London Railway Arches Puck Studio Ltd. Artists 269 Railway Arches, Poyser
St.,Bethnal Green, London E2 9RF London Fields Fitness Studio. 379-380 Mentmore Terrace, London Fields, London E8 3PH
William Street Quarter William Street Quarter, Linton Road, Barking, Essex, IG11 8HG ALLFORD HALL MONAGHAN MORRIS AA SED MSc/MArch Sustainable Environmental Design 2022-23 Architectural Association School of Architecture, Postgraduate School Term 1 project Refurbishing The City: London case Studies January 2023
Anbo Hu Jiaru Ma Ruixian Hu Xinyu Chen
Maccreanor Lavington
Arc
Term 1 Project Brief London Case Studies MSc Sustainable Environmental Design 2022-23
Authorship Declaration Form Term 1 Project: London case Studies
TITLE London Railway Arches
NUMBER OF WORDS
STUDENT NAME(S): Anbo Hu Jiaru Ma Ruixian Hu Xinyu chen DECLARATION:
“I certify that the contents of this document are entirely my own work and that any quotation or paraphrase from the published or unpublished work of others is duly acknowledged.”
Signature(s):
Date: 15. 01. 2023
SUMMARY
This repport is part of Refurbishing the City project and focuses on the case study of London Railway Arches. Through on-site Obervations and environmental measurements using simulation tools, our team investigates building performance and gats familiarised with the principles of Sustianable Environmental Design. Arch No. 269 and 369 belong to the Greater London Authority(GLA). In fact, all empty arches belong to them. They rent out these valuable spaces at a lower price. No. 269 is located in Poyser street, East London. Now is rented by Puck studio, which provides large format print and creative production. No. 369-370 is located in Mentmore Terrace, East London. Now is rented by London Fitness Studio, which provides a wealth of fitness courses and activities.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research team would like to thank everyone who contributed to the accomplishment of this project. First of all we would like to express our gratitude to David Gibbons and Sapan Sehgalfor the collaboration and the technical information they provided us with. We would like to express appreciation to the AA Teaching Staff, especially to Simos Yannas, Paula Cadima and Joana Goncalves for the significant tutorials and the guidance on the project. In addition, we would like to thank Gustavo Brunelli, Byron Mrdas and Herman Calleja for their assistance with the computational tools.
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 – INTRODUCTION..........................................................................1 2 – OVERVIEW 2.1 Site Information....................................................................4 2.2 Masterplan............................................................................5 2.3 London Weather Data...........................................................6 2.4 Materiality & Construction Method......................................7 3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.1 Shading Analysis Puck Studio...............................................10 3.2 Shading Analysis Fitness Studio...........................................11 3.3 Solar Analysis......................................................................12 4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.1 Building features spatial layout Puck Studio.........................14 4.2 Building features_spatial layout Fitness Studio....................15 4.3 Survey.................................................................................16 4.4 Spot measurements illuminance Puck Studio......................17 4.5 Spot measurements illuminance Fitness Studio..................18 4.6 Spot measurements illuminance Empty Arch......................19 4.7 Datalogger_Temperature_23/10-27/10..............................20 4.8 Datalogger_Temperature_Puck Studio_20/10-27/10..........21 4.9 Datalogger_Temperature_Fitness Studio_23/10-29/10......22 4.10 Datalogger_Swing_Fitness Studio & Puck Studio..............23 5 - INDOOR STUDIES - PUCK STUDIO 5.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 5.1.1 Annual Performance................................................ .25 5.1.2 Typical summer week................................................26 5.1.3 Typical winter week...................................................27 5.2 Base Case_Daylight Model 5.2.1 Typical Hour Performance..........................................28 5.2.2 DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation............................................29 5.3 Typical Summer week_Strategy Simulation 5.3.1 Insulation strategy.....................................................30 5.3.2 Combination strategy................................................31 5.4 Typical Winter week_Strategy Simulation 5.4.1 Insulation strategy.....................................................32 5.4.2 Combination strategy................................................33 5.5 Lighting Strategy Simulation 5.5.1 Glazing Strategy-Typical Hour Performance...............34 5.5.2 Glazing Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation.................35 5.5.3 Shade Strategy-Typical Hour Performance.................36 5.5.4 Shade Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation...................37 5.6 Ventilation Strategy Simulation...........................................38
6 - INDOOR STUDIES - FITNESS STUDIO 6.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 6.1.1 Annual Performance..................................................40 6.1.2 Typical summer week ................................................41 6.1.3 Typical winter week...................................................42 6.2 Base Case_Daylight Model 6.2.1 Typical Hour Performance..........................................43 6.2.2 DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation............................................44 6.3 Typical Summer week_Strategy Simulation 6.3.1 Insulation strategy.....................................................45 6.3.2 Combination strategy................................................46 6.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation 6.4.1 Glazing Strategy-Typical Hour Performance...............47 6.4.2 Glazing Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation.................48 6.5 Ventilation Strategy Simulation...........................................49 7 - INDOOR STUDIES - EMPTY ARCH 7.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 7.1.1 Annual Performance..................................................51 7.1.2 Typical summer week................................................52 7.1.3 Typical winter week...................................................53 7.2 Base Case_Daylight Model 7.2.1 Monthly Performance...............................................54 7.3 Typical Summer week_Strategy Simulation 7.3.1 Strategy 1..................................................................55 7.3.2 Strategy 2..................................................................56 7.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation 7.4.1 Conclusion UDI.........................................................57 7.4.2 Comparison of results................................................58 8 – CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Personal Conclusions...........................................................59 8.2 General Conclusions............................................................60
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
1 - INTRODUCTION This report is the outcome of Refurbishing the City project of the MSc - MArch Sustainable Environmental Design programme, 2022-2023. The aim of this study is to provide the foundation of environmental design principles that are going to be applied on future design work. This is achieved through the combination of indoor and outdoor studies, along with environmental measurements and further computational simulations. The case study analyzed in this project is Railway arches 269 and 379-380, which is a series of available spaces refurbished from vacant arches. Located on the train commuter line Enfield Town - London Liverpool Street in East London, it is a cheap commercial space rented by the government to society. Through talking with users and exploring the use of spaces, we found that the most prominent feature of the site is that the space type is consistent but has different uses and occupants' needs. The reusable space is mainly composed of the arche and the prefabricated galvanized steel plate. Therefore, our research mainly focuses on the indoor environment, the most specific is the thermal performance and air exchange performance of the structure. The research team conducted further investigation on both sites at the same time. Several visits were arranged. In a few weeks, outdoor and indoor field measurements were carried out under various environmental conditions. The first method provides us with useful information about building characteristics and becomes the starting point of calculation and simulation. It shows the space's environmental capacity and its relationship with the climate environment. Finally, simulation tools are also used to predict the performance of spaces throughout the year, and other design strategies are developed and tested, which can improve indoor comfort conditions and reduce energy consumption. This report is structured in three main parts that represent the project’s timeline through the term: Overview, Outdoor Studies and Indoor Studies. For the first two parts, work was performed by all the team members together. For the last part, work was split in order to develop different proposals, yet everyone kept track of the content of other members’ work during the entire process via frequent consultations.This project provided an opportunity for our team to gain an in depth understanding of the case study building’s environmental behaviour through detailed analysis. Furthermore, we developed a basic understanding of how the alterations of different physical parameters affect performance. This knowledge can be used to inform our design decisions in the future.
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
2 - OVERVIEW
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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2 - OVERVIEW 2.1 Site Information
Railway arches were developed in the nineteenth century with the construction of the first Londonbound tracks (Fig. 1.1.1), the arches have long belonged to a ‘parallel rental market’, with rents being set by Network Rail and Transport for London. As few people like to live underneath an arch, rents have been kept relatively low (Fig. 1.1.2). These spaces have, therefore, provided affordable and adaptable accommodation for many firms that would otherwise be priced out of the capital. The types of activity hosted by London’s railway arches are highly varied. These unique spaces accommodate bars, cafes, cinemas, theatres, gyms, car washes, music practice venues and tourist attractions, amongst other enterprises. In 2013, research on three sets of arches in Bethnal Green, Bermondsey and Hackney revealed that many of the businesses are small firms interviewed, roughly half identified that this was their only location 2scale; of the 50 . The arches were also found to house a disproportionate amount of manufacturing and production: 23% of the firms in the arches were engaged in manufacturing or producing goods, while only 10% of London firms overall carried out such activities in 2013. In addition to being relatively affordable, railway arches offer a number of other spatial advantages to their tenants. Their adaptable inter iors and open structure invite business owners to experiment with the available space.
FITNESS STUDIO
51.54N, 0.058E
PUCK STUDIO
Figure 2.1.2. Accommodation info (source: Stirling_Ackroyd)
Figure 2.1.3. Site image
51.53N, 0.057E
Figure 2.1.1. London map (source: Google map)
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
2 - OVERVIEW 2.2 Masterplan
Both of the sites are located in same railway line. The straight-line distance between the two points is only 1.14km. The orientation of the gym is east by south, and the orientation of the studio is west by south.
Figure 2.2.1. Site-London Fitness Studio Masterplan (source: after Openstreetmap)
Figure 2.2.2. Site-London Fitness Studio Masterplan with Orientation(source: after Openstreetmap)
Figure 2.2.3. Site-Puck Studio Masterplan (source: after Openstreetmap)
Figure 2.2.4. Site-Puck Studio Masterplan with Orientation(source: after Openstreetmap)
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2 - OVERVIEW
2.3 Lonodon Weather Data London has the equable climate of South East England, with mild winters and temperate summers (Fig. 2.3.1). The average daytime air temperature is 52 °F (11 °C), with 42 °F (5.5 °C) in January and 65 °F (18 °C) in July. Statistics show that the sun shines, however briefly, on five days out of six. The warm season lasts for 2.8 months, from 15 June to 7 September, with an average daily high temperature above 20°C. The hottest month of the year in London is July, with an average high of 23°C and low of 15°C (Fig. 2.3.3). The cool season lasts for 4.0 months, from 16 November to 18 March, with an average daily high temperature below 11°C. The coldest month of the year in London is February, with an average low of 4°C and high of 9°C (Fig. 2.3.3). Because of London has a temperate oceanic environment, which also called a maritime climate, the humidity in London is relatively high. The on-shore flow from the Atlantic ocean acts as a conveyor belt transporting moisture from the Atlantic, (and at times the Celtic Sea) to London. The average annual relative humidity is 79.6% and average monthly relative humidity ranges from 70% in June to 89% in December (Fig. 2.3.3). The monthly solar radiation in London varies greatly. The daily average of summer months is six to seven times that of winter months. The solar radiation generally reaches the maximum value in summer, which is 881wh/m2, while the daily average value in winter is only about 450wh/m2 Although the difference of solar radiation in different months is large, it can basically ensure that most of the day can get basic light and ultraviolet radiation (Fig. 2.3.3). Over the past two decades, the average wind speed in the United Kingdom has remained relatively stable. In 2021, the average wind speed in the UK was 7.9 knots. The strong wind mainly comes from the southwest direction, and the maximum wind speed from this direction can reach 17.5m/s (Fig. 2.3.2).
Comfort zone
Figure 2.3.1. Site locations (source: Google Earth)
Average Temperature
Horizontal Radiation
Figure 2.3.2. London Wind Rose (source: London Data Base)
Figure 2.3.3. London Climate Base Data (source: after London Data Base)
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
2 - OVERVIEW
2.4 Materiality & Construction Method
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Table 2.4.1. U-Values and thicknesses of the materials (Source:David Gibbons) WALL U-Value 1.64 W/ ㎡ K Brick Striped white galvanized steel plate
Brick The arch bridge itself uses a kind of bricks with strong compressive strength, while another relatively new brick is used to build the facade when reusing the arches.
ROOF U-Value Brick
0.38 W/ ㎡ K
Stainless steel
BACK WALL U-Value Brick
2.00 W/ ㎡ K
The gate and window frame of the facade are made of color steel/ stainless steel. This material not only ensures the strength, but also brings certain indoor heat loss.
Window U-Value Single-Glazed
2.85 W/ ㎡ K
Single Glass
(Uneven ceiling thickness due to arch shape)
The windows of both sites are made of single-layer glass with strong light transmittance but poor thermal insulation.
Thickness(mm) 70.0 3.0
1,500-3,000
400.0
5.0
Dalvanised steel Striped white galvanized steel plate is used for the interior wall, which is the unified method in the project of Railway arches refurbishing reuse.
Construction The retrofit project creates a community space and sustainability hub, using prefabricated galvanised steel Nissen sheds placed in two redundant railway arches. The geometry of the sheds reflects the form of the arches, creating dynamic curving voids between them, which can be used for lighting, services distribution, ventilation and circulation. Figure 2.4.1. Construction material of both sites
Figure 2.4.2. Demonstration model of construction method (source: tdoarchitecture.com)
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3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES
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3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.1 Shading Analysis_Puck Studio
Puck studio is located in the arche under the northsouth railway, with one side of the door facing the west. This led to the fact that it could not receive light until about noon every day for a year. At the same time, because of the narrow road, the distance between the pull studio and the building directly opposite is too close, which further reduces the average daily light duration and solar radiation.
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Spring is the time of year when there is plenty of sunshine. Due to the high position of the window on the facade of the puck studio, the lighting time can be from about 9 a.m. to 6 p.m. The sun-lighting time in summer has no obvious change compared with that in spring, and even the solar radiation can last longer in the afternoon. Since autumn, the lighting time of the day has become shorter. The facade starts to receive light earlier in the daytime, and the sun sets earlier in the afternoon. Winter has the shortest natural lighting time of the year. The facade starts to receive light at about noon and ends at about four o'clock. In general, the natural light in the space of the pulck studio can meet the basic needs during working hours throughout the year. As the owner David said, the best time for sunshine is around the end of lunch break. However, due to internal structure problems, employees still choose to use artificial lighting during working hours. This will be discussed in the next study. Figure 3.1.1. Shading simulation of Puck studio
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3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.2 Shading Analysis_Fitness Studio
Fitness studio and puck studio are located on the same railway track, but the facade faces opposite, and fitness studio faces east. This causes it to receive less light than puck studio. Worst of all, there is a very close and high building opposite it, which blocks almost all the sunlight from the east.
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For a year, almost every day, only a few hours around 12:00 am can fitness studio receive direct sunlight (if it is sunny). The rest of the time can only recive the reflected light from the environment, so they have to choose to use artificial lighting all day. For a gym, natural light seems to be less important. For those sports that best with solar radiation,the owner Sapan chose to teach outdoors.
Figure 3.2.1. Shading simulation of Fitness studio
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3 - OUTDOOR STUDIES 3.3 Solar Analysis
Figure 3.3.2. Shadow Mask of Puck studio
By using the Grasshopper (Ladybug) plug-in software in Rhino 3D, a solar analysis was performed for both Puck studio and Fitness studio and their surroundings.
Based on the north-south direction of the building and the sun's orientation (Fig. 3.3.1), the facades of the two sites, whether facing east or west, cannot receive enough natural light in one day. In order to confirm this point, shadow mask simulation analysis was carried out (Fig. 3.3.2). The results show that the size of the surrounding buildings, especially the height, and the width of the street make the facade seriously blocked. In particular, the facade of Fitness studio is in shadow almost all day long and only receives diffuse sunlight. This makes it impossible to avoid using more artificial light sources in the use of the two spaces, resulting in a large energy consumption to a certain extent. In order to solve this problem, some applicable improvement strategies will be simulated later. Figure 3.3.1. Sunpath Diagram
Figure 3.3.2. Shadow Mask of Fitness studio
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
4 - INDOOR STUDIES
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.1 Building features_spatial layout_Puck Studio 0.9
The interior multi-layer structure of Puck studio makes the space rich in official functions. There are three large-size printers and one oversize cutting machine on the G floor to meet the printing requirements of the studio. Although the bathroom is small, it is enough for 3-4 employees. The small kitchen at the rear provides employees with a rest area and a simple food preparation site. Most of the remaining space is used to place materials such as paper needed for work. In addition, there is a door beside the kitchen leading to the small backyard, which is not included in the discussion of this project.
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Figure 4.1.1. Elevation of Puck studio
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Glazing: 21%
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Figure 4.1.2. Ground floor plan of Puck studio
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Figure 4.1.3. First floor plan of Puck studio
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The whole room has windows on one side of the main door, accounting for 21% of the facade area. This results in many areas of the room not receiving basic natural light. The duplex design not only brings more usable space but also further affects indoor natural lighting. The initial site conditions with an opening on one side also affect the indoor and outdoor air exchange, but employees sometimes choose to open the doors on both sides at the same time to get more fresh air.
10.7
In order to increase the office space, pull studio has especially opened an additional 1st floor to provide employees with space for computer design, as well as simply cutting and display space.
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.2 Building features_spatial layout_Fitness Studio
1.50
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The usable size of the Fitness studio's space is approximately 170 m2. This offers certain group fitness classes an open indoor environment. The majority of the indoor area is used as a public area for unrestricted activities. Basically, this is where all of the group classes and warm-up activities, including yoga and aerobics, are done. Near the restroom at the far end of the room is where all the equipment for strength training is located. However, because of the heat generated by movement and the carbon dioxide emissions, the indoor air quality is subpar and the temperature is elevated. Users must always fully open the front door of the facade because the back wall is always totally closed. Students must use artificial heaters to stay warm when it is cold outside due to significant heat loss caused by the gap between the facade door and the ground. Figure 4.2.2. Plan of Fitness studio
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Figure 4.2.1. Elevation of Fitness studio
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES 4.3 Survey
The space size and use of the two sites are different, resulting in a large difference in daily use. The Puck studio typically has three employees, as seen in Figure 2, which keeps the internal temperature, humidity, and air quality more consistent during working hours. The only thing that significantly affects the indoor environment is a number of huge printing devices. These gadgets produce a lot of heat and have high power and carbon emissions. The front and back small doors as well as the circular holes on the front are the sole ventilation openings for the entire studio.The high ceiling and open interior setting, according to the staff that work here, may make it difficult for them to perceive how the heat produced by the printer will effect the indoor temperature and air quality. Employees must turn on the light throughout the day to achieve the necessary brightness for work because, as a result of the orientation and the fact that there is only one side of the window, the light is only comfortable for a few hours around two in the afternoon. Particularly since they are involved in printing and design-related activities, the identification of colour and material requires accurate and reasonable light intensity and colour temperature, which must be fully taken into account in the subsequent simulation and improvement. The change in the indoor environment is more complicated in a fitness studio. The interior temperature and ventilation needed throughout the day have changed as a result of the various course sizes and activity intensities. Fortunately, according to the staff, there are roughly 15 participants in group classes each day, which means that those who come to self-fitness when they are unsure need not take ventilation and temperature into consideration. Because of use, this causes the indoor comfort zone to shift, but not too frequently or drastically.In addition, there is essentially no useful natural light source in the space because of the protection provided by the highrise structure across from the location. Fitness studios must maintain the light on while in use, much like a pull studio. Fitness studio decides to often activate the shutter to improve air exchange in order to address the issue that more fresh air is required during workout. The little fan on the back wall also helps to some extent to alleviate this issue. However, it is definitely not a good idea to open the shutter when the weather is poor, such as on a wet day with a strong wind. Therefore, in the subsequent simulation and development, this point must be properly taken into account.
Figure 4.3.1. Lesson time table of Fitness studio
Regular Occupants Puck Studio
Fitness Studio
3
1-25
Daylighting
Artificial Illumination
Appliances
Allday
Large scale Printer Cutting Machine Computer Caffee Machine
Allday
Heatter
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Figure 4.3.2. Daily use situation of both sites
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.4 Spot measurements_illuminance_Puck Studio In Puck Studio, because Shutter is closed in daily life and the space is deep, few parts of the interior space can be illuminated by daylight, especially the Ground floor. The interior of the Ground floor receives little sunlight because of the blocking of the floor slabs. T h e i n s i d e o f t h e g ro u n d f l o o r i s m a i n l y a re st a re a , w h e re p e o p l e e a t , a n d the outside part is placed with printing machines. There is less human activity on the ground floor. The First floor is a work area, where staff have frequent activities. They are often busy with binding, cutting and computer work. Inside the Studio, lighting relies heavily on lighting. The light on the Ground floor is dim, which may be related to the lack of human activity. The light on the Ground floor is attached to the wall on the south side, where the light is stronger, and the light on the north side is weaker. On the first floor, in order to have a good working environment, the light is very bright, especially in the main work area, such as the platform used for cutting and binding paper.
LUX 2M
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Figure 4.4.1. Spot Measurement with section
Figure 4.4.2. Spot Measurement of Puck Studio
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4.5 Spot measurements_illuminance_Fitness Studio In the Fitness Studio, due to its demand for sports functions, the interior of the studio is empty and a large amount of artificial lighting is used. The interior is bright and the light distribution is relatively average. The side near the door is the brightest part of the studio because of the combination of light and daylight.
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Figure 4.5.1. Spot Measurement with section
Figure 4.5.2. Spot Measurement of Fitness Studio
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.6 Spot measurements_illuminance_Empty Arch In the Empty Arch, the light distribution has a remarkable feature, increasing from the middle to the open sides. Without any artificial lighting, the middle of the Empty Arch is darker than the other two studios, while the parts near the two ends are as bright as the artificially lit parts of the other two studios.
Figure 4.5.2. Measurement Data of Empty Arch
Figure 4.5.2. Spot Measurement of Empty Arch
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4.7 Datalogger_Temperature_23/10-27/10
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.8 Datalogger_Temperature_Puck Studio_20/10-27/10
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4.9 Datalogger_Temperature_Fitness Studio_23/10-29/10
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4 - INDOOR STUDIES
4.10 Datalogger_Swing_Fitness Studio&Puck Studio
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5 - INDOOR STUDIES - PUCK STUDIO
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.1 Base Case_Thermal Model_Puck studio 5.1.1 Annual Performance The Base Case Thermal Model for Puck Model shows a stable trend of temperature waving. There is a significant difference that the annual indoor air temperature is around 5 °C higher than the outdoor temperature. Which could be resulted in the high thermal mass of the arch structure. The chart below demonstrated that the indoor air temperature of Puck Studio is within the comfort band between April to October. For those months that below the comfort band, the trend of temperature decrease is much slower than the drop down of out door temperature, which could also be resulted in the effect of high thermal mass. According to the energy chart in the middle, the main indoor heat loss is through the building envelope. As a result, the methodology of thermal performance improvement for indoor space should focus on the insulation strategy. As the main heat gain is from indoor appliances, the importance of internal insulation is reflected again. The heating load of Puck Studio shows that there is a huge demand of heating in winter. In contrast, there is almost no cooling requirement in summer. Therefore, the key of the strategy is to improve the temperature in winter
Figure 5.1.1. Heat gains and losses for the base case
35 °C
Figure 5.1.2. Annual Heating&Cooling Load for the base case KWh/㎡
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Figure 5.1.3. Annual Temperature & GlobalRadiation for the base case Comfort Band (℃）
Outdoor Temperature (℃）
Indoor Temperature (℃）
Global H Rad (w/㎡）
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.1 Base Case_Thermal Model_Puck studio 5.1.2 Typical summer week The graph shows the indoor air temperature of base case and free running condition for Puck Studio during the hottest week of the year. As the outdoor temperature of London in summer is mostly within or below the comfort band, the indoor air temperature of the site is mostly in the comfort band even in the hottest week except 2 days that the outdoor temperature is too high and resulted in the rise of indoor temperature in which caused a slightly exceed of comfort band. Overall, the operative temperature fluctuation of Puck Studio is far less than the swing of outdoor temperature. The effect of thermal mass is clearly demonstrated. Apart from the stability, the indoor temperature is always around 5 degrees higher than the outdoor temperature. This also represented the effectiveness of the high heat capacity of the structure.
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Figure 5.1.4. Indoor temperature and free running condition of base case
2022/8/20 12:00
Indoor Air Temperature of Free running (℃）
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Indoor Air Temperature (℃）
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
27
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.1 Base Case_Thermal Model_Puck studio 5.1.3 Typical winter week The graph shows the indoor air temperature of base case and free running condition for Puck Studio during the coolest week of the year. It could be easily found that the indoor temperature for Puck Studio is much lower than the comfort band in this week. Though the temperature is not high enough to reach the comfort zone, it still beyond the outdoor temperature of about 5 °C in this week for most of the time. The differences of temperature between free-running and base case condition shows how much the internal heat gain could rise the indoor temperature. Therefore, strategy for improving the indoor heat gain could be applied to increase the indoor temperature.
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Figure 5.1.5. Indoor temperature and free running condition of base case
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Indoor Air Temperature of Free running (℃）
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Indoor Air Temperature (℃）
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
28
09:00
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.2 Base Case_Daylight Model_Puck Studio 5.2.1 Typical Hour Performance The illuminance simulations of Puck Studio in overcast weather can prove that the daylighting is not sufficient in this room and lighting decrease rapidly in the middle part of indoor space. It shows the similar situation with the spot measurement. The back side of the studio is dark, it need artificial light even during day time. The illuminance simulation also shows compare with March and June, there have much less daylighting in winter. Although there has almost no structures block the daylighting, the small windows cannot allow enough light pass through. During the site analysis and interview, the staffs have the same worry to the insufficient daylighting issue. They are going to replace the shutter with a glazing façade to get more daylighting.
21 MAR
21 JUN
21 DEC
Figure 5.2.1. Interio Daylighting Simulation of Puck studio
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.2 Base Case_Daylight Model_Puck Studio 5.2.2 DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation According to the simulation of daylight factor, more than a half of the space in puck studio is lower than two, this situation needs more artificial light. The Useful Daylight Illuminance and Daylight Autonomy simulations show the active result. Around 3/4 of the internal space have DA more than 50% and a half of the space have UDI above 60%. The simulations of DA, UDI and DA seems has different conclusion might because the influence of building materials. The studio has high reflective floor and white iron internal walls and ceiling, these materials reflect the daylight and diffuse to all direction. Low DA value means the space still lack natural light.
Figure 5.2.2. Daylight Factor
Figure 5.2.3. Useful Daylight Illlumination
Figure 5.2.5. Interior solar performance
Figure 5.2.4. Daylight Automony
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
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5.3 Typical Summer week_Strategy studio 5 Indoor Air temperature(℃）Simulation_Puck Indoor Airstrategy temperature-Shutter to glazing(℃） 5.3.1 Insulation Indoor Air temperature-Double glazing with argon gas + Shutter(℃）
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To decrease the speed of the rise of temperature due to solar radiation and internal gain, it is suggested to add insulation for the space. The graph shows 3 different strategies of insulation methods. 0
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Indoor Air temperature-Insulated shutter(℃）
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Insulated ceiling with 100mm insulation (U-value=0.3 W/m²K): The green line of ceiling insulation shows that it raises the temperature even further during the hottest week. This could be resulted in the effect of delaying the heat loss from indoor space to the mass. Therefore, the ceiling insulation could probably be effective in the use of improve the winter temperature. Internal/ External 50mm insulation on the facade (U-value=0.55 W/m²K): The internal or external insulation on the facade presented similar effectiveness in the temperature performance which significantly stabilized and deceased the indoor temperature to the comfort band. The difference between these two strategies is that the external insulation has a more stable temperature swing than the internal one. This could be resulted in the slowdown of the solar heat gain from the thermal mass and delayed the heat loss through the opaque. KWh/㎡ 1050
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Figure 5.3.1. Performence of Insulation Strategy
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Indoor Air temperature-External Facade Insulation 50mm(℃）
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
600 31
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All 3 combined strategies are weakened the thermal mass effectiveness thus could decrease the temperature to the comfort zone. The purpose of these strategies is to accelerate the temperature drop so that the indoor temperature stays within the comfort zone most of the time. The No.2 is the most effective strategy to maintain the indoor temperature in the comfort zone. It could be found that the No.2 has the most stability in these 3 measures. This could be resulted in its highest thermal insulation. Besides, No.2 has the least annual heating load of 5900 kWh which is a 60% reduction compare to the heating load of base case of 14965 kWh.
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Figure 5.3.2. Performence of Combination Strategy
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Indoor Air temperature-External Facade Insulation 50mm+Double glazing with argon gas shutter (℃）
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No.3
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There are 2 measures could rise the indoor temperature in this winter week, both are focus on the facade insulation. To increase the indoor temperature in the coolest week, it is important to minimize the heat loss from indoor space. The most direct way is to prevent the heat transfer from inside to outside. The arch structure has a thick roof and a thin facade wall. Therefore, it is more efficient to stop the heat loss from the building on the facade wall than the ceiling. The purple line of external insulation 50mm (U-value= 0.55W/m²K) performed best within these 3 measures regards to the ability of rising temperature. As the mass could storage heat, it could reduce the heat loss not only from the indoor space but also from the mass by insulating the external wall. Though the external insulation strategy has higher heating load than the internal insulation strategy, it has better stability.
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5.4 Typical Winter glazing week_Strategy Simulation_Puck studio Indoor Air temperature-Double with argon gas + Shutter(℃） Indoor Air temperature-Insulated shutter(℃） 5.4.1 Insulation strategy -10
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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Figure 5.4.1. Performence of Insulation Strategy
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Indoor Air temperature-External Facade Insulation 50mm(℃）
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
10 Comfort Band (℃）
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
Diffuse H Rad (w/㎡）
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Indoor Air temperature(℃） -5 5.4 TypicalIndoor Winter week_Strategy Simulation_Puck studio Air temperature-Insulated celling 100mm(℃） 5.4.2 Combination strategy insulation 50mm(℃） Indoor Air temperature-Internal
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Though there is no measure could reach the comfort band, all combined strategies raise the indoor temperature in the winter week. The No.2 is the most efficient measure with a lowest annual heating load of 5900 kWh. As it is the combination of all individual measures, it supposed to have a highest heat retaining property. Compared to the base case, No.2 raises the temperature by about 5 degree, and No.1 and No.3 by about 3 degrees. The causes of the highest running indoor temperature could be the retaining of the internal heat gain and also the heat in the mass in the case that there is no sufficient solar radiation during winter.
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Figure 5.4.1. Performence of Combination Strategy
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Indoor Air temperature-External Facade Insulation 50mm+Double glazing with argon gas shutter (℃）
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Indoor Air temperature-External Facade Insulation 50mm+Internal Insulation 50mm+Double glazing with argon gas shutter+Insulated Ceiling 100mm (℃）
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
34
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
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5.5 Lighting Strategy Simulation_Puck Studio 5.5.1 Glazing Strategy-Typical Hour Performance 21 MAR To improve the daylight condition in puck studio, larger windows are needed to create more chance to allow daylighting pass through. So, the first solution is replacing the shutter with glazing façade, that is also demand by the staffs. According to the illuminance simulation the daylighting is increased obviously. In summer time, a half of the area in puck studio has nature light higher than 500 Lux and the whole space is higher than 200 Lux during the day time. It means the studio have sufficient daylighting and does not need artificial light by day. It also improved the light condition in spring and autumn, illuminance is more than 200 Lux in most of the space exclude the back side. In winter, because of the solar position, daylighting decrease a lot and using artificial light is necessary. However, compare with shutter, glazing window still contribute a lot in promoting daylight condition.
21 JUN
21 DEC
Figure 5.5.1. Glazing Strategy Simulation of Puck studio
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.5 Lighting Strategy Simulation_Puck Studio 5.5.2 Glazing Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation The DF simulation prove that light condition gets better after installing transparent façade. The front part of Puck Studio has 10% DF and nearly a half part of space has DF value more than 5%. This area does not need artificial light in the most time of the day. The DF value in back side area is not that high but still more than 2%, it can satisfy the most activities happened in the studio. The UDI simulation shows that the front side area has low UDI value which means the illuminance always higher than 3000 Lux. Excess daylighting might cause glare and overheating problems. The simulation of Daylight autonomy is higher than 60%, daylighting can provide sufficient lighting in most time.
Figure 5.5.2. Daylight Factor
Figure 5.5.3. Useful Daylight Illlumination
Figure 5.5.5. Interior solar performance
Figure 5.5.4. Daylight Automony
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.5 Lighting Strategy Simulation_Puck Studio 5.5.3 Shade Strategy-Typical Hour Performance The transparent façade solved the insufficient daylighting problem but make the front part of area get excess lighting. To further improve the daylighting condition, the solution is installing a horizontal shading above the window to block daylighting. The simulation of daylighting illuminance shows the daylight conditions are quite stable from spring to summer. Around 3/4 of internal area get illuminance above 500 Lux, nearly 1/4 area has illuminance above 1000 Lux. The shading device block the direct sunlight obviously, according to the simulation, in the front area the illuminance decreasing rapidly from 1000 Lux to 500 Lux. Using shading has less impact in winter. The simulations of installing shading and not installing shading are almost similar. The sun position and location contribute a lot in daylighting during December.
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.5 Lighting Strategy Simulation_Puck Studio 5.5.4 Shade Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation The simulation of DF shows DF value above 5% in the front part of Puck Studio and rest area are above 2%. It reduces a little compare with the simulation of only using transparent façade. However, the DF almost above 2% can still prove the improvement of lighting condition. Shading increases UDI value in the front part because it blocks the direct sunlight. The working space avoid the excess lighting and glare problem. The simulation of Daylight autonomy is the same as previous simulation, higher than 60%, daylighting can provide sufficient lighting in most time.
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
38 Senario 1. Open the four openings
Inlet: 0.01 ㎡
Outlet: 0.01 ㎡
Senario 2. Open all windows
Inlet: 0.72 ㎡
Outlet: 0.72 ㎡
Senario 3. Open front and back door
Inlet: 0.72 ㎡
Outlet: 0.72 ㎡
5 - PUCK STUDIO
5.6 Ventilation Strategy Simulation In Puck Studio, here are 6 scenarios of the ventilation. 1.Ventilation by the openings on the wall. 2.Ventilation by the openings on the glazing. 3.Ventilation by the frount door and the back door. 4.Ventilation by the shutter and the back door. 5.Ventilation by the shutter. The base scenario demonstrates that even during the hottest week, the internal temperature of Puck studio is still within t h e co mfo r t ra n ge . P u c k S t u d i o s h o u l d o n l y b e ta ke n i nto account for fresh air requirements and not for cooling. O n l y t h e f i rst s c e n a r i o o u t o f t h e s e f i ve fa i l s to m e et t h e standards for fresh air. As can be seen, Puck Studio may make use of the other four ventilation options throughout the summer. Consider using ventilation with the least amount of cooling possible throughout the winter to minimise heat loss. It is clear that the second scenario provides the finest ventilation throughout the winter.
Senario 4. Open the shutter and back door Inlet: 1.9 ㎡
Senario 5. Open the shutter
Inlet: 14 ㎡
Outlet: 14 ㎡
Outlet: 14 ㎡
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6 - INDOOR STUDIES - FITNESS STUDIO
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
40
6 - FITNESS STUDIO 6.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 6.1.1 Annual Performance
The Base Case Thermal Model for Fitness Studio shows a stable trend of temperature waving. There is a significant difference that the annual indoor air temperature is around 3 °C higher than the outdoor temperature. The reason why it is lower than Puck Studio's 5°C is probably due to the larger space volume which caused higher thermal inertia. The chart below demonstrated that the indoor air temperature of Fitness Studio is within the comfort band between May to October. What should be mentioned is that the comfort band for fitness studio is different from working or living space, it recommended to be from 1624 °C. According to the energy chart in the middle, the main indoor heat loss is through the building envelope. Besides, due to the high number of average daily occupants of about 15, the internal heat gain is primarily from people's activities. As a result, the methodology of thermal performance improvement for indoor space should focus on the insulation strategy. The heating load of Puck Studio shows that there is a huge demand of heating in winter, but no demand for neither cooling nor heating from May to September.
35
Figure 6.1.1. Heat gains and losses for the base case
Figure 6.1.2. Annual Heating&Cooling Load for the base case KWh/㎡
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Figure 6.1.3. Annual Temperature & GlobalRadiation for the base case Global H Rad (w/㎡）
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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6 - FITNESS STUDIO 6.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 6.1.2 Typical summer week
The graph shows the indoor air temperature of base case and free running condition for Fitness Studio during the hottest week of the year. As the outdoor temperature of London in summer is mostly within or below the comfort band, the indoor air temperature of the site is mostly in the comfort band even in the hottest week except 2 days that the outdoor temperature is too high and resulted in the rise of indoor temperature in which caused a slightly exceed of comfort band. In addition, the shutter of the Fitness Studio is always open when there is a fitness course during summer. This is considered in the thermal model as the indoor air temperature base case sometimes will suddenly lower than the free running model. Overall, the operative temperature fluctuation of Fitness Studio is far less than the swing of outdoor temperature. The effect of thermal mass is clearly demonstrated. Apart from the stability, the indoor temperature is always around 2 degrees higher than the outdoor temperature. This also represented the effectiveness of the high heat capacity of the structure. KWh/㎡ 1050
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Figure 6.1.4. Indoor temperature and free running condition of base case
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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6 - FITNESS STUDIO
6.1 Base Case_Thermal Model_Fitness studio 6.1.3 Typical winter week The graph shows the indoor air temperature of base case and free running condition for Fitness Studio during the coolest week of the year. It could be easily found that the indoor temperature for Fitness Studio is much lower than the comfort band in this week. Though the temperature is not high enough to reach the comfort zone, it still beyond the outdoor temperature of about 5 ° C in this week for most of the time which is similar to Puck Studio. The differences of temperature between free-running and base case condition shows how much the internal heat gain from occupants could rise the indoor temperature.
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Figure 6.1.5. Indoor temperature and free running condition of base case
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES 09:00
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6 - FITNESS STUDIO 6.2 Base Case_Daylight Model 6.2.1 Typical Hour Performance
21 MAR
During visit fitness, it is easily to notice that the space is dark and use artificial light every time during the day. It only has a small window on the top of shutter. The layout of this space is large and there has almost no daylighting. Moreover, two tall residential building are located opposite the site and block the sunlight. The daylighting illuminance simulation shows the same result as personal experiences. Only in a few days have daylighting illuminance near the front gate approximately 250 Lux, the rest part is lower than 100 Lux. In winter, it even near 0 Lux in the day.
21 JUN
21 DEC
Figure 6.2.1. Interio Daylighting Simulation of Fitness studio
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
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6 - FITNESS STUDIO
6.2 Base Case_Daylight Model_Fitness studio 6.2.2 DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation The simulation of DF reflected that the entire space ais in bad daylighting conditions. The highest part is near the front gate has around 2.5% and other part is lower than 1%, without artificial light, the space is not suitable for people working. The simulation of Useful Daylight illuminance shows the site are in separate situation, the front part is around 80% and back part is lower than 60%. More than a half year the daylighting in this space can not be used. The separate situation also happened in the simulation of DA. Front part are between 50% and 90%, the back part is lower than 30%. According to the simulation result, the building has a unsuitable daylighting and façade design.
Figure 6.2.2. Daylight Factor
Figure 6.2.3. Useful Daylight Illlumination
Figure 6.2.4. Daylight Automony
Figure 6.2.5. Interior solar performance
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There are 4 insulating strategies are designed to decrease the summer temperature for Air Temperature-Shutter to Double withceiling. argon gas (℃） FitnessIndoor Studio. 3 for facade insulation andglazing one for Regarding to the facade 5 insulation, the external insulation 50mm (U-value=0.55W/m²K) shows more stability Indoor Air Temperature-Additional glazing of back facade (℃） compare with the internal insulation 50mm.This could be resulted in the slowdown of the Indoor Temperature-Double glazing with argon (℃） the opaque. solar heat gain from theAirthermal mass and delayed the heat lossgas through The mostIndoor effective method is the combination of internal and external insulation which 0 Air Temperature-Double glazing with argon gas+Shutter (℃） could drop down the indoor temperature of about 3 °C when the base case indoor air temperature is 25 °C. By applying this strategy, the fitness studio could entirely within the comfort zone even in the hottest week in the year. In terms of the ceiling insulation, it is not function at all as a measure to decrease the indoor temperature. On the contrary, it will increase the indoor temperature as it prevented the heat transfer from ceiling to the mass. Regarding to the heating load, the both sides insulation for facade has the best performance of 6598 kWh which has a 48% reduction compare to the base case
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Figure 6.3.2. Performence of Insulation Strategy
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6.3 Typical Summer week_Strategy Simulation_Fitness studio Indoor Air Temperature-Internal+External Insulation 50mm (℃） 0 6.3.2 Combination strategy
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The ceiling insulation is typically effective during cold season due to its ability to prevent heat loss from indoor space to the roof. However, in summer it will causes overheating. Therefore, a dynamic ceiling insulation could be considered as a proper measure to adjust both cold and hot season. The green line shows the combined strategy of facade insulation(U-value=0.55 W/m²K) , additional glazing, shutter to double-glazing with argon gas(U-value=1.2 W/m²K) and 100mm ceiling insulation(U-value=0.3 W/m²K). It has a significant improvement for the decreasing of base case indoor temperature. To test the effectiveness of dynamic ceiling insulation, the ceiling insulation is designed to be removed in summer. The result shows that it has limit impact on the temperature swing. For most of time, the temperature even rises up after taking off the ceiling insulation. Therefore, the dynamic ceiling insulation could be considered unnecessary.
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Figure 6.3.3. Performence of Combination Strategy
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6.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation 6.4.1 Glazing Strategy-Typical Hour Performance 21 MAR To deal with the problem of low illuminance in the fitness studio. The replacement the shutter to transparent window to get more day lighting is necessary. Because of the layout of the fitness studio is in rectangular shape and the obstruction by other building, installing windows on the back side wall can increase the daylighting condition in the inner part of the studio. The simulation of illuminance reflects the obvious change compare to the original situation. The illuminance raises to 300 Lux in the middle part in March at noon. In summer, the lowest illuminance is 300 Lux and other area have better daylighting condition. In December the illuminance is still lower than 150 Lux because of the sun direction and surrounding obstruct.
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Figure 6.5.1. Interio Daylighting Simulation of Fitness studio
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6.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation_Fitness studio 6.4.2 Glazing Strategy-DA/DF/UDI/Visualisation The Simulation of DF is above 2% and around a 2/5 space are higher than 5%. It is a huge improvement compare with the original situation. Most of the space can use natural light for illuminance. Although the daylighting is increased, the DF is still not high enough to get rid of using artificial light. The result of UDI and DA show that the solution increases the inner part daylighting and makes front and back part in an average level.
Figure 6.5.2. Daylight Factor
Figure 6.5.3. Useful Daylight Illlumination
Figure 6.5.4. Daylight Automony
Figure 6.5.5. Interior solar performance
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
Senario 1. Open the front door and the window
Inlet: 2 ㎡
Outlet: 0.45 ㎡
Senario 2. Open 1/2 the shutter
Inlet: 6.83 ㎡
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Senario 3. Open the shutter
Inlet: 13.66 ㎡
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Senario 4. Open three openings
Inlet: 0.03 ㎡
Outlet: 0.05 ㎡
Senario 5. Open all windows
Inlet: 0.45 ㎡
Outlet: 0.45 ㎡
Senario 6. Open the front door
Inlet: 2 ㎡
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6 - INDOOR STUDIES 6.5 Ventilation Strategy Simulation In Fitness Studio, here are 6 scenarios of the ventilation. 1.Ventilation by the front door and openings on the glazing. 2.Ventilation by 1/2 of the shutter. 3.Ventilation by the shutter. 4.Ventilation by three openings on the wall. 5.Ventilation by the opening on the glazing. 6.Ventilation by the front door. The basic scenario demonstrates that even during the hottest week, the internal temperature of the fitness studio is still within the comfort range. Fitness Studio should only be taken into account for fresh air requirements, not for cooling. These six scenarios show that the needs for fresh air are not met by scenarios 4 and 5. The remaining four ventilation settings can be used by Fitness Studio in the summer, as can be shown. Consider using ventilation with the least amount of cooling possible throughout the winter to minimise heat loss. It is clear that the first scenario provides the finest ventilation throughout the winter.
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7 - EMPTY ARCH
7.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 7.1.1 Annual Performance
To test the potential of the arch as a structure, the thermal model simulation is designed to an empty arch. The basic condition is a free-running arch with exposed brick mass and two large openings on the both sides. The result is demonstrated in the graph below. It shows that the air temperature in the arch is more stable than the out door air temperature. The swing of outdoor temperature is reduced even the arch structure is entirely open on both sides as a tunnel. As a result, the structure itself has a significant potential to stabilize the temperature.
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7.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 7.1.2 Typical summer week The empty arch shows a great potential to reduce the temperature swing and lower the highest temperature in summer. It could be seen that the air temperature inside the arch is reduced 4 °C from 30°C to 26°C in 20th August. Therefore, the arch-shaped brick structure could be considered as an effective thermal mass to stable the temperature.
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7.1 Base Case_Thermal Model 7.1.3 Typical winter week The coldest week of thermal modeling shows that the air temperature of empty arch is around 5 °C higher than the outdoor air temperature for most of the time. Besides, the rate of temperature chane for the arch structure is lower than outdoor space. As a result, the brick arch structure could be considered as an effective thermal mass and could be applied to passive design strategy.
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7.2 Base Case_Daylight Model 7.2.1 Monthly Performance
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By using the empty arch as the prototype, there are many variations could be imagined. In this case, the typical type of arches in London which is commonly designed as a facade of the combination of normal double glazing (U-value= 2.8 W/ m²K, G-value=0.8) and a shutter door is tested in the thermal model to verify its thermal performance in free-running condition. The green line shows the temperature performance in a basic condition of one side glazed facade with a shutter door below. It shows that the indoor temperature rose rapidly to the summit with the increase in outdoor temperature but dropped slowly with the decrease in outdoor temperature. Its rapid rise could possibly have resulted in the direct solar radiation to the glazing and shutter, but after that, the high thermal mass and high thermal inertia of indoor space storage the heat and release it slowly. To test the sensitivity of the heating effect from solar radiation to the normal double glazing, the original glass is replaced with Low-E glazing with the U-value of 1.2W/m²K and G-value of 0.4. The blue line shows prove that how the material of glass could affect solar gain and thus impact the indoor temperature. After changing the glass type, the temperature significantly dropped and became much more stable. Therefore, the glazing type is an important issue regarding indoor heat gain. 2022/8/22 0:00
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Figure 7.3.2. Temperature Performence of Strategy 2
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Outdoor Air Temperature (℃） Indoor Air Temperature (℃）
To test how occupants and appliances could influence the indoor temperature. 3 condition which is on the basis of low-E double-glazing and normal shutter door are tested in the thermal model in the hottest summer week. To test the appliance’s impact, there is a comparison between the pink line and the blue line. They have the same number of occupants of 10 but the blue line condition is with 36.4 w/m² electric power input. The result shows that the space with a 36.4 w/m² electric power could have a much higher indoor air temperature of around 3°C than the one without energy input. Therefore, the indoor heat gain from appliances should be well considered when designing a sustainable strategy for a space. In terms of the impact of occupants, there is another group of the pink line with 10 people and the grey line with 30 people inside. The result shows that the condition of 30 occupants could have a slightly higher indoor temperature compared to the 10 people. This could result in the human body radiation that could heat up the air temperature. As a result, the number of possible occupants should be well-considered before designing a space with a typical thermal requirement.
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INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
7 - EMPTY ARCH
7.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation 7.4.1 Conclusion UDI The empty arch has the same structure with other railway arches. The daylighting study of empty arch give a reference to the arches and help them has better daylight condition. The most common arches facade a brick wall or a shutter combine with a window. Therefore, research the relationship between windows size and lighting condition might find optimum façade design solution. The height of the empty arch is 6 meters, we assumed the brick walls in different height which are 1 M, 2M, 3M, 4M, 5M and using entire glass as façade. According to the simulation of useful daylight illuminance when the wall height in 2m to 4m will get better daylighting condition. When the wall higher than 4m, the sunlight will be blocked, inner part will have low illuminance. When the wall lower than 1m, the entrance part will get excess light and might cause glaze problem.
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7.4 Lighting Strategy Simulation 7.4.2 Comparison of results The comparison of daylight illuminance in overcast weather shows the different characters between entire transparent window façade and brick & window façade. The transparent window facade has more daylighting illuminance all around the year. In summer, more than a half of the inner space has illuminance more than 1000 Lux. According to the simulation, The illuminance changes obviously in whole window façade structure during different months. The result of 3m brick wall and windows façade shows the inner part illuminance almost higher than 200 Lux even in December. In summer this value is above 400 Lux. That is sufficient daylighting condition and can satisfied almost all kinds of indoor activities. Moverover, the change of the illuminance in 3m brick wall and windows façade is more stable during the year.
INTRODUCTION · OVER VIEW · OUT DOOR · INDOOR · CONCLUSIONS · REFERENCES
8 - CONCLUSIONS 8.1 Personal Conclusions Anbo Hu
Jiaru Ma
Ruixian Hu
Xinyu Chen
The study of term 1 is a significantly valuable experience for me to broaden my understanding of architectural sustainability. I used to have a simple cognition to the sustainable design which is recognized as the combination of greenery or material design. After learning those professional concepts of thermal, lighting, energy, materiality and acoustics, I realized that the sustainable design is a comprehensive subject that combined all characteristics that we could experience when using or even just living around a building.
In Term 1 project, we analyzed the railway arches by using knowledge learned from lecture and selflearning. The two site has their own characteries and function means the demand of the occupants is different. We analyzed the thermal and daylighting by using spot measurement, data logger and using software simulation to find the issue on the site. My part is analyzing daylighting. I find that insufficient of daylighting is a common problem in railway arches. The arches are always ranted to small company or restaurant, so they might have less demand on good daylighting condition compare with people live in residential areas. Finding a suitable solution is not easy, I think I still did not find the best solution to solve these problems.
The Term 1 is a challenging and rewarding journey. From the initial indoor and outdoor environment measurement to the later combination of software to simulate and predict the indoor environment of a building, it is a new learning experience. Through the analysis of Puck Studio and Fitness Studio, it helped me gradually understand how to analyze and solve the shortcomings of a building, understand the basic principles of sustainable architecture, and further understand the relevant work in this field.
T h e st u d y o f Term 1 i s a proces s of gradual advancement and continuous exploration. First of all, I went to investigate in a unique architectural structure - The Arches. I have a preliminary understanding of this building through searching for information, on-site inspections and interviews. Later, I conducted on-site measurements of temperature, humidity, light and wind speed, etc., and analyzed these data, which gave me a better understanding of these buildings. These recorded data are not just numbers, but life records that are closely related to the people living in these buildings. Through these data, we can feel people's daily needs and feelings of life more directly and practically. This makes me found it very meaningful and interesting.
The group project in term 1 gave me a remarkable improvement in terms of professional knowledge, software and tools ability, and cooperation ability. Start from the site visit, I learned how to use the tools to get environmental data such as illuminance level, air velocity, dry bulb temperature. Besides, my communication skills were also improved during the process of contacting and interviewing clients. Then is the skills of analysis and digital simulation. I learned how to dig out possibilities and potential issues from the data measurement. In addition, my ability of software using is enhanced. I learned how to use grasshopper to test the illuminance, and thermal performance of a building, and could propose strategies efficiently with digital tools. It should be mentioned that the basis of using these tools is the understanding of knowledge that is acquired from lectures or books. Conclusively, although the study of term 1 in SED is intensive, there is a remarkable improvement for me in the process of learning new knowledge and outcoming problems.
I also analyzed an empty arch and trying to find a common solution for all railway arches. I research about the relationship between the window size and illuminance and have come conclusions in the end. The work and research seems have no ending, every time I test a solution might cause another problem. Each part in sustainable design might associated with another part. For examples window façade increases internal illuminance but might cause overheating problem.
In this term's study, I learned a new set of workflow (Datalogger Rasshopper Ladybug Excel), which is a very efficient data visualization workflow and will greatly improve our work efficiency. In addition, how to effectively improve a room with large heat loss/ insufficient natural light/insufficient fresh air has also become a big gain in this term. Finally, the architectural form of Railway Arch is the biggest reason why I chose this project, because it is very similar to a common rural residence in my hometown. In the process of learning, I also found that these two buildings in different countries have the same shortcomings (such as heat loss and insufficient light), which attracted me very much, and also accumulated valuable experience for my future work.
Later, through the course study of Computer To o l s , I e v a l u a t e d t h e c o l l e c t e d d a t a f r o m multiple dimensions, and visualized the data in graphs, and was able to obtain the ideal space e nv i ro n m e nt state t h ro u g h d e b u g g i n g d ata , which made people feel novel and delighted. . Through courses like Building Studies, I learned that every wall, every window, every door and even every piece of equipment are closely related to our lives. They affect the air we breathe, the sunlight we get, and the comfort of our entire body. Architectural design is multi-dimensional. In the past, I only knew how to design in terms of form and space, but the first lesson SED taught me was how to do architectural design from the perspective of considering people's most real feelings.
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8 - CONCLUSIONS 8.2 General Conclusions
Through the study of two arches of Puck Studio and London Fields Fitness Studio, it founds that there is a wide range of potentials and possibilities for the arch brick structure in terms of its thermal mass, daylighting and ventilation performance. There are some key features for both sites and the arch structure. ●The arch brick structure as a large thermal mass has a huge potential of reducing temperature swing. When designing a closed arch as a building, it has the talent to reduce energy consumption in terms of heating and cooling. ●The high thermal mass could also resulted in the low temperature during winter and high temperature during summer. Therefore, proper insulation is still recommended to reduces the resistance of temperature fluctuations from thermal mass. The insulation for the façade could reduce the heat been absorbed by the high thermal mass thus could increase the indoor temperature in winter. In summer the facade insulation could also prevent the excessive heat from outdoor space. ●The Fitness Studio has larger thermal inertia than Puck Studio as it has larger volume than Puck. Therefore, the temperature in Fitness Studio would always lower than Puck Studio in the same outdoor weather condition and same internal heat gain. However, due to the different requirements for comfort band of from 18-22 °C in a fitness studio, same strategy would be applicable for both sites. ●To increase the energy performance for both sites, apart from insulating façade, the glazing type is also need to be considered as a key feature. A double-glazing window with argon gas could have similar effect to the façade insulation to reduce heat loss. ●Main ventilation strategy for the arch is to open the door regularly as it is a relatively closed structure. However, most of the ventilation demand could be satisfied by the small openings on the wall and the high infiltration rate for the arches ● The insufficient daylighting illuminance in railway arches normally because of the façade
structure and long rectangular layout. The window always in small scale reduce the lighting passing through. The inner part far away from window has worse illuminance condition.
●Some occupants prefer to replace the iron shutter with transparent façade. It can increase the
value of DF and have better illuminance. However, it might gain excess daylighting near the façade area. In this situation, installing a horizontal shading device can reducing the low UDI areas.
●The glass and brick window structure facade are the general structure applied in railway arches. If the size of window is the same as the size of brick wall might have better illuminance than other options according to the research in empty arch. The lowest value in DF is over 3% in the whole space of a 25m long arch. And avoid the problem that the illuminance decreased rapidly in the quarter part of arch.