Bachelor of Science (Honours) (Architecture) BUILDING SCIENCE 2 (ARC 3413])/ (BLD61303)
Project 1 [Lighting & Acoustic Performance Evaluation and Design]
Members:
ANDREW CHEE KIONG CHEE MAN SHING FARAH FARHANAH KASSIM JEREMY TAY EUJIN LINDA LOW TZE HOU RAHMAT AIDIL MAULA TAN WEN YEE
Table of Contents 1.0 Abstract 1.1Introduction 1.2Aims and objectives
2.0Precedent studies 2.1 Lighting 2.1.1 Aalto University’s, Finland 2.2 Acoustic 2.21 Export Development Canada Head Offices, Ottawa
3.0 Research methodology 3.1. Methodology of lighting analysis 3.1.1 Description of equipment 3.1.2 Data collection method 3.1.3 Lighting analysis calculation 3.2. Methodology of acoustics analysis 3.2.1 Description of equipment 3.2.2 Data collection method 3.2.3 Lighting analysis calculation
4.0 Site study 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Reason for selection 4.3 Measured drawings 4.4 Existing lighting sources 4.5 Existing acoustic sources
4.6 Existing materials on site 4.7 Zoning of space
5.0 Lighting analysis Literature review 5.1 Lighting lux readings 5.1.1 Daytime lux readings 5.1.2 Night time lux readings 5.1.3 Observation and discussion 5.2 Lux contour diagram 5.3 Analysis and calculation 5.3.1 Daylight factor calculation 5.3.2 Artificial light calculation Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 5.4 Analysis and evaluation
6.0 Acoustic analysis Literature review 6.1 Noise sources 6.1.1 External noise sources 6.1.2 Internal noise sources 6.2 Acoustic readings 6.2.1peak&non-peak hour’s readings 6.2.2 Observation and discussion
6.3 Acoustic ray diagram 6.4 Analysis and calculation 6.4.1 Equipment sound pressure level 6.4.2 Sound pressure level calculation Zone 1 Zone 2 Zone 3 Zone 4 6.4.3 Spaces acoustic analysis 6.4.4 Reverberation time calculation 6.4.5 Sound reduction index calculation 6.8 Analysis and evaluation
7.0 References 8.0 appendix
Introduction
In architecture, both light and acoustic design play a very important role in creating a comfortable and dynamic environment for leisure or working. In order to achieve that, we have to study and understand the standard and requirements of proper lighting and acoustic design for different spaces in a building. Lighting design is the primary element in architecture design AND INTERIOR DESIGN. The perception of space is directly connected to the way light integrates with it. What we see, what we experience and how we interpret the elements is affected
by how light interacts with us and with the environment. Regarding architecture, in whatever dimension it can be analyzed, either as space, as material or as color, it is essentially depends on the lighting situation that involves both the object and the observer. ACOUSTIC DESIGN IS AN ELEMENT WHICH CONCERNED WITH CONTROL OF SOUNND IN SPACES ESPECIALLY ENCLOSED SPACES. The requirement of acoustic design varies in relation to the functionality of the spaces. Acoustics impacts everything from employee productivity in office settings to performance quality in auditoriums to the market value of apartments, condominiums and single-family homes. It is essential to preserve and enhance the desired sound and eliminate the unwanted noise in a space. Prestigious building are those in which the acoustic design of the building speaks for the quality itself. THIS PROJECT IS DESIGNED TO EXPOSE and introduce STUDENTS TO DAYLIGHTING AND LIGHTING DESIGN REQUIREMENT, acoustic design and acoustical requirements IN A SUGGESTED SPACE.
Aim and objectives The main objective of this project is to establish the understanding of day-lighting & lighting and acoustic characteristics & acoustic requirement in a suggested space for the students. Besides, students are also required to determine the characteristics and function of day-lighting & artificial lighting and sound & acoustic within the intended space. Lastly, students have to critically report and analyze the space after conducted precedent studies and site visit.
Precedent Study: Comparison of LED and Fluorescent lighting in a meeting room Place: Finland (Espoo) Building type: Office building Contact: J. Viitanen (Aalto University School of Science and technology)
Place Description Meeting room 271 is located in Otakaari 7 and is part of Aalto University’s Lighting unit. Size of the meeting is 7 m x 4.7 m x 2.7 m. Room 271 contains 6 fluorescent luminaires and 2 LED luminaires. Both of these are recessed ceiling luminaires. It is also possible to utilize daylight in the room, but for this case study daylight capabilities were removed.
Meeting room 271
Luminaires:
Greenlux GLP 6060- 30
Philips Indolight TBS300
The most notable thing about the luminaire specifications is that LED luminaire’s luminous efficacy increased with dimming. Fluorescent luminaire had better luminous efficacy than LEDs. Measurements Illuminance, luminance and UGR values of the lighting installations were measured. Philips Indolight FL luminaires were measured using only full power but Greenlux LED luminaires were measured in addition using preset dimming level (dim =
55.5%). fluorescent and LED Measurements cases were different, because fluorescent luminaires covered the whole meeting room but LEDs only the working area. Therefore the results are not fully comparable.
Fluorescent luminaires gave much more light than LEDs but this is mainly because of the larger amount of luminaires used in the fluorescent installation. LED luminaires used less W/100 lx as can be seen in the table.
Luminance distributions of the measured room Luminance levels of the meeting room were lower with LED lighting than with fluorescent lighting. This was mainly due to smaller amount of LED luminaires and also much less power was used for the LED lighting. Electrical power density was 11.43 W/m2 for fluorescent luminaires and 3.71 W/m2 – 1.65 W/m2 for the LEDs, depending on the dimming level. UGR values of both installations were at about the same level.
Conclusions Case study showed that LED luminaires can achieve similar glare results than fluorescent luminaires, although measured LED luminaires had lower luminous efficacy than the measured fluorescent luminaire.
Precedent Study (Acoustic) Export Development Canada Head Offices
Fast Facts By McConnell Created 09/10/2014 Client: Export Development Canada Project Architect: Richard Chmiel Architect Acoustic Engineer: John Swallow, Swallow Acoustic Consultants Ltd Project Type: Office Acoustics Service Type: Architectural Acoustics Date Completed: 2011
Summary Richard Chmiel was engaged to create a conducive 16 storey office building for the Ottawa office of Export Development in Canada. Export Development Canada’s (EDC) new office towers incorporates ground breaking sustainability measures and innovative design. Particular interest was dedicated to maximizing energy and efficiency in the new building. The internal spaces were awarded LEED Gold Certification for Commercial Interiors because it was expertly design to cope with potential acoustic problems from user activity.
Gymnasium The problem arises where a fitness centre was needed to be incorporated into the building. Sporting activities held in the gymnasium on the second floor causes vibration and sound propagation through into adjacent spaces
and the floors above. Therefore the walls, ceilings and floors have buffer barriers to absorb excess unwanted acoustics.
Figure shows the location of gymnasium below the office.
Privacy is an important aspect of day to day business operation. Therefore, establishing acoustic privacy as a major design criteria from the outset in order to create partitions which efficiently met those requirements. Spaces such as the training centre rooms, discussion meeting rooms and a very large boardroom require a high degree of noise isolation for privacy purposes but the client was rather instant on using glass. Glass isn't a natural sound absorber, so in order to strike a balance, the rooms were fitted out with a double layered glazing
system to mitigate noise from escaping the room.
Figure shows the double glazing glass system. An open office area creates a stimulating team work environment but it also comes with a lot of acoustic problems of ambient noise from general chit chat, air-conditioning murmur and running equipment. In order to mask these sounds, spongy sound absorbing materials were selected for individual workstation booths, ceilings and floor.
Meeting rooms were designed to be flexible in terms of sizing has to not be rigidly oversized when small groups use the space but still maintaining a comfortable acoustic level was the main concern, therefore partitions were used to achieve a proper speech intelligibility.
Figure: Meeting room with glass partition.
Figure shows how sound absorption materials works. Conclusion The Export Development Canada Head Offices is an acoustically pleasant environment to be in due to its ingenious passive approaches. The vibration and noise from the gymnasium is successfully contained within the second floor by using the above strategies such as sound insulation and sound absorption.
Research Methodology Methodology of lighting analysis Measuring Device: Digital Lux Meter
Figure: Digital Lux Meter
Digital Lux Meter is an electronic device that we used to measure the level of illuminance in a space. This device is provided by Taylor’s University to aid us in recording data for this project.
General specification & electrical specification of LX-101
Application of Lux Meter
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.
The lux meter is switched on. The lux meter is switched to desired range ( Resolution chosen: 1 lux) The sensor probe of the lux meter is held facing upwards to specific point. A reading is shown on the display screen of lux meter. The reading is recorded.
All steps are done according to our 2mx2m gridded floor plan at 1m and 1.5m respectively. (Average human eye level)
Limitation of study A lux meter is easy to use and handle. However, there may be some discrepancies in the results when taking readings using a lux meter.
Human error Human error has been cited as a contributing factor which might affect the readings taken by the lux meter for instance, misreading the data shown on the lux meter. In addition, an inconsistent holding the position of the device might affect the data collection.
Natural cause Weather is an unpredictable cause of certain errors as well. For example, during specific data collection time frame, the weather might change drastically, from sunny day to gloomy day and then sunny again. These changes will greatly affect the readings taken during that time. Additionally, shadows casted on chosen area of recording will also have an impact on the readings. Any glare existence during the recordings will affect the internal lighting measurements. The solution to this issue is that we should repeat the procedures and take several readings at the same height then calculate the mean value which will be more precise.
Systematic Error The device might take a few seconds to stabilize the reading due to the sensitivity of the sensor. Readings taken before the value stabilizes might give an inaccurate reading and sometimes there could be a gap between both readings at a particular position. The solution to this error is that we can prepare a stand of respective height and leave it untouched until the measurement stabilizes before recording it.
Data collection method
1.5m
1m
Figure: standard height used to record lux readings.
Measurements were taken at two different time which is 12pm and 7pm. In order to obtain reliable readings, the lux meter was placed at the same height from floor at each 1m (waist height) and 1.5m (eye level). Each recording was done by facing the similar direction to synchronize the results. Plans with perpendicular 2.5mx2.5m gridline were used as a reference guideline, whereby the intersections serve as data recording points. In total, there are xxx points for lighting and acoustic data collection. Same procedure were repeated for indoor and outdoor for both times.
Figure: 2.5mx2.5m gridline on floor plan
Lighting Analysis Calculation Lighting analysis is done by averaging the lux readings of demarcated zones based on MS 1525. Daylight Factor, DF
DF = (Ei / Eo) x 100% Where, Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane,
Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky =32000 lx For example, given that Ei=8000lx, Hence, Daylight factored = Ei / Eox100
=8000/32000x100 =25 The higher the DF, the more natural light is available in the room.
Lumen Method The Lumen Method is used to determine the number of lamps that should be installed for a given area or room. In this case, fixtures are already installed. Therefore, we are calculating the total luminance of the space based on the number of fixtures and determine whether or not that particular space has enough lighting fixtures. The number of lamps is given by the formula:
N = E x A / Fx UF x MF where, N= E= A= F= UF=
number of lamps required. illuminance level required (lux) area at working plane height (m2 ) average luminous flux from each lamp (lm) utilisation factor, an allowance for the light distribution of the luminaire and the room surfaces . MF= maintenance factor, an allowance for reduced light output because of deterioration and dirt. Room index, RI is the ratio of room plane area to half the wall area between the working and luminaire planes.
RI =L x W / Hm x (L+W) Where, L =length of room W =width of room Hm =mounting height, i.e. the vertical distance between the working plane and the luminaires
Methodology of Acoustics Analysis Measuring device: IdB Digital Sound Level Meter
Figure: IdB digital sound level meter
The sound level meter allows the user to evaluate the noise levels in any environment. Easy to use, the IdB noise indicator is an ideal tool for both occasional and professional users who want to quickly estimate a noise nuisance and the sound pressure level. With small overall dimensions, this device gives access to the acoustical quantities that are usually reserved to standard sound level meters. This device is provided by Taylor’s University. General specification of IdB Sound level meter Weight
150grams
Dimensions
16cmx6.4cmx2.2cm
Measurement
30-120dB
Display resolution
1dB
Linearity
± 1.5 dB
Battery operation
36 hours
Power supply
Alkaline/heavy duty DC 1.5V battery (UM3,AA) x 6pcs
dB (A&C frequency weighting) Features
Time weighting (Fast, Slow) Peak hold Data hold record (Max, Min)
Application of Digital sound Level Meter 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.
“on/off” button is pressed to switch on the device. Display of “auto range”,”frequency weighing” and “fast time weighing” are selected and checked. The sound level meter is held at 1m height, approximately at waist height. The device is held still and ensure the operator of the device do not produce sound when we are using the device. After all of the procedure above are checked, then “hold next “button is pressed. The reading is taken and shown on the display screen. The reading is recorded. Repeat steps (b) to (e) for the next recording position on the grid.
Limitation of study Human limitations The digital sound level meter is very sensitive to its surrounding, with a range of recordings varying between data difference of approximately 0.2-0.3 of stabilization. Therefore, the data recorded is based on the time seconds when pressing the hold button. Besides, when operating the sound level meter, the device might have been pointed towards the incorrect path of sound source, causing the readings taken to be slightly imprecise. Sound source stability During the peak hours, the sound from all sources such as human activities, noise from music speakers had a great impact to the acoustic data recorded. During the normal hours, external sounds from surrounding site varies from time to time which affect the data collection as well Data collection method
1.5m
Measurements were taken at two different time which is 10am and 3pm, peak hour and non-peak hour respectively. In order to obtain accurate readings, the digital sound level meter was placed at the same height, 1.5m from floor (eye level) at very point. The operator of the device shall not talk and make any noise in order to guarantee the reliable sound readings. Each recording was done by facing the similar direction to synchronize the results. Plans with perpendicular 2.5mx2.5m gridline were used as a reference guideline, whereby the intersections serve as data recording points. The readings are then tabulated. Same procedure were repeated for indoor and outdoor for both times.
Figure: 2.5mx2.5m gridline on floor plan
Acoustic Analysis Calculation Acoustic analysis is one by categorizing the area into two different The materials used, absorption coefficient, area, volume and calculation will be explained zone by zone.
zone.
Reverberation time, RT RT is the primary descriptor of an acoustic environment which is used to calculate the reverberation time of an enclosed space. Reverberation time, RT= 0.16x space volume/total absorption
Sound Pressure Level, SPL SPL is the average sound level in a space. Sound Pressure Level, SPL =10log10 (I/Ioref) Where, I =sound power/intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10 -12 watts) Sound Reduction Index, SRI The Sound Reduction Index is used to measure the airborne sound insulation of a partition depends upon the amount of sound energy transmitted across the partition. The proportion of sound energy transmitted through the partition is measured by the transmission coefficient, T. Sound Reduction index formula: Where,
= 1
1+ 2
= 10
1
2+( 3
3) 1+ 2+ 3
To = overall transmission coefficient, T1 = transmission of coefficient one component A1 = area of that component
The formula of Transmission Loss is used to get the transmission coefficient of the materials: = 10 1 Where, t= transmission coefficient
,
Site study Introduction SP Setia HEADQUARTER
Figure: front Facade of sp setia headquarter
figure: reflective pond surrounded the building
For this project, we have chosen sp setia headquarter as our case study building. It is located at sp setia group new large venture “Setia Alam”, in the “Shah Alam” area, south west of Kuala Lumpur. This building have been designed as a green building and achieved first ever private commercial building in Malaysia green buildings “platinum” certification. In the first instant, this developed the idea for a very formal design emphasizes the valor of SP Setia in terms of their ability to control the environment and atmosphere of the new city in a positive manner from their citadel. The reason building has been designed as a green building during the conceptual phase, the highway to the south, 'Setia Persiaran' and the large rainwater reservoir on the east, played an important role in determining the design decisions. To enhance the maximum public connectivity from distance this southeast corner has developed with special care.
The nine columns 36.58 meter high each are together lifting the parasol onto the sky. These columns also represent the monumentality of Greek architectural language in Malaysian climatology. The use of a large, shallow water body at the ground level makes the building appear light, while also to celebrating the rain of that area. the avoidance of any typical boundary
demarcations on the east, connecting the rainwater catchment pond and the surrounding landscape to make the building appear humble, while also holding on to its own identity.
Reason of selection
IN TERMS OF LIGHTING, SETIA HQ OFFERED A FASCINATING SEQUENCE OF OPEN AND ENCLOSED SPACES, PROVIDING THE SITE WITH A MIX OF DAYLIGHTING AND INTERIOR LIGHTING. It is the first private green building with platinum certification and this proves that the design has taken maximizing daylighting into consideration in order to achieve energy saving and efficiency under category of green building. The materials and elements such as glass, concrete, tiles and water that are employed in the building form an interesting palette that create a comfortable and relaxing ambience through their textures and reflects to their original state.
Measured Drawings Site plan
SETIA HQ
Figure: Site plan of sp setia headquarters (NTS) Ground Floor Plan
Front elevation
BACK ELEVATION
Analysis area floor plan
Reflected ceiling plan
EXISTING LIGHTING SOURCES
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
Incandescent Lamps
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
120 V
LUMEN (lm)
385 Lm
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K)
2800 K
COLOUR PLACEMENT
Warm White Ceiling
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
LED Lights
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
12 – 24 V
LUMEN (lm)
220 Lm
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K)
2800 K
COLOUR PLACEMENT
Warm White Ceiling
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
Flexible Light Strips
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
24 V
LUMEN (lm)
7800 Lm
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K) COLOUR PLACEMENT
5000 K White Wall
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
LED
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
12 V
LUMEN (lm)
-
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K)
5000 K
COLOUR PLACEMENT
White Wall
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
Newlec Fluorescent
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
12 V
LUMEN (lm)
100 Lm
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K)
4100 K
COLOUR PLACEMENT
Cool White Ceiling
TYPES OF LIGHT BULB
Halogen Dichroic Spot Bulbs
POWER RANGE (V) ENERGY CONSUMPTION
12 V
LUMEN (lm)
680 Lm
COLOUR TEMPERATURE (K) COLOUR PLACEMENT
2800 K Warm White Wall
EXISTING Acoustic sources
Product Brand
Vari Flow linear slot diffuser
Number of slots
2
Nominal size
60cm x6cm (short) 120cmx6cm (long) 300 hz to 900hz
Frequency response Desired operating temperature placement
21 °C – 25°C
Product Brand
Square Ceiling Diffuser (DF-T)
weight
9.5kg
Number of slot openings
4
Duct size
6x6
dimension
30cmx30cm
Frequency response
250hz to 800hz
placement
ceiling
Product Brand
Bogen ASWG1 Ceiling Speaker
weight
2kg
Frequency response
100 Hz to 10 kHz
dimension
12cmx12cmx5cm
Amplification power
1W
placement
ceiling
Product Brand Power consumption
ceiling
Faber FSF TORNADO V 1621 220v-240v
Fan speed
115HZ-12kHZ
Number of blades
5
Fan diameter
35cm
placement
Reception
Existing Materials on site finish
Absorptio Reflectan n Surface ce value coefficien area (M2 ) (%) t (500Hz)
Component
material
colour
Surface
wall
Painted Concrete
White
Matte
47
0.06
Terrazzo
Black with white chips
Polished
30
0.03
Glass Curtain
Transparent
Translucent
6-10
0.04
floor
column
steel framework
Black Steel
Matte
1-10
0.02
ceramic tiles
Black
Polished
5.0
0.03
wood veneer
Brown
Matte
12
0.05
timber
Brown
Matte
14
0.05
ceramic tiles
Black
Polished
5.0
0.03
ceramic tiles
Beige
Polished
70
0.03
concrete
Grey
Matte
20-30
0.3
ceiling
plaster
White
Matte
80
0.5
door
glass
Transparent
Glossy
6-10
0.04
glass with frosting
Transparent + white
Semi-Translucent
10-15
0.04
painted wood
Grey
Matte
15
0.2
painted wood
Grey
Matte
15
0.2
marble
Black with white veins.
Polished
30-70
0.04
Reception counter
furniture
fabric
White
Matte
55
0.6
padded wood
White chair with Black Leather padding
Matte
15
0.03
steel + mesh
Black
Matte
14
0.03
glass top with steel base
Charcoal Black
TRANSLUSCENT
7
0.03
wood veneer
Brown
Matte
14
0.2
kitchen countertop marble
White
Matte
75
0.03
wood
White
Polished
60
0.03
LIGHTING ANALYSIS Literature review Lighting design provides various well-being and environmental benefits and also profitable means for clients and users. It is not only a strategy to optimize the energy-saving potential of buildings, but also the sun provides basic information like time and weather and supports visual performance as well as comfort. Daylight triggers our circadian rhythms and contributes thereby to our health and well-being. Although daylight is a free lighting source and a highly cost-effective means of reducing the energy usage for artificial lighting, the amount and time of daylight is not sufficient, hence the necessity of electrical lighting. However exclusive focus on energy optimization could lead to weird lighting solutions. Pure technical driven installations could affect the architecture experience, aesthetic and health. Hence lighting qualities need to incorporate the individual well-being, architecture and economics.
Zoning
LEGEND Zone 1: Exhibition Space Zone 2: Lounge Zone 3: Reception Zone 4: Pantry
Data of Lighting SP Setia Berhad Corporate HQ begins operating from 9am to 6pm every weekday and Saturday. Data is collected on the ground floor of the building within a 2.5m by 2.5m grid. The colors represent the zones in which the readings were taken, all readings are taken at the height of 1m and 1.5m. Daytime Lux Reading Date: 26.9.2015
Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
527 611 460
Time: 12pm
B
511 1163 1220
C
D
553 874 568
379 515 1009
Date: 26.9.2015
Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
546 637 277
E
269 218 975 2332 2307
Height: 1m
F
239 437 1132 2250 2233
G
187 360 728 2184 2323
Time: 12pm
B
469 866 1878
C
D
561 790 595
legend
511 407 702
E
240 220 768 2282 2194
H
I
J
K
19
31
58
32
157 278 634 2143 2088
209 160 221
78 149 452
194 217 598
H
I
J
K
20
22
26
32
193 142 556 2123 2058
180 139 253
80 137 455
171 209 521
Height: 1.5m
F
237 392 721 2189 2259
G
182 270 545 2131 2317
zone Exhibition space lounge reception pantry
The lux reading table above indicates the lux level of the SP Setia Berhad Corporate HQ at 12pm. Natural lighting enters abundantly from the southeast corner of Setia Headquarters, provided by the full height glass walls spanning 10 storeys on both the southern and eastern facades. Although the southeast walls allow generous natural lighting to enter, the northwest walls however filter in little to none natural light causing the readings to further decrease in this corner of the building. Thus the northwest corners are darker and require the illumination of artificial lighting, Setia HQ uses T5 LED tube lights for this purpose. Night time Lux Reading
Date: 2.10.2015
Time: 7pm
Height: 1m
Date: 2.10.2015
Time: 7pm
Height: 1.5m
Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Grid 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
36 61
561
701
62
56 48 53
535 74 61
648 223 22
48 652 479
A
B
C
D
89
84 94 55
491
456 54 49
603
540 172 26
legend
358
321 332 34 63 61 E
694
682 84 63 88 74 F
70
412
611
58 701 526
408 232 25 55 47
580 70 81 96 85
968
940 38 45 87 79 G
1221
1210 54 53 105 92
J
38
772
K
36
55
58
570 463
706 47 41 36 30 H
49 527 29
49 23 151
441 776 87
I
J
K
30
32
24
705
1133
1121 65 44 41 33
42
51
34 629 42
47 21 123
382
372 946 77
zone Exhibition space lounge reception pantry
The lux reading table above indicates lux levels in SP Setia Berhad Corporate HQ at 7pm. As shown in the table, readings within zones differ significantly from the daytime readings. Generally, lighting fixtures are more concentrated within the interior grids farthest from the eastern faรงade which allows high amounts of natural daylight in during the daytime due to the extensive curtain walling system used, causing readings to fluctuate significantly higher along the innermost grids and corners where lighting fixtures are used to compensate for the lack of light.
Based on the data collected in the table above, we have surmised several observations and discussions. Observation 1: Fluctuations of grid readings between daytime and night time are inconsistent.
Discussion 1: As explained in the daytime lux readings table, the southeast corner of SP Setia HQ are well lit naturally by the expansive curtain wall system in place. Therefore, artificial lighting fixtures are more concentrated together along the northwest interior walls and fixtures closer to the southeast walls are more sparsely spread apart. This causes night time readings to drop or rise significantly in grids that are constant during daytime, whereby light beam angles are further apart causing very low readings in between while the next few grids happen to be directly below a lighting fixture. Shadows cast by obstructions such as columns and plants or furniture also diffuse the lights and affect the readings.
Observation 2: Readings within Zone 3(Lounge) are vastly different between daytime and night time. Discussion 2: In zone 3(Lounge), daylight saturation is very high in this zone during the daytime but at night the readings are much lower due to the function of the space as a waiting area which requires the limited but strategic implementation of lighting fixtures suitable with the function of the space as a secondary space which requires no productivity.
Observation 3: Readings in Zone 4(Pantry) have little difference. Discussion 3: Zone 4(Pantry) is an indoor space without any fenestration, completely shut off from natural lighting and wholly dependent on artificial lighting. Therefore the readings do not differ much, with the exception of several lighting fixtures within the space that are only switched on at night to further enlighten the space.
BUILDING DESIGN AND LAYOUT Sun path diagrams viewed from front of building
Figure 1 Ecotech sun path diagram at 9am.
Figure 2 Ecotech sun path diagram at 12pm.
Figure 3 Ecotech sun path diagram at 7pm.
Sun path diagrams viewed from rear of building
Figure 4 Ecotech sun path diagram at 9am.
Figure 5 Ecotech sun path diagram at 12pm.
Figure 6 Ecotech sun path diagram at 7pm.
The main body of the Setia Berhad Corporate HQ is wrapped almost entirely in curtain walling and features a north to south orientation, leaving its east and west facades exposed to direct sunlight. The west faรงade is insulated on the interior by a narrow buffer of service spaces (lift shafts, AHU room, etc.) encapsulated by concrete walls, completely protecting the major interior space from the direct sunlight exposure from the west. Part of the eastern faรงade is shaded by a separated block connected via the layering of two different roof heights which cover both the block and the main entrance passageway in between that separates both blocks. This provides shade from direct sunlight to the entrance of the main block and part of its eastern faรงade. Although the main interior layout of the building is susceptible to heat gain, Setia HQ utilizes large overhangs and clever arrangement of buffer spaces and circulation as shading devices to prevent excessive heat gain and glare. LUX CONTOUR DIAGRAM DAYLIGHT FACTOR DIAGRAM
DAYLIGHT FACTOR >1000 500-800 200-500 0-200
DISTRIBUTION Very bright with thermal glare Bright Average Dark
From the lux contour diagram, natural lighting cast in most at Zone 2, which is the lounge area. It gradually decrease as it goes outwards the windows. Due to the presence of obstruction such as walls and columns, natural light is blocked from entering small part of the reception area, but it increases again as it goes closer to the entrance door. The upper part of the Reception area (Zone 3) and Pantry area (Zone 4) is clearly shown darker tone in the diagram, lesser natural light can go through this area. Hence, artificial lighting is installed to illuminate the needed areas.
The image shows the source of abundant natural light, lighting up the lounge area and the exhibition area during daytime around 12pm.
Image shows one of the obstruction that cause the blockage of natural light, can be seen clearly on Grid 6I.
Figure of Zone 3, Reception area
Figure of Zone 1: Exhibition Area
ARTIFICIAL LIGHT LUX DIAGRAM
DAYLIGHT FACTOR >1000 500-800 200-500 0-200
DISTRIBUTION Very bright with thermal glare Bright Average Dark
ACOUSTIC ANALYSIS
Literature Review
In today’s architectural world, good acoustic is no longer regarded as a luxury reserved for opulent but a necessity for the masses. Acoustics has a greater impact on our daily lives than most care to admit, it can effect anything from the performanc4e quality at a concrete, to the productivity level of an office or even the joy from a car stereo. Acoustic has been around for as long as we have known about how the human ear function but there still is not a single solution that can universally be applied to any given building. Which is why tailoring the building envelope to appropriately suit the users need is imperative, whether it by be a kindergarten, library or hotel lobby. Understanding the difference in application, allows designers to synergize the three elements that attribute to successful acoustic: building material, system design and active technology.
Zoning
LEGEND Zone 1: Exhibition Space Zone 2: Lounge Zone 3: Reception Zone 4: Pantry
External Noise
Figure: Exterior look of Setia HQ
The site is located at the center of Setia Alam and busy roads, surrounded by other commercial building like Setia City Mall and Top Glove Tower. Setia City Mall is located right opposite this site. The faรงade of the building is facing the main road with around 8m distance. The major external noise are found from the highway, while the noise from main roads did not give much impact as the traffic is mostly smooth all the time.
Traffic Noise
Figure: Main traffic route and traffic direction around Setia HQ
There are two main traffic routes that can be found on site, but only one of them contributed most to the source of outdoor noise. The highway that located adjacent to the site, which is Persiaran Setia Alam, is one of the major highways that leads us into Setia Alam and to New Klang Valley Expressway. It became the main road for workers nearby, businessman and customers to enter or exit from the city, therefore it is usually crowded during the day, bringing the noise to our site. The other main road that can be found on site which is Persiaran Setia Dagang does not bring much noise to the site even during its peak hour. It is because there is only one shopping mall and office building near to our site and the traffic flow is not crowded throughout the day compared to Persiaran Setia Alam. Most of the users on Persiaran Setia Dagang are actually heading to the car park of Setia City Mall.
Figure: Weekdays (left) Weekend (right) at Persiaran Setia Dagang
Figure: View to Persiaran Setia Alam in Setia HQ
Persiaran Setia Alam
Persiaran Setia dagang
Figure: Site section showing the main noise from adjacent highway (Persiaran Setia Alam and also from the main roads (Persiaran Setia Dagang)
Reflective Pond & Vegetation The reflective pond and vegetation surrounded the building helps to buffer the noise from the highway and main roads, thus the external noise is not a critical issue to the site. In this case, the designer of the building has planned well and adopting strategy in reducing the unpleasant noise to the site. Figure : Reflective Pond & Vegetation at site
Internal noise Speakers
Figure: Illustration of Vegetation and Reflective Pond at site
Figure: Placement of speakers
There are total 8 speakers placed evenly in our analysis area, but most of the speakers are located at the Exhibition Space. They are usually turned on throughout the day on the weekdays which is their working days. Volume is kept at optimum value to create a favourable ambience and serves as a background music to the visitors while they observe the exhibition model that are being displayed. During non-working day (weekend), these speakers are not being used.
Air-conditioner & Air-diffuser
Figure: Placement of air diffusers
Air diffusers are the electrical device that increase the effiency of air-conditioning unit and to circulate air within a certain confined space and cooling down the air temperature in a particular room. For the site study, air diffusers are mostly located in the exhibition space, lounge and reception to create an advanageous environment for the both staffs and visitors. Air diffusers are minorly installed in the pantry for providing the staffs to have a comfortable environment for resting. A noticeable amount of noise can be heard throughout the spaces during the operation of air diffusers but the accoustical disturbance is not significant for the particular space.
Human Activities
We, the users, contribute greatly to the acoustic levels of any given space. In the case of Setia headquarter lobby, the main source of sound comes from the reception area, where visitors greet and enquire for information (red). People wait in the lobby, groups tend to have minor chit chat, while single visitors usually just read newspaper (blue). Workers spend their break time in a pantry tucked away from public eye and whilst they interact with one another create a minor acoustic node (green). Data of Acoustic
Section shows that most of the noise came from reception area.
The colour used in the table correspond to their respective zone. The following readings were taken at 1.5m from the ground as indicated, one on weekend (non-working day), the other one on weekday (working day). Measuring Device: IdB Digital Sound Level Meter
Date: 26.9.2015 (Saturday)
GRID
A
B
Time: 12pm
C
D
E
F
1 2 3 52.8 49.6 48.8 49.0 47.2 4 49.4 50.4 50.4 48.6 49.8 5 51.2 52.2 51.2 48.6 49.6 6 51.0 50.0 51.0 51.5 50.0 7 50.2 8 50.6
Date: 2.10.2015 (Friday)
GRID
A
Height: 1.5m
G
49.4 52.8 50.4 51.2 51.0 57.4 51.2 50.2 50.4 48.8 50.6 49.0
Time: 12pm
B
C
D
E
F
Height: 1.5m
G
1 2 3 56.0 54.0 53.5 52.0 51.5 52.0 55.0 4 57.4 52.0 51.6 50.2 52.0 51.8 52.8 5 59.2 53.6 58.0 53.6 54.4 59.2 58.8 6 55.0 56.0 53.0 52.0 50.2 60.2 50.6 7 58.0 57.6 59.4 8 55.6 63.4 52.0
legend
H I J K 52.0 51.2 50.0 53.6 52.8 50.6 47.4 53.4 53.2 53.8 58.0 48.8 54.8 51.6 57.0 55.0 55.0 53.4 53.2 53.4 51.6 52.6 54.4 51.4 50.6 50.8
H I J 53.6 52.0 51.2 53.6 51.8 50.8 60.0 58.4 61.0 58.8 64.8 61.2 57.2 57.8 60.0 56.6 57.4 56.0 55.4 67.2
zone Exhibition space lounge reception pantry
Observation and Discussion Based on the acoustics data table above, the observations were noted along with relevant discussions.
K 54.1 53.2 63.0 67.8 60.4 55.0
Observation 1 The average noise level data collected during peak hours (weekday) are higher than the data collected during non-peak hours (weekend). Discussion 1 There are a larger number of occupants in the building during peak hours which contributes to the noise level. The speakers are also utilized during events, further adding to noise level.
Observation 2 Average noise levels recorded in pantry does not differ much from peak hours (weekday) to non-peak hours (weekend). Discussion 2 The pantry is located at the corner of the analysis area and it is not accessible to guests, hence the noise level remains the same.
Observation 3 The average noise level recorded in reception area during peak hours is the highest. Discussion 3 The reception is located near to entrance and lounge, and it has the highest concentration of occupants during peak hour as visitor must register before they enter the building and there are 3 security guards sitting at the reception table, chit-chatting which contribute the most to the overall noise levels.
Analysis and Calculation Equipment Sound Pressure Level In order to determine the noise decibel produced by each noise source, we have to obtain the sound pressure level measurement of main noise sources. Calculation for speakers
Using SPL =10log (I/Ioref) Where, I =sound power/intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10 -12 watts) One speaker produces approximately 87 dB with 1W Power. Therefore, SPL =10log (I/Ioref) 87 =10log (I/Ioref) (87/10)=log I/1x10 -12 watts Log-1 (8.7) =I/1x10 -12 watts I= 5.01x10-4 watts
Total number of speakers in the analysis area = 8 Total Intensity= 8x5.01x10-4 watts =4.0x10-3 watts
Therefore, Combined SPL= 10log (I/Ioref) =10log (4.0x10-3/1x10 -12 ) =96.02dB
Calculation for linear slot ceiling diffuser Using SPL =10log (I/Ioref) Where, I =sound power/intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10 -12 watts) One square ceiling diffuser produces approximately 20dB with 1W Power.
Therefore, SPL =10log (I/Ioref) 20 =10log (I/Ioref) (20/10)=log I/1x10 -12 watts Log-1 (2.0) =I/1x10 -12 watts I= 1x10-10 watts
Total number of linear slot ceiling diffusers in the analysis area =17 Total Intensity= 17x (1x10-10) = 1.7x10-9 watts
Therefore, Combined SPL= 10log (I/Ioref) =10log (1.7x10-9 /1x10 -12 ) =32.3 dB
Calculation for square ceiling diffuser Using SPL =10log (I/Ioref) Where, I =sound power/intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10 -12 watts) One square ceiling diffuser produces approximately 28dB with 1W Power.
Therefore, SPL =10log (I/Ioref) 28 =10log (I/Ioref) (28/10)=log I/1x10 -12 watts Log-1 (2.8) =I/1x10 -12 watts I= 6.31x10-10 watts
Total number of square ceiling diffusers in the analysis area = 2 Total Intensity= 2x6.31x10-10 =1.26x10-9 watts
Therefore, Combined SPL= 10log (I/Ioref) =10log (1.26x10-9 /1x10 -12 ) =31 dB
Calculation for standing fan Using SPL =10log (I/Ioref) Where, I =sound power/intensity (watts) Io= reference power (1x10 -12 watts) One square ceiling diffuser produces approximately 48.5dB with 1W Power.
Therefore, SPL =10log (I/Ioref) 48.5 =10log (I/Ioref) (4.85/10)=log I/1x10 -12 watts Log-1 (4.85) =I/1x10 -12 watts I= 7.08x10-8 watts
Total number of square ceiling diffusers in the analysis area = 1 Total Intensity=7.08x10-8
Therefore, Combined SPL= 10log (I/Ioref) =10log (7.08x10-8 /1x10 -12 ) =48.5 dB
Calculation of Sound Pressure Levels
Equipment at Zone 1 Exhibition Space
Product Brand
Bogen ASWG1 Ceiling Speaker
weight Frequency response dimension
2kg 100 Hz to 10 kHz 12cmx12cmx5cm
Amplification power placement Number of equipment
1W ceiling 3
Product Brand
Vari Flow linear slot diffuser
Number of slots
2
Nominal size
60cm x6cm (short) 120cmx6cm (long) 300 hz to 900hz
Frequency response Desired operating temperature placement Number of equipment Zone 1 Exhibition Space 5.01x10-4 watts is intensity of 1 speaker.
21 °C – 25°C ceiling 6
1.7x10-9 watts is intensity of 1 linear slot ceiling diffuser.
Number of Speakers=3 =3x 5.01x10-4 =1.50x10-3 watts Number of linear slot ceiling diffuser = 6 =6x1.7x10-9 =1.02x10-8 watts
Total intensity= (1.50x10-3) + (1.02x10-8) =1.5x10-3 W
SPL =10log (I/Ioref) =10log (1.5x10-3/ 1x10 -12 ) =91.76dB
Equipment at Zone 2 Lounge
Product Brand
Bogen ASWG1 Ceiling Speaker
weight
2kg
Frequency response
100 Hz to 10 kHz
dimension
12cmx12cmx5cm
Amplification power
1W
placement Number of equipment
ceiling 1
Product Brand
Vari Flow linear slot diffuser
Number of slots
2
Nominal size
60cm x6cm (short) 120cmx6cm (long) 300 Hz to 900Hz
Frequency response Desired operating temperature Placement Number of equipment
21 °C – 25°C ceiling 6
Zone 2 Lounge 5.01x10-4 watts is intensity of 1 speaker. 1.7x10-9 watts is intensity of 1 linear slot ceiling diffuser.
Number of Speakers=1 =5.01x10-4 watts Number of linear slot ceiling diffuser = 6 =6x1.7x10-9 =1.02x10-8 watts Total intensity= (5.01x10-4) + (1.02x10-8) =5.01x10-4W
SPL =10log (I/Ioref) =10log (5.01x10-4/ 1x10 -12 ) =87 dB
Equipment at Zone 3 Reception
Product Brand
Bogen ASWG1 Ceiling Speaker
Weight
2kg
Frequency response
100 Hz to 10 kHz
Dimension
12cmx12cmx5cm
Amplification power
1W
Placement Number of equipment
ceiling 2
Product Product Brand Brand Number of slots Power consumption Nominal size Fan speed
Vari Flow linear slot diffuser Faber FSF TORNADO V 1621 2 220v-240v 60cm x6cm (short) 115HZ-12kHZ 120cmx6cm (long) 5300 Hz to 900Hz
Number of response blades Frequency Fan diameter Desired operating Placementtemperature Placement Number of equipment Number of equipment
35cm 21 °C – 25°C Reception (Standing) ceiling 1 3
Zone 3 Reception 5.01x10-4 watts is intensity of 1 speaker. 1.7x10-9 watts is intensity of 1 linear slot ceiling diffuser. 7.08x10-8 watts is the intensity of 1 standing fan.
Number of Speakers=2 =2x5.01x10-4 =1.0x10-3 watts Number of linear slot ceiling diffuser = 3 =3x1.7x10-9 =5.1x10-9 watts Number of linear slot ceiling diffuser = 3
Total intensity= (5.01x10-4) + (1.02x10-8) =5.01x10-4W
SPL =10log (I/Ioref) =10log (5.01x10-4/ 1x10 -12 ) =87 dB
Equipment at Zone 4 Pantry
Product Brand
Bogen ASWG1 Ceiling Speaker
Weight
2kg
Frequency response
100 Hz to 10 kHz
Dimension
12cmx12cmx5cm
Amplification power
1W
Placement Number of equipment
ceiling 1
Product Brand
Square Ceiling Diffuser (DF-T)
Weight
9.5kg
Number of slot openings
4
Duct size
6x6
dimension
30cmx30cm
Frequency response Placement
250hz to 800hz ceiling
Number of Equipment
2