Materials, builders of history

MATERIALS, BUILDERS OF HISTORY Karla Cantú González Daniela Ruíz Carreón Anaís Domínguez Espósito

INDEX

-PROLOGUE

-ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE

Page 1

Page 2 -CONTEXT Page 3 -MOST USED MATERIALS Pages 5, 7-8

-PRE-ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE Page 10 -CONTEXT Pages 11-12 -GENERALITIES Page 13 -MOST USED MATERIALS Page 14 -PLAN RECOGNITION Page 15

-ROMANESQUE Page 16 -CONTEXT Page 17 -GENERALITIES Page 19 -MOST USED MATERIALS Pages 21, 23 -PLAN RECOGNITION Pages 24-25 -GOTHIC ARCHITECTURE Page 26 -CONTEXT Page 27 -MOST USED MATERIALS Pages 28-30 -PLAN RECOGNITION Page 31 -PHYSICAL MODEL Page 32

-RENAISSANCE Page 33 -CONTEXT Pages 34-36 -MOST USED MATERIALS Page 40 -PLAN RECOGNITION Page 41

-MANNERISM Page 42 -CONTEXT Pages 43-44 -GENERALITIES Page 45 -MOST USED MATERIALS Page 46 -PLAN RECOGNITION Page 47

-XVI ARCHITECTURE Page 48 -CONTEXT Page 49 -MOST USED MATERIALS Pages 50-52 -INTERVENTION Pages 53-54

-ESSAY Page 55 -BIBLIOGRAPHY Pages 56-57

PROLOGUE Architecture has transformed through time as well as the materials used on it.

Materials and the uses that different cultures have given to them are the ones that contributed to the construction history.

This book is an exploration of the materials that reflected our past and it tells a history for itselft. They are part of the constructive process of many diversities styles and we will be discovering from every architectural edification the meaning of the elements used it to be constructed, it depends on what they wanted to express.

1

Islamic Architecture CONTEXT, TIMELINE AND MATERIALS

Blue Mosque, Istambul

2

CONTEXT

Islamic architecture can be defined as the set of building and construction traditions and techniques, produced by the Islamic cultures all over the world, but particularly in the Middle East and the Mediterranean regions. Islamic architecture finds its highest expression in religious buildings such as the mosque and madrasah.

The decorative arts in Islam are marked by a remarkable degree of stylistic consistency which has been applied to a broad range of material. The stylistic coherence within the Islamic world and the many variations of its basic themes across time, influenced as they were by local artistic traditions, are all part of the fascination of this art. The materials used in Islamic Art varies depending on the Islamic Style where they were used, the building genre where they were applied and the location of the city were they were created. Some of the materials that are exposed here were imported from different countries but most of them were local materials.

Migration of Mahoma from La Meca to La Medina

611 Mahoma predicted the Islam

622

Death of Mahoma

632

Omeya Dinasty

633 622 Expansion of Islam outside of Arabia

661 661

711 661 Invasion of Arabian in Iberian Peninsula

3

Daniela Ruiz C.

4

MOST USED MATERIALS

Wood

Stone

Brick

Ceramic

Muslims arrived in South of France

718 611 Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula

724 622

Stucco

Carlos Martel defeated to muslims in Poitiers

732

Abderraman I

750 Abbasid Dynasty

756

762 The Abbasidas move the Caliphate to Bagdad

45

Karla Cantu G.

6

MOST USED MATERIALSÂ

Wood: Hard fibrous material that forms the main substance of the trunk or branches of a tree or shrub.

Wooden Mosque, Nishapur

Campaigns of Almazor against christians

Ceramic: Material made of clay and permanently hardened by heat.

MalĂŠ Friday Mosque, Maldives

End of the Caliphate in Cordoba

979

Stucco: Fine plaster used for coating wall surfaces or molding into architectural decorations.

1031

The Cid Campeador took over Valence

1094

Dome of the Rock, Jerusalem

Translation from Koran to Latin

1095 The first Crusade against Muslims

1143

1258 End of the Abbasid Dynasty

7

MOST USED MATERIALS

Stone The most used stones in Islamic Architecture were granites, sandstones, limestones, and marbles.

Brick Small rectangular block typically made of fired or sun-dried clay.

Red Mosque, Pakistán

Black Death in Europe

1295 Mongolians turned to Islam

1031

Taj Mahal, India

Taking of Constatinopla by Turks

1453

1492 Muslims were expelled of Spain

8

Anais Dominguez E.

8

Pre - Romanesque CONTEXT, TIMELINE, GENERALITIES & MATERIALS

The Church Of San Juan Apóstol y Evangelista

10

St. Michael's Church, Hildesheim

CONTEXT

Pre-Romanesque style belongs to the period of the Carolingian Renaissance of the late 8th and 9th centuries.

Carolingian architecture is the style of north European Pre-Romanesque architecture. Just like the Early Christian churches of Rome, Carolingian churches generally are basilican, which commonly incorporated westworks and are arguably the precedent for the western facades of later medieval cathedrals. These Roman basilicas, later became churches, and it’s said that Roman architecture was reinvented but retained old patterns

Death of the last Emperor of Occident Roman Empire

476 The fall of the Roman Empire

480

Suevo kingdom is conquered conquered by visigoths

Justino I, emperor of the Byzantine Empire

527

554 622 Byzantine empire added to the Ostrogothic Kingdom

661 585

587 661 Reccared I, first catholic visigothic king

11

CONTEXT The fall of the Roman empire mainly happened because of three things: Intern corruption Division of the territory Germanic invasion

a) Visigoths: Tribe of people from the southern part of Scandinavia

b) Ostrogoths: Group of people who settled in Eastern parts of Europe

San Pedro de la Nave

589 Catholicism as a official language to the Visigoths

Smallpox spreads from India into Europe

600

Boniface, elected papal successor on the death of Pope Sabinian

606

The Avars and the Persians fail to capture Constatinople

610 622 Heraclius changes the official language of the East Roman Empire from Latin to Greek

661 626

681 661 Bulgaria is recognized as independent country

by Byzantine Empire.

12

GENERALITIES Bi-axiality Lack of correspondence between the organization Presence of hidden interior units indistinguishable from the outside German buildings from this period include Lorsch Abbey, which combines elements of the Roman triumphal arch (including arch-shaped passageways and half- columns ) with the vernacular Teutonic heritage (including baseless triangles of the blind arcade and polychromatic masonry)

Saint Hripsime Church, Vagharshapat

Battle of tours

726 Byzantine Iconoclasm

732

Charlesmagne invades what is now northwestern in Germany

772

Charlesmagne is crowned the fist Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III

792 622 Battle of Marcelae

661 800

809 661 War between the Byzantine empire and Bulgaria

13

MOST USED MATERIALS

Brick

Limestone

Granite

Flint

Byzantines are defeated by the Bulgars at Versinikia

811 Battle of Pliska

813

Stone

The Carolingian Empire is at its height in territory and area

Charlesmagne dies in the city of Aachen

814

815 622 The 30-year peace agreement is signed between Bulgaria and Byzantine Empire

661 843

888 661 Carolingian Empire declines and falls after the death of Charles III

14

PLAN RECOGNITION San Pedro de la Nave Church, Zamora

15

Romanesque CONTEXT, TIMELINE, GENERALITIES & MATERIALS

16

CONTEXT

The Romanesque is a term which came from the italian that means “like italians”. It also represents the architecture in the period of 11th and 12th centuries in the medieval Europe to Roma.

The Romanesque style was the first one in spreading from almost the whole Catholic Europe Type of buildings: Religious Architecture : Cathedrals, churches, monasteries.

Civil Architecture : Palaces Military architecture: Castles, walls.

Dark spaces Mainly, all the churches, basilicas, castles or temples were very obscure from the inside due to the few enters. The main reasons to have less openings as doors or windows were for being protected from the wars and invasions.

Besides from being constructed with stone, the masonry had an special influence too as we referred before about fires, just that the buildings needed to have long supports to support the long walls and the vault

Basilica of Our Lady in Maastricht, The Netherlands Kingdom of England becomes a unified state

917 The Bulgarians destroyed the Byzantine army in the Battle of Anchialus

927

Battle of Lachfeld

955

Battle of Kleidon

1014

The fist Bulgarian Empire

1018

1043 The Byzantine Empire and Kievan Rus engage in a naval confrontation

17

Bóveda de cañón del monasterio de San Pedro de Roda (Cataluña, España).

18

Church of San Martin de Tours, Salamanca

GENERALITIES Simple and severe facades.

Horizontal lines This is very characteristic about this style, the

In the facades, it is also used a combination of

Romanesques took the idea from Romans and Greeks

masonry. It is a very simple simple rough wall

buildings.

construction with all kind of stones.They were

Plans

collocated in a horizontal way and the mansory was

Normally, the architects used two kind of plans:

utilized as an ornamentation and in the arches.

Basilical and Latin Cross.

The Great Schism

1044 Henry III of the Holy Roman Empire defeats the Kingdom of Hungry in the Battle of Menso.

1054

Defeat of the Byzantine Empire at the Battle of Manzikbert

1071

The Seljuk Turks capture Jerusalem from the Byzantines.

1074

The Siege of Nicaea during the First Crusade

1097

1099 The Siege of Jerusalem

by European Crusaders

19 16

Semur-en-Brionnais (F) church from E. France

20

MOST USED MATERIALS

34.5% Ashlar Stone

Henry I is crowned King of England

45% Stone rough

Small ashlar stone

The Battle of Tinchebray

1100

46%

1106

The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion

1116

The Anarchy is a period of civil war in England.

1135

1154 Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.

1169 The Norman invasion of Ireland begins

21

Colegiata de Santa Cruz en Castaùeda, in Cantabria.

22

MOST USED MATERIALS

Ashlar stone

Rough stone

Block of stone that were usually marked for later collection. The walls elaborated with this material had 2 thin layers and in the middle a mass of gravel (little stones which normally come from the carving of the ashlars ). The collocation or placement of the ashlar masonry could be  to rope and blight (alternating the position in parallel or perpendicular depending on the direction).

Stone that is not carved or roughly worked. It was frequently used on the basis mansory agglutinated with mortar (sand, water and mortar lime). After that its was smoothed to give a soft appearance to the previously irregular surface.

Small ashlar stone Stonework or small ashlar stone: It is a smaller stone, worse at carving and adjusting. It is made it using a hammer devastating the raw stone without polishing the faces.

The Battle of Tinchebray

1100 Henry I is crowned King of England

1106

The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion

1116

The Anarchy is a period of civil war in England.

1135

1154 Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey.

1169 The Norman invasion of Ireland begins

23 20

PLAN RECOGNITION The plan of the Abbey of St Gall, Switzerland

24

PLAN RECOGNITON France, Angoulême Cathedral

25

Gothic Architecture CONTEXT, TIMELINE AND MATERIALS

Chathedral of Exeter, London 26

CONTEXT The Gothic architecture grew out of the Romanesque architectural style, when both prosperity and relative peace allowed for several centuries of cultural development and great building schemes.

From roughly 1000 to 1400, several significant cathedrals and churches were built, particularly in Britain and France, offering architects and masons a chance to work out ever more complex and daring designs. The Gothic architectural style first appeared at Saint-Denis, near Paris, in 1140, and within a century had revolutionized cathedral design throughout Western Europe.

The Gothic style focused on some specifict themes, for example, Virgin Mary, the life of Christ and the Saints, portraits and secular life. The forms that are characteristics of that style are the immense churches, the increasingly optical approach to figures and space, and the lavish ornament and material. Light, ornamentation, height and vertical emphasis, were also characteristics of the Gothic Style. Â This architectural style was divided into three stages: - Early Gothic - High Gothic - Late Gothic

St. Denis Cathedral, Paris

Middle Pointed Period 1160

1275 Early Pointed Period

1275

1375

1375

1525 Florid Gothic Period

27

MOST USED MATERIALS

Stained Glass

Brick

Stone

Wood

Marble

Suger Abbot of Reconstruction on St.Dennis Notre Dame Chartres

1194 1196 Beginning Great fire of Chartes of crusades

1194 1122

Reconstruction Construction of on St. Étienne St. Denis Cathedral (narthex)

1195 1137

Reconstruction on Construction of Le St. Denis Mans Cathedral (choir)

1200 1140 Construction Reconstruction of Sens of St Cathedral Denis (nave)

1217 1140

1220 1163 Construction of Salisbury Notre Cathedral Dame

28

MOST USED MATERIALS

Glass: Glass was used on stained -glass windows. Ususally, these kind of windows represented stories of the Saints, of Christ and the Virgin Mary.

Brick: This style was common in Northern Europe. The buildings were build using bricks.

Marble: Marble were more used in Italy. The structures were created by these material

Notre Dame, Paris

St Mary's Horsham, UK

Duomo di Milano, Italy

Reconstruction Construction of on St. Notre Chapelle Dame Chartres

1220 1194 Great Construction fire of Chartes of Amiens Cathedral

1242 1194

Beginning of Hundred Years War Construction of St. (France vs Étienne Cathedral England)

1328 1195

Construction ConstructionofofLe Mans Milan Cathedral

1347 1200 Reconstruction Black Death of St Denis (nave)

1387 1217

1513 1220 Construction North Towerof Salisbury completedCathedral for Notre Dame

29

MOST USED MATERIALS

Stone: Stone was used for the structure of the buildings. This material is the most common on Gothic Architecture. The most used stone in this style was the limestone.

Wood: In this style wodd were used for the creation of the roofs.

León Cathedral, Spain

Bourges Cathedral, France

Construction of St. Chapelle

1220 Construction of Amiens Cathedral

1242

Beginning of Hundred Years War (France vs England)

1328

Construction of Milan Cathedral

1347 Black Death

1387

1513 North Tower completed for Notre Dame

30

PLAN RECOGNITIONÂ

Amiens Cathedral, France

Chartres Cathedral, France 31

PHYSICAL MODEL

Cathedral of Cologne, Germany

32

Maria del Fiore, Italia

Renaissance Architecture

CONTEXT, TIMELINE AND MATERIALS

33

CONTEXT

Renaissance (French for "rebirth") describes perfectly  the intellectual and economic changes that occurred in Europe from the fourteenth through the sixteenth centuries, which started its grow from Florence.

The Renaissance began in Italy around 1300. Later, its new styles of art, writing, and thought spread northward to the Netherlands, France, Germany, and England.

During the era, Europe emerged from the economic and experienced a time of financial growth. Also, and perhaps most importantly, the Renaissance was an age in which artistic, social, scientific, and political thought turned in new directions.

It is important to remember that early writers and artists of the Renaissance were creating their masterpieces in Italy while France and England were still locked in the Hundred Years War.

Cappella Scrovegni (Arena Chapel), Padua Great schism

1337 Hundred Years War

1378

Council of Constance

1414

Fall of Constantinople

1448 Invention of printing press

1453

1492 Colombus discovery of America

34 4 2

CONTEXT

Renaissance, also named all'antica (re-birth), began in the early 15th century in Florence, which it later spreaded over Europe.

It divided into three stages: Château De Chambord Renaissance (1400-1500) High renaissance (1500-1525) Mannerism (1520-1600)

Château De Chambord

Sistine Chapel painting

1495 Leonardo da Vinci's "Last Supper"

1508

Martin Luther King's 95 thesis

Coronation of Henry VIII of England

1509

1513 622 Michaelangelo's moses

661 1517

1519 661 Ferdinand Magellan vogage around the world

35

CONTEXT

The construction of the dome was a very significant step made in the RenaissanceÂ

Filippo Brunelleschi One of the earliest Architects of the Renaissance Used linear perspective Designed and structured the dome

San Pedro de la Nave

1524 Peasants war of Germany

Separation of the church of England from Rome

1534

Dissolution of monasteries

1536

Death of Nicolaus Copernicus

1538 622 Excommunication of Henry VIII

661 1543

1545 661 Begins council of Trent

36

MOST USED MATERIALSÂ

Stone

Marble

Stucco

Death of Ignatius Loyola

1547 Death of Henry VIII

1556

Beginning of the reign of Elizabeth I

1558

Spanish armada defended by the English

1564 Death of Michelangelo

MOST USED MATERIALS IN

1588

1600 Hamlet

38 4

MOST USED MATERIALS

Marble: Marble was used on the finishes and the structures of some buildings. It was more common in Italy.

Stucco: Stucco was used as a finish to create different patterns and forms.

Stone: Stone was used for structure.

It was the most common material.

Landshut, Germany Palazzo Medici

San Pietro

Don Quijote de la Mancha

1603 Death of Elizabeth I

1605

Death of William Shakespeare

1616

Inquisition trial against Galileo

1618 Beginning of Thirty years war

1633

1650 Death of René Descartes

39 4

PLAN RECOGNITIONÂ

40

Mannerism CONTEXT, TIMELINE, GENERALITIES & MATERIALS

Basilica della Santa Casa

42

St. Michael'sThe Church, Hildesheim Campidoglio

CONTEXT

In this period, architects used to emphasize solid and spatial relationships by experimenting with architecture. Mannerism is also referred as High Renaissance, its main plan was to deriver the classical antiquity. The most representative architect is Bramante, who in fact, went from classical to contemporary.

Mona Lisa. Author: Leonardo da Vinci Location: Florence, Italy

1501 David.Author: Michelangelo Buonarroti Location: Florence, Italy

1503

Galatea.Author: Raphael Location: Rome, Italy

1513

Mannerist artists fled the city after the Sack of Rome.

1519 622 King Francis I at Fontainebleeau made Mannerism the dominant style in France.

661 1526

1527 661 Assumption of the Virgin.Author: Raphael Location: Rome, Italy

43

CONTEXT

The Palazzo Farnese, is arguably the greatest Renaissance palace. It was designed by Antonio de Sangallo, a student of Bramante.Â

Typical Renaissance palazzo layout: Three-story rectangular building with central courtyard.

A spartan majesty is achieved in the height and breadth of the facade.

Absence of vertical dividers.

Unadorned expanse of wall above each row of windows.

The sheer simplicity of the facade emphasizes variations in wall colors, window shapes, and pediment shapes.

Palazzo Farnese

Venus of Urbino.Location: Florence, Italy Author: Titian

1530 Andrea del Sarto brought florentine mannerism into Fontainebleu.

1534

Allegory of the Immaculate Conception

Madonna with the Long Neck. Uffizi, Florence)

1536

1540 622 Agnolo Bronzino had become the leading artist working in this style in Florence.

661 1540

1543 661 Golden salt-cellar, made for the King of France

44

GENERALITIES Pinnacle of classical simplicity The central plan layout was popular Presence of rotational symmetry Common shapes for central plan buildings are the circle, square, and octagon.

San Giorgio San Maggiore Giorgio Maggiore

English Mannerism: Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey

1545 Benvenuto Cellini, Perseus with the head of Medusa,

1546

Bathsheba going to meet King David,Francesco Salviati

The Early Commedia dell'Arte

1550

1550 622 The earliest experimental phase of Mannerism, known for its "anti-classical" forms

661 1554

1550 661 Susana and the old ones.Martin de Vos Amberes.

45

MOST USED MATERIALS

Masonry

Timber

Stone

Porta PĂ­o,Miguel Angel.

1563 Portrait of a Man Francesco Salviati.

1565

Fantastic architecture with characters,e Hans Vredeman de Vries.

1568

Mannerism ended in Italy.

1570 622 La Rotonda in I quattro libri dell'architettura,Andrea Palladio.

661 1580

1580 661 New generation of artist, including Carracci brothers, Caravaggio and cigoli, revived naturalism.

46

PLAN RECOGNITION Bramante's Plan for St.Peter's

47

XVI Century Architecture CONTEXT, TIMELINE AND MATERIALS

Tecali, Puebla 1519

48

CONTEXT With the fall of Tenochtitlan in the hands of Hernán Cortés, on August 13, 1521, a new stage in architecture began, as Renaissance culture and Spanish traditions overcame pre-Hispanic art.

This mixture gave rise to a new architectural expression, in which the solutions and the European ornamental themes were added to the sensitivity and the indigenous interpretation.

The so-called art of the sixteenth century is developed, roughly, from the Conquest until the appearance of the Baroque style in the first third of the seventeenth century, when Mexican nationality acquired its own characteristics. This period includes the most diverse stylistic expressions, ranging from final Gothic to Renaissance and Mannerism, under the common denominator of Mudejar, all interpreted by indigenous feeling, which imposes its own expressions and technical skills to European styles.

Moctezuma II continues his military expansion through Mesoamerica

1502 Moctezuma II is named Tlatoani

1517

Hernan Cortes arrived to Tenochtitlan

1519

Cuauhtémoc is captured in Tlatelolco

1520 -Death of Moctezuma II -The Night of Sorrows

1521

1525 Death of Cuauhtémoc, last mexica Tlatoani Antonio de Mendoza, first Viceroy of New Spain

49

MOST USED MATERIALSÂ

Tiles

Plaster

Stucco

Mirrors

Foundation of Guadalajara City

1531

1539

Mural Paintings

Spiritual Conquer of Mexico

1550

New Spain became a exporter of raw materials

1575

1596

1600

Spain lost its hegemony Foundation of Puebla City

50

MOST USED MATERIALSÂ

Tiles: Tiles were used as a decorative element on architecture.

Usually on the faccades and on the floors.

Templo de San Francisco Acatepec, Puebla

Stucco: Stucco was used for creating forms in the interiors of the buildings.

Tonantzintla, Puebla

Plaster: Plaster was used to cerate decorative elements and forms on the interiors and exteriors of the buildings.Â

Capilla del Rosario, Puebla

51

MOST USED MATERIALS

Mirrors: Mirrors were used as a decorative element.

They are present in a lot of churches.

Templo de San Francisco Acatepec, Puebla

Mural Paintings: Mural Paintings were very important in this century because they took a lot of the prehispanic techniques in order to create them.

Templo y ex convento de San Nicolás de Tolentino, Hidalgo

52

Acatepec intervention

53

Tecali intervention

54

ESSAY

As a conclusion, we released that through time and in all centuries and different styles of architecture has a development in the use of materials. It is depending on the natural elements they could find out around and made them as a principal to built their edifications that had a especial importance in the designing of each one, inclusive a essential part for their daily day.

It is very interesting how buildings were cute important in each generation, there were spaces specially made them for some activities in where they recreated or did the major importance in that decade. Architecure is very linked with us every single day, is almost impossible deny that we can ignore it, also that has a significate every element of it. It describes, a history, a life, a city, a person.

We have learned a lot of magnificent architecture, due to all the investigations and conclusions that we discussed in classes. Thanks to this deep work we noticed that we can still appreciate these styles of architecture and now that we know distinguish in each one talking am discussion.

55

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ROMANESQUE ARCHITECTURE: CHARACTERISTICS, HISTORY, BUILDINGS: (Visual-arts-cork.com, 2018) Visual-arts-cork.com. (2018). Romanesque Architecture: Characteristics, History, Buildings:. [online] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/romanesque.htm GOTHIC CATHEDRAL AND CHURCH CONSTRUCTION | FRANCE ZONE AT ABELARD.ORG (Abelard.org, 2018) Abelard.org. (2018). gothic cathedral and church construction | France zone at abelard.org. [online] Available at: http://www.abelard.org/france/cathedral-construction.php BUILDING CONSTRUCTION - ROMANESQUE AND GOTHIC (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2018) Encyclopedia Britannica. (2018). Building construction - Romanesque and Gothic. [online] Available at: https://www.britannica.com/technology/building-construction/Romanesque-and-Gothic.

RENAISSANCE ARCHITECTURE: HISTORY, CHARACTERISTICS, DESIGNS (Visual-arts-cork.com, 2018) Visual-arts-cork.com. (2018). Renaissance Architecture: History, Characteristics, Designs. [online] Available at: http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/architecture/renaissance.htm

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COCKRILL, M. Construction Materials Used in Italian Renaissance Homes | eHow (Cockrill, 2018) Cockrill, M. (2018). Construction Materials Used in Italian Renaissance Homes | eHow. [online] eHow. Available at: https://www.ehow.com/info_8461371_construction-used-italian-renaissance-homes.html STYLE GUIDE: MANNERISM - VICTORIA AND ALBERT MUSEUM (Vam.ac.uk, 2018) Vam.ac.uk. (2018). Style Guide: Mannerism - Victoria and Albert Museum. [online] Available at: http://www.vam.ac.uk/content/articles/s/style-guide-mannerism.

ANÓNIMO (Dadun.unav.edu, 2018) Dadun.unav.edu. (2018). [online] Available at: http://dadun.unav.edu/bitstream/10171/16348/1/RE_Vol%2006_10.pdf ARQUITECTURA BARROCA DEL SIGLO XVII Y XVIII EN PUEBLA, TLAXCALA Y VERACRUZ - DANIEL IBARRA (Sites.google.com, 2018) Sites.google.com. (2018). Arquitectura barroca del siglo XVII y XVIII en Puebla, Tlaxcala y Veracruz - Daniel Ibarra. [online] https://sites.google.com/site/neriibarra71/home/arquitectura-barroca-del-siglo-xvii-y-xviii-en-puebla-tlaxcalay-veracruz

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