Slow Life Design
Anais Cipriano Design for Sustainability
Contents Preface I.
Our actual life
a. b. c. d.
History: Our Common Future Expansion Model: Capitalism & Globalization Overconsumption: Agenda 21 Overpopulation: Limit to Growth
p.12 p.14 p.16 p.18
II. Toward a better life a. b. c. d.
What is sustainability? What is happiness? Systems Thinking Human improve: The Learning Curve & 17 SDGs
p.22 p.24 p.27 p.32
III. Slow movements a. b. c. d.
Going Back to Nature’s Rhythm: Natural Capitalism Be Inspired by Nature: Biomimicry & Natural Steps Efficiency in Business: Cradle to Cradle & Lean Thinking Slow Movements
p.36 p.38 p.42 p.46
IV. The Role of designers to change our life a. b. c. d.
The new role of design Social design Design leadership Design leaders
Conclusion References
p.54 p.58 p.60 p.62
Preface The global transition to a sustainable way of life will necessarily involve the participation of every sphere of human sustainable development: social, environmental and economical. In all three of these spheres we are now over consuming. It is projected that by 2050, there will be 9.7 billion people on Earth, with middle class overconsumption is increasing proportionally. Earth cannot provide enough resources for everyone on the planet to live a modern middle class way of life. Western culture’s notion of happiness is based on the consumption of material goods. More commonly called burnouts, social isolation, depression, and mental fatigue (both socially and individually) are higher than never in our actual capitalist system. What is happiness and how can slow living be an answer to saving humanity and the Earth?
Environment
Sustainable development Society
Economy
Photo : Brooklyn
I. Our Actual Life
I. Our Actual Life History The societal system in which we live today was created in the 19th century with advent of the Industrial revolution. I believe it is fundamental to understand the present in order to change the future: the “first step toward any economic and ecological change is to understand the mental model that forms the basis of present economic thinking” (Natural Capitalism). To me the “present” can be defined as the period of rapid industrialization that has defined the Industrial Revolution: in other words the last 200-250 years. The “past” is before this period and the future is where individuals are going with their new lifestyle, which the global system will follow soon. Design is important in our present society because industries are governed by designers. The systems designed during the Industrial Revolution created a paradigm shift, but like any change, people weren’t 100 percent confident about this shift. This revolution of our daily life started in England with the textile industry. Between 1760 and 1840, the development of new machines and the adoption of the factory system transformed the creation processes. Some groups of people didn’t believe that the future should accept these new machines capable of huge amount of productions.
Photo : Exposition Universel, Paris
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Today technological innovation is continuing to transform our way of life in all fields. The consequences of mass-production were in shortterm, positive for some people who saw an increase in their standard of living but negative irremediable effects in the medium and long-term on the planet and in developing countries. In regard to the Earth massproduced, material goods that we have been creating for 200 years with finite resources is wasting and polluting the resources we have left. Delocalisation of factories into developing countries is cheaper because people are paid less. The working conditions are so hard that the Office to Monitor and Combat Trafficking in Persons called it : “modern slavery”. Industrial processes have made life easier for a lot of people in many ways but principally for rich countries. “Our Common Future”, also known as The Brundtland Report, was published in 1987 by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). This report underlines the world failure of true development linked with management of the environment: There has been a growing realization… that it is impossible to separate economic development issues from environment issues; many forms of development erode the environmental resources upon which they must be based, and environmental degradation can undermine economic development (WCED). The report explains how these crises are all interlocked by linking overconsumption habits and exploitation of natural resources. Developing countries don’t meet their basic needs, while developed countries consume faster than ever before. Several social campaigns are famous today such as, “who made my clothes” because people are not behaving anymore with the famous expression “out of sight out of mind”.(photos of the campaigns) People know what is happening and don’t want to be part of it anymore. The Industrial Revolution also made us less able to care for ourselves as we have become more dependent on these technologies to survive. One of the leaders of social design, Ezio Manzini wrote about the differences between enabling and disabling designs. Design should help the user in his interaction with the world but shouldn’t be a necessity to live and have access to basic needs.
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Expansion Model Conventional capitalism emphasizes money and profit, often at the expense of other important life factors. We measure progress with economic criteria over criteria that focuses on the wellbeing of individuals and society in general. The more money the economy is generating, the better the world is supposed to be. Upscaling the industry is considered important because quantity is value above quality in order to sell the most products possible and make a lot of profits. This model is so successful that even now people outside mass production businesses have integrated capitalism values that increased production and profits, no matter the cost. This cost is sometimes dramatic but capitalists always excuses their own behaviour. If we exhaust one particular resource we will either import it from another country or find a substitute. The question of need of this resource will never be asked. Our current living system is linear. Today resources are extracted to make products barely used by consumers before they them away into landfills. “Only one percent of the total North American materials flow ends up in, and is still being used within, products six months after their sale,” (Natural Capitalism). This capitalist model has naturally increased international trade particularly imports from developing countries into developed countries that have already exhausted their own resources. In the 1990s globalization was created with the World Trade Organization (WTO) “globalization and free trade were praised as revolutionary ways to benefit all countries, producing worldwide economic expansion whose wealth would trickle down to all” (The Hidden Connections).
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Deep ecology is an ecological and environmental philosophy promoting the inherent worth of living beings regardless of their instrumental utility to human needs, plus a radical restructuring of modern human societies in accordance with such ideas.
Today, we have gone too far with globalization and individuals want to go back to their roots, their notion of quality and their traditions. There is a rise in Republican traditional parties everywhere in the world which shows the limits of globalization. The physicist Fritjof Capra, explains in his book, The Hidden Connections how globalization appeared thanks to the Information Technology Revolution (fast communication). The internet has given birth to a global capitalist economy: “capital works in real time, moving rapidly through global financial networks…from one option to another in a relentless global search for investment opportunities” (The Hidden Connections). Technology also permits financial capital to be fluid and faster. These fast movements of capital make local markets weak. Globalization is an interdependence of countries, as exhibited by the 2007 economic crash of United States which had impacts all over the world. The social impacts of globalization are disastrous. Humankind is surrounded by machines and cannot live without them anymore. People from developing countries do not have food but own cellphones. In the capitalism model, money comes before humans. Changes occurs only with money opportunities. “In the new economy, masses of generic workers move in and out of a variety of jobs. They may be replaced at any moment, either by machines or by generic labor in other parts of the world, depending on the fluctuations in the global financial network” (The Hidden Connections). Capra explains that this “generic labor” is the new social class that has formed through globalization. Globalization in its present form is unsustainable and needs to be redesigned.
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Overconsumption Climate change is a problem caused by the global warming of Earth since the end of the 19th century. Temperatures are increasing because greenhouse gas is increasingly present in the atmosphere. Humankind is the reason for this over-release of green house gas. This climate imbalance leads to several problems: rising temperatures, melting ice causing the rise in sea levels, and melting glaciers which slow down the earth’s rotation (cbc.ca), affecting the seasons and sun exposition. The term “global warming” appeared in public discourse for the first time in 1998 when it was used by the scientist Dr. James Hansen. To minimize climate change we must use alternative energy source and change our way of consumption. Humankind is anchored in habit, consumption, and cultural tradition. In fact, human activities since the Industrial Revolution (starting in 1750) have produced a 40percent increase in the atmospheric concentration of carbon dioxide (UNEPUnited Nations Environment Programme). Carbon dioxide emissions produced by human activities come from combustion of carbonbased fuels, principally coal, oil, and natural gas. Other causes include deforestation, soil erosion and animal agriculture (IPCC). Governments have a great role to play here because they have the power and the money to change their country’s bad habits and emit less carbon dioxide. When the Paris agreement took place this past year it forced countries to inspire each other and improve themselves. In September 2016 we passed the point of no return for climate damage. This means we cannot undo the damage we have cause, but we can minimize future damages. Most people do not want to think of this problem because it is too huge and too complex to be easily understood. It is hard to change the habits of one single person so changing 7,458,844,600 people’s habits is much harder. Bea Johnson writes in her book Zero Waste Home, “it is not hard to smoke, it is not hard to not smoke, what is hard is to change”.
Friends of Europe, 2015
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The Story of Stuff is a short animated documentary about the lifecycle of material goods. The documentary is critical of excessive consumerism and promotes sustainability.
I think education is the best weapon against overconsumption. Schools should teach this topic starting at a young age to introduce the idea and good ecological habits early on. It is already happening in some North European countries where students learn about selfneeds, not overconsuming, and the impact of human activity. Earth is overpopulated by overconsuming people. Companies should learn how to do more with less. People should learn how to refuse, reduce, and reuse. Finding renewable energy is a good way to minimize pollution but it has its limits. The best waste we are creating is the one we are not producing. Minimizing our material possessions could also have direct and fast effects on our soul. Edward Bernays, Freud’s nephew said that the best customers are unhappy people. Climate change is a sociological problem first, habits and cultural changes can only minimize the damage. As stated in Agenda 21, a product of the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Brazil 1992, consideration should be “given to the present concepts of economic growth and the need for new concepts of wealth and prosperity which allow higher standards of living through changed lifestyles and are less dependent on the Earth’s finite resources and more in harmony with the Earth’s carrying capacity.” «Although consumption patterns are very high in certain parts of the world, the basic consumer needs of a large section of humanity are not being met... Changing consumption patterns will require a multipronqued strategies focusing on demand, meeting the basic needs of the poor, and reducing the waste and use of finite resources in the production process.» (Agenda 21)
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Overpopulation In the past 50 years, the Earth’s carrying capacity reached its limit. Donella H. Meadows, Dennis L. Meadows, Jørgen Randers, and William W. Behrens III wrote about this problem in a report published in 1972 called The Limits to Growth. These international researchers wrote the report for the Club of Rome which is an organization of individuals who share a common concern for the future of humanity and strive to make a difference. The Limits to Growth was founded on Professor Jay W. Forrester’s study that utilized a computer model, called “World3.” World3 tested the behavior of the model under 12 scenarios that showed different possible patterns of world development from 1900 to 2100. The outcomes were bad in almost all of the 12 cases. In 2004, the team regrouped again to publish an update of The Limits to Growth. Thirty years later they concluded “where we are drawing on the world’s resources faster than they can be restored, and we are releasing wastes faster than the Earth can absorb them or render them harmless”. (The Limits to Growth) This second study was based on agricultural production, population growth, nonrenewable resource depletion and industrial output. The old and new reports are almost identical: the call to limit population growth and consumption is more urgent than ever. As Donella Meadows describes in her book Thinking in Systems, “Any physical, growing system is going to run into some kind of constraint, sooner or later.” Hopefully more and more people are integrating these challenge of our time in their daily life. Several different movements are appearing with one same goal: improve our world. These movements include Veganism, animal associations, zero waste, minimalism, voluntary simplicity and a lot of “slow” movements.
26 april 2100
26 april 2017
11.2 miliard people 7.5 miliard people
Half from the middle class ?
3 miliard are from the middle class.
That will consume 5/6 of the global consumption?
They consume 2/3 of the global consumption
NASA
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United Nation
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Photo : New York City
II. Toward a better life
II. Toward a better life What is sustainability? To me it is important to define “sustainability” before speaking about the economical sustainable model. Sustainability is composed of the following elements which interact with each other and should be always balanced equally: environment, economy and social. The relationship between the «three pillars of sustainability», exhibits that economy and society are constrained by environmental limits. I will share with you three different definitions that compliment each other.
Environment
Society
Economy
- The first definition was created by the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development: Sustainability is the ability to meet the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. - The second definition was created by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN): Sustainability is the capacity to improve the quality of human life while living within the carrying capacity of the Earth’s supporting eco-systems. - The third and last definition was created by environmentalist Paul Hawken: Sustainability is about stabilizing the currently disruptive relationship between earth’s two most complex systems: human culture and the living world.
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Unlike the expansion model of development, the sustainability model of development gives equal weight to the economy, society and the environment. As I explained previously the balance of these three pillars is important to keep: “the world is a system of ecological checks and balances that consists of finite resources. If the elements of this system are damaged or thrown out of balance or if essential resources are depleted, the system will suffer severe damage and will possibly collapse” (Margolin). This model is taking into account the wellbeing of humans as well as the well being of earth: “The sustainability model offers a compelling, comprehensive alternative to the expansion model, but it requires fundamental reform on several levels. Economists, businesses, and consumers alike must make the shift away from a product-based wellbeing”(Manzini). A sustainable society sees environment, society, and the economy not as separate entities, but as systems that are deeply interconnected to create one large and complex system.
circlesofsustainability.org
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How to measure progress? As the sustainable model is based on the wellbeing of the earth and the humans; we can ask ourselves how do we measure progress today. The traditional tool used to measure progress is called Gross Domestic Product (GDP). This tool was created in 1937 by Simon Kuznets, an economist at the National Bureau of Economic Research. GDP is the monetary value of all the finished goods and services produced within a country’s borders in a specific time period. Though GDP is usually calculated on an annual basis, it can be calculated on a quarterly basis as well. GDP includes all private and public consumption, government outlays, investments and exports minus imports that occur within a defined territory. Put simply, GDP is a broad measurement of a nation’s overall economic activity (investopedia.com). “The expansion model is dominated by the belief in the power of technological innovation to enhance human experience, a relationship predicated on the claim that the satisfaction materials goods can provide is without limits. Furthermore, materialism has become so integral to notions of happiness that product development is now almost inextricably bound to the striving for human betterment,” (Margolin in Design for a Sustainable World).
Titre du graphique 20000 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0
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Genuine progress indicator
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1990
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Gross domestic product
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In 1979 the term ‘Gross National Happiness’ (GNH) was first used in public during an interview in Bombay Airport when His Majesty of Bhutan said “We do not believe in Gross National Product. Gross National Happiness is more important.” Gross National Happiness is a development philosophy which is used to measure the collective happiness in a nation. The concept is indigenous to the country of Bhutan, and was enshrined in the country’s 2008 constitution which states that “the State shall strive to promote those conditions that will enable the pursuit of Gross National Happiness.” GNH tool has nine criterias: psychological well-being, health, time use, education, cultural diversity and resilience, good governance, community vitality, ecological diversity and resilience, and living standards. In contrast, GDP only concentrates on the economic pillar of the three composing a sustainable city. In order to redefine progress, the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI) was created in 1995 by Redefining Progress. GPI is used to measure progress as an alternative to the GDP. The GPI takes into account the three pillar of sustainability (economy, social, environment) through 10 criterias: Income Distribution, Housework, Volunteering, Higher Education, Crime, Resource Depletion, Pollution, Long-Term Environmental Damage, Changes in Leisure Time, Defensive Expenditures, Lifespan of Consumer, Durables & Public, Infrastructure and Dependence on Foreign. Some numbers changed compared to GDP: expendable income, higher education and domestic labor all increase the GPI measure, while ozone depletion, crime and underemployment all decrease the progress measure.
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I think the chronology of these three tools says a lot about our evolution. GDP in 1937, GNH in 1979 and GPI in 1995 shows the human trend to be more and more conscious about all of our economical consequences on the social and environmental systems. Unfortunately the GDP has remained since 1937 the dominant tool used in the world. Fortunately some big institutions like The United Nations are promoting sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), officially known as Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development is a set of 17 «Global Goals» with 169 targets between them. The Resolution is a broader intergovernmental agreement that acts as the Post 2015 Development Agenda (successor to the Millennium Development Goals). The United Nations Secretary-General Ban Kimoon explain the importance of these goals saying «we don’t have plan B because there is no planet B».
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Systems Thinking Systems thinking is the cognitive process of studying and understanding systems of every kind. This process try to find the root of long and short term problems within a system. “Thinking in Systems” is a book written by Donella Meadows in 2008 that explains the many different leverage points that we can use in order to fix systems’ problems or change the way how that system behaves. A system is composed of interconnected elements that are organized in order to achieve a particular goal. These interconnections within systems operate through stocks and flows. Stocks are the elements of the system that you can see, feel, count, or measure. Flows are divided into two categories: inflows (amounts coming into the system) and outflows (amounts going out of the system). Meadows gives the example of the human digestive system, “The elements of your digestive system include teeth, enzymes, stomach and intestines. They are interrelated through the physical flow of food, and through an elegant set of regulating chemical signals. The function of this system is to break down food into its basic nutrients and to transfer those nutrients into the bloodstream (another system), while discarding unusable wastes.” In our daily life we encounter hundreds of systems. In order to change or fix them we have to understand which leverage point we can use to do so. Meadows explains the 8 traps that systems can fall into and offers solutions for each trap in order to avoid system collapse. These solutions can be used by individuals, governments, businesses and designers.
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1. Policy Resistance: When various actors try to pull a system’s stock toward their respective goals, the result is called policy resistance. Any new policy, especially if it’s effective, just pulls the stock further from the goals of the other actors and produces additional resistance. The result is that no one can access its goal. The Way Out: Stop pulling individually and communicate. Bring in all the actors and use the energy formerly expended on resistance to seek out mutually satisfactory ways for goals to be realized, or redefine larger and more important goals that everyone can pull together toward. 2. Tragedy of the Commons: When there is a commonly shared resource (e.g: oceans), every user benefits directly from its use while also sharing the costs of its abuse with everyone else. Therefore, there is little feedback to convey the condition of the resource to influence the decisions of the resource users. Some over use the resource and get all the advantages but the others see their stock decrease even if they had a sustainable way of using it. The consequence is overuse of the resource, eroding it until it becomes depleted. Their efforts are cancelled by the tragedy of the commons. The Way Out: Educate and exhort the users, so they understand the consequences of abusing the resource. Restore or strengthen the missing feedback link, either by privatizing the resource so each user feels the direct consequences of its abuse (since many resources cannot be privatized) by regulating the access of all users to the resource. 3. Drift to Low Performance: A reinforcing feedback loop in which the negative bias from a failed past performance influences all future performances, causing them to also fail. A new system based on an old uneffective one will also be uneffective. Over time, goals become perceived as impossible to achieve and are then considered as secondary goals. The Way Out: Keep performance standards absolute. If possible, a better solution is to let standards be enhanced by the best actual performances instead of being discouraged by the worst. Use the same structure to set up a drift to high performance. 4. Escalation: When the state of one stock is determined by trying to surpass the state of another stock there is a reinforcing feedback loop. This carries the system into situations such as an arms race, a wealth race, a smear campaign, escalating loudness or escalating violence. The escalation is exponential and can lead to extremes surprisingly quickly. But as exponential growth cannot go on forever if nothing is done, the escalation will end when someone or something collapses. The Way Out: The best way out of this trap is to avoid getting in it. If caught in an escalating system, we can refuse to compete (unilaterally disarm) thereby interrupting the reinforcing feedback loop to control the escalation.
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5. Success to the Successful: If the winners of a competition are systematically rewarded with the means to win again, a reinforcing feedback loop is created. The losers are eliminated without any chance to win at all. The Way Out: Diversification, which allows the losers to get out of that game and start another. Policies that level the playing field by removing some of the advantage of the strongest players or increasing the advantage of the weakest. Policies that devise rewards for success that do not bias the next round of competition. 6. Shifting the Burden to the Intervenor: Shifting the burden to an outside party will increase the dependance of this short term solution. Dependence or addiction arises when a solution to a systematic problem reduces the symptoms but does nothing to solve the underlying issues. It give the appearance of obeying the rules but actually distorts the system. In the long-term the system deteriorates and solutions (outside party) are more and more relied upon. This system becomes dependent on the intervention. The Way Out: The best way out of this trap is to avoid getting in. Prevention by being aware of symptom (relieving policies or practices that don’t really fix the problem). Focus on long term solutions. 7. Rule Beating: Following the rules without thinking logically about the best solution. Rules govern a system that can lead to rule beating _ perverse behavior that gives the appearance of obeying the rules or achieving the goals, but that actually distorts the system. The Way Out: Redesign the rules to release creativity and a minimum of freedom in order to adapt the rules depending of the situation. The purpose of the rules will not to be beaten anymore. 8. Seeking the Wrong Goal: If a system’s goals are ill-defined or incomplete, the system may produce an unintended or unwanted result. When systems are disjointed and not well defined they can be misunderstood and end up with an unwanted outcome. The Way Out: Specify the goal of the system in order to explain the real objectives of the system.
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Meadows describes 12 Leverage Points that can be called as solutions entry point in a system. These 12 small changes can lead to a large shift in behavior. These solutions fight against the collapse of a system or work to redesign it. They are applicable by individuals, governments, businesses and designers. The leverage points are broken up into 8 changes to information and control, and 4 changes to physical aspects of systems. Information and control Leverage Points 1. Transcending paradigm: Remembering that there is no universal best paradigm because everyone has their own mindset that shapes their own perception of paradigms. 2. Change the mindset or paradigm out of which the system arises: Putting personal values, beliefs within a system which will lead to a modification of the universality of a system. Changing a system’s structure. 3. Change goals of the system: Redefining the function or purpose of a system will change all other downstream behaviors within a system. 4. Self-organize system structure: If you can afford to experiment and find the right boundaries for a system to self-organize, the problem will solve itself. 5. Change the rules of the system: The rules of a system define its scope, its boundaries, and its degrees of freedom. Changing the rules in a system like incentives, punishments or constraints can change behavior. 6. Change the structure of information flows: Controlling who does and does not have access to information. Missing information flows are one of the most common causes of system problems. Adding or restoring information and communication can create powerful change, and is much less expensive than rebuilding physical system infrastructure. 7. Change the reinforcing feedback loops: Being preventive by slowing down the growth around an unchecked reinforcing feedback loop instead of waiting for the outcome. These feedback loops can get out of control, and it is more effective to slow thing down rather than waiting for a balancing feedback loop to do its job. 8. Change the positive feedback loops: Introducing new balancing feedback loops will fix inequalities and unchecked reinforcing feedback loops within a system and can be an effective way to ensure system equilibrium. Having two opposite driving forces always guarantees a certain harmony and justice. It is a prevention tool.
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by Joern Fischer
Physical Leverage Points 9. Change the lengths of delays : Permitting time delays that allow for healthy oscillations in stocks and flows. Sometimes a system cannot just respond to short-term changes when it has long-term delays. 10. Change the structure of stocks and flows: Sometimes it is impossible to change systems’ structures. If possible, rebuilding a system from the ground up can be one of the most effective leverage points even if it is the slowest and most expensive. 11. Change the buffers: Buffers within a system can have a stabilizing effect because they control the minimum and maximum of stocks that remain in the system. Changing the size of buffers can either increase or decrease a system’s stability and flexibility. 12. Change the numbers: Adjusting the stocks flowing through a system by changing the constants or parameters.
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Human improvement We are starting to realize that our current system is broken. We have a lot of traps and we now know what the leverage points are and how use them. The three sustainable pillars are interconnected as are the traps and leverage points. This system is global and everything should be changed to be fully effective. Almost everyone knows climate change exists and that humanity is both the cause and the future solution to that issue. Our system is so large and complex that the majority of people aren’t willing to change it, even while knowing the outcome, because they are frightened by the amount of effort it takes. When the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development published the Our Common Future report in 1987, they explained that, “ecology and economy are becoming ever more interwoven locally, regionally, nationally and globally into a seamless net of causes and effects.” I think that the best way to solve such a complex problem is to divided it into small ones and fix the systems one by one or have groups of systems working together. Learning to design for sustainability is a long process that may feel overwhelming. There is no better decision in a group of selected solutions because there are so many important factors to consider in every decision that we should just try one rather than waiting. It is okay to make mistakes if we turn those mistakes into learning experiences. The Natural Step’s Sustainability Learning Curve is a simple way of breaking this process down. A learning curve is a graphical representation of the increase of learning (vertical) with experience (horizontal). In psychology, the four stages of competence, or the «conscious competence» learning model, relates to the psychological states involved in the process of progressing from incompetence to competence in a skill (ex: learning a new language).
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The 4 stages of Learning Theory
1. Unconscious incompetence When we are ignorant of what we lack. We do not understand or know how to do something. We may deny the usefulness of the skill. We must recognize our own incompetence, and the value of the new skill, before moving on to the next stage. 2. Conscious incompetence We do not understand or know how to do something but we do know about this lack. We also value the new skill in addressing the deficit. The making of mistakes can be integral to the learning process at this stage. 3. Conscious competence We understands or know how to do something. However, demonstrating the skill or knowledge requires concentration. It may be broken down into steps, and there is heavy conscious involvement in executing the new skill. 4. Unconscious competence We have so much practice with a skill that becomes ÂŤsecond natureÂť and can be performed easily without effort. As a result, the skill can be performed while executing another task. Sustainability is like any other skill that we should all learn in order to change the system with our behavior without effort. Many sustainable lifestyles are emerging and indirectly, these these new movements exemplify the four stages of competence.
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Photo : Tybee Island
Slow Movements
Slow Movements Nature Rhythm As we saw before capitalism is an increasing model where everything should be higher, faster and stronger. The physical capacity of humans is reaching its limits with a decrease of the GPI since the 70’s, while GDP is greatly increasing. There is an urge to slow down Capitalism, which is promoting the opposite of well being in communities. This model is placing money, profit and technology at the center of concerns, but we need to redesign a human centered model. In the book Natural Capitalism, a new type of capitalism is proposed : “the environment not as a minor factor of production, but rather as ‘an envelope containing, provisioning, and sustaining the entire economy.” Under natural capitalism, economic progress can be the most successful only if all forms of capital are equally valued. These capitals also includes human, manufactured, financial, and natural capital. Waste can no longer be ignored and must be reduced and reused by the economy instead of ending up in landfills or in our oceans. Businesses will be the more hesitant to adopt this new model because they are concerned with cost effectiveness. It is a common misconception that sustainability could reduce profits and for that reason, it has been pushed aside. The new generation of designers need to help businesses understand that sustainability is a profitable investment. Switching our model is pertinent to survive with finite resources and an exponentially growing population. The authors of Natural Capitalism propose four central strategies in order to value each fours capitals equally.
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1. Radical Resource Productivity: Using resources more efficiently will slow resource depletion, lower the output of pollution through reduced need for raw materials extraction, and provide a basis for worldwide employment within meaningful jobs. 2. Biomimicry: Eliminate waste and toxicity by creating closed loop systems that reuse materials in a continuous cycle. 3. Service and Flow Economy: Change the relationship between the producer and consumer by restructuring the economy to allow consumers to lease goods and services rather than purchase products, this will automatically rewarding radical resource productivity and closed loop systems to maintain those good and collect them at the end of their life. 4. Investing in Natural Capital: Reinvest in sustaining, restoring and expanding stocks of natural capital in order to reverse world destruction. By acknowledging and valuing all forms of natural capital using these four strategies, governments can create stability in their countries. This will also help moving forward from the industrialization time as well as restore much of the destruction caused by the degrading practices of global capitalism. Creating a sustainable global economy will be important to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals from the United Nations. These 17 goals have already been adopted by the UN’s 193 member nations, and they provide a sturdy platform of goals to reach by 2030. These goal will be achieved through big changes in our modern society. The Paris Climate Agreement was a historic moment in global partnership. Unfortunately this treaty only requires that nations put forth their ‘best effort’ for achieving the goals that they’ve agreed on. This is a huge step in human history, but it is not big enough to have a global impact.
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Be Inspired by Nature An essential part to shifting away from the expansion model is involving everyone and the businesses too. Designers can work with businesses to facilitate these changes with the help of design approaches. Biomimicry is a design approach that draws inspiration from nature. It is a mimetic which adapts nature into our modern world. “Biomimicry is an approach to innovation that seeks sustainable solutions to human challenges by emulating nature’s time-tested patterns and strategies”(Biomimicry Institute) If we look at nature, it has already solved many of the problems we face today. Biomimicry is the idea to copy these natural solutions that proved successful over time by the simple fact that they are still existing and working well. Nature tested it for us : “After 3.8 billion years of research and development, failures are fossils, and what surrounds us is the secret to survival,”(Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature).
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Janine Benyus wrote her book in 1997, Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. This biologist and consultant, explains how we should look to nature as a “model, mentor, and measure” for design. Biomimicry is a way of seeking sustainable solutions by borrowing life’s blueprints. Design should always answer a demand and never be created without purpose. Nature has the best guidelines for designing because nature is not not created for appareance but for utility. In the chapter “How will we Conduct Business?”, Benyus presents a list of 10 characteristics of a mature ecosystem. A mature ecosystem is a network of different systems working with each other and succeeding by giving and receiving equally. “Where ecology meets agriculture, medicine, energy, computing and commerce, there is more to discover than to be invented.” Designers can work with biologists to cross the systems knowledge and discover the already existing solution to human problems that nature has already solved. If we, designers use these ten commandments as design directives, we can become “the most powerful fulcrum from which we can move the economy and the culture toward a more sustainable place” (Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature). Here are the ten commandments: 1. Use waste as a resource. 2. Diversify and cooperate to fully use the habitat. 3. Gather and use energy efficiently. 4. Optimize rather than minimize. 5. Use materials sparingly. 6. Don’t foul their nests. 7. Don’t draw down resources. 8. Remain in balance with the biosphere. 9. Run on information. 10. Shop locally.
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The Natural Step is one organization working to move businesses in the direction of triple bottom line practices. Triple bottom line (TBL) is a framework created by John Elkington in 1994 with three interconnected circles: social, environmental (or ecological) and financial. Many organizations have adopted the TBL framework to evaluate their performance in a broader perspective to create greater business value. The Natural Step is a nonprofit, non-governmental organization (NGO) founded in Sweden in 1989 by Karl-Henrik Robèrt. It is promoting that: “moving strategically toward sustainability leads to new opportunities, reduced costs and dramatically reduced ecological and social impacts.” The first knowledge that every businesses should understand is that nature is not subject to systematically increasing in order to work well and so does businesses. They created four First Order Principles of a sustainable society that must be accepted by all in order for businesses to achieve sustainable success: 1. Substances from the earth’s crust-fossil fuels and mined minerals-must not systematically increase in nature. 2. Substances produced by society must not systematically increase in nature. 3. The physical basis for the productivity and diversity of nature must not be systematically deteriorated. 4. Human society must be fair and efficient in meeting basic human needs.
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Efficiency in Business The most famous sustainable design approach is Cradle to Cradle (C2C). In 2002, designer William McDonough and chemist Dr. Michael Braungart published Cradle to Cradle: Remaking the way we Make Things. The book encourages designers to redefine their goals to include positive effects on economic, ecological, and social health. C2C is going further than the Triple Bottom Line. It is not only seeking to minimize the harm we do, but also reframing design as a regenerative force for good. Our current design and economic model is “cradle to grave”. It is a linear system where resources are extracted from the Earth and turned into products which live out their lifespans with their users, and at the end of their life are thrown away into a “grave,” landfill. Cradle to Cradle is a closed loop so a circular system. The two types of nutrients flowing in a Cradle to Cradle system are biological and technical nutrients. Biological nutrients are organic materials that are capable of being returned to the system and used again. Technical nutrients are inorganic materials that can be returned to the system and used again. In a Cradle to Cradle system, all biological and technical nutrients circulate in a continuous cycle, going from cradle to cradle instead of cradle to grave like the linear actual model. The book was and still is so famous that they developed the Cradle to Cradle Product Innovation Institute. It is a nonprofit organization that empowers businesses to become a positive industry role model by practicing sustainability. They also help businesses meet their sustainability goals by giving Cradle to Cradle Certified™ Product Standard. To become Cradle to Cradle Certified™, manufacturers must assess five categories which embody the Cradle to Cradle approach: material health, material reutilization, renewable energy, water stewardship, and social fairness. If a product meets these criterias, it can be labeled with a Cradle to Cradle Certified™ mark that manufacturers can then place on their product. The mark provides consumers with a clear, visible, and tangible validation of a manufacturer’s ongoing commitment to sustainability. Designers can also pass a 2 hours free test on the internet after reading their book in order to promote their sustainable practices on their resume with this new committed diploma.
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«A roof for the bees» is a perfect example of circular economy. This company propose individuals or companies to be the «godfather» and «godmothers» of bees. People pay between 8€ and 20€ each month to this sustainable company. By paying that, they are providing fair jobs for beekeepers that are more and more unemployed because of the lack of bees. Customers will also receive honey in glass jars after one year. Everyone can be part of the program or start a hive in his garden and the goal is to promote organic and fair consumption as well as education about the importance of bees.
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Efficiency in businesses can also be implemented through Lean Thinking. Lean Thinking is a business methodology that aims to provide a new way to think on how to organize human activities to deliver more benefits to society and value to individuals while eliminating waste. The term lean thinking was created by James P. Womack and Daniel T. Jones to capture the approach of production from Toyota. So Lean Thinking is a way of viewing business productivity in terms of waste creation, consumer demand, and product value. Taiichi Ohno, the creator of the Toyota Production System, defined waste as, “Any human activity which absorbs resources but creates no value…mistakes which require rectification, production of items no one wants so that inventories and remaindered goods pile up, processing steps which aren’t actually needed, movement of employees and transport of goods from one place to another without any purpose, groups of people in a downstream activity standing around waiting because an upstream activity has not delivered on time, and goods and services which don’t meet the needs of the customer” Ohno called this waste “muda” that means in japanese “futility,” or “purposelessness.”
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Lean Thinking is about removing muda from the system. When muda is removed it frees up time, money, and energy to the company so it can be used for something with a real purpose. The Lean Thinking method is made up of five interconnected elements: define the value, map the value stream, create a flow, establish pull and pursuit perfection. D. Meadows describes further benefits of the system: «Lean production makes people happier, and not only because workers like to see waste eliminated.» The University of Chicago psychologist Mihaly Csikzentmihalyi has found that people all over the world feel best when their activity involves a clear objective, intense concentration, no distractions immediate feedback on their progress and a sense of challenge. By creating, as Womack and Jones put it, «a highly satisfying psychological condition of flow,» these tasks become the end in themselves, not a means of accomplishing something else. In contrast, traditional batch-and-queue production work fails every one of these criteria, which is why so few people enjoy it. However organizations where value flows continuously also create «the conditions for psychological flow. Every employee has immediate knowledge of whether the job has been done right and can see the status of the entire system.»
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The Slow Movements The Slow Movements started with one in 1987 about a specific field, food. After the success of this movement, a lot of other movements launched in all human activity fields. This first pioneer Slow Movement is the Slow Food Movement. Born in Italy in 1987, it was created to fight against fast food expansion. It was founded by Carlo Petrini, a culinary journalist. At this time it was just a sustainable cooking movement pushing people to take the time to cook and eat around a table again. Local food was valorized and eating was promoted as a traditional social activity that we shouldn’t forget, like the way modern fast food is forgetting. People feels that the new rhythm of modern life is overwhelming. Some of them are doing burnout which is a 21 century disease that turn people into depression because they feel either useless due to inactivity, or exhausted by the time they spend working. Nowadays money and profit is in the center of society. The society should be human centered and these Slow Movements are a way for numerous people to become empowered and feel listened to. Today there are Slow Movements all round the world concerning all kinds of social problems (food, work, education, etc) ; this is an alarming reminder that our global society framework is a failure.
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Technology went beyond our expectation and we don’t know how to control it anymore but also the natural curiosity of human want to know the limit of technology always pushing it forward. In our daily life technologies are not a tool to make our life easier and better but it becomes a goal in itself. People should have the goal to understand nature and reconnect with it. We spend time on technology hoping it will give us more time to live. This paradoxe is explaining the limit to human happiness in this system. Here are the principles of the Slow Life Movement: – slowing down our life rhythm – adopting simplicity – give as much time to yourself that to others – reconnecting to nature – open minded to new creativity – being conscious about each action and time – enjoy the present
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This new concept of life that is the Slow Movement is now applicable for everything. The Slow City Movement (or the step by step city) wants to improve the global quality of life of its citizen by promoting green spaces, pedestrian walkways, reducing the car circulation, hosting promotion and local tradition promotion. Other approaches emerged from that like the Urban Acupuncture, which is a socio-environmental theory that combines contemporary urban design with traditional Chinese acupuncture, using small-scale interventions to transform the larger urban context. The Slow Education Movement think that each kid have a different rhythm and we should find each of them individually. The Slow Education Movement is also prohibiting competition among students at any age; adults should centered their focus on personal development. The Slow Travel Movement is an alternative way of travelling by discovering the nature, cultures and food of a new area, being open minded about the populations and respecting their environment. The Slow Science Movement is about taking the time to think and discover. The Slow Management Movement promotes happiness in work and also insuring that working and private life time is respected. In big companies, CEO’s understand that the happier the employees are, the more they will be committed to their company and make profit. Happiness managers are starting to be a must have in companies. The list of example is endless as you can now understand.
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Globally the Slow Life Movement is representing all of the Slow Movements. This philosophy pushes the idea of being instead of having. Creativity by making what we don’t have is developing notions of sustainability, longevity and slow making. The goal is to be actively and consciously living. To know what we are doing is in harmony with what the society needs will always have a positive effect and cannot reach a limit ; individuals and society aren’t divided anymore. With new technology development, informations and communication are going faster and our life rhythm is following the speed of it. We are now used to urgency without thinking. Through technology like social media, the Slow Movements could emerge and gain the power they have now. Individuals that used to be lost in the society can now find like-minded people thinking the same through technology. The huge increase of people adopting the slow movements is revealing a wake up call from individuals and communities that needs to slow down. For example After just 25 years, the Slow Food Movements already has millions of members from over 150 different countries. These movements believe that society should reconnect with values, family, friends and nature and no more objects, screens and money. The movements are also really popular because of economic reasons. Simplicity and experiences make Slow Movement members low consumers and high saving bankers.
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Here is an example of the application of the book thinking in System in order to promote alternative lifestyle and slowlife movements The system trap Escalation: «Time is money» This sentence is applied to any activity we are doing. We all have to be reactive, to be the first, to do the buzz, etc The more fast someone is the faster you have to be to surpass him. Outsiders are the «slow» one, not integrated to the society. The Way Out: How to normalize slow life? The best way out of this trap is to avoid getting in it. If caught in an escalating system, we can refuse to compete (unilaterally disarm) thereby interrupting the reinforcing feedback loop to control the escalation. Diffusion of innovations is a theory that seeks to explain how, why, and at what rate ANY new ideas and technology spread. We can apply this graphic to normalized lifestyles. Everett Rogers, a professor of communication studies, popularized the theory in his book Diffusion of Innovations (1962), Rogers argues that diffusion is the process by which an innovation is communicated over time among the participants in a social system. If 20% of the population adopt an innovation it will be adopted by the rest of it; it is just a question of time. Through social media people are sharing more and more their sustainable or healty lifestyle and more people are attracted to the positiv impact.
We need 20%
Diffusion of innovation
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Among all the leverage points I think that Goal of society is the best one to promote sustainable lifestyles. Change goals of the system: Redefining the function or purpose of a system will change all other downstream behaviors within a system. Our life must make sens again. People are going back to the roots : Nature
How to have a better impact on the planet as an individual ? From passive to active. How to enjoy my daily life with real satisfaction? From bored to happy. How to be happy with the less impact on my Environment? From unconscious to conscious.
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the Role of designers
the Role of designers The New Roles of Design The new important role of designers is being a facilitator. Through creativity and new appealing concepts, designers are in the unique position to bridge the gaps between many different parties that never worked together before because of their differences. The goals of these parties might be the same but they are too different and far apart to understand that. These former relationships between systems are obsolete and they have reached their limit of efficiency. Design is interdisciplinary by nature and so designers can find parties with the same goals and bring them together; parties such as the general public, government officials, businesses, manufacturers, scientists, and environmentalists. By designing in a collaborative and integrative way, designers now create products, structures, systems, and more. When designers practice cocreation design, we design with and not for people. Sustainable designers have goals to design the project with their clients so they will be more independant when developing other sustainble projects in their business without sustainable designers. Success in sustainability is to create independance toward our actions. We are here to push the first impulse in a good direction. Creating for and not with is only creating dependance and doesn’t develop innovations and creativity. Our actual model has reach its limit. Neither the three area of sustainability is stable today : environment, social, economy. The past decisions have left us without clarity about how to fix our actual world’s problems that are all interconnected: “when one tugs at a single thing in nature, he finds it attached to the rest of the world,” by environmental philosopher John Muir. Wicked problems are hard to define, to find and to solve because connected to multiple other systems. By trying to solve one wicked problem we must be fully responsible for cascading consequences. Classic examples of wicked problems include all fields: economic, environmental and social issues. These problems requires a great number of people to change their mindsets and behavior to be solved. Wicked problems are global climate change, AIDS epidemic, pandemic influenza, international drug trafficking, nuclear weapons, nuclear energy, waste, social injustice, overconsumption or exponential population growth, Rittel and Webber created the first design theorists that formalized a theory of wicked problems. They defined ten characteristics of these complex social issues.
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1.
There is no definitive formulation of a wicked problem.
2.
Wicked problems have no stopping rule.
3.
Solutions to wicked problems are not true-or-false, but good or bad.
4.
There is no immediate and no ultimate test of a solution to a wicked problem.
5.
Every solution to a wicked problem is a «one-shot operation»; because there is no opportunity to learn by trial and error, every attempt counts significantly.
6.
Wicked problems do not have an enumerable (or an exhaustively describable) set of potential solutions, nor is there a well-described set of permissible operations that may be incorporated into the plan.
7.
Every wicked problem is essentially unique.
8.
Every wicked problem can be considered to be a symptom of another problem.
9. The existence of a discrepancy representing a wicked problem can be explained in numerous ways. The choice of explanation determines the nature of the problem’s resolution. 10.
The social planner has no right to be wrong.
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Dr. Richard Buchanan is a designer that explained how design can fix wicked problems. In his article Wicked Problems in Design Thinking written in 1992, he defines four domains of design which illustrate how design affects human life: 1. 2. 3. 4.
Design of symbolic and visual communications Design of material objects Design of activities and organized services Design of complex systems or environments for living, working, playing, and learning
Designers are able to create effective well thought solutions. They must move from the traditional second domain design to the fourth domain design. Dr. Buchanan explains that “more and more concerned with exploring the role of design in sustaining, developing, and integrating human beings into broader ecological and cultural environments, shaping these environments when desirable and possible or adapting to them when necessary”. Design is not only creating goods now. We need the four domains in design but today the number of designers are unbalanced too many in the second domain. «In the battle between cultural and behavioral models, several different social actors play a role. Among them designers are doing their part, on both the sides of the front. In the past, they did a lot to promote the past century’s unsustainable qualities. Today, many of them are continuing in this same old direction. But others are starting to play a different role in promoting the new, sustainable, disruptive qualities. This battle is still at its beginning. It is, and will be, a dramatic, fascinating confrontation.» (Manzini)
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Social Design In 2010, cultural theorist Michiel Schwarz and Dutch designer Joost Elffers created a new term called “Sustainism” in their book “Sustainism is the New Modernism: A Cultural Manifesto for the Sustainist Era”. In 2013 Schwarz partnered with designer Diana Krabbendam to create The Sustainist Design Guide. This book explains how Sharing, Localism, Connectedness and Proportionality Are Creating a New Agenda for Social Design. Sustainism is a mix between design for sustainability and design for social impact. The four categories defining sustainism are: 1.
sharing: it informs new forms of social interaction, business practice and consumption.
2.
localism: focusing on local experiences and belonging attributes that build up community.
3. 4.
connectedness: building connections between people, their living environments and nature proportionality: design a selective slowness for human scale
A wave of new social initiatives has emerged with dedicated individuals designing differently: more collaborative, more socially just, and more sustainable. This movement is what this Sustainist Design Guide is all about: “It is no longer a matter of designing for society, but within it. ”This exploratory guide travels the new landscape of social design thinking and practice, viewed through the lens of sustainism, a perspective that is seen as a new ethos for design.
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Designers have the opportunity to change the relationship between consumers and products. Overconsumption is everywhere now and designers can use their tools to slow down consumption. Designers need to start using their agency to make sustainable change. Socially durable design practices is promoting disassembly and durability. According to Jonathan Chapman at the University of Brighton, UK, Emotionally Durable Design reduces the consumption and waste of natural resources by increasing the resilience of relationships established between consumers and products. 1. Narrative: How users share a unique personal history with the product. 2.
Consciousness: How the product is perceived as autonomous and in possession of its own free will.
3.
Attachment: Can a user be made to feel a strong emotional connection to a product.
4.
Fiction: The product inspires interactions and connections beyond just the physical relationship.
5.
Surface: How the product ages and develops character through time and use
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Design Leadership One of the new role of design is the emergence of designers as leaders. We, designers have the power to influence a system. We must lead by example and live as sustainably as possible. Daily sustainable life should be a norm. By normalizing sustainability, we can create a wave of positive change. Behavioral change is hard for several reasons and among them social pressure of how normality is defined. Before being designer we are individual and we should start spreading awareness around sustainability issues wherever we can: within our families, among friends, at work, and in public. Small private areas of comforts help provide ideas for how to create real change in design. As designers, we must help businesses feel secure in shifting to a sustainable business model. This transition will bring uncomfort feelings to the people concerned but designing with and not for will help a lot: “people do not resist change; they resist having change imposed on them” (Hidden Connexion). He also suggests that as we are from nature we should look into it to find solutions: “create human organizations that mirror life’s adaptability, diversity, and creativity” Behavior change is hard: “It is not hard to smoke, it is not hard to not smoke, what is hard is the changement” (Bea Johnson, Zero Waste Home). Breaking down tasks into small goals and repeating them will be easier than wanting to change everything at the same time.
Processes
Design leadership Behavior
Ressources
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Diversity Wheel
Diversity is the best value of nature and we should apply that to society. In an organization all diverse people and their knowledge are treated as valuable assets with unique benefits. Instead of centralized power, power is distributed so that everyone in the organization is involved and motivated: long-term employees will play an active role in keeping the company alive. The knowledge they accumulate are shared with others and any problem that arises will be locally fixed before being centralized: “shift their priorities, from managing companies to optimize capital to managing companies to optimize people” (Hidden connexion). As designers, it is important to remember that our work is never done even if we design for dependance. Even if the whole world needed to switch to sustainability, this switch would not be easy. Sustainable businesses, which we already co-created a sustainable project with, are now less dependant on our help but will still need small help again. When progress is made, no matter how small, we must celebrate it and then continue moving forward, never turning back. DESIGN LEADERSHIP • Lead by example • Create awareness • Debunk consumer attitudes • Avoid problematic designs • Promote sustainable solutions
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Design Leaders
Victor Papanek (1923-1998) was a designer and educator who became a strong advocate of the socially and ecologically responsible design of products, tools, and community infrastructures. He was against manufactured products considered as unsafe and useless. Papanek was a philosopher of design that inspire many contemporary designer for sustainability. His approaches was to be be sensitive to social and ecological considerations. He wrote that design has become the most powerful tool with which man shapes his tools and environments (and, by extension, society and himself).� According to papanek the design practices should focus on low technology products, designing for the disabled, creating new goods to counter growing environmental problems and wisdom of indigenous people.
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Victor Margolin is Professor Emeritus of Design History at the University of Illinois, Chicago. He is a co-editor of the academic design journal, Design Issues, and is the author, editor, or co-editor of a number of books. He is the pioneer of social design issues in 1984. According to Margolin, the scope of social design research includes : public perception of designers, the economics of social interventions, the value of design in improving the lives of underserved population, a taxonomy of new products and typologies and the economics of manufacturing socially responsible products.
Ezio Manzini is a designer, engineer, architect, educator and author. He is one of the most important thinkers in design today. He founded the DESIS network of university-based design labs. According to Manzini sustainability and social innovations has united around four ideas : small, local, open and connected. Design should help the used move forward from passive to active in a co-production process. Ethic and wellbeing is also a recurrent themes is his books. Manzini’s design strategies address the pressing issue of the culture of consumption and require thinking beyond ‘the product’.
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Richard Buchanan is a professor of design, management, and information systems at the Weatherhead School of Management at Case Western Reserve University from 2008. He serves as an editor of Design Issues published by the M.I.T. Press. According to Buchanan design has the capacity to connect and integrate useful knowledge from the arts and sciences alike. He also thinks about the nature of human rights and how these rights are directly affected by our work as designers.
Conclusion By devaluing natural capital, we have and still allow industries to destroy vast amounts of our planet which is our only life support systems. Our actual model is inefficient creating a lot of waste. In the natural world “waste” is not existing and always reused. We should seek for a system as efficient as natural one. Sustainability is the future and it is only a question of time until you adopt this new lifestyle that promote wellbeing, equality and equity among actors and systems in the natural and technological fields. Sustainability is taking many forms independently in the world. Slow Movements are proof that we are in the changement already today. The norm is switching from overconsuming to “less is more” or even “more with less”. The only real question here is will this new society will have the time to emerge before the old one disappeared with the earth’s resources with it too?
References Benyus, Janine M. Biomimicry: Innovation Inspired by Nature. New York: Morrow, 1997. Print. Capra, Fritjof. The Hidden Connections: A Science for Sustainable Living. New York: Doubleday, 2002. Print. Chapman, J., ‘Design for [Emotional] Durability’, Design Issues, vol xxv, Issue 4, Autumn. Hawken, Paul, Amory B. Lovins, and L. Hunter Lovins. Natural Capitalism: Creating the next Industrial Revolution. Boston: Little, Brown, 1999. Print. Margolin, Victor. “Design for a Sustainable World.” Design Issues, vol. 14, no. 2, 1998. McDonough, William, and Michael Braungart. Cradle to Cradle: Remaking Meadows, D. H., Randers, J., & Meadows, D. (2004). A Synopsis: Limits to Growth the 30-Year Update. United States: Signet Book. Meadows, Donella H., and Diana Wright. Thinking in Systems: A Primer. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 2008. Print. Our Common Future: The Brundtland Report. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1987. Print. Michiel Schawarz, Diana Krabbendam, The Beach Network, Sustainist Design Guide, BIS Publishers, 2013. Print
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