Language Arts Portfolio Unit 2 Jenifer Andrea Garrido Barahona 6th Bilingual #2
Index My Learning Process Cover Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity Grammar Notes Grammar Notes Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty Grammar Notes Grammar Notes Writings Writing No. 1 Writing No. 2 Reading Comprehension, Oliver Twist Reading Comprehension No. 1 Reading Comprehension No. 2 Reading Comprehension No. 3 Proofread Documents Essay No. 1 Essay No. 2 Pictionary Final Test Appendix
Cover Unit
Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity
Modals are auxiliary verbs. The modals are: can, could, may, might, shall, should, will, would, must, ought to, had better. Each modal has only one form for all persons. Use simple modals (modal + base form) to show degrees of necessity in the present and the future. Use perfect modals (modal + have + past participle) to show degrees of necessity in the past.
Examples: • I could take some lessons of Italian. • My family should have played soccer every vacations. • It could be the best site. • She should join Twitter.
Modals show speakers’ attitudes toward the actions they are describing.
Some modal-like expressions have meanings equivalent to or similar to meanings of modals: Must Should May
have to, have got to ought to be allowed to
Use must, have to, and have got to to show strong necessity. They are similar in meaning.
Examples: • You ought to give some chocolates. • She may want her picture on Bob’s page. • It has to be her. She used the same photo on all her social networks.
Examples:
Use must in more formal English to show a very strong obligation that can’t be escaped.
• I have to get an email address to communicate with a friend.
Use have to in all forms and situations, formal and informal.
• Students must post their homework assignments by next Monday.
Use have got to in conversation and informal writing. It is rarely used in the negative. Use don’t have to instead.
• You’ve got to see this! It’s really funny!
BE CAREFUL! Use had to + base form to show past necessity. Don’t use must have + past participle.
• Bob had to leave his obsession.
Use must not to say that it is necessary not to do something (that it is prohibited). Use don’t / doesn’t have to + base form to say that something is not necessary. In the past, use didn’t have to + base form to say that something was not necessary. BE CAREFUL! Although must and have to have similar meanings, must not and don’t have to have very different meanings.
Use should or ought to to offer advice. We normally use should, not ought to, in questions and negatives. Use should have / ought to have + past participle to express advice about past situation. Should have and ought to have suggest that the action did not happen. Shouldn’t have and ought not to have suggest that it did. NOTE: We sometimes use shall in questions to ask for advice or direction. In this meaning, shall is used only with I or we. When it is used with we, it is often followed by a sentence with let’s. In this meaning, shall is similar to should.
Had better is like should and ought to but stronger. Use had better to give a warning that something bad or negative will happen if advice isn’t followed.
Examples: • You must not drive if you drink. • You doesn’t have to make the homework for this Friday. • You didn’t have to buy cloth because you have enough. • You must not stay up past 10:00.
Examples: •
You shouldn’t spend so much time in the computer.
•
Should I buy Margaritas?
•
You ought to have bought the books for your math class.
•
Shall I need to make this homework for tomorrow?
Examples: • You’d better stop watching so much TV or your grades will suffer. • You’d better not stay up too late because it is bad for your health.
Use be supposed to to show an expectation. Use it only in the present and the past. In the past, the affirmative suggest that the action didn’t happen. The negative suggests that the action did happen. You can use be to + base form in more formal English to express a strong expectation.
Examples: • You were supposed to pay more attention in your health. • We weren’t supposed to mention politic, religion in a meeting. • You are not to talk when two adults are speaking.
Use could or might + base form to make polite, not-too-strong suggestions about the present or future.
Examples:
Use could have / might have + past participle to make polite suggestions about a past opportunity. In this meaning, might have and could have mean that the action didn’t happen.
• You could have some chewing gum for Anne.
• They could be friends.
• You might have a good excuse for your exam.
Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty
We use modals and modal-like expressions to express different degrees of certainty. With these modals we speculate based on logic and facts.
Examples: •
The result of your medic exam might be right.
•
The thesis of Brian must be right.
When we want to state a fact we are absolutely-100%-sure of, we don’t use modals.
•
My mother may be planning something interesting for the next Holy Week.
Use must/ have to / have got to + base form when you are speculating about the present and are almost certain.
Examples:
Remember that we use modals with progressive as well as simple forms.
To make a negative speculation, use can’t / couldn’t + base form. Use must not + base form when you are slightly less certain. NOTE: We normally don’t contract must not in this meaning of must.
• •
You must respond his question. You has to bring something for the dinner.
•
Mary can’t be a member of the Survivor fan. It couldn’t be hard to answer this exam.
•
•
Could you bring me some food?
In questions, use could / couldn’t + base form.
Use may / might / could + base form when you are speculating about the present and are less certain.
Examples:
•
You may know the address of the company. You could give me the number phone of Kat.
Use may not / might not + base form in the negative.
•
BE CAREFUL! We usually do no contract might not, and we never contract may not.
•
We may not have the correct answer for this question.
•
Could the answers of Sophi wrong?
In questions, use could / might + base form.
Use must have / had to have + past participle when you are speculating about the past and are almost certain.
Examples: •
In the negative, use can’t have / couldn’t have + past participle to suggest impossibility.
We must have investigated this topic before.
•
They can’t / couldn’t have an accident.
Use must not have + past participle when you are slightly less certain.
•
She must not have lost the math exam.
In question, use can have / could have + past participle.
•
Can they have had the true about the crime?
When you are speculating about the past and are less certain (about 50%), use may have / might have / could have + past participle. BE CAREFUL! Could have + past participle has two meanings. In the negative, use may not have / might not have + past participle. In questions, use might have / could have + past participle.
Use should / ought to + base form when you are almost certain about a future action or event. Use may / might / could + base form when you are less certain about a future action or event. In the negative, use may / might + not / never + base form.
Examples: •
They may / might / could have signed Declaration of Independence.
• •
He could have a scholarship. Tom may not have the answers of the exam.
•
Might / Could she have had a car accident.
•
If we study for the exam we should obtain an excellent grade.
•
I might know when the college end.
•
I may / might never know when I finish my homework.
Writings
Reading Comprehension Oliver Twist
Proofread Documents
Pictionary
Cribbage: A cards game.
Bonnet: A hat
Merchant: A person who sells.
Hush: To make silence or quiet.
Robber: A person who robs.
Speculation: To assume.
Supper: A light meal eaten before going to bed.
Weary: Someone who is physically and mentally tired.
Pointer: A piece of advice; a suggestion.
Praise: Expression of approval, commendation, or admiration.
Chuckle: To laugh quietly or to oneself.
Cohorts: A group or band or people.
Debris: Fragments or remnants of something destroyed or broken; rubble.
Final Test
Appendix For futher information you can visit this web pages: Modals to Express Degrees of Necessity http://www.xmind.net/m/TtR2/ Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty http://everydaylearnwithborin.blogspot.com/2011/05/ unit06-modals-to-express-degrees-of.html