Australia

AUSTRALIA

DISCOVER AUSTRALIA

NO AUS

WESTERN AUSTRALIA

SOUT AUST

ORTHERN STRALIA QUEENSLAND

THERN TRALIA NEW SOUTH WALES

“It is believed that there were almost 400 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact.�

Language

Language Australia is largely monolingual with English being the de facto national language.

Australian English has a distinctive accent and vocabulary. According to the 2011 census, 76.8% of people spoke only English at home. Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 1.6%, Italian 1.4%, Arabic 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2% and Greek 1.2%. A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are bilingual. It is believed that there were almost 400 Australian Aboriginal languages at the time of first European contact. Only about 70 of these languages have survived and all but 30 of these are now endangered. An indigenous language remains the main language for about 50,000 (0.25%) people. Australia has a sign language known as Auslan, which is the

Nhangka Arru

Werte marda

Jingi walla

Language

Australia: English 79.1%, Chinese 2.1%, Italian 1.9%, other 11.1%, unspecified 5.8% Cook Islands: English (official), Maori Fiji: English (official), Fijian, Hindustani French Polynesia: French 61.1% (official), Polynesian 31.4% (official), Asian languages 1.2%, other 0.3%, unspecified 6% Guam: English 38.3%, Chamorro 22.2%, Philippine languages 22.2%, other Pacific island languages 6.8%, Asian languages 7%, other languages 3.5% Micronesia: English (official and common language), Trukese, Pohnpeian, Yapese, Kosrean, Ulithian, Woleaian, Nukuoro, Kapingamarangi New Caledonia: French (official), 33 MelanesianPolynesian dialects New Zealand: English (official), Maori (official)

Language

Northern Mariana Islands: Philippine languages 24.4%, Chinese 23.4%, Chamorro 22.4%, English 10.8%, other Pacific island languages 9.5%, other 9.6% Palau: Palauan 64.7% official in all islands except Sonsoral (Sonsoralese and English are official), Tobi (Tobi and English are official), and Angaur (Angaur, Japanese, and English are official), Filipino 13.5%, English 9.4%, Chinese 5.7%, Carolinian 1.5%, Japanese 1.5%, other Asian 2.3%, other languages 1.5% Papua New Guinea: Melanesian Pidgin serves as the lingua franca, English spoken by 1%-2%, Motu spoken in Papua region note: 715 indigenous languages - many unrelated Vanuatu: local languages (more than 100) 72.6%, pidgin (known as Bislama or Bichelama) 23.1%, English 1.9%, French 1.4%, other 0.3%, unspecified 0.7%

main language of about 6,500 deaf people use.

Australian English (AuE, AusE, en-AU) is the form of the English language used in Australia.

Australian English has a distinctive accent and vocabulary.

There were almost 400 languages spoken

by Indigenous Australians prior to the arrival of Europeans. Most of these are now either extinct or moribund, with only about fifteen languages still being spoken among all age groups of the relevant tribes.

All the indigenous languages of Tasmania are extinct today, and little reliable information about them was recorded.

Two languages are spoken on the islands of the Torres Strait, within Australian territory, by the Melanesian inhabitants of the area: Kala Lagaw Ya and Meriam Mir. Meriam Mir is a Papuan language, while Kala Lagaw Ya is an Australian language.

Two English-based creoles have arisen in Australia after European contact: Kriol and

Language

Torres Strait Creole. Kriol is spoken in the Northern Territory, and Torres Strait Creole in Queensland. Broome Pearling Lugger Pidgin was a pidgin used as a lingua franca between Malays, Japanese, Vietnamese, Torres Strait Islanders and Aborigines on pearling boats.

Collection districts in Sydney, Australia, denoting languages other than English most spoken at home according to the 2006 Census, including Chinese (red), Arabic (dark green), Turkish (brown), Italian (light green), Vietnamese (yellow), Greek (light blue) and Maltese (pink). In the 2001 census, 2,843,851 Australians reported speaking a language other than English at home, including 50,978 speakers of Indigenous languages.

Other languages spoken in Australia, according to Ethnologue, include Adyghe, Afrikaans (12,655 speakers), Basque, Western Cham, Estonian, Fijian Hindustani,

Iyurrah

Ya jalik

Welcome

kurtijuyi

Language

Hebrew, Indo-Portuguese, Northern Kurdish (11,000 speakers), Cham, Latvian (25,000 speakers), Lithuanian (10,000 speakers), Cocos Islands Malay, Mambae, Assyrian Neo-Aramaic (30,000 speakers), Chaldean Neo-Aramaic, Nung, Piemontese, Pukapuka (140 speakers), Romanian, Traveller Scottish, Senaya, Slovene, Sylheti, Tai Dam, Tongan, Turoyo (2,000 speakers), Unserdeutsch, Uyghur, Northern Uzbek, Welsh and Eastern Yiddish. There is also the developing Italo-Australian Dialect that isn’t officially recognised by the Australian government but has been noted by linguists throughout Italy and Australia; the number of speakers is unknown.

According to the 2011 census, 76.8% of people spoke only English at home.

Other languages spoken at home included Mandarin 1.6%, Italian 1.4%, Arabic 1.3%, Cantonese 1.2% and Greek 1.2%.

According to the 2006 census, close to 79

Language

per cent of Australia’s population spoke only English at home. The three most common languages other than English were Italian (accounting for 1.6 per cent of the population), Greek (1.3 per cent) and Cantonese (1.2 per cent). According to the 2001 census, English was the only language spoken in the home for around 80% of the population. The next most common languages spoken at home were Chinese (2.1%), Italian (1.9%), Vietnamese (1.7%) and Greek (1.4%).

“Religion in Australia is diverse.�

Religion

Religion The Constitution of Australia of 1901 prohibits the Commonwealth government from establishing a church or interfering with the freedom of religion; however, the Australian population is predominantly Christian. In an optional question on the 2011 Census, 61.1% of the Australian population declared some variety of Christianity. Historically the percentage has been far higher and the religious landscape of Australia is changing and diversifying.

Also in 2011, 22.3% of Australians stated "no religion" and a further 9.4% chose not to answer the question. The remaining population is a diverse group which includes Buddhists (2.5%), Muslims (2.2%), Hindus(1.3%) and Jews (0.5%).

Australia’s Aboriginal people developed the animist spirituality of the Dreaming and some of the earliest evidence on earth for religious practices among humans has been found in the archaeological record of their ancestors. Torres Strait Islander religion bore similarities to broader Melanesian spirituality. The general isolation of indigenous Australian religion ended with the arrival of the first British settlers in 1788, whereafter subsequent immigrants and their descendants have been predominantly Christian. While the Church of England originally held a position of privilege in early colonial Australia, a legal framework guaranteeing religious equality began to evolve within a few short decades.[citation needed] From the earliest days of the colony there were Jews and other religious minorities. Events such as the 19th century Australian gold rushes brought adherents of the various Chinese

Religion

religions; and the requirements of the pre-mechanised era of transport brought specialised workers from British India, such as the mainly Muslim “Afghan Cameleers�.

While Australia has a strong tradition of secular government, religious organisations have played a significant role in public life.

The Christian churches, in particular, have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services.

While less than a quarter of Christians attend church weekly, around a quarter of all school students attend church-affiliated schools[citation needed] and the Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays. The Roman Catholic Church is by far the largest non-government provider of health and education services in Australia[citation needed] and faith-based aid organisations such as the St Vincent De Paul Society and the Salvation Army receive widespread community support. New

religious movements are also practised.

At the time of British settlement, the Indigenous Australians had their own religious traditions of the Dreaming (as Mircea Eliade put it) “There is a general belief among the Australians that the world, man, and the various animals and plants were created by certain Supernatural beings who afterwards disappeared, either ascending to the sky or entering the earth.�and ritual systems, with an emphasis on life transitions such as adulthood and death. The Aborigines of Northern Australia (Arnhem Land) retain stories, songs and paintings of trade and cultural interaction with boat-people from the north. These people are generally regarded as being from the east Indonesian archipelago.

(See: Macassan contact with Australia.)

There is some evidence of Islamic terms and concepts entering northern Aboriginal culture via this interaction.

Religion

Christianity came to Australia with the first British settlers on the First Fleet. Of the convicts and settlers most were Roman Catholics (largely Irish convicts) and Anglicans. There were at least 15 Jews in the First Fleet, 14 convicts and one “free� child. Other groups were also represented, for example among the Tolpuddle Martyrs, were a number of Methodists.[citation needed] The First Fleet brought tensions to Australia fuelled by historical grievances between Roman Catholics and other Christians, tensions that would continue into the 20th century.

Before 1901 a few Muslims arrived.

Some Muslim sailors and prisoners came to Australia on the convict ships. Afghans cameleers settled in Australia from the 1860s onwards, a number of them being Sikh. From the 1870s Malay divers were recruited (with most subsequently repatriated). Islam was not a significant minority in this period.

Catholic

Anglican

Religion

Christianity

Islam

In 1901, the government passed an act limiting immigration to those of European descent in what came to be known as the White Australia Policy. By effectively limiting the immigration of practitioners of different faiths, this policy ensured that Christianity remained the religion of the overwhelming majority of Australians for the foreseeable future and, indeed, to the present day. The first census in 1911 showed 96% identified themselves as Christian.

Further waves of migration and the gradual repeal of the White Australia Policy helped to reshape the profile of Australia’s religious affiliations over subsequent decades. The impact of migration from Europe in the aftermath of World War II led to increases in affiliates of the Orthodox churches, the establishment of Reformed bodies, growth in the number of Catholics (largely from Italian migration) and Jews (Holocaust survivors) and the

Religion

creation of ethnic parishes among many other denominations.[citation needed] More recently (post-1970s), immigration from South-East Asia and the Middle East has expanded Buddhist and Muslim numbers considerably and increased the ethnic diversity of existing Christian denominations. The Australian constitution consists of several documents, including the Statute of Westminster and the Australia Act of 1986, but there is only one reference to religion in the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, signed into law in 1900. Notably, the constitution does not include a Bill Of Rights and, as a result, Australia’s fundamental law has been criticized for its lack of explicit protection for several rights and freedoms.

Prior to British settlement in Australia, the animist beliefs of Australia’s indigenous people had been practised for millennia. In the case of mainland Aboriginal Australians,

their spirituality is known as the Dreaming and it places a heavy emphasis on belonging to the land.

European culture and Christianity have had a significant impact on Indigenous Australians. As in many colonial situations the churches both facilitated the loss of Indigenous Australian culture and religion and also facilitated its maintenance.

The Bahá’í Faith in Australia has a long history and a growing visible presence in the country since 1922. A Bahá’í House of Worship exists in Sydney, dedicated on 17 September 1961 and opened to the public after four years of construction.

Since the arrival of the first Christian settlers on the First Fleet of British ships in 1788, Christianity has grown to be the major religion in Australia. Consequently, the Christian festivals of Christmas and Easter are public holidays, the skylines of Australian cities and towns are marked

Religion

by church and cathedral spires and the Christian churches have played an integral role in the development of education, health and welfare services in Australia.

The first contacts that Islam had with Australia was when Muslim fishermen native to Makassar, which is today a part of Indonesia, visited North-Western Australia long before British settlement in 1788.

At least eight Jewish convicts are believed to have been transported to Sydney aboard the First Fleet in 1788, when the first British settlement was established on the continent. An estimated 110,000 Jews currently live in Australia.

Buddhists began arriving in Australia in significant numbers during the goldrush of the 1850s with an influx of Chinese miners.

In the 19th century, Hindus first came to Australia to work on cotton and sugar plantations

“Post-war Australia's multicultural immigration program lead to a diversification of the cuisine of Australia, particularly under the influence of Mediterranean and East Asian migrants.�

Cuisine

Cuisine Australian cuisine of the first decade of the 21st century shows the influence of globalisation. Organic and biodynamic foods have become widely available and there has been a revival of interest in bushfoods.

British traditions persist to varying degrees in domestic cooking and the takeaway food sector, with roast dinners, the Australian meat pie and fish and chips remaining hugely popular, but there are also new elements featured in these foods. Meat is a core component of the Australian cuisine and diet, and the production of meat has historically been a significant part of Australia's agricultural economy. To barbecue meat is considered traditional in Australia.

Restaurants whose product includes

Cuisine

Cuisine

contemporary adaptations, interpretations or fusions of exotic influences are frequently termed “Modern Australian�. Resource availability and dietary make-up varied from region to region—desert dwellers could be constantly on the move to find new foods, while other tribal districts allowed relatively fixed positioning. Fish were caught using technologies such as spears, hooks and traps. Food preparation techniques also varied, however a common cooking technique was for the carcass to be thrown directly on a camp fire to be roasted.

Australian cuisine has been derived from the tastes of immigrant settlers to Australia and the produce they have introduced to the continent. The British colonial period established a strong base of interest in Anglo-Celtic style recipes and methods.

Subsequent waves of multicultural immigration, with a majority drawn from Asia and the Mediterranean region, and

Cuisine

the strong, sophisticated food cultures these ethnic communities have brought with them influenced the development of Australian cuisine. Australia has a distinct coffee culture and is often cited as being one of the most developed and vibrant in the world. The development of the coffee industry has grown not from coffee chains but through independent cafĂŠs born out of early Greek and Italian immigration since the early 20th century.

Cuisine

Cuisine

References Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Languages_of_ Australia>.

Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Religion_in_Australia>.

Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AUSTRALIA_cuisine>.

"Google." Google. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <https:// www.google.com/webhp?sourceid=chromeinstant&ion=1&espv=2&ie=UTF-8#q=religion of northaustralia>.

Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation. Web. 3 Dec. 2015. <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/australia_cuisine>.

http://users.elite.net/runner/jennifers/ AustralianAboriginalGreetings.htm