Andres Saavedra Sanchez Design Thinking - Fall 2020
Instructor: Julie Bauer FA: Maeve Elder Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis
Synopsis
In this book we will be exploring the possibility of a new typology of memorial/museum that highlights the memory of communities in St. Louis that have been erased and forgotten in history. This new typology merges multiple program elements that make the building a place for every day life, a place to learn, to organize community, to heal, and to play. These elements will be explored independently with the goal to bring them together in a new space capable of fostering conversations about racial inequality, of learning about our forgotten history, and of providing paths of healing from our past. The book focuses on exploring St. Louis as once of the most racially divided city in the country and asks how did it get there. It exposes the multiple layers of racial inequality in housing, the tools used to wipe out entire Black communities from the city, and proposes a facility that will honor and remember those who were affected by such unjust policies. The research will be focused on Urban Renewal and the demolition of the entire neighborhood of Mill Creek Valley. What were the repercussions for losing such an important part of the built environment? What happened to the communities that were living there? Did the concept of Urban Renewal succeed in Mill Creek Valley? Furthermore, the book will take a deep dive into multiple precedents of museums, memorials, healing, and peacemaking spaces around the world to shape a new program that aims to benefit the racial tensions of the heavily segregated city of St. Louis. A program that brings people together to reckon about our past injustices and to understand and address our history in order to look forward.
Contents 6
01
PREMISE
02
PROGRAM
03
PLACE
04
POSSIBILITIES
05
REFERENCES
Page 10
Page 56
Page 66
Page 86
Page 94
7
Adolphe, Y. (1858). Genius of America [Oil on canvas] St. Louis Art Museum 8
Blocked Thurman Ave. at I-44 underpass Botanical Heights (former McRee Town), St. Louis, MO 9
Premise 10
We live in a divided nation. A division that has been influenced by an extensive history of racism that took shape in form of policies at multiple levels of government, and practices in different sectors of society1. Ever since the founding of our nation Black people have been treated differently in America. The repercussions of the failure to include all Americans in the Declaration of Independence are still deeply embedded in our society and persist in our economic, political, and geographical landscape. One of the most pervasive and lingering hallmarks of systemic racism is residential segregation: our cities have been divided by race and it has systematically excluded African American families from areas of opportunity that support positive economic, educational, and health outcomes1. St. Louis is no exception to this division. In fact, it is one of the most segregated cities in the country. Nevertheless, this lingering issue affecting our city and alienating us further is often undiscussed, forgotten, and in some instances purposefully erased. Over the last few years, St. Louis has been an epicenter for the vigorous debate about racial and ethnic tensions in the United States. These conversations are necessary in our society in order to spark reckoning of the economic and human costs of our history of segregation and inequity. There is no justice without reconciliation and no reconciliation without acknowledgment. Although, these problems are deeply rooted and difficult to overcome, this book will investigate how architecture can spark conversations about racial inequality, and lure citizens to unintentionally enrich their knowledge about our history while healing and reconciling. The typology investigated is based on the overlap and sequence of programs that can function separately while consequentially conveying visitors to live through an experience of reckoning and self-growth. The result is meant to provide a space for visitors to feel, learn, discuss, and heal while experiencing history through symbolism and powerful architectural representation. Even though this book will research the possibility to create this new typology in the city of St. Louis, the ultimate goal is to create an architectural and programmatic precedent for future efforts by cities across the country to ease racial tension and fundamentally challenge the rooted racism embedded throughout the years in our communities. The ultimate intent is to help foster the acceptance of our history and its consequences, “to create an era of restorative truth-telling and justice that changes the consciousness of our nation�3. Only then will We the People successfully challenge injustice where it exists in our own lives, and vow never to repeat the past injustices and commit to a just future.
Source: 1. Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide. 2. The Case for Reparations. The Atlantic. 3. The Equal Justice Initiative
11
“It was a beautiful place, like a hotel resort I would say... One day we woke up and it was all gone” Ruby Russel
Former Pruitt-Igoe tenant
12
Source: The Pruitt-Igoe Myth
Pruitt- Igoe Demolition, 1973
Source: The State Historical Society of Missouri
13
Place Matters Residential segregation is the most prominent cause of unequal outcomes in multiple categories due to the current system created to have opportunities and resources strictly tied to the place where one lives. In St. Louis, place has been systematically imprinted by race, residential segregation tied with economic disinvestment and neglect have fomented intergenerational poverty across the city’s most disenfranchised areas. This has been exacerbated by years of systemic and explicit intent of removal of African Americans from the city. However, do St. Louisans know about our tainted history? In order to move forward it is crucial to understand the root of our existing racial and economic division.
St. Louis Families living in neighborhoods of concentrated poverty
12
%
For African American
%
For Whites
Wealth gap between African American and white families
228 Years
10
For the average African American family to have the same wealth as the average white family
Over
Among the St. Louis
1
Less than
25%
most segregated metropolitan areas in the country
of the wealth gap is attributed to years of homeownership
What do St. Louisans think? During the months of October and November of 2020 I conducted a survey via Google Forms where I asked on my social media platforms the following questions directed to St. Louis residents only. A total of 132 responses were submitted. Do you think St. Louis is still a heavily segregated city?
Why do you think North St. Louis is mostly vacant and abandoned? Crime Poverty
Yes
93%
White Flight Segregation Redlining Public Policy De-industrialization No Neighborhood Pride
14
16%
25%
Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide. Washington University in St. Louis. 2018.
58% 52% 47% 41%
76% 75%
Hazelwood
Castle Point
Berkeley
Dellwood
Ferguson Jennings
Baden
Wells-Goodfellow Fairground
n
sio n e T
The Ville
West End
Jeff-Vander-Lou Ladue
Clayton-Tamm
Northampton
Webster Groves
St. Louis Hills Southampton
Affton 15
“I attended sixth- and seventh-grade classes in the basement of Vashon High School, which had an unobstructed view of the empty space where my family and friends had lived a few years before“ Vivian Gibson
Author of The Last Children of Mill Creek
16
Source: The Last Children of Mill Creek
Remaining Homes of Mill Creek Valley, 1962 Source: Jim Rackwitz, St. Louis Post Dispatch
17
St. Louis History of Segregation
18
19
St. Louis History of Erasure Throughout history the St. Louis region has demolished entire neighborhoods and wipe out African American communities with the following pretexts.
20
Source: The Broken Heart of America
21
Urban Renewal  Mill Creek ValleyÂ
Urban renewal was a popular term in the second half of the twentieth century in cities that were experiencing an increasing decay in their housing stock. Most of the neighborhoods that were mostly affected where closer to the core of the cities where its buildings had been built even before the invention of indoor plumbing. Once Congress Passed the National Housing Act of 1949, Federal and Local funding funneled into Mill Creek Valley, which was considered the largest slum in the city. The neighborhood that was home to thousands of African American residents who fled the South for a better life was essentially erased from the city.
80
Housing Stock without
% Interior Bathrooms
800 Business 20.000 Residents 95% African American
Mill Creek Valley Aerial, circa 1950s
Source: Missouri Historical Society
Rail Yards
1,000 Feet Figure Ground Map - 1950s 22
Source: Decoding the City, Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide. Maps inspired from The Broken Heart of America
5,600 & 40
$11Million
Housing Units
City funding to demolish
54-Block Neighborhood
Churches were destroyed
Only
20
Original Families
remained in the so called
“Hiroshima Flats� by 1961
Mill Creek Valley Aerial, 1965 Source: Missouri Historical Society
Olive St.
20th St.
2
Grand Blvd.
Laclede Ave. 4
1
et Mark
3
Daniel Boo
St.
ne Express
1,000 Feet
1 Vashon High School 2 Brea Presbyterian
3 Community Center 4 Waring Elementary
way
Figure Ground Map - 1960s
Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide & The Broken Heart of America
23
“There’s just a lot of emotional tension that prevents people from speaking honestly about race. The result of racist housing policy is that we don’t live near each other, we don’t know each other, we don’t speak to each other, we don’t understand each other, and we don’t even fully understand the policies and laws that got us here.” Aimee VonBokel
Housing and Land-use Policy Historian
24
Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide
Black Lives Matter Protest by Portland Place, 2020 Source: United Press International
25
Outcomes of our History
26
Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide
27
Sculpture at the National Memorial for Peace and Justice Source: The New York Times
28
How can museums and memorials encourage remembrance and reconciliation that changes the consciousness of our nation?
29
In order to respond to the previous question we will to look into precedents that have remembrance and reconciliation as their main purpose.
Memorial
30
Museum
We can categorize these by four different categories to find important elements from each of the precedents.
Healing Spaces
Peacemaking Spaces
31
Memorial
32
Source: Image courtesy of Bartek Kuzia/ Flickr
me·mo·ri·al 1. Something, especially a structure, established to remind people of a person or event - Oxford English Dictionary 2. Something that keeps remembrance alive - Merriam-Webster Dictionary 3. An object made in order to honor a person or event - Cambridge Dictionary
33
National Memorial for Peace and Justice Montgomery, Alabama - MASS Design Group
34
The memorial for Peace and Justice dedicated in 2018, is the first memorial in the United States dedicated to the victims of racial terror and lynching.
In addition to the hanging monuments, duplicates of the hanged corten steel elements lie just outside of the structure in what its called the Memory Bank.
The memorial sits on six acres of land overlooking downtown Montgomery and consists of a canopy structure that suspends eight hundred Corten steel monuments representing each of the counties in the US where lynchings took place. Each of these symbolic elements has the names of the victims engraved.
These duplicates are intended to be reclaimed by their respective county as a way to invite them to engage in the process of reconciliation and acknowledgment by placing it in a form of a marker in their own community.
Source: A Memorial to the Lingering Horror of Lynching - The New York Times, Mass Design Group
Descending while Monuments get higher
Section 35
Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe Berlin, Germany - Peter Eisenman & Bauro Happold The touching memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe is located adjacent to the Tiergarten Park and two blocks away from the Brandenburg Gate in the heart of Berlin.
Inaugurated in 2005, the two hundred thousand square feet site consists of a rigid grid structure that is delineated by 2,711 concrete pillars, each the same size, but variable heights from zero to 13 feet.
According to the architect the monument has “no goal, no end, no working one’s way in or out�. It is meant to symbolize the instability of a system. Eisenman emphasizes that the divergence between the ground and the top plane of the pillars makes for a place of loss and contemplation.
Its location, progression of human scale, and compressed spaces make this monument a great example of an every day life memorial. Locals, as well as tourists, visit the monument to experience it not only as a memorial but also as a place where life occurs.
Size of the monument representing the severity of the Holocaust Image: GLF Media
36
Source: Eisenman Architects. imes, Mass Design Group
Opportunity for moments of self-reflection Image: Eisenman Architects
Scale & Strong Symbolism
Space for Everyday life
Places of Reflection
Multi-layered site of experiences
Section courtesy of Eisenman Architects 37
Museum
38
Source: Image courtesy of Perkins & Will
mu·se·um 1. A non-profit, permanent institution in the service of society and its development, open to the public, which acquires, conserves, researches, communicates and exhibits the tangible and intangible heritage of humanity and its environment for the purposes of education, study and enjoyment - International Council of Museums 2. An institution devoted to the procurement, care, study, and display of objects of lasting interest or value - Merriam-Webster Dictionary
39
National Museum of African American History & Culture Washington, DC - Freelon Adjaye Bond/SmithGroup The newly constructed jewel on Constitution Avenue, neighbor of the Washington Monument, and part of the Smithsonian Museum, stands in Washington D.C. on the grounds that once were the epicenter of the nation’s slave trade. Its intrinsic silhouette, according to the architect, borrows forms from a Yoruba sculpture, while also responding to the angle of the Washington Monument.
The 420,000 square feet museum opened in 2016 featuring an ornamental bronze lattice facade that references historic African American craftsmanship. In the interior of the building, visitors are guided through an emotional journey, channeled by large column free spaces, vast underground galleries, extraordinary infusion of natural light and a variable list of materials that include pre-cast concrete, timber, and glazing.
Facade Modules Opacities vary according to orientation
Image: National Museum of American History and Culture
Facade Stepped referencing struggles and achievements of African Americans
Site Plan
Scale and Perspective
Contemplative Court
Section from Ongreening
40
Source: ArchDialy, Dezeen, Archtizer
Contemplative Court, enclosed place to self-reflect with ceiling waterfall
Experience Collage
Harder stories are told in lower floors where there is no natural light
Transparency and light present in culture related galleries
Facade Detail
Ornate Cast Aluminum Panels evoking decorative ironwork found in Southern Architecture 41
Memory Center for Peace and Reconciliation Bogota, Colombia - Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos This museum opened its doors in 2013 as an architectural intervention to remember the more than six million victims of the Colombian internal conflict. The architecture has continuously included the victims of the conflict themselves in the construction of the building. It invites the visitors to descend from the four cardinal points creating an experience of immersion, calmness and escape from the busy adjacent streets of the city.
Site Plan - Part of the Central Cemetery Source: Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos
42
The construction of this building is symbolic. Much of the conflict in Colombia is related to land. And even though the majority of the conflict happened in the rural areas, the construction of the Memory Center creates a sense of place on its own. During its construction, more than 2,600 victims of the conflict where invited to bring portions of land brought from their places of origin to place them in the walls of the museum. These will be visible and permanent as a way of remembering those who perish in conflict.
Massing Symbolism of Site & Remembrance Source: Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos
Descending Experience
Pocket of Peace in the city
Source: Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos
43
Healing
44
Source: Image courtesy of 9/11 Tribute Museum
heal·ing space 1. A place that triggers the point when the destructive forces of illness give way to healing - Esther M. Sternberg 2. Natural landscape, psychological well-being and mental health - William Ll. Parry-Jones 3. Sacred Spaces: Therapeutic Landscapes of Spiritual Significance - Andrew Crompton
45
African Ancestors Memorial Garden Charleston, South Carolina - Hood Design Studio
46
The African Ancestors Memorial Garden will be a collection of commemorative gardens on the grounds of the IAAM (International African American Museum) in the Gadsden’s Wharf of Charleston, SC.
The Wharf is considered “Ground Zero of the African American experience” due to the high influx of slaves inhumanely and forcibly brought to the United States through this specific site.
The gardens will give the opportunity to visitors to engage with the site, honor, and commemorate African ancestors while reflecting and learning of the historic significance of Gadsden’s Wharf.
The decision to raise the museum to the second floor was out of respect for the hallowed ground where Gadsden’s Wharf once stood. The methodological juncture of Architecture and Landscape design in the project will enriches its historical and cultural experience.
Stele Structures Representing those lost in the Transatlantic Slave Trade - Image: IAAM
The Tide Tribute - Change in tile pattern near the Wharf where thousands arrived dead.
Source: International African American Museum - Memorial Garden
View of the Harbor
Southern Palm Grove
Entrance to the Tide Tribune
Tide Tribute Floor Tile Representative of slaves brought inhumanely in ships
Museum
Memorial Gardens
Source: International African American Museum - Memorial Garden
47
9/11 Memorial & Museum New York, New York - Michael Arad & Peter Walker The memorial was designed by architect Michael Arad and landscape architect Peter Walker, and according to their concept entry it is referred to it as the “Reflecting Absence” Their design consists of two waterfall pools surrounded by bronze parapets that have been engraved with the names of the 9/11 attacks victims, as well as the 1993 World Trade Center bombing.
Site Plan
Source: PWP Landscape Architecture
48
Source: 9/11 Memorial Museum
The Memorial intends to exemplify the void of the towers with the 30’ deep pools that sit in the footprints of the former North and South Towers. These are considered to be the largest man made waterfalls in North America. The strong symbolism of the water running from under the names to the void not only creates a visual experience but an acoustical as well. The water disappears into a smaller void in the center of each pool, giving a sense that the waterfall is infinite.
Scale and Perspective Source: Getty Images
Inclusion of all senses
Infinity Waterfall Visual Effect
Representation of the Void Experience Collage
Source: Section courtesy of PWP Architects
49
Peacemaking
50
Source: Image courtesy of Getty Images
peace¡mak¡ing 1. Creative process of engaging others to make lasting change by addressing the root causes of conflict and ensuring the freedom from fear for all residents of a specific place or community. - Project for Public Spaces 2. The process of bringing about peace, especially by reconciling adversaries - Oxford English Dictionary
51
Heaven of Peace and Community Space Turbo, Colombia - Taller Sintesis Turbo has been one of the most affected towns by violence in Colombia. Massacres, enforced disappearances, arson and population displacement were common. In efforts to look forward and leave behind the violent past, the town decided for the need of a place that would strengthen their community while honoring the memory of the 500 victims of violence.
Site Plan
Source: ArchDaily
52
Source: ArchDaily - House of Memory and Community Space
The program of this building was fully directed by the community and their needs. The programmatic progression of experience starts with the recognition of the site, and its people, followed by history, current needs, way of living and lastly future projections. The most important highlight is the use of the soccer field as a way to bring the community together and forget about the horrible past. The game increases the ties in the community and creates path to dialog.
Semi-outdoor Community Space Source: ArchDaily
Sports + Culture + Everyday Life
Multi-use Communal Space
Semi-outdoor Community Space
Soccer Field
Source: Section courtesy of Taller Sintesis
53
“... the dynamism, expressive freedoms, accessibility, legitimacy, and influence of museums make them ideal for the commemoration of truth—the cornerstone of transformative transitional justice“ Geoff Ward
Professor of African and African American Studies at Washington University in St. Louis
54
Source: Truths and Reckonings: The Art of Transformative Racial Justice
The Hall of Names at Yad Vashem Source: Yad Vashem
55
Program 56
Based on the information gathered from the precedent studies the approach taken to create the program is one of experiential progression. This type of program intends to take the visitors through multiple layers of experiences that shape the feelings and emotions of the person as they walk through. Although, certain parts of the program are able to work independently, the idea is that a visitor is subsequently exposed to the other parts of the program and therefore experiences them throughout their visit participating in the emotional progression and growth. This program is as important inside as it is outside. The adjacencies and connections of the spaces inside and out are crucial for the experience of the building as a whole. Parts of the healing process may occur inside but they are complemented by elements in the landscape.
57
High Level Diagram
58
59
Mind Map
A brainstorming exercise
60
61
Bubble Diagram
62
63
Program Parts
64
65
Place 66
Site is a determinant factor for much of the program content and architectural expression. When selecting a site for the previously assembled program multiple questions were raised regarding the importance of the site to be visible for most people, for it to be either in North St. Louis or for it to be in a site of historic value. Nevertheless, in the exploration of sites certain characteristics prevailed over others. Often it is more important to have a truly meaningful site that inspires and that makes visitors feel its significance, rather than a site where any other buildings could be. A memorial for the erasure of Black communities in St. Louis needs to be powerful and its site significance needs to support the architectural concept.
67
Site Considerations
1 Site 1/Confluence 2 Site 2/Threshold 3 Site 3/Memory
68
3
2
1
69
Site Considerations
Memory
70
Threshold
Confluence
71
1 Site 1/Confluence
72
73
2 Site 2/The Threshold
74
75
3 Site 3/Memory
76
77
Site/Memory 185’
730’
630’
630’
170’
543’
2952 Olive St. Owner
MillporeSigma Chemical Total
Area
374,000 SF
Appraised Total $3’237,000
The site located in Midtown is just half a mile from the new soccer stadium, four blocks away from the Delmar Divide, a block away from the Locust Business District and adjacent to Harris-Stowe State University. The most important feature of the site is its historical layer. On these grounds Mill Creek Valley and LaClede Town 78
Source: Geo St. Louis, Google Earth
79
Amenities Map Key Religious Establishment Restaurant College/University Museum Library Grocery Store Housing Office Buildings Hotels Schools K-12 Hospital Cultural Spaces Parking
80
81
Memory of the Site Mill Creek Valley
Mill Creek Demolition
Vibrant and predominantly African American neighborhood who welcomed the newest residents of the city during the Great Migration. Deteriorated state
With support of the federal and local governments, St. Louis decides to demolish Mill Creek Valley using the increasingly popular Urban Renewal Plan.
View from Union Station, 1959
Housing Stock Demolition, 1959
Source: Missouri Historical Society
1910 82
Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide & The Broken Heart of America
Source: St. Louis Post Dispatch
1950
LaClede Town
LaClede Town Demolition
A housing development that has as a goal replace the void left after Mill Creek Valley’s clearance. A “Urban Utopia” that achieved racial integration and diversity.
A success for nearly ten years, the complex started to decline after the owner sold it to another entity who increased rents and HUD declined to continue the subsidies.
General Store, 1960
Aerial View, 1998
Source: Decoding the City
1965
Source: Google Earth
1990 Source: Segregation in St. Louis: Decoding the City & The Broken Heart of America
83
Existing Conditions
84
85
Possibilities 86
In this chapter we explore the possibilities of incorporating the ideas previously explored in the premise and program into the specific site chosen in the previous chapter. This exploration not only consists of architectural possibilities but also of experiential investigation. Looking deeper into the sequence of experience through the program which includes organizing,contemplating, learning, discussing, playing, and engaging. Architecturally, thinking about representation of two communities that once stood over this empty site could be challenging. However, it is important to highlight and differentiate them as a juxtaposition of voids that once stood there.
87
Experiences
88
89
Memorial
90
91
Memorial
92
93
References 94
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References Cambria, N., Fehler, P., Purnell , J., & Schmidt, B. (2018). Segregation in St. Louis: Dismantling the Divide. St. Louis: Washington University in St. Louis. City of St. Louis . (2008). City of St. Louis Climate Vulnerability Assessment. City of St. Louis. City of St. Louis. (2017). Climate Action & Adaptation Plan . St. Louis : City of St. Louis . City of St. Louis. (2019). Resilient St. Louis. St. Louis. City of St. Louis. (2021, January 02). Geo St. Louis . Retrieved from City of St. Louis Planning & Urban Design Agency : dynamic.stlouis-mo.gov/citydata/newdesign/ map.cfm?block=0000 Coates, T.-N. (2014, June 5). The Case for Reparations. Retrieved from The Atlantic: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2014/06/the-case-for reparations/361631/ Corbett , L., Dwight , D., Furtado, K., & Vargas, C. (2020). Still Separate, Still Unequal: A call to level the uneven education playing field in St. Louis . St. Louis : Forward Ferguson. Cornachio, J. (2019, June 15). Architectural Details: David Adjaye’s Museum of African American History . Retrieved from Architizer: https://architizer.com/blog/ practice/details/architectural-details-david-adjaye-smithsonian/ Cortright , J. (2020, August 17). America’s least (and most) segregated cities. Retrieved from City Commentary : https://cityobservatory.org/most_segregated/ Cotter, H. (2018, June 1). A Memorial to the Lingering Horror of Lynching . Retrieved from The New York Times : https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/01/arts/design/ national-memorial-for-peace-and-justice-montgomery-alabama.html DeLoach, R., & DeRose, J. (2020, December 10). Urban Renewal and Mill Creek Valley. Retrieved from Decoding the City : http://www.decodingstl.org/urban-renewal- and-mill-creek-valley/ Eisenman Architects. (2020, December 15). Berlin Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe. Retrieved from Eisenman Architects: https://eisenmanarchitects.com/ Berlin-Memorial-to-the-Murdered-Jews-of-Europe-2005
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Fernanda, C. (2019, June 4). Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture. Retrieved from ArchDialy : https://www.archdaily. com/794203/smithsonian-national-museum-of-african-american-history-and- culture-adjaye-associates Flory, J., & Gusten, S. (2020, January 2). LaClede Town: The Rise and Fall of a “Bohemian Utopia: . Retrieved from Decoding The City : http://www.decodingstl.org/ laclede-town-the-rise-and-fall-of-a-bohemian-utopia/ Freidrichs, C. (Director). (2011). The Pruitt-Igoe Myth [Motion Picture]. Gibson, V. (2020). The Last Children of Mill Creek . Cleveland, OH : Belt Publishing . International African American Museum . (2020, December 15). Memorial Garden . Retrieved from International African American Museum: https://iaamuseum.org/ wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Digital-Booklet-48-64.pdf Johnson, W. (2020). The Broken Heart of America: St. Louis and the violent history of the United States . New York: Basic Books. Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos . (2008, December 15). Centro de Memoria Paz y Reconciliacion . Retrieved from Juan Pablo Ortiz Arquitectos : http:// juanpabloortiz.co/portfolio/centro-de-memoria/ Kahn, M. (2020, October 25). The German model for America . Retrieved from Vox: https://www.vox.com/the-highlight/21405900/germany-holocaust-atonement- america-slavery-reparations Lahoud, C., & Martinuzzi, C. (2020). Public space site-specific assessment . Nairobi : United Nations Human Settlements Programme. MASS. Design Group . (2020, December 15). The National Memorial for Peace and Justice. Retrieved from MASS. Design Group : https://massdesigngroup.org/ work/design/national-memorial-peace-and-justice Missouri Historical Society . (n.d.). Retrieved from https://mohistory.org/society Omar , H., & Owusu, N. (2018). What Does it Take to Embed a Racial Equity & Inclusion Lens? . Living Cities .
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O’Neil, T. (2020, August 7). Aug. 7, 1954: Decision to clear Mill Creek Valley changed the face of the city. St. Louis Post Dispatch. Rothstein , R. (2014). The Makinf of Ferguson. St. Louis : Economic Policy Institute . Taller Sintesis . (2020, December 12). House of Memory and Community Space. Retrieved from ArchDialy : https://www.archdaily.com/606919/remanso-de-paz-house- of-memory-and-community-space-taller-sintesis-angelica-gaviria The Equal Justice Initiative. (2020, December 9). The National Memorial for Peace and Justice. Retrieved from The Equal Justice Initiative: https://museumandmemorial. eji.org/memorial
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Andres Saavedra Sanchez Design Thinking - Fall 2020 Sam Fox School of Design & Visual Arts Washington University in St. Louis 100