and it sure does start from living in a clean and hygienic place.

211

212

Title of Photo : You remember, You recover, Indonesia will healthier Background of The photo : The World Health Organization has designated Indonesia a "high burden country" for tuberculosis. The low level of adherence patients taking medicine and the high cases of withdrawal are some of the causes of the high incidents of Tuberculosis. Withdrawal cases can be caused by the patient that forgets to take a medicine or lack of awareness of the importance to take a medicine, sometimes if the patient feels better then the patient won't take medicine again. For helping decrease withdrawal cases and tuberculosis prevalent in Indonesia there is an innovation of application which aims to substitute the treatment buddy.

This application will help to remind the patient to take a medicine on time, give the next instruction if the patient forgets to take medicine, and automatically connected with health services where the patient gets treatment, so if the patient has not taken the drug for too long, the health service can directly contact the patient. The Application will remind about the effect that can happen if the patient doesn't take medicine so expect the awareness level to take medicine of the patient will increase.

Objective of The Photo : This photo aims to demonstrate the application in the future to help a tuberculosis patient remind their schedule to take medicine. The application will make a sound if it is time for the patient to take medicine and the patient should press the available button after the patient taking a medicine.

Conclusion of The Photo : The level of adherence patient and withdrawal cases can affect tuberculosis prevalent in Indonesia. The presence of this application can help remind the patient to always take medicine on time, although it requires a high level of honesty patient however it is expected that the features contained in this application can help increasing patient awareness in taking medicine.

213

214

The Trash-Dependent Man As seen on the picture, there is a hard work man who depends all the rest of his life on the trash he collected. He wished the trashes will be returned with money that he can buy some food and groceries to full fil theirs belly with. He neglects the personal safety equipment stuff, because the only thing matter to him was only work to get money and live. Does he get used to risking his own safety by working like this? or... he forced to?

The neglected of Personal safety equipment’s (PSE) availability in the garbage dump is one thing to be highlighted. Beside the government policy in order to handling health problems and environmental regulations, however it isn’t beneficially exposed to some people.

The fact is, People whom their body is contacted daily with the contaminated trash, the garbage collector in example, can’t afford their own proper PSE and they can’t sue due to the unavailability strict regulations.In the garbage dump, there are so many vector of illness including STH and other zoonosis infection that related to Neglected Tropical Diseases etiology. The more frequent people contact with the vector, the higher risk they get infected and transmit to other.

By facilitating PSEs in a non-industrial area such as garbage dump, managing the hygiene procedure, the water sanitation, and the strict regulation about it we can suppressed the higher risk of NTDs form and transmission. If these little steps done well and massively it will lead to the suppression incident of NTD’s in Indonesia as long as the Health ministry medium term plans on Prevention and Control of disease years 2020-2024.

215

216

Prevent It by Wearing It Prahastya Putra Background Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are worms that infecting human’s intestinal. The most common species that infect people are Ascaris lumbricoides (the roundworm), Trichuris trichiura (the whipworm), Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale (the hookworms). Soil-transmitted helminths are transmitted by the worm’s eggs that came out from infected people’s faeces, then the egg hatch itself when it touches the soil. One of the main cause that can make worm’s eggs or larva transmitted to the human body is by walking or playing on the soil or ground without using shoes or slippers. This situation can make the worms get inside the human’s body and live in the intestine which can cause several symptoms such as, malnutrition, anemia, abdominal pain, etc. the most likely to get infected is children, because they like to play in the contaminated soil without using footwear and put their hands in their mouths without washing them.

Objective In this photo, there is a slipper and a person who wants to play on the ground. Before he started to walk, he has to wear the slipper to prevent himself to get infected by the Soil-transmitted helminths.

Conclusion Wearing the footwear can prevent people from STH infections and also can increase personal hygiene.

217

218

Lookout, Is That A Worm?.. RUN!!!

Abraham Tombe

Background: STH is a short term for Soil-Transmitted Helminths which are the worms that causes diseases to human, especially in the intestinal area. Epidemiologically, WHO has research in 2020 alone, saying that approximately 1.5 billion people are infected globally.

Furthermore, in Indonesia, this STH has reached prevalence from 45% to 65%, and it could be higher in areas that are low in hygiene. It is crucial to notice this condition because it is progressive and sometimes asymptomatic until severe symptoms could occur if the STH already a lot in the digestive system. Treatments are available, but their prevention is more recommended.

Objectives: My aim is to reduce the prevalence of STH by doing prevention using the slogan RUN, which consists of: R - Rinse your hands thoroughly every time U - Use footwear whenever going outside the house N - Notify your doctor if experiencing any unpleasant symptoms By this simple prevention action, it can help society to be more protected

Conclusion: STH can be called a microscopic organism. We could barely see it, especially in open areas. Thus by taking precautions is really recommended. In this case, prevention is more important than treatment.

219

220

VID

DEOGRAPHY

TESTIMONY

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Medhavini Tanuardi AMSA-Universitas Indonesia 2nd Winner of Videography Category This is the second time I have an opportunity to join IMSTC. Last year was a blast and I was wondering how's the online IMSTC going this year? and it turns out to be a remarkable event! The second reason why I joined IMSTC 2021 is to find relations across AMSA Indonesia.

A wide variety of medical students gather at one of the largest AMSA events. The third reason is, of course, to gain new experiences from participating in competitions, especially videography.

The most important thing for you to have is your creativity. Let your creativity flow and be yourself. Pour it into the video that you will create. Use unique acronyms and create easy-to-understand videos with a clear outline of the flow. Put some humor and entertaining the audience will help break the ice during the presentation. Prepare for everything especially the script and answers to the judge's question.

Give your best performance and let God do the rest:)

AMINO | IMSTC 2021

Muhammad Shadiqul Zikri AMSA-Universitas Syiah Kuala 3rd Winner of Videography Category Hello, I'm Shadiq, third-year medical student of Syiah Kuala University. Herein, I would like to share about my participation in IMSTC 2021. I won 3rd place in the Videography Competition. This is an honour for me because other participants also performed very well. IMSTC 2021 was different from IMSTCs in the previous years as we are currently facing the Covid-19 pandemic, the fun & excitement were still in the air! Anyway, let me drop some tips and tricks to win the IMSTC Videography Competition 2021.

First, check on all of the requirements and start planning the video-making project. Second, make a great team, because teamwork is key. So as soon as possible, I gathered my friends who have the same interest in the competition. Third, stay focused on one theme, so we can do deep-dive research on all material and facts related to the theme. Lastly, do it for fun, not only for the purpose of winning the competition. Enjoy the learning process. It takes a long time to make video because we have to set a plan, arrange, revise, and render it. So don't belittle the process by doing the bare minimum. Thanks and regards, Shadiq-

MASTERPIECE

Address NTDs with TROPIC Akhmad Zani Tasir, Karen Kurnia, Nurul Izza Sanusi

Background : Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are diseases that caused by a vast range of parasites such as worms, bacteria, amoeba, and viruses. NTDs are prevalent in many of the tropical and sub-tropical area, especially in developing countries with many low-income populations. The term of neglected in NTDs referred to the fact that these tropical diseases are not being considered as important diseases, even though more than a billion people are infected with one or more NTDs (1,2). NTDs could cause blindness, physical disabilities, disfigurement, malnutrition, growth failure, and even death. On top of that, NTDs also causes discrimination, loss of social status, and social stigma from the society, resulting in shame and unemployement (1). Therefore it creates an even bigger social and economic burden to the patients who already have an immense economic burden since most of people with NTDs lived in poverty. In fact, NTDs are preventable and could be eliminated through preventive chemotherapy, individual case management, vector control, veterinary public health, and water hygiene (3). If this actions are not widely known by all layers of society, then this diseases will remain neglected.

Objectives : We aim to reduce the prevalence of NTDs and increase awareness about this diseases. Therefore, to address this disease, we proudly introduce TROPIC. TROPIC stands for TReatment of targeted population, Optimize the use of insecticide, Pets vaccination, Individual case management, and Community education about water hygiene.

Conclusion : We hope that through TROPIC, we can reduce the number of people infected by NTDs and increase people’s attention towards this neglected tropical diseases.

References : 1.

Mitra AK, Mawson AR. Neglected tropical diseases: Epidemiology and global burden [Internet]. Vol. 2, Tropical Medicine and Infectious Disease. MDPI AG; 2017 [cited 2020 Dec 10]. Available from: /pmc/articles/PMC6082091/?report=abstract

2.

Wibawa T, Satoto TBT. Magnitude of Neglected Tropical Diseases in Indonesia at Postmillennium Development Goals Era. Vol. 2016, Journal of Tropical Medicine.

Hindawi Limited; 2016.

3.

WHO. including outreach and campaigns, in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

2020;(May).

221

Prevent Scabies with a SUITCASE! Videography Abstract Medhavini Tanuardi1*, Stephanie Amabella Prayogo1, Venessa Chai1 Undergraduate program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Indonesia *medhavinitan@gmail.com, (+62) 819 4471 4666

Background: Scabies is one of the most worldwide-spread infectious skin disease with up to 300 million people affected every year.1 In Indonesia, scabies infected 12% of the population, making it the third most common skin disease in the country. 2 Scabies is caused by a parasite named Sarcoptes scabiei which transmit to other person through skin contact and bedding or clothing objects.1 Scabies become one of the neglected tropical diseases because most patient did not realize that they have a scabies and many people are unfamiliar with this disease.

Nevertheless, this disease potentially leads to several complications such as bacterial infection through scarring that can develop to inflammation disease of the kidney. 1,3 Moreover, the life quality of affected people will also decrease through itch and insomnia. 3 Therefore, we are enthusiastic to prevent scabies using “SUITCASE” which can become keys to eradicate scabies and lower its incidence in tropical countries, such as Indonesia. SUITCASE stand for Suspect persons with scabies and avoid contact, Improve and Target hygiene in living space. Clean clothes, bedding, and towels regularly, Assure sexual partner do not have any scabies, Seal unwashed items in plastic bag for 72 hours, and Ensure no using of unknown source of clothing.

Objective: We intend to promote skin health and strengthen community awareness of scabies to accomplish health and well-being value as stated in 2030’s Sustainable Development Goals.4 Conclusion: Although often being unaware of, scabies can result in several complications.

This infectious disease could be prevented using SUITCASE methods. Through prevention and early detection of scabies, the transmission could be stopped, number of patients could be lowered, and the widespread of this tropical disease can be ended to ensure the realization of health and well-being value in Indonesia Sustainable Development Goals 2030. 4,5

References: 1. Gilson RL, Crane JS. Scabies. [Updated 2020 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island

(FL):

StatPearls

Publishing;

2020

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544306/

222

Jan.

Available

from:

2. Mayrona CT, Subchan P, Widodo A. Pengaruh sanitasi lingkunagn terhadap prevalensi terjadinya penyakit scabies di pondok pensantren Matholiul hudal Al Kautsar Kabupaten Pati. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro. 2018;7(1):100-22.

3. Sungkar S. Skabies: Etiologi, patogenesis, pengobatan, pemberantasan, dan pencegahan. 1st ed. Jakarta: Badan Penerbit FKUI; 2016.

4. International NGO Forum on Indonesian Development. Sustainable Development Goals Tujuan 03. [Internet]. [updated 2017; cited 2020 Dec 14]. Available from: https://www.sdg2030indonesia.org/ 5. World Health Organization. NTD Roadmap 2021-2030 [Internet]. [updated 2019 Apr 10;

cited

2020

Dec

14].

Available

from:

https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/news/NTD-Roadmap-targets-20212030.pdf?ua=1#:~:text=Goal%3A%20By%202030%2C%20end%20the,interventions %20against%20NTDs%20by%202030.

223

Stop Soil-Transmitted Helminth by WEEKEND Muhammad Shadiqul Zikri, Intan Qanita, Sherina Arfi University of Syiah Kuala Background: The World Health Organization reveals that Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infects around 1.5 billion people or 24% of the world’s population, in which consisting of 267 million preschool-age and 568 million school-age children. Based on Indonesia Ministry of Health, about 195 million Indonesian people are infected with STH with the prevalence of 30%-90% on children.

There are 3 main species of STH that infect peeople. Those are The Roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides), The Whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), and The Hookworms (Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale).

Those who infected by STH might feel stomachache, diarrhea, nausea, vomit, and anal itching.

STH are transmitted by eggs that are passed in the faeces of infected people and contaminate the soil. This can happen in several ways: -

Eggs that attached to vegetables and ingested

-

Eggs are ingested from contaminated water source

-

Eggs are ingested by children who play in the contimanated soil

Indonesia Ministry of Health have 3 main programs and several ways to prevent STH. Authors show it as WEEKEND to make people easier remember it. WEEKEND is -

Wash your hand and use toilet,

-

Eat cooked well food,

-

Eat nutritious food and vitamin,

-

Keep your nail short

-

Environmental cleaning

-

Only drink cooked water

-

Do not forget to consume prevention drug that provided by Public Health Center

Objectives: This video aims to educate people on how to prevent STH as individual and community by WEEKEND. Conclusion: STH is include at one of NTD that effect a lot of people especially children. By doing WEEKEND, it is expected to stop the spreading and prevent STH.

224

PREVENT THE DENGUE FEVER WITH M-REPPALERT Jeane Kinanti Tandung, Irene Jessica Leonardy, Majesty Patu Buana

ABSTRACT

Background: Dengue is a mosquito-borne viral disease that has rapidly spread in warm, tropical climates in recent years. Dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes mainly of the species Aedes aegypti and, to a lesser extent, Ae. albopictus. The Indonesian Ministry of Health recorded as many as 110,921 cases of dengue fever in Indonesia from January to 31 October 2019. This figure has increased quite dramatically from 2018 with the number of cases at 65,602 cases. Data from the Makassar City Health Office shows that the number of DHF patients in 2020 was 65 cases, while in 2019 there were only 22 cases of DHF sufferers. This shows clearly that dengue fever is a disease that is still being neglected and needs more attention to increase public knowledge and concern.

Objectives: Dengue fever is a disease that is often ignored and neglected by the public, so we need to increase their awareness through smart-phone as objects that mostly accessible and owned by everyone to provide warnings and education through the application, namely M-Reppalert (Mosquito-Reppelent Alert).

Conclusion: So, through this video we want to demonstrate an application that will be very helpful in reminding the public when to use reppelent and when to spray mosquito repellents as well and also educational tips to avoid dengue fever and raise their awareness towards this disease.

References: 1. Schaefer, T., Panda, P. and Wolford, R., 2020. Dengue Fever. NCBI 2. Kemenkes, 2019 3. Dinkes Makassar, 2019

225

The Hansen’s disease: Stigma Kills – Love Heals Puspa Gracella T.1*, Daniel1, Venus Mandala S.1 1

Faculty Medicine of Tarumanagara University, Indonesia *

gracella.micho@gmail.com

Abstract

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) have remained largely neglected in the global health agenda. Identified as “Neglected” as this diseases do not represent global priorities. Data stated from the Ministry of Health Indonesia on 2017 there are 6,08 cases/ 10.000 lepers, while globally Indonesia placed as the third highest number of new Leprosy cases each year following India and Brazil.

Hansen’s disease or known as Leprosy had been founded in 1873 by Dr. Gerhard Hansen of Norway who discovered Mycobacterium leprae. Centuries, the myth and misconception has afflicted humanity left behind a terrifying image that lead to stigma making it as today’s challenges.

The consequences of stigma can be seen from the psychosocial disfunction to isolation, rejection and participation restriction. Social distraction due to several conditions including stigma, discrimination, poverty, disability, and lost of freedom are still the major obstacles to be overcounted by people affected by leprosy, professional and health programs.

To overcome rejection of the existence of the sufferer is felt by many people with leprosy therefore the ministry of health facilitating a land for the lepers called “Kampung Sitanala”. Albeit amazing medical breakthrough in finding medication, preventing the disease, and improving quality of life by prosthetic leg and other rehabilitative tools, the lack of knowledge and awareness remain the biggest obstacle. In conclusion, public should willing to possess and open mind, acceptance, and mutual understanding on supporting the lepers as love indeedly heals everything.

226

Daftar pustaka •

Kemenkes, R. I. "Infodatin: Hapuskan Stigma Dan Diskriminasi Terhadap Kusta."

Dirjen P2PL. Jakarta (2018).

•

Van Brakel, Wim H., Ruth MH Peters, and Zoica Bakirtzief da Silva Pereira. "Stigma

Related to Leprosy—A Scientific View."

•

World Health Organization. "Global leprosy situation, 2012." Weekly Epidemiological Record= Relevé épidémiologique hebdomadaire 87.34 (2012): 317-328.

227

Indonesian Medical Students’ Training and Competition Introduction: Neglected Tropical Diseases Salma Firdaus, Sarah Triwinar Sellynastiti, Alif Raihan Laksono Background: Indonesia, being lies within equatorial area is blessed by many benefits given by nature. Existing in equatorial area means Indonesia has a tropical climate, while this climate is useful for plants and cattles to thrive, however it provides an environment that is absolutely ideal for many pathogens and parasites to flourish. Together with this vast array of flourishing pathogens and parasites, come the diseases, which is called as Tropical Disease.

Some of these diseases—as consequences of many factors such as: low income, relatively expensive healthcare, and below average health and sanitation facilities—are not given enough attention, hence called Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs). While some of these diseases only cause a few discomforts, others could cause a severe impairment and lowering life quality of the patients. Therefore, there is an urgency beneath these diseases. World Health Organization classified as much as 17 diseases under this NTDs hood. There are at least five of them that are endemic in Indonesia. A handful of those diseases are showing decreasing trend in Indonesia for the last few years, but others still are showing a worrying increasing trend (diseases such as Dengue Fever and Malaria).

Objectives: Our video, which contains basic knowledge of NTDs, the urgency of those diseases, and basic prevention steps that should be taken, is intended to raise awareness of the diseases by giving people some insights they needed. Hopefully, this could lead people to finally give NTDs attention that it deserves.

Conclusion: There are many ways to fight for humanity and against NTDs. One of the first stepping stones is to raise the awareness that those diseases—considering its potential effect and an increasing trend—are indeed not having the attention it deserves. Through this video we hope, at the very least, that is what we would achieve.

228

References: Eurostat News Release [internet]. Eurostat. 2020 July 10 [cited 2020 December 20]. available from :https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/documents/2995521/11081093/3-10072020-APEN.pdf/d2f799bf-4412-05cc-a357-7b49b93615f1 Penanggulangan NTD Merupakan Hak Asasi Manusia Cegah Morbiditas, Mortalitas, dan Cacat [internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2012 September 23 [cited 2020 December 21]. available from: https://www.kemkes.go.id/article/print/2065/penanggulanganntd-merupakan-hak-asasi-manusia-cegah-morbiditas-mortalitas-dan-cacat-.html Profil Kesehatan Indonesia [internet]. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia. 2019 June [cited

2020

December

2020].

Available

from:

https://www.kemkes.go.id/resources/download/pusdatin/profil-kesehatanindonesia/PROFIL_KESEHATAN_2018_1.pdf Recommendation for The Adoption of Additional Diseases As Neglected Tropical Diseases [internet]. World Health Organization. Cited 2020 December 20. available from: https://www.who.int/neglected_diseases/diseases/Adoption_additional_NTDs.pdf Walker, et al. Neglected Tropical Diseases – The Present and The Future. HHS Public Access.

2018

January

2

[cited

2020

December

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6333920/

229

21].

available

from:

Tropical Disease Surround Us Author: 1.Teuku Muhammad Farras Deyarabi 2.M Neza Maulana 3.Muhammad Haykal Aulia

Background We couldn’t avoid the fact that Indonesian people used to play sport in the afternoon,some people are not really care towards the hygiene of their hand,it will brings more harm if someone who are playing sport and then they eat something before they wash their hand.It will lead to stomachache,but some of our people are not recognize the cause of stomachache and sometimes we forgot what did we do.We are going to solve this problem by provide a water to wash their hand,but if it’s hard,we could provide hand sanitizer for them.

We also could see or people like to eat pecal as their meal,but sometimes we forgot how did the merchant do when preparing the pecal,they might be not really care towards the hygiene of the meal and not using any plastic as they glove.This kind of thing could lead to transmission trypanosoma gambianse.We could solve this problem by socializing to our merchat that hygiene is reallly important.

Spicy food is really famous and a lot of people admire to spicy food,but sometimes we forgot the limit,we eat spicy food beyon the normal which can lead to appendiks disease.We could solve this problem by reducing the sauce or chili that we used to use in our food.

Objectives 1. SOCIETY 2. MEDICAL STUDENT 3. GOVERNMENT

Conclusion

230

By watching this video,we could prevent and implement the way to solve our nation problem,we could improve our society knowledge by socializing to them,by explain to them which disease could appear easily in our country,with tropical climate,and also looking at our culture or what we usually consume and do every day.

231

-

Title of Video: “Filariasis? It’s time to pay attention”

-

Authors: 1. Vira Rahma Kumala 2. Evi Muthia R 3. Naufal Rozaan

-

Background of the video: Filariasis impairs the lymphatic system and can lead to the abnormal enlargement of body parts, causing pain, severe disability and social stigma. In 2000, over 120 million people were infected, with 40 million disfigured and incapacitated by the disease. 893 million people in 49 countries worldwide remain threatened by lymphatic filariasis and require preventive chemotherapy to stop the spread of this parasitic infection.

Lymphatic filariasis can be eliminated by stopping the spread of infection through preventive

chemotherapy

with

safe

medicine

combinations

repeated

annually.Therefore, WHO launched the program to eliminate this disease called Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). In 2012, WHO's neglected tropical diseases roadmap reconfirmed the target date for achieving elimination by 2020. In Indonesia, the program named BELKAGA. But now in 2020, we know that Lymphatic filariasis still exist and still be an endemic. So we must pay attention to this disease and we must help government to eliminated this disease.

-

Objective of the video: The video that we made has a purpose that is to spread public awareness regarding lymphatic filariasis or Kaki Gajah in terms of prevalence, risk factors, and the prevention of the disease.In this video, we provide examples of risk factors that should be avoided to prevent this disease. The prevention program has actually been made by the Indonesian government which is known as Bulan Eleminasi Kaki Gajah (BELKAGA).The BELKAGA program even though it has been implemented in Puskesmas, is still not widely known by the community. We hope that this video can introduce the BELKAGA program more to the community and in the end it will reduce the number of the lymphatic filariasis's cases.

-

Conclusion: Now, it’s time to pay attention to neglected tropical disease in Indonesia such as Filariasis or Elephantiasis. And we must help our government to reach the goal about

232

eliminated this disease. We need to increase the community knowledge about lymphatic filariasis disease. And then the awareness so the community can prevent this disease.

233

SANDALS, can you protect my sweetheart?

Abraham Tombe, Kelvin Kohar Background: Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections are the most common worms disease infecting human intestinal. World Health Organization estimated that more than 24% or 1.5 billion people get infected by this disease worldwide. In Indonesia, STH still become one of the leading public health problems, with prevalence predicted ranging from 45-65%. Furthermore, children as our future generation are at high risk because over 900 million live in highly transmitted areas.

Drugs for prevention are available, but ironically not every household, especially in left-behind places, have access. Treatments are also available, but many parents are not aware of their children until they have shown growth and development impairment. We, as parents, have a tremendous role in reducing the number and early recognize the symptoms.

Objectives: We aim to reduce morbidity and developmental delay rate in children by raising prevention and symptoms awareness using SANDALS to educate parents as WHO 2030 global targets for STH control. Therefore we also promote the third point of SDGs 2030 to ensure global populations have a healthy life and promote well-being at all ages.

Conclusion: Parents play a crucial role in protecting their children from the disease. Prevention and early recognition become a vital strategy to prepare an excellent future generation.

234

Check all Indonesian Medical Students' Training Competition 2021 videography submissions through:

bit.ly/VideographyIMSTC2021