A CITY WITHIN A GARDEN: GREEN PERVASIVE CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES
By
ANASTASIA BENITA ULI
A MASTERS PROJECT PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN ARCHITECTURAL STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2014
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Š 2014 Anastasia Benita Uli
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To my parents, friends, colleagues and for a better world.
Sky is the limit‌.
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(anynomous)
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for always walking with me on every step I take. Second, I would like to thank my parents for their prayers and support. Third, I would like to thank my committee members, Dr. Nawari Nawari, Professor William L. Tilson and Prof. Christopher Silver for their inspiring ideas, advice, and efforts made throughout the writing of this thesis. Fourth, I would like to thank Mr. Michael Kung for his help in resolving both technical and systematic issues during the course. Next, I would like to thank my friends, fellow classmates, and colleagues for their opinions and support throughout the course. Lastly, I would like to thank the University of Florida and the entire College of Design, Construction and Planning for the remarkable experience of studying together with people from around the world.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...............................................................................................................4 LIST OF TABLES ...........................................................................................................................7 LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................8 ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................................................23 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION ..................................................................................................................24
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SMART GROWTH FOR A HIGH DENSITY CITY ............................................................37
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GREEN PERVASIVE STRATEGY ......................................................................................51
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STORMWATER MANAGEMENT ......................................................................................69
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STUDY CASES......................................................................................................................87
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DESIGN CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES ..........................................................................92
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SUMMARY AND DESIGN CONCLUSION......................................................................128
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................130
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LIST OF TABLES Table
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Table 1. Characteristics of green roof. Cantor, 2008 .....................................................................54 Table 2. Comparison between Ecoroof and Conventional Rood. Cantor, 2008 ............................56 Table 3. floor incentives. Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsiderationsdchbnr.pdf ..........................................................................................................................63 Tabel 4. LEED credits for green roof. Cantor, 2008 .....................................................................67 Table 5. Study case summary ........................................................................................................90
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure
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Figure 1. Population Number in 2013, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2013.p df ........................................................................................................................................25 Figure 2. Population Size and Growth by Residential Status, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/population_and_population_structure/population2013.p df ........................................................................................................................................25 Figure 3. Land Requirement in 2030, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/
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Figure 4. Motor Vehicle Population April 2014 , retrieved on May 15, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/reference/monthly_digest/mdsapr14.pdf
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Figure 5. Flood in Singapore. Retrieved May 17, 2014 from http://i.cdn.travel.cnn.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_large/public/2010/06/30/singapore-flood.jpg?itok=yt9XdWCv ............................................................................................................................................28 Figure 6& 7. urban rooftop farm . Retrieved May 18, 2014 from http://tendergardener.com/urban-rooftop-farms-in-singapore/ http://alexanderprinsen.com/2014/05/13/urban-farming-singapore-comcrop-rooftop-farm/29
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Figure 8. “Spontaneous� Green Area. Retrieved May 16,2014 from http://www.nss.org.sg/documents/Nature%20Society%C2%B9s%20Feedback%20on%20the%20Updated%20URA%20M aster%20Plan.pdf ...............................................................................................................31 Figure 9. Bishan Park, Public park . Retrieved May 16,2014 from http://www.landezine.com/wpcontent/uploads/2012/06/bishan-park-by-atelier-dreiseitl-landscape-architecture-02.jpg 31 Figure 10. City Terminal, Greater Southern Waterfront . Retrieved May 16,2014 from Google Earth
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Figure 11. Design area . Retrieved May 16,2014 from Google Earth ..........................................34 Figure 12. Singapore Planning scheme. ULI, 2013 .......................................................................37 Figure 13. Singapore city view. ULI, 2013 ...................................................................................39 Figure 14. Compact Building Design, Range of Housing Opportunity and Sense of Place diagram. ULI, 2013
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Figure 15. Connectivity. ULI, 2013 ...............................................................................................42 Figure 16. Pervasive green strategy. ULI, 2013 ............................................................................44 Figure 17. Design of Eco infrastructure. Wiley, 2009 ...................................................................45 Figure 18. Green infrastructure. Wiley, 2009 ................................................................................46 Figure 19. Extensive green roof. Retrived 21 May 2014 from http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php
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Figure 21. Intensive Green Roof. Retrieved 21 May 2014 from www.nophadrain.nl/EN/groendak_downloads.html?download=26 ............................................................................................................................................53 Figure 20. Roof garden . Retrieved 15 February 2014 from www.pub.gov.sg/.../managingUrbanRunoff.pdf
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Figure 22. Green roof systems. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/intensive-green-roof
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Figure 23. Ecoroof system. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from http://jarrodflores.myefolio.com/Uploads/Ecoroofs.pdf 55 Figure 24. Ecoroof in Portland . Retrieved 23 May 2014 from http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=53987 ............................................................................................................................................55 Figure 25. Living Roof, Komodo Dragon House, London. Retrieved 22May 2014 from http://www.livingroofs.org.nz/environmental-benefits/ ....................................................55 Figure 26. Brown roof, Laban Center, London. Retrieved 22 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=549 ..................................................55 Figure 27 & 28. Horizontal hydroponics system. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=326&C=1100&P=5 http://www.greenroofs.com/archives/green_walls.htm .....................................................57 Figure 31. Aquaponic system. Retrieved on 22 May 2014 from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/pqu6D7Qiubk/UPJ4Ol_ZciI/AAAAAAAAAMw/o9jd0i7vayE/s1600/Aquaponics+illustration.jpg
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Figure 29. Vertical hydroponics system . .....................................................................................58 Figure 30. Living wall. Retrieve 23 May 2014 from http://continuingeducation.construction.com/article.php?L=326&C=1100&P=5 ............58 Figure 32. Gabions, Bishan Park, Singapore Retrieved 22 May 2014 from http://ilovekrbp.blogspot.com/2012/03/bishan-parkamenities-and-facilities.html..............................................................................................59 Figure 33 & 34. Living fence. Dunnett & Kingsbury, 2008 ..........................................................59 Figure 35. Roof garden, Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved 22 May 2014 http://gardens.si.edu/our-gardens/haupt-garden.html Figure 36. Roof garden, Rockefeller Center. Retrieved 22 May 2014 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/rockefeller_center/rockefeller_center1.jpg .............61 Figure 37. SkyGreen, the first vertical urban farming in Singapore, Retrieved 20 May 2014 http://i.unu.edu/media/ourworld.unu.edu-en/article/5340/VerticleFarmPlot.jpg ..............62 Figure 38. Olympic sculpture park, Seattle, Retrieved 21 May 2014 from http://www.downtownseattle.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2013/08/olympic-sculpture-park-01_benjamin-benschneider_large.jpg.63 Figure 39. Floor Incentive Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsiderationsdchbnr.pdf ..........................................................................................................................64
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Figure 40 & 41. Green space floor plan prototype Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsiderations-dchbnr.pdf .................64 Figure 42. comparison peak runoff rate. Retrieved 17 May 2014 from http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/pss23slides.pdf 65 Figure 43. Comparison of measured surface temperature of hard surfaces, soil surface without vegetation cover, and soil surface covered with different kinds of plants. Retrieved 17 May 2014 from http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/pss23slides.pdf Figure 45. Pathway solutions. PUB, 2013 .....................................................................................69 Figure 44. Source solutions. PUB, 2013 ........................................................................................69 Figure 46. Combination of pathway & source solutions. PUB, 2013............................................70 Figure 47. Receptor solutions. PUB, 2013 ....................................................................................70 Figure 48. Diagram of Source, Pathway and Receptor solutions. PUB, 2013 ..............................71 Figure 49. Diagram of ABC Program. PUB, 2013 ........................................................................72 Figure 50. Diagram of Stormwater passage . PUB, 2013 ..............................................................72 Figure 51. Diagram of Catchment Elements. PUB, 2013 ..............................................................73 Figure 52. Diagram of building and green space coverage . PUB, 2013 .......................................73
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Figure 53. Diagram of existing plaza. PUB, 2013 .........................................................................74 Figure 54. Diagram of proposed plaza. PUB, 2013 .......................................................................74 Figure 55. Green roof. Figure 12. Intensive green roof stormwater runoff diagram. PUB,.2013. 75 Figure 56. Khoo Teck Puat and its roof garden. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/KTPH2.jpg ......................75 Figure 57. HDB PEG type green roof. ...........................................................................................76 Figure 58 & 59. Extensive green roof stormwater management diagram PUB, 2013 ..................76 Figure 60. Green balconies, Marina Bay Sands. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://travel-tips.s3-website-eu-west1.amazonaws.com/singapore-marina-bay-sands-hotel-oceanview-rooms.jpg ..................77 Figure 61. Khoo Teck Puat planter boxes. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/KTPH1.jpg ................................................................................77 Figure 62. Balconies/ planter boxes stormwater management diagram. PUB, 2013 ....................77 Figure 63. Typical road in Singapore. PUB, 2013 .........................................................................78 Figure 64. Proposed road design. PUB, 2013 ................................................................................78 Figure 65. Vegetated swale. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://www.emmetcarter.com/blogs/killing-mcmansion
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Figure 66. Vegetated swale in Seattle retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://www.biocycle.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/39a.jpg ............................................................................................................................................79 Figure 67. Construction of bioretention swales. Retrieved 27 May 2014 from http://www.ewater.com.au/uploads/images/aecomm3.jpg ................................................80 Figure 68. Bioretention swales. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://www.greatnewplaces.com/images/Architecture/img3143_26102011092923.jpeg .80 Figure 69. Bioretention swales system diagram. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://api.ning.com/files/46rp3lFVpjXyifFeQLPP6WJxclYzhPplBUAmZrEnV26TZeFHZ2eqVgpYgvL*BlLCCNlFEWbw7E7Atd2OE7dNyS5tFRc*7GF/CrossSectionofBioretention.jpg .......80 Figure 70. Rain garden system section. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from http://www.goldcoast.qld.gov.au/image_content/environment/bioretention_basin_cross_section_large.gif Figure 71. Stormwater flow. ..........................................................................................................81 Figure 72. Rain condition. .............................................................................................................81 Figure 73. After rain. PUB, 2014 ...................................................................................................81 Figure 74. Sedimentation basins section. PUB, 2013 ....................................................................82 Figure 75. Sedimentation basin. PUB,2013 ...................................................................................82
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Figure 76. Construction wetlands section. PUB, 2013 ..................................................................83 Figure 77. Alexandra canals, Singapore. PUB,2013 .....................................................................83 Figure 78. Cleansing biotopes diagram. ........................................................................................84 Figure 79. Layers of cleasning biotopes. Retrieved 27 May 2014 from http://www.abcwaterslearningtrails.sg/web/files/ABC_Passport.pdf ................................84 Figure 80. Bishan Park canal before.
Figure 81. After redesign. Figure 82. Bishan Park with bioengineering technique.
Retrieved 20 March 2014 from http://blogs.gsd.harvard.edu/loeb-fellows/files/2012/11/AD-Ref_Singapore_BishanPark.pdf ..............................................................................................................................85 Figure 83. Existing U-shaped canal.
Figure 84. Naturalized U-shaped canals in
Bishan park. PUB, 2013.....................................................................................................85 Figure 85. SOMA Eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205
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Figure 86. SOMA Bird eye view perspective.. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205 ............................................................................................................................................88 Figure 87 Masterplan, Hart, 2011 ..................................................................................................88 Figure 88. Green connectivity conceptual. Hart, 2011 ..................................................................89 Figure 89. Green eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205 89
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Figure 90. Green connectivity conceptual.
Figure 91. Design detail 1. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from
http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205 .........................................................63 Figure 92. Green pervasive concept. Hart, 2011 ...........................................................................64 Figure 93. Green pervasive concept. Hart, 2011 ...........................................................................65 Figure 94. Construction wetland for water purification. Hart, 2011 .............................................66 Figure 95. Bioswales. Yeang, 2009 ...............................................................................................66 Figure 96. Water reticulation system. Hart, 2011 ..........................................................................66 Figure 97. Mixed use concept diagram. Yeang, 2009 ...................................................................67 Figure 98. Zoning.
Figure 99. Grey eco-infrastructure: road & traffic hierarchy. Hart, 2011 68
Figure 101. Section. Hart, 2011 .....................................................................................................69 Figure 100. Connectivity concept. Hart, 2011 ...............................................................................69 Figure 102. Marina South. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
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Figure 103. Marina South in Central region . Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/ Figure 104. Comparison between Conventional and Street Neighborhoods development. .........72
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Figure 105. Open space concept. ...................................................................................................72 Figure 106. Sheltered connectivity concept. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/ 72 Figure 107. Green pervasive strategy. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
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Figure 108.Marina South Eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
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Figure 109. Bicycle, Basement, Public transportation connectivity. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/ ....................................................................75 Figure 110. Section. .......................................................................................................................76 Figure 111 Open space concept.
Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
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Figure 112. Building shape concept. Hart, 2011 ...........................................................................77 Figure 113. Solaris. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E ...............77 Figure 115. Green ramp concept. Hart, 2011.................................................................................78 Figure 116. Green carpet. Hart, 2011 ............................................................................................78 Figure 114. Master plan. Retrieved May 30, 2014 from http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/solaris-fusionopolis/
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Figure 117. Vertical greenery in Solaris. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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Figure 118, 119 &120 Green ramp & section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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Figure 121, 122, 123. Ecocell, plan & section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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Figure 124, 125 &126. Green roof & view. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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Figure 127. Natural ventilated atrium. ...........................................................................................83 Figure 128. Atrium from outdoor Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-atFusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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Figure 129. Section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/solaris-fusionopolis/ 84 Figure 130. Elevations. Hart, 2011 ................................................................................................84 Figure 131. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E .....................84 Figure 132. Tampines New Town Land Use. ULI, 2013 ..............................................................86
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Figure 133. Tampines New Town Land Use. ULI, 2013 ..............................................................88 Figure 134. Ecoinfrastructure, Smart Growth, Pervasive Greenery, Stormwater Management to achieve sustainability diagram. (literature summary)...........................................................................................................89 Figure 135. City Terminal, Greater Southern Waterfront. Figure 131. Super Imposed Plan. Figure 132. Perspective of design area. Retrieved May 16, 2014 from Google Earth .............................................................92 Figure 136. Weather and Climate in Singapore. Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://app2.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climateinformation/weather-statistics ............................................................................................93 Figure 137.Connection to site. Retrieved from http://www.asiaisgreen.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/The-Green-Corridor3.PNG, accessed 19 April 2014 .........................................................................................94 Figure 138. Green Map. Retrieved March 27, 2014 from http://singaporegreenspaces.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/intropic00.jpg.............................................................................................................................95 Figure 139. Blue Map. Retrieved March 27, 2014 from http://www.pub.gov.sg/events/PublishingImages/blue-map2.jpg (Edited) ............................................................................................................................................95 Figure 140. Future Circle Line Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Jdhvns_aSk/ToxNbXtaCZI/AAAAAAAAMbU/3SLgvMl2smU/s1600/map1.jpg ..................96 Figure 141. Park Connector Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8148/7636470394_4a0efeb695_b.jpg ............................................................................................................................................96
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Figure 142. Expressway Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Expressways_and_semi-expressways_of_Singapore_2.png Figure 143. Site Analysis Diagram . ..............................................................................................98 Figure 144. Site Design Diagram ..................................................................................................99 Figure 145. Masterplan ................................................................................................................102 Figure 146. Design Area ..............................................................................................................103 Figure 147. Design Area Diagram ...............................................................................................104 Figure 148. Existing building floor plan ......................................................................................105 Figure 149. Carribean housing .....................................................................................................105 Figure 150. Typical floor plan .....................................................................................................107 Figure 151. Perspective of typical floor plan ...............................................................................108 Figure 152 . Building section .........................................................................................................109 Figure 153. Building elevation 1 .................................................................................................110 Figure 154 Building Elevation 2 .................................................................................................111
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Figure 155 Building Elevation 3 .................................................................................................112 Figure 156. Section 1 ...................................................................................................................113 Figure 157. Section 2 ...................................................................................................................114 Figure 158. Detail section 1 .........................................................................................................115 Figure 159 Stormwater Management (building)........................................................................117 Figure 160. Stormwater diagram (Site) .......................................................................................118 Figure 161. Perspective 1: Bird’s eye View ...............................................................................119 Figure 162. Perspective 2: Bird’s eye View ...............................................................................120 Figure 163. Perspective 3 : View from sky bridges .....................................................................121 Figure 164. Perspective 4 : View from green waterfront.............................................................122 Figure 165. Perspective 5 : View from ground level inside city center .......................................123 Figure 166. Perspective 6: View Bird’s eye view........................................................................124 Figure 167. Perspective 7 : Existing condition Retrieved July 3, 2014 from Google Earth ........125 Figure 168. Perspective 8 : Perspective from Highway and the city Retrieved July 3, 2014. Edited from Google Earth 126
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Abstract of Master Research Project Presented to the Graduate School of the University of Florida in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Sustainable Design A CITY WITHIN A GARDEN: GREEN PERVASIVE CONCEPTS AND STRATEGIES By: Anastasia Benita Uli 2014 Chair
: Nawari Nawari
Co-Chairs :. William L. Tilson, Christopher Silver Major
: Sustainable Design
Being a city with total population of 5,399,200, Singapore is planning to build 700,000 new homes by 2030 with almost 200,000 already in progress. The remaining 500,000 will be in new development areas including the City Terminal area. It will connect the Central Park in Marina Bay to the Nature Reserve in Labrador Park which will create an opportunity for it to become a new tourist destination. In such a densely populated city, there is a critical need to develop a wider range of green spaces such as parks and other amenities. Green space, along with water catchment, are key strategies for offsetting climate change issues such as flood, pollution, and the urban heat island. Having “a city within a garden” as the city concept, Singapore adopted a “pervasive greenery” strategy, which means the city applies greenery wherever it can, from the pavement to the rooftop. This project will focus on the connection between vertical and horizontal greenery as a fundamental concept of a ‘pervasive greenery’ strategy. The greenery will act as source, pathway and receptor. The study will also explore how efficient these strategies are as adaptation to climate change. Keywords: Green space, City Terminal, Singapore, Pervasive Greenery Strategy, Population
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CHAPTER 1
Redevelopment Authority, will increase parks from about
INTRODUCTION
3,300 hectares today to 4,200 hectares over the next 10 years to 15 years.
City within a Garden Concept
If that’s the case, then the question will be:
The strategy is applied around the city since Singapore is a
Where the green space will be located?
compact city. In other words, the greenery will act as source, pathway and receptor. The integrated green spaces than run
The city came to conclusion, instead of only growing green
from the ground to the top of the building will also be one of
horizontal spaces, Singapore adopted a strategy that called “pervasive greenery”. This strategy means that the city will
the solutions that will allow Singapore to create more housing
insert greenery wherever it can, starting from the ground to
without decreasing the amount of green spaces that needs to
rooftop. In Feedback on The Updated URA Master Plan on
continue to be extended to support the concept of the city. With total area 716.1km2 / 276 square miles, the city has 328.7 km2 ,
November 2013, The Nature Society Singapore Conservation
or 46.3% of Singapore’s area, developed as green area
Committee did a survey that revealed 60% of Singaporeans choose to have more green spaces. This percentage won against
Regardless its size, Singapore has a City within a garden
19% of Singaporeans who prefer that infrastructure should
concept replacing its famous former concept, Garden City.
come first before nature. Result of this survey makes us ask
With the new city concept, Singapore will put as much green
ourselves,
space as they can. As noted in the A High Quality Living Environment for All Singaporeans, requirement for Parks and
Why Green Space? Why is it Important?
Nature Reserves has grown 1 % from 5,700 ha (8%) to 7,250
This concept of course, is one of the solutions of population
ha (9%).
and housing needs. The other reason is the City in a Garden
The government however, according to Lim Eng Hwee, the
concept is an adaptation to climate change. The city is also
deputy
suffering the impact of climate change such as the rise of
chief
executive
for
planning
at
the
Urban 24
temperature, flood, and change of rainfall. Green space is also
divided into Singapore Residents and Non-Residents. The
one solution for carbon sequestration, energy saving, and for
resident population includes Singapore citizens and permanent
aesthetic purposes. Green space however, gives not only
residents while the non-resident population is divided into
environmental benefits but also social- psychological and
people who are working, studying, or living in Singapore but
economic – aesthetic benefits to community and city.
not granted permanent residence. The tourist and short-term
Singapore’s population is increasing 1.6 % from 5,312.4
visitors are not included in the non-resident category.
people in 2012 to 5,399.2 people in 2013. The population is
These population numbers have led to the need for more housing in Singapore, everything from flats to condominiums and luxury apartments. The requirement to live in vertical housing is due to the limitation of land in Singapore. Singapore can have land reclamation, but the efforts have a limit. It can
Figure 1. Population Number in 2013, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/population _and_population_structure/population2013.pdf
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Figure 2. Population Size and Growth by Residential Status, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/popu lation_and_population_structure/population2013.pdf
add only 15% more of its existing land area, according to
approximately 200,000 housing units in progress, Singapore
Urban Redevelopment Authority of Singapore (URA) in the
still needs to build another 500,000 housing units in the new
2001 Concept Plan.
development areas.
Based on this, URA has propose taller and higher density
With the population growing in Singapore it can’t be avoided
housing in the future. The Ministry of National Development
that someday the city will be facing a problem with finding a
has set the land use requirement for housing in 2030 at 13,000
place to stay, and even more, the loss of its nature. As the
units, which is increased 3% from 10,000 units in 2010. With
population increased, the needs of green space growth also increased. Singapore, being highly dense, and land scarce, faced a practical limit on how many parks it could have. (ULI, p.26) Another issue in Singapore is urban heat island. Caused by a combination of high energy use and heat absorbtion in large surface area, the urban heat island effect can increase the temperature up to 5˚C, but in Singapore the temperature will increase from 1.7oC – 4.4oC (National Environment Agency, p.31). Urban heat island effect can lead to a higher annual temperature which will create episodes of warm weather and eventually will reach the point of heat stress and discomfort, such as a sick and air-conditioner dependent population. Increased housing, commercial and leisure, pavement, and other infrastructure development is causing the loss of natural areas. Most of the buildings in Singapore expend energy from 26
Figure 3. Land Requirement in 2030, retrieved on March 25, 2014 from http://www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/
air conditioning around 40-50%, mechanical ventilation
The use of cars will cause traffic jams, at certain times such as
approximately 20% and lighting about 15-20%. With green
peak hours where people go or back from school / work, or at
space located around the city, the temperature will be cooler
any occasional holiday / celebration. Another reason is because
and it will be one of the climate change mitigations.
of some construction. In Urban Green Spaces and an
Beside urban heat island caused by energy consumption,
Integrative Approach to Sutainable Environement p. 602, Haq
Singapore is also facing pollution. Pollution in Singapore is
stated that urban greening can reduce air pollutants directly
caused by transportation fuel burn from traffic jams or
when dust and smoke particles are trapped by vegetation.
industrial developments. For industrial developments Singapore created environmental regulations and developments are located in designated areas with buffer requirements to minimize the impact to surrounding areas. Also, car use in Singapore exceeded the required limit by 1.5% from 2009. However, according to Singapore Census of Population 2010, cars are one of most Figure 4. Motor Vehicle Population April 2014 , retrieved on May 15, 2014 from http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_papers/refere nce/monthly_digest/mdsapr14.pdf
used transportation methods in the city, beside MRT and bus. The percentage of these transportation uses depends on ethnicity, age group, housing type, etc. In fact, according to
Research has shown that in average, 85% of air pollution in a
Monthly Digest of Statistics Singapore 2013, car numbers
park can be filtered.
increased from 605,149 in 2012 to 607,225 in January 2014. In
Singapore’s small land area, geographical location and other
order to reduce the pollution, the city needs green space.
physical attributes make it energy-poor (National Environment Agency, p.2). This is means that Singapore has limited access 27
to alternative energy sources and has become fossil fuel
country succeed saving 10% from 50% to 40% in 2009. Still,
imports dependent. Singapore also has target to improve
the city needs more effort to reduced imports and become
energy efficiency levels by 35% in 2030, which was published
water independent.
in Sustainable Singapore Blueprint. A park of 1.2 km by 1.0
The climate change affects marine biodiversity. The loss of
km can produce an air temperature difference between the park
mangroves due to sea level rise will lead to biodiversity loss
and the surrounding city that is detectable up to 4 km away.
and coastal erosion. Singapore only has 10% of its total area
Using vegetation to reduce the energy costs of cooling
dedicated to parks and Nature Reserves. There are only 3,347
buildings has been increasingly recognized as a cost effective
ha protected as Nature Reserves which are divided into 18
reason for increasing green space and tree planting in
areas, used for biodiversity conservation, water catchments,
temperate climate cities. Plants improve air circulation, provide
recreational, educational, and research activities.
shade and they evapotranspire. This provides a cooling effect The annual rainfall of 2,342mm, occurs throughout the year
and helps to lower air temperatures. (Haq, 2011, p.602) Water is another main issue in the country. Being a country with 17 reservoirs, the latest one is Marina Reservoir, means Singapore is quite sustainable about water resources. Water from catchment areas helps the country in saving and producing the water for the sake of the country. However, until today, the city is still importing water from Johor through a 1km long pipeline called the Johor-Singapore Causeway. Singapore’s PUB (Public Utility Board) introduced Newater in
Figure 5. Flood in Singapore. Retrieved May 17, 2014 from http://i.cdn.travel.cnn.com/sites/default/files/styles/article_large/public/2010/06 /30/singapore-flood.jpg?itok=yt9XdWCv
2003. Newater is one way to produce water, recycle it from used water- from the community. With this invention the 28
with the heaviest rainfall from November to January.
In
the country with limited agricultural production, about 0.1% of
addition, the impact of climate change that will lead to changes
GDP, or about S$187 million in 2007. There are 6 agriculture
in rainfall of -2% - 15 % makes Singapore’s climate worse.
areas called Agrotechnology Parks which are located in Lim
The change of rainfall also can lead to floods. Flood, as the
Chu
impact of climate change, also has been haunting Singapore
Soon, Mandai and Loyang.
since the last serious attack in 1978. As time goes by, the PUB
With total area 1,465 ha, over 200 farms have been allocated
(Public Utility Board) is trying to manage the issues by
with total 700 ha. The farms are operated for milk, eggs, fish,
creating guidelines and policy such as Newater, Stormwater
vegetables, fruits. It is also used for plants and birds and dog
management, etc.
breeding. There is also Agro-Bio Park for agribiotechnology
Kang, Murai, Sungei
Tengah, Nee
The URA (Urban Redevelopment Authority) also set guidelines for the city to work together with The Strategic Planning Division. The guidelines start with building incentives that can bring Singapore to a better future, of course, flood free. According to Public Utility Board, the last flood was on May 16 2014 due to heavy rain. There were some western areas attacked by flood with depths of 200mm300mm. Although the flood doesn’t really give any impact, it needs to be handled. Urban green space will help to catch the rain water (stormwater management) and reuse it as an energy Figure 6& 7. urban rooftop farm . Retrieved May 18, 2014 from
source.
http://tendergardener.com/urban-rooftop-farms-in-singapore/ http://alexanderprinsen.com/2014/05/13/urban-farming-singaporecomcrop-rooftop-farm/
Singapore, as a small size country, is not self-sufficient in having its food needs met. Agriculture is land intensive leaving 29
activities such as research, development and food safety
‘We want them all, as long as they are natural and contain
testing. Agro Bio Park is located near Agrotechnology Park.
existing vegetation, especially native ones.’
But what is interesting, lately, there’s a movement of local
‘Mangroves and marshland, because these are the rarer ones
growers called a new urban rooftop farm. This is an initiative
that occupy less than 1% of Singapore land, and should be
that underscores a commitment to providing local produce and
treasured and saved.’
educating communities about eating fresh and healthy.
‘More attention should be placed on the coastal environment,
(Singapore: Comcrop pioneers urban rooftop farming, para.1)
especially mangroves. These places are essential feeding
It’s located on one rooftop building in Orchard, while another
grounds for migratory birds, whose numbers have been
is located in the 6th story of People’s Park Complex. The idea
decreasing due to coastal erosion and land reclamation. A
gained positive response. Many volunteers joined in to expand
suggestion that might mitigate the conflict between birds and
the idea, and one of the farms, Sky Greens, has signed an MOU
humans is to create a quasi reservoir that supports both
with Singapore’s Temasek Polytechnic technical college for
mangroves and human use.’
education purposes.
‘More attention should be given to native forests because we
Looking the issues, benefit of the green space, innovation, and
should preserve the remaining native species. Exotic or
nature in Singapore, another question appeared:
imported species may be more aesthetically appealing and resilient to poor soil condition in urbanized settings, however,
What kind of green space does the community need?
we should be mindful of their disposal, as careless disposal of In Our Singapore Conservation on Green Spaces held
exotic species in the forest may cause unwanted competition to
November 30 2013, the community was asked by Nature
the native species.’ (Our Singapore Conversation on Green
Society and Young NTUC, which type of green space did they
Spaces, 2013, p.7)
really want to see in Singapore. The answers were various:
30
park by the National Park Service. These public parks and open space are called “nature areas”. Although it called a ‘nature area’, in reality it is not fully committed to biodiversity conservation. “Nature area” is defined or regarded officially as an area recognized as rich in
Figure 8. “Spontaneous” Green Area. Retrieved May 16,2014 from http://www.nss.org.sg/documents/Nature%20Society%C2%B9s%20Feedback %20on%20the%20Updated%20URA%20Master%20Plan.pdf
its biodiversity, but only to be left as it is as long as there is no need for its development (SGP 1993 &2002). With the
The government, in order to expand the City within a Garden
exclusion of public parks and Singapore Green Plan’s “Nature
concept, created a Singapore Green Plan. In Feedback on the
Area” that are not ‘stand- alone’, there is only 4.4% of the total
Updated URA Master Plan (November 2013), Singapore’s
land area for biodiversity conservation. Addressing the issue,
greenery had 29% counted as “Spontaneous” Green Area.
city planning to continues work on marine conservation,
“Spontaneous” Green Area is natural greenery which is wild or
freshwater swamp, primary forest, mangrove, secondary forest,
unmanaged, such as forests, mangroves, marshes, etc., and
park connector/ wildlife corridors.
does not include “managed greenery” such as parks, golf courses, etc. There is also concern about biodiversity. Singapore created Singapore Green Plan which has public parks with total amount of 5% of total land area. Bishan-Ang Mo Kio Park, one successful landscape project in Singapore, is categorized as public park although it also used for biodiversity. Beside public parks, there is also ‘open space’ combined with military areas and nature reserves in Pulau Ubin, but managed as a public 31
Figure 9. Bishan Park, Public park . Retrieved May 16,2014 from http://www.landezine.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/06/bishan-park-by-atelierdreiseitl-landscape-architecture-02.jpg
Aside from horizontal greenery, vertical greenery, such as
between vertical and horizontal greenery and make it as
green roof – roof garden has become famous in Singapore,
effective as it can be to support the ‘pervasive greenery’
especially rooftop urban farming. But The Nature Society
strategy as the basic fundamental of City within a Garden
Conservation Committee noted although they are not against
Concept.
the roof-top greenery project, they think vertical greenery
Based on that, the research questions are:
cannot be used as nature area replacement. They argued that
we can’t put the whole eco-system that exists, such as existing
How to make a green space that will solve the population and climate change issue?
tall trees, in affected areas, since vertical greening has safety
and fire-hazard constraints. Not only arguing about vertical greening, they also argue about the existence of public parks. According the study from NUS, about the comparison of level of wildlife richness between public parks and nature parks or natural areas, the result shows that since the nature parks have more wildlife variation, it cannot be replaced by cultivated greenery. Looking back at what the community wants, needs, and feedback from Nature Society Conservation, it seems that there is the need for balance between vertical and horizontal greenery. It is the need to create green space that will allow biodiversity to grow, yet also be able to face the population issue and other climate change issues: flood, pollution, urban heat island, etc.-It is very important to create a good connection 32
How to connect vertical and horizontal green spaces?
Figure 10. City Terminal, Greater Southern Waterfront . Retrieved May 16,2014 from Google Earth
33
City Terminal, Greater Southern Waterfront The Greater Southern Waterfront is an approximately 1,000 hectares area that goes from Labrador Park to Marina South, which now is being used as City Terminals and Pasir Panjang Terminal. It is an opportunity to create a new waterfront city that is seamlessly integrated with the downtown area, such as Marina Bay, and surrounding housing and businesses near the city. After the announcement about port relocation to another area in 2012, the city has a plan to redevelop the area into continuous waterfront districts. Being a city with total population 5,399,200, Singapore is planning to build up 700,000 new homes by 2030 with almost 200,000 already in progress. The rmaining 500,000 will be in new development areas including the City Terminal area. It will connect the Central Park in Marina Bay to the Nature Reserve in Labrador Park, starting from the plan of Circle Line extension, park connector, and new housing development, which creates an opportunity for a new tourist destination. City Terminal is one of the areas that will be redevelop into Figure 11. Design area . Retrieved May 16,2014 from Google Earth
housing development area. It is located in Greater Southern Waterfront, between Marina Bay and Harbourfront.
34
Right now City Terminal is operated as the City Terminal along with Pasir Panjang Terminal. The total area of City
Bibliography
Terminal is 325 ha. Considered as a brownfield by Nature Agri-Food
Society Conservation, there is a plan to relocate the Terminal
&
Veterinary
Authority
of
Singapore.
http://www.ava.gov.sg/ContactInfo/
to Tuas. The government has several development plans for the
Department of Statistics Singapore (n.d.). Population Trends
area, such as:
2013.
1. Expand the green space along the waterfront
Retrieved
from
http://www.singstat.gov.sg/publications/publications_and_pape
2. Create new reservoir along waterfront
rs/population_and_population_structure/population2013.pdf
3. Create continuous waterfront 4. Create new place to live, work and play
Feedback on the Updated URA Master Plan. (2013, December
5. Expand public spaces
19).
6. Expand Circle Line
http://www.nss.org.sg/documents/Nature%20Society%C2%B9
7. Expand Park Connector
s%20Feedback%20on%20the%20Updated%20URA%20Maste
Retrieved
from
r%20Plan.pdf
The plans make City Terminal a good design area, which will be focused on creating a connection of green spaces from the
Haq, S . M. A.(2011). Urban Green Spaces and an Integrative
ground to rooftop, and calculating the efficiency of how the
Approach
to
Sustainable
green spaces act as climate change adaption.
Environmental
Protection.
10.4236/jep.2011.25069
35
Environment. 2011(2),
Journal 601-608.
of doi
Kolesnikov-Jessop, S. (2011, July 2008). An Urban Jungle for
http://www.nss.org.sg/documents/OSC%20on%20Green%20S
the
paces%20Report%20Final.pdf
21st
Century.
Retrieved
from
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/29/business/global/an-urban-
Palatino, M. (2010). The Great Floods of Singapore. Retrieved
jungle-for-the-21st-century.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0
from http://theenergycollective.com/solanalarsen/41272/great-
Managing Flash Floods in PUB, Singapore’s National Water
floods-singapore
Agency.
Singapore: Comcrop pioneers urban rooftop farming. (2014).
Retrieved
from
http://www.pub.gov.sg/managingflashfloods/Pages/recent.aspx
Retrieved
Ministry of National Development. (n.d). A High Quality
http://www.freshfruitportal.com/2014/03/14/singapore-
Living Environment For All Singaporeans Land Use Plan to
comcrop-pioneers-urban-rooftop-
Support Singapore’s Future Population January 2013.
farming/?country=united%20states
Retrieved from http://www.mnd.gov.sg/landuseplan/e-book/
Urban Land Institute (2013). 10 Principles for Livable High-
National Environment Agency (2010). Singapore’s Second
Density Center. Lessons from Singapore.
National
http://www.clc.gov.sg/documents/books/10PrinciplesforLiveab
Communication.
Retrieved
from
http://app2.nea.gov.sg/docs/default-source/weather-and-
leHighDensityCitiesLessonsfromSingapore.pdf
climate/second-nc.pdf?sfvrsn=2 Olivia. (2014). Urban rooftop farms in Singapore. Retrieved from
http://tendergardener.com/urban-rooftop-farms-in-
singapore/ Our Singapore Conversation on Green Spaces November 30 2013.
(n.d.)
Retrieved
from
36
from
Retrieved from
CHAPTER 2 SMART GROWTH FOR A HIGH DENSITY CITY
Smart growth is development that dedicates its results back to the economy, the community, and
the
environment.
Singapore City planning will start from Concept Plan, the guidance for land use strategy, with a 40-50 year long term strategic
land
transportation
use
and
plan.
The
Concept Plan will be discussed in more detail in the Master Plan for development guidance over 10-15 year time frame. The Concept Plan and Master Plan
have
considerations
3
main
according
to
Figure 12. Singapore Planning scheme. ULI, 2013
37
“How does the green city evolve” essay: connections, open landscape parks, and public space and roofs.
Provide incentives such as density bonuses, increased residential zoning, joint development around transit, and affordable housing tax credits to make people stay
The city planning in Singapore follows the smart growth
in the area and embrace the walking and biking culture.
principles, such as:
Inject
smart
growth
codes
into
conventional
development codes so in the future they can practice
Mixed Land Uses
mixed use concepts in neighborhoods or city wide.
Having a community with mixed land use integration is one of
the smart growth aims to get a better quality of living.
Use innovative zoning tools such as overlay zones, a tool that allows special building design standards and
Residential, commercial, recreational, educational, etc., are put
land use application in some specific area. The planners
in the same “room” and have are easy to approach and have
need to be involved in planned unit development,
free access, especially by pedestrian and bicycle user.
another tool that provides building and use evaluation, Mixed land use involves a diverse sizable population, and
and provides flexibility for zoning requirements.
builds a strong public transit core with a bigger commercial
base. It provides economic benefits, especially for people in the
Zone the areas by type of building instead of by building
area, enhances the vitality of the area by creating livable streets
use,
which
means
that
although
the
neighborhood still needs to keep the standards such as
and public spaces where people have social activities.
façade, and access for pedestrian and bicycle, the
Community life can be revitalized, people having a secure
building will have a flexible use.
feeling when they have mixed land uses concepts, because the
Embrace the flex zoning so it will meet the needs of the
concept will bring more people to the area, to the street.
city. Singapore has “white sites” that allow the
To support mixed land uses, there are few steps that can be
developers to propose the zoning to preserve the long
applied:
term site values. 38

Change the single use shopping malls and commercial
concerned with and follow the maximum height allowed in the
streets to mixed use by giving easy access, good
city. Building maximum height in Singapore is 280m
market, etc.
according to the Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore, and for some specific area like conservation area or near reservoir, the
Compact Building Design, Range of Housing Opportunity and Sense of Place Life in a dense city requires people to live in compact buildings, such as vertical housing rather than landed houses, if they want to save some space for nature area and recreational areas. Compact buildings have to provide a good integration between manmade and nature space. Elements such as parking terraces should be encouraged, and elements such as off street parking need to be reduced in order to preserve green space, open space and blue space, while it will let the undeveloped lands remain the same, undisturbed. Developers can be encouraged to increase floor to floor ratios (FAR) by giving density bonus incentives. Having a compact building concept will create a better integration of public transit and reduce the traffic congestion. The maintenance and support costs are cheaper and more efficient. Although the aim of vertical housing is to giving a home to the community, and still make it blend it with nature, it has to be Figure 13. Singapore city view. ULI, 2013
39
maximum height will be lower than 280m. Public housing in
The options to find vertical housing is important as the needs
Singapore is usually a combination between 9- 13 floors lab
of each person is different, from cost, design, style, etc., at least
blocks and 20-25 floors point blocks.
within the immediate neighborhood. . The other benefit to having a choice of housing, is that the city will have a diverse population set and a balance can be achieved from variety of single family, multi family, suburban area, and in city options. At least 10% of the residential units provided should be affordable to those making less then median income, or are at a price level or type that meets an explicitly stated housing goal of the local government. (Goldberg, p.14)
A sense of place represents community, identity and pride of the neighborhood itself, and that is one of the aims of smart growth. It can be found in distinctive community, green spaces, cultural identity, historical preservation, or mix of a lot of components. Figure 14. Compact Building Design, Range of Housing Opportunity and Sense of Place diagram. ULI, 2013
40
It starts from an accepted
vision of the community, of what makes a
neighborhood and community special and attractive. Some
land use. In order to do this, green space and open space need
communities maintain the existing natural areas to bring people
to be accessible for the public, and also have to be safe.
closer to nature, some of them are working on green space and recreation to gain social gathering, but whatever it is, the parks
Walkable Neighborhoods & Multiple Transportation
and recreational areas are the main things that will enhance and
Options
embrace the community sense of place. For example,
The city without walkable neighborhoods can’t be considered
Singapore is a nation with a diverse culture. Many races live in
as a smart growth city. Communities have to be designed to be
the city, the majority of Chinese, Melayu, Indian, etc.
walkable to reach destinations such as-schools, churches,
backgrounds. Since they live in compact buildings, the idea is
public buildings, park and recreational areas, commercial, and
to unite all of them by “void decks” with no perimeter fencing
work, without any obstacles, by providing a good pedestrian
to encourage neighbor interaction. From the city façade, and
pathway, bicycle path, along with a good development of
skyline, the city looks less overwhelming.
public transportation. These services will be located near the
Singapore has “checkerboard planning”, the concept that
housing, which means walkable neighborhoods are needed to
separate high rise and low rise buildings create a dynamic and
make the community feel safe and accessible. It will be located
roomy feeling. Full range parks and recreation facilities need to
within a maximum 400 meter radius to neighborhood centers
support a range of housing options. New cities that are
including an exclusive commercial area.
designed to be dense cities need to have green and open spaces
The commercial area needs to be accessible for public and
to set a sense of community.
person with disabilities, too. To encourage the walkable
Putting green boundaries or green buffers will help to create a
neighborhoods, a traffic calming concept is required which will
friendly scale neighborhood and gives residents relief from
reduce the chaos of automobiles and maintain existing and
concrete structure. Integrating green space with mixed use
future walkways. It will make pedestrian and bike riders feel
buildings will serves a vital element of community sense and
happy, comfortable, and safe as well. 41
An important aspect of smart growth is to create multiple systems
of
transportation
connectivity, and public service that
is
easy,
effective,
and
equitable. For many communities this would mean transportation planning, with coordination of land purposes and public transit. (Kelsey, p.3-4). Providing a good station,
underground
stations,
(MRT and LRT in Singapore), divide roads into major and minor, provide shaded pedestrian walkways, along with options for transportation such as bus, train, are
some
of
solutions
for
walkable neighborhoods Although automobile movement needs to be slowed down, it doesn’t mean
Figure 15. Connectivity. ULI, 2013
42
it has to limit the existence of automobiles. Walkways, parking
for biodiversity. Pedestrian and cycle paths need to be
lots, greenways and developments needs to be connected and
segregated to save space for greenery.
interact well, one to another.. Nature areas in Singapore, both
Natural areas for biodiversity can be combined with parks,
unmanaged and manage areas, have a good integration by
depending on what animals are on the site, and it’s good for
linking them with park connectors, consisting of bike trails,
education purposes, too. The city needs to make sure that
pedestrian walkways and some resting places to bring more
humans will not bother nature and animal life. Communities
people close to nature.
can meet social and environmental needs of those who live, work and play there by clarifying open space value and
Preserve Open Space and Natural Beauty
function, especially in compact areas.
Open space serves many purposes, such as green space, animal
They must have design guidelines and master plans such as
habitats, plant growth zones, production lands, recreation
Singapore Green Plan and Streetscape Greenery Master Plan
experiences and wet lands. (Kelsey, p.3). Open space should be
by Nparks’, Blue Masterplan by PUB and ABC guidelines,
treated as land that needs to be protected and preserved because
Landscaping for Urban Space. and High Rises (LUSH)
it is the natural beauty that will improve the quality of life for
program by URA and Nparks’ to encourage greenery in
the community.
The role of greenery, both vertical and
development and gross floor area incentives. Landscape
horizontal, in supporting this principle of smart growth is
Replacement Policy for Straegic Areas by URA will make sure
critical.
existing greenery that will be turned into development sites
Singapore has a Pervasive Greenery strategy to support the role
will be replaced both vertically and horizontally. The Urban Redevelopment Authority’s Landscape Replacement Policy for
of greenery in the city. Open space and green spaces need to be accessible by public and reduce the number of private yards. It
Strategic Areas ensures that greenery and landscape areas,
has to be designed for various types of user and purposes such
equivalent to the area of the development site, will be replaced
as civic plazas, gardens, playgrounds, parks, and natural areas
either at the ground level or vertically, etc. 43
Spaces under railway lines, close to canals and underground railway stations, and rooftop are spaces that need to be maintained to be useful for the community to be prevented from being a dead space. By changing the “unused� spaces to recreational and commercial activities, Singapore has found a new meaning of usable place. Land will meet the needs of the residents as well.
Community Involvement & Cost Effectiveness It is important to involve community in every design development process. They can share what the community and neighborhood needs, or maintain it, along with government and developers. Support and cooperation from all parties are needed to make a successful neighborhood or city. These activities can be held in public places such parks and recreational area which makes these places important for the life of a community.
Direction of Development A successful development will engage new area development and function with existing function. It means every new development has to think about the existing, such as how to Figure 16. Pervasive green strategy. ULI, 2013
44
make a good connection, how to preserved and maintain an best use existing or historical elements of the city. Infill, new growth to existing infrastructure, is the aim of smart growth,
Eco-infrastructure
rather than demolition, exploitation of green zones and other
Ken
public areas. The investment that the parks and recreation
Architecture, that there is eco-infrastructure which can be
system makes is to maintain those already existing parks and
divided into 4 types that will bring the eco design to life and
recreation resources at a high level, and to prioritize new
enhance the quality life of community and surrounding area.
Yeang
stated
in
Eco-Masterplanning
efforts into older and well used areas of the community. The tendency is to expand outward, but this principle recommends a focus inward. With the cooperation between community, government and developers, communities will understand this focus and can calculate the cost. They will design the city that is cost effective with most of it coming from having private developers finding ways to integrate these needs and principles, and at the same, generate financial vitality. Government, on the other hand, will take action in regulations that provide flexible application permits based on the city needs and long term achievements.
Figure 17. Design of Eco infrastructure. Wiley, 2009
45
and
Eco-
These are the 4 eco-infrastructures:
To preserve and enhancing nature, a landscape corridor is one
Green ‘infrastructure’
of the solutions.
It is the fundamental of whole eco-infrastructure because green
Beside landscape corridors, eco-bridges, wide landscape
infrastructure allows people to connect with nature, and
bridges above ground level or eco-undercrofts are another
connect the natural area with designed landscape. Green
method. These kinds of infrastructure reconnect greenery in the
infrastructure will distinguish the eco city design from other
area, heal landscapes, fixing their disintegration. These
city designs which only aggregate eco-engineering and
corridors can form a new habitat or connect existing wildlife
hardware. This green infrastructure occupies the site, providing
corridors.
an ecological framework and nexus across its entirety, and
Vertical connectivity is also important since rapid growth cities
retaining links to surrounding green belts and habitats. Within
need more vertical buildings and these connectivities will
this nexus are other green functions such as local agro food
extending the greenery from basement to rooftop. As
production. (Wiley, 2009, p.19)
mentioned before, green infrastructure has to integrate with Migration caused by climate
other eco-infrastructure.
change affects nature’s life
Green infrastructure becomes the dominant green framework in
because it will lead to
defining habitat’s form and hierarchy, creating urban
ecological
organism
development scale and form, to frame the region and the
a
built
engineering of infrastructure-roads, drains, sewerage, etc- and
environment. A designer has
blue infrastructure. Red infrastructure will join the system to
to do site analysis to know
contribute positive feedback for the environment, preserve and
existing green routes, the
maintain surroundings such as community, buildings, etc.
interference
issue Figure 18. Green infrastructure.
being
in
the
site’s
potential for new connections.
Wiley, 2009
46
Blue Infrastructure or Water Management System
Blue infrastructure’s aim is not to change the existing water
It includes water management conservation and stormwater
circulation or topography to be what designer wants, but it is
management. It will preserve local water and rainfall, which
for bring out the best of the site and use the site’s potential. For
have to be considered as a limited source. Water needs to be
example, in a hilly area, the water system runoff needs to be
collected and recycled with catchment elements such as rain
studied and applied to the design because water management in
gardens, and bio-retention swales.
hilly areas and flat areas are different. The stormwater
It can be reused for
community needs.
management methods such as bioswales, retention basins,
Natural cleaning processes and natural drainage is another aim
ponds, filter drains and permeable surfaces, infiltration devices
of blue infrastructure. Blue infrastructure needs to work
need to be incorporated to enhance wildlife, prevent flood, and
together with green infrastructure to achieve their goals. Water
clean contaminated run off or water source. It needs to be
conservation is about the capacity of land to provide water
applied on both new and existing areas to reduce loadings
resources and how it will support a sustainable population.
diffusion.
There are some conditions of water conservation needs to be considered when a designer wants to design a master plan.
Grey Infrastructure
They include such things as design land use and land patterns
It is all about how to manage urban engineering systems that
to provide more water if local water is not enough for
are needed to support the sustainable live. Roads, drains, IT,
community needs, design land patterns to provide and clean the
street
water if there is not enough water and water is not in a good
telecommunication, and other utilities are considered as grey
condition, and that local water needs to be recycled if the land
infrastructure. Each of these systems needs to be redesigned to
has avpoor sediment leve,l and then combine all these
be sustainable, green, carbon neutral, and ecologically
measures to achieve sustainable master planning.
responsive.
47
lighting,
solid
waste
disposal,
sewerage,
The site topography needs to be studied and understood to
ecosystem of nature and increases life sustainability in the
avoid the demand for retaining wall construction and earth
future
beams, protecting water from being contaminated, preventing
Eco-design has the basic principle that the built environment
significant changes to existing topography or site, and
has to imitate nature’s process because they both recycle,
improving access and mobility. In eco masterplanning,
reuse, and recycle their waste. It called ecomimesis, and with
sustainable cities need to encourage a walking and bicycling
this. hopefully built environments can integrate and give
culture and reduce automobile dependency. Providing good
positive feedback to nature.
public transportation systems will help to reduce private
These 4 eco-infrastructures must be integrating one to another
vehicles high energy use. Grey infrastructure should be
to achieve a cleaner water supply, beautify landscape, preserve
integrated and not part of cutting green infrastructure.
water protection and enhance water supplies, provide cleaner air, reduce urban heat island effect, and increase energy
Red Infrastructure
efficiency.
Red infrastructure is the last infrastructure that will complete
Carbon sinks
the whole system to support the continuity of the eco-
Eco-infrastructure can infiltrate carbon dioxide with the result
infrastructure. Built environment, public realm and recreational
that emissions comparable to that produced by 100 family cars
area, pedestrian and bicycle network, social, economic and
can be permeated by 1 hectare of woodland.
politic systems are the focus area in red infrastructure.
Pollution Control
The abiotic / non-living/ inorganic components in an ecosystem
Reduce noise 30%/ 100m and air pollution produced by motor
must integratie with biotic / living / organic to create balance.
vehicles up to 75%. Polluted blue infrastructure can be healed
Such built environment or man-made structure needs to be
with wetland ecosystem as well.
integrated with natural landscape. Integration between these two will create ‘human made-ecosystem’ that represents the
48
Natural Cooling
Bibliography
Vegetation can reduce heat island effect up to 5% and a single
Goldberg, K. (n.d.) Choosing Our Community’s Future A
large tree can supply oxygen for 100 people and can substitute
Citizen’s Guide to Getting the Most Out of New Development.
AC needed for 5 rooms.
Retrieved
Microclimate control
http://www.smartgrowthamerica.org/documents/choosing-our-
It can ontrol wind circulation from streets and into buildings,
communitys-future.pdf
May
28,
2010
from
provide shading for the community in summer time, and cut up Gustafson, K. and Steed, H. (2012). How does the green city
to 25% of heating requirements.
evolve?. A+U. 2012(06). p. 172 Flood prevention
Kelsey, C.W. (n.d.). Smart Growth Planning Principles and
Reduce flood risk especially in low lying areas by maintaining
Parks
stormwater management and recharging soil moisture and
http://www.play-
groundwater.
safe.com/Documents/Magazines/SmartGrowthPlanningPrincipl
Biodiversity improvement
e
Provide a place for natural systems to work naturally without
Urban Land Institute (2013). 10 Principles for Livable High-
disturbance from the outside. It will improve survival, promote
Density Center. Lessons from Singapore. Center for Livable
the joy of habitat, habitat viability, clean and healthy air, soil
Cities
and water.
http://www.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULI-
Habitat restoration
Documents/10PrinciplesSingapore.pdf
Provide sustainable living fabric for the whole habitat,
and
and
Recreation.
Urban
Retrieved
Land
May
Institute.
28,
Retrieved
2014
from
What is Smart Growth. (n.d.) in United States Environmental
including human, animal, and environment.
Protection
49
Agency.
Retrieved
May 28,
2014
from
http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyPDF.cgi/P1009QL7.PDF?Dockey= P1009QL7.PDF Yeang, K. ( 2009). EcoMasterplanning. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd
50
CHAPTER 3 GREEN PERVASIVE STRATEGY Overview Parks and recreation systems play a critical role in each of the ten principles and success of smart growth can be greatly enhanced by the commitment of the parks and recreation system. Although nothing can truly replace ‘true ground’ such as some of big trees and ‘real landscape’ but it is necessary to greening the building. In creating “a city within a garden”, Singapore, being highly dense and land scarce, faced a practical limit on how many parks it could have. Therefore, instead of only making horizontal spaces greener, Singapore adopted a strategy of “pervasive greenery”, meaning the city inserted greenery wherever it could—be it on the pavement, a road divider, a building facade, or a rooftop. The idea was to cloak spaces with green wherever the eye could see. (ULI, p.26) The city has introduced various methods to bring greenery to building for instance, green roofs, rooftop gardens, greening of vertical walls, and landscaped balconies. These system however will be better integrated between built environment and vertical green infrastructure.
51
usually thin layer of often inorganic material and the depth
Green Roof
about 1-6 inch (2.5- 15.2cm). Choice of plant material is not Green roofs are simply roofs bearing vegetation that may take
much, usually limited to its height, hardiness and adaptability
many different forms. (Cantor, 2008, p. 14). It could be on the
to climate and specific requirements in a certain environment
same level, below or above the ground. Although the main
or microclimate.
purpose of green roof is to provide a place filled with plants, utilitarian structure which is only designed with plants, such as parking lots, swimming pools, storage areas will not be considered as green roof. There are 3 types of green roofs: extensive, intensive and semi intensive. But before designing a green roof, there is a most important thing to consider: load capacity of existing building. There are 2 types of loads – dead load and live load. Dead load is the weight of the structure itself and permanent items such as Figure 19. Extensive green roof. Retrived 21 May 2014 from
materials that are unchangeable. Live load is the weight of
http://www.wbdg.org/resources/greenroofs.php
user, movable objects, snow, wind, etc. Semi- Intensive Green Roofs Extensive Green Roofs Semi-intensive green roof is a combination between extensive Usually it’s not accessible for public, since it’s not for social
and intensive green roof. It is less complex than intensive green
purposes. The aim of the extensive green roof is to provide the
roof but it is more expansive than an extensive green roof. The
insulation and environmental green carpet with good growing
depth of the soil is in the mid range as well, about 3-6 inch
habit plants, has a thin rooting system, ability to hold up
(7.6- 15.2 cm). The growing medium is about 25% above the
against dryness, and sun resistance. The medium layer is
one in an extensive green roof. 52
Intensive Green Roof
Plant selection will depend on building microclimate because if
Intensive green roof has a growing medium deeper than 6
it changes it will impact the plant type. Another consideration
inches (15.2 cm). It is usually accessible for the public and
for intensive green roof is wind.
contains taller trees than in extensive green roofs. To support the loads, intensive roofs needs stronger structures. Besides people and trees, other structures can be found in intensive green roofs such as pergola, water features or even sculpture.
Figure 20. Roof garden . Retrieved 15 February 2014 from www.pub.gov.sg/.../managingUrbanRunoff.pdf
Figure 21. Intensive Green Roof. Retrieved 21 May 2014 from www.nophadrain.nl/EN/groendak_downloads.html?download=26
53
Characteristic
Extensive
Semi-Intensive
Intensive
Depth of material
6” (15.2 cm) or less
25% above or below 6” (15.2 cm)
More than 6” (15.2 cm)
Accessibility
Often inaccessible
May be partially inaccessible
Usually accessible
Fully saturated weight
Low 10 -35 lb/ sq ft ( 48.8 - Varies 35-50 lb / sq ft ( 170.9 – High 50-300 lb/ sq ft (244.1 – 1,464.7 kg/m2) 170.9 kg/m2) 244.1 kg/m2)
Plant diversity
Low
Greater
Greatest
Cost
Low
Varies
High
Maintenance
Minimal
Varies
Varies but is generally high
Table 1. Characteristics of green roof. Cantor, 2008
54
Figure 22. Green roof systems. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from http://www.greenrooftechnology.com/intensive-green-roof
Green Roof : Ecoroof, Bioroof, Living Roof, Brown Roof
Therefore, brownfields became a common habitat for birds,
In Green Roofs in Sustainable Landscape Design, Cantor stated
insects and plants.
that in some ways the term green roof is not the exact term because some green roof is not always green all year. Other terms have appeared to give more accurate description are Ecoroof or bioroof : The diverse ecological functions of green roofs occur within at least some applications throughout the region. (Cantor, 2008, p.18) According to city of Portland, ecoroof means a lightweight, low-maintenance vegetated roof system used in place of a conventional roof. (Environmental Service, 2000, para.1)
The “eco” refer to green roof’s
economic benefits such as a longer life span roof, increasing energy savings, and higher value of property. The living roof term came from an organization founded by Dusty Gedge called Living Roofs: It is a roof dedicated for birds and insects Figure 23. Ecoroof system. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from
alternate habitat. Brown roof is another term for living roof that
http://jarrodflores.myefolio.com/Uploads/Ecoroofs.pdf
replicates a brownfields environment which occurs from the destruction of habitat because of the increasing pressure of
Figure 24. Ecoroof in Portland . Retrieved 23 May 2014 from
development for industrial landscape. Laban Centre, London is
http://www.portlandonline.com/shared/cfm/image.cfm?id=53987
one good example of brown roof application. The roof provides
Figure 25. Living Roof, Komodo Dragon House, London. Retrieved 22May 2014
the place to enhance local environment and its protection.
from http://www.livingroofs.org.nz/environmental-benefits/ Figure 26. Brown roof, Laban Center, London. Retrieved 22 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/pview.php?id=549
55
Subject
Ecoroof
Conventional Roof
Volume retention
10-35 % during wet seasomn, 65-100% during dry season
None
Peak flow mitigation
All storms reduced runoff peaks
None
Temperature mitigation
All storms
None
Improved water quality
Retains atmospheric deposition and retards roof material degradation . Reduced volumes reduce pollutant loadings
No
Urban heat island
Prevents temperature increases
None
Air quality
Filters air, stores carbon, increases evaporation
None
Energy conservation
Insulates buildings
None
Vegetation
Allows seasonal evapotranspiration; provides photosynthesis, oxygen, carbon, water balance
None
Green space
Replaces green space lost to building footprint, although not equal to a forest
None
Zoning floor area bonus
3ft2 (0.28 m2) added floor area ratio for each ecoroof ft2 when building cover over 60% (in
None
City drainage fee reduction
Portland) To be determined, may be up to 35% (in Portland)
None
Approved as storm water
For all current city requirements (in Portland)
No
management Habitat
For insects and birds
None
Livability
Buffers noise, eliminates glare, alternative aesthetic, offers passive recreation
None
Costs
Highly variable from $5 - $12 per square foot ( $53.8- $129.12 m2) new construction and $7 $20 ft2 ( $75.32 - $215.20 m2) retrofits
Highly variable from $2-$10 / sq ft ( $21.52$107.6 / m2) new construction and $4-$15 / sq ft ( $43.04 m2- $161.40 / m2) retrofitd
Cost offets
Reduced storm water facilities, energy savings, higher rental value, increased property values, reduced need for insulation materials, reduced waste to landfill, added jobs and industry.
None
Durability
Waterproof membrane protected from solar and temperature exposure lasts more than 36 years; membrane protected from operations and maintenance staff damage
Little protection, exposure to elements, lasts less than 20 years
Storm water
Table 2. Comparison between Ecoroof and Conventional Rood. Cantor, 2008
56
Façade Greening, Living Walls
There are things that need to be of concern such as wind and
Façade greening is a living cladding system for a building. It
sunshine. It can be exposed to high levels or solar radiation if it
needs a structure to support the climbers or trained shrubs to
faces the sun directly, and poor growth if there is not enough
cover the building surface. The presence of the climbers
light.
provides the opportunity to improve the biodiversity of wildlife
Hydroponics & Aquaponics
in urban areas. Invertebrate species is one of the species found
Hydroponics used as the technology in growing living walls.
in façade greening, a good for food source for birds or bats.
The technology
In warm climate zones, façade greening has more potential
uses nutrient
since the need for shade and natural cooling is bigger. However
replacing soil in
the plant options are limited, irrigation is an issue, and there is
order providing
a problem of snakes and spiders having better building access.
the plant’s food
A living wall is vertically growing plants in a structure attached
and water
to the surface of the wall, separated by waterproof membrane.
requirements. It
As mentioned in Planting Green Roofs and Living Walls, there
can be used in
are three types of vertical plantings: living wall where
horizontal
vegetation layers are independent of the main wall structure,
greenery or
retaining walls where plants can root into material behind the
vertical greenery.
wall façade, and retaining walls where the rooting medium for
Mostly it is used
the plants is contained within the wall structure. (Dunnett &
for farming on
Kingsbury, 2008, p.240) Although green wall is not a 100%
rooftops. There
http://continuingeducation.construction.com/art
replacement balance, but they contribute by providing
are two types of
icle.php?L=326&C=1100&P=5
hydroponics
http://www.greenroofs.com/archives/green_wal
insulation, biodiversity and ecological connectivity
Figure 27 & 28. Horizontal hydroponics system. Retrieved 23 May 2014 from
ls.htm
57
irrigation: potable water connection and reservoir. Potable
purification additives
water source connects directly to a city or non-recycled water
Reservoir is the ebb and
direct connection and needs a fertilizer injector. It removes
flow type hydroponic
variables like fluoride and chlorine which used as water
system with mixed fertilizer and water, reused until one or more particlular such as temperature, ph, aeration, disease, are altered forcing the disposal and cleansing of the holding tank. Not very different from hydroponics, aquaponics
Figure 29. Vertical hydroponics system . Figure 30. Living wall. Retrieve 23
Figure 31. Aquaponic system.
is
a
from http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-
combination
of
pqu6D7Qiubk/UPJ4Ol_ZciI/A
hydroponics
and
AAAAAAAAMw/o9jd0i7vay
May 2014 from
aquaculture, a breeding
http://continuingeducation.construct
system of fresh water
ion.com/article.php?L=326&C=110
Retrieved on 22 May 2014
E/s1600/Aquaponics+illustratio n.jpg
fish in a monitored
0&P=5
environment). The waste from the fish in the water becomes the plant’s nutrient source and the plant will act to purify the 58
water. Although this system is more environmental friendly
because it is not rooted to the roof and can be moved around.
than traditional agriculture, but because its closed system, one
Besides the f size, the vegetation can be replaced as well.
slight error can ruin the whole ecosystem.
In Singapore,
aquaponics are still developed for horizontal farming. However, because these are closed ecosystems, any slight mistake
can
throw the whole farm
off-
balance. There’s wall
also planting
which
uses
stones as the medium grow
to the
various types of
Figure 32. Gabions, Bishan Park, Singapore Retrieved 22 May 2014 from http://ilovekrbp.blogspot.com/2012/03/bishan-park-
wall plantings,
amenities-and-facilities.html
drystone walls, mortared walls, stacked construction and modular walls, and Figure 33 & 34. Living fence. Dunnett & Kingsbury, 2008
gabions. Living fences is another type of vertical planting. The whole structure, internal growing medium and vegetation are kept in a supporting framework. The maintenance is easier
59
Green roof can be found in a few locations, such as:
garden on top of three facilities. It is three gardens in one, each
1. Underground buildings
reflecting the cultural influences celebrated in the adjacent architecture and the museums below, Smithsonian’s artifacts collection – both plants and horticultural. (Matt, 2010,) para.2) Since it’s located on the rooftop, placement of plant material become a technical challenge, because the plants are varied, ranging from small shrubs to large trees. In result, the garden is supported by 5- 6 feet (1.5 – 1.8m) of planting soil located over structural columns for large shade trees. Besides planting, there
Figure 35. Roof garden, Smithsonian Institute. Retrieved 22 May 2014
are also wetlands with a pond, a cropland area, a meadow, and
http://gardens.si.edu/our-gardens/haupt-garden.html
an upland hardwood forest area, resulting in 33,000 plants from about 150 species. Beside embracing and preserving the older
The earth – sheltered buildings are frequently built into the
buildings historical setting, the garden provides display space
sides of slopes. Using the cut-fill technique is the construction
(para.5) Although the garden has approximately 6 feet planting
used for this green roof. Regardless, its function is to cover the
soil, Barbara Faust from Smithsonian Institute stated that
utilitarian structure from human oversight. It is also applied to
they’re still load limits for specific heavy specimens. This has
libraries, schools, prisons, convention centers, and even
become another challenge for the garden. To avoid leaks, the
monasteries. For historical or environmentally sensitive sites,
roof has continuous waterproof membrane with drains at the
this rooftop is a good choice because the green roof will
edges and there’s also surface drainage comprised of catch
camouflage the building, blending with the site.
Example:
basins piped to a storm drain system. Because of the existence
Enid A. Haupt Garden, Smithsonian Institution The garden has
of a water feature, every time there’s a leak, then, the garden
a total area 4.2 acre (1.7 ha), completed in 1987. It is a roof
will be the first casualty.
60
2. Commercial Buildings In roof gardens history, design and construction, green roof can also be applied in office and hotel areas. The function of the green roof can be private or public. It can be a space for the executive’s private use, or for social activities – for employee and visitors- such as eating space, relaxing and socializing. What needs to be considered is separating the recreational activities with business activities, to avoid conflict, especially when the public has free access to the garden since the green roof shares structural space with the workplace. Green roof can be located a few stories above the ground or on the same level
Figure 36. Roof garden, Rockefeller Center.
or just above ground level. Green roof at office buildings
Retrieved 22 May 2014 http://www.greenroofs.com/projects/rockefe
usually acts as camouflage for the utilities that can be seen
ller_center/rockefeller_center1.jpg
from workplace. It also gives a pleasant view for the surrounding buildings.
61
3. Residences The
green
residences rooftop
and trees and allows the vegetables receive more sunshine. Not roof
varies vertical
only for vegetables but for gardener as well because, with an
in
easy access, it will be nice for social contact with the same
from
interest.
urban
farming, to small scale garden. Although it is on a small scale, it still has the same requirement as green roof, such as plants are container-grown, furnishings are essential,
Figure 37. SkyGreen, the first
loads are a concern, access
vertical urban farming in Singapore,
must
Retrieved 20 May 2014
be
convenient,
http://i.unu.edu/media/ourworld.unu
orientation
affects
both
.edu-
user comfort and plant
en/article/5340/VerticleFarmPlot.jp
survival, and maintenance
g
must be meticulous. (Osmundson, p.19) The advantages of a small green roof: are that waterproofing is not part of the structure, it has simpler irrigation and fertilization, structure is not in contact with soil, and plants are easier to replace and less extensive. The vertical urban farming, however, has more advantages because it grows above the surrounding buildings 62
4. Bridges
URA Guidelines for Vertical Greenery
It has the same construction since Since rapid growth of the population, high rise has become one
it has plants atop of it. The green
of solutions in Singapore. To connect the city, building and
bridges can be used as connection
nature, URA sets guidelines for vertical greenery by giving
from one point to another with
building incentives. Building development with sky terrace
nobody noticeing that they are
floors (sky terrace area within 450 line occupy at least 60% of
actually walking on the bridge.
floor plate) will result in allowance of additional building height. The additional allowable height over and above the overall aggregate height for the development is tabulated below: Figure 38. Olympic sculpture park, Seattle, Retrieved 21 May 2014
Proposed Storey Height of Development
from
Overall
http://www.downtownseattle.com/bl
5. Connected Podiums
Additional Height Allowable Over The Aggregate
For
Developments With Sky Terrace Levels
og/wp7-20
10.0m
roof to another green roof by a
21-30
15.0m
bridge, which can be green too. Connected podiums can be
31-40
20.0m
41-50
25.0m
>50
30.0m
The idea is to connect one green
Height
content/uploads/2013/08/olympicsculpture-park-01_benjamin-
located on the accessible floor, especially for public. They can use it for sitting, social activities, partying or relaxing.
Table 3. floor incentives. Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsiderationsdchbnr.pdf
63
Sky terraces play a key
role
in
contributing towards vision
to to
the make
Singapore a City in Garden.
The
objectives are: to serve as quality communal spaces and to contribute towards the overall greenery
and
environmental
Figure 40 & 41. Green space floor plan prototype Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/mic roconsiderations-dchbnr.pdf
quality of the surrounding area. (URA, p.6) Sky terraces have minimum perimeter requirement that at least 40% of it remain open and at least 60% remain unclosed if the applicant proposed area is Figure 39. Floor Incentive Retrieved 15 May 2014 from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsiderations-dchbnr.pdf
outside 450 line or barrier free and fire escape corridors. 5m is the minimum requirement for sky terrace depth.
64
National Parks Board Guidelines for Open Space
NUS research team in Singapore, roof gardens have been
National Parks Board (N’Parks) sets a Skyrise Greenery
proven to decrease the surface temperature as much as 300 C and air temperature as much as 40C. The air quality can be
Incentive Scheme that aims to encourage the installation of skyrise greenery on existing buildings across Singapore, create
increased again as much as 2 % because roof gardens reduce
a distinctive image of the city in the tropical climate through
the use of air conditioners. Roof gardens improve water quality
extensive greenery adoring building facades and skyrise levels;
and stormwater management as well, depending on thickness
and bring about environmental benefits such as mitigating the
of the roof garden.
urban island heat effect and improving the air quality through the plants’ transpiration and filtration of dust particles. ( Skyrise greenery, para.3) The guidelines will be available for residential and non- residential development.
Roof Garden Benefit in Singapore In
Environmental
Benefits
of
Green
Roofs, Wong stated that in tests conducted Figure 43. Comparison of measured surface temperature of hard surfaces,
by N’Park, BCA and Figure 42. comparison peak runoff rate.
soil surface without vegetation cover, and soil surface covered with
Retrieved 17 May 2014 from
different kinds of plants. Retrieved 17 May 2014 from
http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/pss23slides.pdf
http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/pss23slides.pdf
65
The last but not least, Singapore has higher energy savings, proven by DOE-2 energy simulation with 5-storey commercial building with roof garden:
About 15% of net annual energy savings can be achieved with roof garden.
Up to 80% reduction in the peak cooling load can be achieved, resulting in the possible downsizing of airconditioning systems and thereby savings in capital investment.
A reduction of peak Roof Thermal Transfer Value (RTTV) of up to 80% making roof gardens as a viable substitute for roof thermal insulation. ( Wong, p.6)
66
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Part
Green roof could earn points in LEED category except for
Energy
3.
: Energy performance
Reduction of ozone-
LEED Part
Category 1
Credits earned by
: Reduced
disturbance, protect or roof surface
Sites
restore open space
Part
4
urban
cooling effect, reduce of refrigerants use
Materials and of recyclables
costs
Resources
reduces,
materials, transportation need
manufacturing material
heat
islands
Part 5: Indoor None
Part 2 : Water Stormwater
2 credits : potable water
Efficiency
eliminated as green roof
management
water Water
evaporative
: Storage and collection Recycled
Landscape design that reduces
photovoltaic
depleting substances
site Minimum covers 50%
Sustainable
of
cells, Renewable energy
Efficiency
indoor environmental quality.
Use
efficient
source
Environment Quality
for
Part
irrigation
6
: Innovation in design
Innovation in design
Innovation in
landscaping
Design Water use reduction Tabel 4. LEED credits for green roof. Cantor, 2008
Innovative wastewater techniques
67
of new
http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbnr/microconsideratio
Bibliography Earth Pledge Foundation. (2004). Green Roofs: Ecological
ns-dchbnr.pdf
Design And Construction. Atglen, PA : Schiffer Publishing
Werthmann, C.( 2007). Green Roof A Case Study. New York :
Ltd.
Princeton Architectural Press
Haq, S.M.A. (2011).
Urban Green Spaces and an
Wong, M. (n.d.) Environemntal Benefits of Green Roofs.
Integrative
to
Retrieved
Approach
Sustainable
Environment.
Journal of Environmental Protection, 2011(2), 601-608.
Osmundson, T. (1999). Roof Gardens History, Design and Construction. New York : W. W. Norton & Company Redevelopment Authority. (n.d.). 2 General Considerations. Retrieved from http://www.ura.gov.sg/circulars/text/dchbr/generalconsideratio n-dchbr.pdf Urban Land Institute (2013). 10 Principles for Livable HighDensity Center. Lessons from Singapore. Center for Livable and
Urban
Land
Institute.
Retrieved
20,
2014
http://www.nea.gov.sg/cms/sei/pss23slides.pdf
doi:10.4236/jep.2011.25069
Cities
May
from
http://www.uli.org/wp-content/uploads/ULIDocuments/10PrinciplesSingapore.pdf Urban Redevelopment Authority. (n.d.). Micro Considerations. Retrieved from 68
from
Source, is the area where the urban runoff is generated. It can be located on the ground level or above level such as a green
CHAPTER 4
roof, wetland pond, detention tanks, etc. The source solution is STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
to slow down the runoff and capture it before it gets to a pathway. As per 1 January 2014, PUB introduced a new
Stormwater management
requirement to reduce peak run-off by 25 – 35 % by
Having a rapid growth of population, Singapore has faced rapid
implementing on-site detention and retention measures. The
urbanization for the last few decades. It resulted in limited
measures can be located above, same and below ground level.
land, for green spaces and blue space, especially space for
It can be located under amenity spaces such as car parks too.
urban runoff. Therefore, the city is implementing higher drainage systems to give a holistic environment for the community. The PUB as the water management board, is implementing 3 solutions: source, pathway and receptor solutions.
Figure 45. Pathway solutions. PUB, 2013
Figure 44. Source solutions. PUB, 2013
69
Pathway is the circulation of urban stormwater from source to a
Receptor is the city area which may be affected by urban flash
series of drains and rivers and will end up in a reservoir.
floods. Flash floods happen because the drains are not able to
Widening or deepening existing canals is included in a
handle over-limit peak runoff, characteristic of localized
pathway solution, and when waterways have limited space for
topographical and drainage systems clogged because of leaves,
rainwater runoff because it is located near roads, private
litter and other things that drifted during storms. Receptor
property or green edge, it will not cause any disturbance to the
solutions protect areas from being flooded with 2 types :
public. The standard for an upgraded drainage system has to be
structural and non-structural
around 15- 50 % In some casees, urban components can act
Structure categories include raising road levels, changing levels
both as pathway and source, like Kallang River, a recreational
of access area, entrance location alignment, and use of
space and floodplain during the rainy season which has 40%
additional area and flood barriers.
upgraded drainage capacity.
needed, especially when the area has direct or indirect links to
Raising road levels is
underground facilities such as MRT stations, to make sure that the area will be safe from flood. In entrance locations alignment, where the building shares access with other buildings, the walkway design can be in different levels and connected by stairs or ramps to ground floors or existing pedestrian sidewalks. Use of additional areas can be used as intermediate transition zones to ground levels, such entrance driveways, bin centers, turfed compound areas, car porches for single unit developments, and other areas as may be approved by PUB (PUB, 2013, p.39). Flood barrier is the mechanical Figure 46. Combination of pathway & source solutions. PUB, 2013
structure used to prevent the building from flood.
Figure 47. Receptor solutions. PUB, 2013
70
Figure 48. Diagram of Source, Pathway and Receptor solutions. PUB, 2013
71
Active Beautiful Clean Program
community for social activities, and get people closer to the
Having the City within the Garden concept, PUB launched the
water and the nature.
program called Active, Beautiful, Clean Waters (ABC Waters)
Active Beautiful Clean Design Features
Programme in 2006. The program is an initiative to transform
ABC Program has a 2 stage approach : ABC Waters Master
Singapore’s reservoirs and waterways into beautiful and clean
Plan and ABC Waters Design Guidelines. ( PUB p.5). ABC
streams, rivers, and lakes. By integrating the streams, rivers
Water Design Features is a part of Design Guidelines which
and lakes with the parks and gardens in a holistic way, new
will explain about how to manage the stormwater with natural
postcard-pretty community spaces can be created. These spaces
elements. Each has a different approach, benefit and function.
will be bustling with life and activity, and transform the
There are 3 parts in ABC Design Features : Catchment,
country into a vibrant City of Gardens and Water. (PUB, p.4)
Treatment, Collection and Storage Elements.
Aim of ABC program is to connect, integrate green features (park, green roof), blue features (waterways and reservoirs) and orange features (recreational infrastructure and facilities). These features naturally return urban rainfall to the source (ground, parks, canals, green roof, etc) through the pathway before it get to reservoir. At the same time, it will give the chance for natural habitat Figure 49. Diagram biodiversity, of ABC Program. PUB, expanding creating
to
Figure 50. Diagram of Stormwater passage . PUB, 2013
survive,
naturalized space for the
2013
72
Catchment Elements
includes infrastructure and pathways (roads, pedestrian and
When rainwater gets into the surfaces, it gets contaminated.
bicycle paths), structures (open space, buildings, shelters),
However, the surfaces are the area to catch rainwater. It
green aspect (parks and other softscape), and blue aspects (waterways and waterbodies). Stormwater will be managed 5 ways, such as: purification, detention, retention, conveyance, and infiltration. .Before designing catchment elements there are a few constraints and potentials on site that need to be understood, such as topography (natural slopes or depression) and geology. Site coverage, plot ratio, height restrictions and land use needs to be understood, too, in order to create the right element. For example, parks that impede flexible open space activities are not a good location for rain. Constraints and potential will result in a different design and different achievement. A small building with its structure spread in one site will create a few little open spaces whether they are connected one to another or not. High density buildings will give a bigger chance to have a big open space. High rise buildings have a bigger chance to explore greenery from the ground to roof top called sky- rise greenery. It includes green walls, planter boxes around the buildings, and at the same time
Figure 51. Diagram of Catchment Elements. PUB, 2013
it still has a big amount of green space on the ground level. A
Figure 52. Diagram of building and green space coverage . PUB, 2013
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different result occurs with low rise buildings with larger site coverage.They could have a large green roof Urban Scapes Singapore is the city filled with commercial and retail spaces as one of city attractions. These places offer spaces such as public plazas for people gathering, walking through, or enjoying the city. Existing typical plaza design has a separation of greenscape and drainage system. It means public plaza like water playgrounds or fountains offer aesthetic aspects but don’t involve stormwater management. Even though there are plants in these designs, none of it used to manage the rainwater. An integrated ABC plaza offer integrated green blue and orange aspects. It gives a cleansing function where the plants will uptake nutrients and pollutants and the water quality will be improved, needs little maintenance, and act as a self-sustaining natural system aesthetics feature for the community.
Figure 53. Diagram of existing plaza. PUB, 2013 Figure 54. Diagram of proposed plaza. PUB, 2013
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Architectural Structures As the City in a Garden concept city, Singapore implements the catchment elements on the building as well. Rooftop, sky garden, balcony, planter box are the building elements where the greenery will be implemented besides ground level. These elements however, can be applied separately or combined with one another. Rooftop is divided into 2 types: intensive green roof and extensive green roof. Intensive green roofs have potentials for greenery, water features and building integration, allow each feature to give and take benefit from each other. What’s make intensive green roof more exciting than extensive is that it can be a recreational space where people can connect to nature. Since they are able to support heavier and larger structures, they can support ponds, large trees, etc. Rainwater that falls into the ground will be collected and cleaned on the roof using rain gardens, and the water can be used for watering the plants, pavements or flowed to reservoirs. Figure 55. Green roof. Figure 12. Intensive green roof stormwater runoff diagram. PUB,.2013. Figure 56. Khoo Teck Puat and its roof garden. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/wpcontent/uploads/2014/02/KTPH2.jpg
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Figure 57. HDB PEG type green roof.
Since it cannot be accessed by public, extensive green roofs have low-maintenance vegetated roof systems that collect the water by plants and restore it to reservoir or transpire it into the air. In Singapore, a green roof called Prefabricated Green Roof (PEG) Tray system has been applied since 2006. It needs little Figure 58 & 59. Extensive green roof stormwater management diagram PUB, 2013
maintenance and has a light structure
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Figure 60. Green balconies, Marina Bay Sands. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://travel-tips.s3-website-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/singapore-marina-bay-sandshotel-oceanview-rooms.jpg Figure 61. Khoo Teck Puat planter boxes. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/KTPH1.jpg Figure 62. Balconies/ planter boxes stormwater management diagram. PUB, 2013
Balconies and planter boxes have the same system with stormwater management as on green roof but in a smaller size. To get the same purification standards with the other elements, biotopes and bioretention planter box in multi-level and sequential systems is one solution. These systems have been spreading in Singapore lately, both in individual family homes and apartments, or other collective residential bodies
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Singapore roads are usually sloped to the curb or central
Treatment Elements
dividers that lead stromwater to drains and at last to reservoirs.
Treatment elements are used for slowing down stormwater
Existing roads are divided into pedestrian path, carriageways
runoff from the time it falls to the ground. It is sustainable,
and green strip along the road. The roads may remain the same
environmentally friendly and cost effective for management of
while creating an exciting experience for a pedestrian, the
stormwater. It has 3 function which are conveyance (vegetated
pathway can be designed informally, meander or zig zag.
swale, bioretention swale), detention (rain garden) and
Regardless of its shape, material and situation, a pedestrian
retention (sedimentation basin, constructed wetland, cleansing
path needs to come first. That way, the circulation will provide
biotope) Each elements has different cleaning capabilities,
both safety, ecological and aesthetic integration.
while for some cases, it’s possible to combine different elements to clean the water.
Figure 63. Typical road in Singapore. PUB, 2013 Figure 64. Proposed road design. PUB, 2013
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Conveyance Elements Conveyance elements are needed for flood control because the transported stormwater runoff from the ground to reservoir will be measured with this system.
Conveyance elements are
divided into vegetated swales and bioretention swales.
Vegetated swales Soil particles area removed and stormwater is lead through mild slopes with vegetated swales. They can be used separately or combined with biorention systems. This system is usually found on residential, commercial, industrial, and educational site. The benefits of vegetated swales are: 1. reduce flow velocities and the downstream waterways are protected from erosion caused by series of storms 2. capture coarse particle to give effective pretreatment for downstream ABC Waters design features. 3. Give and upgrade the aesthetic point of surrounding Figure 65. Vegetated swale. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from
landscape
http://www.emmetcarter.com/blogs/killing-mcmansion
4. Reduce total volume of stormwater runoff with
Figure 66. Vegetated swale in Seattle retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://www.biocycle.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/39a.jpg
infiltration 79
Bioretention swales Vegetated swales with bioretention systems located on the base are called bioretention swales. It gives good filtration, extended detention and some biological uptake. Plants are the main elements in this system. The more thick and healthy the plants are, the better the performance. The filtered stormwater will be collected by pipes within the base and will run to waterways. Bioretention swales can be broadly applied in roads, car parks, residential areas, etc. On roads, the system can be applied around the green verges along the road. It has benefits such as reduced flow velocity, embracing and expanding wildlife and biodiversity, enhancing landscape.
Filter media Transition layer (coarse sand)
Figure 67. Construction of bioretention swales. Retrieved 27 May 2014 from http://www.ewater.com.au/uploads/images/aecomm3.jpg Figure 68. Bioretention swales. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://www.greatnewplaces.com/images/Architecture/img3143_26102011092923.jpeg Figure 69. Bioretention swales system diagram. Retrieved 26 May 2014 from http://api.ning.com/files/46rp3lFVpjXyifFeQLPP6WJxclYzhPplBUAmZrEnV26TZeFHZ2eqVgpYgvL*BlLCCNlFEWbw7E7Atd2OE7dNyS5tFRc*7GF/CrossSectionofBioretention.jpg
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Detention Elements The regulation of rainfall runoff is necessary for easing the stress on the downstream stormwater management system. The runoff can be slowed down through a variety of methods, such as draining it through vegetation, increasing the roughness of an area or decreasing the gradient of the runoff surface and storingit temporarily in an on-site facility. (P.18) Rain Garden Rain garden or bioretention basin is the only one in this category. It works similar to bioretention swales. Since it is designed for detaining and treating stormwater runoff, it does not convey flood flows. Rain gardens can be applied from
Figure 70. Rain garden system section. Retrieved 25 May 2014 from
small to big scale projects, starting from planter boxes to one of park scale attraction.
http://www.goldcoast. qld.gov.au/image_con tent/environment/bior etention_basin_cross_ section_large.gif Figure 71. Stormwater flow. Figure 72. Rain condition. Figure 73. After rain. PUB, 2014
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Retention Elements
medium-sized sediments.
Sedimentation
basins
can be
After catching the water, it will be kept until further used or
temporary or permanent features, depending on its concept.
until it is to send to a reservoir. There are 3 types of retention
They can be only to control sediment discharge during
elements: sedimentation Basins, constructed wetland, cleansing
construction. Control flows when enter downstream treatment
biotope.
system is the other function of this system. Benefits that distinguish sedimentation basins from another elements. are
Sedimentation Basins
easy sediment removal, durablility, and easy maintenance
Since its a type of retention element, a sedimentation basin acts to keep the water temporarily, and reduce flow velocity of stormwater. The capture capacity is around 70-90 % of coarse
to
Figure 74. Sedimentation basins section. PUB, 2013 Figure 75. Sedimentation basin. PUB,2013
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Constructed Wetlands There are 2 major type of constructed wetlands, subsurface flow wetlands and surface flow wetlands. Surface flow wetland is wetland consisting of a shallow basin, soil or other medium to support the roots of vegetation, and a water control structure that maintains a shallow depth of water ( Davis, p.13). The water level is above the substrate. It looks more like natural marshes and is good for wildlife habitat and gives an aesthetic feature. Also known as free water surface wetlands, it has advantages
for
low
costs
and
the
maintenance
is
straightforward, while the disadvantage is they need bigger space than other systems. Subsurface flow wetland consists of a sealed basin with rock porous substrate. The water level is below the substrate. Better cold tolerance, reduce problems of pest and odor are the advantages of this system, while expensive maintenance is the disadvantage.
Figure 76. Construction wetlands section. PUB, 2013 Figure 77. Alexandra canals, Singapore. PUB,2013
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Cleansing Biotpes Having nutrient-poor substrates that are planted with wetland plants, cleansing biotopes are artificially constructed wetlands. Because of their cleansing capacity, they reduce the organic pollutants with help of oxygen fed micro organisms. Cleansing biotopes can be implemented in various type of designs, from lake revitalization, roof top, outdoor areas and even can be divided into small areas like planters and small sky gardens. Since it can be divided into smaller size, it is completely flexible in form.
Figure 78. Cleansing biotopes diagram. Figure 79. Layers of cleasning biotopes. Retrieved 27 May 2014 from http://www.abcwaterslearningtrails.sg/web/files/ABC_Passport.pdf
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Collection and Storage Elements
Figure 80. Bishan Park canal before.
Figure 81. After redesign. Figure 82. Bishan Park with bioengineering technique. Retrieved 20 March 2014 from
http://blogs.gsd.harvard.edu/loeb-fellows/files/2012/11/AD-Ref_Singapore_Bishan-Park.pdf
Canals in Singapore mostly have U-Shaped or trapezoidal concrete canals. The aim of this element is to upgrade the capacity of water catchments, either adjusting the feature to its shape or reshaping it to be a better one. To support the system, there is one technique that utilizes the inherent qualities and capabilities of organic features such as plants, roots, etc., called bioengineering. It is used for structural integrity while it can be placed either in natural environment or as retaining walls to support roads and buildings. It needs to consider slope gradient, soil type, and water velocity along waterways to design the technique. It has both technical and ecological benefits such as noise barrier, and increasing soil integrity through root networks. Other benefits are similar to other features.
Figure 83. Existing U-shaped canal.
Figure 84. Naturalized U-shaped canals in Bishan park. PUB, 2013
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Public Utility Board (2013, June). Managing Urban Runoff
Bibliography
Drainage Handbook. Retrieved from
Public Utility Board (2014). Managing Stormwater for Our Future. Retrieved http://www.pub.gov.sg/managingflashfloods/Documents/Mana gingStormwater.pdf http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/ABCWatersProfessional/Do cuments/managingUrbanRunoff.pdf Development Authority Board, Land Transport Agency et al. (2013, June). Active Beautiful Clean Design Guidelines. Retrieved from http://www.pub.gov.sg/abcwaters/abcwatersdesignguidelines/D ocuments/ABCWatersDesignGuidelines_2011.pdf
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CHAPTER 5 STUDY CASES Study Cases: Precedent There are 3 study cases based on literature analysis, climate classification and location which are SOMA- India, Marina South- Singapore, and SolarisSingapore. Two of them will have large scale project (masterplanning) to explain connections of 4 eco-infrastructures, and the last one will be a building project that
will
explain
pervasive
green
Figure 84. Tropical Rainforest Climate Zone. Hart, 2011)
strategy from ground floor to rooftop.
1. SOMA, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore, India As the realization of four eco-infrastructures (green, blue, red and grey), Ken Yeang adopted it in a mixed-use land development in Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore, India. This masterplan for a middleclass suburb outside Bangalore, commissioned by a private development company based in Ahmenabad, represents a pivotal advancement of Yeang’s theories-into-a practise process(Hart, 2011, p.72). Vaastu Figure 85. SOMA Eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from
http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205
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Shasta
the
Indian
“geomancy� system which directs direction, space and movement
through
the
nature of air, earth, fire and water
(fengshui
in
the
ancient china system) is the other concept of this site. It is used to create a balance between organic and inorganic, The development started in 2008 and still until underway. The climate in this area is tropical rainforest which is similar to Singapore. This project consists of residential, commercial, office and recreational land uses. Beside the buildings, the concept of the design is to preserve the forest. The ecoinfrastructure starts from the forest reserve located at the western edge border line between site and surroundings. It takes the existence of the green hinterland on the site as the starting point. Yeang designed stretched fingers or ecological corridors into full-blown landscaped, urbanism-masterplanning as a visualization of the green eco- infrastructure.
Figure 86. SOMA Bird eye view perspective.. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205 Figure 87 Masterplan, Hart, 2011
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Green strategies is the main concept on this approximately 87 acres site which is a forest reserve. Why? According to Yeang, green, after all, is the site’s best catalyst, and the site’s most appropriate jumping off point. The long green corridor along the forest edge in master plan represent green eco-infrastructure.
Figure 88. Green connectivity conceptual. Hart, 2011
Figure 89. Green eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205
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The green strategies are concerned about “nature’s utilities” such as food chains and photosynthesis. In other words, green ecoinfrastructure becomes the other infrastructure system’s framework. The site has 18% devoted to green open spaces. It is supported by eco-bridges and eco-tunnels, enhancing the site’s biodiversity and local flora -fauna’s interaction and movement. This way nature will be connected with manmade and man himself
Figure 90. Green connectivity conceptual.
Figure 91. Design detail 1. Retrieved May 25, 2014 from http://archnet.org/sites/6899/media_contents/77205
63
64 Figure 92. Green pervasive concept. Hart, 2011
65 Figure 93. Green pervasive concept. Hart, 2011
Blue infrastructure consists of number of retention ponds and bioswales distributed around the site to recharge the site’s aquifer. It returns the stormwater back to local aquifer. Roads and transportation systems are considered as grey infrastructure with the aim of reducing the use of private vehicles, utilities and systems. Red infrastructure acts as the organization between spaces, hardscapes, structure and the community itself.
Figure 94. Construction wetland for water purification. Hart, 2011 Figure 95. Bioswales. Yeang, 2009 Figure 96. Water reticulation system. Hart, 2011
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Figure 97. Mixed use concept diagram. Yeang, 2009
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Soma has a variety of building and function starts from housing (villa, apartment, retirement home), commercial, mixed development, and private hospital, daycare center, schools, sport center, and health clinic. 50 % of the building program is housing, an answer to the housing demand of the middle class in Bangalore as the city has rapid growth.
Figure 98. Zoning.
Figure 99. Grey eco-infrastructure: road & traffic hierarchy. Hart, 2011
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Figure 100. Connectivity concept. Hart, 2011
Figure 101. Section. Hart, 2011
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Figure 102. Marina South. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
2. Marina South, Central Area, Singapore Marina South is located in the Central Area, next to Garden by the Bay and Singapore Straits will be developed into a sustainable urban district. The green district will consists of livable streets with cafes, shops on the corner, beauty salons and barber, and grocery stores. There will be residential areas planned as street neighborhoods, where the community will be able to get a chance to have a social gathering in the area as well. The concept is to make a walkable urban village where the pedestrian and bicyclists can reach a destination safely with shaded walks and cycling path around the area.
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Mixed-use Land and Livable Streets Marina South has mixed use starts from ground floor to upper floor. The stores will be located on ground floors and private function such as residential will be at upper floors. This concept will allow the community to get what they need in short time and reduce automobile use. Street corners with convenience stores, on the other hand, will be livable with community gathering around it. It will be a residential district with a difference. More Housing Options and Compact Buildings The green district will provide 9000 new homes in high density buildings to make people live, work, play in the area. The community will have free access to shared spaces from playgrounds, bakeries to childcare. The development will be fenceless with open spaces and green spaces around the buildings and activities to create warm and livable neighborhoods.
Figure 103. Marina South in Central region . Retrieved May 27, 2014 from
http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
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Walking
and
Bicycle
Around
Neighborhood Pedestrians will be a main concern in Marina South. Sheltered connections are available to reach a destination safe and comfortably whether it’s
Figure 104. Comparison between Conventional and Street Neighborhoods development.
located on ground level, above ground or even underground. All open space
Figure 105. Open space concept.
and green space and ground floors activities, including mixed use, will be
Figure 106. Sheltered connectivity concept. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.co m/marina-south/
connected one to another with street neighborhoods which will act as open space as well. It will be supported with cycling paths around Marina South as well.
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Figure 107. Green pervasive strategy. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
Multilevel connectivity and Pervasive Green Figure 103. Open space concept. Figure concept. May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marinaPedestrian connections will104. beSheltered located connectivity on above levels asRetrieved well. The multi-level pathway will allow pedestrian to move around Marina south/
South. There will be connections to the waterfront and Bay South Garden as well. .It is 800m long and 30m wide with a mall located underground, supported by of Thomson Line MRT stations. The mall will be a central community corridor with overwhelming activities from above to underground. Greenery will not stop only at ground level. but will be elevated above the ground, along the multi-level pathway, rooftop, balconies, etc. Greenery in Marina South will connect Bay South Garden to the waterfront. 73
Figure 108.Marina South Eco-infrastructure. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
74 Figure 103. Open space concept. Figure 104. Sheltered connectivity concept. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
Figure 109. Bicycle, Basement, Public transportation connectivity. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from
http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
Connectivity Figure 103. Open space concept. A 5 minute walk to get to a public transport node will be available from any point in Marina South. Marina South will be served by Figure 104. Sheltered connectivity concept. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from
two MRT stations located with an underground mall running around the district. Rapid Transit System (RTS) will enhance the life of http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/ the district with cycling and walking activities around the area.
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Green Lifestyle Marina South will be 30% more energy efficient than usual because the highest standards from Greenmark are applied to it. Buildings act as red infrastructure and have good connection with other infrastructures such as green blue and grey. Rainwater collection, grey-water recycling, extensive greenery, high energy efficiency will be sustainable features which are incorporated with the buildings. Wind movement is another feature in Marina South. Street and building design considered wind movement. Roads and pedestrian pathway will be aligned to control wind directions to get better wind circulation. Building height will be various in order to create air movement at the pedestrian level. This is aimed to make a comfortable living environment. On the frontage to Bay South Garden and roads, building height will be lower than other area to enhance human scale intimacy.
Figure 110. Section. Figure 111 Open space concept.
Retrieved May 27, 2014 from
http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/
Figure 103. Open space concept. Figure 104. Sheltered connectivity concept. Retrieved May 27, 2014
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3. Solaris, 1 North, Singapore Pervasive greenery in Singapore is a must. Many buildings started to apply the concept to bring the city to be City in A Garden. One of them is Solaris. Solaris is a research and development
building
in
Fusionopolis, 1 North, Singapore,for interactive media, physical sciences, engineering and technology It is a 15 floor building with a Gross Floor Area of 52,282m2 built in 2010 in a site area of 7,734m2. Solaris has been certified with BCA Green Mark Platinum which is the highest level in green certification around Asia (a similar system to LEED and other green building certifications). It has energy consumption reduction above 36% compared to other local precedents. The building represents the work of using overall Passive Design with some technology innovation. Figure 112. Building shape concept. Hart, 2011
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Figure 113. Solaris. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
Figure 115. Green ramp concept. Hart, 2011
Figure 114. Master plan. Retrieved May 30, 2014 from http://www.designbuild-network.com/projects/solarisfusionopolis/
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Figure 116. Green carpet. Hart, 2011
With interactive open spaces, skylights, and courtyards for natural light and ventilation, and a big amount of green space from ground level to rooftop, Solaris is the vibrant focal point for
the
1North
community.
There are 2 tower buildings separated by a big central atrium with natural ventilation. The atrium has sky bridges that will link office floors.
Figure 117. Vertical greenery in Solaris. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-
SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
Sustainable features in Solaris are divided into pervasive green,
natural ventilated atrium, solar shaft, extensive sun-shading louvers, and stormwater management. Pervasive green has been adopted from ground floor to rooftop. It starts from a green linear ramp, to eco cell, to pocket plaza and park, roof garden, and corner sky gardens. The existence of landscape is the main component of Solaris’ concept of ecological design. It enhances the beauty of nature, embraces biodiversity, giving health to people and whole ecosystems. Below is the pervasive green strategy applied in Solaris.
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4.
Green linear ramp
Solaris has 8,000m2 of landscaping which
exceeds the original site building area and will cover 113% of the site area with 1000 trees. With 1.5 km long linear park, connecting the basement- level ecocell to rooftop is filled with landscape planters which turn the ramp into another park. The green linear ramp is the longest vertical spiral vegetated ramp in the world. The ramp has a minimum width of 3 meters, deep overhangs and big amount of shade plants is the aim to
Figure 118, 119 &120 Green ramp & section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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bring natural cooling to the building faรงade. Planter boxes are only 80cm in depth to avoid bulkiness for building faรงade. Green linear park provides the chance for the user to experience social activities just the same as they have in parks. Another parallel pathway will act as service circulation for maintenance to avoid conflict with public circulation from inside the building. 5. Eco-cell Starting from the basement, located at north-east side corner of the building, eco cell is the new innovation by Ken Yeang, that connects the vegetation, daylight and natural ventilation from rooftop to basement. Storage tank and pump room are available in the basement for a rainwater recycling system.
Figure 121, 122, 123. Ecocell, plan & section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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6. Pocket Plaza and Park Pocket plaza and park located on ground level connecting the building to 1North Park across the street to provide space for social gathering for the community. 7. Roof Gardens and Corner Sky TerracesActs as thermal buffer as well, roof gardens gives the user space to relax, have space for events, allow them to interact with nature, and enjoy view of 1North Park. Double volume sky terraces can be reached from a ramp to each building corner. Figure 124, 125 &126. Green roof & view. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-atFusionopolis-2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-
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Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
Beside pervasive green strategy as green eco-feature, Solaris has grey eco feature as well: 8. Naturally Ventilated and Day Lit Grand Atrium Two tower blocks divided by a naturally ventilated public plaza for communal activities and creative performances, acts as natural cooling zone with operable glass- louvres that pick up during sunny days and close during rainy days. The atrium’s wall also has “rain check” glazing which takes in the wind but keeps the rain away. Thermal and wind speed conditions were analyzed using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulations
Figure 127. Natural ventilated atrium. Figure 128. Atrium from outdoor Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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9. Solar Shaft A solar shaft that enables day light to reach inside the building is a diagonal shaft cut through upper floors. It reduces energy use because it is supported with an automatic lights sensor system inside building when there is enough day lighting.
There are
landscaped balconies around solar shaft to allow the light to come inside the building and to look up at the surrounding view.
Figure 129. Section. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.designbuild-
network.com/projects/solaris-fusionopolis/ Figure 130. Elevations. Hart, 2011 Figure 131. Retrieved May 29, 2014 from http://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis2B-From-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
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10. Extensive Sun-Shading Louvers External Thermal Transfer Value (ETTV) of 39 W/m2 on the façade is another sustainable feature in Solaris with linear length 10km reduce building heat consumption and giving the comfortable climate for habitat and biodiversity along the building. The façade design is based on local sun path analysis. It analyzed the sun path which s almost east-west since Singapore is located at equator. Sunshade louvers act as light shelves as well.
11. Stormwater management Rainwater collected from green linear ramp’s drainage is downpiped to below ground level and stored in over 700 m3 tanks. The tanks ae able store the water for more than 5 days for irrigation. The rainwater from other tower collected from drainage via siphonic drainage.
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There are 2 case studies that will be compared to Tanjong Pagar since the main aim of Tanjong Pagar redevelopment beside vertical greenery is to create more housing unit in Singapore for Singaporeans. These case studies, Tampines and Toa Payoh are choose based on ULI : 10 Principles for Liveable High-Density Cities Lessons from Singapore that they have 2 study cases based on their planning frameworks that enabled the development of these sites and gives socio-economic impact to the city.
1. Tampines New Town Tampines New Town was a fishing village redeveloped to be housing, social, recreational, commercial and institutional
on
eastern
part
in
Singapore. What makes Tampines New Town different from another towns in Singapore is its green corridor concepts and
neighborhoods
with
distinctive
characteristics. Tampines New Town was the first town in Singapore that developed HDB’s new town precinct by having high-storey buildings, vertical carparks and yet still has a place for green spaces in the area. Figure 132. Tampines New Town Land Use. ULI, 2013
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The HDB has different sizes to gather all different income levels and social backgrounds to prevent ghettos caused of low-income groups aggregation. The housing area has cluster of apartment blocks with open space in the middle called precinct center. The aim is to break ups the physical and demographic density and used for social activities.
In 1970s, Tampines New Town has 52,000 HDB with 200,000 people. With the Singapore plan to create 700,000 housing units in the future, the city has a new development area as the extension of Tampines New Town, Tampines North. Tampines North will give the area approximately 21,000 homes for Singaporeans. The housing facilities will be around the area such as two primary and secondary schools and a new community center. There will be also Tampines North Quarry Park for social gathering in the area.
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2. Toa Payoh The urban renewal in Toa Payoh started in 2004 to improve quality of life in the area. It included town center renewal, new community provision facilities, upgrading of housing, improved older people living condition, encourage greater tenure diversity by gave sale to some sites, and road networks improvement. The improvement giving the benefit to older people and those with physical disabilities because it has wheelchair access, lifts has lower control panels, support rails, non-slip flooring and alarm systems.
Figure 133. Tampines New Town Land Use. ULI, 2013
Beside the physical disabilities friendly, there are 4 new community centers with cafetarias, reading roos, dance music studios and community library to support the livability. Toa Payoh has its first HDB blocks built in 1960s with building height starting from 9-13 floors. It became 25 floors building in 1970s and with Selective En bloc Redevelopment Scheme (SERS), Toa Payoh has its first 40 floors HDB in 1995 called Toa Payoh Towers located at Lorong 2. Today, Toa Payoh is an area with good mix of public private housing. The total units are 35,415 units with the majority is 3-4 bedroom flats: 1,170 units for 1 room, 3,613 unit for 2 rooms, 14,913 for 3 rooms, 9,304 units for 4 rooms, 5,213 for 5 rooms. There are also 156 units studio apartments, 853 unit executive flats, and 175 units Housing and Urban Development Company Flats. 88
GREEN
GREEN ROOF ECO ROOF LIVING ROOF BROWN ROOF
GREEN BALCONIES
RED
BLUE
LIVING WALL
GREY SENSE of PLACE
INTENSIVE
SEMIINTENSIVE
PERVASIVE GREENERY
Is a framework that enables designer to design sustainability in nature environment
is Singapore strategy in order to make the city turn into City in A Garden, starting from ground level to roof top with supporting structure for vertical greenery starts from soil and hydroponic
PRESERVE GREEN SPACE & NATURAL BEAUTY
COMPACT BUILDING DESIGN
EXTENSIVE
Vertical Greenery
ECO-INFRASTRUCTURE
MIXED LAND USE
FAÇADE GREENING
LANDSCAPE
Community Involvement, Cost Effectiveness, Development Direction
FLOOD BARRIER
CATCHMENT ELEMENTS
TREATMEN T ELEMENTS COLLECTION & STORAGE ELEMENTS
CHANGE ELEVATION
WALKABLE NEIGHBORHOODS
SOURCE
TRANSPORTATION OPTION
PATHWAY
RECEPTOR
HOUSING
STORMWATER SMART GROWTH for COMMUNITY
How to manage urban treatment, storage and benefit to preserve, take it to
Is a better way to build and maintain cities, neighborhoods and communities
MANAGEMENT runoff and type of catchment, collection elements with each reuse, recycle urban runoff or reservoir
SUSTAINABILITY
Figure 134. Ecoinfrastructure, Smart Growth, Pervasive Greenery, Stormwater Management to achieve sustainability diagram. (literature summary)
89
CARBON SINKS, POLLUTION CONTROL, NATURAL COOLING, MICROCLIMATE CONTROL, FLOOD PREVENTION, BIODIVERSITY IMPROVEMENT, HABITAT RESTORATION.
Classification
SOMA, Rajarajeshwari Nagar, Bangalore, India
Marina South, Central Area, Singapore
Solaris, 1 North, Singapore
Climate
tropical rainforest
tropical rainforest
tropical rainforest
neighborhood
neighborhood
building
eco-bridges, eco-undercrofts
Greenery from landscape to rooftop, green bridges
3 meters of green linear ramp, eco cell, pocket plaza and park, roof garden and corners sky gardens. Courtyard/ atrium, sky bridges, diagonal lsolar shaft
ponds and bio-swales
Rain garden
Storage tank and pump room available in basement under eco cell, enough for 5 days
Pedestrian & bicycle paths
Sheltered connections
Type
18% devoted to green open spaces 87 acres site which is a forest reserve Green infrastructure
Blue infrastructure
800m long and 30m wide Pedestrian path & bicycle
Grey infrastructure Link to public transport
5 minute walk to getpaths to public transport node
Interconnected basement parking
Interconnected basement parking Wind control by alignment road, pedestrian street and
MRT station
building height On the frontage to Bay South Garden and roads, building height will be lower Red infrastructure
Other
housing (villa, apartment, retirement home), commercial, mixed development, and private hospital, daycare center, schools, sport center, and health clinic
Housing, cafes, shops on the corner, beauty salons and
Educational, research and development building
50% housing
9000 new homes
2 towers
30% more energy efficient
energy consumption reduction above 36% compared to other local precedents
barber, and grocery stores.
Vaastu Shasta – Indian geomancy system
Highest point from BCA Green Mark (97.5), Platinum
Table 5. Study case summary
90
Bibliography Hart, S. (2011). EcoArchitecture the work of Ken Yeang. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd Marina South A Lively Mixed-Use Residential District that is Green, Walkable and Cycle-Friendly. (n.d.) in SgCentralArea. Retrieved May 27, 2014 from http://www.sgcentralarea.com/marina-south/ Yeang, K. ( 2009). EcoMasterplanning. West Sussex : John Wiley & Sons Ltd. Lim, J. ( 2011, June 4). Green Architecture is UnderRated – A Case Study on Solaris by TR Hamzah and Ken Yeang. Retrieved from http://blog.japhethlim.com/index.php/2011/06/14/green-architecture-is-underrated-a-case-study-on-solaris-by-tr-hamzah-and-kenyeang/ T. R. Hamzah & Yeang Sdn. Bhd. (2014, April)SOLARIS at Fusionopolis (Phase 2B): From Military Base to Bioclimatic Eco-Architecturehttp://www.greenroofs.com/content/articles/126-SOLARIS-at-Fusionopolis-2BFrom-Military-Base-to-Bioclimatic-Eco-Architecture.htm#.U4ybdfm-18E
91
CHAPTER 6 DESIGN CONCEPTS AND GUIDELINES
Figure 135. City Terminal, Greater Southern Waterfront. Figure 131. Super Imposed Plan. Figure 132. Perspective of design area. Retrieved May 16, 2014 from Google Earth
Site Analysis. The design area will be in Tanjong Pagar / City Terminal Area. There will be two phases of design. The first phase will be the Tanjong Pagar area with a focus on master planning (eco-infrastructure), and the second phase will be green pervasive strategy focusing
on
the
connection
of
vertical
greenery 92
to
landscape
and
stormwater
management.
Climate Climate in Singapore usually ranging from 23.3- 30.1 C and has a high humidity. Singapore has a tropical rainforest climate which means, the city will be hot all day and have a long rainy season. The city needs more shaded trees, and wind control to make people feel more comfortable in the area.
Figure 136. Weather and Climate in Singapore. Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://app2.nea.gov.sg/weather-climate/climate-information/weather-
93
Malayan Trail / Green Corridor The Malayan Trail, now known as Green Corridor, connects green spaces from North to South which makes it a green trail. Not only is it a green trail, it is a historical trail as well because it passes many historical places or buildings, such as Old Tanjong Pagar Station, Bukit Timah Railway Station, etc. There are 6 main green areas that form the Green Corridor line: Southern Sector, Clementi Woodlands, Jurong Line, Bukit Timah Nature Reserve, Bukit Panjang, Kranji Mangrove, and Mudflats. The rest of the green spaces are a mix of grasslands, secondary forest growth, vegetable and fruit farms. The Green Corridor will end in front of the Keppel Area / City Terminal Area. Connecting the Green Corridor into the area is aimed at preserving the green connection.
Figure 137.Connection to site. Retrieved from http://www.asiaisgreen.com/wpcontent/uploads/2010/10/The-Green-Corridor-3.PNG, accessed 19 April 2014
94
Green Space There are a few big existing green spaces around City Terminal Area, such as Labrador Park, Mangrove Forest, Mount Faber Park, Gardens by the Bay in Marina Bay Area. This chance to extend and link the green spaces is supported
McRitchie
by Green Corridor. The proposed green space in the design area will invite more people to stay in the area.
Mount Faber Park Marina Bay Labrador Park
Figure 138. Green Map. Retrieved March 27, 2014 from http://singaporegreenspaces.files.wordpress.com/2008/01/intro-pic00.jpg
Blue Aspect According to Masterplan 2013, there will be a proposed new reservoir between Pulau Brani and Tanjong Pagar to capture water from Greater Southern Waterfront and Marina Reservoir. The proposed water reservoir will be supported with a series of canals into the city and can be a new attraction and and aother destination in the city Figure 139. Blue Map. Retrieved March 27, 2014 from http://www.pub.gov.sg/events/PublishingImages/blue-map2.jpg (Edited)
95
New circle line (Circle Line 6) There will be an expanded circle line, which now runs around Marina Bay. With this expansion, Southern Waterfront City will have an opportunity to be another tourist destination. It is also going to be a perfect spot to have new activities such housing, entertainment,
culture
&
art
and
waterfront
exploration
Figure 140. Future Circle Line Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-Jdhvns_aSk/ToxNbXtaCZI/AAAAAAAAMbU/3SLgvMl2smU/s1600/map1.jpg
Park Connector Right now there are already 42 park connectors running along the city except to the Tanjong Pagar area. Tanjong Pagar has the opportunity to close the loop and be one of the green connector areas.
Figure 141. Park Connector Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://farm9.staticflickr.com/8148/7636470394_4a0efeb695_b.jpg
96
Expressway Ayer Rajah Highway passes The Tanjong Pagar/ City Terminal Area, and connects to Marina Coastal Expressway which it passes under. The existence of the expressway will bring people into the area more easily. At the same time it will be not pedestrian friendly. When there is an expressway in front of the area, imagine how bad the traffic would be. The area will need elevated pedestrian pathways, such as pedestrian bridges, to connect the design area and its surroundins.
Figure 142. Expressway Map . Retrieved June 2, 2014 from http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Expressways_and_semiexpressways_of_Singapore_2.png
97
98 Figure 143. Site Analysis Diagram .
GREEN SPACES
BLUE ASPECT
NEW CIRCLE LINE
PARK CONNECTOR
EXPESSWAY
CORRIDOR
MALAYAN RAIL TRACK / GREEN
The design concept Tanjong Pagar terminal is the area that is planned to be new tourist destination area with total area of 600 ha. Planned to be redeveloped, Tanjong Pagar will have a variety of land use: housing, commercial, school, gallery, office, etc. Since Singapore is encouraging the “city in the garden�, mixed land uses and mixed use buildings will be the best option for the Tanjong Pagar redevelopment, because the city needs more housing. As has been explained in previous chapters, the city is working to build 700,000 homes with 200,000 homes already built, and at the same time, Singapore needs more green space to support their city in the garden concept. BUILDING + SKYPARK
ROOF GARDEN + GREEN ROOF
MALAYAN RAIL TRACK
GREEN FEATURE
BLUE ASPECT
Figure 144. Site Design Diagram .
99
Principle 1 : MIXED LAND USES
Marina Bay, and to make people feel they are coming into a
The masterplan of Tanjong Pagar redevelopment is divided
garden, yet it is still possible to have other activities in the
into 4 parts: green waterfront, city center, garden in the city
buildings. To invite people to the waterfront, the site also
and old Tanjong Pagar.
has a landmark building used for rain water recycling. The edge of the green waterfront area that converges with water
1. Green Waterfront area
is set as an informal shape, leaving the edge with curved
In the waterfront area, the buildings will have podiums with
lines, in contrast to grid lines in the city center area.
a maximum height of 2-3 floors which will give them a
2. City Center
human scale. There will be housing on top of the podiums with a maximum height of 10 floors, following the
The city center is a part of the area where the buildings
maximum height of existing buildings around the area. The
have a maximum building height of 280 m. It consists of
podiums will have a U-shape that has an open space in the
housing from HDB to elite apartments. It also has
middle facing the waterfront. The first floor is used for
commercial buildings such as offices, malls, restaurants,
circulation by adding open access for the public. The
etc. To support the mixed use building concept, most of the
majority of uses will be public spaces: open spaces, and
first floors are used for public functions. City center area
green spaces. There are a few other types of public spaces
has grid system for circulation because its grid shape will
along the waterfront area: lotus pond, rain garden,
be effective since there will be no unused space, and the
bioretensin pond, roof garden, and green roof. The concept
shape will result in higher prices for land in the area.
of public spaces is to address flooding issues, housing, and
3. Garden in the city
greenery.
The garden located in the heart of the site is one of the
The idea of the waterfront plan is to create a continuous
flood adaptation strategies, and is intended to bring nature
green space along the area, connecting the Labrador Park to
back to the area. The garden in the city connects the 100
existing buildings area with the proposed area. There are a
The new reservoir will be located between Tanjong Pagar
few existing buildings which are used for gallery and office
area with Marina Bay, and Tanjong Pagar with P.Brani.
space. The garden also to extends the Malayan rail track
The new reservoir will receive the water from the city from
(Green trail) which stops at the old Tanjong Pagar rail
the series of water catchments: bioretention ponds, canals,
station. There will be a big pond in front of the gallery and
etc. The area will have a marina for the housing located on
rail station to welcome people who come in from walking
the green waterfront area on the existing basin. Pulau Brani
through green corridor. Beside the pond, the garden will
will be used for a preserved green area as it has been noted
have a river that is used as water catchment. It will run
that the Pulau has a preservation area in the middle
from the new reservoir to the city, through the design area,
5. The Nature
and continues along the green trail up to Singapore’s first The Nature is the expansion of existing nature preservation
reservoir and preservation area, MacRitchie Reservoir.
in P.Brani. It will have a limited access for people since it 4. Old Tanjong Pagar
will be used to maintain, conserve, and restore species and
Most of the buildings in this area are existing buildings
habitats. The design of infrastructure is also limited to
from Keppel Gallery to Tanjong Pagar Complex. In this
minimize the disturbance to nature in the area. The Nature
area, there will be a connecting bridge from Old Station to
will be the buffer between Sentosa Island and Southern
Keppel Gallery. It is located above the highway (on the top
Waterfront. The redevelopment of the whole area into The
floor of Keppel Gallery which has 5 floors). It also supports
Nature is one of the actions towards compliance with The
the Singapore 2030 plan which will have an extension
Nature Society Conservation Committee response to the
marina bay circle line in the Tanjong Pagar area.
need for more nature preservation.
There will be a proposed location of a new MRT station to connect the area to surrounding and existing MRT stations.
101
Figure 145. Masterplan
102
Figure 146. Design Area
103
104 Figure 147. Design Area Diagram
Building design concept As mentioned before, the city needs more green space for adaption to climate change and today there are many buildings that have applied vertical greenery everywhere they can. I will choose one of the existing buildings, take its footprint, apply it to the design area, and combine it with vertical greenery. Figure 148. Existing building floor plan
Existing building Footprint Carribean apartment, Singapore The carribean apartment is chosen as the building example for future housing development in Singapore. The reasons are that the Carribean apartment has big window openings, has a halfmoon shape, and the faรงade is not flat which is good for natural ventilation and creating natural shading for the building. The building floor plan has half-moon or half circle shape that creates a wind tunnel which gives the opportunity to invite and collect the wind into the building, providing natural ventilation. The design will taking the footprint of the building rather than Figure 149. Carribean housing
copy the exact existing building.
105
Principle 2: EMBRACING VERTICAL GREENERY IN
more people to take sky bridges, creating new main pedestrian
HIGH DENSITY HOUSING
pathways in the future. The sky bridges also can be used when
The building will have a maximum height 280m (905 feet)
there is a flood coming, so that way the area will still have
according to Singapore aviation center. Each building will have
daily activities without being disturbed by flood.
floor heights of 5m (16 feet). The height comes from Nparks
Another feature is shape rotation on every five floors, giving
building floor height, and there will be sky a terrace on every
different views, from waterfront, to the “garden in the city”, to
5th floor.
new reservoir, or surroundings such as Marina Bay, City view,
It is called building incentive. Every building that implements
Labrador Park, etc. The rotation is to give a creative building
the standard of 5m will have incentives which is additional
visualization. Along with the rotation, there are green vertical
floor height from 5m to 7m (20 feet) to 13 m (43 feet). The sky
ramps on each floor 3-6m wide (taken from Solaris case study).
terrace can only be filled with landscape or with some other
The vertical green ramp is used for plantings, for green façade,
building function such as a restaurant, gym, cafes, supermarket,
horizontal
and childcare.
stormwater management. To support the pervasive greenery
The green roof will be filled not only with green aspect but
strategy, the green spaces will go from the ground to the top of
with blue aspect as well. The green roof will be focusing on
the buildings. To achieve that, there will be pedestrian bridges
extensive green roof parameters since the aim of the design is
connecting all buildings in the area, located every 5 floors and
to bring greenery anywhere we can, and at the same time bring
all the bridges will have connections from each floor and will
more people into the building.
end at the green waterfront area.
This is different from the Singapore master planning where commercial land use is only located on ground floors or at least not in the middle of housing land use. The concept is to invite 106
shading,
biodiversity,
urban
farming,
and
Figure 150. Typical floor plan
107
Figure 151. Perspective of typical floor plan
108
109 Figure 152 . Building section
110 Figure 153. Building elevation 1
111 Figure 154 Building Elevation 2
112 Figure 155 Building Elevation 3
0
250
500
Figure 156. Section 1
113
Figure 157. Section 2
114
Figure 158. Detail section 1
115
water and creating cleaner water. The cleansing biotopes can
Principle 3: EXPANDING BLUE ASPECT
also be used for habitat and can be located from the ground to
Water catchment: Reservoir, Rain Garden (Bioretention
roof top like rain gardens. Pond), Cleansing Biotopes and River The river, located in Garden in the City, will be another feature There are 2 new reservoirs, the first one located between
that can lead the area to become a better place with minimized
Tanjong Pagar Terminal and Marina Bay and the second one
flood thread by using the same technology like Kallang River,
located between Tanjong Pagar and P.Brani. The new reservoir
bioengineering. The reason why the river follows the Kallang
is created as one of the climate change adaptations. Stormwater
River construction is because Kallang River succeeded in
from source and pathway will be recycled and reused before it
changing the area into a place for community, and at the same
ends up in a reservoir or drawn into the sea.
time is used as a flood adaption strategy.
Before the water gets to reservoir, there will be Source used as
The Nature, designed for expansion of the existing nature
the water catchment, and Pathway to bring the water to the
preservation in P.Brani will be filled with trees and with
reservoir. The water catchments are various, but some of it will
various water catchments. There will also be constructed
be main water catchment that is then applied to the area.
wetlands which will be focusing on Surface Flow wetlands
Rain garden (bioretention pond) will be located not only on the
since it is cheaper to maintain, compared to Subsurface Flow
ground, but also located above the ground level. Rain garden is
wetlands, and the maintenance is straightforward. The need for
used as the main element for flood control since rain gardens
a bigger space will not be a problem since it is located on the
can be applied from small to big scale projects, starting from
ground level.
planter boxes to one of park attraction scale. Beside Rain Garden, the other element is Cleansing Biotopes. Since its other name is artificially constructed wetlands, the cleansing biotopes in the area will be used for recycling the 116
117 Figure 159 Stormwater Management (building)
New reservoir New reservoir
Figure 160. Stormwater diagram (Site)
118
Figure 161. Perspective 1: Bird’s eye View
119
Figure 162. Perspective 2: Bird’s eye View
120
Figure 163. Perspective 3 : View from sky bridges
121
Figure 164. Perspective 4 : View from green waterfront
122
Figure 165. Perspective 5 : View from ground level inside city center
123
Figure 166. Perspective 6: View Bird’s eye view
124
Figure 167. Perspective 7 : Existing condition Retrieved July 3, 2014 from Google Earth
125
Figure 168. Perspective 8 : Perspective from Highway and the city Retrieved July 3, 2014. Edited from Google Earth
126
Principle 4: Public Private Partnerships In addition to the concept of pervasive greenery and highdensity building in the Tanjong Pagar Terminal area, to ensure that the area will grow as expected following the concept of city in garden, the area needs to have a medium to long term plan. After the site clean-up, and renewal of the brown field, the government can design “white sites� where the developers can propose land use with a range of mixed land uses for each parcel. It will give the developers flexibility to achieve the change in market demand. It also will encourage investment in the city that will benefit the city by increasing economic growth and sustaining competition.
127
CHAPTER 7
façade, green balcony or living wall, without thinking about
SUMMARY AND DESIGN CONCLUSION
how it will be cooling down the temperature, how it affects the storm warer management, where the rainwater will go after it’s
Sustainability is about how the built environment can
landed on the ground, how to avoid the flood or at least reduce
mimic the natural environment way of life.
it, or is it going to be useful for natural habitat and humans.
It is through connecting, adopting, preserving, maintaining, and
But it’s true, everything will start from the green. Green
other methods that we can ensure that the natural environment
Pervasive in Singapore is one of the movements / strategies to
and habitat still has its place in the community, or in nature
make the city greener than ever before. It’s right. Although it’s
itself. Eco-infrastructure is the system of how we classify the
divided into landscape and vertical greenery, the city has future
sustainable design elements. Green infrastructure represents
high rise building development plans, and vertical greenery
open and green spaces from ground to rooftop, Blue represents
will be more widely and better applied and act as source,
the water, reservoir, and stormwater management, grey is for
pathway, and receptor to make sure water catchment in the city
any utility infrastructure, and red represents the built
will still be preserved, it will reduce heat island, have aesthetic
environment such as buildings, pedestrian and bicycle paths,
purpose, and provide biodiversity improvement, less pollution,
and everything focusing on human beings.
and habitat restoration.
As
mentioned
before,
eco-infrastructure
has
green
The city will have more greenery than ever. It is shown on 3
infrastructure as the roots of another infrastructures, but that
study cases from 2 countries, Singapore and India. These two
doesn’t mean when we are working on green infrastructure we
countries were chosen for climate condition, sustainability
can dismiss the other infrastructures. They have to be
features and achievement, and green concepts. Two of them
connected one to another, with green being at the head of the
are built (SOMA India and Solaris Singapore) and Marina
concept. Working on greenery in Singapore cannot be done
South will be built soon, and it’s located next to design area,
only by fixing or adding green aspects such green roof, green
City Terminal, Southern Waterfront. These study cases are the 128
proof that all the theories about eco-infrastructure, green
It will help the city to be more independent, and one day can
pervasive strategy are possible to build, and can achieve social,
be free from importing water from Malaysia.
economic and environment balance.
The design shows the connection between vertical and
The design result is having the redevelopment with
horizontal greenery can be made not only for aesthetic but can
approximately 172,000 units of housing to fulfill 1/3 of the
also be used for biodiversity, to preserve nature and create a
500,000 future housing unit requirement. The building height is
comfortable environment for people to live, work and play.
varied, with housing along waterfront limited to 10 stories and
Since there is still no guarantee that vertical greenery can
then higher when it comes to the center, with a maximum
replace whole existing nature preserves, the design with a
height of 280 m (48 stories). It will be a dense area with
concept of density, focusing on Tanjong Pagar Terminal
housing on upper levels and commercial on the ground level.
(Southern Waterfront), provides a chance to redevelop P.Brani into a whole nature preservation.
Vertical greenery along the building is applied based on various research that greenery is able to reduce temperature by 4oC, reducing the heat island. The building also has voids which giving natural ventilation and lighting.
Vertical
greenery starts from green wall for biodiversity, green roof for park, pond, urban farming, etc, and green vertical ramp. The building has rainwater harvesting in the basement to recycle the water before it released to the sea to save energy. To help the city movement, there will be a new MRT line and sky bridges every 5 floors. The site has new reservoir to help reduce the flood threat and provide a water source for the city.
129
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