José Martí
O B R A S
C O M P L E T A S - Edición Crítica
1862-1876
1 CEM | Centro de Estudios Martianos Ministerio de Cultura de la República de Cuba
1
© Centro de Estudios Martianos, 2016 | ISBN 978-959-271-119-8 tomo 1 | ISBN 959-7006-08-1 obra completa
Proyecto de edición: Cintio Vitier y Fina García-Marruz. Dirección general: Pedro Pablo Rodríguez. Colaboradores: Ana María Álvarez Sintes, Ramón de Armas, Ángel I. Augier, Lucía Faz, Enma Fernández, Araceli
García Carranza, Luis García Pascual, Maydelín González, Elena Graupera, María de los Ángeles Lorigados, Iván Pérez Carrión, Yaliemny Pérez Sardiñas y María Talavera. Edición: Aida Matilde Martín Fernández. Corrección: Fanny Sosa Pérez. Diseño: Ernesto Joan. Realización: Beatriz Pérez Rodríguez. Composición: Marlén Santiesteban Brizuela.
Imagen de cubierta: detalle de José Martí, Eduardo Abela, 1960. Colección Arte de Nuestra América Haydee Santamaría, Casa de las Américas.
Centro de Estudios Martianos Ministerio de Cultura de la República de Cuba Calzada 807, esquina a 4, El Vedado | 10400 La Habana, Cuba Tel. [53 7] 836-4966/69 | Fax [53 7] 833-3721 <cem@josemarti.co.cu> | <www.josemarti.cu>
Estados Unidos 1168 | C1101AAX Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina Tel. [54 11] 4304-9145 | Fax [54 11] 4305-0875 <clacsoinst@clacso.edu.ar> | <www.clacso.org>
Equipo
Secretario Ejecutivo
Lic. Aida Martín Fernández (directora editorial)
Directora Académica
Dr. Pedro Pablo Rodríguez (director general)
Dra. Carmen Suárez León (investigadora titular)
Dr. Rodolfo Sarracino Magriñat (investigador titular) Dra. Marta Cruz Valdés (investigadora)
Msc. Marlene Vázquez Pérez (investigadora)
Pablo Gentili
Fernanda Saforcada
Coordinador Editorial Lucas Sablich
Lic. Yisel Bernardes Martínez (investigadora)
Coordinador de Arte
Lic. Niurka Alfonso Baños (editora)
Arte de Tapa
Lic. Lourdes Ocampo Andina (investigadora)
Marcelo Giardino
Lic. Rubén Javier Pérez Bosquets (investigador)
Jimena Zazas
Lic. Mariana Pérez Ruiz (adiestrada)
Lic. Miladis Cabrera Bess (asistente de dirección)
Revisión Técnica
Desarrollo Libre de Aplicaciones
Gonzalo Mingorance
Marlén Santiesteban (operadora digital)
Luis Alberto Morera Fernández, Dayron Rámida Coll, Ariel Armas Ramos
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K " #$"# 9 # % % /% % G/ ! " ! G/ % # %5 ! G/ % # G/ G/ % # % # %1/ J 6Q. / G/ J " 0 / #$%5 % 1/ # G/ # 5 ! # G/ " # 0 " " #K# # 6 /% " #% "# G/ / 5 G/ 5 % U 5 % "# " 7 / # 7 G/ ! 6 /% " % # ! G/ % G/# N % /% / #%J/ # 5 ! G/ #$"# 9 %# % # %#
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187
. 4 +- 4 . / # $ , 5 "# # % ! G/#% 5 ! #$ % N# ' 9 5 % % % " % " 5 G/ #1/ %& +% " 7 % " "# / 1 # %/% # " % #$% " % % # 5 K/%" # # % # 0 " L % / % %3 % #%K G/ % M5 " %/ " " / U G/ 7 %# %" /% / 0 #% ! G/ % / / 5 7 / 5 J ! U # N "/ #$% " G/ " H % 7 6 # /% " # % U U #" G/ 5 1# U " / % 5 /0# /% " # G/ " "# / 6 4# 0 % % " / / " " # 5 " " l U#%1 % U R # K# % " " #$% " #%" %" % # 5 YU
/% G/ % / # % "/" 0 " " # " " # U G/# % 1 % %Z G/ 0 #1/ / " % V U U "#1% " % 6
<#3 # % #$"# # % % %/ / K# #$%6 % # & % / % #%K G/ % 5 0 #$"# " % # #" "5 ! G/# # # / / #" " K "# G/ " #$"# 9 6 4 7 % / % "# / G/ , G/# 5 ! 0 3 # G/ "# 5 G/ , / #9 / % 6 # % # " " # % 5 "7%" # 5 % " # % 0 " " % / # % G/ %" / % K/ 0# " % % U " 1 % #$% 0# " H " J/ # 5 %# %# 1 /% U U #%% 1 & / % K/ % #%0# " K# # % # # % G/ "# #1#$ K# 5 % 1 / #$% #0 6 8 U#3 5 1R% %
% "# # " / 0 8 b G/ % 0# 6 %# < #$ #$% / % 5 / " FCC / % "#0#"#" % # % 5 0 %" /% %" G/ % $ % 7 " % 9 >@DC 1 % # .$ 35 G/ G/ " #%K /% " # 1 . $%5 /% " " # %3 " 9 V U # %" K 0# % % / " $% G/ " #$ 1/# 0# # 1 % - % ' % 5 % N# % #" ! /! " V ! /9 %" /% #/" " % % 1 %" " # B 6 - %" 5 %" 5 % % ! /" %# % % %" G/ %/ #$%5 /%#" 5 % # %" % # % G/ % G/# % % %" Q% K# # #" " " / % #1 " 5 %U % " / # "5 K# ! /K #" V #% N ! K / %0 # " # % 1 " " K# 6 / 5 0 # % # % # / " U # % # / 1 7% # & YG/ % %1 G/ "
% 0 /% / # 5 G/ 0 " K ! " " /% / U % Z % 1 ! /" % # 0 " % 1 # % V YG/ U#J " # #$% % % / 0 %5 ! % % # 5 ! % 1/ % % 1 # J % " / # 1 # 5 #% # %" G/ K / K % # " U % G/ U / % 9 # " /% / % 1# ! " Z " #%K /%# 0 N#1 5 # % % # # % 5
188
" # #$%V # % #9 #" 5 G/ % # % % ! % %6 Y K/ % " G/ 0#0 % % %1 " 9 5 % K# 1 %" 3 " K 1 5 # % ! ) # Z 4 % # % # V " # " # & /% ! " J/ # # ! /% #1 #$% " % 3 6 % %5QG/ 7 K/ % #% /% 5Q G/ % N# $ K/ % / % " / 0 8 b K# # % #%0# " # " K# % % % % # 5 ! $ % /! "#1% 5 /! % / # ! /! R #" % 6 4; - C $ N# 5 >? " 1 " >@EF6 O K6 % P
189
'/ H'H I/ ,./RH'/ " U ! % # /" % / % # % 5Q! G/ U ! #%K /% " G/ %1 %5Q 3 % / J % & % " U ! 7 J/ 5 % # 5 G/ " J % /% " 0 " " " U# # 5 ! G/ % % G/ % #1 U#J " / %/ # " 5 # #" 3 " %/ U# # ! %" " " U % R%# # G/ % 6 ' /% / " " U / % %R " " & N#1 % # U " " / % " #0 "# # 5 ! % U #" " " U U ! % #$"# 9 6 G/ ! K# 5 % "# # %" % # #%K/%" " " ' G/ / % U % " 1 / #$% # 5 % 1 % #$% " % % # % / 0 8 b ! G/ %/ %" K/ /" " % % / # 0 % " / " J 6 . %# 1 ' % U %#" 3$%6 # #$"# 9 & < / U # G/ / % # % % #" % / 0 8 b /% & $ # # % #%0# $ #" % 5 #% "# #% #$% 1/% 5 ! % #1/# % K/ % #%0# " / % % # % N " # " "6 G/ K# 9 U ! / U "# % # 6 4# / % U/ # % #" #%0# " ! G/ G/ G/# " % %" %/ 1 5 ! % #& #%# 9 U
#" "# /% N # #$% 1 # % # % 6 #%# 9 % K % #%R # 6 . # " #1 /" % # & / / " U & % " 1 % /% %# % # 5 ! #%# 9 U 7 # # " 5 0 5 J / " U % %" $ " 7 J %5 " # % G/ % #$% %" %" " 9 % " / 5 U U #%% 1 5 G/ #%# 9 % U " 6 4# K# ' / % K/ % #%0# " # " " % K# 5 Y $ 0 %5 % /% %" " % K# % # 5 #% %" " /% / G/ Z " # #" % 9 5 " # % / " G/ % 6 8 / 1 . %" %" % # " / 5 G/ K/ 1 / #$% #%0# " 5 % U #" %/% /% # " " " % K# % # 6 /% 1 / #$% # 5 % #% " J #%" %" % # # 5 /%# K %" % 1/
5 " K/% # % / % K %" 5 % " U # 5 / 1 # 5 % % 0#0 K 5 3 5 "# % %3 5 ! % / # ! % 1# 0 6 . "# % / 1 % V ! % / # % V / # % #$"# V 0# # % # % 6 /% U #" K/1# " # # " " #
# # /1 " /%#$% /
" # 6 8 K/ # " " #%0# " 6 8 #%0# $ K# # % ! 1 % N %" 4U 6 8 % % # " " /%# % 0# 5 / # $ G/ / % U % #" #%0# " K#1/ % #$% #% G/ % "
190
#$%5 %# " / " 5 U/ # " % % / K# #$% " # " " %" %" % # 6 ^S/ / % % K/ % 0# " [ Y G/ 9 % % K# G/ 0# % ! % #" 5 G/ / % 1/ " % 5 G/ ! #$"# " / 0 8 b # % % 1 " # # % ! % / # Z # ' G/ % V % G/ 6 8 K/ % #9 % 5 ! % 1 % 5 #%
/ # %" J % 0 " / " % / # 6 ^S/ % U # / # % [ / # % U % G/ %# 1 % U U " U " % 0 ! " # 6 " "/3 ! " 0 5 G/ % % #" " +%#" " U / % & %1 K % G/ # # # % 5 ! % G/ U # 0 % 6 # / % # # % 5 %# % # 0 % 6 4 # 5 G/ #%0# 1 / #$% # 5 % # G/ % #$%V K/ 3 %0 %# G/ # # ! / / % " " G/ / K#1/ % K# " #%" %" % # # % 6 /% 0 35 # 0 5 7 " # 0 U % " #/" " " # % %/ 6 . / % # /#" # % % # % 0 " G/ "# #%1/ 0 J 35 ! G/ % U 0 0#" " % #% N # % # " / J/0 % /"6 % % # % # " # 5 % J
" H " J/ # " >EEF 0# %" 0#" " / U#J " # % 9 V G/ G/ K/ # %/ " ! %/ J/ #K# #$%5 ! % %# 1 ! G/ % " % #" # G/ " 3 % / # " % " %# " %1
6 # 1 # % U % 1 5 ! / # 1 % /
#G/ 3 ! % 0 0# J 5 U/ %#" " % # / % J 0 %6 % / # % U %#" %/% % 6 5 % " +%#" 5 G/ % U 3 % #% #$% % # 5 % % % ! 0 V % / % %/ N/ % # # 1#% #0 5 ! " # % %0#"#7%" V "# % G/ % 0#0# 5 ! /" % % U # % G/ % " / 0#" ! # % " " % / 6 9 % 0 & G/ % $1# 5 G/ % # 5 G/ % # / % / " U " " #
# # ! 0 6 " 7% 1 # % " % % & / %" 7% # G/ % ! " # % 6 . # 7% # %" % 5 ! U % " # " / %" # %3 % U 6 # ' G/ % 0# % " +%#" /% $ < %" [ / # # G/ /% !/1 7 # # G/ V / # G/ # % 0 # % 5 #1 % #1 5
5 ! 6 #1% # %" G/ #J /% / G/ / % # 9 " 1 %" 3 V G/ # % U #0 5 ! 7 #
% V G/ % 3 G/ /9 %V G/ 7 " 7 #%K /% " V G/ "/ 7 # 5 " 7 # % " 1 6 < % 5 U % 6 % U# 1 5 % U# " U# 5 % a % 5 % a 8 b5 % U 7 U #" # J " ' %" " / V "
191
U# " U# 5 a % ! a 8 b ! G/ U U #" 6 U# 1 5 % 6 8 % " #$ U % a 8 b5 G/ /% " # # % %/% #$ " 0 % 5 " " K ! 9 5 "# # %" G/ U
% #"
J G/ % % 1 %" % #" " 6 . "# / #" G/ / % K#1/ % 1 / #$% # & ' "# G/ K#1/ % # #$% % K# 6 . # " " %" %" % # " / % # " " % K# ! K/ G/ K#1/ $ % #$%6 . # " " %" %" % # K/ K# # % #%0# " % K# 5 ! 4U 5 J K K# # " # " % % # 6 ./ 1 5 # %" %" %" % # " / # #$% # 5 / # K/ % / % #%0# " 5 ! / # K#1/ % % #$% " H " J/ # 6 8 U ! 7 & K#1/ % % /1 #% % 6 8 " 0 7 & % / 0 % 5 # #$ # " " " %" %" % # #1/ #%0# #$% " # " 1 % K# V ! 1R% % ; ; 5 ; . ! - #$% "# #1#$ 4 % # b < % " %" % % K " K 5 " %" ! %" " # " " / %" % /% /1 #% % %/ %" 6 8 U $ " / % "# / & 6 - /1U% %/% #$ % U % %/ /% #$% /"#" # 6 ; 0 "# G/ # " " J % " " G/ % % #$%6 8 " 7 G/ /% #$"# # % #1 %/ 5 Y /% %# #" " J % % "# # 7 "# " " " /% #$%Z 5 / 5 #% N G/ %" / % U ! # #" U % 5 ! U % # 5 % K# " % % # 6 #% N G/ / % K#1/ % 1 / #$% # % #$% % #0 6 . J/ # # % % 0 V % % 6 " # " # % G/# # " K % " /% / 6 1 # 5 % U 7 J/ 6 0#"$ ' % / / " / 5 #" 3 " 0# J " ' " +%#" 5 % # #$ 1 / " " # " /% 6 / 0 # # " 5 % / " " G/ # # % " %0 %# % % U % " ! " 6 4; - C $ N# 5 @ " # " >@EF6 O K6 % P
192
Notas finales
/)Q'; -/6 " K/ " " % ) %3 " S/ " ! # %" 5 % 0 / % 5 % >?AF& / # $ % "/ #$%5 % ! %"# ) %3 " S/ " ! # %" 6 . < % 5 "# # $ # 5 >?AF6 K # # /% % # !
# " / U 31 5 S/ " ! # %" " # #$ & % % " % W
X 1 " # " 5 %0/ % /% # / 7 # % " R # & W Q. "R Q % "# X6 0 S/ " ! # %" % # " #% "/ #$%5 W # " % # %" " X % # " % / J W % U U % / " U ! "/ X6 $ # # % %"# L 6 # 65 6 >EFM /% " 0
! '#" 5 K U " % . < % >E " K " >@EE5 " " %" " "/ G/ " #$ K /% / " / /% 1 / " #1 "/ % / % # % . < % % K " >@EE5 " U # )/ 5 / G/ " U U /
#$ >@ " K % " ( % ' " %1/ 3 ! G/ /" /1 # % #" " " "#K# # % #% / "
#3 /% 1/%" 0 #$%6 # 1/# & W R%# #%"# # # 5 U # /% 5 /%G/ % N # /"5 K U N# " % G/ $ 0 #$% # ! # #$ 1/%" % U J 5 % " #1/ 9 ! % 1 #" " 5 G/ % % # G/ 5 % # %
" " /% K G/ U/ " "# #1# 7N# )$ 35 % >@@H5 " / " /% % 0# % ! % %# 5 % / 0 8 b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
K % % %/ 0 5 %" % 1/% % " 1/%" U U " U % 0 " # #" % # " # 0 #$%6 7 5 / " 0 # / # % " %1/ J 5
#$% " 1/% K " K / 5 % % # % " U #" 0 # " 6 L 6 # 65 6 B@6M /%G/ R # # 5 # 5 / # % ! 9 "#" % %" /% # J #0 & K /% " # % / % 0 # # # /" " # # / # % V " K %" /% % #$% G/ 5 #% # " G/#37 5 / W " ! 1 % X L / / 0 8 b5 BF " 1 " >@?AMV # % % # % K % # 1 % % W >C " # X L. >C " # " >@?BMV ! % W %0 #$% % /% U " 1/
X L. B@ " % 0# " >@?AM6 ) 5 +)+4 L>@AC*>@F?M6 % # $ " " /! J 0 % % %# # ! 0 % $ % % >@D>5 J/% / # % G/ % " 1\ ! 1\ 6 < #" 1 0 % ! " " / # # # " 1 # 5 1 $ 0 0#" ! " +%#" 6 1 $ 1\ ! % >@DA %# # " " / %" % / % " 6 ' 0#$ % # " " >@FF ! K $ " /% 0 / # % # ! " . 1# %# 6 /0 % % K#% /9 35 % #
194
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
# / # 6 (/ 1#" #" % % >@EA ! % /0 % 1 U / / 6 4/ 1 # % %"#$ /% 0#1 9 " " %#3 #$% " "# % / K/ % %K# " ! 0 %"#" # / # % " 1 # $ # ! / %"#" / #0# 1# 5 #% "/J % K
# ! 1 K 5 U # # % / 5 % % ! K 0 #$ / #0 " K 5 / %0# #$ % % %$ # " 6 . " / 1 # % $ % #$% " %/ $"#1 G/ / #% % % % # / #$% " >@E?5 / # % ! % # %# 6
% # # % " R # " / % 0 $ /% # #% #" % "# 7 # % 9 6 #%$5 " 7 5 "# /
# # % N# K# /% " G/ " 4 %/ 0 #% 6 #" % 1/ 1 3$ " #%K / % # # % % 7 # % # % 5 N " " #% "#0 # " 1 # % % < %"/ ! 4 0 " 6 # %3 " >@@D5 # % " Q 1R% 1/% " / " Q / " " " +%#" % # 1/ % /# /% % % % #$%5 %3$ " " /%#" " % # % ! $ #" % " K " #$%5 / $ " 0 0 " U U 0 " 1/
6 " %3 " # % # # 5 / #$ % % K % % 4 0 " ! $ /%#K# " 6 4/ 1 # % K 0 #$ K #$% " /% " #1 G/ K G/ " %
" # ! %$ # % )/ U # " " " #1 TT6 4 . 8 ..5 . L>@AB*>@??M6 " ! # 9 6 4 1 "/$ " " % K# K % >@DA6 0 $ / % K / " # % >@DH5 % /% # #% " 3 " %/% # # % " '# 7 0 6 $ % ; ' , ! ' ) ! U G/ % >@FA K/%"$ ' ) " # % #$% % # %7 G/# 6 ) %$ 1 % #1# K " K# K % +%#0 #" " % " " #"5 ! K/ #" # " N " U 5 G/# % #K# % " U " N ! % V #% 1 5 K/ /% 1 % " # " " $ # 5 " ! " ( # 6 4 %K % $ ( % # # ! 1 ! #$ #" K " # ! # # % % " / # %# #%"#0#"/ # 5
G/ N / % / A! L>@FEM6 (/ / %"#" " / 7 " " %/% # /% %# %$ # % K 0 " 6 K " " 0 / #$% " BB " J/%# 5 % >@FF5 K/ %" % " / % % J " 1/
/% " #% # # " % # #$%5 1 $
5 " %" 0#0#$ U "
# % " "#% #% % % 9 5 % >@F@6 1 / "
$ /% #0 9 % " # # % " R # 5 /%G/ # % # #$% %" % # K " # 5 ! # # % / # % 6 (/ 1#" % % " , 1 3 % 5 1 % / #$ / K " " / % # 5 ! / G/ % " 9 K/ % "#" " " 4 ! 6 "# ! 1 %#3 " # #%# #
/ # % 5 / $ " " 6 / #$ #" % # " R # / %"
195
# 7 4 $% %/% #$ 6 % % / %"#$ ! #$ /% 0 " " "# "/ 6 . 1 $ / # % #% #" % "# 7 # G/ %3 " N "# # % # " D # %$ % 9 ! " +%#" 6 % K#% " K % % #% /
# % % % #% # " % K " # 5 % 1$ %" # # 1 % G/ 1 3 % " #1# % J # 5 /! #" # % # %/% # % ! K#% " R # 6 / %/% # #" % # 5 A " % " >@EH5 % / % # " /% "
% # 5 # 7% 1 % " " #"5 %/ 0# 5 "# 0#$ 6 / " % G/ % K % T 5 0 0#$ % "# / " 5 ! / #" K/ % 0 %" " 0 3 7 % 0 " 6 (/%"$ #" # # # % K#% " " #3 % G/ 5 ! / %" % #" $ 1 " 5 "# 0#$5 / / U " / #% # " % 0# "# % !6 " >@@@ 0#0#$ # " " # 6 4/ #1%#K# #$% % U# # " 9 K/ % % N " % " "# # " % G/ % " J # %0#$ / K/% & W / " " "# # #% X6 4 .. 5 .24 .6 (/ %" % " /K # # #$% # ! J K 3 " 5 J / #$% " % 1 " " #1 "# % #% /
#$% #%# # " % " %# % >@F@6 " 7 " / W # X ! " #$% ' " " %" K# 5 ( % ' " %1/ 3 Q %" % " % >@E> # 9 " J K 3 " % / % # " G/ 0$ / U /"# % " "# #% Q # #$ # #1/# % 7
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
% . '# 5 1\ ! ! # % 5 1/%" " 5 %" " ' " 5 "# $ H " # " >@F? /% % / % 3 % N #%# / % % #1 " 9 % 1 % " % % /% 3 " #% " 6 . 5 G/ "# #%# # /% / 9 # # % #" # % " ' " 5 # / G/ W " U " " " " " G/#% 9 G/ % / % K/ " / K#% 5 % "# /% #0 J/ #K# " U U U 5 7 " 6 "
G/ % U # " 7 #% %"# " 6 "
" %" % %" /% # %3 % 5 % K " %" 5 "# G/ / "/ 9 " % 35 7 "/ #" %#3 6 . /J G/ % % % / #0 0#0# %" % " / # % 7% % % " % / " #1/ % - ! X6 # # 5 ' " #% % $ % #% # J K #% /
5 G/# % U 3 % % #%"#1% #$% / # # % 6 . 1/
" N #%# 5 % #" "5 K/ # " % / " " # %3 " #% /
#$%5 % / # 7% 1 % 5 ( % # " . /%"#5 "# / "#" G/ #% / % #% " # # % 5 G/ ! #% %"# " 1# % / 0 " 6 . # % # # " ' " %3 % %3 %# ! - ! 5 N %"# % U # #1/ % ! 4 % # 1 " / 5 ! 0 %3 % U # < 1/ % ! . /% 5 1# % " %" #% /
#$% $ " K % #0 ! K/ " # # " 6
196
+ 4 ' .+ 46 . # K/ % 1 %#3 " #% # # " #1 T T # 7% 1 % 4 0 " " / ! 4 3 5 G/ " 4 / 5 /% K/ 3 J # 1/ %
/% " #$% % " 7 %# 9 " # 5 ! #1 G/ % % % # / % #1 " 9 5 6 4 / 1$ /%# /% / # U 6 8 % 1/%" # " " #1 5 #% % # % # # / % "/ % )/
" # 3 9 5 # 7% 1 % ( % # " . /%"# " %$ G/ # " / % 0# # #0 6 % #/" " #% # 5 # % . < % ! 4 % # 1 " / 5 ' /% # % 1 %#3 " % % " #%K %
! / " % "
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ApĂŠndices
Biografía mínima José Julián Martí Pérez nació en la calle Paula No. 41, La Habana, el 28 de enero de 1853. En 1866 matricula en el Instituto de Segunda Enseñanza de La Habana. Ingresa también en la clase de Dibujo Elemental en la Escuela Profesional de Pintura y Escultura de La Habana, más conocida como San Alejandro. El 4 de octubre de 1869, al pasar una escuadra del Primer Batallón de Voluntarios por la calle Industrias No. 122, donde residían los Valdés Domínguez, de la vivienda se oyen risas y los voluntarios toman esto como una provocación. Regresan en la noche y someten la casa a un minucioso registro. Entre la correspondencia encuentran una carta dirigida a Carlos de Castro y Castro, compañero del colegio que, por haberse alistado como voluntario en el ejército español para combatir a los independentistas, calificaban de apóstata. Por tal razón, el 21 de octubre de 1869 Martí ingresa en la Cárcel Nacional acusado de infidencia por escribir esa carta, junto a su entrañable amigo Fermín Valdés Domínguez. El 4 de marzo de 1870, Martí fue condenado a seis años de prisión, pena posteriormente conmutada por el destierro a Isla de Pinos, lugar al que llega el 13 de octubre. El 18 de diciembre sale hacia La Habana y el 15 de enero de 1871, por gestiones realizadas por sus padres, logró ser deportado a España. Allá comienza a cursar estudios en las universidades de Madrid y Zaragoza, donde se gradúa de Licenciado en Derecho Civil y en Filosofía y Letras. De España se traslada a París, por breve tiempo. Pasa por Nueva York y llega a Veracruz el 8 de febrero de 1875, donde se reúne con su familia. En México entabla relaciones con Manuel Mercado y conoce a Carmen Zayas Bazán, la cubana que sería su esposa.
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Del 2 de enero al 24 de febrero de 1877 estuvo de incógnito en La Habana como Julián Pérez. Al llegar a Guatemala trabaja en la Escuela Normal Central como catedrático de Literatura y de Historia de la Filosofía. Retorna a México, para contraer matrimonio con Carmen el 20 de diciembre de 1877, regresando a inicios de 1878 a Guatemala. Concluida la Guerra del 68 vuelve a Cuba el 31 de agosto de 1878, para radicarse en La Habana, y el 22 de noviembre nace José Francisco, su único hijo. Comenzó sus labores conspirativas figurando entre los fundadores del Club Central Revolucionario Cubano, del cual fue elegido vicepresidente el 18 de marzo de 1879. Posteriormente el Comité Revolucionario Cubano, radicado en Nueva York bajo la presidencia del Mayor General Calixto García, lo nombró subdelegado en la Isla. En el bufete de su amigo Don Nicolás Azcárate conoce a Juan Gualberto Gómez. Entre el 24 y el 26 de agosto de 1879 se produce un nuevo levantamiento en las cercanías de Santiago de Cuba. El 17 de septiembre Martí es detenido y deportado nuevamente a España, el 25 de septiembre de 1879, por sus vínculos en la Guerra Chiquita. Al llegar a Nueva York, se establece en la casa de huéspedes de Manuel Mantilla y su esposa, Carmen Miyares.
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Martí logra traer a su esposa e hijo el 3 de marzo de 1880. Permanecen juntos hasta el 21 de octubre, en que Carmen y José Francisco regresan a Cuba. Una semana después resultó electo vocal del Comité Revolucionario Cubano, del cual asumió la presidencia al sustituir a Calixto, quien había partido hacia Cuba para incorporarse a la Guerra Chiquita. Entre 1880 y 1890 Martí alcanzaría renombre en la América a través de artículos y crónicas que enviaba desde Nueva York a importantes periódicos: La Opinión Nacional, de Caracas; La Nación, de Buenos Aires y El Partido Liberal, de México. Posteriormente decide buscar mejor acomodo en Venezuela, a donde llega el 20 de enero de 1881. Fundó la Revista Venezolana, de la que pudo editar sólo dos números. Tras chocar con el caudillismo, tiene que retornar a Nueva York. A mediados de 1882 reinició la labor de reorganizar a los revolucionarios, comunicándoselo mediante cartas a Máximo Gómez y Antonio Maceo. El 2 de octubre de 1884 se reúne por vez primera con ambos líderes y comienza a colaborar en el Plan Insurreccional Gómez-Maceo; posteriormente desistió de su empeño por estar en desacuerdo con los métodos de dirección empleados. El 30 de noviembre de 1887 fundó una Comisión Ejecutiva, de la cual fue elegido presidente, encargada de dirigir las actividades organizativas de los revolucionarios. En enero de 1892 redactó las Bases y los Estatutos del Partido Revolucionario Cubano. El 8 de abril de 1892 resultó electo Delegado de esa organización, cuya constitución fue proclamada dos días después, el 10 de abril de 1892. El 14 de ese mes fundó el periódico Patria, órgano oficial del Partido.
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En los años 1893 y 1894 recorrió varios países de América y ciudades de Estados Unidos, uniendo a los principales jefes de la Guerra del 68 y acopiando recursos para la nueva contienda. Desde mediados de 1894 aceleró los preparativos del Plan Fernandina, con el cual pretendía promover una guerra corta, sin grandes desgastes y destrucciones para los cubanos. El 8 de diciembre de 1894 redactó y firmó, conjuntamente con los coroneles Mayía Rodríguez (en representación de Máximo Gómez) y Enrique Collazo (en representación de los patriotas de la Isla), el plan de alzamiento en Cuba. El Plan Fernandina fue descubierto e incautadas las naves con las cuales se iba a ejecutar. A pesar del gran revés que ello significó, Martí decidió seguir adelante con los planes de pronunciamientos armados en la Isla, en lo que fue apoyado por los principales jefes. El 29 de enero de 1895, junto con Mayía y Collazo, firmó la orden de alzamiento y la envió a Juan Gualberto Gómez para su ejecución. Partió de inmediato de Nueva York a Montecristi, en República Dominicana, donde lo esperaba Gómez, con quien firmó el 25 de marzo de 1895 un documento conocido como "Manifiesto de Montecristi", programa de la nueva guerra. Ambos líderes llegan a Cuba el 11 de abril de 1895, por Playitas de Cajobabo, Baracoa. Tres días después del desembarco, hicieron contacto con las fuerzas del Comandante Félix Ruenes. El 15 de abril de 1895 los jefes allí reunidos bajo la dirección de Gómez, acordaron conferir a Martí el grado de Mayor General por sus méritos y servicios prestados. El 28 de abril de 1895, en el campamento de Vuelta Corta, en Guantánamo, en unión de Gómez firmó la circular "Política de guerra". Envió mensajes a los jefes indicándoles que debían enviar un representante a una asamblea de delegados para elegir un gobierno en breve tiempo. El 5 de mayo de 1895 tuvo lugar su encuentro con Gómez y Maceo en La Mejorana, donde se discutió la estrategia a seguir. El 14 de mayo de 1895 firmó la "Circular a los jefes y oficiales
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del Ejército Libertador", último de los documentos organizativos de la guerra, la que elaboró conjuntamente con Máximo Gómez. Siguiendo la marcha hacia el oeste de la provincia oriental, llegaron a Dos Ríos, cerca de Palma Soriano. El 19 de mayo de 1895 una columna española se desplegó en la zona y los cubanos fueron a su encuentro. Martí marchaba entre Gómez y el Mayor General Bartolomé Masó. Al llegar al lugar de la acción, Gómez le indicó detenerse y permanecer en el lugar acordado. No obstante, en el transcurso del combate, se separó del grueso de las fuerzas cubanas, acompañado solamente por su ayudante Ángel de la Guardia. Martí cabalgó, sin saberlo, hacia un grupo de españoles ocultos en la maleza y fue alcanzado por tres disparos que le provocaron heridas mortales. Cuando se conoció lo sucedido, resultó imposible rescatar su cadáver, el cual fue conducido por los españoles y, tras varios enterramientos, fue finalmente sepultado el día 27, en el nicho número 134 de la galería sur del Cementerio de Santa Ifigenia, en Santiago de Cuba.
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Iconografía
Primer retrato conocido de Martí, de su época de escolar. Se supone que la medallita corresponde a un premio de Sobresaliente en las clases de inglés en el colegio "San Anacleto", de Rafael Sixto Casado.
Existe una copia de esta fotografía en la Biblioteca Nacional "José Martí", en La Habana, entregada el 12 de julio de 1902 a Domingo Figarola-Caneda, primer director de la Biblioteca, por el peluquero Enrique Bermúdez. Martí, de muchacho, acompañaba frecuentemente a Bermúdez cuando éste iba a trabajar a los teatros, para poder asistir tras bambalinas a las funciones.
Según su hermana Amelia, este retrato de Martí fue tomado en La Habana en junio de 1869, antes de ser juzgado por infidencia al régimen colonial español. En una copia a Paulina Mendive, hija del primer matrimonio de su maestro Rafael María Mendive, Martí puso la siguiente dedicatoria
Este retrato parece ser de la misma época que el anterior. Martí dedicó una copia a Luisa Mendive, esposa de Francisco Nin
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Retrato de Martí, de pie, y Fermín Valdés Domínguez, probablemente tomado en La Habana. Fue publicado en la Cartilla iconográfica de la vida de José Martí, de Max Tosquella.
Retrato de Martí en traje de presidiario, al ser condenado a seis años de prisión por infidencia. Dedicó una copia a su madre, doña Leonor Pérez
Retrato de Martí, seguramente hecho en Madrid durante la primera deportación. Apareció publicado en una hoja suelta distribuida por el periódico Cuba, de Tampa, en 1895, al anunciar la llegada de Martí a tierra cubana, y por el periódico El Fígaro, de La Habana, el 26 de mayo de 1895, al comunicar la noticia de la muerte del Apóstol.
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Este retrato fue también seguramente hecho en Madrid. Apareció, junto con los dos anteriores, en las mismas publicaciones mencionadas
Martí y los hermanos Fermín y Eusebio Valdés Domínguez. Foto tomada en Madrid. Hay una copia con la siguiente dedicatoria a Fermín Valdés Domínguez:Hermano, cuando te he visto a mi lado no he suspirado por mi madre. Madrid, 19 de septiembre de 1872.
Martí y los hermanos Fermín y Eusebio Valdés Domínguez. Foto tomada en Madrid. Hay una copia con la siguiente dedicatoria a Fermín Valdés Domínguez
Este retrato fue publicado en el libro Martí familiar, de Raúl García Martí. Según el sobrino del Apóstol, el retrato corresponde a la época estudiantil, pero más bien parece tomado en España durante la primera deportación.
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Único retrato al óleo, del natural, que existe de Martí, hecho por el artista sueco Herman Norrman. El cuadro mide solamente 30 x 43 centímetros, y representa a Martí trabajando en su despacho de 120 Front Street, en Nueva York.
Tres dibujos de Martí hechos por Bernardo Figueredo Antúnez en papel español cuadriculado, en la Academia Abney, Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, a fines de 1892 o principios de 1893…
Dibujo de Martí hecho por Bernardo Figueredo Antúnez en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, en diciembre de 1893.
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Dibujo de Martí hecho por Bernardo Figueredo Antúnez el 23 de diciembre de 1893, en el tren en que viajaban ambos entre Baldwin y Jacksonville, estado de la Florida.
Bosquejo de un retrato de Martí, al lápiz, hecho en Nueva York por el pintor venezolano Cirilo Almeida Crespo.
Tres autorretratos de Martí, dibujados en el manuscrito fragmento 357, cuyo texto se reproduce en el volumen 22, página 241, de las Obras completas, La Habana, 1963-1973. Hay dos dibujos más, al parecer de algún presidente o prohombre norteamericano.
Autorretrato de Martí tomando como modelo el ídolo Chac-Mol que se conserva en el Museo Nacional de México. Está dibujado en el manuscrito-fragmento 363, cuyo texto se reproduce en el volumen 22, página 248, de las citadas Obras completas.
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Autorretrato de Martí. El original sólo mide dos centímetros de alto. En la misma hoja hay otros dibujos suyos y la frase Por América, repetida varias veces.
Retrato de Martí tomado en México por Valleto y Cía., Primera de San Francisco no. 8
Retrato de Martí tomado en México
Martí con su hijo José Francisco. Esta zincografía fue hecha seguramente en la ciudad de La Habana
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Esta zincografía de Martí con su hijo José Francisco fue hecha probablemente en Nueva York.
Fotografía de Martí con su hijo José Francisco, hecha en Nueva York, en una de las ocasiones en que la familia estuvo reunida.
Retrato de Martí tomado por W. F. Bowers, Photo Artista 340 Fulton Street, Head of Court St. Brooklyn, en Nueva York.
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Retrato de Martí hecho en Nueva York por M. Caro, 201 6th Ave.
Martí y María Mantilla. Este tin-type fue tomado cerca de Bath Beach, Long Island, estado de Nueva York.
Grupo en Bath Beach, Long Island, estado de Nueva York. Delante, María Mantilla, José María Sorzano y Martí. Detrás, Isabel Mena, Pilar Correa y Práxedes Sorzano, familiares de María Mantilla.
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Retrato de Martí hecho en Washington, según el patriota puertorriqueño Sotero Figueroa, por los días en que sesionaba la Comisión Monetaria Internacional Americana, en la que Martí representaba a la República del Uruguay. Figueroa y Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui aseguraban que a Martí no le agradaba este retrato, pues consideraba petulante la posición escogida por el fotógrafo.
Retrato de Martí tomado en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, por el fotógrafo Andrés I. Estévez
Grupo tomado en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, en diciembre de 1891, con los miembros del Comité Organizador de patriotas cubanos de esa ciudad.
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Este retrato, cuya única copia original que se ha podido localizar está muy deteriorada, parece corresponder también a la primera visita de Martí a Cayo Hueso, en diciembre de 1891.
Retrato de Martí que también parece hecho durante su primera visita a Cayo Hueso, en diciembre de 1891.
Martí con un grupo de emigrados revolucionarios cubanos a la entrada de la fábrica de tabacos de Vicente Martínez Ybor, en Ybor City, Tampa, estado de la Florida.
Martí con un grupo de emigrados revolucionarios cubanos a la entrada de la fábrica de tabacos de Vicente Martínez Ybor, en Ybor City, Tampa, estado de la Florida.
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El mejor retrato, solo y de cuerpo entero, de Martí, tomado al parecer en Temple Hall o Bond Hall, Jamaica, durante su primer viaje a esa isla en octubre de 1892. El retrato fue hecho por el patriota y fotógrafo Juan Bautista Valdés.
Grupo tomado con los miembros del Cuerpo de Consejo de Kingston, Jamaica, el 10 de octubre de 1892.
Grupo con emigrados cubanos en Kingston, Jamaica, en octubre de 1892, durante una fiesta de propaganda revolucionaria. Fotografía hecha por Juan Bautista Valdés.
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Martí en Jamaica, rodeado de emigrados cubanos, durante su viaje de propaganda revolucionaria a la isla en octubre de 1892. Fotografía tomada probablemente en Temple Hall, hacienda tabacalera cerca de Kingston.
Martí en Jamaica, rodeado de emigrados cubanos, durante su viaje de propaganda revolucionaria a la isla en octubre de 1892. Fotografía tomada probablemente en Temple Hall, hacienda tabacalera cerca de Kingston.
Otro grupo de emigrados cubanos en Jamaica, posiblemente también en Temple Hall. Fotografía tomada durante el viaje de Martí a la isla en octubre de 1892.
Otro grupo de emigrados cubanos en Jamaica, posiblemente también en Temple Hall. Fotografía tomada durante el viaje de Martí a la isla en octubre de 1892.
Martí con los miembros del Cuerpo de Consejo de Kingston, Jamaica. Fotografía tomada en el local del Cuerpo de Consejo, en octubre de 1892, durante la visita de Martí a la isla.
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Martí con los miembros del Cuerpo de Consejo de Kingston, Jamaica. Fotografía tomada en el local del Cuerpo de Consejo, en octubre de 1892, durante la visita de Martí a la isla.
Retrato de Martí tomado el 10 de octubre de 1892 en Kingston, Jamaica, por el patriota y fotógrafo Juan Bautista Valdés.
Este retrato de Martí, seguramente tomado en Nueva York, parece ser del 1892, aunque pudiera corresponder a 1893 ó 1894.
Martí con un grupo de emigrados cubanos que hacían prácticas de tiro en el antiguo fuerte Martello Tower, en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida.
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Martí con la familia del pintor venezolano Juan Peoli, tío de Carmen Miyares de Mantilla. La fotografía fue hecha en Sandy Hill, estado de Nueva York.
Martí con Gonzalo de Quesada y Aróstegui y su esposa Angelina Miranda y Govín.
Martí y un grupo de patriotas cubanos en la casa de Teodoro Pérez en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida. La fotografía fue tomada por Antonio J. Estévez en mayo de 1893.
Este retrato debe haber sido hecho en Nueva York, y parece corresponder a 1893 ó 1894.
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Martí y el general Máximo Gómez en Nueva York.
Retrato de Martí con Fermín Valdés Domínguez y Francisco (Panchito) Gómez Toro, hijo del general Máximo Gómez, tomado en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, por el fotógrafo Antonio J. Estévez.
Retrato de Martí con Fermín Valdés Domínguez, tomado en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, en mayo de 1894, por el fotógrafo Antonio J. Estévez.
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Retrato de Martí con Fermín Valdés Domínguez, tomado en Cayo Hueso, estado de la Florida, en mayo de 1894, por el fotógrafo Antonio J. Estévez.
Retrato de Martí hecho en México, en julio de 1894, por Manuel Torres, "miembro de la Sociedad Francesa de Fotografía", en papel "Torres con privilegio exclusivo".
Retrato de Martí con Manuel Mantilla, hijo de Carmen Miyares de Mantilla, tomado probablemente en Nueva York en enero de 1895.
242
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287
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Ă?ndices
- 4 * * W . ' . X6 " " %/ S/#% % & - . 6 1 %# " U $%# & W - . X6 # # ! / # " % ' . ' 6 4/ % 5 " " 5 0# % " 7 / 0#" 5 0# / 5 % 5 / # / 6 1 % # " #1# 5
%"# % " " 0# U 5 % / G/ 5 " %J % # # % ! " U # / #% " % $% % / G/ ! % %"# U % 6 " " % K # %#%1R% % J U# $ # " / U G/ 5 " " " " U U R #
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
* - * - . 4 6 4 1R% -# # 5 R # ! " - # %# " #/" " "/ % #% " " # 6 % #" " U# $ # K/ 1 % J/% / " & - 4 e . . < - 6 (/%" " % @DF /% 1 / " # # % K/ ! " 1 # % # % 6 1$ #0# 1# " # #$% " # 5 G/ % 0
U " " #% #$% %# 5 % @?@5 G/ " U U " 9$ K/% # % " /% % % 6 % @@ #$ / % " - % 9 " " / 6 S/ $ % >?BC& - 45 +4 +( & ' K6 % 6 - k , 8 ) ,2. ,5 . 6 /"# % " # / " "# #% V J/% # " / 9 / K/ # " ' /% # " . < % 5 BE " % 0# " >@E>& ' 0H' ;N ) '/ EC --/$ #$"# / % " 9 6 4 / # % 1\ !6 #$ # 0 3 B> " # " >@EA6 4/ "# K/ % $% L>@EA*>@EHM ! ( % # . R L>@EDM6 % >@ED K/ / "#" ' - 6 #$ )/
" >@?D ! / # $ U >@?F& BDD - +)< 5 ) ) <6 1 " % # % 6 /0 / 1 % # #" " " 1 %#3 U % #0 H " J/ # " >@EF5 % / 0 7% &
291
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* * (246 4/ " " J/" % # " 0#" R # " R V $ /% #% # % "
" J/# # 5 #$% ! / " 5 ! K/ % " N # #$% " / ! " %# G/ 9$ " # & 6 % J # 6 <#J ! " "7% ! 0 & . . - 5 L>FCC*>F@>M6 #% % " 7 # 9 6 #$ ! / #$ % " #"6 (/ # # ! % >FD> " %$ " " 6 4/ K " ! /%" % #% 1 % / % 5 "# " ! " 5 "# " 7 #1# 5 " ! 1/% % 6 4/ 7 % #" % ' 9 5 ] ! 6 5 G/# % % #" $ / "#1 7 # 5 #%# #$ / # % % ' H ! " 5 % " / / # " >D ! B@ " J/%# " >@@>5 # / " W % % # " " $%X& 2 4 4 . k-. +- 4& 2 . . < - 6 / " 7 / N % " "
" 6 5 " / " K 3 5 # % / #$% " # % # G/ "#0# " " U " . < % & 2 . )+ - 6 . < % & 2 . & .. 8 m( ..5 4 L>@HH*>?C>M6 U % 6 /"#$ % 1# " 4 0 " ! 1 "/$ " # % # " % U #0# ! %$%# % >@FF6 3$ / # % , " %" #$ % K #% / % 0 L>@FAM6 % >@FE " 7 # / # / " % # / " 4 1/%" % 9 %3 " . < % 5 ! > " # " 9 % $ % N# % $% / 0 # % 0 $$$ 8 % 9 % #" / %/ # % % #$"# ! 0# 6 % # " " %3$ /% # # 0 # % #0 " / % 5 G/ "# 1/ $ # 7% 1 % . /%"#6 % % BH " >@F? / # $ ' - ! #$"# " /% %R 5 U #" % " 3 " / " '# %/ 0 6 % 3 " 9 /" # U # / 0 8 b5 " %" 1 "/$ " 1 " 6 $ % " % #G/ #9 ! 5 ! % / % # " "# #1#$ /% 9 "# U #$"# 6 % >@EC $ % /% U#J " #1/ " 6 (# " 3 " , %J$%5 K# #$ #" .# 5 " / / % # 6 ' 0#$ / % >@?? ! K/ " #1% " 1# " " /"# % # " . < % 5 1 G/ " 9$ U / / 6 4/ W %% # * / ! 666ZX K#1/ % 0 # % 1 / % & 4 4 e . . < - 6 4 # " " " % / #$%5 ! - % K# % # K/%" " ' /% # ! 1 %" # % 9 5 >> " J/%# " >@F?5 % $%6 4/ $ # / U % K 0 " #% 1 # $ # ! % #" 1 #%" %" % # 5 J N " !/" " " 9 G/ % % )/
" # 3 9 ! # % / 0#/" ! U/ K % 6 #% 1/
5 % / " K/ " #" +%#$% % # / # % 5 % #%/ " " " K % " #% 1 # & 4 . 8 ..5 . & ' K6 % 6 4 .. 4 ) 5 4; ( .6 # / % 6 # " /% " / G/ % % 4 # " " .# " " /
% # 5 K/%" " % >@H? ( % # 1\ " 5 , 5 % # #%" %" % # " / 6 " # " " 1 $ 0# # % #% /
# % " H " J/ # " >@D>5 /"# " G/ % " 1\ ! 1\ 5 % 4 % ( % # " / 6 % 1 K/ %" % " / % " 5 / 1 " U 1 " N %J 6 1 $ #/" " % >@DD5 " / " %# 1 " 9 5 !5 5 " "# $ J # # " 1 6 % >@F@ #% $
292
K/ 3 #$ # ! K/ % % 7 5 " %" % #$ U / / 5 % >@ED6 4/ / K/ # % " # " " /
% # 5 #1/ G/ / U % 5 ( " # 5 ! / " 5 K % ! )/# % " # 6 5 U ! /% %K/ #$% " % % #$"# 5 / " 5 K 5 % #" % >EE?5 # % 3$ % " / 0 %3 " " "& 4 .. 5 .24 .& ' K6 % 6 4 8 4 5 . 4 6 %"# / " % 1# " %"#0 5 G/ #% $ / " ' /% # & 4 .2, & ;4 5 8 +. L>CC*HH 6%6 6M6 ) % ! # % 6 (/ % 9 5 $% / ! %G/# " " ) # 6 % 9 HD /0 " / " R # % ! / #$ #% " % 4 % " 6 4/ U# $ # 5 E ! 5 % % #" " " 0 # # & T)IEH, H ,;C)IH, AC )/ ;/' , ,H0- ' ) - BH IDI' ,./RH'$ " J/ # % / 9 - %# ( %7%" 3 )/ #
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" % K . /0 5 N %" U #" 1 "#" " " #% # 6 / % "# % 0#" ! / U / % U #" 5 #% G/ K/ # 9 /% % " ' /% # & . ) 4 -. 6 # #1#" K
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#" % % N# V $ % "# #% # % / / % 6 / "# # "# " K . % 35 / " # # / " * / # & ; . 6 " % / 0 8 b5 % >@EF5 % K U " H " / # 5 " " %" %" % # " %# & 46 4/ #1 % % #1 T / %" "# % " % % " % 3 5 ! / 6 . # /%# % % 1$% % >>FF5 ! % # % # % U >BDC6 /% / % / #0 " % ! % U 3 % # / 6 /% 1# % % # / # % %0# # % % $ 1 % 1# #0 6 % >@AF "# / " / % % K/ % " # #" / # % ! % >@AE / 1$ G/ 0#% # " /
% 1 % " ! # 6 U U K# %3$ # % # % 9 ! / % 6 ./ 1 " K#% #3 " 1/
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ÍNDICE GENERAL PRESENTACIÓN DE LA PRIMERA EDICIÓN NOTA EDITORIAL ABREVIATURAS Y SIGLAS
/3 /4 /7
1862. Cuba A LA MADRE. Hanábana, 23 de octubre de 1862
/9
1869 EL DIABLO COJUELO. La Habana, 19 de enero de 1869 ABDALA. LA PATRIA LIBRE. La Habana, 23 de enero de 1869 A RAFAEL MARÍA DE MENDIVE. [La Habana, enero de 1869] A RAFAEL MARÍA DE MENDIVE. [La Habana, ¿mayo? De 1869] A MAITLAND, PHELPS & COMPANY. La Habana, 4 de agosto de 1869 A CARLOS DE CASTRO Y DE CASTRO. [La Habana, 4 de octubre de 1869] A FELIPE GÁLVEZ FATIO. [La Habana, 1869] A RAFAEL MARÍA DE MENDIVE. [La Habana, entre el 4 y el 21 de octubre de 1869] A PEDRO MENDIVE. Cárcel, 27 de octubre de 1869 A LA MADRE. [Cárcel], 10 de noviembre de [1869]
/ 11 / 13 / 23 / 24 / 25 / 26 / 28 / 29 / 30 / 31
1871. Cuba y España A RAFAEL MARÍA DE MENDIVE. [La Habana], 15 de enero de 1871 CASTILLO. La Soberanía Nacional, Cádiz, 24 de marzo de 1871 CONTESTACIÓN A LA PRENSA. El Jurado Federal, Madrid, 7 de septiembre de 1871 AL DIRECTOR DE EL JURADO FEDERAL. Madrid, 17 de septiembre de 1871 AL DIRECTOR DE EL JURADO FEDERAL. Madrid, 22 de septiembre de 1871 EL PRESIDIO POLÍTICO EN CUBA. Madrid, 1871
/ 33 / 34 / 37 / 39 / 41 / 43
1872 EL DÍA 27 DE NOVIEMBRE DE 1871
/ 67
1873 LA REPÚBLICA ESPAÑOLA ANTE LA REVOLUCIÓN CUBANA. Madrid, febrero de 1873 A NÉSTOR PONCE DE LEÓN Madrid, 15 de abril de 1873 LA SOLUCIÓN La Cuestión Cubana, sevilla, 26 de abril de 1873 LAS REFORMAS La Cuestión Cubana, sevilla, 26 de mayo de 1873
/ 70 / 77 / 78 / 79
1874 A DESTINATARIO DESCONOCIDO. [Zaragoza, octubre o noviembre de 1874]
/ 88
Adúltera PRIMERA VERSIÓN SEGUNDA VERSIÓN [INCOMPLETA]
/ 90 / 139
315
[APUNTES A LA PRIMERA VERSIÓN DE ADÚLTERA] NOTAS RELACIONADAS CON ADÚLTERA (1879)
/ 163 / 165
1875-1876. México EL PARTE DE AYER. Revista Universal, México, 21 de marzo de 1875 INDEPENDENCIA DE CUBA. Revista Universal, México, 11 de mayo de 1875 CUBA. Revista Universal, México, 13 de mayo de 1875 CUBA. Revista Universal, México, 22 de mayo de 1875 A LA COLONIA. Revista Universal, México, 27 de mayo de 1875 A LA IBERIA. Revista Universal, México, 9 de junio de 1875 CASTELAR Y LA IBERIA. Revista Universal, México, 10 de junio de 1875 A LA IBERIA. Revista Universal, México, 13 de junio de 1875 A LA COLONIA. Revista Universal, México, 19 de junio de 1875 LOS CUBANOS EN EL CENTENARIO AMERICANO. Revista Universal, México, 19 de agosto de 1876 A LA COLONIA ESPAÑOLA. Revista Universal, México, 8 de septiembre de 1876
/ 167 / 169 / 171 / 173 / 175 / 179 / 181 / 183 / 184 / 188 / 190
Notas finales
/ 193
Apéndices BIOGRAFÍA MÍNIMA ICONOGRAFÍA CRONOLOGÍA
/ 222 / 227 / 243
Índices ÍNDICE DE NOMBRES ÍNDICE GEOGRÁFICO ÍNDICE DE MATERIAS ÍNDICE CRONOLÓGICO ÍNDICE DE NOTAS FINALES ÍNDICE GENERAL
/ 291 / 302 / 306 / 311 / 313 / 315
316
La Edición Crítica de las Obras completas de José Martí (1853-1895) recoge sus manuscritos e impresos conocidos hasta hoy: proclamas, discursos, manifiestos, comunicaciones, dedicatorias, cartas, correspondencias periodísticas, crónicas, artículos, ensayos, narraciones, obras de teatro, poemas, semblanzas biográficas, traducciones, dibujos, borradores, fragmentos de escritos y cuadernos de apuntes. El contenido de los tomos se ha ordenado y combinado por fechas, temas y géneros, apreciando tanto la evolución y línea del pensamiento martiano como el paralelismo de su accionar político, periodístico y literario, simultaneidad que empieza a manifestarse a partir de los años 1875-1876, para intensificarse posteriormente. Organizar cronológicamente los textos nos permite observar esa evolución del pensamiento martiano, pero —a su vez— separa en diferentes tomos grupos de textos que habitualmente (y por deseo expreso del autor en su carta devenida testamento literario) se han presentado juntos, como ocurre con las Escenas norteamericanas y las Escenas europeas. La confrontación de los textos con sus originales —o variantes de estos— ha conllevado a la natural rectificación de erratas, así como la fijación del texto más permisible. Los escritos de época han suscitado convenciones editoriales, atendiendo a los modernismos en la ortografía y el lenguaje. La peculiar puntuación martiana ha sufrido modificaciones imprescindibles, pero siempre respetando la intencionalidad del autor. Estas Obras completas son fruto de la colaboración de investigadores y editores del Centro de Estudios Martianos, expertos conocedores de la obra y de la caligrafía de Martí, estudiosos de la obra martiana en el mundo y numerosas instituciones, que han convertido esta “obra” en reflejo de la sentencia que incluyó Juan Marinello, en 1963, en su prólogo a la edición de las Obras completas de la Editorial Nacional de Cuba: “Una edición crítica es el hombre y su tiempo —todo el tiempo y todo el hombre—, o es un intento fallido”.